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Opscidia 2

11856981

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Several embodiments of the invention with reference to the appended drawings are now explained. Whenever aspects of the embodiments described here are not explicitly defined, the scope of the invention is not limited only to the parts shown, which are meant merely for the purpose of illustration. Also, while numerous details are set forth, it is understood that some embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known machines, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure the understanding of this description. FIG.1illustrates one embodiment of a tip from which a substance in a wrapper may be smoked. In one embodiment, tip101may be a tip that includes a first end portion103, a second end portion105and a middle portion107. The first end portion103may be substantially open by first end opening109. The second end portion105may be substantially open with an opening113through which a fluid may pass from the first end portion to the second end portion. The fluid may, for example, be a vapor or gas given off by a substance (e.g. tobacco) within a wrapper. The middle portion107may be a tubular member having a substantially hollow interior115. The substance to be smoked (e.g. tobacco) may be packed within a wrapping paper (not shown inFIG.1) formed into cylinder or cone containing the smokeable substance by inserting second end portion105into one end of the cylinder or cone such that the cylinder or cone surrounds second end portion105. During use, a flame is applied to an end of the cylinder or cone containing the smokeable substance opposite the end surrounding end portion105so that the substance packed within the wrapper is caused to burn or smolder and emit a vapor. The vapor from the burning or smoldering substance then can be inhaled by a user through the opening109after passing through opening113and middle portion107. The arrangement of the wrapping paper and second end portion105could also be arranged so that the paper wraps around end103instead. FIG.2illustrates a cross-sectional side view of the tip ofFIG.1along line2-2. From this view, it can be seen that the substantially hollow interior115of tip101is defined by wall201, first end portion103is defined by wall203, and second portion105is defined by wall205. As best seen inFIG.2, walls201,203and205are relatively uniform in thickness. The diameter of tip101should be sized so that a paper cylinder or cone containing a smokeable substance will fit around end105of tip101and held in place by friction and/or an adhesive, which may be moisture activated, applied to tip101and/or the end of the wrapper which fits around end105. As noted above, the paper could be wrapped around end103rather than end105. FIG.3shows tip101with a wrapper301containing a smokeable substance attached to end105of tip101. As shown inFIG.3, wrapper301is in the shape of a cone with its narrow end around end105. Although wrapper301is not part of the invention, it is shown inFIG.3to illustrate how tip101is used with wrapper301. As previously noted, wrapper301could also be in the form of a cylinder. The are many known techniques for filling wrapper301with a smokeable substance and forming the wrapper into a cone (or cylinder). However, since the details surrounding wrapper301and its smokeable substance content are not needed for an understanding of the invention, such details are not set forth herein. However, as should be evident, the amount of overlap of wrapper301with tip101should be sufficient to ensure that the wrapper remains attached to the tip while in use, without extending too close to end103. FIG.4illustrates a side view of one embodiment of a tube from which a tip for use with a wrapper may be manufactured. Tube401may, for example, be a glass tube made from clear borosilicate glass (33 exp) such as that available from Pacific Vial Manufacturing Inc., of Commerce, California Tube401may include a first end portion403and a second end portion405which are connected by a middle portion407. The second end portion is shown as being separated from middle portion407. However, tube401is a single continuous piece from which multiple glass tips are formed. After each tip is formed as described with reference toFIGS.4-14, the tube401is lowered so as to enable the next tip to be formed by repeating steps 1-11 until the entire length of tube401has been utilized to make additional tips. As shown inFIG.4, tube401may be rotated as shown by arrow409throughout all of the processing operations as disclosed herein. In an embodiment, tube401may be rotated at a rate of from about 200 revolutions per minute (RPM) to about 300 RPM during the entire process described with reference toFIGS.4-14. Tube401may be rotated by inserting tube401into any conventional machine operable to rotate a tube at the desired RPM. During a first step, once tube401is rotating, heat415may be applied to section417of tube401. The heat415may be applied by, for example, a burner aligned with section417of tube401. In an embodiment, oxygen, natural gas and compressed air are combined to form a flame so that the temperature of the applied heat is set so that the glass to which it is being applied will soften so that the glass is easily stretched and shaped as is well known in the art. However, by way of example, the working point temperature for clear borosilicate glass (33 exp) is 1240° C., with a softening point of 825° C. and an annealing point of 565° C. The specifics of the ratios of the, oxygen, natural gas and compressed air to reach the desired temperature depend on the type of glass or other material used to make the tip, the specifics of which are well known in the art. Heating section417softens the glass material of tube401so that the heated portion of the tube may be squeezed in as explained below. As shown inFIG.5, during a second step, once section417shown inFIG.4has been sufficiently heated, rollers501aand501bwhich in an embodiment are made of steel or carbon apply an inward force, tapered towards end403, while a steel rod503is inserted into end403. The rod pivots from its base so that the pressure from rollers501aand501bcauses the taper to be formed while preventing the inner walls of tube401from collapsing. The pivot causes rod503to rotate505along a relatively small circumference near end403which circumference increases in size above end403. In an embodiment, the pressure from the rollers and rod is about 2-4 pounds per square inch and is applied for about 3 seconds. The specifics of the amount of pressure and time may vary based on the rotation speed, material used and amount of heat applied. In order to ensure that the taper is properly formed, in an embodiment, after step 2, in steps 3-6 as shown inFIGS.6-9, the heating and squeezing of steps 1 and 2 are repeated two more times. The reason the steps are repeated is that in order to heat and shape large areas of glass while rotating at 200-300 RPM, which is necessary to produce more pieces in a unit of time, the steps must be repeated to prevent the tube from wobbling while spinning at the required speed. In step 3 shown inFIG.6, heat615is applied to a slightly longer section617of tube401as shown inFIG.6. In step 4, tapered rollers501aand501band pivoting steel rod503are again applied to the heated section617of tube401to further taper the end of the tube as shown inFIG.7. In step 5 shown inFIG.8, heat815is applied to a slightly longer section817of tube401as shown inFIG.8. In step 6, tapered rollers501aand501band pivoting steel rod503are again applied to the heated section817of tube401to further taper the end of the tube as shown inFIG.9. The reason heat815is applied to a slightly longer section817of tube401, and heat615is applied to a slightly longer section617of tube401, which is also slightly longer that the section417as to heat415is that as tube401is heated and squeezed during steps 2, 3 and 5, the tube gets slightly longer as the glass is squeezed. After step 6, end of tube401is tapered to a desired amount. The desired amount of tapering is not important for a proper understanding of the invention, but the amount of taper which can be made at each step is limited by the speed of rotation and temperature of the heat, but the principle remains the same in that more taper over a larger section of glass may require that steps 1-6 be repeated multiple times, with different heat applied as explained above. In step 7, as shown inFIG.10, the end of the tapered tip may not be smooth, so heat1015is applied to the end403of the tip to smooth it out. In step 8, as shown inFIG.11, a carbide scoring wheel1111is applied to tube401at a section1117which corresponds to the length of the tapered tip being produced. In step 9, heat1215is applied to the scored section as shown inFIG.12. In step 10, a fine mist of water1305is sprayed onto section1117which creates a thermal shock to split tube401into two pieces with section1311being the tapered tip. In step 11, as shown inFIG.14, heat1415is applied to the top1417of section1311to soften its edges. In this manner, a tapered tip101as shown inFIG.1is formed. The taper extends the entire length of the tip to form a conical frustrum. At this point, tube401is shorter in length by the length of a single tapered tip101. In this manner, steps 1-11 are repeated to produce additional tapered tips101until the length of tube401has been consumed by the process. In an embodiment, the glass tube introduced in step 1 has a length of about 60 inches, from which approximately 40 glass tips can be produced. Of course, the number of tips produced is a function of the original length of glass tube401and the length of each tip101. It should be noted that although specific processing parameters (e.g. rotation speed) may be disclosed herein, the parameters can vary depending upon, for example, the machine speed. For example, the heating time of the vial during any processing step disclosed herein depends on machine speed, which may produce around 10 parts per minute (ppm) at a rotation speed of for example, from 200-300 RPM depending on machine speed and desired result. At 10 ppm, heat is applied for about 3 seconds per piece. As noted above, the specific temperatures, and times are dependent on the specifics of the glass or other material used to make the tip. Such specifics are well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art and therefore need not be further disclosed herein. The direction of applied heat and pressure from rollers as shown in the Figures is horizontal while the direction of the steel rod inFIGS.5,7and9is vertical. Of course, these directions depend on the orientation of the machine used in the process, and such directions instead of vertical and horizontal, can be horizontal and vertical, respectively. Accordingly, all references to vertical and horizontal should be understood to mean perpendicular to each other without regard to specific directions. While certain embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention. For example, although a glass tip for smoking is described herein, it is contemplated that the tip may be made of any non-flammable material can be manipulated and shaped as described herein and that will hold its shape in use while smoking a smokeable substance. Representatively, the tube may be a made of another inflammable material such as a ceramic or insulated metal material. In addition, it should be understood that each of the processing operations disclosed herein may be performed by a single machine or a combination of machines, such that each of the steps are considered automated and capable of being performed without user intervention. Thus, the invention is not limited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described herein and various other modifications may occur to those of ordinary skill in the art.

11856982

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that the embodiments of an inductive heating apparatus according to the present disclosure include an inductive heating apparatus for an electronic cigarette and an inductive heating apparatus for a heated tobacco product, but are not limited thereto. FIG.1is an overall block diagram of the configuration of an inductive heating apparatus100according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Note thatFIG.1does not illustrate the exact arrangements, shapes, dimensions, positional relationships, and the like of the constituent elements. The inductive heating apparatus100includes a housing101, a power supply102, a circuit104, and a coil106. The power supply102is a rechargeable battery such as a lithium-ion secondary battery. The circuit104is electrically connected to the power supply102. The circuit104is configured to supply power to the constituent elements of the inductive heating apparatus100using the power supply102. The specific configuration of the circuit104will be described later. The inductive heating apparatus100includes a charging power supply connection unit116for connecting the inductive heating apparatus100to a charging power supply (not shown) for charging the power supply102. The charging power supply connection unit116may be a receptacle for wired charging, a power receiving coil for wireless charging, or a combination thereof. The inductive heating apparatus100is configured to be capable of accommodating at least part of an aerosol forming body108, which includes a susceptor110, an aerosol source112, and a filter114. The aerosol forming body108may be, for example, a smoking article. The aerosol source112can contain a volatile compound capable of generating an aerosol by being heated. The aerosol source112may be a solid, a liquid, or may contain both a solid and a liquid. The aerosol source112may include, for example, a polyhydric alcohol such as glycerin, propylene glycol, or the like, a liquid such as water, or a mixture of these liquids. The aerosol source112may contain nicotine. The aerosol source112may also contain a tobacco material formed by agglomerating tobacco in particulate form. Alternatively, the aerosol source112may contain a non-tobacco containing material. The coil106is embedded in the housing101at a proximal end of the housing101. The coil106is configured to surround the part of the aerosol forming body108contained within the inductive heating apparatus100when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100. The coil106may have a shape wound in a spiral. The coil106is electrically connected to the circuit104, and is used for heating the susceptor110through inductive heating, as will be described later. Heating the susceptor110produces an aerosol from the aerosol source112. A user can suck the aerosol through the filter114. FIG.2illustrates the configuration of the circuit104in detail. The circuit104includes a control unit118configured to control the constituent elements within the inductive heating apparatus100. The control unit118may be constituted by a Micro Controller Unit (MCU). The circuit104is also electrically connected to the power supply102by a power supply connection unit, and is electrically connected to the coil106by a coil connection unit. The circuit104includes a parallel circuit130, which in turn includes a path including a switch Q1disposed between the power supply102and the coil106(also called a “first circuit” hereinafter) and a path including a switch Q2disposed in parallel with the switch Q1(also called a “second circuit” hereinafter). The first circuit is used to heat the susceptor110. As one example, the switch Q1may be a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). The control unit118controls the switch Q1on/off by applying a heating switch signal (high or low) to a gate terminal of the switch Q1. For example, if the switch Q1is a P-channel MOSFET, the switch Q1is on when the heating switch signal is low. The second circuit is used to obtain a value related to an electrical resistance or a temperature of the susceptor110. The value related to the electrical resistance or the temperature may be an impedance, a temperature, or the like, for example. A current flowing through the switch Q2when the switch Q2is on is lower than a current flowing through the switch Q1when the switch Q1is on, due to a resistor Rshunt1, a resistor Rshunt2, and the like, which will be described later. Accordingly, a bipolar transistor, which is less expensive and smaller than a MOSFET but is not suited to high currents, may be used as the switch Q2. As illustrated in the drawing, the second circuit may include the resistor Rshunt1and the resistor Rshunt2. The control unit118controls the switch Q2on/off by applying a monitor switch signal (high or low) to a base terminal of the switch Q2. For example, if the switch Q2is an npn-type bipolar transistor, the switch Q2is on while the monitor switch signal is low. The control unit118can switch between a mode in which aerosol is generated by inductively heating the susceptor110and a mode in which the value related to the electrical resistance or the temperature of the susceptor110is obtained by switching between the switch Q1being on and the switch Q2being on. The switching between the switch Q1being on and the switch Q2being on may be performed at any timing. For example, the control unit118may turn the switch Q1on and the switch Q2off during a puff by the user. In this case, the control unit118may turn the switch Q1off and the switch Q2on when the puff ends. Alternatively, the control unit118may switch between the switch Q1being on and the switch Q2being on at any timing during a puff by the user. The circuit104includes an alternating current generation circuit132, which in turn includes a switch Q3and a capacitor C1. As one example, the switch Q3may be a MOSFET. The control unit118controls the switch Q3on/off by applying an alternating current (AC) switch signal (high or low) to a gate terminal of the switch Q3. For example, if the switch Q3is a P-channel MOSFET, the switch Q3is on when the AC switch signal is low. InFIG.2, the alternating current generation circuit132is disposed between the parallel circuit130and the coil106. As another example, the alternating current generation circuit132may be disposed between the parallel circuit130and the power supply102. The alternating current generated by the alternating current generation circuit132is supplied to an inductive heating circuit, which includes a capacitor C2, the coil connection unit, and the coil106. FIG.3is a diagram conceptually illustrating a relationship among a voltage V1applied to the gate terminal of the switch Q1or the base terminal of the switch Q2, a voltage V2applied to the gate terminal of a switch Q3, a current IDCgenerated by switching of the switch Q3, and a current IACflowing to the coil106, when AC current to be supplied to the coil106is generated by the alternating current generation circuit132, with time t on the horizontal axis. Note that to simplify the descriptions, the voltage applied to the gate terminal of the switch Q1and the voltage applied to the base terminal of the switch Q2are represented in a single graph as V1. When V1goes to low at time t1, the switch Q1or Q2turns on. When V2is high, switch Q3turns off, the current IDCflows to the capacitor C1, and a charge is accumulated in the capacitor C1. When V2switches to low at time t2, the switch Q3turns on. In this case, the flow of the current IDCstops, and the charge accumulated in C1is discharged. The same operations are repeated from time t3onward. As a result of the above-described operations, the AC current IACis generated and flows to the coil106, as illustrated inFIG.3. As illustrated inFIG.3, the switch Q1may remain on when the switch Q3is switched at a predetermined period T. Additionally, the switch Q2may remain on when the switch Q3is switched at the predetermined period T. The switching of the switch Q3at the predetermined period T may continue during switching between the switch Q1and the switch Q2. The above-described configuration of the alternating current generation circuit132is merely one example. It should be understood that a variety of devices for generating the AC current IAC, integrated circuits such as DC/AC inverters, and the like can be used as the alternating current generation circuit132. As can be seen fromFIG.3, a frequency f of the AC current IACis controlled by a switching period T of the switch Q3(i.e., a switching period of the AC switch signal). When the switch Q1is on, as the frequency f approaches a resonance frequency f0of the RLC series circuit including the susceptor110(or a circuit including the susceptor110), the coil106, and the capacitor C2, the efficiency of the supply of energy to the susceptor110increases. Although details will be given later, it should be noted that the susceptor110is included in this RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the housing101, but the susceptor110is not included in this RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted into the housing101. The AC current generated as described above flows through the coil106, which produces an alternating magnetic field around the coil106. The alternating magnetic field which is produced induces eddy current within the susceptor110. Joule heat is produced by the eddy current and the electrical resistance of the susceptor110, which heats the susceptor110. As a result, the aerosol source around the susceptor110is heated, and an aerosol is generated. Returning toFIG.2, the circuit104includes a voltage sensing circuit134, which in turn includes a voltage divider circuit having Rdiv1and Rdiv2. A voltage value of the power supply102can be measured by the voltage sensing circuit134. The circuit104also includes a current sensing circuit136, which in turn includes Rsense2. As illustrated in the drawing, the current sensing circuit136may include an op-amp. The op-amp may instead be included in the control unit118. The value of current flowing in the direction of the coil106can be measured by the current sensing circuit136. The voltage sensing circuit134and the current sensing circuit136are used for measuring the impedance of a circuit. This circuit includes the susceptor110when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the housing101, but does not include the susceptor110when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted into the housing101. In other words, a resistance component of the susceptor110is included in the measured impedance when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the housing101, but the resistance component of the susceptor110is not included in the measured impedance when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted into the housing101. For example, as illustrated in the drawing, the control unit118obtains a voltage value from the voltage sensing circuit134and obtains a current value from the current sensing circuit136. The control unit118calculates the impedance based on the voltage value and the current value. More specifically, the control unit118calculates the impedance by dividing an average value or an effective value of the voltage value by an average value or an effective value of the current value. When the switch Q1turns off and the switch Q2turns on, the RLC series circuit is formed by the circuit including the resistor Rshunt1and the resistor Rshunt2, along with the susceptor110, the coil106, and the capacitor C2. The impedance of this RLC series circuit can be obtained as described above. The impedance of the susceptor110can be calculated by subtracting the resistance value of the circuit, including the resistance values of the resistor Rshunt1and the resistor Rshunt2, from the obtained impedance. When the impedance of the susceptor110is temperature dependent, the temperature of the susceptor110can be estimated based on the calculated impedance. The circuit104may include a remaining amount measurement integrated circuit (IC)124. The circuit104may include a resistor Rsense1used by the remaining amount measurement IC124to measure a value of current with which the power supply102is charged and discharged. The resistor Rsense1may be connected between an SRN terminal and an SRP terminal of the remaining amount measurement IC124. The remaining amount measurement IC124may obtain a value pertaining to the voltage of the power supply102through a BAT terminal. The remaining amount measurement IC124is an IC configured to be capable of measuring a remaining amount in the power supply102. The remaining amount measurement IC124may additionally be configured to record information pertaining to a degradation state of the power supply102and the like. For example, by transmitting an I2C data signal from an SDA terminal of the control unit118to an SDA terminal of the remaining amount measurement IC124, the control unit118can obtain a value pertaining to a remaining amount in the power supply102, a value pertaining to the degradation state of the power supply102, and the like, stored within the remaining amount measurement IC124, in accordance with the timing at which an I2C clock signal is transmitted from an SCL terminal of the control unit118to an SCL terminal of the remaining amount measurement IC124. Normally, the remaining amount measurement IC124is configured to update the data in one-second cycles. Accordingly, if an attempt is made to calculate the impedance of the RLC series circuit using the voltage value and the current value measured by the remaining amount measurement IC124, the impedance is calculated in one-second cycles at the fastest. This means that the temperature of the susceptor110is also estimated at one-second cycles at the fastest. Such cycles cannot be said to be short enough to appropriately control the heating of the susceptor110. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, it is desirable not to use the voltage value and the current value measured by the remaining amount measurement IC124to measure the impedance of the RLC series circuit. In other words, it is preferable that the remaining amount measurement IC124not be used as the voltage sensing circuit134and the current sensing circuit136described above. The remaining amount measurement IC124is therefore not necessary in the inductive heating apparatus100according to the present embodiment. However, using the remaining amount measurement IC124does make it possible to accurately grasp the state of the power supply102. The inductive heating apparatus100may include a light-emitting element138, such as an LED or the like. The circuit104may include a light-emitting element drive circuit126for driving the light-emitting element138. The light-emitting element138can be used for providing the user with various information on the state of the inductive heating apparatus100and the like. The light-emitting element drive circuit126may store information pertaining to various light-emitting modes of the light-emitting element138. The control unit118can control the light-emitting element drive circuit126to cause the light-emitting element138to emit light in a desired manner by transmitting the I2C data signal from the SDA terminal of the control unit118to the SDA terminal of the light-emitting element drive circuit126and specifying a desired light-emitting mode. The circuit104may include a charging circuit122. The charging circuit122may be an IC configured to adjust a voltage supplied from the charging power supply (not shown) connected through the charging power supply connection unit116(a potential difference between a VBUS terminal and a GND terminal) to a voltage suited to charging the power supply102, in response to a charge enable signal from the control unit118received at a CE terminal. The adjusted voltage is supplied from the BAT terminal of the charging circuit122. Note that an adjusted current may be supplied from the BAT terminal of the charging circuit122. The circuit104may also include a voltage divider circuit140. When the charging power supply is connected, a VBUS sensing signal is transmitted from the VBUS terminal of the charging circuit122to the control unit118through the voltage divider circuit140. When the charging power supply is connected, the VBUS sensing signal is at a value obtained by dividing the voltage supplied from the charging power supply by the voltage divider circuit140, and thus the VBUS sensing signal is at high level. When not connected, the charging power supply is grounded through the voltage divider circuit140, and thus the VBUS sensing signal is at low level. Accordingly, the control unit118can determine that charging has started. Note that the CE terminal may be positive logic or negative logic. The circuit104may include a button128. When the user presses the button128, the circuit is grounded through the button128, and as a result, a low-level button sensing signal is transmitted to the control unit118. Through this, the control unit118can determine that the button has been pressed, and can control the circuit104to start generating the aerosol. The circuit104may include a voltage adjustment circuit120. The voltage adjustment circuit120is configured to adjust a voltage VBAT of the power supply102(e.g., 3.2 to 4.2 volts) and generate a voltage Vsys(e.g., 3 volts) to be supplied to the constituent elements in the circuit104or the inductive heating apparatus100. As one example, the voltage adjustment circuit120may be a linear regulator such as a low dropout regulator (LDO). As illustrated in the drawing, the voltage Vsysgenerated by the voltage adjustment circuit120may be supplied to a circuit including a VDD terminal of the control unit118, a VDD terminal of the remaining amount measurement IC124, a VDD terminal of the light-emitting element drive circuit126, and the button128, or the like. As illustrated in the drawing, the current sensing circuit136may be disposed in a path between the power supply102and the coil106, in a position closer to the coil106than a branching point from that path to the voltage adjustment circuit120(point A inFIG.2). According to this configuration, the current sensing circuit136can accurately measure a value of current supplied to the coil106, not including the current supplied to the voltage adjustment circuit120. Accordingly, the impedance, temperature, or the like of the susceptor110can be accurately measured or estimated. The circuit104may be configured such that the current sensing circuit136is not disposed in a path between the charging circuit122and the power supply102. Specifically, as illustrated in the drawing, the current sensing circuit136may be disposed in the path between the power supply102and the coil106, in a position closer to the coil106than a branching point from that path to the charging circuit122(point B inFIG.2). According to this configuration, current supplied from the charging circuit122can be prevented from flowing in the resistor Rsense2within the current sensing circuit136while the power supply102is charging (the switches Q1and Q2are off). Accordingly, the possibility of the resistor Rsense2failing can be reduced. Additionally, current can be prevented from flowing to the op-amp of the current sensing circuit136while the power supply102is charging, which makes it possible to suppress the power consumption. The circuit104may also include a switch Q4that is switched between on and off by a ground switch signal transmitted from the control unit118. Examples of processing executed by the control unit118of the inductive heating apparatus100will be described next. Note that the following assumes that the control unit118has a plurality of modes, i.e., at least seven modes, which are SLEEP, CHARGE, ACTIVE, PRE-HEAT, INTERVAL, HEAT, and ERROR, and the processing executed by the control unit118will be described for each mode. Note that inductive heating of the susceptor100by the inductive heating apparatus100is constituted by the PRE-HEAT mode, the INTERVAL mode, and the HEAT mode. FIG.4is a flowchart of example processing400executed by the control unit118when in SLEEP mode. “SLEEP mode” may be a mode in which power consumption is reduced when the inductive heating apparatus100is not in use. S410is a step of determining whether the charging power supply has been sensed as being connected to the charging power supply connection unit116. The control unit118can determine whether the connection of the charging power supply is sensed based on the above-described VBUS sensing signal. If the connection of the charging power supply is determined to be sensed (“Yes” in S410), the control unit118transitions to the CHARGE mode, and if not (“No” in S410), the processing moves to step S420. As a specific example, in S410, a determination of “Yes” is made when the VBUS sensing signal is at high level, and a determination of “No” is made when the VBUS sensing signal is at low level. S420is a step of determining whether a predetermined operation on the button128of the inductive heating apparatus100has been sensed. The control unit118can determine that a predetermined operation has been made on the button128based on the above-described button sensing signal. Note that a long press or a series of presses on the button128are examples of the predetermined operation in step S420. If the predetermined operation on the button128is determined to be sensed (“Yes” in S420), the control unit118transitions to the ACTIVE mode, and if not (“No” in S420), the processing returns to step S410. According to the example of processing400, the control unit118transitions to the CHARGE mode in response to the connection of the charging power supply being sensed, and transitions to the ACTIVE mode in response to an operation on the button being sensed. In other words, the control unit118remains in the SLEEP mode when neither the connection of the charging power supply nor the operation on the button are sensed. FIG.5is a flowchart of example processing500executed by the control unit118when in CHARGE mode. The example of processing500can be started in response to the control unit118transitioning to the CHARGE mode. S510is a step of executing processing for starting the charging of the power supply102. The processing for starting the charging of the power supply102may include processing that turns on the above-described charge enable signal or starts transmission of that signal. Turning on the charge enable signal refers to setting the level of the charge enable signal to a level based on the logic of the CE terminal. In other words, this refers to setting the charge enable signal to high level when the CE terminal is positive logic, and setting the charge enable signal to low level when the CE terminal is negative logic. S520is a step of determining whether the charging power supply has been sensed as being removed from the charging power supply connection unit116. The control unit118can sense that the charging power supply is removed from the charging power supply connection unit116based on the above-described VBUS sensing signal. If the removal of the charging power supply is determined to be sensed (“Yes” in S520), the processing moves to step S530, and if not (“No” in S520), the processing returns to step S520. S530is a step of executing processing for ending the charging of the power supply102. The processing for ending the charging of the power supply102may include processing that turns off the above-described charge enable signal or ends transmission of that signal. Turning off the charge enable signal refers to setting the level of the charge enable signal to a level not based on the logic of the CE terminal. In other words, this refers to setting the charge enable signal to low level when the CE terminal is positive logic, and setting the charge enable signal to high level when the CE terminal is negative logic. S540is a step of setting the usable number of sticks of the aerosol forming body108based on a charge level of the power supply102(the remaining power amount in the power supply102) (although the aerosol forming body108is assumed to be a stick-shaped body, the shape of the aerosol forming body108is not limited thereto. It should therefore be noted that “usable number of sticks” can be generalized as “usable number of units”). The usable number of sticks will be described hereinafter with reference toFIG.6.FIG.6is a pseudo-graph for illustrating the usable number of sticks. 610indicates a full charge capacity of the power supply102corresponding to when the power supply102has not yet been used (called “when unused” hereinafter, and the area thereof indicates the full charge capacity when unused. Note that “the power supply102not yet being used” may be the number of charges since the power supply102was manufactured being zero or less than a first predetermined number of discharges. An example of the full charge capacity of the power supply102when unused is approximately 220 mAh.620indicates the full charge capacity of the power supply102corresponding to when the power supply102is used in the inductive heating apparatus100, and more precisely, to when discharging and charging is repeated and the power supply102has degraded to a certain extent (called “when degraded” hereinafter), and the area thereof indicates the full charge capacity when degraded. As is clear fromFIG.6, the full charge capacity of the power supply102when unused is greater than the full charge capacity of the power supply102when degraded. 630indicates a power amount (energy) necessary to consume a single aerosol forming body108, and the area thereof indicates the corresponding power amount. All four630sinFIG.6have the same area, and the corresponding power amounts are approximately the same. Note that an example of the power amount630necessary to consume a single aerosol forming body108is approximately 70 mAh. A single aerosol forming body108may be considered to have been consumed when a predetermined number of suctions or heating over a predetermined time period is performed. 640and650indicate a charge level of the power supply102after two aerosol forming bodies108have been consumed (called a “surplus power amount” hereinafter), and the areas thereof indicate the corresponding power amounts. As is clear fromFIG.6, the surplus power amount640when unused is greater than the surplus power amount650when degraded. 660indicates an output voltage of the power supply102when fully charged, and an example thereof is approximately 3.64 V.660is the same for the power supply102when unused (610) and the power supply102when degraded (620), which indicates that the voltage of the power supply102when fully charged is basically constant regardless of the degradation of the power supply102, i.e., the State of Health (SOH). 670indicates a discharge end voltage of the power supply102, and an example thereof is approximately 2.40 V.670is the same for the power supply102when unused (610) and the power supply102when degraded (620), which indicates that the discharge end voltage of the power supply102is basically constant regardless of the degradation of the power supply102, i.e., the SOH. It is preferable that the power supply102not be used until the voltage reaches the discharge end voltage670, or in other words, until the charge level of the power supply102reaches zero. This is because the power supply102degrades more rapidly when the voltage of the power supply102drops below the discharge end voltage670or when the charge level of the power supply102reaches zero. The power supply102also degrades more rapidly as the voltage of the power supply102approaches the discharge end voltage670. Additionally, as described above, when the power supply102is used, and more precisely, when discharges and charges are repeated, the full charge capacity decreases, and the surplus power amount after consuming a predetermined number (two, inFIG.6) of the aerosol forming bodies108becomes lower when degraded (650) than when unused (640). Accordingly, it is preferable for the control unit118to set the usable number of sticks based on the expected degradation of the power supply102, such that the power supply102is not used to the point where the voltage reaches or approaches the discharge end voltage670, or in other words, to the point where the charge level of the power supply102reaches or approaches zero. In other words, the usable number of sticks can be set as following, for example. n=int ((e−S)/C)Here, n represents the usable number of sticks; e, the charge level of the power supply102(in units of, for example, mAh); S, a parameter for providing a margin to the surplus power amount650of the power supply102when degraded (in units of, for example, mAh); C, the power amount necessary to consume a single aerosol forming body108(in units of, for example, mAh); and into, a function that truncates numbers below the decimal point in the parentheses. Note that e is a variable, and can be obtained by the control unit118communicating with the remaining amount measurement IC124. S and C are constants, and can be obtained experimentally in advance and stored in a memory (not shown) of the control unit118in advance. In particular, S may be the surplus power amount650obtained when the power supply102is experimentally discharged a second predetermined number of discharges (>>a first predetermined number of discharges), i.e., when the assumed degradation occurs, or a value that is +α to the stated surplus power amount. Note that when an SOH obtained by the control unit118communicating with the remaining amount measurement IC124reaches a predetermined value, the power supply102may be determined to have sufficiently degraded, and charging and discharging of the power supply102may be prohibited. In other words, “when degraded” when calculating S refers to degradation being advanced more than when unused despite the SOH not having reached the predetermined value. Returning toFIG.5, after step S540, the control unit118transitions to the ACTIVE mode. Note that in the embodiment described above, in step S520, the control unit118determines whether the charging power supply being removed from the charging power supply connection unit116is sensed. Instead of this, the charging circuit122may determine whether the charging of the power supply102is complete, and may determine whether the control unit118has received that determination through I2C communication or the like. FIG.7is a flowchart of example processing (called “main processing” hereinafter)700executed mainly by the control unit118when in ACTIVE mode. The main processing700can be started in response to the control unit118transitioning to the ACTIVE mode. S705is a step of starting a first timer. By starting the first timer, the value of the first timer increases or decreases from an initial value as time passes. Note that the value of the first timer is assumed hereinafter to increase as time passes. The first timer may be stopped when the control unit118transitions to another mode. The same applies to a second timer and a third timer, which will be described later. S710is a step of notifying the user of the charge level of the power supply102. The notification of the charge level can be realized by the control unit118communicating with the light-emitting element drive circuit126based on information on the power supply102obtained through communication with the remaining amount measurement IC124and causing the light-emitting element138to emit light in a predetermined manner. The same applies to the other notifications described later. It is preferable that the notification of the charge level be performed temporarily. S715is a step of starting other processing (called “sub processing” hereinafter) to be executed in parallel with the main processing700. The sub processing started in this step will be described later. Note that the execution of the sub processing may be stopped when the control unit118transitions to another mode. The same applies to the other sub processing described later. S720is a step of determining whether a predetermined time has passed based on the value of the first timer. If it is determined that the predetermined time has passed (“Yes” in S720), the control unit118transitions to the SLEEP mode, and if not (“No” in S720), the processing moves to step S725. S725is a step of controlling non-heating AC power to be supplied to the above-described RLC series circuit, i.e., the circuit for inductively heating the susceptor110which is at least a part of the aerosol forming body108, and measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit. The non-heating AC power may be generated by turning the switch Q1off, turning the switch Q2on, and then switching the switch Q3. The average value or effective value of the energy provided to the RLC series circuit by supplying the non-heating AC power is lower than the average value or effective value of the energy provided to the RLC series circuit by supplying heating AC power, which will be described later. Note that it is preferable that the non-heating AC power have the resonance frequency f0of the RLC series circuit. Note that the supply of the non-heating AC power is only for measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit. Accordingly, the supply of the non-heating AC power may be promptly terminated after obtaining data for measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit (e.g., an effective value VRMSof the voltage and an effective value IRMSof the current, measured by the voltage sensing circuit134and the current sensing circuit136(described later), respectively). On the other hand, the supply of the non-heating AC power may be continued until a predetermined point in time, e.g., until the control unit118transitions to another mode. Stopping the supply of the non-heating AC power can be realized by turning the switch Q2off, stopping the switching of the switch Q3and turning the switch Q3off, or both. It should be noted that the switch Q1may originally be off at the point in time of step S725. S730is a step of determining whether the measured impedance is abnormal. The control unit118can determine that the measured impedance is abnormal when the impedance measured in step725does not fall within a range of impedances including measurement error determined based on the impedance measured when a genuine aerosol forming body108is properly inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100. If the impedance is determined to be abnormal (“Yes” in S730), the processing moves to step S735, and if not (“No” in S730), the processing moves to step S745. S735is a step of executing a predetermined fail-safe action. The predetermined fail-safe action may include turning all of the switches Q1, Q2, and Q3off. S740is a step of making a predetermined error notification to the user. After step S740, the control unit118transitions to the ERROR mode for performing predetermined error processing. Note that the specific processing in the ERROR mode will not be described. S745is a step of determining whether the susceptor110has been detected based on the impedance measured in step S725. Note that the detection of the susceptor110can be regarded as the detection of the aerosol forming body108including the susceptor110. The detection of the susceptor110based on the impedance will be described later. S750is a step of determining whether the usable number of sticks is at least one. If the usable number of sticks is at least one (“Yes” in S750), the control unit118transitions to the PRE-HEAT mode, and if not (“No” in S750), the processing moves to step S755. S755is a step of making a predetermined low remaining power notification to the user, indicating that the power supply102has a low remaining power amount. After step S755, the control unit118transitions to the SLEEP mode. As will be described later, the aerosol forming body108is inductively heated through the PRE-HEAT processing, which can be transitioned to from step S750. Thus, according to the main processing700, automatic inductive heating of the aerosol forming body108after the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the housing101can be realized. FIG.8is a flowchart illustrating an example of first sub processing800started in step S715, in the main processing700in the ACTIVE mode. S810is a step of determining whether a predetermined operation on the button128has been sensed. Note that a short press on the button128is an example of the predetermined operation in step S810. If it is determined that the predetermined operation on the button128is sensed (“Yes” in S810), the processing moves to step S820, and if not (“No” in S810), the processing returns to step S810. S820is a step of resetting the first timer and returning the value thereof to the initial value. Instead of the present embodiment, the value of the first timer may be brought closer to the initial value, or the predetermined time in step S720may be moved away from the value of the first timer. S830is a step of notifying the user of the charge level of the power supply102. After step S830, the processing may be returned to step S810. According to the main processing700, the control unit118may transition to the SLEEP mode when the predetermined time passes after transitioning to the ACTIVE mode, whereas according to the sub processing800, the user can be notified of the charge level of the power supply102again and the transition to the SLEEP mode can be postponed by making the predetermined operation on the button128. FIG.9is a flowchart illustrating an example of second sub processing900started in step S715, in the main processing700in the ACTIVE mode. S910is a step of determining whether the charging power supply has been sensed as being connected to the charging power supply connection unit116. If the connection of the charging power supply is determined to be sensed (“Yes” in S910), the control unit118transitions to the CHARGE mode, and if not (“No” in S910), the processing returns to step S910. Similar to step S410, the control unit118can determine whether the connection of the charging power supply is sensed based on the above-described VBUS sensing signal. Note that when transitioning to the CHARGE mode, it is preferable that the control unit118turn all the switches Q1, Q2, and Q3off. According to the second sub processing900, the control unit118automatically transitions to the CHARGE mode in response to the charging power supply being connected. FIG.10is a flowchart of example processing (main processing)1000executed mainly by the control unit118when in PRE-HEAT mode. The main processing1000can be started in response to the control unit118transitioning to the PRE-HEAT mode. S1010is a step of performing control to start the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit. The heating AC power is generated by turning the switch Q1on, turning the switch Q2off, and then switching the switch Q3. The average value or effective value of the energy provided to the RLC series circuit by supplying the heating AC power is higher than the average value or effective value of the energy provided to the RLC series circuit by supplying the above-described non-heating AC power. S1020is a step of starting other processing (sub processing) to be executed in parallel with the main processing1000. The sub processing started in this step will be described later. S1030is a step of executing processing in accordance with the detection of the susceptor110. This step will be described later. This step includes at least a step of measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit. S1040is a step of obtaining the temperature of the susceptor110or at least part of the aerosol forming body108(called a “susceptor temperature” hereinafter as appropriate) from the impedance measured in step S1030. The obtainment of the susceptor temperature based on the impedance will be described later. Note that step S1040may be omitted by using a pre-heat target impedance corresponding to a pre-heat target temperature in step S1050(described later) instead of the pre-heat target temperature. In this case, the impedance and the pre-heat target impedance are compared in step S1050. S1050is a step of determining whether the obtained susceptor temperature has reached a predetermined pre-heat target temperature. If the susceptor temperature is determined to have reached the pre-heat target temperature (“Yes” in S1050), the processing moves to step S1060, and if not (“No” in S1050), the processing returns to step S1030. Note that even if a predetermined time has passed after the start of the PRE-HEAT mode, a determination of “Yes” may be made in step S1050, assuming that the pre-heating is complete. S1060is a step of notifying the user that the pre-heating of the aerosol forming body108is complete. This notification may be made using the LED138, or may be made through a vibration motor, a display, or the like (not shown). After step S1060, the control unit118transitions to the INTERVAL mode. According to the main processing1000, pre-heating of the aerosol forming body108can be realized. FIG.11is a flowchart of example processing (main processing)1100executed mainly by the control unit118when in the INTERVAL mode. The main processing1100can be started in response to the control unit118transitioning to the INTERVAL mode. S1110is a step of performing control to stop the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit. Stopping the supply of the heating AC power can be realized by turning the switch Q1off, stopping the switching of the switch Q3and turning the switch Q3off, or both. It should be noted that the switch Q2may originally be off at the point in time of step S1110. S1120is a step of starting other processing (sub processing) to be executed in parallel with the main processing1100. The sub processing started in this step will be described later. S1130is a step of performing control such that the non-heating AC power is supplied to the RLC series circuit and the impedance of the RLC series circuit is measured. This step may be similar to step S725of the main processing700in the ACTIVE mode. S1140is a step of obtaining the susceptor temperature from the measured impedance. Note that step S1140may be omitted by using a cooling target impedance corresponding to a cooling target temperature in step S1150(described later) instead of the cooling target temperature. In this case, the impedance and the cooling target impedance are compared in step S1150. S1150is a step of determining whether the obtained susceptor temperature has reached a predetermined cooling target temperature. If the susceptor temperature is determined to have reached the cooling target temperature (“Yes” in S1150), the control unit118transitions to the HEAT mode, and if not (“No” in S1150), the processing returns to step S1130. Note that even if a predetermined time has passed after the start of the INTERVAL mode, a determination of “Yes” may be made in step S1150, assuming that the cooling is complete. In the PRE-HEAT mode, the susceptor is heated rapidly to enable the aerosol to be delivered quickly. On the other hand, such rapid heating risks generating an excessive amount of aerosol. Accordingly, by executing the INTERVAL mode before the HEAT mode, the amount of aerosol generated can be stabilized from when the PRE-HEAT mode is complete to when the HEAT mode is complete. In other words, according to the main processing1100, the pre-heated aerosol forming body108can be cooled before the HEAT mode in order to stabilize the generation of aerosol. FIG.12is a flowchart of example processing (main processing)1200executed mainly by the control unit118when in the HEAT mode. The main processing1200can be started in response to the control unit118transitioning to the HEAT mode. S1205is a step of starting the second timer. S1210is a step of starting other processing (sub processing) to be executed in parallel with the main processing1200. The sub processing started in this step will be described later. S1215is a step of performing control to start the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit. S1220is a step of executing processing in accordance with the detection of the susceptor110. Although this step will be described later, the step includes at least a step of measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit. S1225is a step of obtaining the susceptor temperature from the impedance measured in step S1220. Note that step S1225may be omitted by using a heating target impedance corresponding to a heating target temperature in step S1230(described later) instead of the heating target temperature. In this case, the impedance and the heating target impedance are compared in step S1230. S1230is a step of determining whether the obtained susceptor temperature is at least a predetermined heating target temperature. If the susceptor temperature is at least the heating target temperature (“Yes” in S1230), the processing moves to step S1235, and if not (“No” in S1230), the processing moves to step S1240. S1235is a step of performing control to stop the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit and then standing by for a predetermined time. This step is intended to temporarily stop the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit and reduce the susceptor temperature that had become at least the heating target temperature. S1240is a step of determining whether a predetermined heating end condition has been met. Examples of the predetermined heating end condition are a condition that a predetermined time has passed, based on the value of the second timer; a condition that a predetermined number of suctions have been made using the aerosol forming body108currently in use; or an OR condition of these conditions. A method for sensing suction will be described later. If the heating end condition is determined to be satisfied (“Yes” in S1240), the processing moves to step S1245, and if not (“No” in S1240), the processing returns to step S1220. S1245is a step of reducing the usable number of sticks by one. After step S1245, the control unit118transitions to the SLEEP mode. According to the main processing1200, the susceptor temperature can be kept at a predetermined temperature to generate aerosol in a desired manner. The following will describe processing performed in response to the susceptor110being detected, described above with in relation to the main processing1000of the PRE-HEAT mode and the main processing1200of the HEAT mode. FIG.13Ais a flowchart of example processing1300A performed in response to the susceptor110being detected. S1305is a step of measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit. It should be noted that the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit has been started before step S1305. S1310is a step of determining whether the susceptor110has been detected based on the impedance measured. If the susceptor110is detected based on the impedance (“Yes” in S1310), the example processing1300A ends and returns to the main processing1000or the main processing1200, and if not (“No” in S1310), the processing moves to step S1315. S1315is a step of stopping the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit. S1320is a step of reducing the usable number of sticks by one. After step S1320, the control unit118transitions to the ACTIVE mode. According to the example processing1300A, when the aerosol forming body108is removed during inductive heating or the like, the inductive heating can be stopped. This makes it possible to improve the safety of the inductive heating apparatus100and reduce waste of the power stored in the power supply102. Additionally, according to the example processing1300A, the control unit118reduces the usable number of sticks by one when the aerosol forming body108is removed. As a result, it is more difficult for the voltage of the power supply102to reach the discharge end voltage or approach the discharge end voltage after the usable number of sticks are consumed than if the usable number of sticks is not reduced. Accordingly, accelerated degradation of the power supply102can also be suppressed. FIG.13Bis a flowchart of another example of processing1300B performed in response to the susceptor110being detected. Some of the steps included in the example processing1300B are the same as in the example processing1300A, and thus the following will describe the differences. In the example processing1300B, the processing moves to step1325after step S1315. S1325is a step of making a predetermined error notification to the user. The predetermined error notification corresponds to a failure to detect the susceptor110during inductive heating due to the aerosol forming body108being accidentally removed or the like. The predetermined error notification may be made using the LED138or the like. S1330is a step of starting the third timer. S1335is a step of performing control such that the non-heating AC power is supplied to the RLC series circuit and the impedance of the RLC series circuit is measured. This step may be similar to step S725of the main processing700in the ACTIVE mode. S1340is a step of determining whether the susceptor110has been detected based on the impedance measured. If the susceptor110is determined to be detected based on the impedance (“Yes” in S1340), the processing moves to step S1350, and if not (“No” in S1340), the processing moves to step S1345. S1350is a step of restarting the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit, which had been stopped in step S1315. S1345is a step of determining whether a predetermined time has passed based on the value of the third timer. If the predetermined time is determined to have passed (“Yes” in S1345), the processing moves to step S1320, and if not (“No” in S1345), the processing returns to step S1335. The example processing1300B will be described further with reference toFIG.14.FIG.14is a graph expressing changes in the susceptor temperature. In this graph, the vertical axis corresponds to temperature, and the horizontal axis corresponds to time. 1410indicates the predetermined pre-heat target temperature described above in relation to the main processing700of the PRE-HEAT mode. 1415indicates the predetermined cooling target temperature described above in relation to the main processing1100of the INTERVAL mode. 1420indicates the predetermined heating target temperature described above in relation to the main processing1200of the HEAT mode. Note that as will be described later, the HEAT mode has a heating profile including a plurality of phases in which different heating target temperatures are applied.1420indicates, in more detail, the heating target temperature in the first phase of the heating profile of the HEAT mode. 1430indicates the period of the PRE-HEAT mode. In other words, the period of the PRE-HEAT mode ends roughly when the susceptor temperature reaches the predetermined pre-heat target temperature1410. 1435indicates the period of the INTERVAL mode. In other words, the period of the INTERVAL mode starts roughly when the susceptor temperature reaches the predetermined pre-heat target temperature1410and ends when the susceptor temperature reaches the cooling target temperature1415. 1440indicates the period of the HEAT mode. In other words, the period of the HEAT mode starts roughly when the susceptor temperature reaches the cooling target temperature1415and ends at a point in time1445.1445indicates when the heating end condition is satisfied (step S1240of the main processing1200). 1450indicates when the susceptor110can no longer be detected, i.e., when, in step S1310of the example processing1300B, the susceptor110cannot be determined to be detected based on the impedance (“No” in step S1310).1455indicates when the susceptor110can be detected again, i.e., when, in step S1340of the example processing1300B, the susceptor110can be determined to be detected based on the impedance (“Yes” in step S1340). S1460indicates a period during which the susceptor110cannot be detected. According to the example processing1300B, although following a heating profile in which at least the heating target temperature according to the elapsation of time is defined, the inductive heating can be controlled assuming that time has also passed between step S1315, which is when the processing for inductive heating is stopped, and step S1350, which is when the processing for inductive heating is restarted. As such, the heating profile corresponding to the period S1460, when the susceptor110could not be detected, can essentially be skipped. FIG.13Cis a flowchart of yet another example processing1300C performed in response to the susceptor110being detected. Some of the steps included in the example processing1300C are the same as in the example processing1300A or1300B, and thus the following will describe the differences. S1355is a step of detecting the susceptor110based on the impedance measured. This step is similar to step S1310, but differs in that the processing moves to step S1325if the susceptor110cannot be determined to have been detected (“No” in S1355). In the example processing1300C, the processing moves to step S1360after step S1330. S1360is a step of measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit. Step S1360is similar to step S1335, but in step S1360, it is not necessary to control the non-heating AC power to be supplied to the RLC series circuit. This is because at the point in time of step S1360, the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit is not stopped. S1365is a step of determining whether the susceptor110has been detected based on the impedance measured. This step is similar to step S1340, but differs in that if the susceptor110is determined to have been detected based on the impedance (“Yes” in S1365), the processing returns to step S1305, and if not (“No” in S1365), the processing moves to step S1370. S1370is a step of determining whether a predetermined time has passed based on the value of the third timer. This step is similar to step S1345, but differs in that if the predetermined time is determined to have passed (“Yes” in S1370), the processing moves to step S1315, and if not (“No” in S1370), the processing returns to step S1360. The example processing1300C will be described further with reference toFIG.14. Note that the differences from the foregoing descriptions of the example processing1300B will be described here. 1450indicates when the susceptor110can no longer be detected, i.e., when, in step S1355of the example processing1300C, the susceptor110cannot be determined to be detected based on the impedance (“No” in step S1355).1455indicates when the susceptor110can be detected again, i.e., when, in step S1365of the example processing1300C, the susceptor110can be determined to be detected based on the impedance (“Yes” in step S1365). As described above, the HEAT mode has a heating profile including a plurality of phases in which different heating target temperatures are applied. Additionally, processing of changing the heating target temperature at one or more timings (e.g., step S2115inFIG.21, described later) can be included in the processing of the HEAT mode. Then, according to the example processing1300C, the period S1460in which the susceptor110cannot be detected does not affect the stated one or more timings. This is because the example processing1300C does not have step S1315and step S1350of the example processing1300B. In other words, according to the example processing1300C, the period S1460in which the susceptor110cannot be detected can be made not to affect the overall length of the heating profile. FIG.13Dis a flowchart of yet another example of processing1300D performed in response to the susceptor110being detected. Some of the steps included in the example processing1300D are the same as in the example processing1300A,1300B, or1300C, and thus the following will describe the differences. S1375is a step similar to step S1310, but differs in that if the susceptor110is determined to have been detected based on the impedance, the processing moves to step S1385. In the example processing1300D, the processing moves to step S1380after step S1325. S1380is a step of stopping the second timer that had been started and starting the third timer. Stopping the second timer ensures the value of the second timer does not increase as time passes. In other words, the progress of the heating profile is interrupted. S1385is a step of determining whether the second timer has stopped. This step may be a step of determining whether step S1380has been executed. If the second timer is determined to have been stopped (“Yes” in S1385), the processing moves to step S1390, and if not (“No” in S1385), the example processing1300D is ended and the processing returns to the main processing1000or the main processing1200. S1390is a step of restarting the stopped second timer. By restarting the second timer, the value of the second timer increases over time again from the value at which the second timer was stopped. In other words, the progress of the heating profile is resumed. The example processing1300D will be described further with reference toFIG.14. Note that the differences from the foregoing descriptions of the example processing1300B will be described here. 1450indicates when the susceptor110can no longer be detected, i.e., when, in step S1375of the example processing1300D, the susceptor110cannot be determined to be detected based on the impedance (“No” in step S1375). In other words, according to the example processing1300D, although following a heating profile in which at least the heating target temperature according to the elapsation of time is defined, the inductive heating can be controlled assuming that time has not passed between step S1315, which is when the processing for inductive heating is stopped, and step S1350, which is when the processing for inductive heating is restarted. As a result, the progress of the heating profile can substantially be interrupted. FIG.13Eis a flowchart of yet another example processing1300E performed in response to the susceptor110being detected. Some of the steps included in the example processing1300E are the same as in the example processing1300A,1300B,1300C, or1300D, and thus the following will describe the differences. S1392is a step similar to step S1310, but differs in that if the susceptor110is determined to have been detected based on the impedance, the processing moves to step S1394. S1394is a step of determining whether the third timer has been started. This step may be a step of determining whether step S1330has been executed. If the third timer is determined to have been started (“Yes” in S1394), the processing moves to step S1396, and if not (“No” in S1394), the example processing1300E is ended and the processing returns to the main processing1000or the main processing1200. S1396is a step of executing predetermined processing based on the value of the third timer. This predetermined processing may be processing that extends one of the plurality of phases included in the HEAT mode by the value of the third timer, i.e., the length of the period for which the susceptor110could not be detected. In other words, this predetermined processing may be processing that delays at least one of the one or more timings for changing the heating target temperature by the length of the period for which the susceptor110could not be detected. This can be realized, for example, by delaying the timing at which the determination to change is made in step S2105ofFIG.21, which will be described later. Note that the delay of the phase and/or the delay of the timing for changing the heating target temperature does not absolutely have to be performed for the length of the period for which the susceptor110could not be detected. The phase may be delayed or the timing for changing the heating target temperature may be delayed by a value obtained by performing an operation such as adding or subtracting a predetermined value to or from the length of the period for which the susceptor110could not be detected, a value unrelated to the length of the period for which the susceptor110could not be detected, or the like. The example processing1300E will be described further with reference toFIG.14. Note that the differences from the foregoing descriptions of the example processing1300C will be described here. 1450indicates when the susceptor110can no longer be detected, i.e., when, in step S1392of the example processing1300E, the susceptor110cannot be determined to be detected based on the impedance (“No” in step S1392). According to the example processing1300E, the timing for changing the heating target temperature can be delayed based on the period1460from step S1392, which is when the aerosol forming body can no longer be detected, to step S1365, when the aerosol forming body is once again detected, and thus the phase of the heating profile can be compensated for or delayed. In other words, according to the example processing1300E, the length of the heating profile can be extended based on the period1460for which the susceptor110could not be detected. FIG.15is a flowchart illustrating example first sub processing1500, which is started in step S1020of the main processing1000of the PRE-HEAT mode, step S1120of the main processing1100of the INTERVAL mode, or step S1210of the main processing1200of the HEAT mode. S1510is a step of determining whether a predetermined operation on the button128has been sensed. This predetermined operation may be the same as the predetermined operation in steps S420and S810, or may be different. Note that a long press or a series of presses on the button128are examples of the predetermined operation in step S1510. If the predetermined operation on the button is determined to be detected (“Yes” in S1510), the processing moves to step S1520, and if not (“No” in S1510), the processing returns to S1510. S1520is a step of performing control to stop the supply of AC power. If the first sub processing1500is started in step S1020or step S1210, this AC power is the heating AC power, whereas if the first sub processing1500is started in step S1120, this AC power is the non-heating AC power. S1530is a step of reducing the usable number of sticks by one. According to the sub processing1500, when the supply of AC power is stopped by a user operation, the control unit118reduces the usable number of sticks by one. As a result, it is more difficult for the voltage of the power supply102to reach the discharge end voltage or approach the discharge end voltage after the usable number of sticks of the aerosol forming bodies108are consumed than if the usable number of sticks is not reduced. Accordingly, accelerated degradation of the power supply102can also be suppressed. FIG.16is a flowchart illustrating example second sub processing1600, which is started in step S1020of the main processing1000of the PRE-HEAT mode, step S1120of the main processing1100of the INTERVAL mode, or step S1210of the main processing1200of the HEAT mode. S1610is a step of measuring discharge current. The discharge current can be measured by the current sensing circuit136. S1620is a step of determining whether the measured discharge current is excessive. If the discharge current is determined to be excessive (“Yes” is S1620), the processing moves to step S1630, and if not (“No” in S1620), the processing returns to step S1610. S1630is a step of executing a predetermined fail-safe action. S1640is a step of making a predetermined error notification to the user. This predetermined error notification corresponds to the discharge current being excessive. After step S1640, the control unit118transitions to the ERROR mode. The error notification may be made using the LED138. FIG.17is a diagram illustrating the principle of detecting the susceptor110, which is at least part of the aerosol forming body108, based on the impedance, and the principle of obtaining the temperature of the susceptor110, which is at least part of the aerosol forming body108, based on the impedance. 1710indicates an equivalent circuit of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100. L represents the value of the inductance of the RLC series circuit. Although L is, strictly speaking, a composite value of the inductance components of a plurality of elements included in the RLC series circuit, L may be equal to the value of the inductance of the coil106. C2represents the value of the capacitance of the RLC series circuit. Although C2is, strictly speaking, a composite value of the capacitance components of a plurality of elements included in the RLC series circuit, C2may be equal to the value of the capacitance of the capacitor C2. Rcircuitrepresents the resistance value of the RLC series circuit. Rcircuitis a composite value of the resistance components of a plurality of elements included in the RLC series circuit. The values of L, C2, and Rcircuitcan be obtained in advance from the spec sheet of the electronic device or measured experimentally in advance, and stored in advance in a memory (not shown) of the control unit118. An impedance Z0of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100can be calculated through the following formula. Z0=Rcircuit2+(ω⁢L-1ω⁢C2)2[Math⁢1]Here, ω represents an angular frequency of the AC power supplied to the RLC series circuit (ω=2πf; f is the frequency of the AC power). On the other hand,1720indicates an equivalent circuit of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100.1720is different from1710in terms of the presence of a resistance component of the susceptor110(Rsusceptor), which is at least part of the aerosol forming body108. An impedance Z1of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100can be calculated through the following formula. Z1=(Rcircuit+Rsusceptor)2+(ω⁢L-1ω⁢C2)2[Math⁢2] In other words, the impedance of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100is higher than when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted. The impedance Z0when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100and the impedance Z0when the aerosol forming body108is inserted are obtained experimentally in advance, and a threshold set therebetween is stored in the memory (not shown) of the control unit118. This makes it possible to determine whether the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100, i.e., whether the susceptor110is detected, based on whether the measured impedance Z is higher than the threshold. As described above, the detection of the susceptor110can be regarded as the detection of the aerosol forming body108. Note that the control unit118can calculate the impedance Z of the RLC series circuit based on the effective value VRMSof the voltage and the effective value IRMSof the current, respectively measured by the voltage sensing circuit134and the current sensing circuit136. Z=VRMSIRMS[Math⁢3] Additionally, by solving the above formula of Z1for Rsusceptor, the following formula is derived. Z12=Rsusceptor2+2⁢Rsusceptor·Rcircuit+Rcircuit2+(ω⁢L-1ω⁢C)2[Math⁢4]Rsusceptor2+2⁢Rcircuit·Rsusceptor+Rcircuit2+(ω⁢L-1ω⁢C)2-Z12=0Rsusceptor=-2⁢Rcircuit±4⁢Rcircuit2-4⁢(Rcircuit2+(ω⁢L-1ω⁢C)2-Z12)2=±Z12-(ω⁢L-1ω⁢C)2-Rcircuit Here, when negative resistance values are excluded, and Z1is replaced with Z, the following is obtained. Rsusceptor=Z2-(ω⁢L-1ω⁢C)2-Rcircuit[Math⁢5] By experimentally obtaining the relationship between Rsuceptorand the susceptor temperature in advance and storing that relationship in the memory (not shown) of the control unit118, the susceptor temperature can be obtained based on Rsuceptorfurther calculated from the impedance Z of the RLC series circuit. FIG.18illustrates an equivalent circuit of the RLC series circuit when AC power is supplied at the resonance frequency f0of the RLC series circuit.1810and1820respectively indicate an equivalent circuit of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted, and is inserted, into the inductive heating apparatus100. The resonance frequency f0can be derived as follows. f0=12⁢π⁢LCz[Math⁢6] Additionally, the following relationship is satisfied by the resonance frequency f0, and thus the inductance component and the capacitance component of the RLC series circuit can be ignored with respect to the impedance of the RLC series circuit. ω⁢L=1ω⁢C2[Math⁢7] Accordingly, the impedance Z0of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is not inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100, and the impedance Z1of the RLC series circuit when the aerosol forming body108is inserted, at the resonance frequency f0, are as follows. Z0=Rcircuit Z1=Rcircuit+Rsusceptor[Math 8] Additionally, the value Rsusceptorof the resistance component produced by the susceptor110, which is at least part of the aerosol forming body108, when the aerosol forming body108is inserted into the inductive heating apparatus100, at the resonance frequency f0, can be calculated through the following formula. Rsusceptor=Z−Rcircuit[Math 9] In this manner, when detecting the susceptor110, when obtaining the susceptor temperature based on the impedance, or both, using the resonance frequency f0of the RLC series circuit is advantageous in terms of the ease of calculations. Of course, using the resonance frequency f0of the RLC series circuit is also advantageous in terms of supplying the power stored in the power supply102to the susceptor110at high efficiency and high speed. Specific Example 1 of Heating Profile A specific example of the heating profile will be described hereinafter. In the present example, the inductive heating apparatus100can appropriately heat the aerosol forming bodies108by changing the switching frequency of the alternating current generation circuit132in the PRE-HEAT mode, the INTERVAL mode, and the HEAT mode constituted by a plurality of phases. FIG.19is a diagram showing graphs (a), (b), and (c), which express changes in the temperature of the susceptor110, the switching frequency of the alternating current generation circuit132, and the impedance of the circuit104, respectively, in the inductive heating apparatus100of the present example. Similar toFIG.14, inFIG.19, arrow1430indicates the period of the PRE-HEAT mode, arrow1435indicates the period of the INTERVAL mode, and arrow1440indicates the period of the HEAT mode. Additionally, in (a), the solid line graph represents the temperature of the susceptor110, and the broken line graph represents the target temperature (pre-heat target temperature, cooling target temperature, and heating target temperature) in each period. AlthoughFIG.19illustrates the temperature of the susceptor110(or the susceptor temperature) reaching the heating target temperature as coinciding with a switch in the phase, this is because the drawing illustrates the ideal behavior. In other words, in terms of the example processing illustrated inFIG.21and described later, the behavior illustrated inFIG.19corresponds to a case where the timing at which the switching frequency of the switch Q3is changed coincides with the timing at which the temperature of the susceptor110first reaches the heating target temperature. Generally speaking, after reaching the heating target temperature, the temperature of the susceptor110repeats behavior of dropping due to the temporary stop in the heating AC power and then rising again. Accordingly, generally speaking, the temperature of the susceptor110reaching the heating target temperature does not coincide with a switch in the phase. The same applies to bothFIG.20andFIG.22. As indicated in (b), in the present example, the switching frequency of the switch Q3of the alternating current generation circuit132is the resonance frequency f0in the period1430of the PRE-HEAT mode and the period1435of the INTERVAL mode, and is also constant in those periods. In the period1440of the HEAT mode, the switching frequency of the switch Q3is controlled to rise in steps as each phase progresses (the timing at which the switching frequency of the switch Q3rises is scheduled in advance; the same applies to Specific Example 2, described later). When the switching frequency of the switch Q3changes, so too does the impedance of the circuit104. As a result of the switching frequency of the switch Q3rising in steps, the impedance of the circuit104also continues to increase, as indicated in (c). In the present example, a temporary temperature drop can be sensed when the user sucks the aerosol generated from the aerosol source112can be sensed from the change in the impedance of the circuit104(or the change in the AC current supplied to the coil106). In other words, the user may be determined to have sucked aerosol when a drop in the temperature is detected. Additionally, the switching frequency of the switch Q3in the period1440of the HEAT mode may be controlled to start from the resonance frequency f0and gradually move away from the resonance frequency f0, as indicated by the solid line graph in (b), or may be controlled to drop significantly from the resonance frequency f0before gradually approaching the resonance frequency f0, as indicated by the broken line graph in (b). In the former case, the switching frequency of the switch Q3increases in a frequency region higher than the resonance frequency as the plurality of phases constituting the HEAT mode1440progress, and in the latter case, the switching frequency of the switch Q3increases in a frequency region lower than the resonance frequency as the plurality of phases constituting the HEAT mode1440progress. Rapid heating is required only in the PRE-HEAT mode, and high-efficiency heating by inductive heating may not be suitable for the gradual rise in temperature in the HEAT mode. Accordingly, in the present example, the switching frequency of the switch Q3is removed from the resonance frequency f0, which makes it possible to realize a gradual increase in temperature. The susceptor110can be heated appropriately by changing the frequency from phase to phase in this manner. Additionally,FIG.20is a diagram showing another example of changes in the temperature of the susceptor110, the switching frequency of the alternating current generation circuit132, and the impedance of the circuit104in the inductive heating apparatus100. In the present example too, the switching frequency of the switch Q3of the alternating current generation circuit132is the resonance frequency f0in the period1430of the PRE-HEAT mode and the period1435of the INTERVAL mode, and is also constant in these periods. However, in the period1440of the HEAT mode in the present example, the switching frequency of the switch Q3is controlled to drop in steps as each phase progresses. Additionally, as a result of the switching frequency of the switch Q3dropping in steps, the impedance of the circuit104also continues to decrease. When not sensing aerosol suction by the user, the switching frequency of the switch Q3may be controlled to drop as the phases in the HEAT mode progress, as in the present example, and a gradual rise in temperature can be realized as a result. Additionally, the switching frequency of the switch Q3in the period1440of the HEAT mode may be controlled to rise significantly from the resonance frequency f0before gradually approaching the resonance frequency f0, as indicated by the solid line graph in (b), or may be controlled to start from the resonance frequency f0and gradually move away from the resonance frequency f0, as indicated by the broken line graph in (b). In the former case, the switching frequency of the switch Q3decreases in a frequency region higher than the resonance frequency as the plurality of phases constituting the HEAT mode progress, and in the latter case, the switching frequency of the switch Q3decreases in a frequency region lower than the resonance frequency as the plurality of phases constituting the HEAT mode progress. FIG.21is a flowchart of example processing executed mainly by the control unit118when in the HEAT mode. The flowchart inFIG.21adds the processing of step S2105, step S2110, and step S2115to the flowchart inFIG.12. The other steps are the same as inFIG.12and will therefore not be described. Step S2105is a step of determining whether the second timer is at a timing for changing the switching frequency of the switch Q3. If it is determined that it is the timing for changing the switching frequency of the switch Q3(“Yes” in step S2105), in step S2110, the switching frequency of the switch Q3is changed (increased or reduced). Then, in step S2115, the heating target temperature is increased by a predetermined value. If it is determined in step S2105that it is not the timing for changing the switching frequency of the switch Q3(“No” in step S2105), the processing of step S2110and step S2115is skipped (i.e., the switching frequency of the switch Q3is not changed). Note that the processing of step S2110and step S2115may be executed in the reverse order, or may be executed in parallel. Specific Example 2 of Heating Profile Another specific example of the heating profile will be described hereinafter. In the present example, the switching frequency of the alternating current generation circuit132is fixed to a specific frequency without being changed in the PRE-HEAT mode, the INTERVAL mode, and the HEAT mode constituted by the plurality of phases, and in particular, in the present example, is fixed to the resonance frequency. FIG.22is a diagram showing graphs (a), (b), and (c), which express changes in the temperature of the susceptor110, the switching frequency of the alternating current generation circuit132, and the impedance of the circuit104, respectively, in the inductive heating apparatus100of the present example. As indicated in (b), in the present example, the switching frequency of the alternating current generation circuit132in the inductive heating apparatus100is fixed to the resonance frequency in the PRE-HEAT mode, the INTERVAL mode, and the HEAT mode constituted by the plurality of phases. FIG.23andFIG.24are flowcharts of example processing executed mainly by the control unit118when in the HEAT mode. The flowchart inFIG.23differs fromFIG.12in that heating control in step S2310is executed instead of step S1235, and that step S2320and step S2325are added. The other steps are the same as inFIG.12and will therefore not be described. Step S2320is a step of determining whether the second timer is at a timing for changing the heating target temperature. If it is determined that it is the timing for changing the heating target temperature (“Yes” in step S2320), in step S2325, the heating target temperature is increased by a predetermined value. If it is determined in step S2320that it is not the timing for changing the heating target temperature (“No” in step S2320), the processing of step S2325is skipped (i.e., the heating target temperature is not changed). FIG.24is a flowchart illustrating an example of details of the heating control in step S2310. Step S23101is a step of performing control to stop the supply of the heating AC power to the RLC series circuit. Step S23102is a step of performing control such that the supply of the non-heating AC power to the RLC series circuit is started in order to measure the impedance of the RLC series circuit. Step S23103is a step of measuring the impedance of the RLC series circuit. Step S23104is a step of performing control to stop the supply of the non-heating AC power to the RLC series circuit. Step S23105is a step of obtaining the susceptor temperature from the impedance measured in step S23103. Note that the processing of steps S23101to S23105may be processing similar to that in the aforementioned flowchart. Additionally, step S23106is a step of determining whether the susceptor temperature obtained in step S23105is no greater than (predetermined heating target temperature—Δ). If the susceptor temperature is no greater than (predetermined heating target temperature—Δ), the heating control is ended, and the processing moves to step S1215inFIG.23. If the susceptor temperature is greater than (predetermined heating target temperature—Δ), the processing returns to step S23102. In other words, if the susceptor temperature is greater than (predetermined heating target temperature—Δ), the susceptor temperature continues to be monitored by the high-resistance second circuit including the switch Q2. At this time, the switch Q3may be switched at a predetermined cycle even while the heating of the susceptor110is suspended. Then, when the susceptor temperature has become no greater than (predetermined heating target temperature—Δ), the switch Q1turns ON again and the susceptor110is reheated using the first circuit. If Δ is a value greater than “0”, hysteresis can be added to the heating control. More specifically, the value of A is a maximum of approximately 5° C. Although embodiments of the present disclosure have been described thus far, these are merely examples, and should be understood as not limiting the scope of the present disclosure. It should be understood that changes, additions, improvements, and so on can be made to the embodiments as appropriate without departing from the essential spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by any of the foregoing embodiments, and is to be defined only by the scope of patent claims and their equivalents. Although the foregoing embodiments described control using the resonance frequency f0of the RLC series circuit, product tolerances are present in the elements constituting RLC circuits, and it is therefore not necessary to strictly use the resonance frequency f0. For example, there may be a deviation of approximately ±5% from the resonance frequency f0calculated from the actual parameters of the elements constituting the RLC series circuit. Although the foregoing embodiments described sensing suction by the user based on a change in the impedance, suction by the user may instead be sensed using a suction sensor, which is not shown inFIG.2. In the foregoing embodiments, the control unit118detects the aerosol forming body108based on the susceptor110, but the aerosol forming body108may be detected based on a marker, an RFID, or the like provided in the aerosol forming body108instead. It is clear that such a marker, RFID, or the like constitutes at least part of the aerosol forming body108. A first variation on the foregoing embodiments will be described hereinafter. According to a first variation on the embodiments, an aerosol-generating apparatus for inductively heating a susceptor of an aerosol-forming body that includes the susceptor and an aerosol source, the aerosol-generating apparatus comprising: a housing into which the aerosol-forming body can be inserted. The housing comprises: a power supply; an alternating current generation circuit for generating an alternating current from a power supplied from the power supply; an inductive heating circuit for inductively heating the susceptor; and a control unit configured to detect a voltage and a current of a circuit including the inductive heating circuit to which the alternating current generated by the alternating current generation circuit is supplied, and in a case where, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current, it is determined that the susceptor is not within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus while executing the inductive heating by supplying the alternating current to the inductive heating circuit, stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to notify an error in the case where, based on the impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current, it is determined that the susceptor is not within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus while executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to notify an error concurrently to stoppage or after stoppage of the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to control the inductive heating in accordance with a heating profile by which at least a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time is defined. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating after notifying the error. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to not stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating in a case where, based on an impedance obtained from the voltage and the current detected before stoppage of the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating, it is determined that the susceptor is within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to control the inductive heating in accordance with a heating profile by which at least a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time is defined, and a duration, until a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus, does not affect an overall length of the heating profile. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to control the inductive heating in accordance with a heating profile by which at least a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time is defined, and extend a length of the heating profile based on a duration until a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to set a number of aerosol-forming bodies that can be used in the aerosol-generating apparatus, and reduce by one the set number after stopping the supply of the alternating current for the inductive heating based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current while executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to continue, without stopping, the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating and not reduce the set number in a case where it is determined that a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to obtain a temperature of the susceptor based on an impedance of a circuit including the inductive heating circuit to which the alternating current that the alternating current generation circuit generated is supplied, and control the inductive heating based on the obtained temperature. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to, based on a comparison of an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current and a predetermined value, determine whether or not to stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, a method of operating an aerosol-generating apparatus for inductively heating a susceptor of an aerosol-forming body that includes the susceptor and an aerosol source. The aerosol-generating apparatus comprises a housing into which the aerosol-forming body can be inserted. The housing comprises: a power supply; an alternating current generation circuit for generating an alternating current from a power supplied from the power supply; and an inductive heating circuit for inductively heating the susceptor. The method comprising: a step of detecting a voltage and a current of a circuit including the inductive heating circuit to which the alternating current generated by the alternating current generation circuit is supplied, and a step of, in a case where, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current, it is determined that the susceptor is not within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus while executing the inductive heating by supplying the alternating current to the inductive heating circuit, stopping the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the method further comprises a step of notifying an error in the case where, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current, it is determined that the susceptor is not within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus while executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the method further comprises a step of controlling the inductive heating in accordance with a heating profile by which at least a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time is defined. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the method further comprises: a step of, after notification of the error, stopping the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating, and after notification of the error and before stoppage of the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating, not stopping the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating in a case where, based on a value of the detected impedance, it is determined that the susceptor is within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus; and a step of executing inductive heating in accordance with a heating profile by which at least a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time is defined, and controlling: so that a duration, until a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus, does not affect an overall length of the heating profile, or to extend a length of the heating profile based on a duration until a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the method further comprises: a step of setting a number of aerosol-forming bodies that can be used in the aerosol-generating apparatus, and a step of controlling to reduce by one the set number after stopping the supply of the alternating current for the inductive heating based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current while executing the inductive heating, or to continue, without stopping, the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating and not reduce the set number in a case where it is determined that a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, an aerosol-generating apparatus for inductively heating a susceptor of an aerosol-forming body that includes the susceptor and an aerosol source, the aerosol-generating apparatus comprising: the aerosol-forming body; and a housing into which the aerosol-forming body can be inserted. The housing comprising: a power supply; an alternating current generation circuit for generating an alternating current from a power supplied from the power supply; an inductive heating circuit for inductively heating the susceptor; a circuit for detecting the presence or absence of the susceptor; and a control unit configured to detect a voltage and a current of a circuit including the inductive heating circuit to which the alternating current generated by the alternating current generation circuit is supplied, and in a case where, based on the impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current, it is determined that the susceptor is not within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus while executing the inductive heating by supplying the alternating current to the inductive heating circuit, stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the first variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to notify an error in the case where, based on the impedance obtained from the detected voltage and the current, it is determined that the susceptor is not within the housing of the aerosol-generating apparatus while executing the inductive heating. A second variation on the foregoing embodiments will be described hereinafter. According to the second variation on the embodiments, an inductive heating apparatus configured to inductively heat a susceptor of an aerosol-forming body that includes the susceptor and an aerosol source, the inductive heating apparatus comprising: a power supply; an inductive heating circuit for inductively heating the susceptor; an alternating current generation circuit for generating an alternating current from a power supplied from the power supply, wherein the alternating current is supplied to the inductive heating circuit; and a control unit configured to, in a case where the susceptor is not detected while the inductive heating is being executed, stop the inductive heating and/or notify an error. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the case where the susceptor is not detected includes the case of where the susceptor ceases to be detected. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the case where the susceptor is not detected includes not detecting the susceptor based on an impedance of a circuit including the inductive heating circuit. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the inductive heating apparatus further comprises a determination unit configured to determine the impedance of the circuit including the inductive heating circuit. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiment, the control unit is configured to stop the inductive heating and/or notify an error while the inductive heating is being executed. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, to stop the inductive heating includes to stop a supply of an alternating current to the inductive heating circuit. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the apparatus contains a detection unit configured to detect a voltage and a current of said circuit including the inductive heating circuit, and wherein the control unit is configured to obtain the impedance of the circuit including the inductive heating circuit based on the detected voltage and current. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the inductive heating apparatus including a detection unit configured to detect a voltage and a current, wherein the detection unit preferably includes a voltage detection circuit and a current detection circuit. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the current detection circuit is configured to detect a current flowing to a coil included in the inductive heating circuit. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the voltage detection circuit is configured to detect a voltage provided by the power supply. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the case where the susceptor is not detected includes the control unit being configured to detect that the susceptor is not inserted in the inductive heating apparatus based on the impedance. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the susceptor is included in the aerosol-forming body, wherein the inductive heating apparatus includes a housing and wherein the case where the susceptor is not detected includes the control unit being configured to detect that the aerosol forming body is not inserted in the housing based on the impedance. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to notify an error concurrently to stoppage or after stoppage of the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating after notifying the error. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to not stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating in a case where, based on an impedance obtained from a voltage and a current detected before stoppage of the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating, it is determined that the susceptor is within the inductive heating apparatus. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, he control unit is further configured to control the inductive heating in accordance with a heating profile by which at least a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time is defined, and extend a length of the heating profile based on a duration until a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the inductive heating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from a detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the inductive heating apparatus. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiment, the control unit is further configured to set a number of aerosol-forming bodies that can be used in the inductive heating apparatus, and reduce by one the set number, in a case where, based on an impedance obtained from a detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not within the inductive heating apparatus while executing the inductive heating by supplying the alternating current to the inductive heating circuit. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to continue, without stopping, the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating and not reduce the set number in a case where it is determined that a state in which it is determined that the susceptor is in the inductive heating apparatus is entered from a state in which, based on an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current, it is determined that the susceptor is not in the inductive heating apparatus. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to obtain a temperature of the susceptor based on an impedance of a circuit including the inductive heating circuit to which the alternating current that the alternating current generation circuit generated is supplied, and control the inductive heating based on the obtained temperature. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to, based on a comparison of an impedance obtained from the detected voltage and current and a predetermined value, determine whether or not to stop the supply of the alternating current for executing the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to, in a case where the susceptor is detected again before a predetermined period of time has elapsed from stoppage of the inductive heating, resume the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is configured to control the inductive heating such that the inductive heating follows a heating profile by which at least a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time is defined. Additionally, according to a second variation on the embodiments, the time from stoppage of the inductive heating until resumption of the inductive heating is treated as the elapsation of time. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is configured to control the inductive heating such that the inductive heating follows a heating profile for which a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time at least is specified, and the time from stoppage of the inductive heating until resumption of the inductive heating is not treated as the elapsation of time. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is further configured to, after notifying the error, stop the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the control unit is configured to, in a case where after notifying the error and before stopping the inductive heating, the susceptor is detected again, not stop the inductive heating. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the inductive heating follows a heating profile for which a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time at least is specified, and the control unit is configured such that a period from when the susceptor ceases to be detected to when the susceptor is detected again does not affect an overall length of the heating profile. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, the inductive heating follows a heating profile for which a heating target temperature according to an elapsation of time at least is specified, and the control unit is configured such that based on a period from when the susceptor ceases to be detected to when the susceptor is detected again, the length of the heating profile is extended. Additionally, according to the second variation on the embodiments, a method of operating an inductive heating apparatus configured to inductively heat a susceptor of an aerosol-forming body that includes the susceptor and an aerosol source. The inductive heating apparatus comprises a power supply; an inductive heating circuit for inductively heating the susceptor; an alternating current generation circuit for generating an alternating current from a power supplied from the power supply, wherein the alternating current is supplied to the inductive heating circuit; and a control unit. The method comprises stopping the inductive heating and/or notifying an error, in a case where the susceptor is not detected while the inductive heating is being executed. In addition, according to the second variation on the embodiments, a computer program including instructions that, when the computer program is executed by a computer, causes the computer to function as the inductive heating apparatus according to the foregoing second variation on the embodiments, and a computer-readable storage medium on which is stored that computer program, are provided. While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.

11856984

The figures are not necessarily to scale. Instead, the thickness of the layers or regions may be enlarged in the drawings. Although the figures show layers and regions with clean lines and boundaries, some or all of these lines and/or boundaries may be idealized. In reality, the boundaries and/or lines may be unobservable, blended, and/or irregular. In general, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts. As used in this patent, stating that any part (e.g., a layer, film, area, region, or plate) is in any way on (e.g., positioned on, located on, disposed on, or formed on, etc.) another part, indicates that the referenced part is either in contact with the other part, or that the referenced part is above the other part with one or more intermediate part(s) located therebetween. As used herein, connection references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined) may include intermediate members between the elements referenced by the connection reference and/or relative movement between those elements unless otherwise indicated. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and/or in fixed relation to each other. Unless specifically stated otherwise, descriptors such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., are used herein without imputing or otherwise indicating any meaning of priority, physical order, arrangement in a list, and/or ordering in any way, but are merely used as labels and/or arbitrary names to distinguish elements for ease of understanding the disclosed examples. In some examples, the descriptor “first” may be used to refer to an element in the detailed description, while the same element may be referred to in a claim with a different descriptor such as “second” or “third.” In such instances, it should be understood that such descriptors are used merely for identifying those elements distinctly that might, for example, otherwise share a same name. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Disclosed herein are example cutters or cutting devices, referred to herein as cigar cutters, that include example cutting means such as, for example, example blades. The blades may be used to cut through a cigar, such as for cutting off the end of the cigar. The example cutters or cutting devices disclosed herein can also be used for cutting other smoking products, such as cigarettes. Also, the examples disclosed herein can be used for cutting other objects, such as food (e.g., fruits, vegetables, etc.), rope, and/or any other object that can be inserted into the opening of the cutter or cutting device. Known cigar cutters typically include two handles that are connected to blades. The handles are moveable in a linear direction toward or away from each other. A user can insert his/her fingers into the handles and move the handles toward or away from each other, thereby moving the blades in a linear direction to provide a cutting action. Example cigar cutters disclosed herein include a rotatable actuation mechanism that can be used to open and close the blades. As used herein, rotating includes movements along an arc and/or about a central axis of an object or a non-central axis. Rotational movement can include movement about a pivot. For example, an example cigar cutter disclosed herein include a body having an opening to receive a cigar and one or more blades that are moveable relative to the opening. In some examples, the rotatable actuation mechanism includes a wheel that is rotatably coupled to the body. The wheel can be rotated in a first direction to move the blades away from each other to an open position, or the wheel can be rotated in a second direction (opposite the first direction) to move the blades toward each other to a closed position. For example, a user can rotate the wheel in the first direction to open the blades and then insert a cigar into the opening. Then, the user can rotate the wheel in the second direction, which causes the blades to move toward each other to provide the cutting action to cut the cigar. In some examples, the blades are rotatably coupled to the body. When the wheel is rotated in the first direction, the wheel rotates the blades away from each other to the open position, and when the wheel is rotated in the second position, the wheel rotates the blades toward each other to the closed position. In some examples, the actuation mechanism is biased in a direction to move the blades to the closed position. For examples, the cigar cutter can include biasing means or a biasing element such as, for example, a spring, to bias the wheel in the second direction, thereby automatically closing the blades. Therefore, the user can rotate the wheel in the first direction to open the blades, and then release the wheel, which automatically rotates the wheel (via the spring force) in the second direction to close the blades and provide the cutting action. Some known linear actuating cigar cutters include springs, but the springs are configured to assist in opening the handles and the blades. Therefore, when closing the blades of the traditional cigar cutters, a user has to overcome or work against the force of the springs. The example cigar cutters disclosed herein utilize a spring that biases the blades to the closed position, thereby assisting in the cutting force. In some examples, the spring provides sufficient force to the blades to cut through the cigar. In other examples, the user may still provide some force on the wheel to assist in the cutting action. In the examples disclosed herein, the resting position, based on the biasing force of the spring, is the closed position. In some examples, the blades overlap in the closed position. This provides a safety feature because user force is needed to open the cigar cutter and exposed the cutting edge of the blades. In some examples disclosed herein, the cigar cutter includes a stabilization feature to help stabilize the cigar cutter while cutting and perform a straight and precise cut. For example, the cigar cutter can include a second opening formed in the body of the cigar cutter. A user can insert one or more of his/her finger(s) through the opening to help hold and stabilize the body while interacting with the rotatable actuation mechanism. FIGS.1and2illustrate an example cigar cutter100constructed in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure.FIG.1shows a first side102of the cigar cutter100, andFIG.2shows a second side104of the cigar cutter100opposite the first side102. In the illustrated example, the cigar cutter100includes a body106(e.g., a housing), which can be held in the hand of a user when using the cigar cutter100. The body106can be constructed of one or more parts or components. The body106has an opening108extending through the body106from the first side102to the second side104. In the illustrated example, the opening108is closed by one or more blades, disclosed in further detail herein. The opening108is to receive a cigar when it is desired to cut the cigar. The opening108has a central axis110. The central axis110is perpendicular to a plane of the body106. The example cigar cutter100includes at least one blade. In some examples, the example cigar cutter100includes two or more blades. In the illustrated example ofFIGS.1and2, the cigar cutter100includes a first blade112and a second blade114. The first and second blades are moveable relative to the opening108in the body106. The first and second blades112,114are moveable toward and away from each other to provide a cutting action. In particular, the blades112,114are moveable between a closed position and an open position. InFIGS.1and2, the blades112,114are shown in the closed position. In the closed position, the blades112,114are disposed in and substantially cover or fully block the opening108. When moved to the open position, the blades112,114move apart, such that a cigar can be inserted through the opening108and between the blades112,114(examples of the blades112,114in the open position are shown in other figures). The blades112,114can then be moved toward each other to the closed position to cut the cigar. In the illustrated example ofFIGS.1and2, the body106includes a first plate116(e.g., a first portion) forming the first side102of the body106and a second plate118(e.g., a second portion) forming the second side104of the body106. The first and second plates116,118are rigidly coupled. In some examples, the first and second plates116,118are coupled via one or more fasteners (e.g., screws, bolts, rivets, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the first and second plates116,118can be coupled via one or more other coupling techniques, such as, for example, an adhesive (e.g., glue), one or more latches, a press fit, and/or a friction fit. To move the blades112,114between the open and closed positions, the cigar cutter100includes an example actuation mechanism120. A user can interact with the actuation mechanism120to open and/or close the blades112,114. In this example, the actuation mechanism120includes a rotatable disk or wheel122, which may also be referred to as a roller. The wheel122can be rotated in a first direction to cause the blades112,114to move away from each other to the open position, and the wheel122can be rotated in a second direction (opposite the first direction) to cause the blades112,114to move toward each other to the closed position. The wheel122is rotatably coupled to the body106. The wheel122is coaxial with and rotatable about the central axis110. In some examples, to use the cigar cutter100, a user may hold the body106between his/her palm and one or more fingers (e.g., ring and pinky fingers). The user may then use his/her one or more other fingers (e.g., thumb, pointer, and middle fingers) to rotate the wheel122. In other examples, the cigar cutter100can be held and/or operated in other configurations. In the illustrated example, the wheel122is disposed between the first and second plates116,118. The wheel122has an outer peripheral edge124. A portion of the outer peripheral edge124extends beyond the body106. The user can interact with the wheel122by gripping the outer peripheral edge124and rotating the wheel122. In the illustrated example, the outer peripheral edge124has a plurality of grooves126(one of which is referenced inFIGS.1and2). In some examples, there is only one groove. In some examples, the grooves126enable a user to better grip the wheel122. In some examples, the grooves126are spaced equidistant around the outer peripheral edge124. Additionally or alternatively, the outer peripheral edge124can be ribbed. In other examples, the wheel122may not include grooves or ribs. In some examples, when the wheel122is rotated in one direction, the blades112,114are moved apart from each other to the open position, and when the wheel122is rotated in the opposite direction, the blades112,114are moved toward each other to the closed position. For example,FIGS.3and4show the blades112,114in the open and closed positions, respectively. InFIG.3, the wheel122has been rotated in the first direction (as shown by the direction of the arrow), which moves the blades112,114(not seen inFIG.3) away from each other to the open position. In the open position, the blades112,114are retracted into the body106. In some examples, when the blades112,114are in the open position, no portion of the blades112,114extend into the opening108. In other examples, when the blades112,114are in the open position, a portion of the blades112,114may extend into the opening108. InFIG.4, the wheel122has been moved in the second direction (as shown by the direction of the arrow), opposite the first direction, which moves the blades112,114toward each other and into the opening108. In this example, when the blades112,114are in the closed position, the blades112,114overlap in the axial direction (aligned with the central axis110(FIG.1). In some examples, the blades112,114slide along each other. In some examples, the actuation mechanism120includes one or more stops or limits to prevent the wheel122from rotating beyond a certain point, such that the wheel122cannot be rotated beyond the open and closed positions (also referred to as fully open and fully closed positions). The wheel122can be rotated to any position between the fully open and fully closed positions, such that the blades112,114can be partially open or closed. In some examples, when the wheel122is stopped, the blades112,114remain in the same position. Therefore, the use can rotate the wheel122to a desired position of the blades112,114. In some examples, the actuation mechanism120is spring-loaded to bias the wheel122and the blades112,114to one position. For example, the actuation mechanism120can be spring-loaded to bias the wheel122to the closed position. Therefore, if the user rotates the wheel122in the first direction (which move the blades112,114to the open position) and releases the wheel122, the wheel122automatically rotates in the second direction to move the blades112,114to the closed position. This may be advantageous because a user does not need to apply the cutting force. Instead, the user only has to rotate the wheel122in the first direction to open the blades112,114and then release the wheel122. In some examples, the spring-loaded force provides sufficient force to move the blades112,114together to cut through the cigar. This reduces or eliminates the force needed by the user to cut the cigar. This can be advantageous for users with weaker grips (e.g., a user suffering from arthritis in the hands) that may otherwise not be able to provide sufficient cutting force. In other examples, the user may provide some force in addition to or alternative to the spring force to rotate the wheel122in the second direction. Referring back toFIGS.1and2, the body106has an opening128(e.g., a second opening) extending through the body106from the first side102to the second side104. In some examples, the opening128can be used to receive a finger of a user while holding the cigar cutter100. For example, the user may insert his/her ring finger into the opening128, and use his/her thumb, pointer, and/or middle fingers to rotate the wheel122. The ring finger in the opening128helps prevent the cigar cutter100from rotating or otherwise shifting in the user's hand, thereby stabilizing the cigar cutter100to ensure a straight and precise cut. In the illustrated example, the opening128is circular. However, in other examples, the opening128can have a different shape (e.g., an oval, a square, a triangle, etc.). In this example, the opening128is smaller than the opening108. In other examples, the opening128can be larger than the opening108. In the illustrated example, the opening128has a central axis130that is parallel to and offset from the central axis110of the opening108. In other examples, the cigar cutter100may not include the opening128. FIG.5is an exploded view of the example cigar cutter100. In the illustrated example, the cigar cutter100includes a mounting plate500. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the mounting plate500is coupled to and fixed relative to the body106(formed by the first and second plates116,118). For example, inFIG.5, the cigar cutter100includes a first threaded fasteners502(one of which is referenced inFIG.5). When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the first threaded fasteners502extend through the first plate116and into the mounting plate500, thereby non-rotatably coupling the mounting plate500and the first plate116. Similarly, the cigar cutter100includes a second threaded fasteners504(one of which is referenced inFIG.5) that extend through the second plate118and into the mounting plate500to non-rotatably couple the mounting plate and the second plate118. In this example, the first and second threaded fasteners502,504include four (4) threaded fasteners. In other examples, the cigar cutter100can include more or fewer threaded fasteners. The mounting plate500has an opening506that is aligned with the opening108in the first and second plates116,118. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the wheel122is disposed between the first and second plates116,118. Further, when the cigar cutter100is assembled, the mounting plate500is disposed within the wheel122, and the wheel122is rotatable around/about the mounting plate500. As shown inFIG.5, the wheel122includes arc shaped slots508(one of which is referenced inFIG.5) extending between first and second sides510,512of the wheel122. The slots508on the first side510receive respective ones of the first threaded fasteners502, and the slots508on the second side512receive respective ones of the second threaded fasteners504. For example, when the cigar cutter100is assembled, the threaded fasteners502,504extend through respective ones of the slots508and into opposite sides of the mounting plate500. The slots508enable the wheel122to rotate relative to the mounting plate500without abutting the threaded fasteners502,504that couple the plates116,118,500. As shown inFIG.5, the wheel122has an opening514that is aligned with the opening108in the first and second plates116,118and the opening506in the mounting plate500. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the first blade112is pivotably or rotatably coupled to the mounting plate500at a first point516. Therefore, the first blade112is rotatably coupled to the body106(via the mounting plate500). In this example, the first point516is on a first side518of the mounting plate500. The first blade112is rotatably coupled to the mounting plate500at or near a first end520of the first blade112. In the illustrated example, the mounting plate500has a first post522(e.g., a pin, a peg, etc.) (which defines the first point516) extending from the first side518. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the first post522extends through an opening524in the first blade112at or near the first end520of the first blade112. The first blade112is rotatable about the first post522. In the illustrated example, the first blade112has a first post526at or near a second end528of the first blade112opposite the first end520. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the first post526is coupled to the wheel122. As such, when the wheel122is rotated, the wheel122moves the second end528, thereby rotating the first blade112about the first post522at the first point516. Thus, the first post522forms a pivot point. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the second blade114is pivotably or rotatably coupled to the mounting plate500at a second point530. Therefore, the second blade114is rotatably coupled to the body106(via the mounting plate500). In this example, the second point530is on a second side532of the mounting plate500opposite the first side518. The second blade114is rotatably coupled to the mounting plate500at or near a first end534of the second blade114. In the illustrated example, the mounting plate500has a second post536(e.g., a pin, a rod, a shaft) (which defines the second point530) extending from the second side532. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the second post536extends through an opening538in the second blade114at or near the first end534of the second blade114. The second blade114is rotatable about the second post536. Similar to the first blade112, the second blade114has a post (shown inFIG.10) at or near a second end540of the second blade114opposite the first end534. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the post is coupled to the wheel122. As such, when the wheel122is rotated, the wheel122moves the second end540, thereby rotating the second blade114about the second post536at the second point530. Thus, the second post536forms a pivot point. The first and second blades112,114are oppositely arranged, such than when the wheel122is rotated the first and second blades112,114move (e.g., rotate) in opposite directions of each other. In the illustrated example, the cigar cutter100includes a spring542. In some examples, the spring542is configured to bias the wheel122in the second direction and, thus, bias the blades112,114to the closed position. When the cigar cutter100is assembled, the spring542is coupled between a first mount544(e.g., a post, a peg, etc.) that is coupled to the wheel122and a second mount546that is coupled to the body106(e.g., to at least one of the first or second plates116,118). Therefore, when the wheel122is rotated in one direction, the spring542is expanded or stretched. When the wheel122is released, the tension in the spring542contracts and rotates the wheel122in the opposite direction, thereby closing the blades112,114. In this example, the spring542is a tension coil spring. However, in other examples, the spring542can be implemented as a compression spring. Further, in other examples, the spring542can be implemented by another type of spring, such as, for example, a flat spiral spring, sometimes referred to as a flat coil spring or a clock spring. FIG.6shows the first side102of the cigar cutter100with the first plate116(FIG.1) removed. InFIG.6, the blades112,114are in the closed position. As shown inFIG.6, the first threaded fasteners502extend through respective ones of the slots508in the wheel122and into the mounting plate500(which is disposed in the wheel122). In the illustrated example, the first threaded fasteners502are engaged with the ends of the slots508. In some examples, engagement of the first threaded fasteners502with the ends of the slots508coincides with and/or defines the limit of the closed position. In particular, this engagement prevents the wheel122from being rotated further in the clockwise (second) direction inFIG.6. As shown inFIG.6, the spring542is coupled between the first mount544on the wheel122and the second mount546that is coupled to the first and/or second plates116,118. The spring542biases the wheel122in the clockwise (second) direction inFIG.6. In the illustrated example, the first post526of the first blade112is disposed in a first notch600formed in the wheel122. When the wheel122rotates, the wheel122moves the first post526(e.g., along an arcuate path), such that the first blade112is rotated about the first point516. In other examples, the first blade112can be coupled to the wheel122in other manners (e.g., a threaded fastener, friction fit, an adhesive, etc.). In some examples, the wheel122is constructed of three parts or components, including a first wheel plate602, a second wheel plate604, and a ring606between the first and second wheel plates602,604. In other examples, the wheel122can be constructed of more or fewer parts or components. In some examples, the ring606can be integral to one of the wheel plates602,604. In some examples, the wheel122can be constructed of two half sections (e.g., similar to the first and second plates602,604) that are coupled. FIG.7shows the same view of the example cigar cutter100asFIG.6with the first wheel plate602removed. As shown inFIG.7, the mounting plate500is disposed in the wheel122. The wheel122is rotatable around or about the mounting plate500. As shown inFIG.7, the first blade112is rotatably coupled to the mounting plate500at the first point516(e.g., via the first post522). A shown inFIG.7, the first side518of the mounting plate500has a first recess701that is shaped to receive the first blade112. When the first blade112is moved to the open position (as shown inFIG.9), the first blade112is moved into the first recess701. The recess701enables to the first blade112to remain close to a central plane of the cigar cutter100and, thus, reduces the overall thickness of the cigar cutter100. In some examples, the cigar cutter100includes bearings700(one of which is referenced inFIG.7) between an outer surface702of the mounting plate500and an inner surface704of the wheel122(e.g., the inner surface704of the ring606). The bearings700enable the wheel122to rotate smoothly around the mounting plate500. In this example, the bearings700are rollers or needles. In other examples, other types of bearings can be implemented, such as ball bearings. FIGS.8and9show the same views of the cigar cutter100asFIGS.6and7, respectively, after the wheel122has been rotated in the counter-clockwise (first) direction. As such, the wheel122has rotated the first blade112away from the opening108to the open position. As shown inFIG.9, the first blade112is in the first recess701of the mounting plate500. In some examples, when the wheel122is in the fully open position, the first threaded fasteners502are engaged with the ends of the slots508, which prevents the wheel122from being further rotated. Therefore, in some examples, the slots508and the first threaded fasteners502form stops or limits that define the fully open and closed positions. While in this example there are four threaded fasteners502and four slots508, in other examples, the cigar cutter100may include more or fewer threaded fasteners and slots. Also, as shown inFIG.8, the spring542has been stretched lengthwise, which creates tension in the spring542. When the wheel122is released, the spring542contracts to rotate the wheel122in the clockwise (second) direction, thereby moving the first blade112back toward the opening108and toward the closed position. The wheel122is stopped when the ends of the slots508engage the first threaded fasteners502, as shown in the position inFIG.6. FIG.10shows the second side104of the cigar cutter100with the second plate118(FIG.1) removed. InFIG.10, the blades112,114are in the closed position. As shown inFIG.10, the second threaded fasteners504extend through respective ones of the slots508in the wheel122and into the mounting plate500(which is disposed in the wheel122). Similar to the first threaded fasteners502(FIG.6), the second threaded fasteners504are engaged with the ends of the slots508, thereby forming the limit in the closed position. In the illustrated example, the second blade114has a second post1000that is disposed in a second notch1002formed in the wheel122. When the wheel122rotates, the wheel122moves the second post1000(e.g., along an arcuate path), such that the second blade114is rotated about the second point530. In other examples, the second blade114can be coupled to the wheel122in other manners (e.g., a threaded fastener, friction fit, an adhesive, etc.). FIG.11shows the same view of the example cigar cutter100asFIG.10with the second wheel plate604(FIG.6) removed. As shown inFIG.11, the second blade114is rotatably coupled to the mounting plate500at the second point530(e.g., via the second post536). Similar to the first side518of the mounting plate500, the second side532of the mounting plate500has a second recess1100to receive the second blade114when the second blade114is moved to the open position (as shown inFIG.13). FIGS.12and13show the same views of the cigar cutter100asFIGS.10and11, respectively, after the wheel122has been rotated in the clockwise (second) direction. As such, the wheel122has rotated the second blade114away from the opening108to the open position. In some examples, when the wheel122is in the fully open position, the second threaded fasteners504are engaged with the ends of the slots508, which prevents the wheel122from being further rotated. Therefore, in some examples, the slots508and the second threaded fasteners504form stops or limits that define the fully open and closed positions. In other examples, the cigar cutter100can include other structures that form stops or limits to define the full open and closed positions. While in this example there are four threaded fasteners504and four slots508, in other examples, the cigar cutter100may include more or fewer threaded fasteners and slots. In the illustrated example, the wheel122is rotatable between a first position (as shown inFIGS.6and10) corresponding to the closed position of the blades112,114, and a second position (as shown inFIGS.8and12) corresponding to the open position for the blades112,114. Rotation of the wheel122between the first position and the second position moves the blades112,114. Rotation of the wheel122between the first position and the second position moves the first blade112in a first direction and moves the second blade in a second direction different than (e.g., opposite of) the first direction. In some examples, the cigar cutter100includes a biasing element, such as the spring542, to bias the wheel122toward one of the first position or the second position. In the illustrated example, the spring542is configured to bias the wheel122toward the first position. While in the illustrated example the wheel122is a complete wheel (360°), in other examples, the wheel122can be implemented by only a portion of a wheel. For example, the actuation mechanism120can include a circular sector that can be implemented as the wheel122. The circular sector can rotate similar to the wheel122to provide the actuation actions. While in the illustrated example the cigar cutter100includes two blades, in other examples, the cigar cutter100may only include one blade (e.g., only the first blade112). In such an example, the blade may fully move into the opening108to provide the cutting action. In some examples, a fixed blade is provided (e.g., on the opposite side of the opening108), and the moveable blade moves relative to the fixed blade. In other examples, the cigar cutter100can include more than two blades. For example, the cigar cutter can include four blades. In some examples, the actuation mechanism120is manually operated by a user. Additionally or alternatively, the cigar cutter100can include a motor (e.g., an electric motor) to operate the actuation mechanism to automatically open and/or close the blade112,114. The motor can be disposed in the body and operatively coupled (e.g., directly or via one or more gears) to the wheel122and/or another component for moving the blades112,114. When activated, the motor can rotate the wheel122in the first direction or the second direction to automatically open or close the blades112,114. In some examples, the cigar cuter100includes a battery (e.g., a rechargeable battery) in the body106for powering the electric motor. In some examples, the cigar cutter100can include an interface component (e.g., a button, a switch, etc.) on the body106that can be activated by the user. When the user activates the interface component, the motor is activated to open or close the blades112,114. “Including” and “comprising” (and all forms and tenses thereof) are used herein to be open ended terms. Thus, whenever a claim employs any form of “include” or “comprise” (e.g., comprises, includes, comprising, including, having, etc.) as a preamble or within a claim recitation of any kind, it is to be understood that additional elements, terms, etc., may be present without falling outside the scope of the corresponding claim or recitation. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in, for example, a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” and “including” are open ended. The term “and/or” when used, for example, in a form such as A, B, and/or C refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as (1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) B with C, or (7) A with B and with C. As used herein in the context of describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B. As used herein in the context of describing the performance or execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing the performance or execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, or (3) at least one A and at least one B. As used herein, singular references (e.g., “a”, “an”, “first”, “second”, etc.) do not exclude a plurality. The term “a” or “an” object, as used herein, refers to one or more of that object. The terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein. Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means, elements or method actions may be implemented by, e.g., the same entity or object. Additionally, although individual features may be included in different examples or claims, these may possibly be combined, and the inclusion in different examples or claims does not imply that a combination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that example cigar cutters have been disclosed that use a rotating action to provide a cut. Example cigar cutters disclosed herein include a rotatable mechanism can be rotated in one direction to open the blades and rotated in an opposite direction to close the blades. The rotatable actuation mechanism can be biased (e.g., spring loaded), such that the actuation mechanism automatically rotates to close the blades and assist in the cutting force. Thus, some example cigar cutters disclosed herein do not include the handles or utilize the linear action of known cigar cutters. Example cigar cutters have also been disclosed that include a stabilization feature, such as, for example, an opening to receive a finger of the user when holding the cigar cutter. Examples and example combinations disclosed herein include the following: Example 1 is a cigar cutter comprising a body having an opening to receive a cigar, and a first blade and a second blade that are moveable relative to the opening in the body. The first and second blades are moveable between an open position and a closed position. The cigar cutter also includes a wheel rotatably coupled to the body. When the wheel is rotated in a first direction, the first and second blades are moved to the open position, and when the wheel is rotated in a second direction opposite the first direction, the first and second blades are moved to the closed position. Example 2 includes the cigar cutter of Example 1, wherein the wheel is coaxial with the opening. Example 3 includes the cigar cutter of Examples 1 or 2, further including a spring to bias the wheel in the second direction. Example 4 includes the cigar cutter of any of Examples 1-3, further including a mounting plate coupled to the body. The first blade is rotatably coupled to the mounting plate at a first point, and the second blade is rotatably coupled to the mounting plate at a second point. Example 5 includes the cigar cutter of Example 4, wherein the first point is on a first side of the mounting plate and the second point is on a second side of the mounting plate opposite the first side. Example 6 includes the cigar cutter of Examples 4 or 5, wherein the first blade has a first post disposed in a first notch formed in the wheel, such that when the wheel is rotated, the first blade is rotated about the first point. Example 7 includes the cigar cutter of Example 6, wherein the second blade has a second post disposed in a second notch formed in the wheel, such that when the wheel is rotated, the second blade is rotated about the second point. Example 8 includes the cigar cutter of any of Examples 4-7, wherein the mounting plate is disposed in the wheel, and the wheel is rotatable about the mounting plate. Example 9 includes the cigar cutter of Example 8, wherein the body includes a first plate forming a first side of the cigar cutter and a second plate forming a second side of the cigar cutter. The wheel is disposed between the first and second plates. Example 10 includes the cigar cutter of Example 9, wherein the mounting plate is coupled to the first plate via first threaded fasteners. The first threaded fasteners extend through respective slots in the wheel. The slots enable the wheel to rotate relative to the mounting plate without abutting the first threaded fasteners. Example 11 includes the cigar cutter of any of Examples 1-10, wherein a portion of an outer peripheral edge of the wheel extends beyond the body, and wherein the outer peripheral edge of the wheel has at least one groove. Example 12 includes the cigar cutter of any of Examples 1-11, wherein the opening is a first opening. The body has a second opening to receive a finger of a user while holding the cigar cutter. Example 13 includes the cigar cutter of Example 12, wherein the second opening has a central axis that is parallel to and offset from a central axis of the first opening. Example 14 is a cigar cutter comprising a body defining an opening to receive a cigar, a first blade rotatably coupled to the body, a second blade rotatably coupled to the body, and a wheel to, when rotated in a first direction, rotate the first and second blades away from each other and, when rotated in a second direction opposite the first direction, rotate the first and second blades toward each other. Example 15 includes the cigar cutter of Example 14, further comprising a spring to bias the wheel in the second direction. Example 16 includes the cigar cutter of Example 15, wherein the spring is coupled between a first mount coupled to the wheel and a second mount coupled to the body. Example 17 is a cutting device comprising a body having an opening to receive an object to be cut, a blade rotatably coupled to the body, and a wheel rotatably coupled to the body. The wheel is rotatable between a first position and a second position, wherein rotation of the wheel between the first position and the second position moves the blade. Example 18 includes the cutting device of Example 17, further comprising a biasing element to bias the wheel toward one of the first position or the second position. Example 19 includes the cutting device of Examples 17 or 18, wherein the blade is a first blade. The cutting device includes a second blade rotatably coupled to the body, wherein rotation of the wheel between the first position and the second position moves the second blade. Example 20 includes the cutting device of Example 19, wherein rotation of the wheel between the first position and the second position moves the first blade in a first direction and moves the second blade in a second direction different than the first direction. Although certain example systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent. The following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description by this reference, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of the present disclosure.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to example embodiments thereof. These example embodiments are described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used in the specification, and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, “the”, include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As described hereinafter, implementations of the present disclosure relate to aerosol delivery devices or vaporization devices, said terms being used herein interchangeably. Aerosol delivery devices according to the present disclosure use electrical energy and/or an ignitable heat source to vaporize and/or aerosolize a material to form an inhalable substance; and components of such devices have the form of articles that most preferably are sufficiently compact to be considered hand-held devices. In some embodiments, the present aerosol delivery devices may be configured to heat a material (preferably without combusting the material to any significant degree and/or without significant chemical alteration of the material) to form the inhalable substance. Preferably, use of components of preferred aerosol delivery devices does not result in the production of smoke—i.e., from by-products of combustion or pyrolysis of tobacco, but rather, use of those preferred systems results in the production of vapors resulting from volatilization or vaporization of certain components incorporated therein. In some implementations, components of aerosol delivery devices may be characterized as electronic cigarettes, and those electronic cigarettes most preferably incorporate tobacco and/or components derived from tobacco, and hence deliver tobacco derived components in aerosol form. As noted, some implementations of aerosol delivery devices according to the present disclosure use electrical energy to energize a material to form an inhalable substance. For example, some implementations of aerosol delivery device according to the present disclosure use electrical energy to heat a material to form an inhalable substance (e.g., electrically heated tobacco products), and other implementations of aerosol delivery devices according to the present disclosure use electrical energy to vibrate a material to form an inhalable substance. Still other implementations of aerosol source members according to the present disclosure use an ignitable heat source to heat a material to form an inhalable substance (e.g., carbon heated tobacco products). The material may be heated without combusting the material to any significant degree. As such, the presently disclosed subject matter may be used in relation to a variety of aerosol and/or vapor producing devices, which may include, but is not limited to, devices commonly known as e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn (HNB) devices, carbon tobacco heated products (cTHP), and electric tobacco heated products (eTHP). Non-limiting examples of such devices to which any part or all of the present disclosure may be incorporated are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,839,238, 9,913,493, 10,085,485, and 10,349,674, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Components of such systems have the form of articles that are sufficiently compact to be considered hand-held devices. That is, use of components of aerosol delivery devices does not result in the production of smoke in the sense that aerosol results principally from by-products of combustion or pyrolysis of tobacco, but rather, use of those systems results in the production of vapors resulting from volatilization or vaporization of certain components incorporated therein. In some example embodiments, components of aerosol delivery devices may be characterized as electronic cigarettes, and those electronic cigarettes may incorporate tobacco and/or components derived from tobacco, and hence deliver tobacco derived components in aerosol form. Aerosol delivery devices may provide many of the sensations (e.g., inhalation and exhalation rituals, types of tastes or flavors, organoleptic effects, physical feel, use rituals, visual cues such as those provided by visible aerosol, and the like) of smoking a cigarette, cigar, or pipe that is employed by lighting and burning tobacco (and hence inhaling tobacco smoke), without any substantial degree of combustion of any component thereof. For example, the user of an aerosol generating device of the present disclosure can hold and use that piece much like a smoker employs a traditional type of smoking article, draw on one end of that piece for inhalation of aerosol produced by that piece, take or draw puffs at selected intervals of time, and the like. Aerosol delivery devices of the present disclosure can also be characterized as being vapor-producing articles or medicament delivery articles. Thus, such articles or devices can be adapted so as to provide one or more substances (e.g., flavors and/or pharmaceutical active ingredients) in an inhalable form or state. For example, inhalable substances can be substantially in the form of a vapor (i.e., a substance that is in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point). Alternatively, inhalable substances can be in the form of an aerosol (i.e., a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas). For purposes of simplicity, the term “aerosol” as used herein is meant to include vapors, gases, and aerosols of a form or type suitable for human inhalation, whether or not visible, and whether or not of a form that might be considered to be smoke-like. Some aerosol delivery devices of the present disclosure comprise some combination of a power source (i.e., an electrical power source), at least one control component (e.g., means for actuating, controlling, regulating and ceasing power for heat generation, such as by controlling electrical current flow from the power source to other components of the article—e.g., a microcontroller or microprocessor), an atomizer, a liquid composition (e.g., commonly an aerosol precursor composition liquid capable of yielding an aerosol upon application of sufficient heat, such as ingredients commonly referred to as “smoke juice,” “e-liquid” and “e-juice”), and a mouthpiece or mouth region for allowing draw upon the aerosol delivery device for aerosol inhalation (e.g., a defined airflow path through the article such that aerosol generated can be withdrawn therefrom upon draw). More specific formats, configurations and arrangements of components within the aerosol delivery devices of the present disclosure will be evident in light of the further disclosure provided hereinafter. Additionally, the selection and arrangement of various aerosol delivery device components can be appreciated upon consideration of the commercially available electronic aerosol delivery devices, such as those representative products referenced in the background art section of the present disclosure. An example implementation of an aerosol delivery device100of the present disclosure is shown inFIGS.1and2. In general, the depicted implementation includes an aerosol delivery device100that comprises a control unit200, a removable aerosol precursor consumable300, and a housing panel400, which forms part of an outer surface of the control unit200. The removable aerosol precursor consumable300of the depicted implementation represents one example of an aerosol precursor consumable in the form of a liquid composition cartridge; however, aerosol precursor consumables of other implementations may differ. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel400is removable and replaceable. As further described elsewhere herein, the control unit200is configured to receive a portion of the aerosol precursor consumable300. Referring toFIG.2, the aerosol delivery device100of the depicted implementation can include a variety of further components. As noted above, the aerosol delivery device100includes a control unit200, an aerosol precursor consumable300, and a housing panel400, which forms part of an outer surface of the control unit200. In the depicted implementation, the aerosol precursor consumable300is engagable with the control unit200to form an operating aerosol delivery device100, and the aerosol precursor consumable300is removable therefrom. In the depicted implementation, the control unit200includes a body frame202that defines a control unit outer wall204, a control unit distal end206, and a control unit proximal end208. The control unit proximal end208includes an opening210that provides access to a receiving chamber212that is defined, in the depicted implementation, by a control unit inner frame214. As such, the receiving chamber212of the depicted implementation is defined by the control unit200. As will be described below, the receiving chamber of other implementations may be defined in part by the control unit and in part by the housing panel. In some implementations, the control unit inner frame214may include an aperture215that can be configured for transferring pressure differentials therethrough to a pressure sensor (not shown) positioned within the control unit200when air is drawn into the receiving chamber212. In some implementations, the pressure sensor may be positioned on a printed circuit board (PCB) located in the control unit. In other implementations, however, a pressure sensor may have any location. In addition, some implementations need not include a pressure sensor. Some example configurations of a PCB and a pressure sensor, for example, are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2015/0245658 to Worm et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In various implementations, a pressure sensor may be positioned anywhere within the control unit so as to subject to airflow and/or a pressure change that can signal a draw on the device and thus cause the atomizer to activate. The control unit200of the depicted implementation also includes a power source, such as a battery216. Some examples of batteries that can be used according to the disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2010/0028766 to Peckerar et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In the depicted implementation, a draw on the device100causes the battery216to delivery power to an atomizer located in the aerosol precursor consumable300. In the absence of a pressure or airflow sensor, the atomizer of some implementations may be activated manually, such as via one or more push buttons. Additional examples of sensing or detection mechanisms, structures, configurations thereof, components thereof, and general methods of operation thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,424 to Sprinkel, Jr.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,148 to McCafferty et al.; and PCT WO 2010/003480 to Flick; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The control unit200of the depicted implementation also includes at least one control component218. In the depicted implementation, the control component218is located on a printed circuit board (PCB), and the battery216is positioned within the control unit body frame202. In the depicted implementation, the control unit200also includes an external connection element220, which is positioned proximate the distal end206of the control unit body frame202. Although in various implementations an external connection element may have a variety of configurations, in the depicted implementation the external connection element220is formed of a plurality of electrical connectors (220a,220b,220c). In some implementations, the control unit may include an output element configured to provide visually perceptible output signal. In the depicted implementation, for example, the control unit200also includes a light source222that may comprise, for example, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) capable of providing one or more colors of lighting. In the depicted implementation, the light source222is positioned directly on the PCB that contains the control component218. In various implementations, the PCB may include further control components (e.g., a microcontroller and/or memory components). In the depicted implementation, the LEDs may, for example, be selected of a design to emit light substantially upward from the plane of the PCB. Alternatively, or additionally, suitable LEDs may include reflector elements adapted to or configured to emit light in a substantially different direction, such as parallel to the plane of the PCB, or at a desired angle that provides the desired result. In the depicted implementation, the pressure sensor and the external connection element220are likewise directly attached to the PCB or otherwise electrically connected to the PCB. In the depicted implementation, the control unit200further includes electrical pins222a,222bthat are positioned in the receiving chamber212for forming an electrical connection with the aerosol precursor consumable300upon insertion of the consumable300into the receiving chamber212. As illustrated, the electrical pins222a,222bare positioned proximate a bottom portion of the receiving chamber212and extend through a bottom wall of the inner frame214, which defines the boundaries of the receiving chamber212. In the depicted implementation, one or more mechanical connectors224a,224bare present in the receiving chamber212, and are positioned in the inner frame214, and in particular, in the bottom wall thereof. In some implementations, the mechanical connectors may be magnetic elements (e.g., magnets or elements formed of material configured for forming a magnetic connection with a further magnet). Alternatively, or additionally, the mechanical connectors may be positioned in a side wall of the inner frame and thus may be configure for establishing a friction or other mechanical fit with a removable and replaceable aerosol precursor consumable. In various implementations, the control unit body frame202may be formed of any suitable material, such as a metal, plastic, ceramic, glass, or the like. In some implementations, the control unit inner frame is formed of the same material as used to form the control unit body frame; however, in other implementations, different materials may be used. Although the control unit inner frame214of the depicted implementation is illustrated as being a separate element from the control unit body frame202, it is understood that, if desired, the inner frame may be defined by an internal surface of the body frame and may thus form a common part. Some implementations may include an added bottom plate (e.g., such that the bottom plate corresponds to the depicted inner frame bottom wall, and the internal surface of the outer housing corresponds to the illustrated inner frame side wall). In the depicted implementation, the control unit200is configured to receive an aerosol precursor consumable300to provide a functioning aerosol delivery device100. In the depicted implementation, the aerosol precursor consumable300defines a consumable body302that includes an outer tank wall304and defines a distal end306and a proximal end308. In the depicted implementation, mating connectors310a,310bare located proximate the distal end306of the aerosol precursor consumable300and are configured to form a connection with the mechanical connectors224a,224bpresent in the receiving chamber212of the control unit200. As noted above, mechanical connectors of the control unit of some implementations may comprise magnetic elements. As such, the aerosol precursor consumable of some implementations may include mating magnetic connectors. Alternatively, or additionally, other complementary mechanical connectors may be located on the aerosol precursor consumable (e.g., on one or more sides of the outer wall and thus may be configured for establishing a friction fit or other mechanical fit with the receiving chamber of the control unit). In the depicted implementation, the aerosol precursor consumable300is configured to contain a liquid composition312for vaporization—i.e., an e-liquid or aerosol precursor composition, which may be configured as otherwise described herein. The liquid composition, sometimes referred to as an aerosol precursor composition or a vapor precursor composition or “e-liquid”, may comprise a variety of components, which may include, by way of example, a polyhydric alcohol (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol, or a mixture thereof), nicotine, tobacco, tobacco extract, and/or flavorants. Representative types of aerosol precursor components and formulations are also set forth and characterized in U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,320 to Robinson et al. and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2013/0008457 to Zheng et al.; 2013/0213417 to Chong et al.; 2014/0060554 to Collett et al.; 2015/0020823 to Lipowicz et al.; and 2015/0020830 to Koller, as well as WO 2014/182736 to Bowen et al, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other aerosol precursors that may be employed include the aerosol precursors that have been incorporated in VUSE® products by R. J. Reynolds Vapor Company, the BLU™ products by Fontem Ventures B.V., the MISTIC MENTHOL product by Mistic Ecigs, MARK TEN products by Nu Mark LLC, the JUUL product by Juul Labs, Inc., and VYPE products by CN Creative Ltd. Also desirable are the so-called “smoke juices” for electronic cigarettes that have been available from Johnson Creek Enterprises LLC. Still further example aerosol precursor compositions are sold under the brand names BLACK NOTE, COSMIC FOG, THE MILKMAN E-LIQUID, FIVE PAWNS, THE VAPOR CHEF, VAPE WILD, BOOSTED, THE STEAM FACTORY, MECH SAUCE, CASEY JONES MAINLINE RESERVE, MITTEN VAPORS, DR. CRIMMY'S V-LIQUID, SMILEY E LIQUID, BEANTOWN VAPOR, CUTTWOOD, CYCLOPS VAPOR, SICBOY, GOOD LIFE VAPOR, TELEOS, PINUP VAPORS, SPACE JAM, MT. BAKER VAPOR, and JIMMY THE JUICE MAN. The amount of aerosol precursor composition that is incorporated within the aerosol delivery system is such that the aerosol generating device provides acceptable sensory and desirable performance characteristics. For example, sufficient amounts of aerosol forming material (e.g., glycerin and/or propylene glycol) may be employed in order to provide for the generation of a visible mainstream aerosol that in many regards resembles the appearance of tobacco smoke. The amount of aerosol precursor within the aerosol generating system may be dependent upon factors such as the number of puffs desired per aerosol generating device. In one or more embodiments, about 1 ml or more, about 2 ml or more, about 5 ml or more, or about 10 ml or more of the aerosol precursor composition may be included. In the some of the examples described above, the aerosol precursor composition comprises a glycerol-based liquid. In other implementations, however, the aerosol precursor composition may be a water-based liquid. In some implementations, the water-based liquid may be comprised of more than approximately 80% water. For example, in some implementations the percentage of water in the water-based liquid may be in the inclusive range of approximately 90% to approximately 93%. In some implementations, the water-based liquid may include up to approximately 10% propylene glycol. For example, in some implementations the percentage of propylene glycol in the water-based liquid may be in the inclusive range of approximately 4% to approximately 5%. In some implementations, the water-based liquid may include up to approximately 10% flavorant. For example, in some implementations the percentage of flavorant(s) of the water-based liquid may be in the inclusive range of approximately 3% to approximately 7%. In some implementations, the water-based liquid may include up to approximately 1% nicotine. For example, in some implementations the percentage nicotine in the water-based liquid may be in the inclusive range of approximately 0.1% to approximately 1%. In some implementations, the water-based liquid may include up to approximately 10% cyclodextrin. For example, in some implementations the percentage cyclodextrin in the water-based liquid may be in the inclusive range of approximately 3% to 5%. In still other implementations, the aerosol precursor composition may be a combination of a glycerol-based liquid and a water-based liquid. For example, some implementations may include up to approximately 50% water and less than approximately 20% glycerol. The remaining components may include one or more of propylene glycol, flavorants, nicotine, cyclodextrin, etc. Some examples of water-based liquid compositions that may be suitable are disclosed in GB 1817863.2, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolisable Formulation; GB 1817864.0, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolisable Formulation; GB 1817867.3, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolisable Formulation; GB 1817865.7, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolisable Formulation; GB 1817859.0, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolisable Formulation; GB 1817866.5, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolisable Formulation; GB 1817861.6, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Gel and Crystalline Powder; GB 1817862.4, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolisable Formulation; GB 1817868.1, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolised Formulation; and GB 1817860.8, filed Nov. 1, 2018, titled Aerosolised Formulation, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some implementations, the aerosol precursor composition may incorporate nicotine, which may be present in various concentrations. The source of nicotine may vary, and the nicotine incorporated in the aerosol precursor composition may derive from a single source or a combination of two or more sources. For example, in some implementations the aerosol precursor composition may include nicotine derived from tobacco. In other implementations, the aerosol precursor composition may include nicotine derived from other organic plant sources, such as, for example, non-tobacco plant sources including plants in the Solanaceae family. In other implementations, the aerosol precursor composition may include synthetic nicotine. In some implementations, nicotine incorporated in the aerosol precursor composition may be derived from non-tobacco plant sources, such as other members of the Solanaceae family. The aerosol precursor composition may additionally or alternatively include other active ingredients including, but not limited to, botanical ingredients (e.g., lavender, peppermint, chamomile, basil, rosemary, thyme, eucalyptus, ginger, cannabis, ginseng, maca, and tisanes), melatonin, stimulants (e.g., caffeine, theine, and guarana), amino acids (e.g., taurine, theanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) and/or pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, nootropic, psychoactive, and medicinal ingredients (e.g., vitamins, such as B6, B12, and C and cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)). It should be noted that the aerosol precursor composition may comprise any constituents, derivatives, or combinations of any of the above. As noted herein, the aerosol precursor composition may comprise or be derived from one or more botanicals or constituents, derivatives, or extracts thereof. As used herein, the term “botanical” includes any material derived from plants including, but not limited to, extracts, leaves, bark, fibres, stems, roots, seeds, flowers, fruits, pollen, husk, shells or the like. Alternatively, the material may comprise an active compound naturally existing in a botanical, obtained synthetically. The material may be in the form of liquid, gas, solid, powder, dust, crushed particles, granules, pellets, shreds, strips, sheets, or the like. Example botanicals are tobacco, eucalyptus, star anise, hemp, cocoa, cannabis, fennel, lemongrass, peppermint, spearmint, rooibos, chamomile, flax, ginger,Ginkgo biloba, hazel, hibiscus, laurel, licorice (liquorice), matcha, mate, orange skin, papaya, rose, sage, tea such as green tea or black tea, thyme, clove, cinnamon, coffee, aniseed (anise), basil, bay leaves, cardamom, coriander, cumin, nutmeg, oregano, paprika, rosemary, saffron, lavender, lemon peel, mint, juniper, elderflower, vanilla, wintergreen, beefsteak plant, curcuma, turmeric, sandalwood, cilantro, bergamot, orange blossom, myrtle, cassis, valerian, pimento, mace, damien, marjoram, olive, lemon balm, lemon basil, chive, carvi, verbena, tarragon, geranium, mulberry, ginseng, theanine, theacrine, maca, ashwagandha, damiana, guarana, chlorophyll, baobab or any combination thereof. The mint may be chosen from the following mint varieties:MenthaArventis,Menthac.v.,Mentha niliaca, Mentha piperita, Mentha piperita citratac.v.,Mentha piperitac.v,Mentha spicata crispa, Mentha cardifolia, Mentha longifolia, Mentha suaveolens variegata, Mentha pulegium, Mentha spicatac.v. andMentha suaveolens. As noted above, in various implementations, the liquid composition may include a flavorant or materials that alter the sensory or organoleptic character or nature of the aerosol of the smoking article. In some implementations, the flavorant may be pre-mixed with the liquid. In other implementations, the flavorant may be delivered separately downstream from the atomizer as a main or secondary flavor. Still other implementations may combine a pre-mixed flavorant with a downstream flavorant. As used herein, reference to a “flavorant” refers to compounds or components that can be aerosolized and delivered to a user and which impart a sensory experience in terms of taste and/or aroma. Example flavorants include, but are not limited to, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, cream, tea, coffee, fruit (e.g., apple, cherry, strawberry, peach and citrus flavors, including lime, lemon, mango, and other citrus flavors), maple, menthol, mint, peppermint, spearmint, wintergreen, nutmeg, clove, lavender, cardamom, ginger, honey, anise, sage, rosemary, hibiscus, rose hip, yerba mate, guayusa, honeybush, rooibos, amaretto, mojito, yerba santa, ginseng, chamomile, turmeric, bacopa monniera, gingko biloba, withania somnifera, cinnamon, sandalwood, jasmine, cascarilla, cocoa, licorice, and flavorings and flavor packages of the type and character traditionally used for the flavoring of cigarette, cigar, and pipe tobaccos. Other examples include flavorants derived from, or simulating, burley, oriental tobacco, flue cured tobacco, etc. Syrups, such as high fructose corn syrup, also can be employed. Example plant-derived compositions that may be suitable are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,107,453 and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2012/0152265 both to Dube et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The selection of such further components are variable based upon factors such as the sensory characteristics that are desired for the smoking article, and the present disclosure is intended to encompass any such further components that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art of tobacco and tobacco-related or tobacco-derived products. See, e.g., Gutcho, Tobacco Flavoring Substances and Methods, Noyes Data Corp. (1972) and Leffingwell et al., Tobacco Flavoring for Smoking Products (1972), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. It should be noted that reference to a flavorant should not be limited to any single flavorant as described above, and may, in fact, represent a combination of one or more flavorants. As used herein, the terms “flavor,” “flavorant,” “flavoring agents,” etc. refer to materials which, where local regulations permit, may be used to create a desired taste, aroma, or other somatosensorial sensation in a product for adult consumers. They may include naturally occurring flavor materials, botanicals, extracts of botanicals, synthetically obtained materials, or combinations thereof (e.g., tobacco, cannabis, licorice (liquorice), hydrangea, eugenol, Japanese white bark magnolia leaf, chamomile, fenugreek, clove, maple, matcha, menthol, Japanese mint, aniseed (anise), cinnamon, turmeric, Indian spices, Asian spices, herb, wintergreen, cherry, berry, red berry, cranberry, peach, apple, orange, mango, clementine, lemon, lime, tropical fruit, papaya, rhubarb, grape, durian, dragon fruit, cucumber, blueberry, mulberry, citrus fruits, Drambuie, bourbon, scotch, whiskey, gin, tequila, rum, spearmint, peppermint, lavender, aloe vera, cardamom, celery, cascarilla, nutmeg, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, khat, naswar, betel, shisha, pine, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, orange blossom, cherry blossom, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, ylang-ylang, sage, fennel, wasabi, piment, ginger, coriander, coffee, hemp, a mint oil from any species of the genus Mentha, eucalyptus, star anise, cocoa, lemongrass, rooibos, flax,Ginkgo biloba, hazel, hibiscus, laurel, mate, orange skin, rose, tea such as green tea or black tea, thyme, juniper, elderflower, basil, bay leaves, cumin, oregano, paprika, rosemary, saffron, lemon peel, mint, beefsteak plant, curcuma, cilantro, myrtle, cassis, valerian, pimento, mace, damien, marjoram, olive, lemon balm, lemon basil, chive, carvi, verbena, tarragon, limonene, thymol, camphene), flavor enhancers, bitterness receptor site blockers, sensorial receptor site activators or stimulators, sugars and/or sugar substitutes (e.g., sucralose, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, saccharine, cyclamates, lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol, or mannitol), and other additives such as charcoal, chlorophyll, minerals, botanicals, or breath freshening agents. They may be imitation, synthetic or natural ingredients or blends thereof. They may be in any suitable form, for example, liquid such as an oil, solid such as a powder, or gas. In some implementations, the flavor comprises menthol, spearmint and/or peppermint. In some embodiments, the flavor comprises flavor components of cucumber, blueberry, citrus fruits and/or redberry. In some embodiments, the flavor comprises eugenol. In some embodiments, the flavor comprises flavor components extracted from tobacco. In some embodiments, the flavor comprises flavor components extracted from cannabis. In some implementations, the flavor may comprise a sensate, which is intended to achieve a somatosensorial sensation which are usually chemically induced and perceived by the stimulation of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve), in addition to or in place of aroma or taste nerves, and these may include agents providing heating, cooling, tingling, numbing effect. A suitable heat effect agent may be, but is not limited to, vanillyl ethyl ether and a suitable cooling agent may be, but not limited to, eucolyptol or WS-3. The selection of such further components may be variable based upon factors such as the sensory characteristics that are desired for the smoking article, and the present disclosure is intended to encompass any such further components that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art of tobacco and tobacco-related or tobacco-derived products. See, Gutcho, Tobacco Flavoring Substances and Methods, Noyes Data Corp. (1972) and Leffingwell et al., Tobacco Flavoring for Smoking Products (1972), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In the depicted implementation, the aerosol precursor consumable300includes a reservoir314wherein the e-liquid or the like may be retained. In the depicted implementation, an aerosol passage316at least partially surrounds the reservoir314in a longitudinal direction from the distal end306to the proximal end308of the consumable300. In other implementations, however, it is understood that the aerosol passage may extend through at least a portion of the reservoir such that the reservoir is configured in an annular space between the aerosol passage and the consumable outer wall. In the depicted implementation, the consumable300further includes a mouthpiece portion that is defined as a portion of the proximal end308of the consumable300that a user engages in order to draw on the device100. Although in the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece portion is integral with the consumable body302, in other implementations, the mouthpiece portion may be a separate element from the consumable body. In such implementations, the mouthpiece portion may be attachable to the consumable body. In the depicted implementation, the aerosol precursor consumable300further includes an atomizer320that includes a liquid transport element322. In the depicted implementation, the atomizer320comprises a heater and the liquid transport element322defines a fluid connection between the heater and liquid in the reservoir314. In other implementations, the atomizer may comprise a vibrating assembly and the liquid transport element may define a fluid connection between the vibrating assembly and liquid in the reservoir. In the depicted implementation, the atomizer320and liquid transport element322are configured as separate elements that are fluidly connected. In other implementations, these components may be combined. Still other implementations need not include a liquid transport element. In the depicted implementation, the aerosol precursor consumable300includes one or more electrical contacts324a,324bthat are configured to electrically connect the atomizer320with the battery216in the control unit200through contact with the electrical pins222a,222bwhen the aerosol precursor consumable300is received in the receiving chamber212of the control unit200. In various implementations, a liquid transport element may be formed of one or more materials configured for transport of a liquid, such as by capillary action. In some implementations, for example, a liquid transport element may be formed of, for example, fibrous materials (e.g., organic cotton, cellulose acetate, regenerated cellulose fabrics, glass fibers), porous ceramics, porous carbon, graphite, porous glass, sintered glass beads, sintered ceramic beads, capillary tubes, or the like. The liquid transport element thus may be any material that contains an open pore network (i.e., a plurality of pores that are interconnected so that fluid may flow from one pore to another in a plurality of direction through the element). Some implementations of the present disclosure may particularly relate to the use of non-fibrous transport elements. As such, in such embodiments, fibrous transport elements can be expressly excluded. Alternatively, combinations of fibrous transport elements and non-fibrous transport elements may be utilized. Representative types of substrates, reservoirs or other components for supporting the aerosol precursor are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,569 to Newton; U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2014/0261487 to Chapman et al. and 2014/0059780 to Davis et al.; and U.S. Pub. No. 2015/0216232 to Bless et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, various wicking materials, and the configuration and operation of those wicking materials within certain types of electronic cigarettes, are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,640 to Sears et al.; which is incorporated herein by reference. In some implementations, a liquid transport element can be formed partially or completely from a porous monolith, such as a porous ceramic, a porous glass, or the like. Example monolithic materials suitable for use according to embodiments of the present disclosure are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2014/0123989 to LaMothe and 2017/0188626 to Davis et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The porous monolith can form a substantially solid wick. As noted, in the depicted implementation the atomizer320comprises a heater. Various implementations of materials configured to produce heat when electrical current is applied therethrough may be employed to form the heater of the depicted implementation. In some implementations, for example, the heater may comprise a wire coil. Example materials from which the wire coil may be formed include Kanthal (FeCrAl), Nichrome, Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2), molybdenum silicide (MoSi), Molybdenum disilicide doped with Aluminum (Mo(Si,Al)2), titanium, platinum, silver, palladium, alloys of silver and palladium, graphite and graphite-based materials (e.g., carbon-based foams and yarns). In further implementations, the heater may be formed from conductive inks, boron doped silica, and/or ceramics (e.g., positive or negative temperature coefficient ceramics). Other types of heaters may also be utilized, such as, for example, laser diodes and/or microheaters. A laser diode may be configured to deliver electromagnetic radiation at a specific wavelength or band of wavelengths that can be tuned for vaporization of the aerosol precursor composition and/or tuned for heating a liquid transport element via which the aerosol precursor composition may be provided for vaporization. The laser diode may particularly be positioned so as to deliver the electromagnetic radiation within a chamber, and the chamber may be configured to be radiation-trapping (e.g., a black body or a white body). Suitable microheaters are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,881,737 to Collett et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. Microheaters, for example, can comprise a substrate (e.g., quartz, silica) with a heater trace thereon (e.g., a resistive element such as Ag, Pd, Ti, Pt, Pt/Ti, boron-doped silicon, or other metals or metal alloys), which may be printed or otherwise applied to the substrate. A passivating layer (e.g., aluminum oxide or silica) may be provided over the heater trace. The heater in particular may be configured to be substantially flat. Such heaters are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2016/0345633 to DePiano et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. As noted, further types of atomizer are also encompassed by the present disclosure. For example, in some implementations, an atomizer may comprise one or more elements adapted to or configured vaporize or aerosolize (or otherwise form a fine, particulate form of) an aerosol precursor liquid without necessarily heating the liquid. For example, a piezo element may be used as a vaporizer in certain embodiments of the present disclosure, and suitable piezo elements are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2013/0319404 to Feriani et al. and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2019/0014819 to Sur, the disclosure of each of which is incorporate herein by reference in its entirety. In the depicted implementation, the outer tank wall304of the aerosol precursor consumable300is configured to be at least partially transparent or translucent so that the liquid composition312contained therein is visible externally. As such, in the depicted implementation the entire outer tank wall304is transparent or translucent. Alternatively, only a single side of the outer tank wall may be transparent, translucent, or tinted while the remaining portions of the outer tank wall may be substantially opaque. The housing panel400is removable and replaceable and forms part of an outer surface of the control unit200. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel400comprises a three-sided housing panel (seeFIG.3); however, in other implementations a housing panel may have any number of sides, including, but not limited to, a single-sided housing panel, a two-sided housing panel, a four-sided housing panel, etc. In some implementations, one of the sides of a housing panel may form the entire side of the control unit, or a partial side of the control unit. Referring toFIG.2, in some implementations, the housing panel may include an aperture (e.g., a cut-out, opening, or notch) to allow for viewing of the consumable when inserted into the control unit; however, in other implementations, the aperture may be expressly excluded. In the depicted implementation, the aerosol delivery device100is configured so that at least a portion of the reservoir314is visible through the outer tank wall304when the aerosol precursor consumable300is received in the control unit200. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel400includes an aperture402through which the outer tank wall304and any liquid312that may be present in the reservoir314is visible when the aerosol precursor consumable300is engaged with the control unit200. As illustrated, the aperture402is configured as a cut-out in the housing panel400such that when the housing panel400is received onto the control unit200, the aperture402is positioned near the proximal end208of the control unit200. In such a manner, the aperture402is positioned to provide visual access into the chamber212of the control unit200. As illustrated, the cut-out is substantially oval-shaped; however, it is understood that any shape is encompassed herein. In some implementations, the aperture may be configured as a notch extending from the proximal end of the outer wall of the control unit some distance toward the distal end of the control unit. In other implementations, the aperture may be configured so as not to have any open borders and thus may expressly exclude a notch configuration as noted above. In some implementations, the aperture may be completely open or the aperture may have a transparent member (e.g., glass or plastic) positioned in the opening defined by the window or covering the window on one or both of the inner surface and outer surface of the outer wall of the device. In some implementations, the housing panel may include an output feature configured to allow an output signal of the control unit to pass therethrough. In the depicted implementation, for example, the housing panel400further includes a light window404that is configured to provide exterior viewing of a variable intensity light provided therethrough. The housing panel400of the depicted implementation further defines a distal end406and a proximal end408. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the aperture402is located approximately proximate the proximal end408of the housing panel400and the light window404is located proximate the distal end406of the housing panel400. In some implementations, the housing panel400may include one or more input features configured to accommodate one or more user input elements located on the body frame202(such as, for example, one or more buttons) configured to receive an input signal from a user. For example, such input features of the housing panel400may comprise, in some implementations, one or more openings or apertures that provide access to the input elements on the body frame202. In other implementations, such input features of the housing panel400may comprise one or more deflectable portions or buttons of the housing panel, such as, for example, one or more portions having a living hinge configured to depress input elements on the body frame202. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel400is configured to be releasably received onto the body frame202of the control unit200. Although in other implementations a housing panel may be releasably received onto a body frame in a variety of different ways, the housing panel400of the depicted implementation is releasably received onto the body frame202via one or more rail features located on the housing panel400and/or the body frame202. In particular,FIG.3illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of control unit200. In various implementations, the housing panel and the control body may include complementary rail features configured to slidably engage with each other. In the depicted implementation, for example, the housing panel400includes a sliding rail feature410, and the body frame202includes a receiving rail feature230. It should be noted that in other implementations, the housing panel may include a receiving rail feature and the body frame may include a sliding rail feature. In the depicted implementation, the sliding rail feature410and the receiving rail feature230are complementary such that the sliding rail feature410is configured to fit inside and slide substantially longitudinally within the receiving rail feature230. With additional reference toFIG.2, the housing panel400of the depicted implementation is configured to be inserted onto the body frame202by placing the proximal end408of the housing panel400proximate the distal end206of the body frame202(or the distal end406of housing panel400proximate the proximal end208of the body frame202) and sliding the housing panel400via the rail features410,230until the housing panel400reaches its installed position. Although in other implementations the installed position of the housing panel may be at any location with respect to the body frame, in the depicted implementation, the installed position of the housing panel400is such that the proximal end408of the housing panel400is located proximate the proximal end208of the body frame202. In the depicted implementation, the sliding rail feature410comprises a lip or flange that extends inward from the housing panel400, and the receiving rail feature230comprises a complementary groove or slot in the body frame202that is configured to slidingly receive the lip or flange of the housing panel400. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel400and/or the body frame202further includes a detent feature (e.g., a protrusion and a corresponding depression) configured to temporarily (e.g., releasably) secure the housing panel400in its installed position. Other implementations may include additional or alternate features that temporarily secure the housing panel in its installed position, including, but not limited to, one or more magnetic securing features, one or more spring-loaded securing features, and/or a friction interface between the housing panel and the body frame. Still other implementations need not include a feature to temporarily secure the housing panel in its installed position. Although the housing panel400of the depicted implementation engages with the body frame202via complementary rail features410,230, it should be noted that housing panels of other implementations may engage with body frames in other ways. For example, a housing panel of some implementations may engage with a body frames via one or more of an interference or friction fit. In other implementations, a housing panel and/or a body frame may include features configured such that the housing panel clips onto the body frame. In other implementations, a housing panel may engage with a body frame via a magnetic connection. For example, a housing panel and a body frame of some implementations may include one or more magnets. In other implementations, a housing panel or body portion may include one or more magnets and a portion of a housing panel and/or a portion of a body frame may be made of a material configured to be attracted by a magnet contained in a body frame or housing panel. As noted, the housing panel400of the depicted implementation includes a light window404configured to substantially align with the light source222of the control unit200. Although some implementations need not include a light window and other implementations need not include additional components, the housing panel400of the depicted implementation further includes a light tube412configured to transmit light emitting from the light source222of the control unit200through the housing panel400. In some implementations, the housing panel may include a translucent or transparent portion, and/or may include an integrated lens located in a position that substantially aligns with the light source of the control unit. Other implementations may include other features configured to allow light from a light source to pass therethrough, including, for example, a series or pattern of microperforations that extend through the housing panel. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel400also includes an opening at the distal end406thereof configured to be located proximate the external connection element220when installed on the body frame202such that the electrical connectors220a,220b,220cextend through the opening. In some implementations, the housing panel may also include one or more functional components, such as, for example, an electrical connector414, configured to electrically connect to the external connection element of the body frame when the housing panel is in its installed position. For example, the housing panel of some implementations may include a supplemental power source such as, for example, a supplemental battery, that electrically connects to the external connection element when the housing panel is in its installed position. In other implementations, the housing panel may include a charging device, such as, for example, a photoelectric cell configured to charge a rechargeable power source of the control unit. In other implementations, the housing panel may include one or more display elements, such as, for example, a digital display configured to convey information to a user. In other implementations, the housing panel may include one or more user input elements, such as, for example, one or more buttons configured to operate one or more functions of the device. In various implementations, the housing panel of the present invention is readily removable and replaceable thus permitting customization of the aerosol delivery device. For example, the housing panel of various implementations may include a customizable feature that provides for customization of the control unit or aerosol delivery device. Such customizable features, may include, but need not be limited to, one or more of a surface color of the housing panel, a surface contour of the housing panel, a surface pattern of the housing panel, a surface texture of the housing panel, one or more surface projections of the housing panel, a profile of the housing panel, a material of the housing panel, or any combination thereof. In such a manner, the housing panel of some implementations may have a customizable feature (e.g. color, contour, pattern, texture, projections, profile, material, etc.) that is different than the other portions of the aerosol delivery device. In other implementations, the housing panel may have a customizable feature that is similar to other portions of the control unit or aerosol delivery device. As noted, the aerosol delivery device100of the depicted implementation includes a control component218for controlling the amount of electric power to the heater during draw. Representative types of electronic components, structure and configuration thereof, features thereof, and general methods of operation thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,217 to Gerth et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,947,874 to Brooks et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,148 to McCafferty et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,560 to Fleischhauer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,040,314 to Nguyen et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 8,205,622 to Pan; U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2009/0230117 to Fernando et al., 2014/0060554 to Collet et al., and 2014/0270727 to Ampolini et al.; and U.S. Pub. No. 2015/0257445 to Henry et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference. In use, when an aerosol precursor consumable300is inserted into the receiving chamber212of the control unit200, the fit may be such that air is capable of passing between the outer surface304of the aerosol precursor consumable300and the inner surface of the inner frame212of the control unit200. Thus, when a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion of the aerosol precursor consumable300air may pass between the outer tank wall304of the aerosol precursor consumable300and the inner surface of the inner frame214and through an air entry330in the aerosol precursor consumable300, mix with formed vapor near the atomizer320, pass through the aerosol passage316, and ultimately exit through an exit portal on the mouthpiece portion of the aerosol precursor consumable300. The passage of air as defined above may be effective to cause pressure drop in the control unit100that can be sensed by the sensor through the aperture215in the receiving chamber212. As noted above, an input element may be included with the aerosol delivery device (and may replace or supplement an airflow or pressure sensor). The input may be included to allow a user to control functions of the device and/or for output of information to a user. Any component or combination of components may be utilized as an input for controlling the function of the control unit100. For example, one or more pushbuttons may be used as described in U.S. Pub. No. 2015/0245658 to Worm et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. Likewise, a touchscreen may be used as described in U.S. Pub. No. 2016/0262454 to Sears et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. As a further example, components adapted for gesture recognition based on specified movements of the aerosol delivery device may be used as an input. See, for example, U.S. Pub. No. 2016/0158782 to Henry et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, an input may comprise a computer or computing device, such as a smartphone or tablet. In particular, the aerosol delivery device may be wired to the computer or other device, such as via use of a USB (Universal Serial Bus) cord or similar protocol. The aerosol delivery device also may communicate with a computer or other device acting as an input via wireless communication. See, for example, the systems and methods for controlling a device via a read request as described in U.S. Pub. No. 2016/0007561 to Ampolini et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In such embodiments, an APP (Application) or other computer program may be used in connection with a computer or other computing device to input control instructions to the aerosol delivery device, such control instructions including, for example, the ability to form an aerosol of specific composition by choosing the nicotine content and/or content of further flavors to be included, choosing the total particulate matter (TPM) provided per puff, choosing a specific heating profile to be implemented, choosing a modifiable resistance to drawn, and the like. Further indicators (e.g., a haptic feedback component, an audio feedback component, or the like) can be included in addition to or as an alternative to the LED. Additional representative types of components that yield visual cues or indicators, such as light emitting diode (LED) components, and the configurations and uses thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,192 to Sprinkel et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,499,766 to Newton and U.S. Pat. No. 8,539,959 to Scatterday; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2015/0020825 to Galloway et al.; and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2015/0216233 to Sears et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference. It is understood that not all of the illustrated elements are required. For example, an LED may be absent or may be replaced with a different indicator, such as a vibrating indicator. In the implementation depicted inFIGS.1and2, the aerosol precursor consumable300comprises a cartridge that includes a liquid composition configured to produce an aerosol via electrically generated heat. In other implementations, other types of aerosol precursor consumables are possible. For example,FIG.4illustrates an aerosol delivery device500that comprises a control unit600, a removable aerosol precursor consumable700, and a housing panel800, which forms part of an outer surface of the control unit600, according to another example implementation. In the depicted implementation, the control unit600includes a body frame602that defines a control unit outer wall604, a control unit distal end606(which in the depicted implementation may comprise a mouthend of the control unit600), and a control unit proximal end608. In the depicted implementation, the control unit proximal end608includes an opening610that provides access to a receiving chamber612. In the depicted implementation, the control unit600is configured to receive the aerosol precursor consumable700to provide a functioning aerosol delivery device500. Although other implementations may differ, the control unit600of the depicted implementation is configured to receive substantially the entire length of the aerosol precursor consumable700. In the depicted implementation, the receiving chamber612is defined by the control unit600. In other implementations, however, the receiving chamber may be defined in part by the control unit and in part by the housing panel. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel800is removable and replaceable and forms part of an outer surface of the control unit600. Although in other implementations the housing panel may have any number of sides, the housing panel800of the depicted implementation is a three-sided housing panel. In the depicted implementation, the control unit600comprises a holder configured to receive an aerosol precursor consumable700that comprises a cartridge configured to produce an aerosol via an ignitable heat source (e.g., a carbon-based heat source). For example, in some implementations, the heat source may comprise a combustible fuel element that incorporates a combustible carbonaceous material. In other implementations, the heat source may incorporate elements other than combustible carbonaceous materials (e.g., tobacco components, such as powdered tobaccos or tobacco extracts; flavoring agents; salts, such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium carbonate; heat stable graphite a hollow cylindrical (e.g., tube) fibers; iron oxide powder; glass filaments; powdered calcium carbonate; alumina granules; ammonia sources, such as ammonia salts; and/or binding agents, such as guar gum, ammonium alginate and sodium alginate). In other implementations, the heat source may comprise a plurality of ignitable objects, such as, for example, a plurality of ignitable beads. In other implementations, the heat source may differ in composition or relative content amounts from those listed above. For example, in some implementations different forms of carbon could be used as a heat source, such as graphite or graphene. In other implementations, the heat source may have increased levels of activated carbon, different porosities of carbon, different amounts of carbon, blends of any above mentioned components, etc. In still other implementations, the heat source may comprise a non-carbon heat source, such as, for example, a combustible liquefied gas configured to generate heat upon ignition thereof. For example, in some implementations, the liquefied gas may comprise one or more of petroleum gas (LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) or LP(Liquified Petroleum)-gas), propane, propylene, butylenes, butane, isobutene, methyl propane, or n-butane. In still other embodiments, the heat source may comprise a chemical reaction based heat source, wherein ignition of the heat source comprises the interaction of two or more individual components. For example, a chemical reaction based heat source may comprise metallic agents and an activating solution, wherein the heat source is activated when the metallic agents and the activating solution come in contact. Some examples of chemical based heat sources can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,290,549 to Banerjee et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Combinations of heat sources are also possible. In the depicted implementation, the aerosol precursor consumable700defines a heated end702and a distal end704. The consumable700of the depicted implementation further includes a heat portion706comprising a heat source708, a substrate portion710comprising a substrate material712, and an outer housing714configured to circumscribe at least a portion of the heat source708and substrate material712. It should be noted that although in the depicted implementation the consumable700has a substantially cuboidal overall shape, in various other implementations, the consumable or any of its components may have a different shape. For example, in some implementations the consumable (and/or any of its components) may have a substantially cylindrical shape. In other implementations, the consumable (and/or any of its components) may have other hand-held shapes. Some examples of consumable configurations that may be applicable to the present disclosure can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/515,637, filed on Jul. 18, 2019, and titled Aerosol Delivery Device with Consumable Cartridge, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some implementations a barrier may exist between the heat source and the substrate material. In some implementations, such a barrier may comprise a disc that may include one or more apertures therethrough. In some implementations, the barrier may be constructed of a metal material (such as, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, brass, copper, silver, gold, and bronze), or a graphite material, or a ceramic material, or a plastic material, or any combinations thereof. In some implementations, a heat transfer component, which may or may not comprise a barrier, may exist between the heat source and the substrate material. Some examples of heat transfer components are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2019/0281891 to Hejazi et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some implementations, a barrier and/or a heat transfer component may prevent or inhibit combustion gasses from being drawn through the substrate material (and/or from being drawn through air passageways through which aerosol is drawn). Although in various implementations the heat source may have a variety of forms, the heat source708of the depicted implementation comprises an extruded monolithic carbonaceous material that has a generally cuboidal shape. Although in other implementations, the heat source may be constructed in a variety of ways, in the depicted implementation, the heat source708is extruded or compounded using a ground or powdered carbonaceous material, and has a density that is greater than about 0.5 g/cm3, often greater than about 0.7 g/cm3, and frequently greater than about 1 g/cm3, on a dry weight basis. See, for example, the types of fuel source components, formulations and designs set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,451 to Riggs et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,836,897 to Borschke et al., which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In some implementations, the heat source may comprise a foamed carbon monolith formed in a foam process of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,615,184 to Lobovsky, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As such, some implementations may provide advantages with regard to reduced time taken to ignite the heat source. In some other implementations, the heat source may be co-extruded with a layer of insulation (not shown), thereby reducing manufacturing time and expense. Other implementations of fuel elements include carbon fibers of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,922,901 to Brooks et al. or other heat source implementations such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2009/0044818 to Takeuchi et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Further examples of heat sources including debossed heat source systems, methods, and smoking articles that include such heat sources are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/902,665, filed on Feb. 22, 2018, and titledSystem for Debossing a Heat Generation Member, a Smoking Article Including the Debossed Heat Generation Member, and a Related Method, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Generally, the heat source is positioned sufficiently near an aerosol delivery component (e.g., the substrate portion) having one or more aerosolizable components so that the aerosol formed/volatilized by the application of heat from the heat source to the aerosolizable components (as well as any flavorants, medicaments, and/or the like that are likewise provided for delivery to a user) is deliverable to the user by way of the mouthpiece. That is, when the heat source heats the substrate component, an aerosol is formed, released, or generated in a physical form suitable for inhalation by a consumer. It should be noted that the foregoing terms are meant to be interchangeable such that reference to release, releasing, releases, or released includes form or generate, forming or generating, forms or generates, and formed or generated. Specifically, an inhalable substance is released in the form of a vapor or aerosol or mixture thereof. Additionally, the selection of various smoking article elements are appreciated upon consideration of commercially available electronic smoking articles, such as those representative products listed in the background art section of the present disclosure. In the depicted implementation, the substrate portion710comprises a substrate material712having a single segment, although in other implementations the substrate portion may include one or more additional substrate material segments. For example, in some implementations, the aerosol delivery device may further comprise a second substrate material segment (not shown) having opposed first and second ends. In various implementations, one or more of the substrate materials may include a tobacco or tobacco related material, with an aerosol precursor composition associated therewith. In other implementations, non-tobacco materials may be used, such as a cellulose pulp material. In other implementations, the non-tobacco substrate material may not be a plant-derived material. Other possible compositions, components, and/or additives for use in a substrate material (and/or substrate materials) are described in more detail below. It should be noted that the subsequent discussion should be applicable any substrate material usable in the smoking articles described herein (such as, for example, the substrate material712of the depicted implementation). In the depicted implementation, ignition of the heat source708results in aerosolization of the aerosol precursor composition associated with the substrate material712. In the depicted implementation, an aerosol passage is configured to receive the generated aerosol therethrough in response to a draw applied to the mouthend of the control unit600by a user. In the depicted implementation, the mouthend (proximate the distal end606), or other portion of the control unit600may include a filter configured to receive the aerosol therethrough in response to the draw applied to the mouthend by a user. In various implementations, the filter may be provided, in some aspects, as a disc radially and/or longitudinally disposed proximate the end of the control unit opposite the receiving end. In this manner, upon a draw on the mouthend of the control unit600, the filter may receive the aerosol flowing through control unit600. In some implementations, the filter may comprise discrete segments. For example, some implementations may include a segment providing filtering, a segment providing draw resistance, a hollow segment providing a space for the aerosol to cool, other filter segments, and any one or any combination of the above. In some implementations, the control unit may include a filter that may also provide a flavorant additive. In some implementations, a filter may include one or more filter segments that may be replaceable. For example, in some implementations one or more filter segments may be replaceable in order to customize a user's experience with the device, including, for example, filter segments that provide different draw resistances and/or different flavors. Some examples of flavor adding materials and/or components configured to add a flavorant can be found in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2019/0289909 to Hejazi; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/408,942, filed on May 10, 2019 and titledFlavor Article for an Aerosol Delivery Device; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/353,556, filed on Mar. 14, 2019, and titledAerosol Delivery Device Providing Flavor Control, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Preferably, the elements of the substrate material do not experience thermal decomposition (e.g., charring, scorching, or burning) to any significant degree, and the aerosolized components are entrained in the air drawn through the smoking article, including a filter (if present), and into the mouth of the user. In the consumable700of the depicted implementation, the substrate material712comprises a plurality of tobacco beads together formed into a substantially cylindrical portion. In various implementations, however, the substrate material may comprise a variety of different compositions and combinations thereof, as explained in more detail below. In various implementations, the substrate material may comprise a tobacco material, a non-tobacco material, or a combination thereof. In one implementation, for example, the substrate material may comprise a blend of flavorful and aromatic tobaccos in cut filler form. In another implementation, the substrate material may comprise a reconstituted tobacco material, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,809 to Pryor et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,143 to Pryor et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,814 to Raker, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Additionally, a reconstituted tobacco material may include a reconstituted tobacco paper for the type of cigarettes described in Chemical and Biological Studies on New Cigarette Prototypes that Heat Instead of Burn Tobacco, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Monograph (1988), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, a reconstituted tobacco material may include a sheet-like material containing tobacco and/or tobacco-related materials. As such, in some implementations, the substrate material may be formed from a wound roll of a reconstituted tobacco material. In another implementation, the substrate material may be formed from shreds, strips, and/or the like of a reconstituted tobacco material. In another implementation, the tobacco sheet may comprise overlapping layers (e.g., a gathered web), which may, or may not, include heat conducting constituents. Examples of substrate portions that include a series of overlapping layers (e.g., gathered webs) of an initial substrate sheet formed by the fibrous filler material, aerosol forming material, and plurality of heat conducting constituents are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2019/0261685 to Sebastian et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some implementations, the substrate material may include a plurality of microcapsules, beads, granules, and/or the like having a tobacco-related material. For example, a representative microcapsule may be generally spherical in shape, and may have an outer cover or shell that contains a liquid center region of a tobacco-derived extract and/or the like. In some implementations, one or more of the substrate materials may include a plurality of microcapsules each formed into a hollow cylindrical shape. In some implementations, one or more of the substrate materials may include a binder material configured to maintain the structural shape and/or integrity of the plurality of microcapsules formed into the hollow cylindrical shape. Tobacco employed in one or more of the substrate materials may include, or may be derived from, tobaccos such as flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco, Oriental tobacco, Maryland tobacco, dark tobacco, dark-fired tobacco andRusticatobacco, as well as other rare or specialty tobaccos, or blends thereof. Various representative tobacco types, processed types of tobaccos, and types of tobacco blends are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,836,224 to Lawson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,888 to Perfetti et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,537 to Brown et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,942 to Brinkley et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,930 to Gentry; U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,023 to Blakley et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,701,936 to Shafer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,832 to Dominguez et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,011,096 to Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,017,585 to Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,066 to Lawson et al.; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2004/0255965 to Perfetti et al.; PCT Pub. No. WO 02/37990 to Bereman; and Bombick et al.,Fund. Appl. Toxicol.,39, p. 11-17 (1997); the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In still other implementations of the present disclosure, the substrate material may include an extruded structure that includes, or is essentially comprised of a tobacco, a tobacco related material, glycerin, water, and/or a binder material, although certain formulations may exclude the binder material. In various implementations, suitable binder materials may include alginates, such as ammonium alginate, propylene glycol alginate, potassium alginate, and sodium alginate. Alginates, and particularly high viscosity alginates, may be employed in conjunction with controlled levels of free calcium ions. Other suitable binder materials include hydroxypropylcellulose such as Klucel H from Aqualon Co.; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose such as Methocel K4MS from The Dow Chemical Co.; hydroxyethylcellulose such as Natrosol250MRCS from Aqualon Co.; microcrystalline cellulose such as Avicel from FMC; methylcellulose such as Methocel A4M from The Dow Chemical Co.; and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose such as CMC 7HF and CMC 7H4F from Hercules Inc. Still other possible binder materials include starches (e.g., corn starch), guar gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, pectins and xanthan gum. In some implementations, combinations or blends of two or more binder materials may be employed. Other examples of binder materials are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,839 to Jakob et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,887 to Raker et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some implementations, the aerosol forming material may be provided as a portion of the binder material (e.g., propylene glycol alginate). In addition, in some implementations, the binder material may comprise nanocellulose derived from a tobacco or other biomass. In some implementations, the substrate material may include an extruded material, as described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2012/0042885 to Stone et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In yet another implementation, the substrate material may include an extruded structure and/or substrate formed from marumarized and/or non-marumarized tobacco. Marumarized tobacco is known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,831 to Banerjee, et al., which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Marumarized tobacco includes about 20 to about 50 percent (by weight) tobacco blend in powder form, with glycerol (at about 20 to about 30 percent weight), calcium carbonate (generally at about 10 to about 60 percent by weight, often at about 40 to about 60 percent by weight), along with binder agents, as described herein, and/or flavoring agents. In various implementations, the extruded material may have one or more longitudinal openings. In various implementations, the substrate material may take on a variety of conformations based upon the various amounts of materials utilized therein. For example, a sample substrate material may comprise up to approximately 98% by weight, up to approximately 95% by weight, or up to approximately 90% by weight of a tobacco and/or tobacco related material. A sample substrate material may also comprise up to approximately 25% by weight, approximately 20% by weight, or approximately 15% by weight water—particularly approximately 2% to approximately 25%, approximately 5% to approximately 20%, or approximately 7% to approximately 15% by weight water. Flavors and the like (which include, for example, medicaments, such as nicotine) may comprise up to approximately 10%, up to about 8%, or up to about 5% by weight of the aerosol delivery component. Additionally, or alternatively, the substrate material may include an extruded structure and/or a substrate that includes or essentially is comprised of tobacco, glycerin, water, and/or binder material, and is further configured to substantially maintain its structure throughout the aerosol-generating process. That is, the substrate material may be configured to substantially maintain its shape (e.g., the substrate material does not continually deform under an applied shear stress) throughout the aerosol-generating process. Although such an example substrate material may include liquids and/or some moisture content, the substrate may remain substantially solid throughout the aerosol-generating process and may substantially maintain structural integrity throughout the aerosol-generating process. Example tobacco and/or tobacco related materials suitable for a substantially solid substrate material are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0157052 to Ademe et al.; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0335070 to Sears et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,287 to White; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,676 to Hearn et al., which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In some implementations, the amount of substrate material used within the smoking article may be such that the article exhibits acceptable sensory and organoleptic properties, and desirable performance characteristics. For example, in some implementations an aerosol precursor composition such as, for example, glycerin and/or propylene glycol, may be employed within the substrate material in order to provide for the generation of a visible mainstream aerosol that in many regards resembles the appearance of tobacco smoke. For example, the amount of aerosol precursor composition incorporated into the substrate material of the smoking article may be in the range of about 3.5 grams or less, about 3 grams or less, about 2.5 grams or less, about 2 grams or less, about 1.5 grams or less, about 1 gram or less, or about 0.5 gram or less. According to another implementation, a smoking article according to the present disclosure may include a substrate material comprising a porous, inert material such as, for example, a ceramic material. For example, in some implementations ceramics of various shapes and geometries (e.g., beads, rods, tubes, etc.) may be used, which have various pore morphology. In addition, in some implementations non-tobacco materials, such as an aerosol precursor composition, may be loaded into the ceramics. In another implementation, the substrate material may include a porous, inert material that does not substantially react, chemically and/or physically, with a tobacco-related material such as, for example, a tobacco-derived extract. In addition, an extruded tobacco, such as those described above, may be porous. For example, in some implementations an extruded tobacco material may have an inert gas, such as, for example, nitrogen, that acts as a blowing agent during the extrusion process. As noted above, in various implementations one or more of the substrate materials may include a tobacco, a tobacco component, and/or a tobacco-derived material that has been treated, manufactured, produced, and/or processed to incorporate an aerosol precursor composition (e.g., humectants such as, for example, propylene glycol, glycerin, and/or the like) and/or at least one flavoring agent, as well as a flame/burn retardant (e.g., diammonium phosphate and/or another salt) configured to help prevent ignition, pyrolysis, combustion, and/or scorching of the substrate material by the heat source. Various manners and methods for incorporating tobacco into smoking articles, and particularly smoking articles that are designed so as to not purposefully burn virtually all of the tobacco within those smoking articles are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,947,874 to Brooks et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,647,932 to Cantrell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,079,371 to Robinson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,290,549 to Banerjee et al.; and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0215167 to Crooks et al.; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. As noted, in some implementations, flame/burn retardant materials and other additives that may be included within one or more of the substrate materials and may include organo-phosophorus compounds, borax, hydrated alumina, graphite, potassium tripolyphosphate, dipentaerythritol, pentaerythritol, and polyols. Others such as nitrogenous phosphonic acid salts, mono-ammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, ammonium bromide, ammonium borate, ethanolammonium borate, ammonium sulphamate, halogenated organic compounds, thiourea, and antimony oxides are suitable but are not preferred agents. In each aspect of flame-retardant, burn-retardant, and/or scorch-retardant materials used in the substrate material and/or other components (whether alone or in combination with each other and/or other materials), the desirable properties most preferably are provided without undesirable off-gassing or melting-type behavior. According to other implementations of the present disclosure, the substrate material may also incorporate tobacco additives of the type that are traditionally used for the manufacture of tobacco products. Those additives may include the types of materials used to enhance the flavor and aroma of tobaccos used for the production of cigars, cigarettes, pipes, and the like. For example, those additives may include various cigarette casing and/or top dressing components. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,419,015 to Wochnowski; U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,145 to Berndt et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,619 to Burcham, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,022,416 to Watson; U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,842 to Strang et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,320 to Martin; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Preferred casing materials may include water, sugars and syrups (e.g., sucrose, glucose and high fructose corn syrup), humectants (e.g. glycerin or propylene glycol), and flavoring agents (e.g., cocoa and licorice). Those added components may also include top dressing materials (e.g., flavoring materials, such as menthol). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,449,541 to Mays et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Further materials that may be added include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,028 to Lawson et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 8,186,360 to Marshall et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In some implementations, the substrate material may comprise a liquid including an aerosol precursor composition and/or a gel including an aerosol precursor composition. Some examples of liquid compositions can be found in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2020/0113239 to Aller et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As noted above, in various implementations, one or more of the substrate materials may have an aerosol precursor composition associated therewith. For example, in some implementations the aerosol precursor composition may comprise one or more different components, such as polyhydric alcohol (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol, or a mixture thereof). Representative types of further aerosol precursor compositions are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,365 to Sensabaugh, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,839 to Jakob et al.; PCT WO 98/57556 to Biggs et al.; and Chemical and Biological Studies on New Cigarette Prototypes that Heat Instead of Burn Tobacco, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Monograph (1988); the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some aspects, a substrate material may produce a visible aerosol upon the application of sufficient heat thereto (and cooling with air, if necessary), and the substrate material may produce an aerosol that is “smoke-like.” In other aspects, the substrate material may produce an aerosol that is substantially non-visible but is recognized as present by other characteristics, such as flavor or texture. Thus, the nature of the produced aerosol may be variable depending upon the specific components of the aerosol delivery component. The substrate material may be chemically simple relative to the chemical nature of the smoke produced by burning tobacco. In some implementations, the aerosol precursor composition may incorporate nicotine, which may be present in various concentrations. The source of nicotine may vary, and the nicotine incorporated in the aerosol precursor composition may derive from a single source or a combination of two or more sources. For example, in some implementations the aerosol precursor composition may include nicotine derived from tobacco. In other implementations, the aerosol precursor composition may include nicotine derived from other organic plant sources, such as, for example, non-tobacco plant sources including plants in the Solanaceae family. In other implementations, the aerosol precursor composition may include synthetic nicotine. In some implementations, nicotine incorporated in the aerosol precursor composition may be derived from non-tobacco plant sources, such as other members of the Solanaceae family. The aerosol precursor composition may additionally, or alternatively, include other active ingredients including, but not limited to, botanical ingredients (e.g., lavender, peppermint, chamomile, basil, rosemary, thyme, eucalyptus, ginger, cannabis, ginseng, maca, and tisanes), stimulants (e.g., caffeine and guarana), amino acids (e.g., taurine, theanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) and/or pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal ingredients (e.g., vitamins, such as B6, B12, and C and cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)). It should be noted that the aerosol precursor composition may comprise any constituents, derivatives, or combinations of any of the above. As noted herein, the aerosol precursor composition may comprise or be derived from one or more botanicals or constituents, derivatives, or extracts thereof. As used herein, the term “botanical” includes any material derived from plants including, but not limited to, extracts, leaves, bark, fibres, stems, roots, seeds, flowers, fruits, pollen, husk, shells or the like. Alternatively, the material may comprise an active compound naturally existing in a botanical, obtained synthetically. The material may be in the form of liquid, gas, solid, powder, dust, crushed particles, granules, pellets, shreds, strips, sheets, or the like. Example botanicals are tobacco, eucalyptus, star anise, hemp, cocoa, cannabis, fennel, lemongrass, peppermint, spearmint, rooibos, chamomile, flax, ginger,Ginkgo biloba, hazel, hibiscus, laurel, licorice (liquorice), matcha, mate, orange skin, papaya, rose, sage, tea such as green tea or black tea, thyme, clove, cinnamon, coffee, aniseed (anise), basil, bay leaves, cardamom, coriander, cumin, nutmeg, oregano, paprika, rosemary, saffron, lavender, lemon peel, mint, juniper, elderflower, vanilla, wintergreen, beefsteak plant, curcuma, turmeric, sandalwood, cilantro, bergamot, orange blossom, myrtle, cassis, valerian, pimento, mace, damien, marjoram, olive, lemon balm, lemon basil, chive, carvi, verbena, tarragon, geranium, mulberry, ginseng, theanine, theacrine, maca, ashwagandha, damiana, guarana, chlorophyll, baobab or any combination thereof. The mint may be chosen from the following mint varieties:MenthaArventis,Menthac.v.,Mentha niliaca, Mentha piperita, Mentha piperita citratac.v.,Mentha piperitac.v,Mentha spicata crispa, Mentha cardifolia, Mentha longifolia, Mentha suaveolens variegata, Mentha pulegium, Mentha spicatac.v. andMentha suaveolens. A wide variety of types of flavoring agents, or materials that alter the sensory or organoleptic character or nature of the mainstream aerosol of the smoking article may be suitable to be employed. In some implementations, such flavoring agents may be provided from sources other than tobacco and may be natural or artificial in nature. Reference is made to the above description regarding possible flavorants, flavoring agents, and/or other components, which will not be duplicated here. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel800engages with the control unit body frame602via a snap-fit engagement, however in other implementations the housing panel may engage with the control unit body frame in a variety of different ways. As noted above, examples include, but are not limited to, sliding rail features located on one or both of the housing panel and the control unit body frame, an interference or friction fit created between the housing panel and the control unit body frame, features configured such that the housing panel clips on the control unit body frame, a magnetic connection between the housing panel and the control unit body frame, etc. In the implementation depicted inFIG.2, the receiving chamber212is defined entirely by the control unit200. In other implementations, however, the housing panel may define a portion of the receiving chamber.FIG.5illustrates one example of such an implementation. In general, the depicted implementation includes an aerosol delivery device900that comprises a control unit1000, a removable aerosol precursor consumable1100, and a housing panel1200, which forms part of an outer surface of the control unit1000. The removable aerosol precursor consumable1100of the depicted implementation represents one example of an aerosol precursor consumable, however aerosol precursor consumables of other implementations may differ. In the depicted implementation, the control unit1000includes a body frame1002that defines a control unit outer wall1004, a control unit distal end1006, and a control unit proximal end1008. In the depicted implementation, the control unit proximal end1008includes an opening1010that provides access to a receiving chamber1012. In the depicted implementation, the control unit1000is configured to receive an aerosol precursor consumable1100to provide a functioning aerosol delivery device900. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel1200is removable and replaceable and forms part of an outer surface of the control unit1000. In the depicted implementation, the receiving chamber1012is defined in part by the control unit1000and in part by the housing panel1200. In such a manner, when the housing panel1200of the depicted implementation is removed, a portion of the receiving chamber1012is exposed. Although in other implementations the housing panel may have any number of sides, the housing panel1200of the depicted implementation is a three-sided housing panel. It should be noted that the control unit1000and/or the aerosol precursor consumable1100of the depicted implementation may include one or more features described above with respect toFIGS.1and2, which will not be duplicated here. In the depicted implementation, the housing panel1200engages with the control unit body frame1002via a snap-fit engagement, however in other implementations the housing panel may engage with the control unit body frame in a variety of different ways. As noted above, examples include, but are not limited to, sliding rail features located on one or both of the housing panel and the control unit body frame, an interference or friction fit created between the housing panel and the control unit body frame, features configured such that the housing panel clips on the control unit body frame, a magnetic connection between the housing panel and the control unit body frame, etc. In one or more implementations, the present disclosure may be directed to kits that provide a variety of components as described herein. For example, a kit may comprise a control unit body frame with one or more housing panels. A kit may further comprise a control unit body frame with one or more housing panels and one or more aerosol precursor consumables. In some implementations, a kit may comprise a control unit (assembled, or a control unit body frame with one or more housing panels) with one or more aerosol precursor consumables. A kit may further comprise a control unit (assembled, or a control unit body frame with one or more housing panels) with one or more charging components. A kit may further comprise a control unit (assembled, or a control unit body frame with one or more housing panels) with one or more batteries. A kit may further comprise a control unit (assembled, or a control unit body frame with one or more housing panels) with one or more aerosol precursor consumables and one or more charging components and/or one or more batteries. In further implementations, a kit may comprise a plurality of housing panels. A kit may further comprise a plurality of aerosol precursor consumables. A kit may further comprise a plurality of housing panels and a plurality of aerosol precursor consumables. A kit may further comprise a plurality of aerosol precursor consumables and one or more batteries and/or one or more charging components. In the above implementations, the aerosol precursor consumables or the control units (assembled, or a control unit body frame with one or more housing panels) may be provided with an atomizer inclusive thereto. The inventive kits may further include a case (or other packaging, carrying, or storage component) that accommodates one or more of the further kit components. The case could be a reusable hard or soft container. Further, the case could be simply a box or other packaging structure. Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosure will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

11856987

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In this document, the words “embodiment,” “variant,” and similar expressions are used to refer to a particular apparatus, process, or article of manufacture, and not necessarily to the same apparatus, process, or article of manufacture. Thus, “one embodiment” (or a similar expression) used in one place or context can refer to a particular apparatus, process, or article of manufacture; the same or a similar expression in a different place can refer to a different apparatus, process, or article of manufacture. The expression “alternative embodiment” and similar phrases are used to indicate one of a number of different possible embodiments. The number of possible embodiments is not necessarily limited to two or any other quantity. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or variant described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or variants. All of the embodiments and variants described in this description are exemplary embodiments and variants provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the invention, and not to limit the scope of legal protection afforded the invention, which is defined by the claims and their equivalents. The present design comprises an apparatus usable for a user to consume different smokable products using a single device. The present device employs a first cartridge, or chamber, also known in vaping designs as a vape cart, as well as a coupler stacked vertically between a second cartridge and a battery. The coupler “pulls” a desired amount from the first chamber relative to an amount being pulled from the second chamber. A user can dynamically select a desired strength using the present design and coupler. One fairly standard battery employed in vaping devices is a 510 battery, having in most cases 0.5 mm threading. The coupler in the present design is male-female, where the bottom of the coupler can screw into a 510 threaded battery, and the top of the coupler may match with different devices. While described herein for use with various THC products, and in some instances, cannabis, herbs, or other organic products, it is to be understood that any type of smokable material, and particularly smokable liquid material, may be employed, including tobacco products. FIG.1illustrates a first representation of the present design. FromFIG.1, there is provided a mouthpiece101connected to a cartridge102. The cartridge102may include or receive any appropriate material, including but not limited to CBD oil, nicotine vape juice, and so forth, and may be a standard 510 cartridge, i.e. a cartridge that employs standard 510 threading as discussed above. Cartridge102has male end103that may include a standard 510 thread. Cartridge102joins to mouthpiece101in any appropriate manner, such as by threaded joint or otherwise, such that material or gasses may pass from, for example, male end103to the tip of mouthpiece101. Connector104includes, at a top end in this view, female threads that allow screwing connector104to threads of male end103and attachment to cartridge102. In this view, optional silicon seals105are provided to provide a tight seal without risk of material passing through the threads. Second cartridge106is also shown, including a resin tank107, a resistance coil or heater108, and two air tubes109that conduct power and heat toward cartridge102. The two tubes are typically concentric and allow for passthrough of power and heated material or gas. In this arrangement, both heating and gas from material in resin tank107in second cartridge106passes to cartridge102, which in turn provides additional combustion of the material contained therein and allows for passage of smoke to mouthpiece101and to the user. The arrangement shown may allow for smoke or gasses made from the contents of both reservoirs, namely resin tank107and the reservoir in cartridge102, to be received by the user. Second cartridge106further includes male end110, again in one embodiment comprising male510threads, configured to join second cartridge106to base111. Base111includes battery112as a power source, on/off button113configured to apply power from battery112to resistance coil or heater108via wire or connection114. Base111further includes female threads115, used to join base111to second cartridge106. Female threads115may be female510threads in one embodiment. Note that in this view not all parts or components are drawn to scale. In practice, the device may be assembled such that all components fit together tightly with no gaps between components. Second cartridge106may contain material different from or identical to material provided in cartridge102. The percentage of each material from each cartridge may be altered by the user, by for example putting different levels of material in each cartridge, or a system may be included that limits the amount of material passing to the central gas channel, such as closing or partially closing openings between the central passage and the reservoirs. Alternate heat levels may also be applied, such as significant heat to second cartridge106and much less heat to cartridge102. Alternately, holes or openings may be provided that result in a known percentage of mixing between the gasses, i.e. a 50/50 division between components, or60/40, or whatever may be desired. In certain instances, a given opening may be provided in one component, such as the cartridge102internal passageway, and varying second cartridges, such as second cartridge106, may be provided with different sized openings therein. For example, an opening in a second cartridge may provide a 50/50 ratio of gasses when paired with a cartridge of known sized opening, while when paired with a different second cartridge having a smaller or larger opening or openings may result in a 90/10 or 10/90 or other ratio combination of material, smoke, or gas received. In all circumstances, the amount and strength of materials, smoke, or gasses provided to the user may be controlled by the user and may vary as desired. One of ordinary skill in the art understands and appreciates that words such as smoke, gas, gasses, vapor, and vapors are used interchangeably herein to represent resultant quantities, and use of these words in any context herein is not intended to be in any way limiting. As may be appreciated, a typical device may include components similar to base111, cartridge102, and mouthpiece101, assembled together, offering the user a single product for combustion and consumption. A sample connector similar to connector104is shown inFIG.2as connector201, together with a sample of a second cartridge202, similar to second cartridge106inFIG.1. Connector201includes upper threads203and lower threads204, enabling joining with components above and below, as well as a central passage and an outer ring205that allows for the conduction of heat, providing heat to an adjoining cartridge or component. It may be appreciated that the components provided inFIG.1may be constructed of various materials, with components that facilitate heat conduction such as outer ring205being formed of metal or an alloy. Other components may be formed from available appropriate materials, including but not limited to plastics and plastic components as well as metals, alloys, and other compounds. The walls of second cartridge202in this representation are transparent and may be formed of a plastic or polymer, for example. Second cartridge202includes male end206, used to adjoin to other parts as shown inFIG.1, for example. A further view of a sample second cartridge is provided inFIG.3. FromFIG.3, second cartridge301includes resistance coil or heater302as well as central component303that serves to receive and heat resin contained in second cartridge301and a central passageway304that allows for delivery of gasses to further adjacent components, as well as ring305that serves to pass heat to adjacent components. FIG.4is a simplified drawing of the power, heat, and combustion employed according to the present design.FIG.4does not include several components of the design reflected in the other drawings of the present design, including walls or exterior surfaces and is primarily provided to facilitate an understanding of the construction and operation of several of the centermost elements of the present design. FromFIG.4, power source401is provided and switchable by switch402to apply power to heater403, which may be relatively large and may heat product in the cartridge closest to power source101, which when heated may pass through opening408and may take the form of smoke, passing upward in this representation through internal passage406. In this embodiment, a dual layer passage is provided, including outer thermal layer405and inner passage layer407. Typically, when two such layers are employed they each have different heat attributes, where heat propagates more readily through one layer than the other, such as more rapidly through the outer layer. Thus in this embodiment, outer thermal layer405passes heat from heater403more rapidly than inner passage layer407. The two dual layer passage components, outer thermal layer405and inner passage layer407, contact base element409of an upper cartridge. Base element409may be on an exterior surface of an upper cartridge or may be located within the upper cartridge, and an intermediate coupler (not shown in this view) may be provided that conducts heat adequately. Base element409in turn operates to heat product in the upper cartridge and passes heated product through opening410, combining with smoke from the lower components. In this embodiment, the upper cartridge includes a single layer passageway412including inner passage411allowing the passage of smoke and gasses, as no heat transfer is required. Single layer passageway412may be formed of the same or similar material as inner passage layer407, or different materials may be used. The combined smoke or gasses then pass through inner passage411to mouthpiece413for consumption by the user. In one embodiment, the upper cartridge in this design, housing single layer passageway411, may be a standard 510 cartridge known to those skilled in the art. With respect to the specific components employed, it may be appreciated that electrical and heat coefficients may differ to provide a desired effect. For example, electrical resistance or resistances of the individual components may vary, such as a resistance of 0.8 ohms or some other value, and different lengths of components may be employed. A metal or alloy or material with a particular coefficient may be employed to effectuate the resultant smoke levels provided to the user. Also, while shown with two layers inFIG.4(outer thermal layer405and inner passage layer407), a single layer may be employed where appropriate. Other constructions may be employed, such as more than two cartridges, each with appropriate connectors, wherein different sized holes are employed to regulate amounts or strengths of product produced. In such a further cartridge construction, multiple layers (similar to outer thermal layer405and inner passage layer407) may be employed in lower cartridges in an arrangement similar toFIG.4, and a third or additional layer would typically not be required. Heating and electrical components may be provided to facilitate the accurate heating of product in such a multi-layer arrangement. For example, while depicted as a two layer passageway including one layer that advantageously conducts heat, one layer of a two layer arrangement may conduct electricity to a heating element in an upper cartridge, thereby allowing for heating of product in the upper cartridge in a desired manner. Further, as discussed, any smokable product, preferably liquid, that is smokable may be employed in the current design, including but not limited to THC, cannabis, tobacco, herbal, or other plant or other products (e.g. psyllium) may be employed, without limitation, and as noted, multiple cartridges employing the same products may be used in accordance with the present design. One of ordinary skill in the art understands and appreciates that THC, CBD, cannabis, tobacco, herbal, or other plant or other products (e.g. psyllium) are used herein to represent source products, and use of these words in any context herein is not intended to be in any way limiting. Note that as used herein, the term “passageway” has been generally used herein to represent the air or gas opening or passage through a cartridge or other hardware elements of the design. However, as used herein, the term “passageway” is not intended to be limiting and may represent the opening or passage within the device and/or may include the outer element or element, such as a tube or set of two concentric tubes or passage elements, such as concentric hardware tubes provided or a single tube, such as a metal tube. In other words, the term “passageway” may refer to the hardware forming the central opening or passage through the cartridge as well as the opening provided therein. Further, while cartridges are shown in the present design to be linearly arranged, other arrangements, including cartridges positioned side-by-side, may be employed in accordance with the present teachings. According to an embodiment of the present design, there is provided an apparatus comprising a first cartridge comprising a first central passageway and a first reservoir comprising a first product, wherein the first product heated within the first cartridge forms a first quantity of vapor that passes through the first central passageway, a second cartridge comprising a second central passageway axially aligned with the first central passageway when the second cartridge is connected to the first cartridge, the second central passageway receiving the first quantity of vapor from the first central passageway, and a second reservoir comprising a second product, wherein the second product heated within the second cartridge forms a second quantity of vapor that combines with the first quantity of vapor and passes through the second central passageway. The apparatus further comprises a mouthpiece connected to the second cartridge and configured to receive a combination of the first quantity of vapor and the second quantity of vapor from the second central passageway and deliver the combination to a user. According to another embodiment of the present design, there is provided an apparatus comprising a first upper cartridge comprising a first central passageway and a first reservoir comprising a first product heatable to form a first quantity of vapor that passes to and through the first central passageway. The first upper cartridge has a first end configured to attach to a second lower cartridge, the second lower cartridge comprising a second central passageway axially aligned with the first central passageway and a second reservoir comprising a second product. The second product heated within the second lower cartridge forms a second quantity of vapor that passes to and through the second central passageway and combines with the first quantity of smoke in the first central passageway. The first upper cartridge has a second end configured to attach to a mouthpiece configured to receive a combination of the first quantity of vapor and the second quantity of vapor from the first central passageway and deliver the combination to a user. According to a further embodiment of the present design, there is provided an apparatus comprising an upper joint joinable to an upper cartridge comprising an upper cartridge passageway, a central passageway configured to fit with and provide gasses to the upper cartridge passageway, and a reservoir comprising a product. Heating the product forms a quantity of vapor that passes to and through the central passageway to the upper cartridge passageway when the upper joint is connected to the upper cartridge. What has been described above includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the described embodiments are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to example embodiments thereof. These example embodiments are described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used in the specification, and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, “the”, include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As described hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to aerosol delivery devices or vaporization devices, said terms being used herein interchangeably. Aerosol delivery devices according to the present disclosure use electrical energy to heat a material (preferably without combusting the material to any significant degree and/or without significant chemical alteration of the material) to form an inhalable substance; and components of such devices have the form of articles that most preferably are sufficiently compact to be considered hand-held devices. That is, use of components of preferred aerosol delivery devices does not result in the production of smoke—i.e., from by-products of combustion or pyrolysis of tobacco, but rather, use of those preferred systems results in the production of vapors resulting from volatilization or vaporization of certain components incorporated therein. In preferred embodiments, components of aerosol delivery devices may be characterized as electronic cigarettes, and those electronic cigarettes most preferably incorporate tobacco and/or components derived from tobacco, and hence deliver tobacco derived components in aerosol form. Aerosol generating pieces of certain preferred aerosol delivery devices may provide many of the sensations (e.g., inhalation and exhalation rituals, types of tastes or flavors, organoleptic effects, physical feel, use rituals, visual cues such as those provided by visible aerosol, and the like) of smoking a cigarette, cigar, or pipe that is employed by lighting and burning tobacco (and hence inhaling tobacco smoke), without any substantial degree of combustion of any component thereof. For example, the user of an aerosol generating piece of the present disclosure can hold and use that piece much like a smoker employs a traditional type of smoking article, draw on one end of that piece for inhalation of aerosol produced by that piece, take or draw puffs at selected intervals of time, and the like. Aerosol delivery devices of the present disclosure also can be characterized as being vapor-producing articles or medicament delivery articles. Thus, such articles or devices can be adapted so as to provide one or more substances (e.g., flavors and/or pharmaceutical active ingredients) in an inhalable form or state. For example, inhalable substances can be substantially in the form of a vapor (i.e., a substance that is in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point). Alternatively, inhalable substances can be in the form of an aerosol (i.e., a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas). For purposes of simplicity, the term “aerosol” as used herein is meant to include vapors, gases, and aerosols of a form or type suitable for human inhalation, whether or not visible, and whether or not of a form that might be considered to be smoke-like. Aerosol delivery devices of the present disclosure most preferably comprise some combination of a power source (i.e., an electrical power source), at least one control component (e.g., means for actuating, controlling, regulating and ceasing power for heat generation, such as by controlling electrical current flow from the power source to other components of the article—e.g., a microcontroller or microprocessor), a heater or heat generation member (e.g., an electrical resistance heating element or other component, which alone or in combination with one or more further elements may be commonly referred to as an “atomizer”), a liquid composition (e.g., commonly an aerosol precursor composition liquid capable of yielding an aerosol upon application of sufficient heat, such as ingredients commonly referred to as “smoke juice,” “e-liquid” and “e-juice”), and a mouthpiece or mouth region for allowing draw upon the aerosol delivery device for aerosol inhalation (e.g., a defined airflow path through the article such that aerosol generated can be withdrawn therefrom upon draw). More specific formats, configurations and arrangements of components within the aerosol delivery devices of the present disclosure will be evident in light of the further disclosure provided hereinafter. Additionally, the selection and arrangement of various aerosol delivery device components can be appreciated upon consideration of the commercially available electronic aerosol delivery devices, such as those representative products referenced in the background art section of the present disclosure. In various implementations, the present disclosure relates to aerosol delivery devices and cartridges for aerosol delivery devices that provide visual indication of one or more characteristics of the device. For example, in some implementations a cartridge of an aerosol delivery device may include a liquid composition that includes a flavorant. The present disclosure relates to aerosol delivery devices and cartridges for aerosol delivery devices wherein the cartridge is configured to be removably received into the control device, and wherein when the cartridge is received in the control device at least one feature of the cartridge, or at least one feature of the control device, or at least one feature of both the cartridge and the control device, provides a visual indication of a color associated with the flavorant. An example implementation of an aerosol delivery device100of the present disclosure is shown inFIG.1. As illustrated, the aerosol delivery device100includes a control device200and a removable cartridge300. Although only one cartridge is shown in the depicted implementation, it should be understood that, in various implementations, the aerosol delivery device100may comprise an interchangeable system. For example, in one or more implementations, a single control device may be usable with a plurality of different cartridges. Likewise, in one or more implementations, a single cartridge may be usable with a plurality of different control devices. In various implementations, the control device200includes an outer housing202that defines an outer wall204, which includes a distal end206and a proximal end208. The aerosol delivery device100of the depicted implementation also includes an indication window240defined in the outer housing202.FIG.2illustrates a partial cross-section of the control device200of the aerosol delivery device100ofFIG.1. As shown in the figure, the control device200also includes an inner frame215that includes a cartridge receiving chamber212defined by an inner frame wall214. The control device200further includes a battery216positioned within the outer housing202and also includes an external connection element218. In the depicted implementation, the external connection element218is positioned at the distal end206of the outer housing202. The various components of an aerosol delivery device according to the present disclosure can be chosen from components described in the art and commercially available. Examples of batteries that can be used according to the disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2010/0028766 to Peckerar et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some implementations, other power sources may be utilized. For example, in various implementations a power source may comprise a replaceable battery or a rechargeable battery, solid-state battery, thin-film solid-state battery, rechargeable supercapacitor or the like, and thus may be combined with any type of recharging technology, including connection to a wall charger, connection to a car charger (i.e., cigarette lighter receptacle), and connection to a computer, such as through a universal serial bus (USB) cable or connector (e.g., USB 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, USB Type-C), connection to a photovoltaic cell (sometimes referred to as a solar cell) or solar panel of solar cells, a wireless charger, such as a charger that uses inductive wireless charging (including for example, wireless charging according to the Qi wireless charging standard from the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC)), or a wireless radio frequency (RF) based charger. An example of an inductive wireless charging system is described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2017/0112196 to Sur et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In further implementations, a power source may also comprise a capacitor. Capacitors are capable of discharging more quickly than batteries and can be charged between puffs, allowing the battery to discharge into the capacitor at a lower rate than if it were used to power the heating member directly. For example, a supercapacitor—e.g., an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)—may be used separate from or in combination with a battery. When used alone, the supercapacitor may be recharged before each use of the article. Thus, the device may also include a charger component that can be attached to the smoking article between uses to replenish the supercapacitor. Examples of power supplies that include supercapacitors are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2017/0112191 to Sur et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In various implementations, the control device200may also include a light source230and at least one aperture232(seeFIG.1) defined in the outer wall204of the control device200and through which light from the light source230may be visible. In some implementations, the light source230may comprise, for example, at least one light emitting diode (LED) capable of providing one or more colors of light. In some implementations, the light source may be configured to illuminate in only one color, while in other implementations, the light source may be configured to illuminate in variety of different colors. In still other implementations, the light source may be configured to provide white light. As illustrated inFIG.2, the light source230may be positioned directly on a control component234(such as, for example a printed circuit board (PCB)) on which further control components (e.g., a microcontroller and/or memory components) may be included. In various implementations, the aperture232may be provided in any desired shape and may particularly be positioned near the distal end206of the control device200. In some implementations, the aperture232may be completely open or may be filled, such as with a light guide material, or may be covered with a transparent or translucent member (e.g., glass or plastic) on one or both of the inner surface and the outer surface of the outer wall204of the control device200. The aerosol delivery device100may also include a control mechanism for controlling the amount of electric power to the heat generation element during draw. Representative types of electronic components, structure and configuration thereof, features thereof, and general methods of operation thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,217 to Gerth et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,947,874 to Brooks et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,148 to McCafferty et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,560 to Fleischhauer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,040,314 to Nguyen et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 8,205,622 to Pan; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2009/0230117 to Fernando et al., 2014/0060554 to Collet et al., and 2014/0270727 to Ampolini et al.; and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0257445 to Henry et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Electrical connectors220may be positioned in the cartridge receiving chamber212and, in the depicted implementation, are present in sides of the inner frame wall214. In various implementations, the electrical connectors220may be operatively connected to the battery (e.g. connected to the battery directly or via the control component234). As will be discussed in more detail below, the electrical connectors may have a variety of forms and may be positioned in various other locations of the inner frame215. As also illustrated inFIG.2, the proximal end208of the outer housing202includes an opening210that provides access to the cartridge receiving chamber212defined by the inner frame215. It should be noted that for the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “operatively connected” should be interpreted broadly so as to encompass components that are directly connected and/or connected via one or more additional components. In various implementations, further indicators (e.g., a haptic feedback component, an audio feedback component, or the like) can be included in addition to or as an alternative to the light source. Additional representative types of components that yield visual cues or indicators, such as light emitting diode (LED) components, and the configurations and uses thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,192 to Sprinkel et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,499,766 to Newton and U.S. Pat. No. 8,539,959 to Scatterday; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0020825 to Galloway et al.; and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0216233 to Sears et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. It should be understood that not all of the illustrated elements are required. For example, an LED may be absent or may be replaced with a different indicator, such as a vibrating indicator. In various implementations, an airflow sensor, pressure sensor, or the like may be included in the device. For example, as illustrated inFIG.2, the control device200may include a sensor236on the control component234. Configurations of a printed circuit board and a pressure sensor, for example, are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0245658 to Worm et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In various implementations, the sensor236may be positioned anywhere within the control device200so as to subject to airflow and/or a pressure change that can signal a draw on the device and thus cause the battery216to delivery power to the heater in the cartridge300. Alternatively, in the absence of an airflow sensor, the heater may be activated manually, such as via a push button that may be located on the control body200and/or the cartridge300. Additional representative types of sensing or detection mechanisms, structure and configuration thereof, components thereof, and general methods of operation thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,424 to Sprinkel, Jr.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,148 to McCafferty et al.; and PCT WO 2010/003480 to Flick; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In some implementations, an input element may be included with the aerosol delivery device (and may replace or supplement an airflow or pressure sensor). The input may be included to allow a user to control functions of the device and/or for output of information to a user. Any component or combination of components may be utilized as an input for controlling the function of the device100. For example, one or more pushbuttons may be used as described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0245658 to Worm et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Likewise, a touchscreen may be used as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/643,626, filed Mar. 10, 2015, to Sears et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As a further example, components adapted for gesture recognition based on specified movements of the aerosol delivery device may be used as an input. See U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2016/0158782 to Henry et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some implementations, an input may comprise a computer or computing device, such as a smartphone or tablet. In particular, the aerosol delivery device may be wired to the computer or other device, such as via use of a USB cord or similar protocol. The aerosol delivery device may also communicate with a computer or other device acting as an input via wireless communication. See, for example, the systems and methods for controlling a device via a read request as described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2016/0007561 to Ampolini et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In such embodiments, an APP or other computer program may be used in connection with a computer or other computing device to input control instructions to the aerosol delivery device, such control instructions including, for example, the ability to form an aerosol of specific composition by choosing the nicotine content and/or content of further flavors to be included. Although other implementations may differ, in the depicted implementation, the inner frame215is separate from the outer housing202. In such a manner, the inner frame215defining the cartridge receiving chamber212may exist independently and separately from the outer housing202. An opening of the chamber may coincide with an opening at the proximal end208of the outer housing202. Thus, in the depicted implementation, the inner frame wall214may be a completely different element that is attached to the outer housing202; however, in other implementations the inner frame wall and the outer housing may be continuously formed. In either case, the sidewalls forming the inner frame wall are present interior to and separated from the outer housing. In various implementations, the outer housing202may be formed of any suitable material, such as a metal, plastic, ceramic, glass, or the like. In some implementations, the inner frame215may be formed of a different material than that used to form the outer housing202. For example, in some implementations the outer housing may comprise a metal material, and the inner frame may comprise a plastic material. In other implementations, the same materials may be used. Choice of materials as noted above may also extend to the outer housing for any further control device(s) that are included in the device. An example implementation of a cartridge300for use in an aerosol delivery device of the present disclosure is shown inFIGS.3A and3B. In particular,FIG.3Ais a perspective view of a cartridge according to example implementations of the present disclosure, andFIG.3Bis a partial cross-section view of the cartridge illustrated inFIG.3. As shown inFIGS.3A and3B, the cartridge300includes a tank302that is defined by an outer tank wall304that includes a proximal end306and a distal end308, which is closed. As such, the tank302may be characterized in that the tank wall304is a sidewall that is continuous around the tank, and the distal end308defines a bottom wall. The tank302is also configured to contain a liquid composition324for vaporization (e.g., an e-liquid or aerosol precursor composition), which may be configured as otherwise described herein. The cartridge300also includes a mouthpiece310that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall312that includes a proximal end314with an exit portal315defined therein, and a distal end316that engages the proximal end306of the tank302. For aerosol delivery systems that are characterized as electronic cigarettes, the aerosol precursor composition may incorporate tobacco or components derived from tobacco. In one regard, the tobacco may be provided as parts or pieces of tobacco, such as finely ground, milled or powdered tobacco lamina. Tobacco beads, pellets, or other solid forms may be included, such as described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0335070 to Sears et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In another regard, the tobacco may be provided in the form of an extract, such as a spray dried extract that incorporates many of the water soluble components of tobacco. Alternatively, tobacco extracts may have the form of relatively high nicotine content extracts, which extracts also incorporate minor amounts of other extracted components derived from tobacco. In another regard, components derived from tobacco may be provided in a relatively pure form, such as certain flavoring agents that are derived from tobacco. In one regard, a component that is derived from tobacco, and that may be employed in a highly purified or essentially pure form, is nicotine (e.g., pharmaceutical grade nicotine). In the depicted implementation, the liquid composition, sometime referred to as an aerosol precursor composition or a vapor precursor composition or “e-liquid”, may comprise a variety of components including, by way of example, a polyhydric alcohol (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol, or a mixture thereof), nicotine, tobacco, tobacco extract, and/or flavorants. Representative types of aerosol precursor components and formulations also are set forth and characterized in U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,320 to Robinson et al. and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2013/0008457 to Zheng et al.; 2013/0213417 to Chong et al.; 2014/0060554 to Collett et al.; 2015/0020823 to Lipowicz et al.; and 2015/0020830 to Koller, as well as WO 2014/182736 to Bowen et al, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other aerosol precursors that may be employed include the aerosol precursors that have been incorporated in VUSE® products by R. J. Reynolds Vapor Company, the BLU™ products by Fontem Ventures B. V., the MISTIC MENTHOL product by Mistic Ecigs, MARK TEN products by Nu Mark LLC, the JUUL product by Juul Labs, Inc., and VYPE products by CN Creative Ltd. Also desirable are the so-called “smoke juices” for electronic cigarettes that have been available from Johnson Creek Enterprises LLC. Still further example aerosol precursor compositions are sold under the brand names BLACK NOTE, COSMIC FOG, THE MILKMAN E-LIQUID, FIVE PAWNS, THE VAPOR CHEF, VAPE WILD, BOOSTED, THE STEAM FACTORY, MECH SAUCE, CASEY JONES MAINLINE RESERVE, MITTEN VAPORS, DR. CRIMMY'S V-LIQUID, SMILEY E LIQUID, BEANTOWN VAPOR, CUTTWOOD, CYCLOPS VAPOR, SICBOY, GOOD LIFE VAPOR, TELEOS, PINUP VAPORS, SPACE JAM, MT. BAKER VAPOR, and JIMMY THE JUICE MAN. The amount of aerosol precursor that is incorporated within the aerosol delivery system is such that the aerosol generating piece provides acceptable sensory and desirable performance characteristics. For example, it is highly preferred that sufficient amounts of aerosol forming material (e.g., glycerin and/or propylene glycol), be employed in order to provide for the generation of a visible mainstream aerosol that in many regards resembles the appearance of tobacco smoke. The amount of aerosol precursor within the aerosol generating system may be dependent upon factors such as the number of puffs desired per aerosol generating piece. In one or more embodiments, about 1 ml or more, about 2 ml or more, about 5 ml or more, or about 10 ml or more of the aerosol precursor composition may be included. In some implementations, the liquid composition may include one or more flavorants. As used herein, reference to a “flavorant” refers to compounds or components that can be aerosolized and delivered to a user and which impart a sensory experience in terms of taste and/or aroma. Example flavorants include, but are not limited to, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, cream, tea, coffee, fruit (e.g., apple, cherry, strawberry, peach and citrus flavors, including lime and lemon), maple, menthol, mint, peppermint, spearmint, wintergreen, nutmeg, clove, lavender, cardamom, ginger, honey, anise, sage, rosemary, hibiscus, rose hip, yerba mate, guayusa, honeybush, rooibos, yerba santa,Bacopa monniera, Gingko biloba, Withania somnifera, cinnamon, sandalwood, jasmine, cascarilla, cocoa, licorice, and flavorings and flavor packages of the type and character traditionally used for the flavoring of cigarette, cigar, and pipe tobaccos. Syrups, such as high fructose corn syrup, also can be employed. Example plant-derived compositions that may be suitable are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,107,453 and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2012/0152265 both to Dube et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The selection of such further components are variable based upon factors such as the sensory characteristics that are desired for the smoking article, and the present disclosure is intended to encompass any such further components that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art of tobacco and tobacco-related or tobacco-derived products. See, e.g., Gutcho, Tobacco Flavoring Substances and Methods, Noyes Data Corp. (1972) and Leffingwell et al., Tobacco Flavoring for Smoking Products (1972), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. It should be noted that reference to a flavorant should not be limited to any single flavorant as described above, and may, in fact, represent a combination of one or more flavorants. As shown inFIG.3B, the cartridge300further includes a heater320and a liquid transport element322that extends between the heater and the liquid composition324contained within the tank302. In various implementations, the heater320and liquid transport element322may be configured as separate elements that are fluidly connected or may be configured as a combined element. Moreover, the heater320and the liquid transport element322may be formed of any construction as otherwise described herein. The cartridge300also includes one or more electrical contacts325that are configured to electrically connect the heater320with the battery216and/or control component234of the control device200. In various implementations, the liquid transport element322may be formed of one or more materials configured for transport of a liquid, such as by capillary action. In some implementations, for example, a liquid transport element may be formed of fibrous materials (e.g., organic cotton, cellulose acetate, regenerated cellulose fabrics, glass fibers), porous ceramics, porous carbon, graphite, porous glass, sintered glass beads, sintered ceramic beads, capillary tubes, or the like. The liquid transport element322thus may be any material that contains an open pore network (i.e., a plurality of pores that are interconnected so that fluid may flow from one pore to another in a plurality of direction through the element). As further discussed herein, some implementations of the present disclosure may particularly relate to the use of non-fibrous transport elements. As such, fibrous transport elements may be expressly excluded. Alternatively, combinations of fibrous transport elements and non-fibrous transport elements may be utilized. Representative types of substrates, reservoirs or other components for supporting the aerosol precursor are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,569 to Newton; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2014/0261487 to Chapman et al. and 2014/0059780 to Davis et al.; and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2015/0216232 to Bless et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Additionally, various wicking materials, and the configuration and operation of those wicking materials within certain types of electronic cigarettes, are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,640 to Sears et al.; which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some implementations, the liquid transport element322may be formed partially or completely from a porous monolith, such as a porous ceramic, a porous glass, or the like. Example monolithic materials suitable for use according to embodiments of the present disclosure are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2017/0188626, and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2014/0123989 to LaMothe, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In some implementations, the porous monolith may form a substantially solid wick. In various implementations, the heater320may comprise one or more different materials configured to produce heat when electrical current is applied therethrough. In some implementations, the heater320may be a wire coil. Example materials from which the wire coil may be formed include stainless steel, pure nickel, nickel-iron alloys, Kanthal (FeCrAl), Nichrome, Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2), molybdenum silicide (MoSi), Molybdenum disilicide doped with Aluminum (Mo(Si,Al)2), titanium, platinum, silver, palladium, alloys of silver and palladium, graphite and graphite-based materials (e.g., carbon-based foams and yarns). In further implementations, the heater320may be formed from conductive inks, boron doped silica, and/or ceramics (e.g., positive or negative temperature coefficient ceramics). Other types of heaters may also be utilized, such as laser diodes or microheaters. A laser diode can be configured to deliver electromagnetic radiation at a specific wavelength or band of wavelengths that can be tuned for vaporization of the aerosol precursor composition and/or tuned for heating a liquid transport element via which the aerosol precursor composition may be provided for vaporization. The laser diode can particularly be positioned so as to deliver the electromagnetic radiation within a chamber, and the chamber may be configured to be radiation-trapping (e.g., a black body or a white body). Suitable microheaters are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,881,737 to Collett et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Microheaters, for example, can comprise a substrate (e.g., quartz, silica) with a heater trace thereon (e.g., a resistive element such as Ag, Pd, Ti, Pt, Pt/Ti, boron-doped silicon, or other metals or metal alloys), which may be printed or otherwise applied to the substrate. A passivating layer (e.g., aluminum oxide or silica) may be provided over the heater trace. The heater320in particular may be configured to be substantially flat. Such heaters are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2016/0345633 to DePiano et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In the depicted implementation, the outer tank wall304is configured to be one of at least partially transparent or translucent so that the liquid composition324contained therein is visible externally. As such, in some implementations, the entire outer tank wall304may be transparent or translucent. Alternatively, in some implementations, only a single side of the outer tank wall304may be transparent or translucent while the remaining portions of the outer tank wall may be substantially opaque. In some embodiments, the outer tank wall304may be substantially opaque, and a strip (e.g., about 1 mm wide to about 20 mm wide or about 2 mm wide to about 18 mm wide or about 5 mm wide to about 15 mm wide) extending from the proximal end306of the tank302to the distal end308of the tank may be transparent or translucent. In further implementations, the outer tank wall304may be colored. In some implementations, the color can be configured so that the liquid composition324within the tank302is still visible, such by using a transparent or translucent outer tank wall. In other implementations, the tank wall can be configured so that the outer tank wall304has substantially opaque color. In various implementations, the control device200may be configured so that at least a portion of the tank302is visible when the cartridge300is engaged with the control device200. As noted above, in some implementations, at least a portion of the outer tank wall304may be configured to be one of at least partially transparent or translucent so that the liquid composition324contained therein is visible externally, and the outer wall204of the control device200may be configured to include an indication window240through which a portion of the outer tank wall304and any liquid composition324present in the tank302can be visible when the cartridge300is engaged with the control device200. In various implementations, the aerosol delivery device100and/or the control device200of the aerosol delivery device100may further include an external connector configured for electrical contact with each of the device external connection element (e.g., device external connection element218). The external connector may include a first connector end and a second connector end interconnected by a union, which may be, for example, a cord of variable length. In various implementations, the first connector end may be configured for electrical and, optionally, mechanical connection with the control device. In particular, the first connector end may include an inset wall that can be received within a well present at the distal end206of the control device200. The external connector may include a plurality of electrical pins interior to the inset wall configured for making a charging and/or information transferring connection with the device external connection element218. In some implementations, the control device200may include a mechanical connector (e.g., a mechanical connector242) adjacent the control device external connection element218. In some implementations, the mechanical connector242may be a magnet or a metal (or like element) that is adapted for magnetic attraction to a magnet. The first connector end of the external connection may then likewise include a mechanical connection element that may be positioned between the inset wall and the electrical pins. In various implementations, the mechanical connection element may be a magnet or a metal (or like element) that is adapted for magnetic attraction to a magnet. The second connector end may be configured for connection to a computer or similar electronic device or for connection to a power source. For example, the second connector end may have a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection; however, a different connection may also be provided and/or an adapter may likewise be included (e.g., a USB/AC adapter). For example, an adaptor including a USB connector at one end and a power unit connector at an opposing end is disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2014/0261495 to Novak et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Yet other features, controls or components that can be incorporated into aerosol delivery devices of the present disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,148 to Harris et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,289 to Watkins et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,979 to Counts et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,560 to Fleischhauer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,365,742 to Hon; U.S. Pat. No. 8,402,976 to Fernando et al.; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2010/0163063 to Fernando et al.; 2013/0192623 to Tucker et al.; 2013/0298905 to Leven et al.; 2013/0180553 to Kim et al., 2014/0000638 to Sebastian et al., 2014/0261495 to Novak et al., and 2014/0261408 to DePiano et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In various implementations, the mouthpiece310of the cartridge300may be configured for engagement with the tank302. For example, as illustrated inFIG.3B, the distal end316of the mouthpiece310may include a rim wall330that is at least partially inset from the outer mouthpiece wall312. The rim wall330may be configured to engage an interior of the proximal end306of the outer tank wall304. In some implementations, the rim wall330may have a length of about 1 mm to about 20 mm, about 2 mm to about 18 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm. In some implementations, the rim wall330may engage the outer tank wall304via a friction fit alone, or the rim wall may be substantially permanently attached to the outer tank wall, such as through welding or gluing. In some implementations, the mouthpiece310may define an open interior space through which formed vapor may combine with air to form an aerosol for output through the exit portal315of the mouthpiece310. In one or more implementations, the mouthpiece310may include one or more further interior walls that can be arranged to define one or more compartments within the mouthpiece. For example, the mouthpiece may include an interior upper wall between the proximal end and the distal end of the mouthpiece and also include an interior lower wall between the interior upper wall and the proximal end of the mouthpiece. More particularly, as seen inFIG.3B, the mouthpiece310may include an interior upper wall332between the proximal end314and the distal end316of the mouthpiece310. Further, the mouthpiece310may include an interior lower wall334between the interior upper wall332and the distal end316of the mouthpiece310. In various implementations, two or more walls in the mouthpiece may be configured to define a vaporization chamber within which the heater may be positioned. As shown inFIG.3B, the outer mouthpiece wall312, the interior upper wall332, and the interior lower wall334define a vaporization chamber340wherein the heater320is positioned. In some implementations, the one or more electrical contacts325may be positioned within the portion of the outer mouthpiece wall312defining the vaporization chamber340; however, it is understood that one or more electrical leads may extend from the heater320to one or more electrical contacts positioned at a different portion of the outer mouthpiece wall or positioned in the outer tank wall304. One or more walls of the mouthpiece may also include one or more openings for passage therethrough of one or more further elements of the cartridge300or passage of formed vapor/aerosol. For example, the interior upper wall332may include a vapor opening336through which vapor formed in the vaporization chamber340may pass toward the first exit portal315. In some implementations, the vapor opening336in the interior upper wall332may be substantially centrally located therein and may be substantially aligned with the heater320along a longitudinal axis of the cartridge300. As a further example, the interior lower wall334may include a wick aperture338through which the first liquid transport element322(e.g., a wick) can pass between the heater320and the liquid composition324in the tank302. In various implementations, two or more walls in the mouthpiece may be configured to define a cooling chamber within which formed aerosol can be allowed to expand and/or cool before passing through the exit portal. As shown inFIG.3B, for example, the outer mouthpiece wall312and the interior upper wall332define a cooling chamber342that receives formed vapor/aerosol from the vaporization chamber340. As such, the vapor/aerosol formed by the heater320passes from the vaporization chamber340through the vapor opening336and into the cooling chamber342. In some implementations, the vaporization chamber340and the cooling chamber342may be configured to have a defined relative volume ratio. For example, in some implementations, the volume ratio of the vaporization chamber340to the cooling chamber342can be about 2:1 to about 1:4, about 1:1 to about 1:4, or about 1:1.5 to about 1:3. If desired, the mouthpiece310may also include one or more elements configured to reduce or prevent leakage of condensed liquids therefrom. For example, in some implementations, all or a part of the interior of the mouthpiece wall312and/or the interior upper wall332defining the cooling chamber342may be formed from or include an absorptive or adsorptive material configured to hold liquid. Alternatively or additionally, all or a part of the interior of the mouthpiece wall312and/or the interior upper wall332defining the cooling chamber342may be configured to direct liquid back toward the vaporization chamber340, such as through the addition of microchannels or the like. In one or more implementations, the cartridge300may be configured such that the mouthpiece wall312includes a flange positioned between the proximal end314and the distal end316thereof. For example, referring toFIGS.3A and3B, the mouthpiece310includes a flange350that extends circumferentially from the mouthpiece wall312around substantially the entirety of the mouthpiece310. In some implementations, the distance that the flange350extends from the mouthpiece wall310can be substantially uniform around the entire circumference of the mouthpiece310. In other implementations (such as the depicted implementation) the distance that the flange350extends from the mouthpiece wall312may vary at one or more points around the circumference of the mouthpiece310. The overall cartridge300or the mouthpiece310separately can be defined in relation to a longitudinal axis (L), a first transverse axis (T1) that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and a second transverse axis (T2) that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and is perpendicular to the first transverse axis. In some implementations, the overall cartridge300and/or the mouthpiece310thus may be defined in relation to a total length along the longitudinal axis (L), a total width along the first transverse axis (T1), and a total depth along the second longitudinal axis (T2). The length may be greater than the width, which in turn may be greater than the depth. The distance that the flange350extends away from the mouthpiece wall312may be greater along the second transverse axis (T2) than along the first transverse axis (T1). Thus, in some implementations, the total distance between opposing outer edges of the flange350across the mouthpiece310along the first transverse axis (T1) may be greater than the total distance between opposing edges of the flange across the mouthpiece along the second transverse axis (T2); the total distance between opposing outer edges of the flange350across the mouthpiece310along the first transverse axis (T1) may be substantially equal to the total distance between opposing edges of the flange across the mouthpiece along the second transverse axis (T2); or the total distance between opposing outer edges of the flange350across the mouthpiece310along the first transverse axis (T1) may be less than the total distance between opposing edges of the flange across the mouthpiece along the second transverse axis (T2). In particular implementations, a distance (d2) between the mouthpiece wall312and an outer edge of the flange350as measured along the second transverse axis (T2) may be greater than a distance between the mouthpiece wall and an outer edge of the flange as measured along the first transverse axis (T1). Said distances particularly may be as measured at about a midpoint of each of the first transverse axis (T1) and the second transverse axis (T2). According to the present disclosure, the cartridge and the control device each include at least one connector configured to provide a magnetic and an electrical connection between the cartridge and the control device such that the cartridge can be removably and operatively received into the cartridge receiving chamber of the control body, and wherein the at least one connector of the cartridge is located on the mouthpiece. As will be discussed in more detail below, in various implementations the at least one connector of the cartridge and the control device may have a variety of different forms, shapes, sizes, positions, etc., so as to provide a magnetic and an electrical connection between the cartridge and the control device. In addition, in various implementations the same connector of the cartridge and/or the control device may provide one or both of the magnetic and the electrical connections. For example,FIG.4Aillustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.4Aillustrates a portion of an inner frame415for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame415of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber412and a flange450defined at an upper end thereof. The inner frame415of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets452located proximate the upper flange450of the inner frame415. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets452A,452B,452C,452D, each of which has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, although in other implementation more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. In the depicted implementation, the magnets452A,452B,452C,452D are approximately equally spaced around the outside of the inner frame415and below the upper flange450thereof, with each of the plurality of magnets being located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature453, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange450. Although other methods are possible, the magnets452A,452B,452C,452D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the magnet receiving features453via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In various implementations of the present disclosure, the magnets described above, or any other magnets described herein, may comprise many different types of magnets, including rare earth magnets. For example, in some implementations, one or more magnets may comprise Neodymium magnets (also known as NdFeB, NIB, or Neo magnets). In various implementations, different grades of Neodymium magnets may be used, including, for example, N35, N38, N40, N42, N45, N48, N50, and/or N52 grades. In other implementations, one or more magnets may comprise Samarium Cobalt magnets (also known as SmCo magnets). In still other implementations, one or more magnets may comprise Ceramic/Ferrite magnets. In other implementations, one or more magnets may comprise Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt (AlNiCo) magnets. In any of the foregoing implementations, one or more magnets may be plated and/or coated. For example, in some implementations, one or more magnets may be coated with nickel. In other implementations, one or more magnets may be coated with one or more of zinc, tin, copper, epoxy, silver and/or gold. In some implementations, one or more magnets may be coated with combinations of these materials. For example, in one implementation, one or more magnets may be coated with nickel, copper, and nickel again. In another implementation, one or more magnets may be coated with nickel, copper, nickel, and a top coating of gold. The inner frame415of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins420A,420B located in the inner frame415and below the upper flange450thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins420A,420B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. The conductive pins420A,420B of the depicted implementation comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber412and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins420A,420B comprise gold plated metal pins; however, other materials or combinations of materials, which may also include coatings and/or platings of electrically conductive materials, are possible. Examples of electrically conductive materials, include, but are not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins420A,420B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible, such that deflection of the conductive pins420A,420B is facilitated when a cartridge is inserted into the receiving chamber412. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins420A,420B may be affixed inside the inner frame415via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. FIG.4Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.4Billustrates a cartridge500that includes a tank502that is defined by an outer tank wall504that includes a proximal end506and a distal end508, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge500may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge500of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece510that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall512that includes a proximal end514with an exit portal515defined therein, and a distal end516that engages the proximal end506of the tank502. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall512includes a flange550positioned between the proximal end514and the distal end516thereof. The cartridge500of the depicted implementation also includes a metal plate552, which is disposed below the flange550. In the depicted implementation, the metal plate552is affixed to the bottom of the flange550of the mouthpiece510via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment are possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In various implementations, the metal plate552may comprise any material configured to be attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. The cartridge500also includes a pair of conductive plugs525A,525B located on opposite sides of the mouthpiece510and below the flange550and metal plate552. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs525A,525B may be affixed inside the mouthpiece510of the cartridge500via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs525A,525B are operatively connected to a heater520(seeFIG.5) of the cartridge500. In various implementations, the conductive plugs525A,525B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge500ofFIG.4Bis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber412of the inner frame415ofFIG.4A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.5illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge500coupled with the inner frame415of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame415of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets452A,452B,452C,452D located in the inner frame415of the control device and the metal plate552of the cartridge500. In addition, when the cartridge500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame415, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins420A,420B of the inner frame415of the control device and the conductive plugs525A,525B of the cartridge500. As such, when the cartridge500is received in the inner frame415of the control device, the heater520of the cartridge500may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Thus, when the cartridge500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame415of the control device, the cartridge500is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame415of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. It should be noted that for this implementation, and/or any other implementation described herein, the magnets may facilitate proper rotational orientation of a cartridge relative to a control device. For example, while in some implementations the cartridge may be installed in the control device in any rotational orientation, and in other implementations the geometry of the cartridge and/or the control device may facilitate proper rotational orientation of the cartridge relative to the control device, in still other implementations the magnets in the cartridge and the magnets in the control device may facilitate proper rotational orientation of the cartridge relative to the control device. For example, if a like pole of a magnet in the cartridge is inserted near a like pole of a magnet in the control device (e.g., the North Pole of a magnet in the cartridge and the North Pole of a magnet in the control device, or the South Pole of a magnet in the cartridge and the South Pole of a magnet in the control device) the magnets will repel each other. However, if opposite poles are placed near each other (e.g., the North Pole of a magnet in the cartridge and the South Pole of a magnet in the control device, or the South Pole of a magnet in the cartridge and the North Pole of a magnet in the control device) the magnet will attract each other. As a result, positioning of the polarity of the magnets in the cartridge and the control device may be configured such that the opposite poles of the magnets attract each other in the proper rotational orientation of the cartridge relative to the control device and repel each other in other rotational orientations of the cartridge relative to the control device. FIG.6illustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame615of a control according to another example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular, the inner frame615of the depicted implementation includes a flange650defined at an upper end thereof, and a plurality of magnets652located proximate the upper flange450of the inner frame615. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets652A,652B,652C,652D. In various implementations, the magnets652A,652B,652C,652D are configured to facilitate a magnetic connection between the inner frame615of a control device and a cartridge (such as, for example, cartridge500ofFIG.4B). As such, the magnets652A,652B,652C,652D of the depicted implementation are similar to the magnets described with respect toFIG.4A. For example, there are four individual magnets652A,652B,652C,652D in the depicted implementation, each of which has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, although more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. The inner frame615of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins620A,620B located in the inner frame615and below the upper flange650thereof. As with the magnets652A,652B,652C,652D, the conductive pins620A,620B of the depicted implementation are similar to the conductive pins of the implementation ofFIG.4A. For example, the conductive pins620A,620B of the depicted implementation comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber612and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. Reference is made to the possible materials for the conductive pins described above. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins620A,620B may be affixed inside the inner frame615via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. FIG.7illustrates a partial cross-section view of cartridge500coupled with inner frame615. In the depicted implementation, the magnets652A,652B,652C,652D are approximately equally spaced around the outside of the inner frame615, with each magnet located inside of a corresponding magnet receiving feature653(seeFIG.6). Although other methods are possible, the magnets652A,652B,652C,652D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the magnet receiving features653via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. Unlike the implementation ofFIG.4A, however, the magnets652A,652B,652C,652D of the depicted implementation are exposed in a top surface of the upper flange650of the inner frame615such that when cartridge500is coupled with the inner frame615of the control device, the magnets652A,652B,652C,652D make direct contact with the metal plate552of the cartridge500. In such a manner, when using a similar magnet configuration, the magnetic connection between the cartridge500and the inner frame615of the implementation ofFIG.7may be stronger than the magnetic connection of the implementation ofFIG.5. FIG.8Aillustrates a perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.8Billustrates a partial exploded top view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.8A and8Billustrate an inner frame815for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame815of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber812and a plurality of flange features856that extend outward from an upper portion858of the inner frame815. Although other configurations are possible, the flange features856of the depicted implementation are approximately equally spaced around the periphery of the upper portion858of the inner frame815. The upper portion858of the inner frame815also defines an angled surface860, which angles downward and inward with respect to a top edge thereof. The inner frame815of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets852located in the angled surface860. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets852A,852B,852C,852D, each of which has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, although in other implementations more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In the depicted implementation, the magnets852A,852B,852C,852D are approximately equally spaced around the angled surface860of the inner frame815. Although other methods are possible, the magnets852A,852B,852C,852D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside angled surface860via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame815of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins820A,820B (not shown inFIG.8A) located in the inner frame815and proximate the upper portion858thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins820A,820B comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber812and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins820A,820B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible, such that deflection of the conductive pins820A,820B is facilitated when a cartridge is inserted into the receiving chamber812. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins820A,820B may be affixed inside the inner frame815via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins820A,820B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins820A,820B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.8Cillustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.8Cillustrates a cartridge700that includes a tank702that is defined by an outer tank wall704that includes a proximal end706and a distal end708, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge700may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge700of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece710that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall712that includes a proximal end714with an exit portal715defined therein, and a distal end716that engages the proximal end706of the tank702. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall712includes a flange750positioned between the proximal end714and the distal end716thereof. The flange750of the depicted implementation also includes an angled surface760defined below an upper portion thereof. The cartridge700of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets752located in the angled surface760. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets752A,752B,752C,752D, each of which has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, although in other implementation more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In the depicted implementation, the magnets752A,752B,752C,752D are approximately equally spaced around the angled surface760of the flange750of the cartridge700. Although other methods are possible, the magnets752A,752B,752C,752D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside angled surface760via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. Although not shown in the figure, the cartridge700also includes a pair of conductive plugs similar to the conductive plugs described above with respect to cartridge500ofFIG.4B. In particular, the conductive plugs are located on opposite sides of the mouthpiece710and below the flange750. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs may be affixed inside the mouthpiece710of the cartridge700via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs are operatively connected to a heater720(seeFIG.9) of the cartridge700. In various implementations, the conductive plugs may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge700ofFIG.8Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber812of the inner frame815ofFIGS.8A and8B, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.9illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge700coupled with the inner frame815of the control device. In the depicted implementation, the angled surface860of the inner frame815is configured to complement the angled surface760of the flange750of the cartridge700. As such, when the cartridge700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame815of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets852A,852B,852C,852D located in angled surface860of the inner frame815of the control device, and the plurality of magnets752A,752B,752C,752D located in the angled surface760of the cartridge700. In addition, when the cartridge700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame815, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins820A,820B of the inner frame815of the control device and the conductive plugs of the cartridge700. As such, when the cartridge700is received in the inner frame815of the control device, the heater720of the cartridge700may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Thus, when the cartridge700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame815of the control device, the cartridge700is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame815of the control device via the magnetic connection such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. It should be noted that in other implementations, either the plurality of magnets852A,852B,852C,852D of the inner frame815of the control device or the plurality of magnets752A,752B,752C,752D of the cartridge (or a combination of both) may be replaced with metal plates in order to effect the magnetic connection between the cartridge700and the inner frame815of the control device. FIG.10Aillustrates a perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.10Billustrates a partial exploded top view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.10A and10Billustrate an inner frame1015for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame1015of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber1012and a plurality of flange features1056that extend outward from an upper portion1058of the inner frame1015. Although other configurations are possible, the flange features1056of the depicted implementation are approximately equally spaced around the periphery of the upper portion1058of the inner frame1015. The upper portion1058of the inner frame1015also defines an angled surface1060, which angles downward and inward with respect to a top edge thereof. The inner frame1015of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets1052located in the angled surface1060. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets1052A,1052B,1052C,1052D, each of which has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, although in other implementation more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In the depicted implementation, the magnets1052A,1052B,1052C,1052D are approximately equally spaced around the angled surface1060of the inner frame1015. Although other methods are possible, the magnets1052A,1052B,1052C,1052D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside angled surface1060via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame1015of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins1020A,102B (not shown inFIG.10A) located in the inner frame1015and proximate the upper portion1058thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1020A,1020B comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber1012and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins1020A,1020B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible, such that deflection of the conductive pins1020A,1020B is facilitated when a cartridge is inserted into the receiving chamber1012. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1020A,1020B may be affixed inside the inner frame1015via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins1020A,1020B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins1020A,1020B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.10Cillustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.10Cillustrates a cartridge900that includes a tank902that is defined by an outer tank wall904that includes a proximal end906and a distal end908, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge900may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge900of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece910that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall912that includes a proximal end914with an exit portal915defined therein, and a distal end916that engages the proximal end906of the tank902. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall912includes a flange950positioned between the proximal end914and the distal end916thereof. In the depicted implementation, the flange950of the cartridge900also includes a metal ring952that defines an angled surface960. In the depicted implementation, the metal ring952is affixed to the bottom of the flange950of the mouthpiece910via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In various implementations, the metal ring952may comprise any material configured to be attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. Although not shown in the figure, the cartridge900also includes a pair of conductive plugs similar to the conductive plugs described above with respect to cartridge500ofFIG.4B. In particular, the conductive plugs are located on opposite sides of the mouthpiece910and below the flange950. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs may be affixed inside the mouthpiece910of the cartridge900via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs are operatively connected to a heater920(seeFIG.11) of the cartridge900. In various implementations, the conductive plugs may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge900ofFIG.10Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber1012of the inner frame1015ofFIGS.10A and10B, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.11illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge900coupled with the inner frame1015of the control device. In the depicted implementation, the angled surface1060of the inner frame1015is configured to complement the angled surface960of the metal ring952of the flange950of the cartridge900. As such, when the cartridge900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1015of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets1052A,1052B,1052C,1052D located in angled surface1060of the inner frame1015of the control device, and the metal ring952that comprises part of the flange950of the cartridge900. In addition, when the cartridge900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1015, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins1020A,102B of the inner frame1015of the control device and the conductive plugs of the cartridge900. As such, when the cartridge900is received in the inner frame1015of the control device, the heater920of the cartridge900may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Thus, when the cartridge900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1015of the control device, the cartridge900is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame1015of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.12Aillustrates an exploded partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.12Aillustrates an inner frame1215for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame1215of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber1212and a magnetic ring1252that defines an upper portion1258of the inner frame1215. In the depicted implementation, the magnetic ring1252defines an angled surface1260, which angles downward and inward with respect to a top edge thereof. In the depicted implementation, the magnetic ring1252is affixed to the inner frame1215via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In addition, the inner frame1215of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins1220A,1220B located in the inner frame1215and proximate the upper portion1258thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1220A,1220B comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber1212and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins1220A,1220B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible, such that deflection of the conductive pins1220is facilitated when a cartridge is inserted into the receiving chamber1212. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1220A,1220B may be affixed inside the inner frame1215via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins1220A,1220B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins1220A,1220B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.12Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.12Billustrates a cartridge1100that includes a tank1102that is defined by an outer tank wall1104that includes a proximal end1106and a distal end1108, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge1100may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge1100of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece1110that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall1112that includes a proximal end1114with an exit portal1115defined therein, and a distal end1116that engages the proximal end1106of the tank1102. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall1112includes a flange1150positioned between the proximal end1114and the distal end1116thereof. In the depicted implementation, the flange1150of the cartridge1100also includes a metal ring1152that defines an angled surface1160. In various implementations, the metal ring1152may comprise any material configured to be attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. The cartridge1100also includes a pair of conductive plugs1125A,1125B located on opposite sides of the mouthpiece1110and below the metal plate1152of the flange1150. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs may be affixed inside the mouthpiece1110of the cartridge1100via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs1125A,1125B are operatively connected to a heater1120(seeFIG.13) of the cartridge1100. In various implementations, the conductive plugs1125A,1125B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge1100ofFIG.12Bis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber1212of the inner frame1215ofFIG.12A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.13illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge1100coupled with the inner frame1215of the control device. In the depicted implementation, the angled surface1260of the magnetic ring1252of the inner frame1215is configured to complement the angled surface1160of the metal ring1152of the flange1150of the cartridge1100, although in other implementations, the contact surfaces may be flat (e.g., thus creating substantially right angle interfaces between surfaces). As such, when the cartridge1100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1215of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the magnetic ring1252of the inner frame1215of the control device, and the metal ring1152that comprises part of the flange1150of the cartridge1100. In addition, when the cartridge1100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1215, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins1220A,1220B of the inner frame1215of the control device and the conductive plugs1125A,1125B of the cartridge1100. As such, when the cartridge1100is received in the inner frame1215of the control device, the heater1120of the cartridge1100may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Thus, when the cartridge1100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1215of the control device, the cartridge1100is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame1215of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.14Aillustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.14Aillustrates an inner frame1415for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame1415of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber1412and a pair of separate magnets1452A,1452B that define part of an upper portion1458of the inner frame1415. In the depicted implementation, the upper portion1458of the inner frame1415(defined by the pair of separate magnets1452A,1452B and portions of the inner frame1415between the magnets1452A,1452B) defines an angled surface1460, which angles downward and inward with respect to a top edge. In the depicted implementation, the separate magnets1452A,1452B have an arc shape and are affixed to the inner frame1415via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation the separate magnets1452A,1452B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. FIG.14Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.14Cillustrates a partial transparent perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.14B and14Cillustrate a cartridge1300that includes a tank1302that is defined by an outer tank wall1304that includes a proximal end1306and a distal end1308, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge1300may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge1300of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece1310that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall1312that includes a proximal end1314with an exit portal1315defined therein, and a distal end1316that engages the proximal end1306of the tank1302. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall1312includes a flange1350positioned between the proximal end1314and the distal end1316thereof. In the depicted implementation, the flange1350of the cartridge1300includes a pair of separate metal plates1352A,1352B. In the depicted implementation, the pair of separate metal plates1352A,1352B and portions of the flange1350between the metal plates1352A,1352B define an angled surface1360, which angles downward and inward. In the depicted implementation, the separate metal plates1352A,1352B have an arrow head shape and are affixed to the flange1350of the cartridge1300via an adhesive or an insert molding process, although other methods of attachment of possible. In the depicted implementation, the separate metal plates1352A,1352B are operatively connected to a heater1320(seeFIGS.14C and15) of the cartridge1300. In various implementations, the metal plates1352A,1352B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge1300ofFIGS.14B and14Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber1412of the inner frame1415ofFIG.14A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.15illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge1300coupled with the inner frame1415of the control device. In the depicted implementation, the angled surface1460of the separate magnets1452A,1452B and the portions of the inner frame1415is configured to complement the angled surface1360of the separate metal plates1352A,1352B and the portions of the flange1350of the cartridge1300, although in other implementations, the contact surfaces may be flat (e.g., thus creating substantially right angle interfaces between surfaces). As such, when the cartridge1300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1415of the control device, magnetic and electrical connections are created between the separate magnets1452A,1452B of the inner frame1415of the control device, and the separate metal plates1352A,1352B that comprise part of the flange1350of the cartridge1300. As such, when the cartridge1300is received in the inner frame1415of the control device, the heater1320of the cartridge1300may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Thus, when the cartridge1300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1415of the control device, the cartridge13200is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame1415of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.16Aillustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.16Billustrates a top view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.16A and16Billustrate a portion of an inner frame1615for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame1615of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber1612and an upper portion1658defined at the upper end of the inner frame1615. The inner frame1615of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets1652located proximate the upper portion1658. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets1652A,1652B,1652C,1652D, each of which has a substantially spherical shape, although in other implementation more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In the depicted implementation, the magnets1652A,1652B,1652C,1652D are spaced around the outside of the inner frame1615and proximate the upper portion1658thereof, with each of the plurality of magnets being located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature1653. In the depicted implementation, each magnet receiving feature1653comprises a compartment within which a respective magnet1652is trapped. Each magnet receiving feature1653further defines an opening1654, which extends into the cartridge receiving chamber1612. In various implementations, the magnets1652A,1652B,1652C,1652D are configured to move within the receiving features1653such that, in one direction, at least a portion of each magnet1652is configured to extend through a respective opening1654, and in an opposite direction, each magnet may move away from the opening1654. In addition, the inner frame1615of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins1620A,1620B located in the inner frame1615and proximate the upper portion1658thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1620A,1620B comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber1612and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins1620A,1620B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible, such that deflection of the conductive pins1620A,1620B is facilitated when a cartridge is inserted into the receiving chamber1612. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1620A,1620B may be affixed inside the inner frame1615via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins1620A,1620B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins1620A,1620B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.16Cillustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.16Cillustrates a cartridge1500that includes a tank1502that is defined by an outer tank wall1504that includes a proximal end1506and a distal end1508, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge1500may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge1500of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece1510that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall1512that includes a proximal end1514with an exit portal1515defined therein, and a distal end1516that engages the proximal end1506of the tank1502. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall1512includes a flange1550positioned between the proximal end1514and the distal end1516thereof. The cartridge1500of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of metal plates1552A,1552B, each of which is disposed below the flange1550and on opposite sides of the mouthpiece1510. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates1552A,1552B are affixed to the mouthpiece1510via an adhesive or an insert molding process, although in other implementations other methods of attachment are possible. In the depicted implementation, each of the metal plates1552A,1552B includes a pair of detents1555located on opposite ends thereof. In various implementations, the detents1555are configured to receive a portion of the spherical magnets1652of the cartridge1600. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates1552are also operatively connected to a heater1520(seeFIG.5) of the cartridge1500. In various implementations, the metal plates1552A,1552B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge1500ofFIG.16Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber1612of the inner frame1615ofFIGS.16A and16B, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.17illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge1500coupled with the inner frame1615of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge1500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1615of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets1652located in the inner frame1615of the control device and the metal plates1652of the cartridge. In particular, when the cartridge1500is coupled with the inner frame1615of the control device, the plurality of magnets1652locate within respective detents1555of the metal plates1552A,1552B. In addition, when the cartridge1500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1615, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins1620A,1620B of the inner frame1615of the control device and the metal plates1552A,1552B of the cartridge1500. As such, when the cartridge1500is received in the inner frame1615of the control device, the heater1520of the cartridge1500may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Thus, when the cartridge1500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1615of the control device, the cartridge1500is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame1615of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.18Aillustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.18Aillustrates a portion of an inner frame1815for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame1815of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber1812that defines an upper portion1858thereof. The inner frame1815of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of magnets1852A,1852B located in the outer wall of the control device and above the upper portion1858of the inner frame1815. In the depicted implementation, the magnets1852A,1852B are located on opposite sides of the control device and each magnet1852has a wedge shape that defines an undercut surface1857. In the depicted implementation, the magnets1852A,1852B may be affixed to the control device via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment are possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In addition, the inner frame1815of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins1820A,1820B located in the inner frame1815proximate the upper portion1858thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1820A,1820B comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber1812and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins1820A,1820B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible, such that deflection of the conductive pins1820A,1820B is facilitated when a cartridge is inserted into the receiving chamber1812. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins1820A,1820B may be affixed inside the inner frame1815via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins1820A,1820B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins1820A,1820B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.18Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.18Billustrates a cartridge1700that includes a tank1702that is defined by an outer tank wall1704that includes a proximal end1706and a distal end1708, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge1700may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge1700of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece1710that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall1712that includes a proximal end1714with an exit portal1715defined therein, and a distal end1716that engages the proximal end1706of the tank1702. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall1712includes a flange1750positioned between the proximal end1714and the distal end1716thereof. The cartridge1700of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of sliding metal plates1752A,1752B, which are disposed in the flange1750. In the depicted implementation, each of the metal plates1752has a pointed structure that defines a peak area1759and is configured to slide outward with the force of a spring and inward against the force of the spring. The extent to which the metal plates1752A,1752B extend outward is limited by the structure of the flange1750. The cartridge1700also includes a pair of conductive plugs1725A,1725B located on opposite sides of the mouthpiece1710and below the flange1750and metal plates1752A,1752B. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs1725A,1725B may be affixed inside the mouthpiece1710of the cartridge1700via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs1725A,1725B are operatively connected to a heater1720(seeFIGS.19A and19B) of the cartridge1700. As noted above, in various implementations, the conductive plugs1725A,1725B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, the metal plates1752A,1752B may comprise any material configured to be attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, the conductive plugs1725A,1725B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge1700ofFIG.18Bis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber1812of the inner frame1815ofFIG.18A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.19Aillustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge1700prior to being fully coupled with the inner frame1815of the control device, andFIG.19Billustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge1700after being coupled with the inner frame1815of the control device. As the cartridge1700is inserted into the inner frame1815of the control device, the pointed sliding metal plates first deflect inward until the peak areas1759of the metal plates1752A,1752B pass the top edge of the control device magnets1852A,1852B at which point the sliding metal plates1752A,1752B extend outward against the undercut surface1857of the magnets1852A,1852B until the cartridge is received in inner frame1815. As also illustrated in the figures, when the cartridge1700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1815of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the pair of magnets1857located in the control device and the pair of sliding metal plates1752A,1752B of the cartridge. In addition, when the cartridge1700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1815, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins1820A,1820B of the inner frame1815of the control device and the conductive plugs1725A,1725B of the cartridge1700. As such, when the cartridge1700is received in the inner frame1815of the control device, the heater1720of the cartridge1700may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Therefore, when the cartridge1700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame1815of the control device, the cartridge1700is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame1815of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.20Aillustrates a partial transparent perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.20Billustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.20A and20Billustrate a portion of an inner frame2015for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame2015of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber2012and an upper flange2050. The inner frame2015of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets2052located proximate the upper flange2050of the inner frame2015. In particular, the depicted implementation includes two pairs of cylindrical magnets2052A,2052B,2052C,2052D each pair located on opposite sides of the inner frame2015and extending proximate the upper flange2050thereof, with each of the plurality of magnets being located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature2053, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange2050. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. Although other methods are possible, the magnets2052A,2052B,2052C,2052D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the magnet receiving features2053via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame2015of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins2020A,2020B located in the inner frame2015and below the upper flange2050thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins2020A,2020B comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased inward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends into the cartridge receiving chamber2012and is configured to deflect outward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins2020A,2020B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible, such that deflection of the conductive pins2020A,2020B is facilitated when a cartridge is inserted into the receiving chamber2012. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins2020A,202B may be affixed inside the inner frame2015via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect outward against the force of the springs. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins2020A,2020B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins2020A,2020B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.20Cillustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.20Cillustrates a cartridge1900that includes a tank1902that is defined by an outer tank wall1904that includes a proximal end1906and a distal end1908, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge1900may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge1900of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece1910that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall1912that includes a proximal end1914with an exit portal1915defined therein, and a distal end1916that engages the proximal end1906of the tank1902. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall1912includes a flange1950positioned between the proximal end1914and the distal end1916thereof. The cartridge1900of the depicted implementation also includes a metal plate1952, which is disposed below the flange1950. In the depicted implementation, the metal plate1952is affixed to the bottom of the flange1950of the mouthpiece1910via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. The cartridge1900also includes a pair of conductive plugs1925A,1925B located on opposite sides of the mouthpiece1910and below the flange1950and metal plate1952. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs may be affixed inside the mouthpiece1910of the cartridge1900via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the conductive plugs1925A,1925B are operatively connected to a heater1920(seeFIG.21) of the cartridge1900. In various implementations, the conductive plugs may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, the metal plate1952may comprise any material configured to be attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, the conductive plugs1925A,1925B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge1900ofFIG.20Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber2012of the inner frame2015ofFIGS.20A and2B, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.21illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge1900coupled with the inner frame2015of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge1900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2015of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets2052A,2052B,2052C,2052D located in the inner frame2015of the control device and the metal plate1952of the cartridge1900. In addition, when the cartridge1900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2015, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins2020A,2020B of the inner frame2015of the control device and the conductive plugs1925A,1925B of the cartridge1900. As such, when the cartridge1900is received in the inner frame2015of the control device, the heater1920of the cartridge1900may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Therefore, when the cartridge1900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2015of the control device, the cartridge1900is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame2015of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.22Aillustrates a partial transparent perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.22Billustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.22A and22Billustrate a portion of an inner frame2215for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame2215of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber2212and an upper flange2250. The inner frame2215of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets2252located proximate the upper flange2250of the inner frame2215. In particular, the depicted implementation includes two pairs of cylindrical magnets2252A,2252B,2252C,2252D, each pair located on opposite sides of the inner frame2215and extending proximate the upper flange2250thereof, with each of the plurality of magnets being located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature2253, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange2250. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. Although other methods are possible, the magnets2252A,2252B,2252C,2252D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the magnet receiving features2253via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame2215of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins2220A,2220B located in the inner frame2215and proximate the upper flange2250thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins2220A,2220B comprise spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins), each of which is biased upward such that a portion of the end of the pin extends through the upper flange2250and is configured to deflect downward against the force of an integral spring, although in other implementations other types of conductive elements may be used. In the depicted implementation, ends of the conductive pins2220A,2220B have a rounded profile, although other profiles are possible. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins2220A,2220B may be affixed inside the inner frame2015via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process, such that the movable components of the conductive pins are able to deflect upward against the force of the springs. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins2220A,2220B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins2220A,2220B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.22Cillustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.22Cillustrates a cartridge2100that includes a tank2102that is defined by an outer tank wall2104that includes a proximal end2106and a distal end2108, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge2100may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge2100of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece2110that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall2112that includes a proximal end2114with an exit portal2115defined therein, and a distal end2116that engages the proximal end2106of the tank2102. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall2112includes a flange2150positioned between the proximal end2114and the distal end2116thereof. The cartridge2100of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of separate metal plates2152A,2152B which comprise part of the flange2150. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates2152A,2152B are affixed to the flange2150of the mouthpiece2110via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the separate metal plates2152A,2152B are operatively connected to a heater2120(seeFIG.23) of the cartridge2100. In various implementations, the metal plates may2152A,2152B comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge2100ofFIG.22Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber2212of the inner frame2215ofFIGS.22A and22B, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.23illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge2100coupled with the inner frame2215of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge2100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2215of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets2252A,2252B,2252C,2252D located in the inner frame2215of the control device and the metal plates2152A,2152B of the cartridge2100. In addition, when the cartridge2100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2215, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins2220A,2220B of the inner frame2215of the control device and the metal plates2152A,2152B of the cartridge2100. As such, when the cartridge2100is received in the inner frame2215of the control device, the heater2120of the cartridge2100may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Thus, when the cartridge2100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2215of the control device, the cartridge2100is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame2215of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.24Aillustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.24Aillustrates a portion of an inner frame2415for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame2415of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber2412and an upper flange2450. The inner frame2415of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of magnets2452A,2452B located proximate the upper flange2450of the inner frame2415. In particular, the depicted implementation includes two cylindrical magnets2452A,2452B located on opposite sides of the inner frame2415and extending through the upper flange2450thereof. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the top surfaces of the magnets2452A,2452B are substantially flush with the top surface of the upper flange2450. In the depicted implementation, each of the magnets is located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature2453, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange2450. Although other methods are possible, the magnets2452A,2452B of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the magnet receiving features2453via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. Although not shown in the figure, in the depicted implementation the magnets2452A,2452B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device. FIG.24Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.24Billustrates a cartridge2300that includes a tank2302that is defined by an outer tank wall2304that includes a proximal end2306and a distal end2308, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge2300may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge2300of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece2310that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall2312that includes a proximal end2314with an exit portal2315defined therein, and a distal end2316that engages the proximal end2306of the tank2302. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall2312includes a flange2350positioned between the proximal end2314and the distal end2316thereof. The cartridge2300of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of separate metal plates2352A,2352B which comprise part of the flange2350. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates2352A,2352B are affixed to the flange2350of the mouthpiece230via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the separate metal plates2352A,2352B are operatively connected to a heater2320(seeFIG.23) of the cartridge2300. In various implementations, the metal plates2352A,2352B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge2300ofFIG.24Bis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber2412of the inner frame2415ofFIG.24A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.25illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge2300coupled with the inner frame2415of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge2300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2415of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the pair of magnets2452A,2452B located in the inner frame2415of the control device and the metal plates2352A,2352B of the cartridge2300. In addition, when the cartridge2300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2415, an electrical connection is created between the pair magnets2452A,2452B of the inner frame2415of the control device and the metal plates2352A,2352B of the cartridge2300. As such, when the cartridge2300is received in the inner frame2415of the control device, the heater2320of the cartridge2300may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Therefore, when the cartridge2300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2415of the control device, the cartridge2300is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame2415of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.26Aillustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.26Aillustrates a portion of an inner frame2615for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame2615of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber2612and an upper flange2650. The inner frame2615of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of magnets2652A,2652B located proximate the upper flange2650of the inner frame2615. In particular, the depicted implementation includes two cylindrical magnets2652A,2652B located on opposite sides of the inner frame2615, with each of the magnets2652A,2652B being located inside a corresponding conductive casing2620A,2620B, which each magnet/casing (2652A,2620A,2652B,2620B) assembly extending through the upper flange2650thereof. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In addition, each of the conductive casings2620A,2620B and magnets2652is located inside of a corresponding receiving feature2653. Although other methods are possible, the magnets2652of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the conductive casings2620A,2620B via an adhesive and/or press-fit connection, and the conductive casings2620A,2620B (or the conductive casing and magnet assemblies (2620A,2652A,2620B,2652B)) of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the receiving features2653via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. Although not shown in the figure, the conductive casings2620A,2620B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device. In various implementations, the conductive casings2620A,2620B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.26Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.26Billustrates a cartridge2500that includes a tank2502that is defined by an outer tank wall2504that includes a proximal end2506and a distal end2508, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge2500may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge2500of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece2510that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall2512that includes a proximal end2514with an exit portal2515defined therein, and a distal end2516that engages the proximal end2506of the tank2502. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall2512includes a flange2550positioned between the proximal end2514and the distal end2516thereof. The cartridge2500of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of separate metal plates2552A,2552B which comprise part of the flange2550. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates2552A,2552B are affixed to the flange2550of the mouthpiece2510via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the separate metal plates2552A,2552B are operatively connected to a heater2520(seeFIG.27) of the cartridge2500. In various implementations, the metal plates2552A,2552B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge2500ofFIG.26Bis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber2612of the inner frame2615ofFIG.26A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.27illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge2500coupled with the inner frame2615of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge2500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2615of the control device, a direct magnetic connection is created between the pair of magnets2652located in the inner frame2615of the control device and the metal plates2552A,2552B of the cartridge2500. In addition, when the cartridge2500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2615, an electrical connection is created between the conductive casings2620A,2620B of the inner frame2615of the control device and the metal plates2552A,2552B of the cartridge2500. As such, when the cartridge2500is received in the inner frame2615of the control device, the heater2520of the cartridge2500may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Therefore, when the cartridge2500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2615of the control device, the cartridge2500is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame2615of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.28Aillustrates an exploded partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.268illustrates a portion of an inner frame2815for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame2815of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber2812and an upper flange2850. The inner frame2815of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of magnets2852A,2852B located proximate the upper flange2850of the inner frame2615. In particular, the depicted implementation includes two cylindrical magnets2852A,2852B located on opposite sides of the inner frame2815, with respective top an side surfaces of each magnet2852A,2852B being substantially surrounded by a corresponding conductive casing2820A,2820B, which each magnet/casing (2852A,2820A,2852B,2820B) assembly extending through the upper flange2850thereof. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the top surfaces of the conductive casings2820A,2820B are substantially flush with the top surface of the upper flange2850. In addition, each of the conductive casings2820and magnets2852is located inside of a corresponding receiving feature2853, which in the depicted implementation is an extension of the flange. Although other methods are possible, the magnets2852A,2852B of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the conductive casings2820A,2820B via an adhesive and/or press-fit connection, and the conductive casings2820A,2820B (or the conductive casing and magnet assemblies (2820,2852)) of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the receiving features2853via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. Although not shown in the figure, the conductive casings2820A,2820B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device. In various implementations, the conductive casings2820A,2820B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.28Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.28Billustrates a cartridge2700that includes a tank2702that is defined by an outer tank wall2704that includes a proximal end2706and a distal end2708, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge2700may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge2700of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece2710that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall2712that includes a proximal end2714with an exit portal2715defined therein, and a distal end2716that engages the proximal end2706of the tank2702. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall2712includes a flange2750positioned between the proximal end2714and the distal end2716thereof. The cartridge2700of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of separate metal plates2752A,2752B which comprise part of the flange2750. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates2752A,2752B are affixed to the flange2750of the mouthpiece2710via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the separate metal plates2752A,2752B are operatively connected to a heater2720(seeFIG.29) of the cartridge2700. In various implementations, the metal plates2752A,2752B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge2700ofFIG.28Bis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber2812of the inner frame2813ofFIG.28A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.29illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge2700coupled with the inner frame2815of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge2700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2813of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the pair of magnets2852A,2852B located in the inner frame2815of the control device and the metal plates2752A,2752B of the cartridge2700. In addition, when the cartridge2700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2815, an electrical connection is created between the conductive casings2820A,2820B of the inner frame2815of the control device and the metal plates2752A,2752B of the cartridge2700. As such, when the cartridge2700is received in the inner frame2815of the control device, the heater2720of the cartridge2700may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Therefore, when the cartridge2700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame2815of the control device, the cartridge2700is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame2815of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.30Aillustrates a partial exploded perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.31illustrates a portion of an inner frame3015for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame3015of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber3012and a flange3050defined at an upper end thereof. The inner frame3015of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets3052located proximate the upper flange3050of the inner frame3015. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets3052A,3052B,3052C,3052D, each of which has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, although in other implementation more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In the depicted implementation, the magnets3052A,3052B,3052C,3052D are approximately equally spaced around the outside of the inner frame3015and below the upper flange3050thereof. Each of the plurality of magnets is located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature3053, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange3050. Although other methods are possible, the magnets3052A,3052B,3052C,3052D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the respective magnet receiving features3053via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame3015of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of metal plates3020A,3020B located in the upper flange3050of the inner frame3015, which are exposed through openings in the upper flange3050. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the metal plates have a curved shape configured to match a portion of the upper flange3050, and the top surfaces of the magnets3020A,3020B are substantially flush with the top surface of the upper flange3050. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3020A,3020B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the metal plates3020A,3020B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.30Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.30Cillustrates a bottom view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.30B and30Cillustrate a cartridge2900that includes a tank2902that is defined by an outer tank wall2904that includes a proximal end2906and a distal end2908, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge2900may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge2900of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece2910that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall2912that includes a proximal end2914with an exit portal defined therein, and a distal end2916that engages the proximal end2906of the tank2902. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall2912includes a flange2950positioned between the proximal end2914and the distal end2916thereof. The cartridge2900of the depicted implementation also includes two pairs of metal plates. In particular, the cartridge2900includes a pair of short metal plates2925A,2925B, which extend around opposite corners of the flange2950of cartridge2900, and a pair of long metal plates2952A,2952B, which extend around the other opposite corners of the flange2950and terminate proximate the ends of the pair of short metal plates2925A,2925B. In the depicted implementation, each of the first pair of metal plates2925A,2925B has a curved shape configured to match a portion of the flange2950, and each of the second pair of metal plates2952A,2952B has a curved shape configured to match another portion of the flange2950. In the depicted implementation, the first and second pairs of metal plates2925A,2925B,2952A,2952B are affixed to the bottom of the flange2950of the mouthpiece2910via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the first pair of metal plates2925A,2925B are operatively connected to a heater2920(seeFIG.31) of the cartridge2900. In various implementations, the short metal plates3020A,3020B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, the long metal plates2952A,2952B may comprise any material configured to be attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge2900ofFIGS.30B and30Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber3012of the inner frame3015ofFIG.30A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.30Aillustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge2900coupled with the inner frame3015of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge2900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3015of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets3052A,3052B,3052C, and3052D located in the inner frame3015of the control device and the second pair of metal plates2952A, and2952B of the cartridge2900. In addition, when the cartridge2900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3015, an electrical connection is created between the pair metal plates3020A,3020B of the inner frame3015of the control device and the first pair of metal plates2925A,2925B of the cartridge2900. As such, when the cartridge2900is received in the inner frame3015of the control device, the heater2920of the cartridge2900may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. As such, when the cartridge2900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3015of the control device, the cartridge2900is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame3015of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.32Aillustrates a partial exploded perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.32Aillustrates a portion of an inner frame3215for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame3215of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber3212and a flange3250defined at an upper end thereof. The inner frame3215of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets3252located proximate the upper flange3250of the inner frame3015. In the depicted implementation, there are four individual magnets3252A,3252B,3252C,3252D, each of which has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, although in other implementation more or less individual magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In the depicted implementation, the magnets3252A,3252B,3252C,3252D are approximately equally spaced around the outside of the inner frame3215and below the upper flange3250thereof. Each of the plurality of magnets is located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature3253, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange3250. Although other methods are possible, the magnets3252A,3252B,3252C,3252D of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the respective magnet receiving features3253via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame3215of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of metal plates3220A,3220B located on opposite corners of the upper flange3250of the inner frame3215, and which are exposed through openings in the upper flange3250. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the metal plates have a curved shape configured to match a portion of the upper flange3250, and the top surfaces of the magnets3220A,3220B are substantially flush with the top surface of the upper flange3050. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3020A,3020B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the metal plates3220A,3220B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.32Billustrates a perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.32Cillustrates a bottom view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.32B and32Cillustrate a cartridge3100that includes a tank3102that is defined by an outer tank wall3104that includes a proximal end3106and a distal end3108, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge3100may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge3100of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece3110that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall3112that includes a proximal end3114with an exit portal defined therein, and a distal end3116that engages the proximal end3106of the tank3102. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall3112includes a flange3150positioned between the proximal end3114and the distal end3116thereof. The cartridge3100of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of separate metal plates. In particular, the cartridge3100includes a pair of metal plates3152A,3152B, which are located on opposite sides of cartridge3100. In the depicted implementation, each of the metal plates3152A,3152B has a curved shape configured to match a portion of the flange3150. In particular, each plate3152A,3152B begins proximate a first corner of the flange3150extends around that corner and a second corner of the flange3150and ends proximate the corner of the flange opposite the first corner. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3152A,3152B are affixed to the bottom of the flange3150of the mouthpiece3110via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3152A,3152B are operatively connected to a heater3120(seeFIG.33) of the cartridge3100. In various implementations, the metal plates3152A,3152B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or combinations thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge3100ofFIGS.32B and32Cis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber3212of the inner frame3215ofFIG.32A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.33illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge3100coupled with the inner frame3215of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge3100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3215of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets3252A,3252B,3252C, and3252D located in the inner frame3215of the control device and the metal plates3152A,3152B of the cartridge3100. In addition, when the cartridge3100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3215, an electrical connection is created between the metal plates3220A,3220B of the inner frame3215of the control device and the metal plates3152A,3152B of the cartridge3100. As such, when the cartridge3100is coupled with the inner frame3215of the control device, the heater3120of the cartridge3100may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. As such, when the cartridge3100of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3215of the control device, the cartridge3100is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame3215of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.34illustrates a partial exploded perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.34illustrates a portion of an inner frame3415for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame3415of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber3412and a flange3450defined at an upper end thereof. The inner frame3415of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of magnets3452A,3452B on opposite sides of the flange3450. In the depicted implementation, each of the magnets3452A,3452B has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In other implementations, more or less magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. In the depicted implementation, each of the magnets3452A,3452B is located below the top surface of the flange3450and inside of respective magnet receiving feature3453, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange3450. Although other methods are possible, the magnets3452A,3252B of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the respective magnet receiving features3453via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame3415of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of metal plates3420A,3420B located on opposite sides of the upper flange3450of the inner frame3215, and which are exposed through openings in the upper flange3450. In the depicted implementation, each of the metal plates3420A,3420B is located inside of respective receiving feature3455, which, in the depicted implementation, comprises part of the upper flange3450. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the metal plates have a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape, and the top surfaces of the metal plates3420A,3420B are substantially flush with the top surface of the upper flange3450. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3420A,3420B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the metal plates3420A,3420B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.35Aillustrates a partial perspective view of a cartridge coupled with an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure, andFIG.35Billustrates a partial transparent perspective view of a cartridge coupled with an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIGS.35A and35Billustrate a cartridge3300that includes a tank (not visible) that is defined by an outer tank wall that includes a proximal end and a distal end, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge3300may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge3300of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece3310that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall3312that includes a proximal end3314with an exit portal3315defined therein, and a distal end (not visible) that engages the proximal end of the tank. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall3312includes a flange3350positioned between the proximal end3314and the distal end thereof. The cartridge3300of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of metal plates. In particular, the cartridge3300includes metal plates3352A,3352B, which extend around respective adjacent sides of the flange3350of the cartridge such that they extend around on set of opposite corners of the flange3350but do not extend around the other set of opposite corners of the flange3350. In the depicted implementation, each of the metal plates3352A,3352B has a curved J-shape configured to match a portion of the flange3350as described above, and to operatively connect to a heater3320of the cartridge3300. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3352A,3352B are affixed to the bottom of the flange3350of the mouthpiece3310via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In various implementations, the metal plates3352A,3352B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys such as steel, and/or combinations thereof. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge3300is configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber3412of the inner frame3415, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIGS.35A and35Billustrate a partial perspective views of the cartridge3300coupled with the inner frame3415of the control device. As illustrated in the figures, when the cartridge3300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3415of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the magnets3452A,3452B located in the inner frame3415of the control device and the metal plates3352A,3352B of the cartridge3300. In addition, when the cartridge3300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3415, an electrical connection is created between the metal plates3420A,3420B of the inner frame3415of the control device and the metal plates3352A,3352B of the cartridge3300. As such, when the cartridge3300is coupled with the inner frame3415of the control device, the heater3320of the cartridge3300may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. As such, when the cartridge3300of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3415of the control device, the cartridge3300is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame3415of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.36Aillustrates a partial perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.36Aillustrates a portion of an inner frame3615for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame3615of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber3612and a flange3650defined at an upper end thereof. The inner frame3615of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of magnets3652A,3652B on opposite sides of the flange3650. In the depicted implementation, each of the magnets3652A,3652B has a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. In other implementations, more or less magnets may be used and the magnets may have different shapes and/or sizes. In the depicted implementation, each of the magnets3652A,3652B is located below the top surface of the flange3650and inside of respective magnet receiving feature3653, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange3650. Although other methods are possible, the magnets3652A,3652B of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the respective magnet receiving features3653via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame3615of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of metal plates3620A,3620B located on opposite sides of the upper flange3650of the inner frame3615. In the depicted implementation, each of the metal plates3620A,3620B is located below the top surface of the flange3650and inside of respective receiving feature3655, which, in the depicted implementation, comprises part of the upper flange3650. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the metal plates have a substantially block-like or rectangular prismatic shape. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3620A,3620B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the metal plates3620A,3620B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.36Billustrates a partial transparent perspective view of a cartridge coupled with an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.36Billustrates a cartridge3500that includes a tank3502that is defined by an outer tank wall3504that includes a proximal end3506and a distal end3508, which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge3500may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge3500of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece3510that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall3512that includes a proximal end3514with an exit portal3515defined therein, and a distal end3516that engages the proximal end3506of the tank3502. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall3512includes a flange3550positioned between the proximal end3514and the distal end3516thereof. The cartridge3500of the depicted implementation also includes a metal plate3552, which is disposed below the flange3550. In the depicted implementation, the metal plate3552is affixed to the bottom of the flange3550of the mouthpiece3510via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process, a press-fit connection, a heat staking connection, etc. The cartridge3500also includes a pair of conductive springs3525A,3525B located on opposite sides of the mouthpiece3510. In the depicted implementation, each of the conductive springs includes a contact surface3565A,3565B that is exposed through a respective opening in the mouthpiece3510below the flange3550. In the depicted implementation, the conductive springs3525A,3525B may be affixed inside the mouthpiece3510of the cartridge3500via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process. In the depicted implementation, the conductive springs3525A,3525B are operatively connected to a heater3520(seeFIG.37) of the cartridge3500. In various implementations, the conductive springs3525A,3525B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. In various implementations, the metal plate3552may comprise any material configured to be attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, and alloys such as steel. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge3500is configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber3612of the inner frame3615, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.37illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge3500coupled with the inner frame3615of a control device. As illustrated in the figures, when the cartridge3500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3615of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the magnets3652A,3652B located in the inner frame3615of the control device and the metal plate3552of the cartridge3500. In addition, when the cartridge3500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3615, an electrical connection is created between the metal plates3620A,3620B of the inner frame3615of the control device and the conductive springs3525A,3525B of the cartridge3500. As such, when the cartridge3500is coupled with the inner frame3615of the control device, the heater3520of the cartridge3500may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. As such, when the cartridge3500of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3615of the control device, the cartridge3500is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame3615of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. FIG.38Aillustrates a partial transparent perspective view of an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.38Aillustrates a portion of an inner frame3815for use with a corresponding control device. In many aspects, the control device may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the control device200described above. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations), which will not be repeated here. As shown in the figures, the inner frame3815of the depicted implementation includes a cartridge receiving chamber3812and an upper flange3850. The inner frame3815of the depicted implementation also includes a plurality of magnets3852located proximate the upper flange3850of the inner frame3815. In particular, the depicted implementation includes two pairs of cylindrical magnets3852A,3852B,3852C,3852D, each pair located on opposite sides of the inner frame3815and extending proximate the upper flange3850thereof, with each of the plurality of magnets being located inside a corresponding magnet receiving feature3853, which, in the depicted implementation, is an extension of the upper flange3850. Reference is made to the possible magnet materials discussed above. Although other methods are possible, the magnets3852of the depicted implementation may be affixed inside the magnet receiving features3853via a press-fit and/or adhesive connection, or via an insert molding process. In addition, the inner frame3815of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of conductive pins3820A,3820B located in the inner frame3815and proximate the upper flange3850thereof. In the depicted implementation, the conductive pins3820A,3820B comprise cylindrical metal pins located on opposite sides of the inner frame3815and which extend through the upper flange3850. Although other configurations are possible, in the depicted implementation, the top surfaces of the metal pins3820A,3820B extend above (e.g., extend slightly above) the top surface of the upper flange3850. In the depicted implementation the conductive pins3820A,3820B are operatively connected to the battery of the control device in order, as will be discussed below, to provide power to the heater of an inserted cartridge. In various implementations, the conductive pins3820A,3820B may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. FIG.38Billustrates a partial perspective view of a cartridge according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.38Billustrates a cartridge3700that includes a tank3702that is defined by an outer tank wall3704that includes a proximal end3706and a distal end (not visible), which is closed. In many aspects, the cartridge3700may have a similar configuration and may include similar components (and similar configuration and component variations) as that of the cartridge300described above, which will not be repeated here. As such, reference is made to the pertinent discussions of these configurations and components (and configuration and component variations). The cartridge3700of the depicted implementation includes a mouthpiece3710that is defined by an outer mouthpiece wall3712that includes a proximal end3714with an exit portal (not visible) defined therein, and a distal end3716that engages the proximal end3706of the tank3702. In the depicted implementation, the mouthpiece wall3712includes a flange3750positioned between the proximal end3714and the distal end3716thereof. The cartridge3700of the depicted implementation also includes a pair of separate metal plates3752A,3752B which comprise part of the flange3750. In the depicted implementation, each of the metal plates3752A,3752B includes an integrated spring contact3765A,3765B that extends below the flange3750. In the depicted implementation, the metal plates3752A,3752B are affixed to the flange3750of the mouthpiece3710via an adhesive, although in other implementations other methods of attachment of possible, including, for example, via an insert molding process, a press-fit connection, a heat staking connection, etc. In the depicted implementation, the separate metal plates3752A,3752B are operatively connected to a heater3720(seeFIG.39) of the cartridge3700. In various implementations, the metal plates3752A,3752B may comprise any material configured to be electrically conductive and attracted by a magnet, such as various ferromagnetic materials, including, but not limited, to iron, nickel, cobalt, and alloys such as steel. In some implementations, one or both of the metal plates may be constructed of a bi-metal material, such as a bi-metal plate, in which one or more portions of the plate that are configured to contact the conductive pins comprise an electrically conductive spring material, and one or more portions of the plate that are configured to contact the magnets comprise a different material that suitable for attraction to a magnet. In various implementations, a portion of the cartridge3700ofFIG.38Bis configured to be coupled with the cartridge receiving chamber3812of the inner frame3815ofFIG.38A, such that magnetic and electrical connections are created between the cartridge and the control device. In particular,FIG.39illustrates a partial cross-section view of the cartridge3700coupled with the inner frame3815of the control device. As illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge3700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3815of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between the plurality of magnets3852A,3852B,3852C,3852D located in the inner frame3815of the control device and the metal plates3752A,3752B of the cartridge3700. In addition, when the cartridge3700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3815, an electrical connection is created between the pair conductive pins3820A,3820B of the inner frame3815of the control device and the integrated spring contacts3765A,3765B of the cartridge3700. As such, when the cartridge3700is received in the inner frame3815of the control device, the heater3720of the cartridge3700may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Therefore, when the cartridge3700of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame3815of the control device, the cartridge3700is mechanically biased into connection with the inner frame3815of the control device such that the electrical connection is maintained between the cartridge and the control device. It should be noted that in various implementations, some components of the either the control device, the cartridge, or both the control device and the cartridge may be substituted with other components with similar function but different structure. For example, several of the implementations above describe the use of spring-loaded pins (e.g., electrical pogo pins) in an inner frame of a control device, wherein the spring-loaded pins are connected to the battery of the control device. In various alternate implementations, one or both of the electrical pogo pins used in those implementations may be replaced with metal plates that include formed contact surfaces. An example of such an implementation is shown inFIG.40, which illustrates a partial cross-section view of a cartridge coupled with an inner frame of a control device according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.40illustrates a cartridge3900coupled with the inner frame4015of a control device. In the depicted implementation, spring-loaded electrical pins have been replaced with metal plates4020that include rounded deflecting contact areas4065, which are configured to engage electrical contacts of the cartridge. In various implementations, the metal plate4020may be constructed of any electrically conductive material, including, for example, but not limited to, copper, beryllium copper, aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, iron, steel, brass, bronze, graphite, conductive ceramic materials, and/or any combination thereof. Thus, as illustrated in the figure, when the cartridge3900of the depicted implementation is coupled with the inner frame4015of the control device, a magnetic connection is created between magnets of the control device and the metal plate3952of the cartridge3900, and an electrical connection is created between the contact areas4065of the metal plates4020of the inner frame4015of the control device and electrical contacts3925of the cartridge3900that are connected to a heater3920. As such, when the cartridge3900is coupled with the inner frame4015of the control device, the heater3920of the cartridge3900may be operatively connected to the battery of the control device. Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosure will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

11856989

Reference signs: atomizing structural member100, liquid-storing structural member200, suction nozzle structural member300; atomizing core assembly110, heating element120, sealing upper cover130, electrode assembly140, ventilation tube150, mounting member160, base170, base sleeve180, air channel190; atomizing portion111, liquid guiding portion112, mounting region113, inner wall114, outer wall115, first end116, second end117, leak-proof sealing layer118, liquid absorbing face119, wall portion112A, cup bottom112B, liquid inlet131, through hole132, sealing protrusion133, accommodating cavity134, electrode core141, electrode pressing piece142, electrode seat143, electrode sealing sleeve144, insulating wiring tube145, positioning groove151, air inlet171, fixed end172, connecting end173, first air channel191, second air channel192, main air channel193, first outer tube210, second outer tube220, liquid storing structure230, sealing groove231, liquid storing chamber240, suction nozzle310, opening311, sealing plug320, suction nozzle sealing sleeve330, positioning protrusion331, suction nozzle inner tube340. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS In order to make the above objects, features and advantages of the present application more clearly understood, the specific embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present application. However, the present application can be implemented in many other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar improvements without departing from the intention of the present application. Therefore, the present application is not limited by the specific embodiments disclosed below. It should be noted that when a component is referred to as being “fixed to” or “provided on” another component, it can be directly on the other component or there may also be an intervening component. When a component is considered to be “connected” to another component, it is directly connected to the other component or there is an intervening component. The terms “vertical”, “horizontal”, “upper”, “lower”, “left”, “right” and similar expressions used in the specification of this application are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the only way of implementation. In addition, the terms “first” and “second” are only used for descriptive purposes, and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implying the number of the indicated technical features. Thus, a feature denoted with “first”, “second” may expressly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of the present application, “plurality” means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless expressly and specifically defined otherwise. In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and defined, a first feature “on” or “under” a second feature means that the first feature directly contacts the second feature, or the first feature indirectly contacts the second feature through a middle feature. Also, a first feature is “over” or “above” or “on top of” a second feature means that the first feature is directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or simply means that the level of the first feature is higher than that of the second feature. A first feature “below” or “under” or “underneath” a second feature means that the first feature is directly below or obliquely below the second feature, or simply means that the level of the first feature is lower than that of the second feature. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in the specification of this application have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the technical field to which this application belongs. The terms used in the specification of the present application are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only, and are not intended to limit the present application. As used in this specification, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The present application discloses an atomizing structural member which may include some or all of the structures of the following embodiments. In one of the embodiments, an atomizing core assembly of an atomizing structural member is shown inFIG.1, which may include an atomizing portion111and a liquid guiding portion112, the liquid guiding portion112may be arranged in contact with the atomizing portion111, the liquid guiding portion112may be used to deliver an atomizing medium to the atomizing portion111. Further, in one of the embodiments shown inFIG.2, the atomizing portion111may have a cylindrical shape. Further, the atomizing portion111may be made of a porous material with a hollow structure, which can also be called a hollow porous body. Further, the pore diameter of the porous material may be 100 nm to 120 μm; in one of the embodiments, the pore diameter of the porous material may be 1 μm to 100 μm. In one of the embodiments, the porous material has a pore diameter of 10 μm to 50 μm. In one of the embodiments, the liquid guiding portion112may be made of the same material as the atomizing portion111. The material of the porous material may be ceramic or glass. In one of the embodiments, the internal porosity of the porous material may be 30% to 90%, and in one of the embodiments, the internal porosity of the porous material may be 50% to 65%. Referring toFIG.2again, the atomizing portion111of the atomizing core assembly may have an inner wall114and an outer wall115, the inner wall114forms a first atomizing face and a first air channel191for delivering the aerosol generated from the first atomizing face, the outer wall115forms a second atomizing face, the liquid guiding portion112may be provided with at least one opening that forms at least one second air channel192for delivering the aerosol generated from the second atomizing face. It can be understood that, in this embodiment, the atomizing portion111may be made of a porous material, which may be used to transfer the atomizing medium delivered from the liquid guiding portion112to the first end116of the atomizing portion111by overcoming the gravitational factor through capillary action, and transfer to the second end117of the atomizing portion111by capillary action as well as gravitational force. In one of the embodiments, the contacting position of the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111may be located in a central region of an outer wall115of the atomizing portion111, so as to evenly deliver the atomizing medium to both ends of the atomizing portion111; in one of the embodiments, the contacting position of the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111may be located in a force balance region of the outer wall115of the atomizing portion111, the force balance region is a balance region of the capillary force and the gravitational force, so that the atomizing medium can be evenly delivered to the first end116and the second end117of the atomizing portion111under the capillary action and the gravitational action. Such a design is advantageous in ensuring the stability of atomization, thereby ensuring consistency of the atomized aerosol. Further, in this embodiment, the contacting position of liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111, i.e., the connecting faces of the two, may be located at a central region of the outer wall115, and may divide the outer wall115into an upper end and a lower end, i.e., an upper end region and a lower end region are formed, in order to deliver the aerosol generated from the upper end and the lower end, the liquid guiding portion112may be provided with an opening that can communicate the upper end with the lower end to achieve fluid communication, there may be one or more openings, in order to improve the delivery efficiency, the opening can be formed on the connecting faces where the liquid guiding portion112and the outer wall115are connected, i.e., the opening and the outer wall115form the second air channel192. In order to enable the atomizing medium to be smoothly delivered from the liquid guiding portion112to the atomizing portion111, the liquid guiding face of the liquid guiding portion112, i.e., the liquid absorbing face, may have a level that is higher than that of the connecting faces of the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111. Further, in this embodiment, a mounting region113may be formed between the atomizing portion111and the liquid guiding portion112of the atomizing core assembly, the mounting region113may be used to facilitate mounting of other structures, such as a sealing upper cover and/or a ventilation tube, so as to fix the atomizing core assembly and/or a liquid storing chamber in which the atomizing medium is sealed and stored. Further, in one of the embodiments, the liquid guiding portion112may be provided with a wall portion112A, the wall portion112A may be arranged in contact with the atomizing portion111, and the wall portion112A may be used to contact with the atomizing medium and the atomizing medium may be delivered to the atomizing portion111. In a state of use, the wall portion112A may have a position that is higher than the atomizing portion111in the direction of gravity. For the embodiment with the wall portion112A, the opening of the liquid guiding portion112may be formed in the wall portion112A, further, in one of the embodiments, at least one opening may be provided at a contacting position of the wall portion112A and the atomizing portion111, so that the upper end region and the lower end region of the opening are in fluid communication; and/or, the wall portion112A may be provided with at least one opening at a position adjacent to the atomizing portion111, so that the upper and lower end regions of the opening are in fluid communication. Further, in one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.2again, the liquid guiding portion112has a cup-shaped structure, and the cup-shaped structure may be provided with the wall portion112A and a connecting cup bottom112B, the cup bottom112B may be arranged to be in contact with the atomizing portion111, the wall portion112A may be used for contacting with the atomizing medium, and the atomizing medium may be delivered to the atomizing portion111through the cup bottom112B. For the embodiment with the cup bottom112B, the opening of the liquid guiding portion112may be formed in the cup bottom112B. In one of the embodiments, the cup bottom112B may be provided with at least one opening at its contacting position with the atomizing portion111, so that the upper end region and the lower end region of the opening are in fluid communication; and/or, the cup bottom112B may be provided with at least one opening at a position adjacent to the atomizing portion111, so that the upper end region and the lower end region of the opening are in fluid communication, forming the second air channel192; and/or, the wall portion112A and the cup bottom112B form an included angle greater than or equal to 90 degrees; and/or the cup bottom112B may be in a regular shape with a centre, and the atomizing portion111may be located at a central region of the cup bottom112B. In the embodiment shown inFIG.2, the wall portion112A and the cup bottom112B form an included angle of 90 degrees. In one of the embodiments, the liquid guiding portion112may be provided with a liquid absorbing face119which is in contact with the atomizing medium, the level of the liquid absorbing face119may be higher than that of the connecting faces, so as to improve the delivery efficiency of the atomizing medium, in one of the embodiments as shown inFIG.3, the liquid guiding portion112may be provided with a liquid absorbing face119which is in contact with the atomizing medium, the liquid absorbing face119may be used to transfer the atomizing medium to the atomizing portion111through the liquid guiding portion112. For the porous material, the liquid absorbing face119delivers the atomizing medium from the interior of the liquid guiding portion112to the atomizing portion111through capillary action. In one of the embodiments, the wall portion112A may be provided with the liquid absorbing face119which is in contact with the atomizing medium, and in a state of use, the liquid absorbing face119may be higher than a contacting position of the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111in the direction of gravity, i.e., when the atomizing core assembly is in use, the liquid absorbing face119contacts the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber, and in the direction of gravity, the contacting position of the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111may be lower than the liquid absorbing face119, so that the liquid absorbing face119can deliver the atomizing medium to the atomizing portion111through the liquid guiding portion112. In one of the embodiments, the highest position of the wall portion112A may be provided with the liquid absorbing face119which is in contact with the atomizing medium, in the state of use, all of the liquid absorbing face19may be higher than the first end116in the direction of gravity. When the pores of the porous material are small, the capillary action may be more significant than the gravitational action, in one of the embodiments, in the state of use, the highest position of the atomizing portion111in the direction of gravity may be lower than the highest position of the wall portion112A to which the atomizing medium is delivered by capillary force, i.e., the first end116may be higher than the highest position of the wall portion112A, e.g., the liquid absorbing face119, it only needs to be able to deliver the atomizing medium to the first end116by capillary force. Further, in one of the embodiments, the wall portion112A may be provided with a flow guiding channel arranged in contact with the liquid absorbing face119and the atomizing portion111respectively, or the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111may be of an integral structure, so that the atomizing medium may be delivered to the atomizing portion111through the interior of the liquid guiding portion112. In one of the embodiments, the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111are of an integral structure, and the connecting faces of the liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111may be located in a central region of the outer wall115to ensure that cigarette oil can be evenly distributed to various regions of the atomizing portion111. Further, in one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.3again, the atomizing core assembly110may be provided with a leak-proof sealing layer118at the liquid guiding portion112, and the leak-proof sealing layer118may be used to prevent the atomizing medium from leaking out of the liquid guiding portion112; the leak-proof sealing layer118may be provided at the liquid guiding portion112except for the liquid absorbing face119and the contacting position; in one of the embodiments, the leak-proof sealing layer118may be only disposed on the cup bottom112B. Further, in one of the embodiments, the leak-proof sealing layer118may be a coating or a lamella. In one of the embodiments, the atomizing structural member shown inFIG.4may include an atomizing core assembly110and a heating element120; the atomizing core assembly110may include the atomizing portion111and the liquid guiding portion112, the heating element120may be embedded in the interior of the atomizing portion111, and the atomizing portion111may be an article of porous material; the liquid guiding portion112may be arranged in contact with the atomizing portion111, the liquid guiding portion112may be used to deliver an atomizing medium to the atomizing portion111, i.e., the heating element may be embedded in the interior of the atomizing portion111, and the liquid guiding portion112may be in contact with the atomizing portion111and may be used to deliver the atomizing medium to the atomizing portion111. Referring toFIG.5andFIG.6, the atomizing portion111may have an inner wall114and an outer wall115, through the action of the heating element120, the inner wall114forms a first atomizing face and a first air channel191for delivering the aerosol generated from the first atomizing face, the outer wall115forms a second atomizing face, i.e., the inner wall114of the atomizing portion111cooperates with the heating element120to form the first atomizing face, and the outer wall115of the atomizing portion111cooperates with the heating element120to form the second atomizing face. In the embodiment shown inFIG.6, the cup bottom112B may be circular, i.e., one of the regular shapes with a centre, and the atomizing portion111may be located in a central region of the cup bottom112B. Referring toFIG.7andFIG.8, the liquid guiding portion112may be provided with at least one opening to form at least one second air channel192for delivering the aerosol generated from the second atomizing face. The shape and number of the opening are not limited, and the liquid guiding portion112may be evenly formed with at least three openings, and each of the openings may be circumferentially distributed. That is, the atomizing portion111may include an inner wall114and an outer wall115, the inner wall114forms the first atomizing face and the first air channel191that delivers the aerosol generated from the first atomizing face, and the outer wall115forms a second atomizing face. The liquid guiding portion112may be provided with at least one opening to form at least one second air channel192that delivers the aerosol generated from the second atomizing face, and the second air channel192can have multiple sub-channels according to the number of the opening. The other embodiments are similar, and will not be repeated. The above-mentioned atomizing structural member is an ingenious design of the structure of the atomizing portion111. In one aspect, two atomizing faces are formed on the inner wall and the outer wall respectively. Since the two atomizing faces can undergo atomization action and generate aerosol respectively, it has the advantage of generation of a large amount of atomized aerosol; in another aspect, the atomizing portion111indirectly contacts the atomizing medium that has not been atomized in the liquid storing chamber through the liquid guiding portion112, so there is a relatively long distance from the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber, this can avoid deterioration of the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber by the high temperature. Further, in the case of avoiding the heating of the atomizing medium, it also has the following advantages: the atomizing medium is a fluid, and the fluid will change its adhesion when heated. The change of the adhesion will also affect the fluidity of the fluid, thereby affecting the efficiency of the capillary action of the liquid guiding portion112, and changing the liquid flowing rate, so avoiding the heating of the atomizing medium can ensure uniformity of the flowing rate of the atomizing medium to a certain extent; in a further aspect, since the liquid guiding portion112is used to deliver the atomizing medium to the atomizing portion111, it has the advantage of a stable amount of delivery, thereby ensuring the stability of atomization, with the avoidance of heating of the atomizing medium, it is beneficial to ensure the uniformity of delivery rate of the atomizing medium, thereby ensuring the consistency of the atomized aerosol. In one of the embodiments, the heating element120may be a resistance heating element. The heating element120may be connected to an electrode assembly of the atomizing structural member, and when connected to a power source, it heats and atomizes the atomizing medium absorbed by the atomizing portion111to generate aerosol. Further, in one of the embodiments, the heating element120may be a resistance heating element, which may be made of a conductive material such as metal or alloy. Further, in one of the embodiments, the heating element120may be disposed between the inner wall114and the outer wall115, and the heating element120may be spaced apart from the inner wall114and the outer wall115. Further, in one of the embodiments, the heating element120may have a uniform shape and the heating element120may have the same interval with the inner wall114and the outer wall115, so that the heating element120can have a uniform heating effect on the first atomizing face and the second atomizing face. That is, the heating element120has the same first distance with respect to the inner wall114, the heating element120has the same second distance with respect to the outer wall115, and the first distance may be equal to the second distance. The distance from the centreline of the longitudinal cross section of the heating element120to the outer wall115is the same as that to the inner wall114, or the distance from an edge of the heating element120near the outer wall115to the outer wall115is the same as the distance from an edge of the heating element120near the inner wall114to the inner wall114. Further, in one of the embodiments, the heating element120may include a filament structure, a tubular structure, a spiral structure, a mesh structure, a sheet structure and a thick film structure; it is understood that the shape of the heating element120is not limited to these structures, as long as it can be placed evenly in the atomizing portion111to achieve a stable heating effect. In one of the embodiments, as shown inFIG.4andFIG.20, the heating element120may have the shape of a spiral structure; in another embodiment, as shown inFIG.9, the shape of the heating element120may be cylindrical or a straight strip. Further, in one of the embodiments, the heating element120may be embedded and disposed between the outer wall115and the inner wall114of the atomizing portion111, and there may be a certain distance between them, so as to avoid powdering in the region where the wall thickness may be too thin when heating at high temperature, which may affect the atomization effect and even threaten the user's health. The liquid guiding portion112and the atomizing portion111may adopt an integrated design, and the liquid guiding portion112first delivers the atomizing medium to the outer wall115through the connecting faces, and then delivers it to the entire atomizing portion111by capillary action of ceramic, the atomizing medium saturation at the outer wall115may be relatively greater than the atomizing medium saturation at the inner wall114, in order to have atomization at the inner wall114and the outer wall115at the same time, and maintain the consistency of the aerosol concentration, the heating element120may be placed in the middle of the outer wall115and the inner wall114, or may be deviated towards an upper portion of the outer wall115. When in use, the heating element120may be located inside the atomizing portion111having a hollow porous body, and both the inner wall114and the outer wall115can form an atomizing face, and the integrated liquid guiding portion112can evenly transfer the atomizing medium, e.g. a type of oil or paste, into the atomizing portion111, the aerosol generated from the inner wall114may be discharged through a middle air channel, i.e., the first air channel191, and the aerosol generated from the outer wall115may be discharged through a number of peripheral channels, i.e., the second air channels192, located between the liquid guiding portion112and the outer wall115of the atomizing portion111. Since the two atomizing faces of the atomizing portion111have atomization action, this can effectively increase the amount of atomized aerosol and improve the user's suction experience; at the same time, there is a relatively long distance between the atomizing faces and the liquid absorbing face, this can avoid the deterioration of the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber caused by high temperature. In one of the embodiments, an atomizing device10shown inFIG.10may include a liquid-storing structural member200and the atomizing structural member100described in any of the embodiments; referring toFIG.12, the liquid-storing structural member200may be provided with a liquid storing chamber240for accommodating the atomizing medium, and the liquid guiding portion112may be arranged to contact with the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber240. In this embodiment, the atomizing device may further include a suction nozzle structural member300. The suction nozzle structural member300may be disposed on the liquid-storing structural member200, the liquid-storing structural member200may be disposed on the atomizing structural member100, and the atomizing structural member100may be partially located in the liquid-storing structural member200. In one of the embodiments, the suction nozzle structural member300may be in fluid communication with the aerosol generated by the atomizing portion111, or the suction nozzle structural member300may be in fluid communication with the air channel190. In this embodiment, the suction nozzle structural member300may be provided with a suction nozzle310and a sealing plug320detachably covering the suction nozzle310; the liquid-storing structural member200may include a first outer tube210, a second outer tube220, and a liquid storing structure230, one end of the liquid storing structure230may be tightly combined with the atomizing structural member100through the first outer tube210, the other end of the liquid storing structure230may be tightly combined with the suction nozzle310through the second outer tube220. In one of the embodiments, the suction nozzle structural member300or its suction nozzle310may be in fluid communication with the first air channel191and the second air channel192, or the suction nozzle structural member300or its suction nozzle310may be in fluid communication with the main air channel193of the ventilation tube150of the atomizing structural member100. Referring toFIG.11, the atomizing structural member100may further include a base170, the base170may be tightly coupled with one end of the liquid storing structure230through the first outer tube210, and the connecting end of the base170may be located outside the liquid storing structure230, a power source for supplying power to the atomizing structural member100may be provided to directly or indirectly realize power connection. In this embodiment, the atomizing structural member100may further include a base sleeve180, the base sleeve180may be detachably mounted on the connecting end of the base170, so as to protect the structures, such as the electrode assembly, etc., provided in the base170when the device is not in use, such as during a transportation state. Furthermore, for ease of use, the base sleeve180may be a silicone or rubber article, so that it can be quickly mounted on the connecting end of the base170or detached from the connecting end of the base170, and the connecting end of the base170can be connected to the power source, e.g., a battery or its electrode connector, etc. In each embodiment, the atomizing device may be further provided with an air inlet and an air outlet, and the air inlet may be in fluid communication with the first air channel191and the second air channel192. The number of the air inlet may not be limited, for example, the atomizing device may include two air inlets, and the two air inlets may communicate with the first air channel191and the second air channel192respectively. The air outlet may be in fluid communication with the air channel190or the main air channel193. For example, the air outlet may be in fluid communication with the main air channel193of the ventilation tube150, so that aerosol can be discharged from the air outlet through the ventilation tube150. In one of the embodiments, the internal structure of the atomizing device is shown inFIG.12. The atomizing structural member100may further include a ventilation tube150, and the main air channel193of the ventilation tube150may be in fluid communication with the first air channel191, and the main air channel193may be at least partially in fluid communication with the second air channel192. In this embodiment, as shown inFIG.16, the atomizing structural member100may further include a base170, and a fixed end172of the base170may abut against the liquid-storing structural member200and the atomizing portion111or the sealing upper cover130of the atomizing structural member100, so as to facilitate mounting of the atomizing structural member100or the atomizing portion111, the connecting end173of the base170may be used for the mounting of a power source; in the present embodiment, the air inlet may be formed on the base170; referring toFIG.21, the base170may be formed with an air inlet171, and the air inlet171may be in fluid communication with the first air channel191and the second air channel192. In one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.13, the ventilation tube150may be provided with a positioning groove151, and the positioning groove151may be used for positioning and mounting of the suction nozzle structural member300or its suction nozzle sealing sleeve330. Further, the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330may be provided with a positioning protrusion331that corresponds to the positioning groove151, and the positioning protrusion331in the positioning groove151may be in close contact with the ventilation tube150. In one aspect, it is beneficial to ensure mounting and positioning, and avoid mounting which may be too shallow or too deep. In another aspect, it is beneficial to ensure the sealing effect on the connection of the ventilation tube150, and cooperate with other structures to jointly seal the liquid storing chamber240of the liquid-storing structural member200. Further, Further, in this embodiment, referring toFIG.15andFIG.16, the suction nozzle structural member300may be further provided with a suction nozzle inner tube340, the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330and the suction nozzle310may be sleeved around the ventilation tube150, the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330and the suction nozzle310may be respectively in contact with the ventilation tube150, and the suction nozzle310may be located above the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330, the suction nozzle inner tube340may be sleeved around the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330; the suction nozzle310may have an interlayer, the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330and the suction nozzle inner tube340may be at least partially located in the interlayer, and the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330and the suction nozzle inner tube340may be located between the suction nozzle310and the ventilation tube150; an extending end of the suction nozzle310may be located between the suction nozzle inner tube340and one end of the liquid storing structure230, the second outer tube220may be located outside one end of the liquid storing structure230, so that one end of the liquid storing structure230may match with the ventilation tube150through the second outer tube220, the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330and the suction nozzle inner tube340may together tightly combine with the suction nozzle310, i.e., the second outer tube220, the liquid storing structure230, the extending end of the suction nozzle310, the suction nozzle inner tube340, the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330and the other extending end of the suction nozzle310may be tightly sleeved on the outside of the ventilation tube150in sequence, wherein a portion of the suction nozzle sealing sleeve330may be directly sleeved on the outside of the ventilation tube150. In one aspect, such a design is beneficial in that the air channel190can communicate with the ventilation tube150at the suction nozzle structural member300and its suction nozzle310, in another aspect, it is beneficial in that it can seal the liquid storing chamber240of the liquid storing structure230, and prevent the atomizing medium from being evaporated by heat or volatilizing at normal temperature, and escaping from the end connected to the suction nozzle structural member300. In one of the embodiments, as shown inFIG.14, the atomizing structural member100may further include a mounting member160, and the mounting member160may cooperate with the base170to jointly fix the electrode assembly140. Further, in this embodiment, the bottom of the mounting member160may cooperate with the top of the base170to jointly fix the electrode assembly140or one end of the insulating wiring tube145. Further, the outer side of the mounting member160may abut against the base170, and the inner side of the mounting member160may tightly abut against the atomizing portion111, or the inner side of the mounting member160may tightly abut against the atomizing portion111and one end of the insulating wiring tube145, so as to cooperate with the base170, the liquid storing structure230and the first outer tube210in order to position and fix the atomizing portion111and the insulating wiring tube145, this is also an implementation in which one end of the liquid storing structure230may be tightly combined with the atomizing structural member100through the first outer tube210. In one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.14andFIG.17, the atomizing structural member100may further include a sealing upper cover130, the sealing upper cover130may be provided with a through hole132and at least one liquid inlet131, and the sealing upper cover130can seal the liquid storing chamber240. In one of the embodiments, the sealing upper cover130may seal the liquid storing chamber240by itself, or may cooperate with the suction nozzle structural member300to jointly seal the liquid storing chamber240, so that the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber240may contact with the liquid guiding portion112only through the liquid inlet131; the through hole132may be used for the passing through of the ventilation tube150of the atomizing structural member100, i.e., the ventilation tube150passes through the through hole132. Further, in one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.19andFIG.20, the sealing upper cover130may be formed with an accommodating cavity134, the liquid guiding portion112may be at least partially accommodated in the accommodating cavity134, and the sealing upper cover130may seal the liquid storing chamber240so that the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber240may be in contact with the liquid guiding portion112or the liquid absorbing face119only through the liquid inlet131. Further, in this embodiment, the sealing upper cover130may be further provided with a sealing protrusion133, and one end of the liquid storing structure230may be correspondingly provided with a sealing groove231, and the sealing groove231may be used for coordinating the positioning and mounting of the sealing upper cover130, the sealing protrusion133in the sealing groove231may tightly abut against the liquid storing structure230, in one aspect, it is beneficial to ensure mounting and positioning, and avoid mounting which may be too shallow or too deep, and in another aspect, it is beneficial to ensure the sealing effect at the connection of the liquid storing structure230, and coordinate together with other structures to seal the liquid storing chamber240of the liquid-storing structural member200. For the sealing of the liquid storing chamber, it has always been the focus of the field, and the present application is no exception. Due to the design of the ventilation tube150passing through the liquid storing chamber240, it is necessary to solve the problem of sealing both ends of the liquid storing structure230and the liquid storing chamber240, in one aspect of the present application, through the sealing upper cover130of the atomizing structural member100and the base170in cooperation with the first outer tube210of the liquid-storing structural member200, the two can be tightly combined, i.e., one end of the liquid storing structure230can be tightly combined with the atomizing structural member100through the first outer tube210; in another aspect, the first outer tube210can apply pressure to the sealing upper cover130through one end of the liquid storing structure, so that it can tightly sleeve on the ventilation tube150, and prevent the atomizing medium in the liquid storing chamber240from leaking into the second air channel192, which is formed by the opening of the liquid guiding portion112, through the gap between the ventilation tube150and the sealing upper cover130, or leaking into the gap of the mounting region113of the atomizing core assembly110. Such a design can effectively seal the end of the liquid storing structure230and the liquid storing chamber240. In one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.17, the suction nozzle310of the suction nozzle structural member300may be provided with an opening311, and referring toFIG.10andFIG.12, the opening311may communicate with the air channel190, the sealing plug320may detachably cover the opening311of the suction nozzle310. With such a design, a user can conveniently use the atomizing device, and obtain the aerosol generated by the first atomizing face and the second atomizing face from the air channel190through the suction nozzle310. In this embodiment, the opening311may be used as the air outlet. Further, in one of the embodiments, the air channel may be communicated as shown inFIG.18andFIG.19, the air channel190may include the first air channel191, the second air channel192and the main air channel193; the first air channel191and the second air channel192may both communicate with the main air channel193for output. Further, referring toFIG.14, there may be a gap between the ventilation tube150and the atomizing portion111, so that at least a portion of the second air channel192may be in fluid communication with the main air channel193through the gap; that is, the diameter of the ventilation tube150and the atomizing portion111are different, and the ventilation tube150and the atomizing portion111are not in contact with each other, so that a space is formed between the ventilation tube150and the atomizing portion111for communication with the second air channel192formed by the opening of the liquid guiding portion112, the space is a portion of the main air channel193, so that the main air channel193is communicating with the second air channel192. This is an important invention point of the present application, through the two atomizing faces formed on the inner wall and outer wall of the atomizing portion111, as well as the first air channel191and the second air channel192, it has an advantage of generating a large amount of atomized aerosol. In one of the embodiments, as shown inFIG.21, the heating element120may be in the shape of a spiral structure, and the sealing upper cover130may be provided with a through hole132through which the ventilation tube150can be inserted. The base170may have a connecting end173for thread connection. Further, in one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.4andFIG.22, the second air channel192of the atomizing core assembly110may be jointly formed by the opening and the outer wall115. Such a design facilitates the heating element120to indirectly contact with the opening through the outer wall115, and directly form a second atomizing face on the outer wall115to deliver the generated aerosol. In one of the embodiments, as shown inFIG.23, the atomizing structural member100may further include an electrode assembly140, the electrode assembly140may be connected to the heating element120, and the electrode assembly140may be used for connecting to a power source; the electrode assembly140may include an electrode core141, an electrode pressing piece142, an electrode seat143, an electrode sealing sleeve144and an insulating wiring tube145, referring toFIG.24, the electrode core141may be used for connecting to an electrode or a connector of the power source. In one of the embodiments, the electrode core141may be used to connect to the electrode or the connector of the power source by means of snap-fitting, screwing or plugging. The electrode pressing piece142may be in contact with the electrode core141or not in contact with the electrode core141, and the electrode pressing piece142may be used for cooperating and pressing the insulating wiring tube145; for example, the electrode pressing piece142may cooperate with the base170to jointly fix the insulating wiring tube145. In this embodiment, a wire may be provided inside the insulating wiring tube145and an insulating layer may be provided on the outside of the insulating wiring tube145, and the wire may be connected to the electrode core141and the heating element120so that power from the power source can heat the heating element120through the electrode core141. In one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.12andFIG.24, the bottom of the electrode core141may be used to penetrate into the electrode or connector of the power source through the base170, and the electrode sealing sleeve144may be sleeved outside the electrode core141, for example, the electrode sealing sleeve144may be sleeved on the electrode core141, or sleeved on the outer wall of the electrode core141, i.e. the electrode sealing sleeve144may be sleeved on at least a portion of the outer wall of the electrode core141, the electrode seat143may be sleeved on the outer wall of the electrode sealing sleeve144, i.e., the electrode seat143may be sleeved on at least a portion of the outer wall of the electrode seal sleeve144, the outer side of the electrode seat143may abut against the base170and cooperate with the base170for fixing the electrode sealing sleeve144and the electrode core141. In such a design, apart from the portion of the electrode core141that may be exposed to the outside through the base170for connection with the electrode or connector of the power source, the remaining portion may be sealed and protected by the electrode seat143and the electrode sealing sleeve144in cooperation with the base170, and at the same time it can protect the atomizing structural member100in the interior of the liquid-storing structural member200, and especially the atomizing core assembly110. In one of the embodiments, referring toFIG.1toFIG.24, an atomizing device may include the atomizing structural member100, i.e., the atomizing core, the liquid-storing structural member200and the ventilation tube150, wherein the liquid-storing structural member200may be used to store the atomizing medium, such as cigarette oil, essence, fragrance, etc.; the ventilation tube150may be used to deliver the aerosol generated by atomization for suction; the ventilation tube150may be in fluid communication with the first air channel191, a gap may formed between the inner wall of the ventilation tube150and the outer wall115of the atomizing portion111, and the gap may be at least partially in fluid communication with the second air channel192, so that the aerosol generated from the second atomizing face can enter the ventilation tube150through the gap. In this embodiment, the atomizing device or its base170may be further provided with an air inlet171, and the air inlet171may be in fluid communication with the atomizing core assembly110or the air channel190of the atomizing portion111; in this embodiment, the air inlet171may be in fluid communication with the first air channel191and the second air channel192, so as to provide air for the transfer of the generated aerosol during suction, and output through the ventilation tube150. In one of the embodiments, the atomizing device or the atomizing structural member100may further include the sealing upper cover130, the sealing upper cover130may be used for sealing the liquid storing chamber240of the liquid-storing structural member200; the sealing upper cover130may be sleeved on the atomizing core assembly110, and may be provided with at least one liquid inlet131, and the liquid inlet131may communicate with the liquid absorbing face119; the sealing upper cover130may also be provided with a through hole132through which the ventilation tube150can be inserted. The sealing upper cover130may accommodate the atomizing core assembly110and may be formed with the liquid inlet131for guiding the atomizing medium towards the liquid absorbing face119, there may be one or more liquid inlets131, i.e., there may be one or more corresponding liquid absorbing faces119. In one of the embodiments, an aerosol generating device may include the power source and the atomizing device according to any one of the above embodiments, the power source may be connected to the atomizing device for power supply. In one of the embodiments, the power source may have an electrode, and the electrode can be detachably connected to the electrode assembly140or the electrode core141of the electrode assembly140. It should be noted that other embodiments of the present application may also include atomizing structural members, atomizing devices, and aerosol generating devices that can be implemented by combining the technical features of the above embodiments. The technical features of the above-described embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. For the sake of brevity, all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are not described. However, as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of these technical features, all possible combinations should be regarded as the scope described in this specification. The above-mentioned embodiments only represent several embodiments of the present application, and the descriptions thereof are relatively specific and detailed, but should not be construed as a limitation on the scope of the patent application. It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the concept of the present application, other modifications and improvements can be made, which all belong to the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the scope of patent protection of the present application should be governed by the appended claims.

11856990

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In order to have a clearer understanding of the technical features, objectives and effects of the present invention, the specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. As shown inFIGS.1to3, a capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit of a first embodiment of the present disclosure includes a housing10and an atomization assembly20arranged in the housing10. At least one liquid inlet200is provided in a side of the atomization assembly20. A capillary liquid absorbing channel100is defined between an inner side of the housing10and a side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. A length direction of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100extends along a height direction of the side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. The capillary liquid absorbing channel100communicates with the liquid inlet200, and two opposite ends of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100respectively extend towards an upper side and a lower side of the liquid inlet200, thus, the liquid is absorbed to the liquid inlet200through the capillary liquid absorbing channel100by capillary action. The liquid entering the liquid inlet200is then heated and atomized by the atomization assembly20to form smoke. A width d of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100ranges from 0.1 mm to 3 mm. The number of the capillary liquid absorbing channel/channels100is correspondingly to that of the liquid inlet/inlets200. For example, when one liquid inlet200is formed in one side of the atomization assembly20, and one capillary liquid absorbing channel100is correspondingly formed. When two liquid inlets200are formed in two opposite sides of the atomization assembly20respectively, two capillary liquid absorbing channels100are formed to respectively correspond to the two liquid inlets200. In this embodiment, the housing10includes a tubular body11with two opposite ends being opened. The tubular body11is sleeved on and is attached to an outer periphery of the atomization assembly20. A side wall of the tubular body11corresponding to the liquid inlet200extends outwards relative to the atomization assembly20to form a convex wall12extending along a length direction of the tubular body11. The capillary liquid absorbing channel100is defined between an inner wall surface of the convex wall12and the side of the atomization assembly20. A shape of an outer periphery of the tubular body11corresponds to that of an outer periphery of the atomization assembly20, so that the tubular body11can closely contact the outer periphery of the atomization assembly20. The shapes of the outer peripheries the tubular body11and the atomization assembly20may be, but not limited to a circle, a polygon, an ellipse, or the like. A shape of the convex wall12can be but not limited to a square or an arc. The atomization assembly20may include a liquid conducting member21, a sleeve22sleeved on an outer periphery of the liquid conducting member21, and at least one heating element23arranged in the liquid conducting member21. The liquid conducting member21is used to adsorb liquid to be atomized. The liquid conducting member21can be a porous liquid conducting member made of a porous material, and a cross section thereof can be a polygonal, a circular, or other shape. An airflow hole210is defined in the liquid conducting member21and extends through two opposite ends thereof, and the heating element23is arranged on an inner wall surface of the airflow hole210. The liquid is heated and atomized by the heating element23to generate a smoke, and the smoke is output via the airflow hole210. The sleeve22being sleeved on the outer periphery of the liquid conducting member21plays a role of structural support and isolation. The liquid inlet200is arranged on the sleeve22. A protrusion211matched in the liquid inlet200may be provided on a side of the liquid conducting member21, such that the liquid conducting member21can absorb the liquid better and faster. The heating element23can be attached to or embedded in the inner wall surface of the airflow hole210, and one end of the heating element23is exposed out of one end of the liquid conducting member21for connection with an external power supply. The heating element23may include a heating body231and two electrode connecting portions232spaced connected to one end of the heating body231. The electrode connecting portions232are exposed out of the end of the liquid conducting member21for connection with the external power supply, and the two electrode connecting portions232are configured respectively for connecting to the positive and negative poles of the power supply. The heating body231may be sheet shaped or spiral shaped, and the electrode connection portion232may be an electrode lead or an electrode contact. As shown inFIG.2, in this embodiment, the heating body231is a spiral heating tube, and the electrode connecting portion232is an electrode lead that extends from one end of the heating tube or being welded on the end of the heating tube. Furthermore, in this embodiment, a length of the sleeve22is greater than that of the liquid conducting member21, so that the whole liquid conducting member21can be received in the sleeve22. The length of the sleeve22is also greater than a length of the housing10, and the housing10is sleeved on the outer periphery of the sleeve22corresponding to the liquid inlet200. A top of the housing10is flush with or higher than a top edge of the liquid inlet200, so that a top of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is flush with or higher than the top edge of the liquid inlet200. A bottom of the housing10is located below the liquid inlet200, such that a bottom of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is located below the liquid inlet200, thus, an opening in the bottom of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100can absorb can lift the liquid located below the liquid inlet200to the liquid inlet200, and the liquid entering the liquid inlet200is further adsorbed by the liquid conducting member21. As shown inFIG.3, when the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit of this embodiment is applied to an atomizing device, a liquid storage reservoir300of the atomizing device is arranged on an outer periphery of the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit. The liquid inlet200on the atomization assembly20does not need to be located at a bottom of the liquid storage reservoir300, and may be located at an intermediate position or other position of the liquid storage reservoir300. The bottom of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is located in the liquid storage reservoir300, that is, the bottom of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is higher than a bottom surface of the liquid storage reservoir300. When the atomizing device is working, the liquid in the liquid storage reservoir300is absorbed into the capillary liquid absorbing channel100, and then enters the liquid conducting member21through the liquid inlet200. As shown inFIGS.4and5, the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit according to the second embodiment of the present disclosure includes a housing10and an atomization assembly20arranged in the housing10. Wherein, at least one liquid inlet200is formed in a side of the atomization assembly20, a capillary liquid absorbing channel100is formed between an inner side of the housing10and a side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. A length direction of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is parallel with a height direction of the side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. The capillary liquid absorbing channel100communicates with the liquid inlet200, and two opposite ends of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100respectively extend towards an upper side and a lower side of the liquid inlet200, thus, the liquid can be absorbed to the liquid inlet200through the capillary liquid absorbing channel100by capillary action. The liquid entering the liquid inlet200is then heated and atomized by the atomization assembly to generate smoke. The housing10includes a tubular body11with two opposite ends being opened, and the tubular body11is sleeved on and attached to an outer periphery of the atomization assembly20. A side wall of the tubular body11corresponding to the liquid inlet200extends outwards relative to the atomization assembly20to form a convex wall12extending along a length direction of the tubular body11. The capillary liquid absorbing channel100is formed between an inner wall surface of the convex wall12and the side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. The atomization assembly20includes a liquid conducting member21, a sleeve22sleeved on an outer periphery of the liquid conducting member21, and at least one heating element23arranged in the liquid conducting member21. In this embodiment, the detailed arrangements of the housing10and the capillary liquid absorbing channel100, the engagement manner between the sleeve22and the liquid conducting member21, etc., can all refer to the above-mentioned first embodiment, and will not be repeated here. An airflow hole210is defined in the liquid conducting member21, penetrating two opposite ends of the liquid conducting member21. The heating element23can be attached to or embedded in an inner wall surface of the airflow hole210. One end of the heating element23is exposed out of one end of the liquid conducting member21for connection with an external power supply. The liquid conducting member21may include one or more airflow holes210and the multiple airflow holes210may be spaced apart. The atomization assembly30may include one or more heating elements23. The multiple heating elements23may be independently arranged on the inner wall surface of each airflow hole210respectively, or may be arranged on the inner wall surfaces of the same side of the multiple airflow holes210by laterally crossing the multiple airflow holes210. The heating element23may include a heating body231and two electrode connecting portions232connected to one end of the heating body231at intervals. The electrode connecting portions232are exposed out of one end of the liquid conducting member21for connection with the external power supply, and the two electrode connecting portions32respectively correspond to the positive and negative poles of the power supply. The difference between the second embodiment and the first embodiment lies in that, the heating body231of the second embodiment is sheet shaped, and through holes can be further defined in the sheet-shaped heating body231to form a hollow sheet as required. The electrode connecting portion232may be an electrode lead as shown inFIG.5, or may be an electrode contact connected or formed on the heating body231. The capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit of this embodiment can be used in an atomizing device, and the capillary liquid conducting method in the atomizing device is the same as that of the above-mentioned first embodiment, which is shown inFIG.3and is illustrated in the related description in the above-mentioned first embodiment. In addition, in the above-mentioned first embodiment, the outer periphery of the atomization assembly20may be a circle as shown inFIGS.1and2or may be other shape such as a square. The outer periphery of the atomization assembly20in the second embodiment may be a square as shown inFIGS.4and5, or other shape such as a circle. As shown inFIG.6, the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure includes a housing10and an atomization assembly20arranged in the housing10. The difference between the third embodiment and the above-mentioned first and second embodiments lies in that, the convex wall12of the tubular body11is provided with an air vent130communicating with the capillary liquid absorbing channel100. The number of the air vent/vents130can be one or more. In a vertical direction, the air vent130is located above the liquid inlet200. The arrangement of the air vent130can prevent that air in the capillary liquid absorbing channel100cannot be discharged to cause that the liquid cannot be well absorbed by capillary action due to the air pressure. As shown inFIGS.7to10, the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit of a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure includes a housing10and an atomization assembly20arranged in the housing10. Wherein, at least one liquid inlet200is defined in a side of the atomization assembly20, and a capillary liquid absorbing channel100is formed between an inner side of the housing10and a side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. A length direction of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100extends along a height direction of the side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. The capillary liquid absorbing channel100communicates with the liquid inlet200, and two opposite ends of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100respectively extend towards an upper side and a lower side of the liquid inlet200, thus, the liquid can be absorbed to the liquid inlet200by capillary action. The liquid entering the liquid inlet200is then heated and atomized by the atomization assembly20to generate smoke. A width d of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100ranges from 0.1 mm to 3 mm. The number of the capillary liquid absorbing channels100corresponds to that of the liquid inlets200. In this embodiment, the housing10has a tubular structure as a whole, one end of which is enclosed to form an enclosed end110, and the atomization assembly20is positioned on an inner end surface of the enclosed end110. An outer periphery of the atomization assembly20is not in contact with an inner wall surface of the housing10. In detail, the inner wall surface of the housing10includes a first wall surface101corresponding to the side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. A gap is defined between the side of the atomization assembly20and the first wall surface101, and the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is formed between the side of the atomization assembly20and the first wall surface101. The first wall surface101may be a flat surface, or a surface having the same shape as the side of the atomization assembly20, such as a curved surface or a flat surface. The other inner wall surfaces of the housing10define a second wall surface102corresponding to and spaced apart from the other sides of the atomization assembly20; the space between the other sides of the atomization assembly20and the second wall surface102forms a liquid storage cavity103, and the liquid storage cavity103communicates with the capillary liquid absorbing channel100. Further, a support base120is arranged on the inner end surface of the enclosed end110of the housing10, and the atomization assembly20is arranged on the support base120. A space104is formed between an outer periphery of the support base120and the inner wall surface of the housing10, and the space104communicates with the liquid storage cavity103. A through hole105is defined in the enclosed end110and the support base120, penetrating two opposite ends of the support base120and the enclosed end110. The through hole105is connected to and communicated with the airflow hole210of the atomization assembly20. The atomization assembly20in this embodiment can refer to the atomization assembly20of the above-mentioned first embodiment or the second embodiment, which will not be repeated here. Wherein, a lower end of the sleeve22of the atomization assembly20may be sleeved on an upper end of the support base120and may be tightly engaged with the support base120. As shown inFIG.11, the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit of a fifth embodiment of the present disclosure includes a housing10and an atomization assembly20arranged in the housing10. The housing10, the atomization assembly20, the capillary liquid absorbing channel100, etc. refer to the fourth embodiment described above, and will not be repeated here. The difference between the fifth embodiment and the above-mentioned fourth embodiment lies in that, a step106is arranged on the first wall surface101of the housing10, and the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is formed between the step106and the side of the atomization assembly20where the liquid inlet200is located. A surface of the step106may be a flat surface, or a surface that has the same shape as the side of the atomization assembly20, such as a curved surface or a flat surface. For the fourth and fifth embodiments described above, the capillary liquid absorbing channel100is mainly formed between two surfaces, and at least three surfaces of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100are opened and communicated with the liquid storage cavity103, such that the three opened surfaces of the capillary liquid absorbing channel100can absorb liquid by capillary action. Referring toFIG.3, the atomizing device of the present disclosure includes a capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit and a liquid storage reservoir300arranged at an outer periphery of the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit. In one embodiment, the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit is the one shown inFIG.1,FIG.4orFIG.6. In this embodiment, the atomizing device further includes a shell, the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit is arranged in the shell, the liquid storage reservoir300is formed between the shell and the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit, and the liquid storage reservoir may be annular. In another embodiment, the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit is the one shown inFIG.7orFIG.11. In this embodiment, the housing10of the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit forms the shell of the atomizing device, and the liquid storage cavity103of the capillary liquid conducting and atomizing unit forms the liquid storage reservoir300of the atomizing device. When the atomizing device is working, the liquid in the liquid storage reservoir300is absorbed by and into the capillary liquid absorbing channel100, and then enters the liquid conducting member21through the liquid inlet200. The heating element23is energized to generate heat and atomizes the liquid conducted to the heating element23to generate smoke. The smoke flows out of the atomizing device through the airflow hole210. What mentioned above are only the embodiments of the present disclosure, which are not to limit the scope of the patent of the present disclosure. Any equivalent structure or equivalent transformation of the procedure made with the specification and the pictures attached of the present disclosure, or directly or indirectly using the specification and the pictures attached of the present disclosure into other relevant technical fields, is included in the scope of the patent protection of the present disclosure.

11856991

The cartridge assembly10inFIGS.1,2and3comprises a substantially cylindrical cartridge12adapted to receive a pair of sorption elements14,16into respective first and second compartments18,20. The first sorption element14is loaded with a nicotine source, whereas the second sorption element16is loaded with a lactic acid source. Both compartments18,20are closed at their ends by a first cartridge end wall22provided at an upstream end24of the cartridge12and a second cartridge end wall26provided at a downstream end28of the cartridge12. In more detail, in the embodiment illustrated in the Figures, the cartridge end walls22and26are provided as cover elements (as shown clearly in the exploded view ofFIG.1) that are welded to a substantially cylindrical body of the cartridge12once the sorption elements14and16loaded with the respective aerosol-forming sources have been housed within the compartments defined within the cylindrical body. Further, the cartridge assembly10comprises an upstream housing portion30and a downstream housing portion32. The upstream shell member30and the downstream housing portion32are adapted to be fitted onto the cartridge12. Each one of the housing portions30,32comprises a tubular body adapted to partly receive the cartridge12. In more detail, in the embodiment shown inFIGS.1,2and3, each one of the tubular bodies of the housing portions30,32has a length such as to be able to accommodate about 50 percent of the length of the cartridge12. The housing portions30,32comprise retaining elements (not shown) adapted to snap-fit into corresponding slits or grooves in a lateral wall of the cartridge12. In more detail, the lateral wall of the cartridge comprises two grooves34,36extending about the circumference of the cartridge12, such that each one of the housing portions30,32can snap-fit onto the cartridge12and be rotatable about the longitudinal axis of the cartridge assembly relative to the cartridge12as well as to each other. Further, both cartridge upstream end wall22and26comprise respective rupturable portions38,40. The rupturable portions38,40are separable from the remainder of the respective end walls22,26to expose corresponding openings42,44in the cartridge upstream end wall and the cartridge downstream end wall (seeFIGS.2and3). As illustrated inFIG.2, the upstream housing portion30and the downstream housing portion32are adapted to engage the rupturable portions38,40such that, upon rotation of housing portions30,32from a storage position (FIG.2) to a dispensing position (FIG.3), the upstream housing portion and the downstream housing portion break and separate the rupturable portions38,40from the remainder of the respective cartridge end walls22,26expose the respective exposed openings42,44. When the upstream housing portion30and the downstream housing portion32are in the dispensing position (FIG.3), openings46,48in the end walls50,52of the upstream housing portion30and the downstream housing portion32are in fluid communication with the exposed openings42,44in the cartridge upstream end wall22and the cartridge downstream end wall26. The upstream housing portion30and the downstream housing portion32are reversibly rotatable between the dispensing position (FIG.3; further reference can be made toFIG.6) and a closed position (substantially corresponding to the position illustrated inFIG.2; further reference can be made toFIG.4). In the embodiment illustrated in the figures, the closed position substantially coincides with the sealed position. When the upstream housing portion30and the downstream housing portion32are in the closed position, the end walls50,52of the30upstream housing portion and the downstream housing portion32obstruct the exposed openings42,44in the cartridge upstream end wall22and the cartridge downstream end wall26. Movement of the housing portions between the closed position and the dispensing position is illustrated inFIGS.4,5and6with specific reference to the downstream housing portion32. Both housing portions30,32comprise respective linkages60for engaging corresponding guide means62in the cartridge, and the guide means62comprise a first end surface64and a second end surface66. In the embodiment shown in the Figures, the guide means62are provided in the cover elements comprising the cartridge end walls. When the downstream housing portion32is in the dispensing position (seeFIG.6), the linkage60engages the first end surface64of the guide means62. When the downstream housing portion32is in the closed position (seeFIG.4), the linkage60engages the second end surface66of the guide means62. The cartridge assembly10further comprises a mouthpiece100detachably attached to a downstream end of the downstream housing portion32. As such, the mouthpiece100is configured to be rotatable about the longitudinal axis of the cartridge12with the downstream housing portion32. The mouthpiece100comprises an upstream mouthpiece end wall102and a mouthpiece air inlet104in the upstream mouthpiece end wall102. The mouthpiece air inlet104is in fluid communication with the openings in the upstream housing portion32. Further, the mouthpiece100comprises a mouthpiece chamber106positioned downstream of the upstream mouthpiece end wall102and in fluid communication with the mouthpiece air inlet104. The mouthpiece100further comprises a mouthpiece air outlet108at a downstream end110of the mouthpiece chamber106. In the embodiment of the Figures, the mouthpiece50further comprises a ventilation air inlet62providing fluid communication between the exterior of the mouthpiece50and the mouthpiece chamber56. In more detail, the ventilation air inlet62is positioned between the upstream mouthpiece end wall52and the downstream end60of the mouthpiece chamber56. In order to use the cartridge assembly10in an aerosol-generating device, the consumer activates the cartridge by moving the piercing members38,44from the first position into the second position, such that the frangible barriers22,26are ruptured and the compartments18,20are placed in fluid communication with the mouthpiece and the outer environment. As shown schematically inFIG.7, an aerosol-generating system300comprises an aerosol-generating device200comprises a housing202comprising a substantially cylindrical cavity204in which the cartridge assembly10is partly received. As shown inFIG.7, the length of the cavity204is less than the length of the cartridge assembly10so that when the cartridge assembly10is inserted into the aerosol-generating device200at least the mouthpiece100projects from the cavity204. The aerosol-generating device200comprises heating means configured to heat the compartments18,20of the cartridge assembly. In the embodiment schematically represented inFIG.4, the aerosol-generating system300comprises a heating element206provided as a susceptor within a chamber210of the cartridge12extending between the two compartments16and18along the major axis of the cartridge12. The aerosol-generating device further comprises a power supply208in the form of a battery and a controller (not shown) comprising electronic circuitry, which is connected to the power supply208and to an induction source (not shown), which is configured to produce an alternating electromagnetic field that induces a heat generating eddy current in the susceptor material. Once the cartridge assembly10is inserted into the aerosol-generating device200and activated as set out above, the induction source induces heat by generating eddy current in the susceptor206and thus heats the nicotine source and the lactic acid source in the cartridge12to substantially the same temperature of about 100 degrees Celsius. During use, the consumer draws on the mouthpiece200of the cartridge assembly10to draw air through the cartridge12. As the drawn air passes through the cartridge12, nicotine vapour is released from the nicotine source in the first compartment18and lactic acid vapour is released from the lactic acid source in the second compartment20. The nicotine vapour reacts with the lactic acid vapour in the gas phase to form an aerosol of nicotine lactate salt particles, which is delivered to the consumer through the mouthpiece chamber106and the mouthpiece air outlet108.

11856992

An exemplary embodiment of a cartridge1according to the present invention is shown in the Figures. The cartridge1comprises a body2, an upper cap3and a lower cap5. The body2accommodates a first piece11and a second piece12. Each of the pieces11,12accommodates a cavity13,14. The first piece11accommodates a first cavity13. The first cavity13contains a nicotine source. The second piece12accommodates a second cavity14. The second cavity14contains a lactic acid source. Each of the upper cap3and the lower cap5(shown inFIGS.7and8) comprises openings4,6. The openings4,6provide a fluid communication channel between the respective cavities13,14and the outside of the cartridge1. One opening4in the upper cap3and one opening6in the lower cap5are associated with the first cavity13. Two openings4in the upper cap3and two openings6in the lower cap5are associated with the second cavity14. Apart from the openings4,6, the caps3,5close and seal the cavities13,14against leaks of the nicotine source and the lactic acid source, respectively. To this end, protrusions3a,5aare provided, which are inserted into the openings of the cavities13,14. The holes4,6extend through the thickness of the protrusions3a,5ato provide fluid communication between the cavities13,14and the outside of the cartridge1. The outer surface of the body2is cylindrical, with a circular cross section. The inner surface of the body2has two flat portions7facing each other and two curved portions8facing each other. The curved portions8form a section of a circle with a diameter smaller than the circle formed by the outer surface. The curved portions8connect the flat portions7, and the flat portions7together with the curved portions8form a cylinder with non-circular cross section. The inside space of the body2, defined by the cylinder with non-circular cross section, is empty before the cartridge1is assembled, and is adapted to accommodate the two pieces11,12. The two pieces11,12are configured to be assembled together and, when assembled, to fit into the inside space of the body2. Each of the two pieces11,12comprises two curved portions8′, a flat portion7′, and a face16a,16b. The flat portion7′ and the face16a,16bare positioned opposite each other. When the two pieces11,12are assembled together, faces16a,16bface each other and define between themselves a susceptor cavity16, while the flat portions7′ face away from each other. When the two pieces11,12are assembled together and put into the housing2, the two pieces11,12are positioned such that the flat portions7′ face the flat portions7provided on the inner surface of the body2, and the curved portions8′ are in contact with the curved portions8provided on the inner surface of the body2. The flat portions7,7′ face each other, but they are not in full contact, and they define susceptor cavities15,17between themselves. Each of the two pieces11,12of the cartridge1accommodates a cavity13,14. The cavities13,14are oval shaped. The two pieces11,12define a longitudinal axis which is parallel to the flat face7′ and the face16a,16b. The longitudinal axis of the oval is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the two pieces11,12. The cavities are positioned parallel to each other. The susceptor cavities15,16and17are parallel to each other and parallel to the susceptor cavities15,16,17. In a first configuration, shown inFIG.4a, the susceptor20has three susceptor elements20a,20b,20c. Each of the susceptor elements20a,20b,20cis positioned within one of the susceptor cavities15,16,17, respectively. The susceptor elements20a,20b,20care flat rectangular elements. The area of each of the susceptor elements20a,20b,20cis comparable to the area of the respective susceptor cavity15,16,17. For example, each of the susceptor elements20a,20b,20cmay cover 90% of the area of the respective susceptor cavity15,16,17. In other words, the oval shaped cavities13,14define a longitudinal cross section with maximum area. The susceptor elements20a,20b,20care of such size, and are placed in the susceptor cavities15,16,17such that the area of the susceptor elements covers at least 90% of the longitudinal cross section with maximum area of the cavities15,16,17. Once the two pieces11,12and the susceptor elements20a,20b,20care in place inside the body2, and the cavities13,14are filled with the nicotine source and the lactic acid source, respectively, the cartridge1is closed with the upper cap3and the lower cap5. The cartridge1may then be used with an aerosol-generating device. Alternative configurations of the susceptor are shown schematically inFIGS.4b,4c,4dand4e. The cartridges used with these susceptor configurations are similar to the cartridge1described above; appropriate modifications are made to the susceptor cavities to have a shape which can accommodate the susceptor shown inFIGS.4b-4d. In each of these configurations, the susceptor is positioned such that the long sides of the cavities13,14are overlapped with the susceptor. In a second configuration of the susceptor, shown inFIG.4b, the susceptor is a single S-shaped piece. In a third configuration of the susceptor, shown inFIG.4c, the susceptor comprises three susceptor elements20a,20b,20c, which are connected together to form a W-shape. In a fourth configuration of the susceptor, shown inFIG.4d, the susceptor is provided in the form of a circular susceptor element20a, which circumscribes the cavities, and an intermediate susceptor element20b, which is positioned in the space between the cavities13,14. The susceptor element20bis not connected to the susceptor element20a. In a fifth configuration, shown inFIG.4e, the susceptor is provided in the form of three elements20a,20b,20c. The elements20a,20cwhich are positioned in the outer periphery of the cavities are curved. The element20bis flat. Embodiment shown inFIG.4ahas good heating efficiency. Embodiments shown inFIGS.4band4cmay in some circumstances be easier or cheaper to manufacture. In use, the cartridge1is inserted in an aerosol generating device100(FIG.9), which comprises a receiving chamber101. The receiving chamber101is shaped so that the cartridge1fits within the receiving chamber101. The aerosol generating device100comprises an inductor coil102, which is disposed around the receiving chamber101. A power supply103and a controller104provide an alternating electric current to the inductor coil102. The inductor coil102thus generates an alternating magnetic field to heat the susceptor or susceptor elements20described above and thereby heat at least a portion of the cartridge1received in the chamber101. The cavities13,14in the cartridge1are contain a nicotine source and a lactic acid source, respectively. The nicotine source and the lactic acid source are heated as the cartridge1is heated. Nicotine vapour released from the nicotine source and lactic acid vapour released from the lactic acid source are conducted to a mixing chamber105where they react with one another in the gas phase to form an aerosol comprising nicotine lactate salt particles. The aerosol is then conducted through a mouthpiece106and into the user's mouth.

11856993

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In operation a high frequency oscillating current is passed through the flat spiral inductor coil to generate an alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the susceptor element. The induced voltage causes a current to flow in the susceptor element and this current causes Joule heating of the susceptor that in turn heats the aerosol-forming substrate. If the susceptor element is ferromagnetic, hysteresis losses in the susceptor element may also generate heat. The vapourised aerosol-forming substrate can pass through the susceptor element and subsequently cool to form an aerosol delivered to a user. This arrangement using inductive heating has the advantage that no electrical contacts need be formed between the cartridge and the device. And the heating element, in this case the susceptor element, need not be electrically joined to any other components, eliminating the need for solder or other bonding elements. Furthermore, the coil is provided as part of the device making it possible to construct a cartridge that is simple, inexpensive and robust. Cartridges are typically disposable articles produced in much larger numbers than the devices with which they operate. Accordingly reducing the cost of cartridges, even if it requires a more expensive device, can lead to significant cost savings for both manufacturers and consumers. As used herein, a high frequency oscillating current means an oscillating current having a frequency of between 500 kHz and 30 MHz. The high frequency oscillating current may have a frequency of between 1 and 30 MHz, preferably between 1 and 10 MHz and more preferably between 5 and 7 MHz. As used herein, a “susceptor element” means a conductive element that heats up when subjected to a changing magnetic field. This may be the result of eddy currents induced in the susceptor element and/or hysteresis losses. Possible materials for the susceptor elements include graphite, molybdenum, silicon carbide, stainless steels, niobium, aluminium and virtually any other conductive elements. Advantageously the susceptor element is a ferrite element. The material and the geometry for the susceptor element can be chosen to provide a desired electrical resistance and heat generation. The susceptor element may comprise, for example, a mesh, flat spiral coil, fibres or a fabric. As used herein a “fluid permeable” element means an element that allowing liquid or gas to permeate through it. The susceptor element may have a plurality of openings formed in it to allow fluid to permeate through it. In particular, the susceptor element allows the aerosol-forming substrate, in either gaseous phase or both gaseous and liquid phase, to permeate through it. The susceptor element may be in the form of a sheet that extends across an opening in the cartridge housing. The susceptor element may extend around a perimeter of the cartridge housing. The device housing may comprise a cavity for receiving at least a portion of the cartridge when the cartridge housing is engaged with the device housing, the cavity having an internal surface. The inductor coil may be positioned on or adjacent a surface of cavity closest to the power supply. The inductor coil may be shaped to conform to the internal surface of the cavity. The device housing may comprise a main body and a mouthpiece portion. The cavity may be in the main body and the mouthpiece portion may have an outlet through which aerosol generated by the system can be drawn into a user's mouth. The inductor coil may be in the mouthpiece portion or in the main body. Alternatively a mouthpiece portion may be provided as part of the cartridge. As used herein, the term mouthpiece portion means a portion of the device or cartridge that is placed into a user's mouth in order to directly inhale an aerosol generated by the aerosol-generating system. The aerosol is conveyed to the user's mouth through the mouthpiece portion. The system may comprise an air path extending from an air inlet to an air outlet, wherein the air path goes through the inductor coil. By allowing the air flow through the system to pass through the coil a compact system can be achieved. The cartridge may have a simple design. The cartridge has a housing within which the aerosol-forming substrate is held. The cartridge housing is preferably a rigid housing comprising a material that is impermeable to liquid. As used herein “rigid housing” means a housing that is self-supporting. The aerosol-forming substrate is a substrate capable of releasing volatile compounds that can form an aerosol. The volatile compounds may be released by heating the aerosol-forming substrate. The aerosol-forming substrate may be solid or liquid or comprise both solid and liquid components. The aerosol-forming substrate may comprise plant-based material. The aerosol-forming substrate may comprise tobacco. The aerosol-forming substrate may comprise a tobacco-containing material containing volatile tobacco flavour compounds, which are released from the aerosol-forming substrate upon heating. The aerosol-forming substrate may alternatively comprise a non-tobacco-containing material. The aerosol-forming substrate may comprise homogenised plant-based material. The aerosol-forming substrate may comprise homogenised tobacco material. The aerosol-forming substrate may comprise at least one aerosol-former. An aerosol-former is any suitable known compound or mixture of compounds that, in use, facilitates formation of a dense and stable aerosol and that is substantially resistant to thermal degradation at the temperature of operation of the system. Suitable aerosol-formers are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to: polyhydric alcohols, such as triethylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol and glycerine; esters of polyhydric alcohols, such as glycerol mono-, di- or triacetate; and aliphatic esters of mono-, di- or polycarboxylic acids, such as dimethyl dodecanedioate and dimethyl tetradecanedioate. Preferred aerosol formers are polyhydric alcohols or mixtures thereof, such as triethylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol and, most preferred, glycerine. The aerosol-forming substrate may comprise other additives and ingredients, such as flavourants. The aerosol-forming substrate may be adsorbed, coated, impregnated or otherwise loaded onto a carrier or support. In one example, the aerosol-forming substrate is a liquid substrate held in capillary material. The capillary material may have a fibrous or spongy structure. The capillary material preferably comprises a bundle of capillaries. For example, the capillary material may comprise a plurality of fibres or threads or other fine bore tubes. The fibres or threads may be generally aligned to convey liquid to the heater. Alternatively, the capillary material may comprise sponge-like or foam-like material. The structure of the capillary material forms a plurality of small bores or tubes, through which the liquid can be transported by capillary action. The capillary material may comprise any suitable material or combination of materials. Examples of suitable materials are a sponge or foam material, ceramic- or graphite-based materials in the form of fibres or sintered powders, foamed metal or plastics materials, a fibrous material, for example made of spun or extruded fibres, such as cellulose acetate, polyester, or bonded polyolefin, polyethylene, terylene or polypropylene fibres, nylon fibres or ceramic. The capillary material may have any suitable capillarity and porosity so as to be used with different liquid physical properties. The liquid has physical properties, including but not limited to viscosity, surface tension, density, thermal conductivity, boiling point and vapour pressure, which allow the liquid to be transported through the capillary material by capillary action. The capillary material may be configured to convey the aerosol-forming substrate to the susceptor element. The capillary material may extend into interstices in the susceptor element. The susceptor element may be provided on a wall of the cartridge housing that is configured to be positioned adjacent the inductor coil when the cartridge housing is engaged with the device housing. In use, it is advantageous to have the susceptor element close to the inductor coil in order to maximise the voltage induced in the susceptor element. An airflow passage may be provided between the inductor coil and the susceptor element when the cartridge housing is engaged with the device housing. Vapourised aerosol-forming substrate may be entrained in the air flowing in the airflow passage, which subsequently cools to form an aerosol. The inductor coil may be a helical coil or a flat spiral coil. As used herein a “flat spiral coil” means a coil that is generally planar wherein the axis of winding of the coil is normal to the surface in which the coil lies. However, the term “flat spiral coil” as used herein covers coils that are planar, as well as flat spiral coils that are shaped to conform to a curved surface. The use of a flat spiral coil allows for the design of a compact device, with a simple design that is robust and inexpensive to manufacture. The coil can be held within the device housing and need not be exposed to generated aerosol, so that deposits on the coil and possible corrosion can be prevented. The use of a flat spiral coil also allows for a simple interface between the device and a cartridge, allowing for a simple and inexpensive cartridge design. The flat spiral inductor can have any desired shape within the plane of the coil. For example, the flat spiral coil may have a circular shape or may have a generally oblong shape. The coil may have a diameter of between 5 mm and 10 mm. The inductor coil may be positioned on or adjacent a surface of cavity closest to the power supply. This reduces the amount and complexity of electrical connections within the device. The system may comprise a plurality of inductor coils and may comprise a plurality of susceptor elements. The inductor coil may have a shape matching the shape of the susceptor element. Advantageously, the susceptor element has a relative permeability between 1 and 40000. When a reliance on eddy currents for a majority of the heating is desirable, a lower permeability material may be used, and when hysteresis effects are desired then a higher permeability material may be used. Preferably, the material has a relative permeability between 500 and 40000. This provides for efficient heating. The material of the susceptor element may be chosen because of its Curie temperature. Above its Curie temperature a material is no longer ferromagnetic and so heating due to hysteresis losses no longer occurs. In the case the susceptor element is made from one single material, the Curie temperature may correspond to a maximum temperature the susceptor element should have (that is to say the Curie temperature is identical with the maximum temperature to which the susceptor element should be heated or deviates from this maximum temperature by about 1-3%). This reduces the possibility of rapid overheating. If the susceptor element is made from more than one material, the materials of the susceptor element can be optimized with respect to further aspects. For example, the materials can be selected such that a first material of the susceptor element may have a Curie temperature which is above the maximum temperature to which the susceptor element should be heated. This first material of the susceptor element may then be optimized, for example, with respect to maximum heat generation and transfer to the aerosol-forming substrate to provide for an efficient heating of the susceptor on one hand. However, the susceptor element may then additionally comprise a second material having a Curie temperature which corresponds to the maximum temperature to which the susceptor should be heated, and once the susceptor element reaches this Curie temperature the magnetic properties of the susceptor element as a whole change. This change can be detected and communicated to a microcontroller which then interrupts the generation of AC power until the temperature has cooled down below the Curie temperature again, whereupon AC power generation can be resumed. The system may further comprise electric circuitry connected to the inductor coil and to an electrical power source. The electric circuitry may comprise a microprocessor, which may be a programmable microprocessor, a microcontroller, or an application specific integrated chip (ASIC) or other electronic circuitry capable of providing control. The electric circuitry may comprise further electronic components. The electric circuitry may be configured to regulate a supply of current to the coil. Current may be supplied to the inductor coil continuously following activation of the system or may be supplied intermittently, such as on a puff by puff basis. The electric circuitry may advantageously comprise DC/AC inverter, which may comprise a Class-D or Class-E power amplifier. The system advantageously comprises a power supply, typically a battery such as a lithium iron phosphate battery, within the main body of the housing. As an alternative, the power supply may be another form of charge storage device such as a capacitor. The power supply may require recharging and may have a capacity that allows for the storage of enough energy for one or more smoking experiences. For example, the power supply may have sufficient capacity to allow for the continuous generation of aerosol for a period of around six minutes, corresponding to the typical time taken to smoke a conventional cigarette, or for a period that is a multiple of six minutes. In another example, the power supply may have sufficient capacity to allow for a predetermined number of puffs or discrete activations of the inductor coil. The system may be an electrically operated smoking system. The system may be a handheld aerosol-generating system. The aerosol-generating system may have a size comparable to a conventional cigar or cigarette. The smoking system may have a total length between approximately 30 mm and approximately 150 mm. The smoking system may have an external diameter between approximately 5 mm and approximately 30 mm. The susceptor element may be in the form of a sheet and extend across an opening in the cartridge housing. The susceptor element may extend around a perimeter of the cartridge housing. Features described in relation to one aspect may be applied to other aspects of the disclosure. In particular advantageous or optional features described in relation to the first aspect of the disclosure may be applied to the second aspect of the invention. The embodiments shown in the figures all rely on inductive heating. Inductive heating works by placing an electrically conductive article to be heated in a time varying magnetic field. Eddy currents are induced in the conductive article. If the conductive article is electrically isolated the eddy currents are dissipated by Joule heating of the conductive article. In an aerosol-generating system that operates by heating an aerosol-forming substrate, the aerosol-forming substrate is typically not itself sufficiently electrically conductive to be inductively heated in this way. So in the embodiments shown in the figures a susceptor element is used as the conductive article that is heated and the aerosol-forming substrate is then heated by the susceptor element by thermal conduction, convention and/or radiation. If a ferromagnetic susceptor element is used, heat may also be generated by hysteresis losses as the magnetic domains are switched within the susceptor element. The embodiments described each use an inductor coil to generate a time varying magnetic field. The inductor coil is designed so that it does not undergo significant Joule heating. In contrast the susceptor element is designed so that there is significant Joule heating of the susceptor. FIG.1is a schematic illustration of an aerosol-generating system in accordance with a first embodiment. The system comprises device100and a cartridge200. The device comprises main housing101containing a lithium iron phosphate battery102and control electronics104. The main housing101also defines a cavity112into which the cartridge200is received. The device also includes a mouthpiece portion120including an outlet124. The mouthpiece portion is connected to the main housing101by a hinged connection in this example but any kind of connection may be used, such as a snap fitting or a screw fitting. Air inlets122are defined between the mouthpiece portion120and the main body101when the mouthpiece portion is in a closed position, as shown inFIG.1. Within the mouthpiece portion is a flat spiral inductor coil110. The coil110is formed by stamping or cutting a spiral coil from a sheet of copper. The coil110is more clearly illustrated inFIG.3. The coil110is positioned between the air inlets122and the air outlet124so that air drawn through the inlets122to the outlet124passes through the coil. The coil may be sealed within a protective, corrosion resistant coating or enclosure. The cartridge200comprises a cartridge housing204holding a capillary material and filled with liquid aerosol-forming substrate. The cartridge housing204is fluid impermeable but has an open end covered by a permeable susceptor element210. The cartridge200is more clearly illustrated inFIG.2. The susceptor element210in this embodiment comprises a ferrite mesh, comprising a ferrite steel. The aerosol-forming substrate can form a meniscus in the interstices of the mesh. This is shown, for example, inFIG.17, which depicts portions36of a cross section of the susceptor element210with a capillary material27extending into interstices of the susceptor element210and a meniscus40formed therebetween by the liquid aerosol-forming substrate. Another option for the susceptor is a graphite fabric, having an open mesh structure. When the cartridge200is engaged with the device and is received in the cavity112, the susceptor element210is positioned adjacent the flat spiral coil110. The cartridge200may include keying features to ensure that it cannot be inserted into the device upside-down. In use, a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion120to draw air though the air inlets122into the mouthpiece portion120and out of the outlet124into the user's mouth. The device includes a puff sensor106in the form of a microphone, as part of the control electronics104. A small air flow is drawn through sensor inlet121past the microphone106and up into the mouthpiece portion120when a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion. When a puff is detected, the control electronics provide a high frequency oscillating current to the coil110. This generates an oscillating magnetic field as shown in dotted lines inFIG.1. An LED108is also activated to indicate that the device is activated. The oscillating magnetic field passes through the susceptor element, inducing eddy currents in the susceptor element. The susceptor element heats up as a result of Joule heating and hysteresis losses, reaching a temperature sufficient to vapourise the aerosol-forming substrate close to the susceptor element. The vapourised aerosol-forming substrate is entrained in the air flowing from the air inlets to the air outlet and cools to form an aerosol within the mouthpiece portion before entering the user's mouth. The control electronics supplies the oscillating current to the coil for a predetermined duration, in this example five seconds, after detection of a puff and then switches the current off until a new puff is detected. It can be seen that the cartridge has a simple and robust design, which can be inexpensively manufactured as compared to the cartomisers available on the market. In this embodiment, the cartridge has a circular cylindrical shape and the susceptor element spans a circular open end of the cartridge housing. However other configurations are possible.FIG.4is an end view of an alternative cartridge design in which the susceptor element is a strip of steel mesh220that spans a rectangular opening in the cartridge housing204.FIG.5is an end view of another alternative susceptor element. InFIG.5the susceptor is three concentric circles joined by a radial bar. The susceptor element spans a circular opening in the cartridge housing. FIG.6illustrates a second embodiment. Only the front end of the system is shown inFIG.6as the same battery and control electronics as shown inFIG.1can be used, including the puff detection mechanism. InFIG.6the flat spiral coil136is positioned in the main body101of the device at the opposite end of the cavity to the mouthpiece portion120but the system operates in essentially the same manner Spacers134ensure that there is an air flow space between the coil136and the susceptor element210. Vapourised aerosol-forming substrate is entrained in air flowing past the susceptor from the inlet132to the outlet124. In the embodiment shown inFIG.6, some air can flow from the inlet132to the outlet124without passing the susceptor element. This direct air flow mixes with the vapour in the mouthpiece portion speeding cooling and ensuring optimal droplet size in the aerosol. In the embodiment shown inFIG.6the cartridge is the same size and shape as the cartridge ofFIG.1and has the same housing and susceptor element. However, the capillary material within the cartridge ofFIG.6is different to that ofFIG.1. There are two separate capillary materials202,206in the cartridge ofFIG.6. A disc of a first capillary material206is provided to contact the susceptor element210in use. A larger body of a second capillary material202is provided on an opposite side of the first capillary material206to the susceptor element. Both the first capillary material and the second capillary material retain liquid aerosol-forming substrate. The first capillary material206, which contacts the susceptor element, has a higher thermal decomposition temperature (at least 160° C. or higher such as approximately 250° C.) than the second capillary material202. The first capillary material206effectively acts as a spacer separating the heater susceptor element, which gets very hot in use, from the second capillary material202so that the second capillary material is not exposed to temperatures above its thermal decomposition temperature. The thermal gradient across the first capillary material is such that the second capillary material is exposed to temperatures below its thermal decomposition temperature. The second capillary material202may be chosen to have superior wicking performance to the first capillary material206, may retain more liquid per unit volume than the first capillary material and may be less expensive than the first capillary material. In this example the first capillary material is a heat resistant element, such as a fibreglass or fibreglass containing element and the second capillary material is a polymer such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). FIG.7illustrates a third embodiment. Only the front end of the system is shown inFIG.7as the same battery and control electronics as shown inFIG.1can be used, including the puff detection mechanism. InFIG.7the cartridge240is cuboid and is formed with two strips of the susceptor element242on opposite side faces of the cartridge. The cartridge is shown alone inFIG.8. The device comprises two flat spiral coils142positioned on opposite sides of the cavity so that the susceptor element strips242are adjacent the coils142when the cartridge is received in the cavity. The coils142are rectangular to correspond to the shape of the susceptor strips, as shown inFIG.9. Airflow passages are provided between the coils142and susceptor strips242so that air from inlets144flows past the susceptor strips towards the outlet124when a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion120. As in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the cartridge contains a capillary material and a liquid aerosol-forming substrate. The capillary material is arranged to convey the liquid substrate to the susceptor element strips242. FIG.10is a schematic illustration of a fourth embodiment. Only the front end of the system is shown inFIG.10as the same battery and control electronics as shown inFIG.1can be used, including the puff detection mechanism. InFIG.10the cartridge250is cylindrical and is formed with a band shaped susceptor element252extending around a central portion of the cartridge. The band shaped susceptor element covers an opening formed in the rigid cartridge housing. The cartridge is shown alone inFIG.11. The device comprises a helical coil152positioned around the cavity so that the susceptor element252is within the coil152when the cartridge is received in the cavity. The coil152is shown alone inFIG.12. Airflow passages are provided between the coil152and susceptor element252so that air from inlets154flows past the susceptor strips towards the outlet124when a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion120. In use, a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion120to draw air though the air inlets154past the susceptor element262, into the mouthpiece portion120and out of the outlet124into the user's mouth. When a puff is detected, the control electronics provide a high frequency oscillating current to the coil152. This generates an oscillating magnetic field. The oscillating magnetic field passes through the susceptor element, inducing eddy currents in the susceptor element. The susceptor element heats up as a result of Joule heating and hysteresis losses, reaching a temperature sufficient to vapourise the aerosol-forming substrate close to the susceptor element. The vapourised aerosol-forming substrate passes through the susceptor element and is entrained in the air flowing from the air inlets to the air outlet and cools to form an aerosol within the passageway and mouthpiece portion before entering the user's mouth. FIG.13illustrates a fifth embodiment. Only the front end of the system is shown inFIG.13as the same battery and control electronics as shown inFIG.1can be used, including the puff detection mechanism. The device ofFIG.13has a similar construction to the device ofFIG.7, with flat spiral coils positioned in a sidewall of the housing surrounding the cavity in which the cartridge is received. But the cartridge has a different construction. The cartridge260ofFIG.13has a hollow cylindrical shape similar to that of the cartridge shown inFIG.10. The cartridge contains a capillary material and is filled with liquid aerosol-forming substrate. An interior surface of the cartridge260, i.e. a surface surrounding the internal passageway166, comprises a fluid permeable susceptor element, in this example a ferrite mesh. The ferrite mesh may line the entire interior surface of the cartridge or only a portion of the interior surface of the cartridge. In use, a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion120to draw air though the air inlets164through the central passageway of the cartridge, past the susceptor element262, into the mouthpiece portion120and out of the outlet124into the user's mouth. When a puff is detected, the control electronics provide a high frequency oscillating current to the coils162. This generates an oscillating magnetic field. The oscillating magnetic field passes through the susceptor element, inducing eddy currents in the susceptor element. The susceptor element heats up as a result of Joule heating and hysteresis losses, reaching a temperature sufficient to vapourise the aerosol-forming substrate close to the susceptor element. The vapourised aerosol-forming substrate passes through the susceptor element and is entrained in the air flowing from the air inlets to the air outlet and cools to form an aerosol within the passageway and mouthpiece portion before entering the user's mouth. FIG.14illustrates as sixth embodiment. Only the front end of the system is shown inFIG.14as the same battery and control electronics as shown inFIG.1can be used, including the puff detection mechanism. The cartridge270shown inFIG.14is identical to that shown inFIG.13. However the device ofFIG.14has a different configuration that includes an inductor coil172on a support blade176that extends into the central passageway of the cartridge to generate an oscillating magnetic field close to the susceptor element272. FIG.15illustrates a seventh embodiment. Only the front end of the system is shown inFIG.15as the same battery and control electronics as shown inFIG.1can be used, including the puff detection mechanism. In the embodiment ofFIG.15the cartridge is made very small, holding just enough aerosol-forming substrate for a single use, for example for a single smoking session, or for a single dose of medication. The cartridge comprises a susceptor foil housing292made of ferrite element, holding aerosol-forming substrate290. A front end294of the housing of the cartridge is perforated so as to be vapour permeable. The cartridge is engaged in a cavity in the device, adjacent a flat spiral inductor coil192. In use, a user puffs on the mouthpiece portion120to draw air though the air inlets194past the vapour permeable portion of the cartridge294, into the mouthpiece portion120and out of the outlet124into the user's mouth. When a puff is detected, the control electronics provide a high frequency oscillating current to the coil192. This generates an oscillating magnetic field. The oscillating magnetic field passes through the susceptor element of the cartridge housing, inducing eddy currents in the susceptor element. The susceptor element heats up as a result of Joule heating and hysteresis losses, reaching a temperature sufficient to vapourise the aerosol-forming substrate. The vapourised aerosol-forming substrate is drawn through the vapour permeable portion of the cartridge294by the air flowing from the air inlets to the air outlet and cools to form an aerosol within the mouthpiece portion before entering the user's mouth. All of the described embodiments may be driven by the essentially the same electronic circuitry104.FIG.16Aillustrates a first example of a circuit used to provide a high frequency oscillating current to the inductor coil, using a Class-E power amplifier. As can be seen fromFIG.16A, the circuit includes a Class-E power amplifier including a transistor switch1100comprising a Field Effect Transistor (FET)1110, for example a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET), a transistor switch supply circuit indicated by the arrow1120for supplying the switching signal (gate-source voltage) to the FET1110, and an LC load network1130comprising a shunt capacitor C1and a series connection of a capacitor C2and inductor L2. The DC power source, which comprises the battery101, includes a choke L1, and supplies a DC supply voltage. Also shown inFIG.16Ais the ohmic resistance R representing the total ohmic load1140, which is the sum of the ohmic resistance RCoilof the inductor coil, marked as L2, and the ohmic resistance RLoadof the susceptor element. Due to the very low number of components the volume of the power supply electronics can be kept extremely small. This extremely small volume of the power supply electronics is possible due to the inductor L2of the LC load network1130being directly used as the inductor for the inductive coupling to the susceptor element, and this small volume allows the overall dimensions of the entire inductive heating device to be kept small. While the general operating principle of the Class-E power amplifier is known and described in detail in the already mentioned article “Class-E RF Power Amplifiers”, Nathan O. Sokal, published in the bimonthly magazine QEX, edition January/February 2001, pages 9-20, of the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), Newington, CT, U.S.A., some general principles will be explained in the following. Let us assume that the transistor switch supply circuit1120supplies a switching voltage (gate-source voltage of the FET) having a rectangular profile to FET1110. As long as FET1321is conducting (in an “on”-state), it essentially constitutes a short circuit (low resistance) and the entire current flows through choke L1and FET1110. When FET1110is non-conducting (in an “off”-state), the entire current flows into the LC load network, since FET1110essentially represents an open circuit (high resistance). Switching the transistor between these two states inverts the supplied DC voltage and DC current into an AC voltage and AC current. For efficiently heating the susceptor element, as much as possible of the supplied DC power is to be transferred in the form of AC power to inductor L2and subsequently to the susceptor element which is inductively coupled to inductor L2. The power dissipated in the susceptor element (eddy current losses, hysteresis losses) generates heat in the susceptor element, as described further above. In other words, power dissipation in FET1110must be minimized while maximizing power dissipation in the susceptor element. The power dissipation in FET1110during one period of the AC voltage/current is the product of the transistor voltage and current at each point in time during that period of the alternating voltage/current, integrated over that period, and averaged over that period. Since the FET1110must sustain high voltage during a part of that period and conduct high current during a part of that period, it must be avoided that high voltage and high current exist at the same time, since this would lead to substantial power dissipation in FET1110. In the “on-” state of FET1110, the transistor voltage is nearly zero when high current is flowing through the FET. In the “off-” state of FET1110, the transistor voltage is high but the current through FET1110is nearly zero. The switching transitions unavoidably also extend over some fractions of the period. Nevertheless, a high voltage-current product representing a high power loss in FET1110can be avoided by the following additional measures. Firstly, the rise of the transistor voltage is delayed until after the current through the transistor has reduced to zero. Secondly, the transistor voltage returns to zero before the current through the transistor begins to rise. This is achieved by load network1130comprising shunt capacitor C1and the series connection of capacitor C2and inductor L2, this load network being the network between FET1110and the load1140. Thirdly, the transistor voltage at turn-on time is practically zero (for a bipolar-junction transistor “BJT” it is the saturation offset voltage Vo). The turning-on transistor does not discharge the charged shunt capacitor C1, thus avoiding dissipating the shunt capacitor's stored energy. Fourthly, the slope of the transistor voltage is zero at turn-on time. Then, the current injected into the turning-on transistor by the load network rises smoothly from zero at a controlled moderate rate resulting in low power dissipation while the transistor conductance is building up from zero during the turn-on transition. As a result, the transistor voltage and current are never high simultaneously. The voltage and current switching transitions are time-displaced from each other. The values for L1, C1and C2can be chosen to maximize the efficient dissipation of power in the susceptor element. Although a Class-E power amplifier is preferred for most systems in accordance with the disclosure, it is also possible to use other circuit architectures.FIG.16Billustrates a second example of a circuit used to provide a high frequency oscillating current to the inductor coil, using a Class-D power amplifier. The circuit ofFIG.16Bcomprises the battery101connected to two transistors1210,1212. Two switching elements1220,1222are provided for switching two transistors1210,1212on and off. The switches are controlled at high frequency in a manner so as to make sure that one of the two transistors1210,1212has been switched off at the time the other of the two transistors is switched on. The inductor coil is again indicated by L2and the combined ohmic resistance of the coil and the susceptor element indicated by R. the values of C1and C2can be chosen to maximize the efficient dissipation of power in the susceptor element. The susceptor element can be made of a material or of a combination of materials having a Curie temperature which is close to the desired temperature to which the susceptor element should be heated. Once the temperature of the susceptor element exceeds this Curie temperature, the material changes its ferromagnetic properties to paramagnetic properties. Accordingly, the energy dissipation in the susceptor element is significantly reduced since the hysteresis losses of the material having paramagnetic properties are much lower than those of the material having the ferromagnetic properties. This reduced power dissipation in the susceptor element can be detected and, for example, the generation of AC power by the DC/AC inverter may then be interrupted until the susceptor element has cooled down below the Curie temperature again and has regained its ferromagnetic properties. Generation of AC power by the DC/AC inverter may then be resumed again. Other cartridge designs incorporating a susceptor element in accordance with this disclosure can now be conceived by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the cartridge may include a mouthpiece portion and may have any desired shape. Furthermore, a coil and susceptor arrangement in accordance with the disclosure may be used in systems of other types to those already described, such as humidifiers, air fresheners, and other aerosol-generating systems. The exemplary embodiments described above illustrate but are not limiting. In view of the above discussed exemplary embodiments, other embodiments consistent with the above exemplary embodiments will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

11856994

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring toFIG.1, shown is an example of an e-cig100of the present invention having inhalation tip101, external body102of a combined e-cig and filter, inhalation port103, pathway and direction of inhalation flow103a, inhalation point104where vapor enters the user, exhalation tip105, exhalation pathway105aand direction through filer where filter is not shown in this figure, exhalation port106and direction, one half of the filter housing107, other half of a filter housing108, fiber filter109, screw threads110, a direction111of force needed to couple the housing halves. Referring further toFIG.1, in accordance with the present invention, the e-cigarette also is used by the user to exhale through it. In a highly-preferred embodiment filtration of the user's exhalation occurs thereby. Using the same orifice and bore size that served the inhalation dose is not perfectly effective because it's too small a bore for exhalation, providing too much back pressure and the filter size would be reduced which has its obvious disadvantages. In this invention, blowing on or through the device pressurizes it, the filter is big enough to supply low additive pressure and most of the fumes would go through the filter, letting the filtered air, free of particulates, pass through the exhalation pathway105a. Addition of catalytic converters (not shown) to the exhaust pathway will reliably affix molecular components such as sulfur based compounds and nitride type compounds, as non limiting examples. In a highly preferred embodiment, the filter109holds the two concentric tubes in place. Alternatively, the space between the tubes may be maintained by any support needed such as a plastic ring, metal ring, grid or other such strictly structural elements. An outer tip105exists around the inner tip101slightly deeper along the device and exhalation will switch the air flow either by having the user change tips for exhalation so as to reduce pressure by using a much bigger bore. The present invention provides at least two pathways for air flow wherein the pathway toward the user103aprovides for vaporized substance while the pathway away from the user105aprovides, in at least an embodiment, for filtration utilizing one or more filtration means including but not limited to nano crystals, catalysts, liquids, solids, particulate filters, fibrous filters, carbon filters and other filtration mechanisms including electrostatic or electrolytic.107depicts a removable tip and the material from which this is made could be a flavor impregnated plastic, nylon, or, a consumable candy or edible treat. Referring toFIG.2, a generic cell phone200is shown having a wireless connection201between cell and e-cig of this invention102, the wireless emissions202of the cell phone to various service providers such as 3-G network, 4-G network, 5-G network, Wi Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, RFID, cellular are shown generally as201. Illumination203at tip which can also be at other places but not shown other than at the tip. This feature could be activated as a “find my VAPE” feature when lost, or, as an extension of the cell phone ringer, so one knows when one's cell phone is ringing. The reverse feature of find the cell phone when the cell phone is lost, could be activated and this same indicator could be used to indicate the VAPE device is in the “find the cell phone” mode with an appropriate unique flash pattern, color or both.204is a biosensor as with U.S. Pat. No. 9,065,893 (prior art) and is intended to detect the identity of the user and gather their spectral data.205is a user side camera.206is a far end camera useable by the user for taking snap shots and video images or projecting images.207is a laser pointer. All cameras, sensors and pointers are intended to be programmable. Referring toFIG.3, In an embodiment, the user exhales through the smaller inhalation tip101, causing a valve driven switching of airways to cause use of the filtration. An automatic one way valve300is shown favoring the intake pathway, one way valve301allowing pressure on the intake tip to be rerouted to the exhalation pathway, one way valve302allowing pressure on the intake tip to be rerouted to the exhalation pathway supplementing the first valve301for redundant operation, exhalation pathway sensor303, exhalation pathway sensor304, inhalation pathway sensor305, exhalation pathway sensor306, inhalation direction310through core of the device, exhalation direction311through the larger tip where any pressure on the smaller tip allows exhalation to be rerouted through valves to the exhalation pathway. Note that sensors are anticipated to sense pressure, volume, chemistry of the vapor and report this to any on board electronics (not shown). In an embodiment, sensors are placed in different placement and any one sensor may preferably be designed to perform as a dual or multi state or condition sensor. Sensor Embodiments include a flow, direction and volume determining sensor. Valves300&301are preferably multi-flap valves, similar to a mitral valve, composed of nylon, somewhat resembling a heart valve. It may be preferable for the flaps to be triangular. Alternatively, a spring tension ball valve may be used. It may be preferable for the spring to be of stainless steel construction, nano-engineered to have an adequately low spring constant to respond, as described above, to a force produced by the breath of the user. In an embodiment, a filter and catalytic converter are added into the airway or air pathway of the exhalation. It may be preferable for the inhalation bore and chamber to have a pressure driven switch, to allow the exhalation to use the same pathway up to the point of switching. This serves to clear the minute remaining Vapor from the inner inhalation bore pathway. 307are biometric sensors capable of gathering temperature and spectral data of the user.308and309are peltier solid state circuits wired for creation of heat or cool (heat pumps with cool sides and hot sides) programmably changing the temperature of the vapor in contact with the circuit. Referring toFIG.4, in an embodiment, the present invention comprises a trumpet shape400you insert your cig into so a user could modularly convert any cig to this invention. The invention is contemplated for use either way, a separate item or built in on first purchase. Ecigs generally do not stand up. In an embodiment, the exhalation bell is a stand or doubles as a stand. This would slightly resemble a trumpet or trumpet shape. It may be preferable to add a counter weight to ensure balance. Also shown are elements401, a regular tip and &402, an alternative U shape which improves comfort for the user. Referring toFIG.5,500is the user side from which vaping will occur.501is a display which may be a touch display, offering regions which function as both display and touch sensor, as well as bio sensors and multibiometric sensors in the context of U.S. Pat. No. 9,065,893 (prior art).502represent button controls.506, a cut away view of the VAPE device depicts combustion chambers510,511, which in turn can create differing products that merge at the tip509, under the control of a switch512.508marks the exhale end. It may be preferable to add an RFID chip or bluetooth so as to mate it with your cell and watch, so you cannot lose the apparatus, as they may be expensive. A glow light for night time so you can see the end (vaping in bed, etc. . . . ) GPS locator, RFID locator, maybe disable it if its not on your person, such as x feet away from your cell or watch. Programmable, so you can set it to do different things from your watch or cell. Light and sound for locating it. It may be preferable to provide an adapter so the device can charge from your cell battery or other portable electronics you have on your person. It may be preferable to include a processor and sensors inside the vape device, to provide data to public systems assuring the vape user exhales the same volume of air they inhaled, through a filter that is functioning properly. In an embodiment the present invention can be paired with other personal devices such that the distance between devices sets off an alarm at a preset distance. In an embodiment, when separated, the e-cig is disabled, so children who find it cannot operate it. The device pairing of the e-cig with another containing a display allows for the e-cig to communicate its status, report the filter percentage availability and any other parameters the e-cig has been equipped to report by way of sensors, processing and memory. In an embodiment, the Vape device is paired with other electronics such that a display can run an application allowing for directional location of the “lost” e-cig of this invention utilizing such means as RFID circuitry contained within the e-cig and within the device seeking the e-cig, such as a cell phone equipped with RFID detectors and antenna'. In an embodiment, the remote applications operated on such devices as a cell or tablet can cause the e-cig to illuminate, emit a sound or both and the illumination and sound can be changed from the application or, the e-cig of this invention can also initiate the sound or illumination or both. One such mode is an illuminated tip at either end or at both ends (or any portion of the e-cig desirable), to assist in locating or placing the device using the lighting to see where you wish to place the device during periods of ambient darkness. The app can have commands to cause the e-cig to emit sound or light, while the e-cig can have buttons for the issuance of the same commands or different commands. In an embodiment, the e-cig of this invention can measure air flow of air in and out, allowing an on-board processor and memory (e-cig internal processing and memory) to calculate that the user has exhaled the same volume of air as was inhaled, to then provide this data electronically and wirelessly to external applications certifying the user is following local rules to protect bystanders who do not wish to inhale the vapor or any of its components. The accumulative effects of the vapor causing damage to surfaces, materials, clothing, upholstery and the like, are also avoided. The same sensors can detect if the e-cig of this invention contains a filter, if the filter is nearly full or otherwise needs to be changed or cleaned, including sensing escaping vapor which has not been as fully filtered as is possible with a known working filter. In an embodiment, filtration may also include catalysts which convert exhaled chemicals to other chemicals. This may involve metals and metal plates, such as platinum or rhodium, to treat the exhaled portion of the vapor and convert or otherwise trap harmful chemicals. Other obvious filter components may include activated charcoal, carbon fiber, fibrous material and other high surface area filtration competent materials. Selection for biologically and environmentally safe materials is always a mandatory consideration. Recycling of the filters or devices can be encouraged and electronically enforced. In an embodiment, the associated apps allow the user to calculate the total air flow in and out for informational purposes and in a “terms of service” (TOS) agreement, can be shared with external applications to see if a better deal for the device and its recyclable components, filters, consumables and distillates or additives can be found. In an embodiment, the e-cig of this invention is biometrically activated and deactivated by the user such that the loss of the device does not result in other users utilizing the device, protecting the primary user from any claim of damage to a secondary user. In embodiments, this function is automatically activated and/or deactivated. Additionally, a simple password lock out feature could also be provided, wherein, if the device is turned off or its battery dies, or, if the distance from other user devices triggers the alarm, the device locks out. This protects such individuals as a minor from Vaping from the user's e-cig of this invention. In an embodiment, the e-cig of this invention has circuitry which allows the device to put on a modest light show in sync with music playing in the ambient surround. This includes a mic, sound processing and visualizer software as well as processing, memory and ideally, multi-color Led backlighting or other forms of light source. In an embodiment, the same function is operated automatically across a group of users. In an embodiment, the e-cig of this invention networks with other e-cigs which surround the user by way of their unique user's electronic devices, to allow a network mapping of all the e-cigs in proximity to, for example, allow a master controller to create a light wave in a stadium under the control of an external application. It may be preferable for text or other graphics to be emitted, visible from a distance wherein each user represents a pixel or pixel group. In an embodiment, the successful logging into the e-cig of this invention wherein settings have allowed this feature, it may be preferable for the e-cig to emit a jingle (audible sound) and light pattern unique to the manufacturer of the e-cig. In an embodiment, the e-cig of this invention uses a bio sensor to emit light which corresponds to a mood of the individual user. It may be preferable to have a setting to set a light which indicates the social availability of the user, such as single. This is of interest to users in social settings, such as a dance, a bar, a stadium or theatre lobby. In an embodiment, the e-cig of this invention includes circuitry which networks with surrounding networks to enable features law enforcement and venue owners may appreciate, such as assurance users are using the devices where designated, users are exhaling through their device and the light or sound features are suppressed to avoid disturbing other users in the area with an override function to find a truly lost e-cig of this invention. This provides assurance in a movie theater setting, as one example, or on a commercial aircraft as another good example, the e-cig of this invention is not viewed as a nuisance or annoyance to other people in proximity. In an embodiment, the outer casing containing the filter is fashioned to modularly fit over an existing pre-manufactured e-cig type device. Alternatively, the invention could function as a combined solution as illustrated herein, sold as a combined e-cig and filter system. In an embodiment, it may be preferable to filter on the inbound side for the user. In an embodiment, e-cig operation is shut down by way of an agreed-upon standard to electronically signal such devices which work directly, or indirectly through an app on a cell phone or tablet to ask the user to shut down, while the system still has override capability and will forcibly shut down the Vape device. This would logically apply based on the user's location or per an agreement during travel for the device to auto operate and auto non-operate when and where the application allows, so the user still has some limited access. In an embodiment, the combined e-cig filter device of this invention further includes valves which allow a comfortable inhalation, while combining two tips for exhalation, wherein the user selects the larger of the two concentric exhalation tips which still puts pressure and passes air through the smaller tip, invoking valves which assure all exhaled product goes through the filtration. In an embodiment sensors reflect the use of any substance outside of what the user programs in and/or the device senses and reports the use of each substance utilizing sensors to detect them. For example, a user owns a vaping device, which is stolen and hacked past security. The user finds out as the device reports it. Alternatively, as an example of a method of the present invention, the use of an illegal drug is detected by sensors and reported via WiFi. In an embodiment, liquids used as filtration substances are displayed in a bulbous form wherein the form uses as a weight to keep the device vertical when set down on a surface. Rather than a trumpet shape, the base could take on most any form that contains the liquid, and the liquid used for filtration need not be exclusive as to the filtration means, such as a two stage or three stage filtration device. The light emissions of the device could leverage the presence of the liquids to act as a transmission medium expanding the light emission volume. In an embodiment, the device may contain chambers which are volumetrically larger at one end, than at the other, proffering stability when the device is set upright on one end, the end being heaviest that is used as a base. In an embodiment, the chambers are connected thermally to peltier circuitry which may heat up or cool down vapor before it is delivered to the user through the switched or direct pathways. Vapor can be mixed and temperature regulated by the programmable processor on board. Vapor(s) can be delivered in any logical mix by routing through the device under the programmable controls. Humidification of any one vapor, or all, is done by having a humidity source, such as sterile water (distilled), forming pure steam which may humidify a vapor causing a more comfortable experience for the user. In an embodiment 2 or more chambers may be used to generate 2 or more flavors wherein the flavors are thereafter switched to be delivered to the user in programmable, measured output which includes thermal control, as well (and humidity). In an embodiment the device can emit vapors from the exhaust end using computer controlled orifice(s) which print the smoke to the open atmosphere. As such, coordinated programming can emit 2 and 3 dimensional shapes of any form and even print 2 and 3 dimensional scenes. In an embodiment, a tip which is disposable may be impregnated with a flavor, or the tip could be formed of an edible substance with flavor embedded. In an embodiment, the near end and far end of the device are equipped with cameras which may take snap shops or videos, such as to automatically take a shot for each draw, permanently recording who used the vape device. The near and far end cameras can function as any camera may, including the taking of videos. The device is equipped with a laser pointer which assists in taking rapid videos or still shots of objects in proximity to the user. In an embodiment, sensors are provided on the device such as are used in U.S. Pat. No. 9,065,893 (prior art) but not limited to that class or form of sensor (meaning any bio sensor would be sufficient) in order to determine who the user is. In an embodiment, more sophisticated bio sensors can monitor the health and temperature, the spectral image of the user and can report changes, including sudden presence of a viral or bacterial protein which humans emit when they contract a disease. These may, for public policy reasoning, report in real time to authorities. In an embodiment, any use of the device not authorized by the owner may shut down the device, beacon the owner, send communications to the owner or other parties, per terms of service or rule of law. In an embodiment, the device may be used as a simple flash light. In and embodiment, the device may be equipped with sensory at the far end so the device can be used as a probe to remotely gather telemetry and pass it to the paired devices, such as cell and tablet, for purpose of identification of a given target. The laser pointer could be used to pick a very small target and target area for purpose of spot identification of substances down to the atomic and molecular make up. In an embodiment, when used to deliver medicinal or homeopathic type substances, the delivery can be metered, measured and then tracked by way of the sensors of the device, so as to know the user's demand for dosage, deliver said dosage, measure the levels of dose in the user's spectrum and adjust the dose immediately (just in time) to be effective for the user. Dosing of one or more substances can be concurrent if the drugs themselves are compatible for delivery at the same moment, as a vapor. Nothing herein limits the device to vapors only. The device could be further modified to deliver drugs and homeopathics via a liquid output for swallowing rather than inhaling, which may use the same tip as is used to inhale, or yet another tip not shown. In an embodiment, under computer controls, the device and its drug bearing cartridges could keep track of who dosed, when they dosed, how much they dosed so as to assure no over dosing of the user. The dosing mechanisms can refuse to function without password controls (or audio logging) and some bio sensory to assure the user is known. Through data mining, automatic ordering of the user's drugs and homeopathics can happen per the user's preset instructions. In an embodiment, the tip is thermally conductive, peltier circuitry is thermally connected to the tip, tip is thus temperature controlled. Design is such that peltier cannot run away with temperature making it too cold or too hot. Thermal regulation can be build in with redundancy using 2 thermistors in series with the peltier heat or cool sink. Cool Vaping can refer to the tip and the experience as the content that arrives through the tip may also be cooled to desirable temperatures. Note that on board processing, memory, battery, vape specifics or electronics, wireless transmission circuitry and antenna have not been shown as these elements are typically so small, they do not affect the overall design, or alternatively, they can easily be worked into the design as those skilled in the art of electronics CAD CAM understand, as well as those skilled in VVLSI, miniature electronics and 3-D Printing. Those experienced in the field of this invention should, based on the detailed descriptions of the objectives and new methods, be able to understand the logical possible variations. They will be able to adopt appropriate strategies, dimensions and geometries depending on the various applications and needs of vaping devices, not specifically shown in this application, but within the general goals and objectives of this invention. Examples disclosed are intended to be limiting only as reflected in the claims.

11856995

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Some detailed example embodiments are disclosed herein. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely provided for purposes of describing example embodiments. Example embodiments may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to only the example embodiments set forth herein. Accordingly, while example embodiments are capable of various modifications and alternative forms, example embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit example embodiments to the particular forms disclosed, but to the contrary, example embodiments are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives thereof. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description of the figures. It should be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” “coupled to,” “attached to,” “adjacent to,” or “covering” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, coupled to, attached to, adjacent to or covering the other element, or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the specification. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations or sub-combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It should be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, region, layer, or section from another region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of example embodiments. Spatially relative terms (e.g., “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like) may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It should be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” may encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing various example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, and/or elements, etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, etc., and/or groups thereof. When the words “about” and “substantially” are used in this specification in connection with a numerical value, it is intended that the associated numerical value include a tolerance of ±10% around the stated numerical value, unless otherwise explicitly defined. Example embodiments are described herein with reference to cross-sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of example embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations are to be expected. Thus, example embodiments should not be construed as limited to the shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes. Nicotine vapor, nicotine aerosol and nicotine dispersion are used interchangeably and are meant to cover the matter generated or outputted by the devices disclosed, claimed and/or equivalents thereof wherein such matter contains nicotine. The nicotine e-vaping devices as described herein may each be regarded as an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS). Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which example embodiments belong. It will be further understood that terms, including those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Hardware may be implemented using processing or control circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more processors, one or more Central Processing Units (CPUs), one or more microcontrollers, one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more microcomputers, one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), one or more System-on-Chips (SoCs), one or more programmable logic units (PLUs), one or more microprocessors, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other device or devices capable of responding to and executing instructions in a defined manner. FIG.1Ais a perspective view of a nicotine e-vaping device according to some example embodiments.FIG.1Bis a side view of the nicotine e-vaping device ofFIG.1Aaccording to some example embodiments.FIG.1Cis a cross-sectional view along line IC-IC′ of the nicotine e-vaping device ofFIGS.1A-1Baccording to some example embodiments. As used herein, the term “nicotine e-vaping device” is inclusive of all types of nicotine electronic vaping devices, regardless of form, size or shape.FIGS.2A-2Bare perspective views of a nicotine vapor generator assembly110according to some example embodiments.FIG.2Cis a cross-sectional view along line IIC-IIC′ of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110ofFIGS.2A-2Baccording to some example embodiments.FIG.2Dis a cross-sectional view along line IID-IID′ of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110ofFIGS.2A-2Baccording to some example embodiments. Referring toFIGS.1A-1C, the nicotine e-vaping device100includes a nicotine vapor generator assembly110and a power supply assembly210. In some example embodiments, the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and power supply assembly210include respective complementary connector assemblies142,232and are configured to be detachably connected to each other based on detachably coupling the connector assemblies142,232together. In some example embodiments, a nicotine vapor generator assembly110that is configured to be detachably coupled to a power supply assembly210to form a nicotine e-vaping device100may be referred to herein as a cartridge. In some example embodiments, the connector assemblies142include threaded connectors. It should be appreciated that a connector assembly142,232may be any type of connector, including, without limitation, a snug-fit, detent, clamp, bayonet, sliding fit, sleeve fit, alignment fit, threaded connector, magnetic, clasp, or any other type of connection, and/or combinations thereof. In some example embodiments, the nicotine e-vaping device100may be a unitary piece that includes the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210in the unitary piece, instead of including the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210as separate pieces that are coupled together to form the nicotine e-vaping device100. As shown in at leastFIGS.2A-2D, the nicotine vapor generator assembly110may include at least a reservoir119that is configured to hold a nicotine pre-vapor formulation, a nicotine vaporizer assembly400that is configured to heat nicotine pre-vapor formulation drawn from the reservoir119to generate a nicotine vapor, and an isolation structure188configured to adjustably expose or isolate the nicotine vaporizer assembly400in relation to the reservoir119. As further shown, the nicotine vapor generator assembly110may include an outlet assembly112, but it will be understood that in some example embodiments the outlet assembly112may be omitted. As shown inFIGS.1A-1C, the reservoir119and the isolation structure188may be included in a reservoir assembly114of some example embodiments, where the reservoir assembly114and the nicotine vaporizer assembly400may be coupled together to at least partially establish the nicotine vapor generator assembly110. The isolation structure188and its connections with elements of the reservoir assembly114are illustrated in further detail inFIGS.4and5A-5C. A nicotine pre-vapor formulation is a material or combination of materials that may be transformed into a nicotine vapor. For example, the nicotine pre-vapor formulation may include a liquid, solid, and/or gel formulation. These may include, for example and without limitation, water, oil, emulsions, beads, solvents, active ingredients, ethanol, plant extracts, nicotine, natural or artificial flavors, vapor formers such as glycerin and propylene glycol, and/or any other ingredients that may be suitable for vaping. As shown in at leastFIGS.1A-1C,2C-2D, and5A-5B, the reservoir assembly114may include an upper structure150, a lower structure122, an outer housing118, and an inner housing130that may collectively at least partially define the reservoir119as an annular space bounded by respective surfaces of at least the upper structure150, lower structure122, outer housing118, and inner housing130. As shown, the reservoir assembly114may be configured to hold a nicotine pre-vapor formulation within the reservoir119. As shown in at leastFIGS.2A-2D, a ring gasket126may establish a seal of the interface of the upper structure150and an inner surface of the outer housing118, and a ring gasket124may establish a seal of the interface of the lower structure122and an inner surface of the outer housing118, to mitigate leakage of nicotine pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir119to an exterior of the reservoir assembly114via the aforementioned interfaces. The inner housing130may be coupled to the lower structure122via respective, complementary connectors312,311, and a ring gasket318may establish a seal of the interface of the inner housing130and the lower structure122to mitigate leakage of nicotine pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir119to an exterior of the reservoir assembly114via the aforementioned interface. As shown, the connectors311,312may include threaded connectors, but it should be appreciated that a connector311,312may be any type of connector, including, without limitation, a snug-fit, detent, clamp, bayonet, sliding fit, sleeve fit, alignment fit, threaded connector, magnetic, clasp, or any other type of connection, and/or combinations thereof. As shown in at leastFIG.2D, the upper structure150may include one or more fluid ports150-o, also referred to as one or more second fluid ports, which extend through the upper structure150between the reservoir119and an exterior of at least the reservoir119, such that the one or more fluid ports150-omay enable fluid communication between the reservoir119and the exterior of at least the reservoir119. As shown in at leastFIGS.1C and2C-2D, the reservoir assembly114may include a coupling structure160that is configured to be adjacent to the upper structure150and is configured to rotate, around a longitudinal axis201of the reservoir assembly114, in relation to the upper structure150. A ring gasket165may seal an interface between the upper structure150and the coupling structure160, to mitigate leakage of nicotine pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir119via the aforementioned interface. The coupling structure160may include one or more fluid ports160-owhich extend through the coupling structure160. As shown in at leastFIG.2D, in some example embodiments, each fluid port150-omay be aligned with a separate fluid port160-o, in a direction extending coaxially with the longitudinal axis201, such that reservoir assembly114is configured to enable fluid communication between the reservoir119and the exterior of the reservoir assembly114via the longitudinally-aligned fluid ports150-o,160-o. In some example embodiments, the coupling structure160is configured to rotate, in relation to the upper structure150, around the longitudinal axis201to adjustably longitudinally align or mis-align the one or more fluid ports160-owith the one or more fluid ports150-oand thereby to adjustably expose or isolate the reservoir119to an exterior of the reservoir assembly114, to enable re-filling of the reservoir119with nicotine pre-vapor formulation when the reservoir119is exposed to the exterior of the reservoir assembly114. Still referring to at leastFIGS.1C and2C-2D, the reservoir assembly114may include a port adjustment ring116that is connected to the coupling structure160and is configured to cause the coupling structure160to rotate around the longitudinal axis201based on the port adjustment ring116being caused to rotate around the longitudinal axis201. For example, the port adjustment ring116may be fixed to the coupling structure160via an adhesive, a weld, a bolt connection, a threaded connection, a bayonet connection, or the like. Accordingly, the reservoir assembly114may be configured to enable manually-implemented rotation of the coupling structure160in relation to the upper structure150to adjustably expose or isolate the reservoir119to an exterior of the reservoir assembly114via longitudinally-aligned or mis-aligned ports160-o,150-o. Still referring to at leastFIGS.1C and2C-2D, the nicotine vapor generator assembly110may include an outlet assembly112that is configured to detachably engage with the coupling structure160to reversibly expose or isolate the one or more ports160-ofrom an exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and further to establish fluid communication between a conduit extending from the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to an exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110(described further below) via outlet251. As shown, the outlet assembly112includes an inner conduit112-ithat is configured to receive a nose section of the coupling structure160. The outlet assembly112further includes a projection structure314, protruding from an inner surface of the inner conduit112-i, that is configured to be received into a groove structure160-gof the coupling structure160to seal the interface between the conduit112-iand the nose section160-1of the coupling structure160to mitigate leakage of fluids passing through the inner conduit112-ifrom exiting the outlet assembly112through passages other than the outlet251. As shown inFIGS.2C-2D, the outlet assembly112is configured to establish a bayonet connection with the port adjustment ring116. The port adjustment ring116includes a plug bayonet connector117and the outlet assembly112includes a channel bayonet connector113that is complementary to the plug bayonet connector117. As a result, the outlet assembly112is configured to engage the channel bayonet connector113with the plug bayonet connector117to establish a detachable bayonet connection between the outlet assembly112and the coupling structure160and thereby to establish a detachable bayonet connection between the reservoir assembly114and the outlet assembly112. Still referring to at leastFIGS.1CandFIGS.2A-2D, the outlet assembly112is configured to cover the one or more ports160-oof the coupling structure160based on the outlet assembly112establishing the detachable bayonet connection between the outlet assembly112and the coupling structure160, such that the outlet assembly112isolates the one or more ports160-ofrom the exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and thus mitigates leakage of nicotine pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir119via ports150-o,160-owhen the outlet assembly112is coupled to the reservoir assembly114via the bayonet connection between the outlet assembly112and the coupling structure160. In addition, the nicotine vapor generator assembly110may be configured to enable exposure of the reservoir119to an exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110based on both the outlet assembly112being detached from the coupling structure160and the coupling structure160further being rotated around the longitudinal axis201to longitudinally align the one or more ports160-oof the coupling structure160with one or more ports150-oof the upper structure150. As shown in at leastFIGS.1C and2C-2D, the inner housing130is connected to the upper structure150and is fixed in place in relation to the upper structure150(e.g., via an adhesive, a connector, or the like). As shown, the inner surface of the inner housing130at least partially defines a barrel conduit130-aand a nose conduit130-ithat are configured to receive at least a portion of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to enable the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be coupled with the reservoir assembly114to at least partially establish the nicotine vapor generator assembly110. As shown inFIGS.2C-2D and5A-5B, the inner housing130defines a lower-barrel conduit130-aand an upper, nose conduit130-i, where the conduit130-ihas a diameter that is at least as great as an outer diameter of a nose segment176-nof the nicotine vaporizer assembly400and where the barrel conduit130-ahas a diameter that is at least as great as an outer diameter of an outer housing320of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. Still referring to at leastFIGS.2C-2D, the upper structure150includes a conduit150-ithat is configured to be aligned with the nose conduit130-iaround the longitudinal axis201and to have an inner surface that is flush or substantially flush with an inner surface of the inner housing130so that conduits130-iand150-icollectively define a single, continuous conduit. As shown inFIGS.1A-2DandFIG.4andFIGS.5A-5C, the reservoir assembly114includes an isolation structure188that is connected to the coupling structure160and is fixed in place in relation to the coupling structure160(e.g., via adhesive, welds, connectors, or the like), such that the coupling structure160is configured to cause the isolation structure188to rotate around the longitudinal axis201with the coupling structure160. As shown in at leastFIGS.2C-2D and4-5B, the isolation structure188includes a barrel structure188-1with an inner surface that defines a barrel conduit188-oand a nose structure188-2with an inner surface that defines a narrower nose conduit188-i. As shown inFIGS.2C-2D and4-5B, the nose structure188-2is fixed to the coupling structure160such that the nose conduit188-iis directly adjacent to the conduit160-iand at least a portion of the nose structure188-2and the coupling structure160occupy the conduit defined by conduits130-iand150-iand the barrel structure188-1occupies conduit130-i. In some example embodiments, the outer diameters of the barrel structure188-1and the nose structure188-2may correspond to the inner diameters of the conduits130-aand130-i, respectively, such that an interposing space may be absent or substantially absent between the outer surfaces of the isolation structure188and the inner surfaces of the inner housing130, but example embodiments are not limited thereto. As shown, in at leastFIGS.2C-2D, the nose structure188-2defines a conduit188-iand the barrel structure188-1defines a conduit188-athat is wider than conduit188-i. In addition, the coupling structure160includes a conduit160-ithat is configured to be aligned with the conduit188-iaround the longitudinal axis201and to have an inner surface that is flush or substantially flush with an inner surface of the nose structure188-2so that conduits188-iand160-icollectively define a single, continuous conduit. As shown, the conduits188-iand160-iare configured to collectively define a conduit that establishes fluid communication between conduit188-aand an exterior of the reservoir assembly114, independently of reservoir119. As further shown inFIGS.2C-2D, the outlet assembly112is configured to be detachably connected to the coupling structure160such that a nose portion of the coupling structure160, through which conduit160-iextends, is inserted into the inner conduit112-iof the outlet assembly, such that the outlet251, inner conduit112-i, and conduit160-iand188-icollectively define a conduit that establishes fluid communication between conduit188-aand an exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110, independently of reservoir119. Still referring toFIGS.2C-2DandFIGS.5A-5B, the inner housing130includes one or more ports132, also referred to herein as one or more first fluid ports that extend through the inner housing130between the reservoir119and the conduit130-ato establish fluid communication therebetween. As further shown, the isolation structure188may include one or more ports188-o, also referred to herein as one or more third fluid ports, that extend through the barrel structure188-1to establish fluid communication between barrel conduit188-aand an exterior of the isolation structure188. Based on being fixed to the coupling structure160, which is configured to be rotated around longitudinal axis201, the isolation structure188may be configured to rotate around the longitudinal axis201to adjustably radially align or mis-align the one or more ports188-owith the one or more ports132of the inner housing130, to adjustably expose the barrel conduit188-awith the reservoir119or isolate the barrel conduit188-afrom the reservoir119based on the isolation structure188being rotated around longitudinal axis201. Referring now toFIGS.1A-1C, the power supply assembly210of the nicotine e-vaping device100is now described. Referring toFIG.1C, an example power supply assembly210may include an outer housing212and end cap214at least partially defining an enclosure. As shown, a power supply220may be included within the enclosure of the power supply assembly210. The power supply220may be a rechargeable battery, and the power supply assembly210may be configured to supply electrical power from the power supply220to the nicotine vapor generator assembly110(e.g., to the nicotine vaporizer assembly400via one or more electrical leads) to support nicotine vapor generation at the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. As shown inFIG.1C, an example nicotine e-vaping device100may include one or more instances of control circuitry222that may be configured to control the supply of electrical power from the power supply220to the nicotine vapor generator assembly110(e.g., to the nicotine vaporizer assembly400). In the example embodiments shown inFIG.1B, the control circuitry222is included in the power supply assembly210and is structurally supported therein by one or more instances of support structure218. It will be understood that, in some example embodiments, the control circuitry222may be included in the nicotine vapor generator assembly110instead of the power supply assembly210. In some example embodiments, the nicotine e-vaping device100may be a unitary piece that includes the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210in the unitary piece, instead of including the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210as separate pieces that are coupled together to form the nicotine e-vaping device100. As shown inFIGS.1A-1C, the power supply assembly210includes an initialization interface216configured to be manually manipulated to cause the control circuitry222to cause power to be supplied to the nicotine vapor generator assembly110. As shown, the initialization interface216may be a button device, but example embodiments are not limited thereto. For example, the initialization interface216may be a switch device. Still referring toFIGS.1A-1C, the power supply assembly210may include a power supply interface228that is configured to connect with an electrical power supply conduit to enable the power supply220to be charged or re-charged via power supplied thereto from an external power source via the power supply interface228. In some example embodiments, the power supply interface228may be a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, a mini-USB interface, a micro-USB interface, or the like. In some example embodiments, wherein the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210are configured to be detachably coupled via complementary connector assemblies142and323, respectively, one or more electrical circuits through the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210may be established based on connector assemblies142,232being coupled together. In one example, the one or more established electrical circuits may include at least the nicotine vaporizer assembly400, the control circuitry222, and the power supply220. As shown in at leastFIG.1C, the power supply assembly210may include an electrode structure230that is electrically coupled to the power supply220and the control circuitry222via an electrical connection structure226. As shown, the electrode structure230is configured to contact a corresponding electrode structure172of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110, based on the connector323of the power supply assembly210coupling with the connector assembly142of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110, to establish an electrical circuit that includes at least the power supply220, the control circuitry222, and the nicotine vaporizer assembly400thereby electrically coupling the power supply220and control circuitry222to the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. In the example embodiments shown, electrode structures230and172are configured to contact each other via flush contact of respective surfaces of the electrode structures230and172. Still referring toFIGS.1A-1C, the nicotine e-vaping device100may include an air inlet250that is configured to direct air to be drawn into an interior of the nicotine e-vaping device100and one or more conduits configured to direct the air to be drawn into the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to entrain nicotine vapor generated therein and to further be drawn out of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400and out of the nicotine e-vaping device100via the conduits188-i,160-i,112-i, and outlet251of the outlet assembly112. As shown, the air inlet250may be an arcuate and/or annular inlet that extends partially or entirely around a circumference of an exterior of the nicotine e-vaping device100. In the example embodiments shown, the air inlet250is defined by a gap between the coupled nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210, but example embodiments are not limited thereto: the air inlet250may be entirely located in, and entirely defined by, the nicotine vapor generator assembly110or the power supply assembly210. As further shown, the power supply assembly210may include a structure224that at least partially defines one or more conduits extending through an interior of at least the power supply assembly210from the air inlet250towards the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. The power supply assembly210further includes an adjustment ring120that defines one or more orifices121, and the adjustment ring120may be configured to be rotated, in relation to at least the structure224, around a longitudinal axis of the power supply assembly210to adjustably align one or more differently-sized orifices121with at least one air conduit defined by the structure224in order to adjustably configure the nicotine e-vaping device100to support a particular maximum flow rate of air through the nicotine e-vaping device via flow choking by the orifice121that is aligned with the conduit defined by structure224. In some example embodiments, the adjustment ring120may be configured to be rotated to isolate the conduit defined by structure224, to preclude air from being drawn from the air inlet250to the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. Still referring to at leastFIG.1C, the structure224is coupled to the connector323and further defines a space that is configured to be in fluid communication with an inlet conduit178-iof the nicotine vaporizer assembly440when the connector323is connected to the connector assembly142of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110. In some example embodiments, the nicotine e-vaping device100may be a unitary piece that includes the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210in the unitary piece, such that there is no need to couple the nicotine vapor generator assembly110and the power supply assembly210together to establish the one or more electrical circuits. In some example embodiments, the power supply220may include a battery. In some examples, the power supply220may include a Lithium-ion battery or one of its variants, for example a Lithium-ion polymer battery, or a different type of battery. Further, the power supply220may be rechargeable and may include circuitry configured to allow the battery to be chargeable by an external charging device. In some example embodiments, the power supply220may be electrically connected with the nicotine vaporizer assembly400by control circuitry222based on a signal received at the control circuitry222from a sensor of the nicotine e-vaping device100, an interface of the nicotine e-vaping device100(e.g., initialization interface216), or a combination thereof. To control the supply of electrical power to nicotine vaporizer assembly400, the control circuitry222may execute one or more instances of computer-executable program code. The control circuitry222may include a processor and a memory. The memory may be a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable code. The control circuitry222may be a special purpose machine configured to execute the computer-executable code to control the supply of electrical power to the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. Referring now toFIGS.3A-3D, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is now described.FIGS.3A-3Bare perspective views of a nicotine vaporizer assembly according to some example embodiments.FIG.3Cis a cross-sectional perspective view along line IIIC-IIIC′ of the nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIGS.3A-3Baccording to some example embodiments.FIG.3Dis a cross-sectional perspective view along line IIID-IIID′ of the nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIGS.3A-3Baccording to some example embodiments. Referring toFIGS.3A-3D, a nicotine vaporizer assembly400may include a conduit structure186, a nicotine vaporizer180that includes a dispensing interface180-W and a heating element180-H, an electrode structure172, and an outlet conduit structure176. The conduit structure186has an inner surface186-sthat at least partially defines a conduit174extending through the nicotine vaporizer assembly400along a longitudinal axis401thereof. The conduit structure186may further include a set of slots388, extending coaxially to the longitudinal axis401, that are configured to structurally support the dispensing interface180-W and hold the dispensing interface180-W in place in a fixed position in relation to the conduit structure186. As shown, an interface between the conduit structure186and the outer housing130may be sealed with a ring gasket316. As shown, the dispensing interface180-W may extend transversely through the conduit174, between slots388extending along opposite sides of the conduit174. As further shown, a heating element180-H may extend around an outer surface of the dispensing interface180-W. As shown, the heating element180-H may be a wire coil that is wrapped around the dispensing interface180-W in direct contact therewith. The dispensing interface180-W may include one or more instances of wicking material and may be referred to as a wick. As shown inFIGS.3A-3D, electrode structure172may be positioned at a first end of the conduit structure186by gasket173. The electrode structure172and gasket173may collectively define a first end of the conduit174along the longitudinal axis401. As shown, the electrode structure172includes a central conduit172-ithat extends along (“coaxially to”) the longitudinal axis401and a set of at least two inlet conduits172-othat extend transversely, orthogonally to the longitudinal axis401, between a first end of the central conduit172-iand an exterior of the electrode structure172that is further exterior to the conduit174. Accordingly, as shown in at leastFIGS.3C-3D, the central conduit172-ihas a first end that is in fluid communication with an exterior of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400, independently of conduit174, via the transversely-extending inlet conduits172-o, and an opposite, second end that is directly exposed to the conduit174. Thus, the electrode structure172is configured to direct a fluid, such as air, drawn into the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be drawn into the central conduit172-ifrom an exterior via one or more inlet conduits172-oand to be further drawn from the central conduit172-iinto the conduit174. The gasket173may include an electrically insulating material, such that the gasket173electrically insulates the electrode structure172and the conduit structure186from each other. As further shown inFIGS.3C-3D, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400includes a set of two electrical leads181(only one electrical lead181is shown inFIGS.3C-3D, but both electrical leads181are shown inFIG.6B) that are connected to opposite ends of the heating element180-H. One electrical lead181, connected to one end of the heating element180-H, may be connected to the electrode structure172and may extend thereto via a portion of the conduit174and through a portion of the gasket173. Another electrical lead181, connected to an opposite end of the heating element180-H, may be connected to the conduit structure186and may extend thereto via a portion of the conduit174and through a portion of the gasket173. As a result, the electrical leads181may electrically couple the opposite ends of the heating element180-H with the electrode structure172and the conduit structure186, respectively. The gasket173may include an electrically insulating material, such that the gasket173may electrically insulate the leads181extending through the gasket173from each other and may further electrically insulate the electrode structure172and the conduit structure186from each other. Accordingly, the electrode structure172may be configured to be an anode or cathode, and the conduit structure186may be configured to be an opposite thereof (e.g., a cathode or anode). As shown inFIG.1C, a lower surface186-H of the conduits structure186may be configured to contact a portion of the power supply assembly210when the nicotine vapor generator assembly110is coupled to the power supply assembly210. In particular, the lower surface186-H of the conduit structure186is configured to contact the connector assembly232of the power supply assembly210when the nicotine vapor generator assembly110is coupled to the power supply assembly210, concurrently with a surface of the electrode structure172contacting the electrode structure230of the power supply assembly210. Accordingly, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is configured to establish an electrical circuit that extends therethrough when the nicotine vapor generator assembly110is coupled to the power supply assembly210, where the electrical circuit extends from the power supply220to the electrode structure230via the control circuitry222, from the electrode structure230to the electrode structure172that is in contact with the electrode structure230, from the electrode structure172to a first end of the heating element180-H via a first electrical lead181that is in contact with both the first end of the heating element180-H and the electrode structure172, through the heating element180-H from the first end to an opposite second end thereof, from the second end of the heating element180-H to the conduit structure186via a second electrical lead181that is in contact with both the second end of the heating element180-H and the conduit structure186, and from the conduit structure186to the power supply220via at least the connector assembly232. Still referring toFIGS.3A-3D, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400includes a sheath structure178that surrounds a first end of the electrode structure172that is isolated from the conduit174by at least the gasket173and conduit structure186. The sheath structure178extends coaxially with the electrode structure172and surrounds the first end of the electrode structure172as shown inFIGS.3C-3Dto define an annular inlet conduit178-ithat extends coaxially to the longitudinal axis401and is defined by the gasket173, the conduit structure186, an inner surface of the sheath structure178, and an outer surface of the electrode structure172. As shown, the inlet conduit178-iis open to an exterior of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400and is further open to the inlet conduits172-iof the electrode structure172. Accordingly, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is configured to direct a fluid, such as air, that is drawn into the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be drawn into the inlet conduits172-ivia the inlet conduit178-i. The sheath structure178may further provide protection to the electrode structure from impacts at least partially orthogonally to the longitudinal axis401, thereby improving the durability of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. Still referring toFIGS.3A-3D, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400includes an outlet conduit structure176that defines an outlet conduit176-iand a longitudinal end of the conduit174. The nicotine vaporizer assembly further includes an outer housing320that extends coaxially to the longitudinal axis401, between a surface of the conduit structure186and the outlet conduit structure176. Referring first to the outer housing320, the outer housing320includes first ports320-othat extend through the outer housing320and are spaced apart on opposite sides of the outer housing320(e.g., are offset by 180 degrees from each other. The outer housing320further includes second ports320-ithat extend through the outer housing320and are spaced apart on opposite sides of the outer housing320(e.g., are offset by 180 degrees from each other), where the first ports320-oand the second ports320-iare orthogonal to each other around the outer housing320(e.g., the second ports320-iand the first ports320-oare offset by 90 degrees from each other). As shown, an inner surface of the outer housing320and an outer surface of the conduit structure186define the inner and outer radial boundaries of an annular conduit321that extends coaxially to longitudinal axis401between a surface of the conduit structure186and the outlet conduit structure176. Each port of the first ports320-oand the second ports320-imay establish fluid communication between the dispensing interface180-W and an exterior of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400via annular conduit321. As shown in at leastFIGS.9A-9E, one or more of the ports320-oand320-imay be exposed to the reservoir119of the reservoir assembly114, either directly or via one or more ports132,188-oradially aligned with the one or more of the ports320-oand320-i, such that one or more of the ports320-oand320-imay be configured to establish fluid communication between the dispensing interface180-W and the reservoir119when the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is coupled to the reservoir assembly114and the isolation structure188is rotated to expose at least the barrel conduit188-ato the reservoir119. Accordingly, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400may be configured to direct nicotine pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir119to the dispensing interface180-W via one or more ports320-o,320-iand via the annular conduit321, to which opposite ends of the dispensing interface180-W are directly exposed as shown inFIGS.3C-3D. In some example embodiments, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400may include an additional dispensing interface occupying a portion or an entirety of the annular conduit321, such that the annular dispensing interface isolates the dispensing interface180-W from direct exposure to the one or more ports320-o,320-i(e.g., where only empty space interposes between the dispensing interface180-W and the one or more ports320-o,320-i), and the additional dispensing interface may enable nicotine pre-vapor formulation to be drawn from the one or more ports320-o,320-ito the dispensing interface180-W through an interior of the additional dispensing interface. As further shown inFIGS.3C-3D, the longitudinal axis of the dispensing interface180-W may be radially aligned with the second ports320-o. The outlet conduit structure176may include a plate structure176-cthat at least partially defines a longitudinal end of the conduits174,321and a conduit structure176-n, aligned with the longitudinal axis401and extending coaxially therewith, that defines the outlet conduit176-ithat itself establishes fluid communication between the proximate longitudinal end of conduit174and the exterior of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. A fluid that is located in the conduit174, including air drawn into the conduit174via conduits178-i,172-i, and172-o, a nicotine vapor generated in the conduit174based on the heating element180-H heating nicotine pre-vapor formulation drawn into the dispensing interface180-W from the reservoir119, or a combination thereof, may be drawn out of the conduit174and out of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400via the outlet conduit176-i. Referring back to at leastFIGS.1C and2C-2D, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400and reservoir assembly114may be configured to be coupled with each other such that the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is inserted into the conduits188-iand188-a, where longitudinal axes401and201are aligned to be the same longitudinal axis, such that the nose structure176-nof the nicotine vaporizer assembly400extends through conduit188-i, at least partially sealed therewith via at least a portion of the outer housing320occupies barrel conduit188-a, and one or more of the ports320-o,320-iis radially aligned with the one or more ports132. As shown inFIGS.2C-2D, the inner housing130is configured to enable the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be inserted into the conduit188-a,188-i, such that an outlet conduit176-iof the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is in direct fluid communication with conduit160-i, such that conduits176-i,160-icollectively define an outlet conduit that extends from conduit174to an exterior of the reservoir assembly114and, via the outlet conduit112-iand outlet251, to an exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110. The isolation structure188may rotate around longitudinal axis201to adjustably expose the one or more ports320-o,320-ito the reservoir119via the one or more ports132based on adjustably radially aligning the one or more ports188-owith the one or more ports132and thus the one or more ports320-o,320-i. FIG.4is a perspective view of an isolation structure according to some example embodiments.FIG.5Ais a cross-sectional view along line IIC-IIC′ of the nicotine vapor generator assembly ofFIGS.2A-2Baccording to some example embodiments.FIG.5Bis a cross-sectional view along line IID-IID′ of the nicotine vapor generator assembly ofFIGS.2A-2Baccording to some example embodiments.FIG.5Cis a cross-sectional perspective view along line VC-VC′ of the reservoir assembly ofFIGS.5A-5Baccording to some example embodiments.FIG.6Ais a cross-sectional view of the nicotine vapor generator assembly ofFIGS.2A-2Baccording to some example embodiments.FIG.6Bis a cross-sectional view of the nicotine vapor generator assembly ofFIG.6Aalong view line VIB-VIB′ according to some example embodiments. As shown inFIGS.5A-5C, the inner housing130includes projection structures510that extend partially around an inner surface130-sof the inner housing130and are radially spaced apart to define one or more longitudinal conduits512, each longitudinal conduit512extending coaxially with longitudinal axis201between adjacent projection structures510. As shown inFIG.4, the isolation structure188may include a projection structure490that extends from the lower edge492of the isolation structure188, where the extension is coaxial with the longitudinal axis201. As shown, each projection structure490may extend around a limited portion of the lower edge492of the isolation structure188. For example, in the illustrated example embodiments, each projection structure490extends about 90 degrees around the circumference of the lower edge492, and the two projection structures490are offset by 90 degrees from each other, such that each projection structure490extends around ¼ of the lower edge492of the isolation structure188and the two projection structures490collectively extend around ½ of the lower edge492of the isolation structure188. As further shown inFIGS.5A-5C, a bottom edge492of the isolation structure188and top edges of the projection structures510may collectively define one or more annular conduits520. As further shown, the projection structures510may each include a longitudinal projection structure514that isolates separate annular conduits520from each other. Still referring toFIGS.5A-5C, and further referring to at leastFIG.6A, the annular conduit520defined by at least the inner housing130and the isolation structure188may include an outer annular conduit520-oand an inner annular conduit520-i, where the outer annular conduit520-ois defined by the inner housing130and the projection structure510, and the inner annular conduit520-i, which is concentric with the outer annular conduit520-o, is defined by the lower edge492of the isolation structure188. The isolation structure188is configured to rotate around longitudinal axis201such that the interlock projection structures490are restricted to moving through the inner annular conduit520-ibased on rotation of the isolation structure188around the longitudinal axis201. In some example embodiments, the structures defining conduits512and520(e.g., projection structures510and514), may collectively define a reservoir assembly connector assembly550of the reservoir assembly114that is a channel bayonet connector and which is configured to engage with a complementary plug bayonet connector of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to couple the nicotine vaporizer assembly400with the reservoir assembly114in such a way so as to radially align one or more ports320-i,320-owith at least the ports132of the inner housing130. The conduits512and520that are open to each other may be referred to herein as a connector conduit555that is defined by the reservoir assembly connector assembly550. FIG.3Eis a perspective view of an interlock structure according to some example embodiments. The interlock structure410shown inFIG.3Emay be the interlock structure410shown inFIGS.3A-3D. The interlock structure410may partially or entirely comprise a plug bayonet connector of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400that is complementary with the aforementioned channel bayonet connector of the reservoir assembly114. As shown inFIG.3E, the interlock structure410may include a ring structure414that is configured to extend around the outer housing320of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. In some example embodiments, the ring structure414is configured to be fixed in place in relation to the outer housing320and/or the conduit structure186(e.g., via adhesive, welding, one or more connectors, or the like). The interlock structure410may further include a connector structure412that is configured to engage with the complementary channel bayonet connector of the reservoir assembly114(e.g., one or more conduits512and one or more conduits520) to couple the nicotine vaporizer assembly400with the reservoir assembly114. As shown, the connector structure412may be a plug bayonet connector structure that is configured to engage with a corresponding, complementary bayonet connector structure of the reservoir assembly connector assembly550. As shown, the connector structure412may be a plug structure that extends a distance412-H away from the ring structure414in a longitudinal direction, has a width412-W, has a depth412-D, and projects a distance412-P away from the ring structure414in a radial direction. While the connector structure412is shown inFIG.3Eto be a plug bayonet connector, it will be understood that example embodiments are not limited thereto, and the connector structure412may be any type of connector, including a channel bayonet connector structure, a pin connector structure, a threaded connector structure, some combination thereof, or the like. FIG.7Ais a perspective view of a reservoir assembly and a nicotine vaporizer assembly aligned with the longitudinal axis of the reservoir assembly according to some example embodiments.FIG.7Bis a cross-sectional view of the reservoir assembly and aligned nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.7Aalong view line VIIB-VIIB′.FIG.8Ais a perspective view of a reservoir assembly and a nicotine vaporizer assembly inserted into the reservoir assembly according to some example embodiments.FIG.8Bis a cross-sectional perspective view along line VIIIB-VIIIB′ of the reservoir assembly and nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.8Aaccording to some example embodiments.FIG.8Cis a cross-sectional view along line VIIIC-VIIIC′ of the reservoir assembly and nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.8Aaccording to some example embodiments.FIG.8Dis a cross-sectional view along line VIIID-VIIID′ of the reservoir assembly and nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.8Aaccording to some example embodiments.FIG.9Ais a perspective view of a reservoir assembly and a nicotine vaporizer assembly locked into the reservoir assembly according to some example embodiments.FIG.9Bis a cross-sectional perspective view along line IXB-IXB′ of the reservoir assembly and nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.9Aaccording to some example embodiments.FIG.9Cis a cross-sectional view along line IXC-IXC′ of the reservoir assembly and nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.9Aaccording to some example embodiments.FIG.9Dis a cross-sectional view along line IXD-IXD′ of the reservoir assembly and nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.9Aaccording to some example embodiments.FIG.9Eis a cross-sectional view along line IXE-IXE′ of the reservoir assembly and nicotine vaporizer assembly ofFIG.9Aaccording to some example embodiments. Referring now to at leastFIGS.6A-9E, when the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is inserted into the reservoir assembly114to at least partially occupy the conduits188-iand188-a, the interlock structure410may be configured to establish a bayonet connection between the nicotine vaporizer assembly400and the reservoir assembly114based on interaction between the interlock structure410and the conduits512,520of the reservoir assembly connector assembly550. As shown inFIGS.6A-8C, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400may be inserted into reservoir assembly114, through connector assembly142and into the conduits188-i,188-a, where the connector structures412are radially aligned with separate respective conduits512of the connector assembly550, such that the projector structures412move, coaxially in relation to the longitudinal axis201, through the separate, respective conduits512and into separate respective conduits520as the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is inserted into the conduits188-i,188-a. As shown inFIGS.8A-9E, once the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is inserted longitudinally into the reservoir assembly114such that the connector structures412are inserted longitudinally into separate, respective conduits520via conduits512, the nicotine vaporizer assembly400may be rotated around the longitudinal axis201(which may be aligned with longitudinal axis401to be the same longitudinal axis based on the nicotine vaporizer assembly440being inserted into the reservoir assembly114) such that the connector structures412move in separate, respective arcs around longitudinal axis201and through separate, respective conduits520to impinge upon separate, respective structures514that restrict further motion of the projector structures412away from the respective conduits512that are directly open to the respective conduits520in which the connector structure412are located. Such motion of the connector structure412to impinge upon separate, respective structure514may correspond with the nicotine vaporizer assembly400being rotated around longitudinal axis201to radially align one or more sets of ports320-o,320-iwith ports132. As shown in at leastFIGS.6A-6B, the projector structures412each include an inner portion412-ithat is longitudinally aligned with the ring structure414and an outer portion412-othat projects radially from the ring structure414. Referring back toFIGS.7A-9E, the connector structure412is configured to be inserted into a conduit520, and move therethrough, such that the inner portion412-iis in the inner annular conduit520-iof the given conduit520and the outer portion412-ois in the outer annular conduit520-oof the given channel. Furthermore, the connector structure412may be configured such that the outer portion412-ois confined to moving through the outer annular conduit520-oand the inner portion412-iis confined to moving through the inner annular conduit520-iwhen the connector structure412is moving through a conduit520. As further shown inFIGS.8A-9E, the nicotine vapor generator assembly110is configured to enable the isolation structure188to rotate around the longitudinal axis201such that the projection structure490moves through the inner annular conduit520-ito selectively obstruct the inner annular conduit520-ibetween a structure514and a conduit512, to isolate at least the inner portion412-iof the connector structure412, that is impinging upon the structure514, from the conduit512. As a result, the projection structure490may restricting at least a portion of the interlock structure410(e.g., inner portion412-i) from being disengaged from the bayonet connection defined by conduits512,520, based on at least a conduit and/or series of conduits through which at least a portion412-iof the interlock structure410may move to disengage the nicotine vaporizer assembly400from the reservoir assembly114being obstructed by the projection structure490. As shown in at leastFIGS.8A-9E, the isolation structure188is configured to expose at least inner annular conduit520-ito a conduit512based on the isolation structure188being in a position that radially mis-aligns one or more ports188-owith one or more ports132to isolate the barrel conduit188-afrom the one or more ports132. Accordingly, the reservoir assembly114may be configured to enable a nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be removably coupled with the reservoir assembly114, via engagement of the interlock structure410and the connector assembly550to cause one or more connector structure412to move through one or more sets of conduits512,520to impinge upon a structure514, based on the isolation structure188being in a first position in which the isolation structure188isolates the reservoir119from the nicotine vaporizer assembly400and in which the isolation structure188does not isolate conduits520,512from each other to enable the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be inserted longitudinally into the reservoir assembly114and rotated around the longitudinal axis201such that the connector structure412of the interlock structure410of the nicotine vaporizer assembly440moves through a conduit512and a conduit520that is open to the conduit512to impinge upon a structure514, such that one or more ports320-o,320-iof the nicotine vaporizer assembly400are radially aligned with the one or more ports132when the one or more projector structures412are impinging upon separate, respective structures514. As further shown inFIGS.8A-9E, the reservoir assembly114may be configured to enable a nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be restricted from being decoupled from the reservoir assembly114based on the isolation structure188being in a second position in which the isolation structure188radially aligns the one or more ports188-othereof with the one or more ports132of the inner housing130and the one or more ports320-o,320-iof the nicotine vaporizer assembly400such that the isolation structure188exposes the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to the reservoir119and in which the isolation structure188also obstructs a portion of the inner annular conduit520-ithat is between the connector structure412(impinging on structure514) and the conduit512, thereby restricting the connector structure412from being moved through the conduit520to the conduit512and therethrough to an exterior of the reservoir assembly114, thereby restricting the interlock structure410from disengaging from the reservoir assembly114when the conduit188-a, and thus the nicotine vaporizer assembly400held therein, is exposed to the reservoir119via the one or more ports188-oand radially aligned one or more ports132. Accordingly, the isolation structure188may be configured to partially or entirely mitigate leaking of nicotine pre-vapor formulation from reservoir119to an exterior of the reservoir assembly114in the absence of nicotine vaporizer assembly400being coupled to the reservoir assembly114, as the isolation structure188is configured to isolate the reservoir119from the space188-ain which the nicotine vaporizer assembly400is configured to be inserted based on being in a first position that is configured to enable the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to be removable engaged with the reservoir assembly114and is configured to expose the reservoir119with the nicotine vaporizer assembly400based on the isolation structure188being in a second position that is configured to restrict the nicotine vaporizer assembly400from being disengaged from the reservoir assembly114based on the isolation structure188isolating a portion of conduits520from adjacent conduits512to restrict the nicotine vaporizer assembly400from being rotated around the longitudinal axis201, based on restricting the connector structure412of the interlock structure410of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400that are impinged upon structures514from moving through respective channels (obstructed by respective interlock structures491of the isolation structure188) to respective conduits512. In view of the above, it will be understood that the reservoir assembly connector assembly550may be configured to detachably couple with the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to establish fluid communication between the nicotine vaporizer assembly400and a reservoir defined by the reservoir assembly114based on a connector element of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400engaging with the connector conduit555of the nicotine vaporizer connector assembly, where the connector element may be at least the connector structure412of the interlock structure410of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. It will further be understood that the reservoir assembly114may include an isolation structure188configured to move, in relation to both the reservoir assembly114and the reservoir assembly connector assembly550, between a first position, shown inFIGS.9A-9E, where the isolation structure188exposes the nicotine vaporizer assembly400to the reservoir119and at least partially obstructs the connector conduit, defined by at least one conduit512and a conduit520that is open to the at least one conduit512, to restrict the connector element from disengaging from the connector conduit520, and a second position, shown inFIGS.8A-8C, where the isolation structure188isolates the nicotine vaporizer assembly400from the reservoir119and opens the connector conduit555to enable the connector element to disengage from the connector conduit555. As shown inFIGS.8A-9E, the reservoir assembly114may include a first fluid port, port132extending through an inner housing130of the reservoir assembly114, the isolation structure188may be configured to expose the reservoir119to the nicotine vaporizer assembly400via the first fluid port132based on moving to the first position, and the isolation structure188may be further configured to cover the first fluid port132and thus isolate the nicotine vaporizer assembly400from the reservoir119based on moving to the second position. It will also be understood that, in some example embodiments, the inner housing130may be omitted from the reservoir assembly114, such that the first fluid port132is also omitted. As shown in at leastFIGS.2C-2D, the reservoir assembly114may include a second fluid port150-ithat is configured to enable fluid communication between the reservoir119and an exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110, the isolation structure188may be configured to cover the second fluid port150-ito isolate the reservoir119from the exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110based on moving to the first position, the isolation structure188may be further configured to expose the second port150-ito expose the reservoir119to the exterior of the nicotine vapor generator assembly110based on moving to the second position, and the reservoir assembly114may be configured to be refilled through the second fluid port150-ibased on the isolation structure188being in the second position. In some example embodiments, the isolation structure188may be configured to move in relation to both the reservoir assembly114and the reservoir assembly connector assembly550to a third position where the isolation structure covers both the first fluid port and the second fluid port, and the isolation structure188may be configured to open the connector conduit555to enable the connector element to disengage from the connector conduit555based on the isolation structure188moving to the third position. In some example embodiments, the isolation structure188may include a third fluid port188-oconfigured to at least partially align with the first fluid port132for the isolation structure188to expose the first fluid port132based on the isolation structure188moving to the first position. It will also be understood that, in some example embodiments, the second fluid port150-i, the coupling structure160, the third fluid port160-i, and/or the port adjustment ring116may be omitted from the reservoir assembly114. As shown inFIGS.5A-5B, the reservoir assembly connector assembly550may be a bayonet connector that is configured to establish a bayonet interface connection with a bayonet connector, such as interlock structure410, of the nicotine vaporizer assembly400. But, in some example embodiments, the reservoir assembly connector assembly550may be configured to establish a different connection with the nicotine vaporizer assembly400, including a threaded connection. As shown inFIGS.7A-9E, the isolation structure188may be configured to rotate around longitudinal axis201to move between the first position and the second position. While a number of example embodiments have been disclosed herein, it should be understood that other variations may be possible. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

11856996

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Reference Numbers 10—cartridge;112—oil cup;114—magnetic fixing frame;116—atomizing wire;118—top sealing gasket;120—bottom sealing gasket;12—second controller;13—second electrical contact pin;30—host device;31—housing;32—host device bracket;321—first mounting part;322—second mounting part;3221—metal gasket;323—third mounting part;33—first controller;34—communication magnet;35—first electrical contact pin. In order to make the objects of the invention, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments thereof. Generally, the components in the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the drawings herein may be arranged and designed in various ways. Therefore, the following detailed description of the drawings showing embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, but merely regarded as selected embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, any other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive effort shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. It should be noted that similar reference numbers and characters indicate similar items in the following figures. Therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it is not needed to be further defined and explained in subsequent figures. In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terminologies, “inner”, “outer”, etc. are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, or based on the orientation in which the product is usually placed in use. Such terminology is only for the convenience of describing the invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or components referred to must be located, constructed or operated in the specific orientation, and therefore it cannot be understood as limitation on the invention. In addition, the terminologies, “first”, “second”, etc. are only used for distinguishing something in the description, but cannot be understood as indicating or implying the relative importance. In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless being clearly defined and limited otherwise, the terminologies, “set” and “connect” should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or connected as one piece; and it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it may be internally communicated between two components. For those skilled in the art, the specific meanings of the above-mentioned terminologies in the present invention can be understood under specific circumstances. Referring toFIG.1, an embodiment of the present invention provides an electronic cigarette using a magnet for communication, comprising a cartridge10and a host device30. Referring toFIGS.2to4, specifically, the host device30comprises a housing31as well as a host device bracket32, a first controller33, a communication magnet34, and a first electrical contact pin35arranged in the housing31. The first controller33is arranged at the host device bracket32. The communication magnet34is arranged at the host device bracket32and electrically connected with the first controller33. The first electrical contact pin35is arranged on the host device bracket and electrically connected with the first controller33. The cartridge10comprises the body of the cartridge10, the second controller12, and the second electrical contact pin13. The second controller12is arranged at the body of the cartridge10and transmits data with the first controller33through the communication magnet34. The second electrical contact pin13is electrically connected with the second controller12. The second electrical contact pin13is in electrical contact with the first electrical contact pin35for transmitting electric energy. Meanwhile, in order to emphasize the communication magnet34, the first electrical contact pin35and the similar inFIG.2, section lines of some of the surrounding components are omitted. It should be noted that a general electronic cigarette has a smoke pipe, an E-liquid cup, an atomizer and so on, which are also provided in the electronic cigarette using magnet for communication according to the present invention. The corresponding structures and the working methods of such components can be obtained by referring to the existing technology, and thus will not be repeated here. In the above, the cartridge10and the host device30are detachably connected with each other through a communication magnet34. The communication magnet34is able to not only play a communication role, but also realize a detachable connection, which can greatly reduce the space occupation, and also retain the users' good experience of the magnetic electronic cigarette. By using the communication magnet34as a data transmission medium, the number of electrical contact pins can be reduced, and therefore there is no need to leave more space for the electrical contact pins, so as to reduce the space occupation. In this embodiment, the number of the first electrical contact pins35is two and the number of the second electrical contact pins13is two, wherein each first electrical contact pin35is electrically connected to one respective second electrical contact pin13. The two first electrical contact pins35cooperate with the two second electrical contact pins13to establish power supply, which meets the requirements for use, and reduces the number of electrical contact pins so as to lower the cost to a certain extent. Referring toFIGS.5and6, the host device bracket comprises a first mounting part321, a second mounting part322, and a third mounting part323, wherein the first controller33is disposed on the first mounting part321, and the communication magnet34is disposed on the second mounting part322, the first electrical contact pin35is disposed on the third mounting part323, the second mounting part322is located above the first mounting part321and close to the cartridge10, the second mounting part322is positioned at the edge position of the host device bracket, and the third mounting part323is located above the first mounting part321, and the third mounting part323is located at the central position of the host device bracket. By arranging the first controller33, the communication magnet34and the first electrical contact pin35, on the basis of ensuring the implementation of the normal functions, a relatively ample installation space is also provided for other components. For example, it is possible to provide more space for a battery, so as to load a battery with larger capacity, increasing battery life and improving user experience. From the first electrical contact pin35, a wire may run down to the first controller transmitting and/or receiving signals and/or electric power to the first controller33. In this embodiment, the communication magnet34is in a ring shape. The second mounting part322is provided with a metal gasket3221, the communication magnet34is provided on the metal gasket3221, and the metal gasket3221is electrically connected with the first controller33. Instead of running a wire directly down from the first electrical contact pin35to the first controller, in this embodiment a wire (not shown) may run from the metal gasket3221down to the first controller33for transmitting and/or receiving signals and/or electric power to the first controller33. The communication magnet34in the ring shape is more convenient to be processed and manufactured, with the corresponding manufacturing cost and purchase cost lowered. By providing the metal gasket3221, the normal electrical connection between the communication magnet34in the ring shape and the first controller33can be ensured. In this embodiment, the body of the cartridge10comprises an oil cup112and a magnetic fixing frame114. The second controller12is connected to the oil cup112through the magnetic fixing frame114. The communication magnet34can be attached, by magnetic attraction, to the magnetic fixing frame114, and transmit data with the second controller12through the magnetic fixing frame114. The magnetic fixing frame114is able to not only fix the second controller12with the oil cup112, but to also cooperate with the communication magnet34, thus making full use of the limited installation space. The magnetic fixing frame114is made of ferromagnetic material, which may be magnetic or in and of itself non-magnetic, as long as it can be attracted by the communication magnet34. The magnetic fixing frame114covers the bottom of the oil cup112. The second controller12in this embodiment comprises a PCB board. The PCB board is fixed with the oil cup112by the magnetic fixing frame114. The second electrical contact pin13is arranged on the PCB board and can be electrically connected with the atomizing wire116. The atomizing wire116is provided with a top sealing gasket118and a bottom sealing gasket120, to prevent the E-liquid in the oil cup112from being leaked to affect the second electrical contact pin13, the second controller12and other components. In addition, the first electrical contact pin35of the present invention is connected to the PCB board, and then electrically connected to the second electrical contact pin13. The first electrical contact pin35and the second electrical contact pin13must not be in direct contact, as long as these can be electrically connected with each other and electrical energy can be output. In this embodiment, both the first controller33and the second controller12use an MCU as a management chip. Specifically, the MCU of the first controller33sends a random dynamic code to the MCU of the second controller12through the communication magnet34, and the MCU of the second controller12, after receiving the random dynamic code, returns a feedback code to the MCU of the first controller33through a preset encoding rule. The MCU of the first controller33receives and decodes the feedback code, and judges whether the feedback code is correct. Using the MCU as the management chip can easily confirm whether the cartridge10matches with the host device30, which has good confidentiality and is not easy to crack, making an inauthentic cartridge10unusable. When the MCU of the first controller33recognizes and determines that the feedback code is correct, the MCU of the first controller33reads the preset information of the cartridge10and outputs electric energy to the second electrical contact pin13through the first electrical contact pin35according to the preset information. Through the preset information, the host device30can operate the cartridge10in an optimized fashion with regard to the operating parameters like electrical power and electrical power cycles, therefore giving a user a better user experience. When the MCU of the first controller33recognizes and determines that the feedback code is incorrect, the MCU of the first controller33controls the first electrical contact pin35to stop supplying power to the second electrical contact pin13and at the same time the host device30sends out a warning on the device itself like an optical (e.g. a flashing light or light of a specific color) and/or an acoustic signal and/or a warning displayed by an external device such as a mobile phone or the like receiving signals by a wireless transmission such as by a Bluetooth signal that may be generated by the host device and/or the cartridge. Optionally, the first controller33comprises a communication module, which can transmit the preset information to an external computer. The communication module may be Bluetooth or NFC, and the external computer may be a device such as a server or a mobile phone, which is convenient for users to learn their own use habits and details of the cartridge10, and it is also convenient for suppliers to improve products based on the data. The principle of this embodiment is: Referring toFIG.7, the “main control mcu” in the figure refers to the first controller33, and “cartridge Mcu” refers to the second controller12, wherein the first controller33and the second controller12perform data communication via the communication magnet34. Specifically, when an electronic cigarette using magnet for communication is being used:1. The main control mcu supplies power to the cartridge10for a short period of time by means of Vout+ and Vout− output, making it work normally;2. After the cartridge Mcu works normally, it receives a random dynamic code from the main control mcu;3. After receiving the random dynamic code, the cartridge Mcu returns a code to the host device main control mcu through a specific encoding rule;4. After receiving the returned code (feedback code), the main control mcu decodes and judges whether the returned code is authentic, and if so, a handshake is passed; otherwise, if not authentic, the host device30will stop the power output and makes the prompt light flash;5. After the host device30and the cartridge10have a successfully established a handshake, the host device30will read the information of the cartridge10, comprising the type of E-liquid, the ingredient of the E-liquid, the date of manufacture, the place of production, the type of the atomizing wire, the output temperature, the reference resistance and the environment temperature, voltage for best taste, preheating temperature, preheating time period, output curve temperature and other relevant information about the cartridge;6. After obtaining the relevant information, the host device30can perform relevant output control or transmit it to the server via Bluetooth or NFC. Upon practice, the communication magnet34can realize the detachable connection (that is, the aforementioned handshake) and communication between the cartridge10and the host device30. In this embodiment, a magnet is used as the communication magnet34, and the communication magnet34is used as a lead, which is able to not only establish attachment by magnetic attraction, but also exchange data with the cartridge10, reducing the number of electrical contact pins used. Consequently, space is saved and the product cost is limited. After the host device30has established a handshake with the cartridge10, the related information of the cartridge10can also be obtained normally, so as to better control the output and give the user a better user experience as a whole. However, if either the cartridge10or the host device30is inauthentic, both the handshake and the data interaction cannot be performed successfully, so as to prevent the inauthentic, incorrect data from being acquired in a non-authentic fashion, thus protecting the content of the data. In summary, in the electronic cigarette using magnet communication according to the present invention, data is transmitted between the first controller33and the second controller12through the communication magnet34, and electric energy is transferred through the first electrical contact pin35and the second electrical contact pin13, which not only guarantees the normal use, but also reduces the space occupation and the number of electrical contact pins, and additionally the connection form of magnetic attraction retains, so as to give users better experience. Only preferred embodiments of the invention are described above, but not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the invention can have various modifications and changes. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention. In the following, additional embodiments of the invention are discussed: Embodiment 1 An electronic cigarette, comprising:a host device; anda cartridge; whereinsaid cartridge is detachably attached to the host device;the host device comprises a first controller, a communication magnet, and a first electrical contact electrical contact pin, wherein the communication magnet and the first electrical contact pin are electrically connected with the first controller;the cartridge comprises a cartridge body, a second controller, and a second electrical contact pin, wherein the second controller is electrically connected with the communication magnet for transmitting data to the first controller through the communication magnet, and the second electrical contact pin is electrically connected with the second controller and is electrically connected with the first electrical contact pin for providing electrical power; andthe communication magnet provides a connecting force between the host device and the cartridge when the cartridge is detachably attached to the host device. Embodiment 2 The electronic cigarette according to embodiment 1, wherein the first electrical contact pin, the first controller and the communication magnet are arranged in a joint host device bracket. Embodiment 3 The electronic cigarette according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein a MCU of the first controller is configured to send a random dynamic code to a MCU of the second controller through the communication magnet, and the MCU of the second controller, after receiving the random dynamic code, is configured to return a feedback code to the MCU of the first controller through a preset encoding rule, and the MCU of the first controller is configured to receive and decode the feedback code, and to judge whether the feedback code is authentic. Embodiment 4 The electronic cigarette according to claim3, wherein the MCU of the first controller is configured to recognize and determine that the feedback code is authentic, and when determining an authentic feedback code, to read preset information of the cartridge, and to control outputting electric power to the second electrical contact pin through the first electrical contact pin according to the preset information. Embodiment 5 The electronic cigarette according to claim one of the embodiments 1-4, wherein the first controller comprises a communication module that is configured to transmit the preset information to an external computer outside the electronic cigarette. Embodiment 6 The electronic cigarette according to one of the embodiments 3-5, wherein the MCU of the first controller is configured to recognize and determine when the feedback code is not authentic and upon determination of a non-authentic feedback code to control stopping the supply of electric power from the first electrical contact pin to the second electrical contact pin, while at the same time, the first controller host device provides a non-authenticity warning. Embodiment 7 The electronic cigarette according to one of the embodiments 1-6, wherein the cartridge body comprises an oil cup and a magnetic fixing frame, wherein the second controller is connected to the oil cup through the magnetic fixing frame, and the communication magnet is attached, by magnetic attraction, to the magnetic fixing frame when the cartridge is detachably attached to the host device to allow transmitting data from the second controller through the magnetic fixing frame. Embodiment 8 The electronic cigarette according to one of the embodiments 2-7, whereinthe host device bracket comprises a first mounting part, a second mounting part, and a third mounting part, whereinthe first controller is disposed at the first mounting part, the communication magnet is disposed at the second mounting part, and the first electrical contact pin is disposed at the third mounting part;the second mounting part is located above the first mounting part and close to the cartridge and at an edge position of the host device bracket; andthe third mounting part is located above the first mounting part and at a central position of the host device bracket. Embodiment 9 The electronic cigarette according to claim8, wherein the communication magnet has a ring shape, the second mounting part is provided with a metal gasket, the communication magnet is provided adjacent to and in electrical contact with the metal gasket, and the metal gasket is electrically connected with the first controller. Embodiment 10 The electronic cigarette according to one of the embodiments 1-9, wherein two first electrical contact pins are provided, two second electrical contact pins are provided, and each of the first electrical contact pins is respectively electrically connected with one of the second electrical contact pins. Embodiment 11 An electronic cigarette host device, wherein the host device is configured to be detachably connected to a cartridge, said host device comprising:a first controller, a communication magnet, and a first electrical contact pin, wherein the communication magnet and the first electrical contact pin are electrically connected with the first controller; andthe communication magnet is configured to connect in an data transmitting fashion allowing date to be transmitted through said communication magnet to a second controller provided in the cartridge, wherein said communication magnet provides for both data transmission between the first and second controllers and for providing a magnetic attraction force between the host device and the cartridge when the cartridge is detachably attached to the host device. Embodiment 12 The electronic cigarette host device according to claim11, wherein the first electrical contact pin, the first controller and the communication magnet are arranged in a joint host device bracket. Embodiment 13 The electronic cigarette host device according to embodiment 11 or 12, wherein the first controller comprises a communication module that is configured to transmit the preset information to an external computer outside the electronic cigarette. Embodiment 14 The electronic cigarette host device according to one of the embodiments 11-13, wherein the first controller is configured to recognize and determine when a feedback code received by the first controller is not authentic and upon determination of a non-authentic feedback code to control stopping the supply of electric power, while at the same time providing a non-authenticity warning. Embodiment 15 The electronic cigarette host device according to one of the embodiments 12-14, whereinthe host device bracket comprises a first mounting part, a second mounting part, and a third mounting part, whereinthe first controller is disposed at the first mounting part, the communication magnet is disposed at the second mounting part, and the first electrical contact pin is disposed at the third mounting part;the second mounting part is located above the first mounting part and close to the cartridge and at an edge position of the host device bracket; andthe third mounting part is located above the first mounting part and at a central position of the host device bracket. Embodiment 16 The electronic cigarette host device according to embodiment 15, wherein the communication magnet has a ring shape, the second mounting part is provided with a metal gasket, the communication magnet is provided adjacent to and in electrical contact with the metal gasket, and the metal gasket is electrically connected with the first controller. Embodiment 17 An electronic cigarette cartridge, wherein the cartridge is configured to be detachably connected to a host device, said cartridge comprising:a cartridge body, a second controller, and a second electrical contact pin, wherein the cartridge is adapted to be electrically connected via a communication magnet in a data transmitting fashion to a first controller transmitting data through the communication magnet, and the second electrical contact pin is electrically connected with the second controller and is electrically connected with a first electrical contact pin for providing electrical power; wherein the cartridge is magnetic or magnetically attractable by the communication magnet establishing a connecting force between the host device and the cartridge when the cartridge is detachably attached to the host device. Embodiment 18 The electronic cigarette cartridge according to embodiment 17, wherein the cartridge body comprises an oil cup and a magnetic fixing frame, wherein the second controller is connected to the oil cup through the magnetic fixing frame, and the communication magnet is attached, by magnetic attraction, to the magnetic fixing frame when the cartridge is detachably attached to the host device to allow transmitting data from the second controller through the magnetic fixing frame. Embodiment 19 A method of assembling an electronic cigarette, said the electronic cigarette comprising:a host device; anda cartridge; whereinsaid cartridge is detachably attached to the host device;the host device comprises a first controller, a communication magnet, and a first electrical contact pin, wherein the communication magnet and the first electrical contact pin are electrically connected with the first controller;the cartridge comprises a cartridge body, a second controller, and a second electrical contact pin, wherein the second controller is electrically connected with the communication magnet for transmitting data to the first controller through the communication magnet, and the second electrical contact pin is electrically connected with the second controller and is electrically connected with the first electrical contact pin for providing electrical power; andthe communication magnet provides a connecting force between the host device and the cartridge when the cartridge is detachably attached to the host device; said method comprising:inserting the cartridge into the host device until the communication magnet attracts the cartridge by magnetic force, establishing an electrically conducting contact of the cartridge with the communication magnet and the second electrical contact pin;sending a random dynamic code from the first controller to the second controller through the communication magnet;upon receiving the random dynamic code by the second controller, sending in return a feedback code to the first controller through a preset encoding rule;upon receiving the feedback code by the first controller, decoding the feedback code and determining whether the feedback code is authentic; andupon the determination that the feedback code is authentic, outputting electric power to the second electrical contact pin through the first electrical contact pin. Embodiment 20 The method according to embodiment 19, wherein upon determination by the first controller that the feedback code is authentic, reading preset information of the cartridge and controlling the outputting electric power to the second electrical contact pin through the first electrical contact pin according to the preset information.

11856997

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof. These exemplary embodiments are described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used in the specification, and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, “the”, include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure provides articles that use electrical energy to heat a material (preferably without combusting the material to any significant degree) to form an inhalable substance, the articles being sufficiently compact to be considered “hand-held” devices. In certain embodiments, the articles can particularly be characterized as smoking articles. As used herein, the term is intended to mean an article that provides the taste and/or the sensation (e.g., hand-feel or mouth-feel) of smoking a cigarette, cigar, or pipe without substantial combustion of any component of the article. The term smoking article does not necessarily indicate that, in operation, the article produces smoke in the sense of the by-product of combustion or pyrolysis. Rather, smoking relates to the physical action of an individual in using the article—e.g., holding the article, drawing on one end of the article, and inhaling from the article. In further embodiments, the inventive articles can be characterized as being vapor-producing articles, aerosolization articles, or medicament delivery articles. Thus, the articles can be arranged so as to provide one or more substances in an inhalable state. In other embodiments, the inhalable substance can be substantially in the form of a vapor (i.e., a substance that is in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point). In other embodiments, the inhalable substance can be in the form of an aerosol (i.e., a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas). The physical form of the inhalable substance is not necessarily limited by the nature of the inventive articles but rather may depend upon the nature of the medium and the inhalable substance itself as to whether it exists in a vapor state or an aerosol state. In some embodiments, the terms may be interchangeable. Thus, for simplicity, the terms as used to describe the disclosure are understood to be interchangeable unless stated otherwise. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a smoking article. The smoking article generally can include a number of components provided within an elongated body, which can be a single, unitary shell or which can be formed of two or more separable pieces. For example, a smoking article according to one embodiment can comprise a shell (i.e., the elongated body) that can be substantially tubular in shape, such as resembling the shape of a conventional cigarette or cigar. Within the shell can reside all of the components of the smoking article. In other embodiments, a smoking article can comprise two shells that are joined and are separable. For example, a control body can comprise a shell containing one or more reusable components and having an end that removably attaches to a cartridge. The cartridge can comprise a shell containing one or more disposable components and having an end that removably attaches to the control body. More specific arrangements of components within the single shell or within the separable control body and cartridge are evident in light of the further disclosure provided herein. Smoking articles useful according to the disclosure particularly can comprise some combination of a power source (i.e., an electrical power source), one or more control components (e.g., to control/actuate/regulate flow of power from the power source to one or more further components of the article), a heater component, and an aerosol precursor component. The smoking article further can include a defined air flow path through the article such that aerosol generated by the article can be withdrawn therefrom by a user drawing on the article. Alignment of the components within the article can vary. In specific embodiments, the aerosol precursor component can be located near an end of the article that is proximal to the mouth of a user so as to maximize aerosol delivery to the user. Other configurations, however, are not excluded. Generally, the heater component can be positioned sufficiently near that aerosol precursor component so that heat from the heater component can volatilize the aerosol precursor (as well as one or more flavorants, medicaments, or the like that may likewise be provided for delivery to a user) and form an aerosol for delivery to the user. When the heating member heats the aerosol precursor component, an aerosol is formed, released, or generated in a physical form suitable for inhalation by a consumer. It should be noted that the foregoing terms are meant to be interchangeable such that reference to release, releasing, releases, or released includes form or generate, forming or generating, forms or generates, and formed or generated. Specifically, an inhalable substance is released in the form of a vapor or aerosol or mixture thereof. A smoking article according to the disclosure generally can include a battery or other electrical power source to provide current flow sufficient to provide various functionalities to the article, such as resistive heating, powering of indicators, and the like. The power source for the inventive smoking article can take on various embodiments. Preferably, the power source is able to deliver sufficient power to rapidly heat the heating member to provide for aerosol formation and power the article through use for the desired duration of time. The power source preferably is sized to fit conveniently within the article. Examples of useful power sources include lithium ion batteries that preferably are rechargeable (e.g., a rechargeable lithium-manganese dioxide battery). In particular, lithium polymer batteries can be used as such batteries can provide increased safety. Other types of batteries—e.g., N50-AAA CADNICA nickel-cadmium cells—may also be used. Even further examples of batteries that can be used according to the disclosure are described in US Pub. App. No. 2010/0028766, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thin film batteries may be used in certain embodiments of the disclosure. Any of these batteries or combinations thereof can be used in the power source, but rechargeable batteries are preferred because of cost and disposal considerations associated with disposable batteries. In embodiments wherein disposable batteries are provided, smoking article can include access for removal and replacement of the battery. Alternatively, in embodiments where rechargeable batteries are used, the smoking article can comprise charging contacts, for interaction with corresponding contacts in a conventional recharging unit deriving power from a standard 120-volt AC wall outlet, or other sources such as an automobile electrical system or a separate portable power supply, including USB connections. Means for recharging the battery can be provided in a portable charging case that can include, for example, a relatively larger battery unit that can provide multiple charges for the relatively smaller batteries present in the smoking article. The article further can include components for providing a non-contact inductive recharging system such that the article can be charged without being physically connected to an external power source. Thus, the article can include components to facilitate transfer of energy from an electromagnetic field to the rechargeable battery within the article. In further embodiments, the power source also can comprise one or more capacitors. Capacitors are capable of discharging more quickly than batteries and can be charged between puffs, allowing the battery to discharge into the capacitor at a lower rate than if it were used to power the heating member directly. For example, a supercapacitor—i.e., an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)—may be used separate from or in combination with a battery. When used alone, the supercapacitor may be recharged before each use of the article. Thus, the disclosure also may include a charger component that can be attached to the smoking article between uses to replenish the supercapacitor. The smoking article can further include a variety of power management software, hardware, and/or other electronic control components. For example, such software, hardware, and/or electronic controls can include carrying out charging of the battery, detecting the battery charge and discharge status, performing power save operations, preventing unintentional or over-discharge of the battery, or the like. A “controller” or “control component” according to the present disclosure can encompass a variety of elements useful in the present smoking article. Moreover, a smoking article according to the disclosure can include one, two, or even more control components that can be combined into a unitary element or that can be present at separate locations within the smoking article, and individual control components can be utilized for carrying out different control aspects. For example, a smoking article can include a control component that is integral to or otherwise combined with a battery so as to control power discharge from the battery. The smoking article separately can include a control component that controls other aspects of the article. Alternatively, a single controller may be provided that carries out multiple control aspects or all control aspects of the article. Likewise, a sensor (e.g., a puff sensor) used in the article can include a control component that controls the actuation of power discharge from the power source in response to a stimulus. The smoking article separately can include a control component that controls other aspects of the article. Alternatively, a single controller may be provided in or otherwise associated with the sensor for carrying out multiple control aspects or all control aspects of the article. Thus, it can be seen that a variety of combinations of controllers may be combined in the present smoking article to provide the desired level of control of all aspects of the device. The smoking article also can comprise one or more controller components useful for controlling flow of electrical energy from the power source to further components of the article, such as to a resistive heating element. Specifically, the article can comprise a control component that actuates current flow from the power source, such as to the resistive heating element. For example, in some embodiments, the article can include a pushbutton that can be linked to a control circuit for manual control of power flow, wherein a consumer can use the pushbutton to turn on the article and/or to actuate current flow into the resistive heating element. Multiple buttons can be provided for manual performance of powering the article on and off, and for activating heating for aerosol generation. One or more pushbuttons present can be substantially flush with an outer surface of the smoking article. Instead of (or in addition to) the pushbutton, the inventive article can include one or more control components responsive to the consumer's drawing on the article (i.e., puff-actuated heating). For example, the article may include a switch that is sensitive either to pressure changes or air flow changes as the consumer draws on the article (i.e., a puff-actuated switch). Other suitable current actuation/deactuation mechanisms may include a temperature actuated on/off switch or a lip pressure actuated switch. An exemplary mechanism that can provide such puff-actuation capability includes a Model 163PC01D36 silicon sensor, manufactured by the MicroSwitch division of Honeywell, Inc., Freeport, Ill. With such sensor, the resistive heating element can be activated rapidly by a change in pressure when the consumer draws on the article. In addition, flow sensing devices, such as those using hot-wire anemometry principles, may be used to cause the energizing of the resistive heating element sufficiently rapidly after sensing a change in air flow. A further puff actuated switch that may be used is a pressure differential switch, such as Model No. MPL-502-V, range A, from Micro Pneumatic Logic, Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. Another suitable puff actuated mechanism is a sensitive pressure transducer (e.g., equipped with an amplifier or gain stage) which is in turn coupled with a comparator for detecting a predetermined threshold pressure. Yet another suitable puff actuated mechanism is a vane which is deflected by airflow, the motion of which vane is detected by a movement sensing means. Yet another suitable actuation mechanism is a piezoelectric switch. Also useful is a suitably connected Honeywell MicroSwitch Microbridge Airflow Sensor, Part No. AWM 2100V from MicroSwitch Division of Honeywell, Inc., Freeport, Ill. Further examples of demand-operated electrical switches that may be employed in a heating circuit according to the present disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,217 to Gerth et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other suitable differential switches, analog pressure sensors, flow rate sensors, or the like, will be apparent to the skilled artisan with the knowledge of the present disclosure. A pressure-sensing tube or other passage providing fluid connection between the puff actuated switch and an air flow passage within the smoking article can be included so that pressure changes during draw are readily identified by the switch. Further description of current regulating circuits and other control components, including microcontrollers, that can be useful in the present smoking article are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,922,901, 4,947,874, and 4,947,875, all to Brooks et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,148 to McCafferty et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,560 to Fleischhauer et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,040,314 to Nguyen et al., all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Capacitive sensing components in particular can be incorporated into the device in a variety of manners to allow for diverse types of “power-up” and/or “power-down” for one or more components of the device. Capacitive sensing can include the use of any sensor incorporating technology based on capacitive coupling including, but not limited to, sensors that detect and/or measure proximity, position or displacement, humidity, fluid level, pressure, or acceleration. Capacitive sensing can arise from electronic components providing for surface capacitance, projected capacitance, mutual capacitance, or self capacitance. Capacitive sensors generally can detect anything that is conductive or has a dielectric different than that of air. Capacitive sensors, for example, can replace mechanical buttons (i.e., the push-button referenced above) with capacitive alternatives. Thus, one specific application of capacitive sensing according to the disclosure is a touch capacitive sensor. For example, a touch pad can be present on the smoking article that allows the user to input a variety of commands. Most basically, the touch pad can provide for powering the heating element much in the same manner as a push button, as already described above. In other embodiments, capacitive sensing can be applied near the mouth end of the smoking article such that the pressure of the lips on the smoking article to draw on the article can signal the device to provide power to the heating element. In addition to touch capacitance sensors, motion capacitance sensors, liquid capacitance sensors, and accelerometers can be utilized according to the disclosure to illicit a variety of response from the smoking article. Further, photoelectric sensors also can be incorporated into the inventive smoking article. Sensors utilized in the present articles can expressly signal for power flow to the heating element so as to heat the substrate including the aerosol precursor material and form a vapor or aerosol for inhalation by a user. Sensors also can provide further functions. For example, a “wake-up” sensor can be included. Other sensing methods providing similar function likewise can be utilized according to the disclosure. When the consumer draws on the mouth end of the smoking article, the current actuation means can permit unrestricted or uninterrupted flow of current through the resistive heating member to generate heat rapidly. Because of the rapid heating, it can be useful to include current regulating components to (i) regulate current flow through the heating member to control heating of the resistive element and the temperature experienced thereby, and (ii) prevent overheating and degradation of the substrate or other component carrying the aerosol precursor material and/or other flavors or inhalable materials. The current regulating circuit particularly may be time based. Specifically, such a circuit includes a means for permitting uninterrupted current flow through the heating element for an initial time period during draw, and a timer means for subsequently regulating current flow until draw is completed. For example, the subsequent regulation can include the rapid on-off switching of current flow (e.g., on the order of about every 1 to 50 milliseconds) to maintain the heating element within the desired temperature range. Further, regulation may comprise simply allowing uninterrupted current flow until the desired temperature is achieved then turning off the current flow completely. The heating member may be reactivated by the consumer initiating another puff on the article (or manually actuating the pushbutton, depending upon the specific switch embodiment employed for activating the heater). Alternatively, the subsequent regulation can involve the modulation of current flow through the heating element to maintain the heating element within a desired temperature range. In some embodiments, so as to release the desired dosing of the inhalable substance, the heating member may be energized for a duration of about 0.2 second to about 5.0 seconds, about 0.3 second to about 4.5 seconds, about 0.5 second to about 4.0 seconds, about 0.5 second to about 3.5 seconds, or about 0.6 second to about 3.0 seconds. One exemplary time-based current regulating circuit can include a transistor, a timer, a comparator, and a capacitor. Suitable transistors, timers, comparators, and capacitors are commercially available and will be apparent to the skilled artisan. Exemplary timers are those available from NEC Electronics as C-1555C and from General Electric Intersil, Inc. as ICM7555, as well as various other sizes and configurations of so-called “555 Timers”. An exemplary comparator is available from National Semiconductor as LM311. Further description of such time-based current regulating circuits and other control components that can be useful in the present smoking article are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,922,901, 4,947,874, and 4,947,875, all to Brooks et al., all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The control components particularly can be configured to closely control the amount of heat provided to the resistive heating element. In some embodiments, the current regulating component can function to stop current flow to the resistive heating element once a defined temperature has been achieved. Such defined temperature can be in a range that is substantially high enough to volatilize the aerosol precursor material and any further inhalable substances and provide an amount of aerosol equivalent to a typical puff on a conventional cigarette, as otherwise discussed herein. While the heat needed to volatilize the aerosol precursor material in a sufficient volume to provide a desired volume for a single puff can vary, it can be particularly useful for the heating member to heat to a temperature of about 120° C. or greater, about 130° C. or greater, about 140° C. or greater, or about 160° C. In some embodiments, in order to volatilize an appropriate amount of the aerosol precursor material, the heating temperature may be about 180° C. or greater, about 200° C. or greater, about 300° C. or greater, or about 350° C. or greater. In further embodiments, the defined temperature for aerosol formation can be about 120° C. to about 350° C., about 140° C. to about 300° C., or about 150° C. to about 250° C. The temperature and time of heating can be controlled by one or more components contained in the control housing. The current regulating component likewise can cycle the current to the resistive heating element off and on once a defined temperature has been achieved so as to maintain the defined temperature for a defined period of time. Still further, the current regulating component can cycle the current to the resistive heating element off and on to maintain a first temperature that is below an aerosol forming temperature and then allow an increased current flow in response to a current actuation control component so as to achieve a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature and that is an aerosol forming temperature. Such controlling can improve the response time of the article for aerosol formation such that aerosol formation begins almost instantaneously upon initiation of a puff by a consumer. In some embodiments, the first temperature (which can be characterized as a standby temperature) can be only slightly less than the aerosol forming temperature defined above. Specifically, the standby temperature can be about 50° C. to about 150° C., about 70° C. to about 140° C., about 80° C. to about 120° C., or about 90° C. to about 110° C. In addition to the above control elements, the smoking article also may comprise one or more indicators. Such indicators may be lights (e.g., light emitting diodes) that can provide indication of multiple aspects of use of the inventive article. Further, LED indicators may be positioned at the distal end of the smoking article to simulate color changes seen when a conventional cigarette is lit and drawn on by a user. Other indices of operation also are encompassed. For example, visual indicators also may include changes in light color or intensity to show progression of the smoking experience. Tactile indicators and sound indicators similarly are encompassed by the disclosure. Moreover, combinations of such indicators also may be used in a single article. A smoking article according to the disclosure further can comprise a heating member that heats an aerosol precursor component to produce an aerosol for inhalation by a user. In various embodiments, the heating member can be formed of a material that provides resistive heating when an electrical current is applied thereto. Preferably, the resistive heating element exhibits an electrical resistance making the resistive heating element useful for providing a sufficient quantity of heat when electrical current flows therethrough. Interaction of the heating member with the aerosol precursor component/composition may be through, for example, heat conduction, heat radiation, and/or heat convection. Electrically conductive materials useful as resistive heating elements can be those having low mass, low density, and moderate resistivity and that are thermally stable at the temperatures experienced during use. Useful heating elements heat and cool rapidly, and thus provide for the efficient use of energy. Rapid heating of the element can be beneficial to provide almost immediate volatilization of an aerosol precursor material in proximity thereto. Rapid cooling (i.e., to a temperature below the volatilization temperature of the aerosol precursor component/composition/material) prevents substantial volatilization (and hence waste) of the aerosol precursor material during periods when aerosol formation is not desired. Such heating elements also permit relatively precise control of the temperature range experienced by the aerosol precursor material, especially when time based current control is employed. Useful electrically conductive materials preferably are chemically non-reactive with the materials being heated (e.g., aerosol precursor materials and other inhalable substance materials) so as not to adversely affect the flavor or content of the aerosol or vapor that is produced. Exemplary, non-limiting, materials that can be used as the electrically conductive material include carbon, graphite, carbon/graphite composites, metals, metallic and non-metallic carbides, nitrides, silicides, inter-metallic compounds, cermets, metal alloys, and metal foils. In particular, refractory materials may be useful. Various, different materials can be mixed to achieve the desired properties of resistivity, mass, and thermal conductivity. In specific embodiments, metals that can be utilized include, for example, nickel, chromium, alloys of nickel and chromium (e.g., nichrome), and steel. Materials that can be useful for providing resistive heating are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,671 to Counts et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,894 to Deevi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,498 to Deevi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,460 to Sprinkel Jr., et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,075 to Deevi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,813 to Deevi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,936 to Deevi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,850 to Das; U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,656 to Das; U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,855 to Deevi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,225 to Hajaligol; U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,262 to Hajaligol; U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,692 to Das et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,368 to Fleischhauer et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The resistive heating element can be provided in a variety forms, such as in the form of a foil, a foam, discs, spirals, fibers, wires, films, yarns, strips, ribbons, or cylinders, as well as irregular shapes of varying dimensions. In some embodiments, a resistive heating element according to the present disclosure can be a conductive substrate, such as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/432,406, filed Mar. 28, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The resistive heating element also may be present as part of a microheater component, such as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/602,871, filed Sep. 4, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Beneficially, the resistive heating element can be provided in a form that enables the heating element to be positioned in intimate contact with or in close proximity to the aerosol precursor material (i.e. to provide heat to the aerosol precursor material through, for example, conduction, radiation, or convection). In other embodiments, the resistive heating element can be provided in a form such that the aerosol precursor material can be delivered to the resistive heating element for aerosolization. Such delivery can take on a variety of embodiments, such as wicking of the aerosol precursor to the resistive heating element and flowing the aerosol precursor to the resistive heating element, such as through a capillary, which may include valve flow regulation. As such, the aerosol precursor material may be provided in liquid form in one or more reservoirs positioned sufficiently away from the resistive heating element to prevent premature aerosolization, but positioned sufficiently close to the resistive heating element to facilitate transport of the aerosol precursor material, in the desired amount, to the resistive heating element for aerosolization. In certain embodiments, a smoking article according to the present disclosure can include tobacco, a tobacco component, or a tobacco-derived material (i.e., a material that is found naturally in tobacco that may be isolated directly from the tobacco or synthetically prepared). The tobacco that is employed can include, or can be derived from, tobaccos such as flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco, Oriental tobacco, Maryland tobacco, dark tobacco, dark-fired tobacco and Rustica tobacco, as well as other rare or specialty tobaccos, or blends thereof. Various representative tobacco types, processed types of tobaccos, and types of tobacco blends are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,836,224 to Lawson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,888 to Perfetti et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,537 to Brown et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,942 to Brinkley et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,930 to Gentry; U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,023 to Blakley et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,701,936 to Shafer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,832 to Dominguez et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,011,096 to Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,017,585 to Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,066 to Lawson et al.; US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2004/0255965 to Perfetti et al.; PCT Pub. WO 02/37990 to Bereman; and Bombick et al.,Fund. Appl. Toxicol.,39, p. 11-17 (1997); the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The tobacco that is incorporated within the smoking article can be employed in various forms; and combinations of various forms of tobacco can be employed, or different forms of tobacco can be employed at different locations within the smoking article. For example, the tobacco can be employed in the form of a tobacco extract. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,647,932 to Cantrell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,079,371 to Robinson et al.; and US Pat. Pub. No. 2007/0215167 to Crooks et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The smoking article can incorporate tobacco additives of the type that are traditionally used for the manufacture of tobacco products. Those additives can include the types of materials used to enhance the flavor and aroma of tobaccos used for the production of cigars, cigarettes, pipes, and the like. For example, those additives can include various cigarette casing and/or top dressing components. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,419,015 to Wochnowski; U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,145 to Berndt et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,619 to Burcham, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,022,416 to Watson; U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,842 to Strang et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,320 to Martin; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Preferred casing materials include water, sugars and syrups (e.g., sucrose, glucose and high fructose corn syrup), humectants (e.g. glycerin or propylene glycol), and flavoring agents (e.g., cocoa and licorice). Those added components also include top dressing materials (e.g., flavoring materials, such as menthol). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,449,541 to Mays et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Further materials that can be added include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,028 to Lawson et al. and US Pat. Pub. No. 2008/0245377 to Marshall et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Various manners and methods for incorporating tobacco into smoking articles, and particularly smoking articles that are designed so as to not purposefully burn virtually all of the tobacco within those smoking articles, are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,947,874 to Brooks et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,647,932 to Cantrell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,079,371 to Robinson et al.; US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2005/0016549 to Banerjee et al.; and US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0215167 to Crooks et al.; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Further tobacco materials, such as a tobacco aroma oil, a tobacco essence, a spray dried tobacco extract, a freeze dried tobacco extract, tobacco dust, or the like may be included in the vapor precursor or aerosol precursor composition. As used herein, the term “tobacco extract” means components separated from, removed from, or derived from, tobacco using tobacco extraction processing conditions and techniques. Purified extracts of tobacco or other botanicals specifically can be used. Typically, tobacco extracts are obtained using solvents, such as solvents having an aqueous nature (e.g., water) or organic solvents (e.g., alcohols, such as ethanol or alkanes, such as hexane). As such, extracted tobacco components are removed from tobacco and separated from the unextracted tobacco components; and for extracted tobacco components that are present within a solvent, (i) the solvent can be removed from the extracted tobacco components, or (ii) the mixture of extracted tobacco components and solvent can be used as such. Exemplary types of tobacco extracts, tobacco essences, solvents, tobacco extraction processing conditions and techniques, and tobacco extract collection and isolation procedures, are set forth in Australia Pat. No. 276,250 to Schachner; U.S. Pat. No. 2,805,669 to Meriro; U.S. Pat. No. 3,316,919 to Green et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,398,754 to Tughan; U.S. Pat. No. 3,424,171 to Rooker; U.S. Pat. No. 3,476,118 to Luttich; U.S. Pat. No. 4,150,677 to Osborne; U.S. Pat. No. 4,131,117 to Kite; U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,682 to Muller; U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,286 to Roberts et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,005,593 to Fagg; U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,775 to Fagg; U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,669 to White et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,319 to White et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,862 to White et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,757 to White et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,131,415 to Munoz et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,354 to Smith et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,235,992 to Sensabaugh; U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,999 to Smith; U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,694 to Raymond; U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,050 to Gonzalez-Parra et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,325 to Clapp et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,169 to Brinkley et al.; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The aerosol precursor or vapor precursor material can comprise one or more different components. For example, the aerosol precursor can include a polyhydric alcohol (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol, or a mixture thereof). Representative types of further aerosol precursor materials are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,365 to Sensabaugh, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,839 to Jakob et al.; PCT WO 98/57556 to Biggs et al.; and Chemical and Biological Studies on New Cigarette Prototypes that Heat Instead of Burn Tobacco, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Monograph (1988); the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, an aerosol precursor composition can produce a visible aerosol upon the application of sufficient heat thereto (and cooling with air, if necessary), and the aerosol precursor composition can produce an aerosol that can be considered to be “smoke-like.” In other embodiments, the aerosol precursor composition can produce an aerosol that can be substantially non-visible but can be recognized as present by other characteristics, such as flavor or texture. Thus, the nature of the produced aerosol can vary depending upon the specific components of the aerosol precursor composition. The aerosol precursor composition can be chemically simple relative to the chemical nature of the smoke produced by burning tobacco. Aerosol precursor materials can be combined with other liquid materials. For example, aerosol precursor material formulations can incorporate mixtures of glycerin and water, or mixtures of propylene glycol and water, or mixtures of propylene glycol and glycerin, or mixtures of propylene glycol, glycerin, and water. Exemplary aerosol precursor materials also include those types of materials incorporated within devices available through Atlanta Imports Inc., Acworth, Ga., USA., as an electronic cigar having the brand name E-CIG, which can be employed using associated Smoking Cartridges Type C1a, C2a, C3a, C4a, C1b, C2b, C3b and C4b; and as Ruyan Atomizing Electronic Pipe and Ruyan Atomizing Electronic Cigarette from Ruyan SBT Technology and Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. The smoking article further can comprise one or more flavors, medicaments, or other inhalable materials. For example, liquid nicotine can be used. Such further materials may be combined with the aerosol precursor or vapor precursor material. Thus, the aerosol precursor or vapor precursor material may be described as comprising an inhalable substance in addition to the aerosol. Such inhalable substance can include flavors, medicaments, and other materials as discussed herein. Particularly, an inhalable substance delivered using a smoking article according to the present disclosure can comprise a tobacco component or a tobacco-derived material. For example, the aerosol precursor material can be in a slurry with tobacco or a tobacco component, or in solution with a tobacco-derived material. Alternately, the flavor, medicament, or other inhalable material can be provided separate from the aerosol precursor—e.g., in a reservoir. As such, defined aliquots of the flavor, medicament, or other inhalable material may be separately or simultaneously delivered to the resistive heating element to release the flavor, medicament, or other inhalable material into an air stream to be inhaled by a user along with the aerosol precursor or vapor precursor material. Alternatively, the flavor, medicament, or other inhalable material may be provided in a separate portion of the smoking article or a component thereof. In specific embodiments, the flavor, medicament, or other inhalable material can be deposited on a substrate (e.g., a paper or other porous material) that is located in proximity to the resistive heating element. The proximity preferably is sufficient such that heating of the resistive heating element provides heat to the substrate sufficient to volatilize and release the flavor, medicament, or other inhalable material from the substrate. A wide variety of types of flavoring agents, or materials that alter the sensory or organoleptic character or nature of the mainstream aerosol of the smoking article, can be employed. Such flavoring agents can be provided from sources other than tobacco, can be natural or artificial in nature, and can be employed as concentrates or flavor packages. Of particular interest are flavoring agents that are applied to, or incorporated within, those regions of the smoking article where aerosol is generated. Again, such agents can be supplied directly to the resistive heating element or may be provided on a substrate as already noted above. Exemplary flavoring agents include vanillin, ethyl vanillin, cream, tea, coffee, fruit (e.g., apple, cherry, strawberry, peach and citrus flavors, including lime and lemon), maple, menthol, mint, peppermint, spearmint, wintergreen, nutmeg, clove, lavender, cardamom, ginger, honey, anise, sage, cinnamon, sandalwood, jasmine, cascarilla, cocoa, licorice, and flavorings and flavor packages of the type and character traditionally used for the flavoring of cigarette, cigar, and pipe tobaccos. Syrups, such as high fructose corn syrup, also can be employed. Flavoring agents also can include acidic or basic characteristics (e.g., organic acids, such as levulinic acid, succinic acid, and pyruvic acid). The flavoring agents can be combined with the aerosol-generating material if desired. Exemplary plant-derived compositions that may be used are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/971,746 to Dube et al. and U.S. application Ser. No. 13/015,744 to Dube et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The selection of such further components can vary based upon factors such as the sensory characteristics that are desired for the present article, and the present disclosure is intended to encompass any such further components that may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art of tobacco and tobacco-related or tobacco-derived products. See, Gutcho, Tobacco Flavoring Substances and Methods, Noyes Data Corp. (1972) and Leffingwell et al., Tobacco Flavoring for Smoking Products (1972), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Any of the materials, such as flavorings, casings, and the like that can be useful in combination with a tobacco material to affect sensory properties thereof, including organoleptic properties, such as already described herein, may be combined with the aerosol precursor material. Organic acids particularly may be incorporated into the aerosol precursor composition to affect the flavor, sensation, or organoleptic properties of medicaments, such as nicotine, that may be combined with the aerosol precursor composition. For example, organic acids, such as levulinic acid, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid, may be included in the aerosol precursor composition with nicotine in amounts up to being equimolar (based on total organic acid content) with the nicotine. Any combination of organic acids can be used. For example, the aerosol precursor composition can include about 0.1 to about 0.5 moles of levulinic acid per one mole of nicotine, about 0.1 to about 0.5 moles of pyruvic acid per one mole of nicotine, about 0.1 to about 0.5 moles of lactic acid per one mole of nicotine, or combinations thereof, up to a concentration wherein the total amount of organic acid present is equimolar to the total amount of nicotine present in the aerosol precursor composition. The aerosol precursor material may take on a variety of conformations based upon the various amounts of materials utilized therein. For example, a useful aerosol precursor material may comprise up to about 98% by weight up to about 95% by weight, or up to about 90% by weight of a polyol. This total amount can be split in any combination between two or more different polyols. For example, one polyol can comprise about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, or about 75% to about 90% by weight of the aerosol precursor material, and a second polyol can comprise about 2% to about 45%, about 2% to about 25%, or about 2% to about 10% by weight of the aerosol precursor material. A useful aerosol precursor material also can comprise up to about 25% by weight, about 20% by weight or about 15% by weight water—particularly about 2% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, or about 7% to about 15% by weight water. Flavors and the like (which can include medicaments, such as nicotine) can comprise up to about 10%, up to about 8%, or up to about 5% by weight of the aerosol precursor material. As a non-limiting example, an aerosol precursor material according to the disclosure can comprise glycerol, propylene glycol, water, nicotine, and one or more flavors. Specifically, the glycerol can be present in an amount of about 70% to about 90% by weight, about 70% to about 85% by weight, or about 75% to about 85% by weight, the propylene glycol can be present in an amount of about 1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 8% by weight, or about 2% to about 6% by weight, the water can be present in an amount of about 10% to about 20% by weight, about 10% to about 18% by weight, or about 12% to about 16% by weight, the nicotine can be present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, about 0.5% to about 4% by weight, or about 1% to about 3% by weight, and the flavors can be present in an amount of up to about 5% by weight, up to about 3% by weight, or up to about 1% by weight, all amounts being based on the total weight of the aerosol precursor material. One specific, non-limiting example of an aerosol precursor material comprises about 75% to about 80% by weight glycerol, about 13% to about 15% by weight water, about 4% to about 6% by weight propylene glycol, about 2% to about 3% by weight nicotine, and about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight flavors. The nicotine, for example, can be a high nicotine content tobacco extract. In embodiments of the aerosol precursor material that contain a tobacco extract, including pharmaceutical grade nicotine derived from tobacco, it is advantageous for the tobacco extract to be characterized as substantially free of compounds collectively known as Hoffmann analytes, including, for example, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), including N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), (4-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB); polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and the like. In certain embodiments, the aerosol precursor material can be characterized as completely free of any Hoffmann analytes, including TSNAs and PAHs. Embodiments of the aerosol precursor material may have TSNA levels (or other Hoffmann analyte levels) in the range of less than about 5 ppm, less than about 3 ppm, less than about 1 ppm, or less than about 0.1 ppm, or even below any detectable limit. Certain extraction processes or treatment processes can be used to achieve reductions in Hoffmann analyte concentration. For example, a tobacco extract can be brought into contact with an imprinted polymer or non-imprinted polymer such as described, for example, in US Pat. Pub. Nos. 2007/0186940 to Bhattacharyya et al; 2011/0041859 to Rees et al.; and 2011/0159160 to Jonsson et al; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/111,330 to Byrd et al., filed May 19, 2011, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Further, the tobacco extract could be treated with ion exchange materials having amine functionality, which can remove certain aldehydes and other compounds. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,361 to Horsewell et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,779,529 to Figlar et al., which are incorporated by reference herein. The amount of aerosol precursor material that is used within the smoking article is such that the article exhibits acceptable sensory and organoleptic properties, and desirable performance characteristics. For example, it is highly preferred that sufficient aerosol precursor material, such as glycerin and/or propylene glycol, be employed in order to provide for the generation of a visible mainstream aerosol that in many regards resembles the appearance of tobacco smoke. Typically, the amount of aerosol-generating material incorporated into the smoking article is in the range of about 1.5 g or less, about 1 g or less, or about 0.5 g or less. The amount of aerosol precursor material can be dependent upon factors such as the number of puffs desired per cartridge used with the smoking article. It is desirable for the aerosol-generating composition not to introduce significant degrees of unacceptable off-taste, filmy mouth-feel, or an overall sensory experience that is significantly different from that of a traditional type of cigarette that generates mainstream smoke by burning tobacco cut filler. The selection of the particular aerosol-generating material and reservoir material, the amounts of those components used, and the types of tobacco material used, can be altered in order to control the overall chemical composition of the mainstream aerosol produced by the smoking article. The amount of aerosol released by the inventive article can vary. Preferably, the article is configured with a sufficient amount of the aerosol precursor material, with a sufficient amount of any further inhalable substance, and to function at a sufficient temperature for a sufficient time to release a desired content of aerosolized materials over a course of use. The content may be provided in a single inhalation from the article or may be divided so as to be provided through a number of puffs from the article over a relatively short length of time (e.g., less than 30 minutes, less than 20 minutes, less than 15 minutes, less than 10 minutes, or less than 5 minutes). For example, the article may provide nicotine in an amount of about 0.01 mg to about 0.5 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 0.3 mg, or about 0.1 mg to about 0.2 mg, per puff on the article. For purposes of calculations, an average puff time of about 2 seconds can deliver a puff volume of about 5 ml to about 100 ml, about 15 ml to about 70 ml, about 20 ml to about 60 ml, or about 25 ml to about 50 ml. A smoking article according to the disclosure can be configured to provide any number of puffs calculable by the total amount of aerosol or other inhalable substance to be delivered divided by the amount to be delivered per puff. The one or more reservoirs can be loaded with the appropriate amount of aerosol precursor or other inhalable substance to achieve the desired number of puffs and/or the desired total amount of material to be delivered. In further embodiments, heating can be characterized in relation to the amount of aerosol to be generated. Specifically, the article can be configured to provide an amount of heat necessary to generate a defined volume of aerosol (e.g., about 5 ml to about 100 ml, or any other volume deemed useful in a smoking article, such as otherwise described herein). In certain, the amount of heat generated can be measured in relation to a two second puff providing about 35 ml of aerosol at a heater temperature of about 290° C. In some embodiments, the article preferably can provide about 1 to about 50 Joules of heat per second (J/s), about 2 J/s to about 40 J/s, about 3 J/s to about 35 J/s, or about 5 J/s to about 30 J/s. The resistive heating element preferably is in electrical connection with the power source of the smoking article such that electrical energy can be provided to the resistive heating element to produce heat and subsequently aerosolize the aerosol precursor material and any other inhalable substance provided by the smoking article. Such electrical connection can be permanent (e.g., hard wired) or can be removable (e.g., wherein the resistive heating element is provided in a cartridge that can be attached to and detached from a control body that includes the power source). Although a variety of materials for use in a smoking article according to the present disclosure have been described above—such as heaters, batteries, capacitors, switching components, aerosol precursors, and the like, the disclosure should not be construed as being limited to only the exemplified embodiments. Rather, one of skill in the art can recognize based on the present disclosure similar components in the field that may be interchanged with any specific component of the present disclosure. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,424 to Sprinkel, Jr. discloses piezoelectric sensors that can be associated with the mouth-end of a device to detect user lip activity associated with taking a draw and then trigger heating; U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,148 to McCafferty et al. discloses a puff sensor for controlling energy flow into a heating load array in response to pressure drop through a mouthpiece; U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,148 to Harris et al. discloses receptacles in a smoking device that include an identifier that detects a non-uniformity in infrared transmissivity of an inserted component and a controller that executes a detection routine as the component is inserted into the receptacle; U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,560 to Fleischhauer et al. describes a defined executable power cycle with multiple differential phases; U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,289 to Watkins et al. discloses photonic-optronic components; U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,979 to Counts et al. discloses means for altering draw resistance through a smoking device; U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,545 to Blake et al. discloses specific battery configurations for use in smoking devices; U.S. Pat. No. 7,293,565 to Griffen et al. discloses various charging systems for use with smoking devices; US 2009/0320863 by Fernando et al. discloses computer interfacing means for smoking devices to facilitate charging and allow computer control of the device; US 2010/0163063 by Fernando et al. discloses identification systems for smoking devices; and WO 2010/003480 by Flick discloses a fluid flow sensing system indicative of a puff in an aerosol generating system; all of the foregoing disclosures being incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Further examples of components related to electronic aerosol delivery articles and disclosing materials or components that may be used in the present article include U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,217 to Gerth et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,249,586 to Morgan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,666,977 to Higgins et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,053,176 to Adams et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,164,287 to White; U.S. Pat. No. 6,196,218 to Voges; U.S. Pat. No. 6,810,883 to Felter et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,854,461 to Nichols; U.S. Pat. No. 7,832,410 to Hon; U.S. Pat. No. 7,513,253 to Kobayashi; U.S. Pat. No. 7,896,006 to Hamano; U.S. Pat. No. 6,772,756 to Shayan; US Pat. Pub. Nos. 2009/0095311, 2006/0196518, 2009/0126745, and 2009/0188490 to Hon; US Pat. Pub. No. 2009/0272379 to Thorens et al.; US Pat. Pub. Nos. 2009/0260641 and 2009/0260642 to Monsees et al.; US Pat. Pub. Nos. 2008/0149118 and 2010/0024834 to Oglesby et al.; US Pat. Pub. No. 2010/0307518 to Wang; and WO 2010/091593 to Hon. A variety of the materials disclosed by the foregoing documents may be incorporated into the present devices in various embodiments, and all of the foregoing disclosures are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Although an article according to the disclosure may take on a variety of embodiments, as discussed in detail below, the use of the article by a consumer will be similar in scope. In particular, the article can be provided as a single unit or as a plurality of components that are combined by the consumer for use and then are dismantled by the consumer thereafter. Generally, a smoking article according to the disclosure can comprise a first unit that is engagable and disengagable with a second unit, the first unit comprising the resistive heating element, and the second unit comprising the electrical power source. In some embodiments, the second unit further can comprise one or more control components that actuate or regulate current flow from the electrical power source. The first unit can comprise a distal end that engages the second unit and an opposing, proximate end that includes a mouthpiece (or simply the mouth end) with an opening at a proximate end thereof. The first unit can comprise an air flow path opening into the mouthpiece of the first unit, and the air flow path can provide for passage of aerosol formed from the resistive heating element into the mouthpiece. In preferred embodiments, the first unit can be disposable. Likewise, the second unit can be reusable. More specifically, a smoking article according to the disclosure can have a reusable control body that is substantially cylindrical in shape having a connecting end and an opposing, closed end. The closed end of the control housing may include one or more indicators of active use of the article. The article further can comprise a cartridge with a connecting end that engages the connecting end of the control body and with an opposing mouth end. To use the article, the consumer can connect a connecting end of the cartridge to the connecting end of the control body or otherwise combine the cartridge with the control body so that the article is operable as discussed herein. In some embodiments, the connecting ends of the control body and the cartridge can be threaded for a screw-type engagement. In other embodiments, the connecting ends can have a press-fit engagement. During use, the consumer initiates heating of the resistive heating element, the heat produced by the resistive heating element aerosolizes the aerosol precursor material and, optionally, further inhalable substances. Such heating releases at least a portion of the aerosol precursor material in the form of an aerosol (which can include any further inhalable substances included therewith), and such aerosol is provided within a space inside the cartridge that is in fluid communication with the mouth end of the cartridge. When the consumer inhales on the mouth end of the cartridge, air is drawn through the cartridge, and the combination of the drawn air and the aerosol is inhaled by the consumer as the drawn materials exit the mouth end of the cartridge (and any optional mouthpiece present) into the mouth of the consumer. To initiate heating, the consumer may actuate a pushbutton, capacitive sensor, or similar component that causes the resistive heating element to receive electrical energy from the battery or other energy source (such as a capacitor). The electrical energy may be supplied for a pre-determined length of time or may be manually controlled. Preferably, flow of electrical energy does not substantially proceed in between puffs on the article (although energy flow may proceed to maintain a baseline temperature greater than ambient temperature—e.g., a temperature that facilitates rapid heating to the active heating temperature). In further embodiments, heating may be initiated by the puffing action of the consumer through use of various sensors, as otherwise described herein. Once the puff is discontinued, heating will stop or be reduced. When the consumer has taken a sufficient number of puffs so as to have released a sufficient amount of the inhalable substance (e.g., an amount sufficient to equate to a typical smoking experience), the cartridge can be removed from the control housing and discarded. Indication that the cartridge is spent (i.e., the aerosol precursor material has been substantially removed by the consumer) can be provided. In some embodiments, a single cartridge can provide more than a single smoking experience and thus may provide a sufficient content of aerosol precursor material to simulate as much as full pack of conventional cigarettes or even more. Likewise, a plurality of individual reservoirs can be provided in a single smoking article to provide a defined number of puffs, conventional cigarette equivalents, or the like. The foregoing description of use of the article can be applied to the various embodiments described through minor modifications, which can be apparent to the person of skill in the art in light of the further disclosure provided herein. The above description of use, however, is not intended to limit the use of the inventive article but is provided to comply with all necessary requirements of disclosure of the present disclosure. Referring now toFIG.1, a smoking article10according to the disclosure generally can comprise a shell15and a plurality of components provided within the shell. The article can be characterized as having a mouth end11(i.e., the end upon which a consumer can draw to inhale aerosol from the article), and a distal end12. The illustrated article is provided as a single unitary device (however, line A indicates an optional demarcation whereby the device can be two separate components that are joined together, either removably or permanently, such as by gluing). As will be evident from the further disclosure herein, it can be preferable for further embodiments of the article to be formed of two or more detachable units, each housing separate components of the article. The various components shown in the embodiment ofFIG.1can be present in other embodiments, including embodiments formed of multiple units. The article10according to the disclosure can have an overall shape that may be defined as being substantially rod-like or substantially tubular shaped or substantially cylindrically shaped. As illustrated inFIG.1, the article has a substantially round cross-section; however, other cross-sectional shapes (e.g., oval, square, triangle, etc.) also are encompassed by the present disclosure. Such language that is descriptive of the physical shape of the article may also be applied to the individual units of the article in embodiments comprising multiple units, such as a control body and a cartridge. The shell15of the smoking article10can be formed of any material suitable for forming and maintaining an appropriate conformation, such as a tubular shape, and for retaining therein the suitable components of the article. The shell can be formed of a single wall, as shown inFIG.1. In some embodiments, the shell can be formed of a material (natural or synthetic) that is heat resistant so as to retain its structural integrity—e.g., does not degrade—at least at a temperature that is the heating temperature provided by the resistive heating element, as further discussed herein. In some embodiments, a heat resistant polymer may be used. In other embodiments, the shell can be formed from paper, such as a paper that is substantially straw-shaped. As further discussed herein, the shell, such as a paper tube, may have one or more layers associated therewith that function to substantially prevent movement of vapor therethrough. In one example, an aluminum foil layer may be laminated to one surface of the shell. Ceramic materials also may be used. The shell15, when formed of a single layer, can have a thickness of about 0.2 mm to about 5.0 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 4.0 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 1.0 mm to about 3.0 mm. Further exemplary types of components and materials that may be used to provide the functions described above or be used as alternatives to the materials and components noted above can be those of the types set forth in US Pub. No. 2010/00186757 to Crooks et al.; US Pub. No. 2010/00186757 to Crooks et al.; and US Pub. No. 2011/0041861 to Sebastian et al.; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. As seen in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the smoking article10generally includes an electronic control component20, a flow sensor30, and a battery40, and these components can be placed in a variety of orders within the article. Although not expressly shown, it is understood that the article10can include wiring as necessary to provide power from the battery40to the further components and to interconnect the components for appropriate operation of the necessary functions provided by the article. The article10further includes a resistive heating element50as described herein. In the illustrated embodiment, the resistive heating element50is a metal coil that can be electrically connected to the battery40through appropriate wiring of the terminals51to facilitate formation of a closed electrical circuit with current flow through the heating element. Further wiring (not illustrated) can be included to provide the necessary electrical connections within the article. In specific embodiments, the article10can be wired with an electrical circuit such that the control component20delivers, controls, or otherwise modulates power from the battery40for energizing the resistive heating element50according to one or more defined algorithms, such as already described above. Such electrical circuit can specifically incorporate the flow sensor30such that the article10is only active at times of use by the consumer. For example, when a consumer puffs on the article10, the flow sensor detects the puff, and the control component20is then activated to direct power through the article such that the resistive heating element50produces heat and thus provides aerosol for inhalation by the consumer. The control algorithm may call for power to the resistive heating element50to cycle and thus maintain a defined temperature. The control algorithm therefore can be programmed to automatically deactivate the article10and discontinue power flow through the article after a defined time lapse without a puff by a consumer. Moreover, the article can include a temperature sensor to provide feedback to the control component. Such sensor can be, for example, in direct contact with the resistive heating element50. Alternative temperature sensing means likewise may be used, such as relying upon logic control components to evaluate resistance through the resistive heating element and correlate such resistance to the temperature of the element. In other embodiments, the flow sensor30may be replaced by appropriate components to provide alternative sensing means, such as capacitive sensing, as otherwise described herein. Any variety of sensors and combinations thereof can be incorporated, as already described herein. Still further, one or more control buttons16can be included to allow for manual actuation by a consumer to elicit a variety of functions, such as powering the article10on and off, turning on the heating element50to generate a vapor or aerosol for inhalation, or the like. Additionally, the article can include on or more status indicators19positioned on the shell15. Such indicators, as discussed above, can show the number of puffs taken or remaining from the article, can be indicative of an active or inactive status, can light up in response to a puff, or the like. Although six indicators are illustrated, more or fewer indicators can be present, and the indicators can take on different shapes and can even being simply an opening in the shell (such as for release of sound when such indicators are present). As illustrated in the embodiment ofFIG.1, a reservoir205is shown in proximity to the heating element50, and a wick300extends from the reservoir205and into the coil of the resistive heating element50. The reservoir is one embodiment illustrating means of storing an aerosol precursor material. The wick utilizes capillary action to draw the aerosol precursor material from the reservoir and into a heating zone defined by the area in and around the resistive heating element50in the form of a metal wire coil. As such, heat produced by the resistive heating element causes the aerosol precursor material to aerosolize. The formed aerosol is then drawn by a user through the mouth end11of the smoking article10. As the aerosol precursor material in the heating zone is aerosolized by the heating of the resistive heating element, further aerosol precursor material is wicked out of the reservoir205to the heating zone for aerosolization. The cycle continues until substantially all of the aerosol precursor material has been aerosolized. As seen in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the mouth end11of the article10is substantially an open cavity with the resistive heating element50and the reservoir205disposed therein. Such open cavity provides a volume for release of the aerosol from the wick300as it is withdrawn from the reservoir and heated by the resistive heating element. The article also includes a mouth opening18in the mouth end11to allow for withdrawal of the aerosol from the cavity around the resistive heating element50. Although not expressly shown in the illustration ofFIG.1, the article can include a filter material (such as cellulose acetate or polypropylene) in the mouth end thereof to increase the structural integrity thereof and/or to provide filtering capacity, if desired, and/or to provide resistance to draw. To facilitate air flow through the article, an air intake17can be provided and can substantially comprise an aperture in the shell15that allows for air flow into the interior of the article. A plurality of air intakes can be provided, and the air intakes can be positioned at any location upstream from the mouth end of the article such that air from the air intake can mingle with and facilitate removal of the formed aerosol from the cavity around the resistive heating element/substrate and through the opening in the mouth end of the article. Although not illustrated, if desired, structural elements can be provided within the article so as to effectively isolate one or more components within the article from the air flowing from the air intake to the opening in the mouth end. In other words, a defined air flow path can be provided, and such defined air flow path can substantially avoid air flowing through the air flow path from coming into physical contact with one or both of the battery40and the control component20. As illustrated inFIG.1, air taken in through the air intake17passes the flow sensor30before entering the cavity surrounding the heating element/substrate such that activation of the flow sensor will facilitate heating of the heating element, as otherwise described herein. In preferred embodiments, the article10may take on a size that is comparative to a cigarette or cigar shape. Thus, the article may have a diameter of about 5 mm to about 25 mm, about 5 mm to about 20 mm, about 6 mm to about 15 mm, or about 6 mm to about 10 mm. Such dimension may particularly correspond to the outer diameter of the shell15. The smoking article10in the embodiment illustrated inFIG.1can be characterized as a disposable article. Accordingly, it can be desirable for the reservoir containing the aerosol precursor material in such embodiments to include a sufficient amount of aerosol precursor material so that a consumer can obtain more than a single use of the article. For example, the article can include sufficient aerosolizable and/or inhalable materials such that the article can provide a number of puffs substantially equivalent to the number of puffs (of about two seconds duration) available from a plurality of conventional cigarettes—e.g., 2 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, or 20 or more conventional cigarettes. More particularly, a disposable, single unit article according to the embodiment ofFIG.1can provide about 20 or more, about 50 or more, or about 100 or more puffs, a single puff being measured as already described herein. In particularly preferred embodiments an article according to the disclosure can comprise two units that are attachable and detachable from each other. For example,FIG.2shows a smoking article10according to one embodiment that is formed of a control body80and a cartridge90. In specific embodiments, the control body may be referred to as being reusable, and the cartridge may be referred to as being disposable. In some embodiments, the entire article may be characterized as being disposable in that the control body may be configured for only a limited number of uses (e.g., until a battery power component no longer provides sufficient power to the article) with a limited number of cartridges and, thereafter, the entire article10, including the control body, may be discarded. In other embodiments, the control body may have a replaceable battery such that the control body can be reused through a number of battery exchanges and with many cartridges. Similarly, the article10may be rechargeable and thus may be combined with any type of recharging technology, including connection to a typical electrical outlet, connection to a car charger (i.e., cigarette lighter receptacle), and connection to a computer, such as through a USB cable. The control body80and the cartridge90are specifically configured so as to engage one another and form an interconnected, functioning device. As illustrated inFIG.2, the control body80includes a proximal attachment end13that includes a projection82having a reduced diameter in relation to the control body. The cartridge includes a distal attachment end14that engages the proximal engagement end of the control body80to provide the smoking article10in a functioning, usable form. InFIG.2, the control body projection82includes threads that allow the cartridge90to screw onto the control body80via corresponding threads (not visible inFIG.2) in the distal attachment end of the cartridge. Thus, the distal attachment end of the cartridge90can include an open cavity for receiving the control body projection82. Although a threaded engagement is illustrated inFIG.2, it is understood that further means of engagement are encompassed, such as a press-fit engagement, a magnetic engagement, or the like. The functioning relationship between the control body80and the cartridge90is further seen inFIG.3, which shows the two detached units in cross section. The control body80includes the control component20, flow sensor30, and battery40. Although these components are illustrated in a specific alignment, it is understood that various alignments of the components are encompassed by the disclosure. The control body80further includes a plurality of indicators19and an air intake17in the control body shell81. A variety of positions for one or more air intakes are encompassed by the disclosure. As shown, the air intake17is positioned such that air drawn through the intake sufficiently contacts the flow sensor30to activate the sensor (although other positions are encompassed, particular if different sensing means are provided or if manual actuation, such as with a push button, is provided). In other instances, the air intake17may be positioned, for example, toward the distal end12, with the flow sensor30being disposed proximally to the distal end12, toward the proximal attachment end13. In such instances, for instance, the disposition of the air intake toward the distal end12may provide additional lead time from detecting the puff for the heating element50to be actuated, thereby providing a faster response (i.e., delivery of the aerosol) in response to the puff. The shell81can be formed of materials already described herein in relation to the embodiment ofFIG.1. A receptacle60also is included at the proximal attachment end13of the control body80and extends into the control body projection82to allow for ease of electrical connection with the resistive heating element50when the cartridge90is attached to the control body. In the illustrated embodiment, the receptacle60includes a central open passage to facilitate air flow from the air intake in the control body into the cartridge during use of the article10. The cartridge90includes a cartridge shell91with a mouth opening18at the mouth end11thereof to allow passage of air and entrained vapor (and further inhalable materials, if present) from the cartridge to a consumer during draw on the article10. The cartridge shell91can be formed of materials as already described herein as being useful for such purpose. The cartridge90further includes a resistive heating element50in the form of a metal wire coil. The resistive heating element includes terminals51(e.g., positive and negative terminals) at the opposing ends thereof for facilitating current flow through the resistive heating element and for attachment of the appropriate wiring (not illustrated) to form an electrical connection of the resistive heating element with the battery40when the cartridge90is connected to the control body80. Specifically, a plug65is positioned at the distal attachment end14of the cartridge. When the cartridge90is connected to the control body80, the plug65engages the receptacle60to form an electrical connection such that current controllably flows from the battery40, through the receptacle and plug, and to the resistive heating element50. The cartridge shell91can continue across the distal attachment end such that this end of the cartridge is substantially closed with the plug protruding therefrom. As illustrated inFIG.3, the plug65includes an open central passage that aligns with the open central passage in the receptacle60to allow air to flow from the control body80and into the cartridge90. A reservoir for use according to the present disclosure can be any component that functions to store and release one or more components of the aerosol precursor material. In some embodiments, such as illustrated inFIG.1, the reservoir can be a container in which the aerosol precursor material is stored. The container can be substantially impermeable in relation to the aerosol precursor such that the material cannot escape through the walls of the container. In such embodiments, an opening can be provided for passage of the aerosol precursor material therefrom. For example, inFIG.1, a wick300is shown filling an opening in the reservoir205. In some instances, the reservoir205may comprise a “bottle,” which may generally encompass any container having walls and at least one opening. The aerosol precursor material in the reservoir thus moves out of the reservoir by capillary action via the wick. Other systems for passage of the aerosol precursor material from a reservoir are also encompassed by the disclosure. For example, a tube or other conduit can be used for passage of the aerosol precursor material out of the reservoir and through the tube or other conduit. Such passage also can occur via capillary action. Alternately, passive flow of the liquid from the reservoir can be controlled with an appropriate valve mechanism that can be opened to allow flow of the aerosol precursor material when the smoking article is in use and to prevent flow of the aerosol precursor material when the smoking article is not in use. Active flow mechanisms incorporating micro-pump devices also are envisioned for use according to the present disclosure. Such a reservoir can be formed of any suitable material that is not substantially reactive with any components of the aerosol precursor material, and is thermally and mechanically stable, such as glass, metal, low- or no-porosity ceramics, plastics, and the like. In some embodiments, a reservoir can be a container that is provided without an opening, but a portion or all of the walls of the container can be porous and thus allow permeation of the aerosol precursor material out of the container through the walls thereof. For example, porous ceramics can be useful in such regard. Any other material of suitable porosity likewise could be used. In particular embodiments, a reservoir can be a woven or non-woven fabric or another mass of fibers suitable for retaining the aerosol precursor material (e.g., through absorption, adsorption, or the like) and allowing wicking away of the aerosol precursor material for transport to the heating zone. For example,FIG.3illustrates a reservoir layer201retaining one or more components of the aerosol precursor material. The reservoir layer is essentially a non-woven layer of fibers rolled into the form of a tube that lines a portion of the inner surface of the cartridge shell91. Such reservoir layer can be formed of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of useful materials include cotton, cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyesters, polyamides, polylactic acids, combinations thereof, and the like. Similarly, reservoir layers can be formed of ceramics. A wick301(as seen inFIG.3) for use according to the present disclosure can be any component that functions to transport one or more aerosol precursor materials from a reservoir to a heating zone in the smoking article where a resistive heating element aerosolizes the aerosol precursor material and thus form an aerosol. A wick particularly can be a component that utilizes capillary action in the transport of liquids. A wick for use according to the disclosure thus can be any material that provides sufficient wicking action to transport one or more components of the aerosol precursor material to the heating zone. Non-limiting examples include natural and synthetic fibers, such as cotton, cellulose, polyesters, polyamides, polylactic acids, glass fibers, combinations thereof, and the like. Wicks further can be coated with materials that alter the capillary action of the fibers, and the fibers used in forming wicks can have specific cross-sectional shape and can be grooved so as to alter the capillary action of the fibers. Fibers used in forming wicks can be bundled, provided as a woven fabric, or provided as a non-woven fabric. FIG.4schematically illustrates a smoking article500according to one aspect of the present disclosure. In such an aspect, the smoking article500may generally comprise a shell510having a mouth end511(i.e., the end upon which a consumer can draw to inhale aerosol from the article through the mouth opening518), and an opposed distal end512. The smoking article500according to the present aspect is illustrated as a two-part device, wherein line A indicates a demarcation whereby the smoking article500can be separated or otherwise disengaged into two separate components505,506. In such instances, the two separate components may be designated as a control body portion506and a cartridge body portion505that are joined together along a longitudinal axis. More particularly, the control body portion506may define a control body engagement end506A and the cartridge body portion505may define a cartridge body engagement end505A, wherein the respective ends505A,506A may be complementarily configured so as to be capable of being removably engaged. That is, when the respective ends505A,506A are engaged the body portions505,506are secured together to form the smoking article500. However, in particular instances, the body portions505,506may be separated or detached (i.e., detachable units), as necessary or desired, for example, such that the cartridge body portion505may be exchanged for a different cartridge body portion. In such instances, the detachable units may each be configured to house separate components of the smoking article500. According to one aspect, the smoking article500may comprise detachable control and cartridge body portions506,505. As seen in the embodiment ofFIG.4, the components housed by the shell510may be divided between the control and cartridge body portions506,505. For example, in instances where the cartridge body portion505is configured to be interchangeable with other cartridge body portions using the same control body portion506, the control body portion506may have arranged therein the components that may be re-usable in such a smoking article500. Moreover, the cartridge body portion505may include a consumable arrangement comprising at least an aerosol precursor composition (otherwise interchangeably referred to herein as an “aerosol precursor material”) and at least one heating element operably engaged therewith. As such, in some aspects as schematically shown inFIG.5, the control body portion506of the smoking article500may include a first electronic control component520, a flow sensor (or “puff sensor”)530, and an electrical power source540(i.e., a battery, a capacitor, or any other suitable electrical power-containing element or combination of elements) and these components can be placed in a variety of orders within the control body portion506. Such components may also be configured to be controlled through or by the first electronic control component520(i.e., the first control component520may be configured to control access to the power stored by the electrical power source540such as, for example, to power the flow (puff) sensor530). Further, although not expressly shown, it is understood that the article500can include wiring, or otherwise include suitable provisions for electrically connecting particular components, as necessary or desired to provide electrical power or current from the battery540to other components and/or to interconnect particular components for appropriate operation of the necessary functions provided by the smoking article. As illustrated in the embodiment ofFIG.5, the cartridge body portion505of the smoking article500may include and contain a consumable arrangement comprising a reservoir550disposed in proximity to a heating element560in the form of, for example a coil. In some aspects, a wick (not shown, but see, e.g., element300inFIG.1) may extend from the reservoir550into the coil of the heating element560. The reservoir550may be configured, in one aspect, to store an aerosol precursor material, as further discussed herein, which may be in the form of a liquid, vapor, or aerosol. The wick may be configured and arranged to be in communication with the reservoir550so as to utilize capillary action to draw the aerosol precursor material from the reservoir and into a heating zone defined by an area in and around, or otherwise in proximity to, the heating element560(i.e., inside the coil). As such, heat produced by the heating element560causes the aerosol precursor material to aerosolize. The formed aerosol is then drawn by a user through the mouth end511of the smoking article500. As the aerosol precursor material in the heating zone is aerosolized by the heating of the heating element560, further aerosol precursor material is wicked out of the reservoir550and directed toward the heating zone for aerosolization. The cycle continues until substantially all of the aerosol precursor material has been aerosolized and the reservoir is substantially empty. In one aspect, the heating element560may be a resistive element comprising a metal coil that can be electrically connected to the battery540through appropriate wiring of the terminals thereof to facilitate formation of a closed electrical circuit capable of current flow through the heating element560. Accordingly, the control and cartridge body portions505,506may be configured such that, when engaged, appropriate wiring565forms the necessary electrical and control connections within the smoking article500between the battery540and the heating element560. Such an electrical/control connection may be accomplished, for example, through the use of an electrical connector having complementarily configured portions, wherein one portion is engaged with the control body portion506and the other portion is engaged with the cartridge body portion505, the respective portions being urged into engagement upon engagement of the control and cartridge body portions506,505. In particular embodiments, the article500can be wired with an electrical circuit whereby the first control component520is configured to deliver, control, or otherwise modulate power from the battery540for energizing the resistive heating element560according to one or more defined algorithms, such as previously described above. Such an electrical circuit (“heater control circuitry”) can specifically incorporate the flow sensor530such that the article500is only active at times of use by the consumer. For example, when a consumer puffs on the article500, the flow sensor530(which may also comprise, for example, a pressure sensor, a capacitive sensor, or other appropriate sensor for detecting actuation of the article500due to a puff by the user) detects the puff, and the first control component520is then activated to direct power through the article500from the battery540to the heating element560, such that the heating element560produces heat and thus provides aerosol for inhalation by the consumer. The control algorithm may call for power to the heating element560to cycle and thus maintain a defined and selected temperature in the heating zone proximate to the aerosol precursor material. The control algorithm can be further programmed to automatically deactivate the article500by discontinuing power flow through the article500from the battery540to the heating element560after a defined time lapse without detecting a puff by a consumer. Moreover, the article500can include a temperature sensor (not shown) in the cartridge body portion505to provide feedback to the first control component520. Such sensor can be, for example, in direct contact with the heating element560. In some instances, a regulator component (not shown) may be provided in communication between the electrical power source540and the at least one heating element560, with the regulator component being configured to selectively regulate current flow from the electrical power source540to the at least one heating element560in order to control a temperature thereof. Alternative temperature sensing arrangements may be used, such as logic control components to evaluate a resistance of the heating element and to correlate such resistance to the temperature of the element. In other instances, the heating element560may be engaged with the first control component520via a feedback loop, wherein, for example, a comparator may compare a measured electrical parameter (i.e., voltage, current) at the heating element560to a desired set point, and adjust the output of that electrical parameter from the electrical power source540. In other aspects, the flow sensor530may be replaced by appropriate components to provide alternative sensing of user demand on the smoking article500, such as capacitive sensing, as otherwise described herein. Any variety of sensors and combinations thereof can be incorporated, as already described herein. Still further, one or more control buttons566can be included in association with the control body portion506to allow for manual actuation of the smoking article500by a consumer to elicit a variety of functions, such as powering the article500on and off, turning on the heating element560to generate a vapor or aerosol for inhalation, or the like. Additionally, the article can include on or more status indicators580(see, e.g.,FIG.4) positioned on the shell510, either in association with the control body portion506or the cartridge body portion505, as appropriate or desired. Such indicators, as discussed above, can show the number of puffs taken or remaining from the article/cartridge body portion, can be indicative of an active or inactive status, can light up in response to a puff, or the like. Although six indicators are illustrated, more or fewer indicators can be present. Such indicators can take on different shapes and may even simply define an opening in the shell (such as for release of sound when such indicators are present). As previously discussed, any such status indicators580are suitably wired for communication with the battery540, for example, via the first control component520and/or through appropriate connectors between the control and cartridge body portions506,505. In one instance, one or more status indicators580may be arranged in connection with the cartridge body portion505, about a tip505B thereof, the tip505B being opposed to the cartridge body engagement end505A. The one or more status indicators580about the tip505B may, in some aspects, comprise one or more LEDs or other appropriate light-emitting element. The one or more status indicators580may be arranged in communication with the first and/or second control component520,590, wherein the first and/or second control component520,590may be configured to control the actuation of one or more of the status indicators580(see, e.g.,FIG.6). For example, the one or more status indicators580may be configured to be responsive to actuation of the puff sensor530to emit light upon detection of a puff by the user. The characteristics of the puff used to actuate the puff sensor530may, in turn, be reflected in the light emitted by the one or more status indicators580. For example, the intensity and/or duration of the puff may result in actuation of the one or more status indicators580for a corresponding intensity and/or duration. In other instances, in addition to or in the alternative to a corresponding intensity and/or duration, the blended or apparent color of the light emitted by the one or more status indicators580may also vary accordingly. For instance, by actuating the one or more status indicators580, for example, with a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) actuation signal (see, e.g., element575inFIG.6), the one or more status indicators580can be actuated with modulated intensity to emulate or mimic the color of a glowing/burning tip of a conventional smoking article, such as a cigarette. In one particular instance, the one or more status indicators580may comprise a green LED580A and a red LED580B. The duty cycles of the green and red LEDs may be controlled by one or more PWM or other control signals such that the status indicators580combine in various proportions to emit a blended color ranging from red to orange to yellow. One skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that the one or more status indicators580may be actuated in different manners as necessary or desired. For example, an analog circuit may be used to vary the voltage and/or current directed to each of the green and red LEDs to produce the desired color of light emitted from the tip505B, or the associated circuitry may or may not implement a microprocessor. As disclosed, in one aspect of the present disclosure, the cartridge body portion505may also include a second electronic control component590(which may or may not include a microprocessor), as shown inFIG.5. The second control component590may be configured, for instance, to communicate with the first control component520(via established serial communication connection570) and/or the electrical power source540upon engagement between the cartridge body and control body portions506,505. The second electronic control component590may comprise a processor, may be configured as purpose-specific analog and/or digital circuitry with or without a processor, or may comprise hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Accordingly, any or all of the functions disclosed herein in conjunction with the second electronic control component590, including interaction thereof with the first electronic control component520and other components of the smoking article500, may be embodied in a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program code portions stored therein that, in response to execution by a processor, cause an apparatus to at least perform or direct the recited functions. In one particular instance, upon establishment of communication between the first and second control components520,590, such as upon engagement of the control body and cartridge body portions506,505, the second control component590may be configured to provide an authentication code or other appropriate indicia to the first control component520. In such instances, the first control component520may be configured to evaluate the authentication indicia to determine whether the cartridge body portion505is authorized for use with the control body portion506. Such authentication may involve, for example, a determination as to whether the cartridge body portion505is produced by the manufacturer of the control body portion506(i.e., the control body portion506may only be used with a cartridge body portion505manufactured or authorized by the same manufacturer of the control body portion506). In other instances, this concept may be extended to authenticating whether a cartridge body portion505is within a corresponding series authorized for use with the control body portion506(i.e., the control body portion is configured for use only with Series X, Y, or Z cartridge body portions, wherein a Series N cartridge body portion would not be configured to provide a suitable authentication indicia to allow that cartridge body portion to be used with the noted control body portion). Accordingly, in particular aspects, the first control component520may be configured to be responsive to the received authentication indicia from the engaged cartridge body portion505, authorizing the particular cartridge body portion505for use with the control body portion506, to allow current flow from the electrical power source540to the at least one heating element560, for example, upon actuation of the puff sensor530by a user. In such aspects, if no authentication indicia is received by the first control component520(i.e., an absent authentication indicia) or if an unauthorized authentication indicia is received by the first control component520, the first control component520may respond, for example, by disallowing or preventing current flow from the electrical power source540to the at least one heating element560. In some aspects, the cartridge body portion505may also include a memory device600in communication with the second control component590. In such aspects, the second control component590may be configured, for example, to determine a remaining amount of the aerosol precursor composition in the reservoir550and to store the determined remaining amount in the memory device600. Such functionality may be actuated in various manners upon the cartridge body portion505being engaged with the control body portion506. For instance, the second control component590, upon being energized by the electrical power source540, may be configured to periodically poll or monitor the reservoir550to determine the remaining amount of the aerosol precursor composition therein (i.e., through an appropriate sensor operably engaged with the reservoir550to determine the amount of the aerosol precursor composition therein or to otherwise determine a quantity of the aerosol precursor composition flowing from the reservoir550to the wick). In other instances, such functionality may be actuated upon each puff, or a predetermined quantity of puffs, by the user. In some aspects, the second control component590may be configured to monitor the number of puffs, in addition to the volume and/or duration of each puff, such that the resulting calculated amount of used aerosol precursor composition used by the user can be compared to the capacity of the aerosol precursor composition in the reservoir, so as to determine the remaining amount of the aerosol precursor composition in the reservoir550. In any instance, the determined remaining amount of the aerosol precursor composition in the reservoir550may be periodically determined and indicated to the user of the smoking article500, for example, through any of the one or more of the status indicators580. Further, the first and second control components520,590may be configured to communicate the determined remaining amount therebetween. For example, the first control component520may be configured to be responsive to a threshold level of the determined remaining amount of the aerosol precursor composition received from the second control component590to actuate a low remaining amount indicia (selected from the status indicators580) associated with the control body portion506. In this regard, the second control component590may be configured to assess whether the remaining amount of the aerosol precursor composition in the reservoir550has reached or is below the threshold level of the amount of the aerosol precursor composition. Alternatively, the second control component590may be, for example, configured to monitor the saturation level of the wick by way of a capacitive sensor or other suitable sensor, whereby the reservoir550is determined to be at or below the threshold level when the saturation level of the wick falls below a particular level. The first control component520would thus be configured to be responsive to the determination of the second control component590as to whether the cartridge body portion505is spent and requires replacement. In other instances, the second control component590may just communicate the determined remaining amount, whether on demand from the first control component520, or through a periodic polling by the first control component in which the remaining amount may be determined in response thereto or retrieved from the memory device600, and the determination as to whether the threshold level has been reached may be determined by the first control component520. In addition to or in the alternative to indicating the low remaining amount of the aerosol precursor composition, the first control component may be configured to take other action such as, for instance, disallowing or preventing electrical current from flowing the heating element560, thereby requiring replacement of the spent cartridge body portion505. In some aspects, the control body portion506may further include a communication device610(see, e.g.,FIG.7) operably engaged with the first control component520and/or the electrical power source540, wherein the communication device610(i.e. an appropriate transmitter or transceiver) may at least be configured to transmit data externally to the smoking article500, for example, data from one of the first and second control components520,590or the memory device600. In other instances, the communication device610may instead be operably engaged with the second control component590and thus contained and included in the cartridge body portion505. In such aspects involving a communication device610, data regarding the smoking article500and/or use thereof may be transmitted to an external location associated with the manufacturer, distributor, retailer, or any other entity authorized thereby. Still further, the communication device610may be used, in some instances, to update the operational software associated with the first and/or second control component and/or upload data to the memory device600. Also, the communication device610may be configured to allow the user to receive data associated with the control and cartridge body portions506,505associated with the particular smoking article500to be received by other electronic devices associated with the user. For example, data collected by the second control portion590or otherwise stored in the memory device600may be received by the PDA, smart phone, PC, laptop, or tablet device associated with the user, via the communication device610, so as to allow the user so to view or manipulate the data. Further, the communication device610may allow the smoking article500to otherwise communicate with a corresponding application configured to be executed by the other electronic devices associated with the user. In this manner, the smoking article500may be queried by the user's other electronic devices or otherwise be configured to be configured for on-demand communication therewith. In yet other aspects, the memory device600may be configured to include a unique identifying indicia associated with the cartridge body portion505, wherein such a unique identifying indicia may comprise, for example, a serial number associated with the cartridge body portion505. In particular instances, the unique identifying indicia may be configured to be received by the first control component520directly from the memory device600or via the second control component590. The first control component520may also be configured to direct the unique identifying indicia to the external location, via the communication device610, wherein the unique identifying indicia may further be associated, for instance, with an identifying indicia for the control body portion506. The identifying indicia for the control body portion506may be previously registered or otherwise associated with a particular or specified user and, as such, the user may be credited with purchase or use of the particular cartridge body portion associated with the unique identifying indicia, for example, in a loyalty or rewards program. The collected unique identifying indicia may be convertible, in some instances, to coupons or other reward program features that may be directed to the user to encourage the user to buy more like products. In other instances, the unique identifying indicia may be associated with manufacturing data for the cartridge body portion505such that date code, batch number, or other tracking information can be made known to the external location. In other aspects, the memory device600may be configured to include a composition indicia associated with the aerosol precursor composition contained in the reservoir550associated with the cartridge body portion505. The composition indicia may have associated therewith, for example, heating parameters required to transform the aerosol precursor composition into an aerosol. Upon engagement between the control and cartridge body portions506,505, the composition indicia may be directed from the memory device600, in some instances via the second control component590, to the first control component520. The first control component520may, in turn, be configured to be responsive to the composition indicia to selectively actuate current flow from the electrical power source540housed by the control body portion506. The current flow may then be directed to the at least one heating element560housed by the cartridge body portion505, and the at least one heating element560may be responsive to the current flow to provide the required heating parameters for heating the aerosol precursor composition to form the aerosol. Still another aspect of the present disclosure, the first and/or second control component520,590may be configured to monitor usage parameters associated with, for example, the aerosol precursor composition, the at least one heating element560, and the electrical power source540, as well as the various sensors and the status indicators, as necessary or desired. Other components may be included in the smoking article500to particularly contribute to such usage parameters. For example, a geo-locating device, such as a GPS device (not shown), may be included in the smoking article500so as to determine a location of the smoking article500upon usage thereof by the user. In some instances, data associated with the usage parameters may be stored in the memory device600. In yet other instances, the collected data associated with such usage parameters may be directed to the external location by the communication device610. Such data regarding usage parameters may include, for example, puff duration and frequency, battery condition and/or level, preferred flavors, usage according to location, usage according to time of day, or any other appropriate usage parameter necessary or desired. Such data regarding usage parameters may be collected and used, for instance, by marketing focus groups, business analysts, or any other appropriate analysis entity. In some particular instances, the first and/or second control component520,590may be configured to monitor particular usage parameters associated with the smoking article500and/or the user thereof. Such collected usage data may include, for example, the average number of puffs taken per cartridge (i.e., the number of puffs that the user can take before the reservoir550of the cartridge body portion505is considered spent or empty), the total number of puffs taken per cartridge or cumulatively in relation to the control body portion506, the number of puffs taken before the electrical power source540(i.e., battery) needs to be recharged, the number of cartridges that can be used before the electrical power source540needs to be recharged, the total number of cartridges used in relation to the particular control body portion506, or any other usable metric or statistical data associated with the smoking article500and/or the user thereof. Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosure will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. For example, kits can be provided that include a variety of components as described herein. For example, a kit can comprise a control body portion with one or more cartridge body portions. A kit further can comprise a control body portion with one or more charging components. A kit further can comprise a control body portion with one or more batteries. A kit further may comprise a control body portion with one or more cartridge body portions and one or more charging components and/or one or more batteries. In further embodiments, a kit may comprise a plurality of cartridge body portions. A kit further may comprise a plurality of cartridge body portions and one or more batteries and/or one or more charging components. The inventive kits further can include a case (or other packaging, carrying, or storage component) that accommodates one or more of the kit components. The case could be a reusable hard or soft container. Further, the case could be simply a box or other packaging structure. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

11856998

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the accompanying drawings, is intended as a description of various embodiments and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be apparent that those skilled in the art will be able to understand the disclosure without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in simplified form for brevity of description. Some of the surfaces have been left out or exaggerated for clarity and ease of explanation. The present disclosure is directed to a separator device (also referred to herein as a breast separator device or separator or device) which can be configured to maintain separation between breasts in a cleavage area such that the breasts are kept from contacting each other when wearing a tightly fitting garment (e.g., bras, shapewear, tank top, shirt, dress, or other items worn by a wearer). In some aspects, the separator devices can comprise a base surface having a narrower width than the front surface across some or all of the length of the device (e.g., forming a “U” or “V” shaped cross-section, and/or a “U” or “V” shaped top end). In some aspects, the separator device can comprise an attachment portion configured to slide (or otherwise be positioned) between the garment and the wearer. As such, the separator device can be placed between breasts and held in place by the attachment portion, for example, by sliding the attachment portion under the front band of the garment. In some examples, the separator may be fixed to the garments and thereby positioned between the wearer and the garment when the garment is put on by the wearer. The separator devices disclosed herein can advantageously address the occurrence of breast cleft, as well as sweat build up and chafing that can result from contact between breasts. For example, the separator devices can be configured to separate the breasts and keep the flesh of the breasts from contacting each other (e.g., at the cleavage area). Currently, limited options exist to prevent the formation of the breast cleft and/or sweat build up and/or chafing that can occur in a cleavage area as a result contact between breasts. In some embodiments, the separator device can be worn by the wearer and placed in contact with or adjacent skin between the breasts, within the cleavage area, to adjust the cleavage area by maintaining a separation between the breasts. In some embodiments, the separator device can be arranged to adjust the cleavage area so to maintain a space between breasts, for example, when an external pressure is applied to the breasts through wearing of bras, shapewear or other clothing. Generally, this external pressure while wearing a garment would press the breasts together causing contact between the breasts leading to breast cleft, chafing, and sweat build up. By inserting a separator device of the disclosure within the cleavage area between the breasts, a space or separation between the breasts can be formed and maintained. In some aspects, the external pressures from the garment worn may assist to keep the separator device of the disclosure in place when worn by a wearer. The suppleness of some of the embodiments herein may be similar to that of breast tissue, making it almost unnoticeable by the wearer. However, it should be appreciated that the separator devices described herein can be made of any suitable material(s), including, for example, a silicone, a rubber, a foam, a cloth, a plastic, and/or a combination thereof. By creating this space between the breasts, the separator devices described herein can also allow the chest area to stay cooler reducing the risk of chafing and sweating between the breasts in the cleavage area. In some embodiments, a separator device of the disclosure can comprise an attachment portion or member that can be positioned between a garment (e.g., at a bridge or band of a bra that runs across the torso) and the wearer. The external pressure applied to the attachment portion due to wearing the garment may hold the device in place. In some embodiments, a separator device can be sewn into the garment at the desired location with consideration to where the cleavage area may occur (e.g., sewn into the band at the bridge of a bra), or placed within a pocket or between layers of a garment. In some embodiments, a fastener may removably couple the device to the garment (e.g., via a hook or loop fastener, a snap fastener, where one fastener component is coupled to the separator device and another fastener component is coupled to the garment). In some aspects, the devices herein can be configured to reduce the occurrence, and may even prevent, breast cleft while a wearer is awake going about their daily or evening routines. When the device is removed from the cleavage area and the wearer is no longer using the device, the breasts may return to their natural position, either as supported by the garment or unsupported thereby, for example, depending on if the wearer is wearing the garment or not. The use of the term “breast” or “breasts” may be used to refer to, for example but not limited to, a female's breasts, breasts on a male (e.g., caused by pectoral fat, gynecomastia, etc.), any soft protruding organs or flesh supportable and shapeable by clothing and/or undergarments. Furthermore, the term “cleavage” may be used herein to refer to the depression between breasts, but may also be used herein to refer to any depression between two or more body parts creating a cleft like appearance therebetween. Further, sequential terminology, such as “first”, “second”, etc., may be used in the description and claims simply for labeling purposes and should not be limited to referring to described actions or items occurring in the described sequence. Actions or items may be ordered into a different sequence or may be performed in parallel or dynamically, without departing from the scope of the present application. Referring now toFIG.1, a separator device10is shown at least partially positioned under a garment100, here, a bra. It should be appreciated that the garment can be any suitable garment, including undergarments (e.g., bras, sports bras, running bra, yoga bra), outerwear, shirts (e.g., tank tops, tube tops, long sleeve shirts, yoga tops, sports tops, tops with bras or breast pads integrated therein), or shapewear. Separator device10can be placed between the garment100and the wearer. In the example shown inFIG.1, garment100is a bra, and the separator device10can be worn by the wearer (for example, on the wearer's skin or on any surface between the garment100and the wearer's skin, if applicable) between the cups120, in the cleavage area to help maintain a space or separation between breasts supported by cups120. The separator can be shaped to fit above the band130, between the cups120along the bridge110, or at any other suitable position relative to the garment100. Referring now toFIG.2, separator device10is shown at least partially positioned under a garment200, here, a sports (or exercise) bra. Separator device10can be placed between the garment200and a wearer. In the example shown inFIG.2, garment200is a sports bra, and the separator device10can be worn by the wearer (for example, on the wearer's skin or on any surface between the garment200and the wearer's skin, if applicable) between the cups220, in the cleavage area to help maintain a space or separation between breasts supported by cups220. The separator can be shaped to fit above the band230, between the cups220along the bridge210, or at any other suitable position relative to the garment200. This separator device10can comprise any suitable separator device of the disclosure, including the separator devices shown inFIGS.3A-3D,FIGS.4A-4E, andFIGS.5A-5D. Now turning toFIGS.3A-3D, a separator device300according to an embodiment is illustrated. Separator device300comprises an elongated body having a first surface312(referred to herein as a front surface) opposite a second surface314(referred to herein as a base surface), both extending from a first end320(referred to herein as the top end) opposite a second end318(referred to herein as the bottom end). Side surfaces322and324, extending from the top end320to the bottom end318are provided on opposite sides and between front surface312and base surface314. At the top end320, the front surface312may be spaced apart from the base surface314by a first distance (or thickness) where a top end surface is formed between the front surface312and the base surface314and between side portion322and side portion324. The length of the separator device300from the top end320to the bottom end318can be longer than the length between the side surface322to the side surface324. At the bottom end318, the front surface312may by spaced apart from the base surface314by a second distance, wherein the bottom end surface is formed between the front surface312and base surface314and between side surface322and side surface324. In some aspects, the second distance (or thickness) of the bottom end can be substantially smaller than the first distance (or thickness) of the top end. For example, the first distance can be at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 400% or at least 500% greater than the second distance. The front surface312and base surface314can be arranged to form an attachment portion (or attachment member)316at or adjacent the bottom end318. The attachment portion316can be shaped to fit (e.g., via a sliding insertion) under a garment (e.g., garment100), for example, under the band130at the bridge110running across a torso of the wearer. By inserting the attachment portion316under the band130, and situating the separator device300within the cleavage area defined by the breasts, the garment, and the wearer, the separator300can at least one of form and maintain a space or separation between the breasts, for example, even when an external pressure (which may have caused the breasts to contact each other without the use of the separator) is applied. In some aspects, the external pressure can come from the garment, which can restrain the separator300at the desired location such that the adjustment of the cleavage area is maintained throughout the wearer's daily or evening routines. In the example shown inFIGS.3A-3D, the second distance between the front surface312and the base surface314at bottom end318can be very small (e.g., less than 2 cm, less than 1.5 cm, less than 1 cm, less than 9 mm, less than 8 mm, less than 7 mm, less than 6 mm, less than 5 mm). In some aspects, the attachment portion can have a substantially triangular prism shape. In some aspects, the attachment portion can comprise a bottom portion of the separator device. In some aspects, the attachment portion316may be rounded at the bottom end for wearer's comfort. While a triangular prism shape (or substantially triangular prism shape) is illustrated inFIGS.3A-3D, it should be appreciated that separator devices of the inventive subject matter can comprise any suitable shape, for example, to fit between the garment and a torso of the wearer without causing discomfort. It should also be appreciated that in some aspects, a separator device of the disclosure can lack an attachment portion, for example, where the separator device is sewn onto the garment or placed within a pocket or layers of a garment. The front surface312may have any suitable shape, for example, a substantially planar surface or curved surface. For example, the front surface312can have a first portion (e.g., adjacent to the top end320) with a concave shape and a second portion (e.g., adjacent the bottom end318) can have a convex shape. In some aspects, the front surface312can have a first portion adjacent to the top end320with a convex shape and a second portion adjacent the bottom end318can have a concave shape. In some aspects, the front surface312may be planar (e.g., substantially flat) and inclined toward the bottom end318at an angle relative to the base surface314, while having a bulging portion adjacent the top end320. In some aspects the base surface318and front surface312can form an angle of between 5-45 degrees, or between 5-35 degrees or between 5-25 degrees at bottom end318. Other curved shapes are possible. Similar to the front surface312, the base surface314may also have any desired shape, for example, a substantially planar shape as illustrated inFIGS.3A-3B. However, the base surface314may also be curved if so desired for wearer's comfort. In some aspects, the side surfaces322and324may be angled as shown, and can form a “V” or “U” shape at the top end320(or when the separator device300is viewed from the top end320). In some aspects, an entire top end portion of the device can comprise a “V” or “U” cross-sectional shape. In some aspects, an entire top portion of the device can comprise a “V” or “U” cross-sectional shape. The angle x formed between the base surface314and the side surface322may be between approximately 90° and approximately 170°, in some embodiments between approximately 95° and approximately 170°, in some embodiments between approximately 100° and approximately 145°, and in some embodiments between approximately 110° and approximately 130°. The angle formed between base surface314and side surface224may be within the same range of angles as for angle x and may be symmetrical and/or asymmetrical with that of angle x. WhileFIG.3illustrates the side surfaces322and324as planar surfaces, the disclosure herein is not so limited. For example, the side surfaces322and324may be substantially planar (e.g., flat) and/or curved in a direction along the length of the separator device300. For example, the side surfaces322and324may comprise a concave and/or convex (e.g., one or more portions of each side surface322and324may have differing curves) when view from one or more of the top end320and the front surface312. Thus, each surface322and324may have one or more portions each with varying radii of curvature or bends/angles as desired for wearer comfort and so to maintain desired space or separation between the breasts of the wearer. In some embodiments, the separator may comprise a solid material or a perforated material. For example, separator300can have a perforated body comprising a plurality of through-holes, collectively referred to as perforations328. Perforations328may facilitate breathability of the wearer while offering the necessary resiliency and compressibility as described herein to maintain separation and shape. A separator device as described herein can comprise any suitable number of perforations of any suitable size and shape. The separator devices described herein (e.g., separator300, separator400, separator500) can have any suitable size and shape. For example, a separator device can have a top end portion having a first width (e.g., a maximum width), a bottom end portion having a second width (e.g., a maximum width), and wherein the first width is at least 10% greater than the second width. In some aspects, a base surface portion at the top end portion has a first width (e.g., a maximum width), a front surface portion at the top end portion has a second width (e.g., a maximum width), and the second width is at least 150% the first width. In some aspects, the device has a first thickness at the bottom end portion (e.g., a maximum thickness between the base surface and front surface at the bottom end portion), a second thickness at the top end portion (e.g., a maximum thickness between the base surface and the front surface at the top end portion), and the second thickness is at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, or at least 300% the first thickness. In some aspects, the device can have a third thickness between the first thickness and the second thickness, and the third thickness can be greater than the second thickness. In some aspects, the base surface can comprise a generally trapezoid shape. In some aspects, the base surface can be flat or substantially flat. In some aspects, the front surface can comprise a bottom portion and a top portion, and the bottom portion can comprise an inclined plane, and the entire top portion can be curved. In some aspects, a length from the top end to the bottom end of a separator device is between 1-10 inches, between 2-8 inches, between 3-5 inches, between 3-4.5 inches, or between 3.5-4 inches. In some aspects, the base surface has a varying width from a top end to a bottom end. In some aspects, the varying width includes a first width, a second width, and a third width, and each of the first, second and third width is between 0.5-3.5 inches, or between 0.75 inch and 2 inches (e.g., between 1 inch and 2 inches, between 1 inch and 1.75 inches, or between 1⅛ inch and 1½ inches). In some aspects, the device has a varying thickness (between front surface and base surface), and the largest thickness is between 0.5 and 3.5 inches, between 0.5 and 3 inches, or between 1 inch and 2 inches (e.g., about 1.5 inches), and the smallest thickness is between 0.1 mm and 20 mm (e.g., between 0.1 mm and 10 mm, or between 0.1 mm and 5 mm). In some aspects, a separator device of the disclosure can have a uniform or near-uniform thickness. As used herein, a “top portion” can be considered a top half of the device, for example, a top third, a top quarter, a top tenth of the device, a portion of the device from the top end to a point between a top quarter and top half, a portion of the device from the top end to a point between a top tenth and top half, wherein “half” refers to halfway along the length of the base surface of the device between top end and bottom end. As used herein, a “bottom portion” can be considered a bottom half of the device, for example, a bottom third, a bottom quarter, a bottom tenth of the device, a portion of the device from the bottom end to a point between a bottom quarter bottom top half, a portion of the device from the bottom end to a point between a bottom tenth and bottom half. As used herein, a “top end portion” of a separator device should be interpreted as the portion of the device comprising the top end and about 10% of the device adjacent the top end. As used herein, a “bottom end portion” of the separator device should be interpreted as the portion of the device comprising the bottom end and about 10% of the device adjacent the bottom end. Referring now toFIGS.4A-4E, another embodiment of a separator device400is illustrated. Separator device400comprises an elongated body having a first surface412(referred to herein as a front surface) opposite a second surface414(referred to herein as a base surface), both extending from a first end420(referred to herein as the top end) opposite a second end418(referred to herein as the bottom end). Side surfaces422and424, extending from the top end420to the bottom end418are provided on opposite sides and between front surface412and base surface414. At the top end420, the front surface412may be spaced apart from the base surface414by a first distance (or thickness) where a top end surface is formed between the front surface412and the base surface414and between side portion422and side portion424. The length of the separator device400from the top end420to the bottom end418can be longer than the length between the side surface422to the side surface424. At the bottom end418, the front surface412may by spaced apart from the base surface414by a second distance forming a bottom end surface between the front surface412and base surface414. In some aspects, the second distance (or thickness) of the bottom end can be substantially smaller than the first distance (or thickness) of the top end. For example, the first distance can be at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 400% or at least 500% greater than the second distance. In some aspects, the bottom end surface can comprise a rectangular surface and the top end surface can comprise a trapezoid surface with a rounded front edge. In some aspects, the base surface can have a varying width across length L3, wherein the width is largest at bottom end418and decreases along length L3with the smallest width at top end420. In some aspects, the front surface can have a varying width across length L3, wherein the width is largest at or adjacent top end420(for example, within 10% of top end420with respect to length L3) and smallest at or adjacent bottom end418(for example, within 10% of bottom end418with respect to length L3). In some aspects, the base surface has a width that generally goes from smallest to largest from top end to bottom end, and front surface has a width that generally goes from largest to smallest from top end to bottom end. The front surface412and base surface414can be arranged to form an attachment portion (or attachment member)416at or adjacent the bottom end418. The attachment portion416can be shaped to fit (e.g., via a sliding insertion) under a garment (e.g., garment100or garment200), for example, under the band130at the bridge110running across a torso of the wearer. By inserting the attachment portion416under the band130, and situating the separator device400within the cleavage area defined by the breasts, the garment, and the wearer, the separator400can at least one of form and maintain a space or separation between the breasts, for example, even when an external pressure (which may have caused the breasts to contact each other without the use of the separator) is applied. In some aspects, the external pressure can come from the garment, which can restrain the separator400at the desired location such that the adjustment of the cleavage area is maintained throughout the wearer's daily or evening routines. In the example shown inFIGS.4A-4E, the second distance between the front surface412and the base surface414can be very small (e.g., less than 2 cm, less than 1.5 cm, less than 1 cm, less than 9 mm, less than 8 mm, less than 7 mm, less than 6 mm, less than 5 mm). In some aspects, the attachment portion can have a substantially triangular prism shape. In some aspects, the attachment portion can have a substantially triangular prism shape with a bottom end and top end of attachment portion having a rectangular shape. In some aspects, the attachment portion can comprise a bottom portion of the separator device. In some aspects, the attachment portion416may be rounded at the bottom end for wearer's comfort. While a triangular prism shape (or substantially triangular prism shape—e.g., one with a truncated or flat bottom end) is illustrated inFIGS.4A-4E, it should be appreciated that separator devices of the inventive subject matter can comprise any suitable shape, for example, to fit between the garment and a torso of the wearer without causing discomfort. It should also be appreciated that in some aspects, a separator device of the disclosure can lack an attachment portion, for example, where the separator device is sewn onto the garment or placed within a pocket or layers of a garment. The front surface412may have any desired shape, for example, a substantially planar surface or curved surface. For example, the front surface412can have a first portion adjacent to the top end420with a concave shape and a second portion adjacent the bottom end418can have a convex shape. In some aspects, the front surface412can have a first portion adjacent to the top end420with a convex shape and a second portion adjacent the bottom end418can have a concave shape. In some aspects, the front surface412may be planar (e.g., substantially flat) and inclined toward the bottom end418at an angle relative to the base surface414, while having a bulging portion adjacent the top end420. Other curved shapes are possible. Similar to the front surface412, the base surface414may also have any desired shape, for example, a substantially planar shape as illustrated inFIGS.4A-4E. However, the base surface414may also be curved if so desired for wearer's comfort. In some aspects, the side surfaces422and424may be angled as shown, and can form a “V” or “U” shape at the top end420(or when the separator device400is viewed from the top end420). In some aspects, an entire top end portion of the device can comprise a “V” or “U” cross-sectional shape. In some aspects, an entire top portion of the device can comprise a “V” or “U” cross-sectional shape. The angle formed between the base surface414and the side surface422may be, for example, in some embodiments between approximately 90° and approximately 170°, in some embodiments between approximately 95° and approximately 170°, in some embodiments between approximately 100° and approximately 145°, and in some embodiments between approximately 110° and approximately 130°. The angle formed between base surface414and side surface424may be within the same range of angles as between the base surface414and side surface422, and may be symmetrical and/or asymmetrical with that of the angle between base surface414and side surface422. WhileFIGS.4A-4Eillustrate the side surfaces422and424as planar surfaces, the disclosure herein is not so limited. For example, the side surfaces422and424may be substantially planar (e.g., flat) and/or curved in a direction along the length of the separator device400. For example, the side surfaces422and424may comprise a concave and/or convex (e.g., one or more portions of each side surface422and424may have differing curves) when view from one or more of the top end420and the front surface412. Thus, each surface422and424may have one or more portions each with varying radii of curvature and/or bends/angles as desired for wearer comfort and so to maintain desired space or separation between the breasts of the wearer. In some aspects, a separator device (e.g., separator device400) can comprise a first width L1at a top end that is greater than a second width L2at the bottom end. While top end420has a varying width from front surface to base surface, first width L1is the portion of top end having the largest width, here, at the front surface. Top end420also has a width L5at the base surface, which can be substantially shorter than first width L1(e.g., L5can be between 5-85% of L1, between 5-50% of L1, or between 5-25% of L1). In some embodiments, the bottom end can also have a varying width from front surface to base surface, and second width L2is the portion of the bottom end having the largest width. In some embodiments, the bottom end has a rectangular shape and a consistent width from front surface to base surface. In some embodiments, the first width L1can be between 0.75-3 inches, between 0.75-2.5 inches, between 1-2.5 inches, between 1-2 inches, or any other suitable width. The second width L2can be, for example, between 0.5-2 inches, between 0.5-1.75 inches, between 0.5-1.5 inches, between 1-1.25 inches, or any other suitable width. In some aspects, L1and L2can have a L1:L2ratio of between 5:1-1:5, for example, between 2.5:1 and 1.25:1. In some aspects, the separator device (e.g., separator device400) can have any suitable thickness, with a greatest thickness L4towards the top end420. In some aspects, L4can be between, for example, 0.5-3 inches, between 0.5-2 inches, or between 1-2 inches. A length between top end420and bottom418can comprise any suitable length L3, including, for example between 1-5 inches, between 2.5-4 inches, between 3-4.5 inches, or between 3.5-4 inches. In some aspects, L3and L4can have a L3:L4ratio of between 5:1 and 1:5, between 3:1 and 1.25:1, or between 2.75:1 and 2.25:1. In some embodiments, the separator may comprise a solid material or a perforated material. For example, separator400can have a perforated body comprising a plurality of through-holes, collectively referred to as perforations428. Perforations428may facilitate breathability of the wearer while offering the necessary resiliency and compressibility as described herein to maintain separation and shape. Now turning toFIGS.5A-5D, another embodiment of a separator device500is illustrated. Separator device500comprises an elongated body having a first surface512(referred to herein as a front surface) opposite a second surface514(referred to herein as a base surface), both extending from a first end520(referred to herein as the top end) opposite a second end518(referred to herein as the bottom end). Side surfaces522and524, extending from the top end520to the bottom end518are provided on opposite sides and between front surface512and base surface514. At the top end520, the front surface512may be spaced apart from the base surface514by a first distance (or thickness) where a top end surface is formed between the front surface512and the base surface514and between side portion522and side portion524. The length of the separator device500from the top end520to the bottom end518can be longer than the length between the side surface522to the side surface524. At the bottom end518, the front surface512may by spaced apart from the base surface514by a second distance (or thickness), wherein the bottom end surface is formed between the front surface512and base surface514and between side portion522and side portion524. In some aspects, the second distance (or thickness) of the bottom end can be substantially smaller than the first distance (or thickness) of the top end. For example, the first distance can be at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 400% or at least 500% greater than the second distance. In some aspects, the bottom end surface can comprise a rectangular surface and the top end surface can comprise a trapezoid with a rounded front edge. In some aspects, the base surface can have a varying width across the length of the separator device500, wherein the width is largest at bottom end518and decreases along the length of the separator device500with the smallest width at top end520. In some aspects, the front surface can have a varying width across the length of separator device500, wherein the width is largest adjacent top end520but not at top end520(for example, where the top portion bulges outwards on both sides from top end520, and wherein the width is largest at a point within, for example, 25% of top end520with respect to the length of the device from top end to bottom), and wherein the width is smallest at or adjacent bottom end418(for example, at a bottom end portion—i.e., within 10% of bottom end518with respect to the length of the separator device from bottom end to top end). In some aspects, the base surface has a width that generally goes from smallest to largest from top end to bottom end, and front surface has a width that is larger at a top portion than at a bottom portion). The front surface512and base surface514can be arranged to optionally form an attachment portion (or attachment member) at or adjacent the bottom end518. The attachment portion can be shaped to fit (e.g., via a sliding insertion) under a garment (e.g., garment100or garment200), for example, under the band130at the bridge110running across a torso of the wearer. By inserting the attachment portion under the band130, and situating the separator device500within the cleavage area defined by the breasts, the garment, and the wearer, the separator500can at least one of form and maintain a space or separation between the breasts, for example, even when an external pressure (which may have caused the breasts to contact each other without the use of the separator) is applied. In some aspects, the external pressure can come from the garment, which can restrain the separator500at the desired location such that the adjustment of the cleavage area is maintained throughout the wearer's daily or evening routines. In the example shown inFIGS.5A-5D, the second distance between the front surface512and the base surface514can be very small (e.g., less than 2 cm, less than 1.5 cm, less than 1 cm, less than 9 mm, less than 8 mm, less than 7 mm, less than 6 mm, less than 5 mm). In some aspects, the attachment portion can have a substantially triangular prism shape. In some aspects, the attachment portion can have a substantially triangular prism shape with a bottom end and top end of attachment portion having a rectangular shape. In some aspects, the attachment portion can comprise a bottom portion of the separator device. In some aspects, the attachment portion may be rounded at the bottom end for wearer's comfort. While a triangular prism shape (or substantially triangular prism shape—e.g., one with a truncated or flat bottom end) is illustrated inFIGS.5A-5D, it should be appreciated that separator devices of the inventive subject matter can comprise any suitable shape, for example, to fit between the garment and a torso of the wearer without causing discomfort. It should also be appreciated that in some aspects, a separator device of the disclosure can lack an attachment portion, for example, where the separator device is sewn onto the garment or placed within a pocket or layers of a garment. The front surface512may have any desired shape, for example, a substantially planar surface or curved surface. For example, the front surface512can have a first portion adjacent to the top end520with a concave shape and a second portion adjacent the bottom end518can have a convex shape. In some aspects, the front surface512can have a first portion adjacent to the top end520with a convex shape and a second portion adjacent the bottom end518can have a concave shape. In some aspects, the front surface512may be planar (e.g., substantially flat) and inclined toward the bottom end518at an angle relative to the base surface514, while having a bulging top portion. Other curved shapes are possible. Similar to the front surface512, the base surface514may also have any desired shape, for example, a substantially planar shape as illustrated inFIGS.5A-5D. However, the base surface514may also be curved if so desired for wearer's comfort. In some aspects, the side surfaces522and524may be angled as shown, and can form a “V” or “U” shape at the top end520(or when the separator device500is viewed from the top end520). The angle y formed between the base surface514and the side surface522may be, for example, in some embodiments between approximately 90° and approximately 170°, in some embodiments between approximately 95° and approximately 170°, in some embodiments between approximately 100° and approximately 145°, and in some embodiments between approximately 110° and approximately 130°. The angle formed between base surface514and side surface524may be within the same range of angles as angle y, and may be symmetrical and/or asymmetrical with that of the angle between base surface514and side surface522. WhileFIGS.5A-5Dillustrate the side surfaces522and524as planar surfaces, the disclosure herein is not so limited. For example, the side surfaces522and524may be substantially planar (e.g., flat) and/or curved in a direction along the length of the separator device500. For example, the side surfaces522and524may comprise a concave and/or convex (e.g., one or more portions of each side surface522and524may have differing curves) when view from one or more of the top end520and the front surface512. Thus, each surface522and524may have one or more portions each with varying radii of curvature as desired for wearer comfort and so to maintain desired space or separation between the breasts of the wearer. In some aspects, a separator device (e.g., separator device500) can comprise a largest width of a top portion that is greater than a largest width of the bottom end. In the embodiment shown inFIGS.5A-5D, the largest width of the top portion is along the front surface512and near top end520. In some aspects, the separator device (e.g., separator device500) can have any suitable thickness, with a greatest thickness within the top portion. In some aspects, the greatest thickness (or distance between front surface and base surface) can be between, for example, 0.5-3 inches, between 0.5-2 inches, or between 1-2 inches. A length between top end520and bottom end518can comprise any suitable length, including, for example between 1-5 inches, between 2.5-4 inches, between 3-4.5 inches, or between 3.5-4 inches. In some aspects, the length of the device from top end520and bottom end518and a greatest thickness of the device can have a ratio of between 5:1 and 1:5, between 3:1 and 1.25:1, or between 2.75:1 and 2.25:1. In some embodiments, the separator may comprise a solid material or a perforated material. For example, separator500can have a perforated body comprising a plurality of through-holes, collectively referred to as perforations528. Perforations528may facilitate breathability of the wearer while offering the necessary resiliency and compressibility as described herein to maintain separation and shape. The separator devices described herein (e.g., separator300, separator400, separator500) may be made of any suitable material, including, for example, any material(s) that provides sufficient stiffness to maintain space or separation, while offering sufficient pliability to be comfortable to the wearer (e.g., to conform to the wearer's chest). For example, the separator be formed of a material offering resiliency such that the separator maintains structural integrity to maintain space and/or separation, while also conforming somewhat to the breasts when brought into contact with surfaces of the breasts. In some aspects, where the base surface is configured to be placed against the wearer's body between the wearer's breasts, the separator can be sufficiently pliable such that an entire base surface contacts the area between the breasts. The selected material(s) can advantageously have the resiliency and compressibility to offer suppleness that is similar to that of breast tissue, making the presence of the separator almost unnoticeable by the wearer. Example materials include, but are not limited to, silicone material, rubber, memory foam, etc. The material(s) can be selected to achieve desired properties and may be varied to accommodate different breast sizes. For example, larger breast with more weight may require a material with higher resiliency to maintain shape and separation, while placement of smaller breasts may be sufficiently maintained by less resilient materials. Furthermore, material(s) (e.g., silicone) can be selected for certain properties such as being sweat resistant, bacteria resistant, odor free, waterproof, hypoallergenic, skin friendly, etc. The separator devices described herein (e.g., separator300, separator400, separator500) can be clear (colorless), or can be of any suitable color or colors, including for example, a skin tone. In some aspects, the separator devices can be transparent, semi-transparent, or opaque. The dimensions of the separator device may be varied to accommodate different breast sizes and cleavage depth and width. Thus, a separator having larger dimensions may be configured to use with larger breasts and/or larger cleavage depth/area and smaller dimensioned separators may be configured for use with smaller breasts. The length, width, and/or thickness of separator may be varied as desired to accommodate these variances. While some embodiments of the separator devices disclosed herein are described as being configured to be slidably inserted between the bridge of a garment and the wearer, other approaches are possible. For example, a separator device may be affixed to a garment as by any desired means in a permanent or removable manner. For example, adhesive may be applied to the garment separator such that the separator is affixed thereto; fasteners such as buttons, straps, laces, magnets, pocket etc. may be employed to removably affix the separator to a garment; the separator may be sewed into the garment or otherwise formed into the garment as an integrated part thereof (e.g., positioned between two layers). Thus, specific examples of separator devices have been disclosed. The above description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles described herein can be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is to be understood that the description and drawings presented herein represent a presently preferred embodiment of the invention and are therefore representative of the subject matter which is broadly contemplated by the present invention. It is further understood that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments that may become obvious to those skilled in the art and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly not limited. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claims can be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation. Reference throughout this specification to “an embodiment” or “an implementation” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment or implementation. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or a single exclusive embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics described herein may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or one or more implementations. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Unless the context dictates the contrary, all ranges set forth herein should be interpreted as being inclusive of their endpoints and open-ended ranges should be interpreted to include only commercially practical values. Similarly, all lists of values should be considered as inclusive of intermediate values unless the context indicates the contrary. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention. Certain numerical values and ranges are presented herein with numerical values being preceded by the term “about.” The term “about” is used herein to provide literal support for the exact number that it precedes, as well as a number that is near to or approximately the number that the term precedes. In determining whether a number is near to or approximately a specifically recited number, the near or approximating un-recited number may be a number which, in the context in which it is presented, provides the substantial equivalent of the specifically recited number. Combinations, described herein, such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and/or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, and any such combination may contain one or more members of its constituents A, B, and/or C. For example, a combination of A and B may comprise one A and multiple B's, multiple A's and one B, or multiple A's and multiple B's. All structural and functional equivalents to the components of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.

11856999

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present inventions will now be described in detail with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to indicate identical or functionally similar elements. References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present inventions. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in the field, and which would be apparent to those skilled in the art, are within the spirit and scope of the inventions. While various designs for sports garments (e.g., sports bras) are known, conventional sports garment designs have many flaws, such as failing to provide proper support for the user's breasts, lacking convenient adjustment features, or simply being cumbersome to put on or take off. For example, pre-sized sports bras with a non-adjustable elastic rib band having a fixed circumference usually require the process of placing the sport's bra over the user's head and stretching the rib band around the user's shoulder for the sports bra to be worn by the user. Moreover, pre-sized sports bras typically include a single molded cup, which fails to provide adequate support for the user's breast. Another example includes the adjustable sports bra with a pair of straps that clasp together at about the spinal region of the user. Once secured to the user, these types of sports bras are difficult to readjust along the user's torso because the user must reach behind her back to adjust the tension of the straps. Thus, one usually must pause from her activity to adjust the fit of the sports bra. While other sport bras have adjustment features on the front side of the sports bra, these types of bras typically require connecting multiple pieces, such as straps, clips, and panels, together, rendering the sports bra clunky. The clunky design encumbers the user during athletic activity, ultimately slowing the user down and being uncomfortable. Accordingly, there is a need for a sports bra that may be secured to the user with little effort, and at the same time, still provide high support for the user. Moreover, there is a need for a sports bra that allows the user to easily adjust the fit and tension of sports bra after being placed on the user, while still providing a sleek design that does not encumber the user in the midst of strenuous activity. According to various embodiments described herein, the sports garment of the present disclosure may overcome one or more of the deficiencies noted above by comprising a cup portion configured to receive and conform to the user's breast, a base portion disposed below the cup portion and configured to stretch along the user's torso to support the cup portion, a first strap portion disposed along a first side edge of the base portion, and a second strap portion disposed along a second side of the base portion. The first and second strap portions are configured to flex away from a torso of a user and wrap around the torso of the user so that the user may don or remove the sports garment without pulling the sports garment around the user's head and shoulders. The cup portion, base portion, first strap portion, and second strap portion are integrated as a single piece sports bra comprising a streamlined contour that does not encumber the user in the midst of activity, ultimately promoting more comfort to the user. The first and second strap portions are configured to be removably coupled to a front surface of the base portion so that the user may adjust the tension and fit of the sports garment without reaching behind the user's back. FIGS.1-6illustrate a sports garment100for supporting and minimizing breast movement of a user engaged in an athletic activity according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Sports garment100may include a cup portion200, a base portion300, a first strap portion400, and a second strap portion500that are integrated together to form a single piece sports bra configured to wrap around a torso of the user and flap apart toward an open configuration such that the user may don or remove sports garment100without pulling sports garment100around the user's head and shoulders. In various embodiments, cup portion200is shaped to receive and cover breasts of the user. In one embodiment, as shown inFIGS.1and2, for example, cup portion200extends in a vertical direction along a chest of the user from a bottom edge202to a first shoulder edge204and a second shoulder edge206. Cup portion200extends in a lateral direction along a chest of the user from a first arm edge208to a second arm edge210, in which first arm edge208extends from bottom edge202to first shoulder edge204and second arm edge210extends from bottom edge202to second shoulder edge206. Cup portion200includes a neckline edge212extending in the lateral direction from first shoulder edge204to second shoulder edge206and curving towards bottom edge202. In some embodiments, cup portion200may have fewer or more edges, so long as cup portion200is configured to receive and cover breasts of the user. In various embodiments, cup portion200includes a plurality of sections defining different shapes and comprising various layers of material so that the cup portion200may conform and support breasts of the user. Referring toFIG.6, for example, in one embodiment, cup portion200includes a first cup section220and a second cup section222each comprising a cup mold protruding away from the chest of the user for receiving a breast of the user. First cup section220and second cup section222each comprise a sufficient amount of elasticity to conform to breasts of the user. Cup portion includes a center section224disposed between first cup section220and second cup section222and configured to press against a sternum of the user. Cup portion200includes a first side section226adjacent to first arm edge208and extending from first shoulder edge204to bottom edge202. Cup portion200includes a second side section228adjacent to second arm edge210and extending from second shoulder edge206to bottom edge202. Center section224, first side section226, and second side section228each comprise a sufficient amount of rigidity to cradle the more elastic first cup section220and second cup section222. In some embodiments, cup portion200may have fewer or more sections, so long as cup portion200is configured to receive and conform to breasts of the user. In various embodiments, cup portion200may include at least two layers comprised of different materials so that cup portion200provides suitable compressibility and support against breasts of the user.FIG.9illustrates an exploded view of some of the layers of different materials used for constructing cup portion200according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.9, for example, cup portion200includes a seamless frontal layer230extending continuously between all sides of cup portion200without any gaps or interruptions. In various embodiments, frontal layer230may be a woven, non-woven, or knitted polymeric layer. In various embodiments, frontal layer230is comprised of an elastomer material so that frontal layer230may stretch and conform to the shape of breasts of the user. In some embodiments, frontal layer230comprises a polymeric material, such as polyamide, elastane, polyester, polyethylene (PE), and co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In embodiments, frontal layer230comprises a blend of polyamide in a range between 20-95% and elastane in a range between 5-95%. In various embodiments, cup portion200may include one or more interior layers disposed on a back surface of frontal layer230. In one embodiment, as shown for example inFIG.9, one or more interior layers of cup portion200includes a first interior layer232comprising a first surface disposed against back surface of frontal layer230and configured to define the cup mold of first cup section220and second cup section222. In various embodiments, first interior layer232may be a woven, non-woven, or knitted polymeric layer. In various embodiments, first interior layer232is comprised of polymeric material, such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyester, polyamide, polyethylene (PE), PE foam, polyurethane (PU) foam, elastane, co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In one embodiment, first interior layer232comprises a blend of polyester. In various embodiments, as shown inFIG.6, for example, first interior layer232covers the entire first cup section220and second cup section222. In some embodiments, first interior layer232extends continuously between all sides of cup portion200. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.9, for example, cup portion200may include a second interior layer234comprising a front surface disposed against a back surface of first interior layer232or frontal layer230. Second interior layer234is disposed in center section224, first side section226, and second side section228and displaced from first cup section220and second cup section222, such that first interior layer232is exposed along first cup section220and second cup section. In various embodiments, second interior layer234may be a woven, non-woven, or knitted polymeric layer. In various embodiments, second interior layer234comprises a rigid material so that second interior layer234may cradle first cup section220and second cup section222. In some embodiments, second interior layer comprises a laminated polymeric material. In various embodiments, base portion300is disposed along bottom edge202of cup portion200and configured to stretch along a torso of the user to support cup portion200. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.3, for example, base portion300is band-shaped and extends in a lateral direction along torso of the user between a first side edge302and a second side edge304. In some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.1and2, for example, base portion300includes an upper edge306that extends contiguously along bottom edge202of cup portion200, where the base portion300and cup portion200are joined together. In some embodiments, upper edge306of base portion300is joined with bottom edge202of cup portion200by any suitable process, such as adhesive bonding, knitting, stitching, sowing, threading, weaving, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a piece of elastic trim may be sewn or bonded to the intersection between upper edge306of base portion300and bottom edge202of cup portion200. Base portion300terminates at a bottom edge308extending from first side edge302to second side edge304. The length of base portion300is limited in the lateral direction such that the base portion300is not configured to circumvent the entire torso of the user. When sports garment100is worn by the user, first side edge302and second side edge304are configured to terminate along sides or latissimus muscle of the user. In various embodiments, as shown for example inFIG.1, base portion300may include a first fastening section320disposed on a front surface310of base portion300and a second fastening section322disposed on front surface310of base portion300, where the first fastening section320is spatially separated from second fastening section322along the length of the base portion300. In the illustrate embodiment, first fastening section320is disposed proximate to first side edge302of base portion300, and second fastening section322is disposed proximate to second side edge304of base portion300. In some embodiments, first fastening section320and second fastening section322are equally spaced apart from first and second side edges302,304by a predetermined distance (for example, based on the size of the garment). In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.1, for example, first fastening section320and second fastening section322are hook straps of a hook-and-loop fastener. However, in some embodiments, first fastening section320and second fastening section322may include any other suitable fastener, such as a series of holes to receive a hook, loops to catch a button, clips to connect with a corresponding clip, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, a single fastening section may be used, and may extend along base portion300from proximate to first side edge302to proximate second side edge304. FIG.10illustrates an exploded view of some of the layers of materials used for constructing base portion300according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In various embodiments, as shown inFIG.10, for example, base portion300includes a seamless frontal layer330extending continuously between all sides of base portion300without any gaps or interruptions. In various embodiments, frontal layer330may be a woven, non-woven, or knitted polymeric layer. In various embodiments, frontal layer330is comprised of an elastomer material so that frontal layer330may stretch and conform to the contour of the user's torso. In some embodiments, frontal layer230comprises a polymeric material, such as polyamide, elastane, polyester, polyethylene (PE), and co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In some embodiments, frontal layer330comprises a blend of polyamide in a range between 20-95% and elastane in a range between 5-80%. In some embodiments, frontal layer330of base portion300comprises the same material or polymeric layer as frontal layer230of cup portion200. In various embodiments, base portion300may include one or more interior layers disposed flushed against a back surface frontal layer330and joined together by any suitable process, such as adhesive bonding, knitting, stitching, sowing, threading, weaving, or a combination thereof. The one or more interior layers of base portion300may be comprised of an elastomer material. In some embodiments, the one or more interior layers of base portion300comprises a polymeric material, such as polyamide, elastane, polyester, polyethylene (PE), and co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In some embodiments, the one or more interior layers of base portion300is comprised of the same material as frontal layer330of base portion300. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.10, for example, first fastening section320and second fastening section322may be comprised of a synthetic fabric strap324disposed against frontal surface of frontal layer330. Fabric strip324comprises a plurality of macro-sized hooks configured to fasten to a corresponding loop strap of a hook-and-loop fastener. Referring toFIGS.3and4, in various embodiments, first strap portion400is disposed along first side edge302of base portion300, and second strap portion500disposed along second side edge304of base portion300. As shown inFIG.3, for example, first strap portion400and second strap portion500are each configured to pivot or flex away from a back surface312of base portion300toward an open configuration so that the user may put on or remove sports garment100without pulling sports garment100over her head. As shown inFIG.4, for example first strap portion400and second strap portion500are each configured to pivot or flex toward a back surface312of base portion300toward a wrapped configuration such that first strap portion400and second strap portion500wrap around the back of the user to adjust the fit and tension of sports garment100. In various embodiments, first strap portion400includes a first back panel402that extends contiguously along first side edge302of base portion300, where the base portion300and cup portion200are joined together. In some embodiments, first side edge302of base portion300is joined with first back panel402of first strap portion400by any suitable process, such as adhesive bonding, knitting, stitching, sowing, threading, weaving, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, first back panel402extends in a vertical direction from a bottom edge404to an upper edge406and terminates at an intersection edge408in a lateral direction away from first side edge302. First back panel402is configured to pivot about first side edge302of base portion300in a direction toward or away from back surface312of base portion300. When pivoted toward back surface312of base portion300, first back panel402is configured to cover substantially half of back surface312of base portion300and at least a portion of first cup section220of cup portion200. In various embodiments, first strap portion400includes a first shoulder strap410extending away from first back panel402in a first direction and a first side strap420extending away from first back panel402in a second direction, where first shoulder strap410and first side strap420merge at about intersection edge408of first back panel402. First shoulder strap410and first side strap420each extend continuously from first back panel402without any gaps or seams such that first strap portion400comprises a streamlined contour. In some embodiments, first shoulder strap410includes a width in a range between 1-8 cm, and first side strap420includes a width in a range between 1-8 cm. In one embodiment, first shoulder strap510includes a width of 3.5 cm, and first side strap420includes a width of 2.5 cm. In various embodiments, second strap portion500includes a second back panel502that extends contiguously along second side edge304of base portion300, where the base portion300and cup portion200are joined together. In some embodiments, second side edge304of base portion300is joined with second back panel502of second strap portion500by any suitable process, such as adhesive bonding, knitting, stitching, sowing, threading, weaving, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, second back panel502extends in a vertical direction from a bottom edge504to an upper edge506and terminates at an intersection edge508in a lateral direction away from second side edge304. Second back panel502is configured to pivot about second side edge304of base portion300in a direction toward or away from back surface312of base portion300. When pivoted toward back surface312of base portion300, second back panel502is configured to cover substantially half of back surface312of base portion300and at least a portion of second cup section222of cup portion200. In various embodiments, second strap portion500includes a first shoulder strap510extending away from second back panel502in a third direction and a second side strap520extending away from second back panel502in a fourth direction, where second shoulder strap510and second side strap520merge at about intersection edge508of second back panel502. Second shoulder strap510and second side strap520each extend continuously from second back panel502without any gaps or seams such that second strap portion500comprises a streamlined contour. In some embodiments, second shoulder strap510includes a width in a range between 1-8 cm, and second side strap520includes a width in a range between 1-8 cm. In one embodiment, second shoulder strap510includes a width of 3.5 cm, and second side strap520includes a width of 2.5 cm. In various embodiments, as shown inFIGS.1-4, for example, first shoulder strap410and second shoulder strap510are configured to intersect each other along the back of the user and hang over a shoulder of the user. First shoulder strap410and second shoulder strap510each include a fastener412,512such that the first shoulder strap410and second shoulder strap510may be removably coupled to cup portion200. Fasteners412,512are each configured to allow the length of first shoulder strap410and510to be modified to adjust the tension and fit of sports garment100. In some embodiments, first shoulder strap410is configured to pass through a slot207disposed on cup portion200proximate to second shoulder edge206, and second shoulder strap510is configured to pass through a slot205disposed on cup portion200proximate to first shoulder edge204. In some embodiments, fasteners412,512are each a hook-and-loop fastener comprising a hook strap disposed proximate to a distal end411,511of first and second shoulder straps410,510and a loop strap disposed adjacent to the hook strap. However, in some embodiments, fasteners412,512may include any other suitable fastener, such as a series of holes to receive a hook, loops to catch a button, clips to connect with a corresponding clip, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, fasteners412,512may comprise hook-and-loop fasteners disposed along an exterior surface of first and second shoulder straps410,510. In some embodiments, fasteners412,512may comprise hook-and-loop fasteners disposed along an interior surface of first and second shoulder straps410,510. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.7, for example, first shoulder strap410may include a hemmed tab413disposed at distal end411of first side strap420to secure fastener412to first shoulder strap410, and second shoulder strap510may include a hemmed tab513disposed at distal end511of second side strap520to secure second fastening member522to second side strap520. In various embodiments, hemmed tabs413,513each extend contiguously from the distal end411,511of their respective shoulder strap410,510such that hemmed tabs413,513and first and second shoulder straps410,510form a streamlined contour. In various embodiments, as shown inFIGS.1-4, for example, first side strap420includes a first fastening member422configured to be removably coupled to second fastening section322of base portion300to adjust tension and fit of sports garment100, and second side strap520includes a second fastening member522configured to be removably coupled to first fastening section320of base portion300to adjust tension and fit of sports garment100. In embodiments, first fastening member422and second fastening member522are each a loop strip of the hook-and-loop fastener. However, in other embodiments, first fastening member422and second fastening member522may include any other suitable fastener, such as a series of holes to receive a hook, loops to catch a button, clips to connect with a corresponding clip, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.8, for example, first side strap420may include a hemmed tab423disposed at a distal end421of first side strap420to secure first fastening member422to first side strap420, and second side strap520may include a hemmed tab523disposed at a distal end521of second side strap520to secure second fastening member522to second side strap520. In various embodiments, hemmed tabs423,523each extend contiguously from the distal end421,521of their respective side strap420,520such that hemmed tabs423,523and first and second side straps420,520form a streamlined contour. Referring toFIGS.3and4, first side strap420and second side strap520are each configured to flex between an open position (e.g.,FIG.3) and a wrapped position (e.g.,FIG.4). When first side strap420and second side strap520are set at the open position, a distal end421of first side strap420is moved away from second side edge304of base portion300, and a distal end521of second side strap520is moved away from first side edge302of base portion300. When first side strap420is set at the wrapped position, distal end421of first side strap420is pulled across second side edge304of base portion300, and first fastening member422is fastened to second fastening section322of base portion300. When second side strap520is set at the wrapped position, distal end521of second side strap520is pulled across first side edge302of base portion300, and second fastening member522is fastened to first fastening section320of base portion300. FIG.11illustrates an exploded view of some of the layers of different materials used for constructing first and second shoulder straps410,510according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.12illustrates an exploded view of some of the layers of different materials used for constructing first and second side straps420,520according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shownFIGS.11and12, for example, first strap portion400includes a seamless frontal layer440extending continuously between all edges of first strap portion400, including the first shoulder strap410and first side strap420, without any gaps or interruptions, and second strap portion500includes a seamless frontal layer540extending continuously between all edges of second strap portion500, including the first shoulder strap410and the second side strap420, without any gaps or interruptions. In various embodiments, frontal layers440,540may each be a woven, non-woven, or knitted polymeric layer. In various embodiments, frontal layers440,540are each comprised of an elastomer material so that frontal layers440,540may stretch and conform to the contour of the user's torso. In some embodiments, frontal layers440,540each comprise a polymeric material, such as polyamide, elastane, polyester, polyethylene (PE), and co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In some embodiments, frontal layers440,540each comprise a blend of polyamide in a range between 20-95% and elastane in a range between 5-80%. In various embodiments, frontal layers440,540of first and second strap portions400,500comprise the same materials as frontal layers230,330of cup portion200and base portion300. In various embodiments, frontal layers440,540of first and second strap portions400,500each extend contiguously with frontal layer330of base portion300. Accordingly, frontal layers230,330,440, and540of each portion of sports garment100extend contiguously with each other such that sports garment100may be formed as a single piece sports bra comprising a streamlined contour. As shown inFIG.11, for example, first shoulder strap410and second shoulder strap510may each include one or more interior layers disposed on a back surface of their respective frontal layer440,540. In one embodiment, one or more interior layers of first shoulder strap410may include a first interior layer414and a second interior layer416, and one or more interior layers of second shoulder strap510may include a first interior layer514and a second interior layer516. In various embodiments, first interior layers414,514each comprise a first surface disposed against back surface of their respective frontal layer440,540. In various embodiments, second interior layers416,516each comprise a front surface disposed against a back surface of their respective first interior layer414,514. In various embodiments, first interior layers414,514and second interior layers416,516may each be a woven, non-woven, or knitted polymeric layer. In various embodiments, first interior layers414,514and second interior layers416,516are each comprised of polymeric material, such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyester, polyamide, polyethylene (PE), PE foam, polyurethane (PU) foam, elastane, co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In one embodiment, first interior layers414,514are ach comprised entirely of polyamide. As shown inFIG.12, for example, first side strap420and second side strap520may each include one or more interior layers disposed on a back surface of their respective frontal layer440,540. In one embodiment, one or more interior layers of first side strap420includes a first interior layer424and a second interior layer426. In one embodiment, one or more interior layers of second side strap520includes a first interior layer524and a second interior layer526. In various embodiments, first interior layers424,524each comprise a first surface disposed against back surface of their respective frontal layers440,540. In various embodiments, second interior layers426,526each comprise a front surface disposed against a back surface of their respective first interior layers424,524. In various embodiments, first interior layers424,524may each be a bonding film. In various embodiments, second interior layers426,526may each be a be a woven, non-woven, or knitted polymeric layer adhered to their respective frontal layer440,540via the bonding film of their respective first interior layer424,524. In various embodiments, second interior layers426,526are each comprised of polymeric material, such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyester, polyamide, polyethylene (PE), PE foam, polyurethane (PU) foam, elastane, co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In one embodiment, second interior layers426,526each comprise the same material as their respective frontal layer440,540. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.12, for example, first fastening member422may comprise a synthetic fabric strap442disposed against exterior surface of frontal surface440, and second fastening member522may comprise a synthetic fabric strap542disposed against exterior surface of frontal layer540. Fabric strips442,544each comprise a plurality of macro-sized loops configured to fasten to a corresponding hook strap of a hook-and-loop fastener. In various embodiments, any of the edges of cup portion200, base portion300, first strap portion400, and second strap portion500may be reinforced by any suitable process, such as bonding, bonding, knitting, stitching, sowing, threading, weaving, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, edges of cup portion200, base portion300, first strap portion400, and second strap portion500are reinforced by bonding tape. Referring toFIGS.3-5, sports garment100may further include a slot110configured to receive one of the first and second side straps420,520. In some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.3-5, for example, slot110is disposed on first panel402of first strap portion400, where slot110is proximate to first side edge302of base portion300and configured to receive second side strap520. In some embodiments, slot110is disposed on second panel502of first strap portion500, where slot110is proximate to second side edge304of base portion300and configured to receive first side strap420. In some embodiments, slot110is disposed on base portion300between first fastening section320and first side edge302, where slot110is configured to receive second side strap520. In some embodiments, slot110is disposed on base portion300between second fastening section322and second side edge304, where slot110is configured to receive first side strap420. Whether located on base portion300, first side strap portion400, or second side strap portion500, slot110is disposed proximate to one of first and second side edges302,304to receive a side strap extending from an opposite edge of the base portion300. As shown inFIG.4, by being disposed proximate to first side edge302and receiving side strap520, slot110allows side strap520of second strap portion500to extend behind first back panel402of first strap portion400, thereby allowing the first and second strap portions400,500to overlap each other continuously along the back surface312of base portion300. In some embodiments, slot110may be disposed proximate to second side edge304and configured to receive side strap420, such that side strap420of first strap portion400extends behind second back panel502of second strap portion500. In some embodiments, slot110is spatially separated from one of first and second side edges302,304by a predetermined distance in a range between 0.5-8 cm. In one embodiment, slot110is spatially separated from one of the first and second side edges302,304by a predetermined distance of 0.5 cm. In various embodiments, the location of slot110with respect to one of first and second edges302,304of base portion300is selected to allow first and second strap portions400,500to overlap each other continuously along the back surface312of base portion300when first and second side straps420,520are set in the wrapped position. In the context of the present disclosure, the continuous overlap between the first and second strap portions400,500along the back surface312of base portion300includes the base portion300, first strap portion400, and second strap portion500forming a complete, encircled band not interrupted by any void spaces. By overlapping each other continuously along the back surface312of base portion300while set in a wrapped configuration, first and second strap portions400,500ensure that the sports garment100may be wrapped around the torso of the user with sufficient tension, thereby providing maximum support for the breasts of the user. In some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.3-5, for example, slot110extends parallel with respect to one of first and second side edges302,304of base portion300. In some embodiments, slot110may extend in any direction suitable for receiving one of first and second side straps420,520. In some embodiments, slot110may have a height in a range between 1-10 cm. In one embodiment, slot110has a height of 3.8 cm. In various embodiments, the contour of slot110may be reinforced with one or more layers of material suitable for maintaining the integrity of the slot110. In some embodiments, the one or more layers may comprise a polymeric material, such as polyamide, elastane, polyester, polyethylene (PE), and co-polymers or polymer blends including one or more these polymers. In some embodiments, the one or more layers may be joined along the contour of slot110by any suitable process, such as adhesive bonding, knitting, stitching, sowing, threading, weaving, or a combination thereof. FIGS.13-17illustrate a sports garment1000according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Similar to the embodiment shown inFIGS.1-6, sports garment1000includes a cup portion1200, a base portion1300, a first strap portion1400, and a second strap portion1500that may include all the same or similar features of the embodiments described above. As shown inFIGS.13and14, for example, cup portion1200may extend higher in the vertical direction along the chest of the user, and sports garment1000may further includes a coupling unit1600extending along cup portion1200and base portion1300in a vertical direction, bifurcating cup portion1200and base portion1300into a first segment1610and a second segment1620that are removably coupled together. In some embodiments, first segment1610includes first strap portion1400and a first half segment of cup portion200and base portion300, and second segment1620includes second strap portion1500and a second half segment of cup portion200and base portion300. First segment1610includes a mating edge1612extending from neckline edge1212of cup portion to bottom edge1308of base portion300. Second segment1620includes a mating edge1622extending from neckline edge1212of cup portion200to bottom edge1308of base portion1300. In one embodiment, coupling unit1600comprises a zipper member and a pair of zipper lines disposed on mating edges1612,1622of first and second segments1610,1620to removably couple first and second segments1610,1620together. In some embodiments, coupling unit1600may comprise other types of fasteners suitable for removably coupling first and second segments1610,1620. FIG.18illustrates a detailed view of coupling unit1600according one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, coupling unit1600may include a first zipper line1602disposed along a first mating edge1652of a first segment1650and a second zipper line1604disposed along a second mating edge1662of a second segment1660and configured to mate with first zipper line1602. Coupling unit1600may include a zipper member1606coupled to first zipper line1602and configured to couple second zipper line1604with a first zipper line1602so that the first and second mating edges1652,1662are coupled together and extend contiguously with each other. In some embodiments, coupling unit1600may further include a zipper flap1605extending from second mating edge1662of second segment1660, a loop1608connected to the first mating edge1652of the first segment1650, and a hook1610connected to the second mating edge1662of second segment1660and configured to be removably coupled to the loop1608. FIGS.19A-Dillustrate a sequence of steps for securing the sports garment100to a user, andFIG.20show a flow chart of an exemplary method2000for securing the sports garment100to a user. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2010of flexing first strap portion400and second strap portion500to an open configuration, wherein first and second strap portions400,500do not extend across the back surface312of base portion300such that the back surface312of base portion300is exposed to receive the torso of the user. Step2010may include pivoting first and second back panels402,502away from back surface312of base portion300. Step2010may include flexing or pulling first and second side straps420,520to an open position, as shown inFIG.3. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2020of placing back surface312of base portion300against the chest of user. Step2020may include placing cup portion200over the breasts of user and flexing first and second arm edges208,210of cup portion200outward so that cup portion200covers the breasts of the user. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2030of pulling first and second shoulder straps410,510over the shoulders of user, such that first and second shoulder straps410,510cross each other along a back of the user. Step2030may include pulling first shoulder strap410toward second shoulder edge206of cup portion200and pulling second shoulder strap510toward first shoulder edge204of cup portion200 In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2040of coupling first and second shoulder straps410,510to cup portion200. Step2040may include passing first shoulder strap410through slot207proximate to second shoulder edge206, and subsequently, attaching the loop strap to the hook strap of fastener412so that first shoulder strap410is secured to cup portion200. Step2040may include passing second shoulder strap510through slot205proximate to first shoulder edge204, and subsequently, attaching the loop strap to the hook strap of fastener512so that the second shoulder strap510is secured to cup portion200. FIG.19Aillustrates a state in method2000after the completion of steps2010-2040, in which sports garment100is received on the shoulders of the user and partially wrapped around the torso of the user. As shown inFIG.19A, for example, first shoulder strap410crosses second shoulder strap510along the back of user, and first and second shoulder straps410,510hang over the shoulders of the user and are coupled to cup portion200. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2050of pulling second side strap520of second strap portion500behind first back panel402of first strap portion400and through slot110, such that distal end521of second side strap520extends past first side edge302of base portion300. Step2050may further include pulling first side strap420away from the back of user to allow second side strap520easily slip behind first back panel402. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2060of coupling second fastening member522disposed on second side strap520to first fastening section320disposed on front surface310of base portion300. Step2060may include adjusting the tension of second side strap520by repositioning second fastening member522along first fastening section320of base portion300. FIG.19Billustrates a state in method2000after the completion of steps2010-2060, in which second side strap520is secured to front surface310of base portion300. As shown inFIG.19B, for example, second side strap520extends behind first back panel402of first strap portion400and is received through slot110. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2070of pulling first side strap420of first strap portion400over second back panel502of second strap portion500and past second side edge304of base portion300. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2080of coupling first fastening member422disposed on first side strap420to second fastening section322disposed on front surface310of base portion300. Step2080may include adjusting the tension of second side strap520by repositioning second fastening member522along first fastening section320of base portion300. FIG.19Cillustrates a state in method2000during the process of step2080, in which the user is coupling first side strap420to front surface310of base portion300. As shown inFIG.19C, for example, distal end421of first side strap420extends beyond first side edge302of base portion300such that first fastening member422is proximate to second fastening section322of base portion300. In various embodiments, method2000may include a step2090of adjusting tension and fit of sports garment100against the torso of the user. Step2090may include modifying the length of first and second shoulder straps410,510to increase or reduce the tension of first and second shoulder straps410,510. Step2090may include reducing the length of first and second shoulder straps410,510to provide further lift to the breasts of the user. Step2090may include modifying the positioning of the first and second fastening members422,522on first and second fastening sections320,322to adjust the tension of first and second side straps420,520. FIG.19Dillustrates a state in method2000during the process of step2090, in which the user is adjusting the tension and fit of sports garment100. As shown inFIG.19D, for example, the length of shoulder straps410,510may be modified by repositioning the loop strap on the hook strap of fasteners412,512. Shortening the length of shoulder straps410,510provide more lift against the breasts of user, thereby maximizing support of the breasts. The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention(s) that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention(s). Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance. The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

11857000

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a full understanding of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, to one ordinarily skilled in the art, that the embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and techniques have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure the disclosure. Embodiments as disclosed herein may include any and all of the features, in any combination. All definitions, as set forth and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms. All references, patents and patent applications disclosed herein are incorporated by reference with respect to the subject matter for which each is cited, which in some cases may encompass the entirety of the document. All references disclosed herein, including patent references and non-patent references, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each was incorporated individually. However, where a patent, patent application, or publication containing express definitions is incorporated by reference, those express definitions should be understood to apply to the incorporated patent, patent application, or publication in which they are found, and not necessarily to the text of this application, in particular the claims of this application, in which instance, the definitions provided herein are meant to supersede. The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law. The compositions of the present disclosure can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, the components disclosed. As used herein, “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within an acceptable standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to ±20%, preferably up to ±10%, more preferably up to ±5%, and more preferably still up to ±1% of a given value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the term “about” is implicit and in this context means within an acceptable error range for the particular value. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc. As used herein, the term “bartack” means a series of stitches used to reinforce areas of a garment such as a women's undergarment that may be subject to stress or additional wear as a result of repeated or continued use. As the term is used herein, a “bartack” may be sewn by any means (i.e., by hand or machine), and using any suitable type of stitches or stitching, e.g., whip stitches, zigzag stitches and the like. As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the terms “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (e.g., each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one item; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Phrases such as an aspect, the aspect, another aspect, some aspects, one or more aspects, an implementation, the implementation, another implementation, some implementations, one or more implementations, an embodiment, the embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one or more embodiments, a configuration, the configuration, another configuration, some configurations, one or more configurations, the subject technology, the disclosure, the present disclosure, other variations thereof and alike are for convenience and do not imply that a disclosure relating to such phrase(s) is essential to the subject technology or that such disclosure applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa, and this applies similarly to other foregoing phrases. A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically stated, but rather “one or more.” Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. The term “some” refers to one or more. Underlined and/or italicized headings and subheadings are used for convenience only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various configurations described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and intended to be encompassed by the subject technology. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the above description. No clause element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method clause, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” Women's clothing, and particularly undergarments, have both an aesthetic and an ergonomic functionality that is challenging to provide simultaneously. Brassieres are an example of a piece of women's undergarment that significantly impacts the exterior look of a person, and also is in direct contact with a delicate part of a woman's anatomy, with potential long-lasting health effects resulting from improper designs. FIG.1Aillustrates front and back views of a women's brassiere including two cups in a front portion, wherein the cups are separated by a center gore, and two wings in a back portion. The women's brassiere also includes a sleeve attached to one or both of the wings and to a cup edge via an elastic material and two straps joining each of the wings to one of the cups, wherein the straps are configured to support an edge of the sleeve that begins on one of the cups and ends in one of the wings. In some embodiments, the sleeve is permanently attached to the wing and the cup edge. In other embodiments, the sleeve, strap cup and wing are configured such that the sleeve is detachable. In some embodiments, the cups further include a padding material having a pre-selected resilience. In some embodiments, at least one of the cups and at least one of the sleeves comprise or consist of an anti-microbial fabric. In some embodiments, at least one of the cups and at least one of the sleeves comprise or consist of a moisture resistant fabric. In some embodiments, the one or more sleeves comprise at least two layers of fabric, at least one layer being a moisture barrier. In some embodiments, at least one of the straps is a fully encased stretch line strap. In some embodiments, the straps are secured to the cups with a bartack. In some embodiments, the women's brassiere further includes a stabilizing tape in a top portion of the center gore and in a bottom portion of the center gore. In some embodiments, the women's brassiere further includes an elastic attached to the wing via a three-step zigzag stitch. In some embodiments, the sleeve is attached to the cup and the wing via multiple low profile snaps disposed along an edge of the cup and an edge of the wing. In some embodiments, the strap loops around at least one hook to have an adjustable length. In some embodiments, it is desirable that the sleeve fabric matches the same fabric used for the cups. In some embodiments, it is desirable that the sleeve fabric includes hydrophilic wicking to disperse moisture. In some embodiments, armhole sleeve seams may be contoured and shaped to remove excess fabric and avoid wrinkling when in use, or creeping up the arm when moving. In some embodiments, the cups may include a fabric of brushed jersey microfiber. In some embodiments, the fabric used on sleeves and cup may be the same (e.g., including type, texture, and color). In some embodiments, the fabric used in the cups and sleeves may include about 55% polyamide, 32% cupro, and 13% elastane. In some embodiments, the wings may include about 75% nylon and about 15% spandex. In some embodiments, the fabric includes polygiene treated fabric, anti-microbial fabric, anti-bacterial and moisture barrier fabric. In some embodiments, the fabric may be selected according to feel and look (texture, color). It is desirable that the sleeve fits tightly on the user's shoulder, but not too tight so as to cause the sleeve to fall off the shoulder. Embodiments disclosed herein may be of any size or dimension to accommodate users of various sizes. Cup sizes may include, for example and without limitation, 32A-DD, 34B-DD, 36B-DD, 38C-DD, and so forth. In some embodiments, the cups include a lightly molded demi cup underwire inserted in a channel, and secured with bartacks at the end to relieve stress and prevent wear and tear. In other embodiments, an underwire is not provided. Some embodiments include a cup liner with wicking finish to absorb moisture in the pad. The cup optionally includes a padding material to provide strength, support, and protection to the breast. The padding material may include a stretchable foam having a pre-selected resiliency to provide a desirable strength without stressing the breast out of a comfort zone. In some embodiments, the cups may be formed without underwire, FIG.1Billustrates front and back views of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a women's brassiere including detachable sleeves, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, a marrow stitch or high SPI over-seam is used to finish the lower edge of the sleeve. In some embodiments, the detachable sleeve includes snaps on the inside of the wing. The snaps may be disposed therein by inserting woven tabs between an elastic and the wing fabric. Accordingly, male posts on the sleeve side are aligned to the snaps on the wing. In some embodiments, a front strap attachment (e.g., to either one of the cups) includes a ‘9’ hook, and the strap exits a tunnel formed on the sleeve edge through a buttonhole and is secured to the sleeve with a bartack. Some embodiments include loops to the back sleeve to permanently attach the sleeve to the center of the ‘9’ hook. In some embodiments, the body fabric in the sleeve includes a stretchable hydrophilic wicking material, resistant to pilling. FIG.2Aillustrates an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a label placement on a side wing of a women's brassiere, according to some embodiments. The label is centered at the Hook & Eye on wearer's left side wing. In some embodiments, the label width may be approximately fourteen (14) mm, and the label length may be approximately fifty four (54) mm. FIG.2Billustrates exemplary, non-limiting features for display in a label for a women's brassiere, according to some embodiments. Some of the details may include a main label and a care label. The main label may include a brand name and other information such as style, number, color code, and other identification information, and a care label. The care label may include washing/drying/storage recommendations. FIG.3Aillustrates an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of an interior view of a women's brassiere, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the women's brassiere includes a yoke forming an aperture for the sleeve. FIG.3Billustrates an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of an interior view of a women's brassiere including detachable sleeves, according to some embodiments. Accordingly, sleeves are set to the inside portion of the wing and cup edge via small, low profile snaps. In some embodiments, the snaps are included on the inside of the wing between an elastic band and the brassiere. When in use (snapped to the sleeve), the tabs are folded up to expose the female snap face. In some embodiments, at least one snap is centered along the cup edge, and the snaps are disposed as close as possible to the edge of the wire on each side (left and right wings). The male side of the snaps may be disposed on the sleeves. In some embodiments, the straps are disposed inside a tunnel on the edge of the sleeve. The tunnel may have a buttonhole on each end to allow the end of the strap to pass through and be secured to the sleeve via a bartack, or a woven tape at the center of a hook. FIG.4illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a yoke forming a sleeve in a women's brassiere, according to some embodiments. The yoke forms an aperture for the sleeve, wherein the yoke includes two layers of fabric including at least one moisture barrier. In some embodiments, the yoke fabric includes an anti-microbial layer. In some embodiments, the yoke fabric may include a moisture absorbing fabric to desirably absorb moisture from the skin and disperse onto the sleeve fabric. In some embodiments, the yoke may include a gusset to add breadth and reduce stress to the yoke. In some embodiments, the yoke may include two layers: an inner wicking fabric layer, and an outer sleeve fabric layer. In some embodiments, the yoke may include three layers, having a moisture-repelling layer disposed between the inner wicking layer and the outer sleeve fabric layer. In some embodiments, a fabric that repels moisture is desirably disposed on the inner most layer of the yoke. In some embodiments, it is desirable to include a lightweight moisture barrier fabric for more comfortable use. In some embodiments, the gusset seams have a contour shaped to remove wrinkling on the armhole. The yoke seam lines desirably cover the armpit area. In some embodiments, front and back seams of the yoke may be “bagged out.” FIG.5illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a front view of different parts and dimensions in a women's brassiere, according to some embodiments. InFIG.5, the left side is shown without the sleeve attached, for clarity. The specific dimensions discussed below are exemplary only, and not limiting of dimensions and ranges to be used in embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A gore height to the peak of scallop, A, may have a base size of about 1¾ inches, about 1½ inches, about 1 13/16 inches, about 1 7/16 inches, about 2 inches, about 2 1/16 inches, and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. More generally, the height to peak of scallop, A, may measure between one (1) to two (2) inches, according to embodiments consistent with this disclosure. A gore width at the top edge, B, may have a base size of about ⅜ inches, about ¼ inches, about 3/16 inches, about 5/16 inches, and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. More generally, gore width, B, may measure between one quarter (¼) up to one half (½) inches, or more, according to embodiments consistent with this disclosure. A gore width, C, at the bottom edge may have a base size of about 2¼ inches, about 2 3/16 inches, about 2½ inches, about 2⅝ inches (e.g., 34 DD cup size), about 2 5/16 inches, about 2⅞ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), or about 3 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In some embodiments, elongating this dimension provides a rotation to the cup, when desired. In certain embodiments, gore width, C, may range from about two (2.0) to about three (3.0) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A neckline-follow having a neckline shape, D, that ends at the front strap platform edge may have a base size of about 7¾ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7⅛ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7⅓ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7 1/16 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7 5/16 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7¼ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 6¼ inches, about 6½ inches, about 6¾ inches, about 6⅔ inches, about 6⅝ inches, and a tolerance of about ¼ inches. In certain embodiments, the neckline-follow may measure anywhere between about six (6) to about eight (8) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A strap platform, E, may have a base size of about ½ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about ⅜ inches, about 7/16 inches, about 9/16 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), and a tolerance of about 1/16 inches. In certain embodiments, strap platform, E, may measure anywhere between less than about one half (½) to more than about one half (½) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A cup width across apex, F, may have a base size of about 7⅝ inches, about 7 15/16 inches, about 8 inches, about 9¼ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 9¾ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 9⅞ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 10 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In certain embodiments, cup width, F, may measure anywhere between about seven (7) to about ten (10) inches or more, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A cup height across apex, G, may have a base size of about 7½ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7⅜ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), 6⅛ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 5 inches, about 5⅜ inches, about 5 5/16 inches, about 5 7/16 inches, and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In certain embodiments, cup height, G, may measure anywhere between five (5) to eight (8) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A cup armhole edge, H, to strap the platform to the wing via a join seam may have a base size of about 4⅞ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 4¾ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 4 15/16 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 3⅛ inches, about 3 3/16 inches, about 3 inches, and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In certain embodiments, cup armhole edge, H, may measure anywhere between about three (3) to about five (5) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A hookup length, I, measured straight from wing insert to wing insert (excluding hook and eye), is measured with elastic relaxed. This may have a base size of 9 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 9⅛ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 8 inches, about 8 1/16 inches, about 8¼ inches, about 8¾ inches, about 8⅞ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7¾ inches, about 7⅞ inches, about 7½ inches, about 7⅝ inches, and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In certain embodiments, hookup length, I, may measure anywhere between about seven (7) to about ten (10) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A bottom wing-front, J, joining the cup to the hook and eye (excluding the hook and eye) is measured with elastic relaxed and may have a base size of about 7 15/16 inches, about 7¾ inches, about 8 inches, about 8¼ inches, about 8⅛ inches, about 8⅜ inches (34DD cup size), about 8⅝ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 8¾ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), and a tolerance of about ¼ inches. In some embodiments, elongating this dimension allows a rotation of the cup pad on the body, if desired. In certain embodiments, bottom wing front, J, may measure anywhere between about seven (7) and about nine (9) inches, according to embodiments consistent with this disclosure. A wing height at join, K, is measured along cup join seam curve, and may have a base size of about 3½ inches, about 3¾ inches, about 3 11/16 inches, about 3⅞ inches, about 4 inches, 4 3/16 inches, 4 about ⅛ inches, about 4½ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 5 inches (34DD cup size), about 5⅛ inches (34DD cup size), about 5⅜ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 5 5/16 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 5⅝ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), and a tolerance of about ¼ inches. In certain embodiments, wing height at join, K, may measure anywhere between about three (3) to about six (6) inches, according to embodiments consistent with this disclosure. A band height, L, measures the width of the hook and eye, having a base size of about 1⅛ inches, about 1½ inches, about 1 3/16 inches, about 1⅜ inches (34DD cup size), about 1 7/16 inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In certain embodiments, band height, L, may measure anywhere between about one (1) to about two (2) inches, according to embodiments consistent with this disclosure. An elastic strap length, N, measured from the joint to the cup to the joint with the wing may have a base size of about 12¼ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 12½ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 12⅝ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 12⅜ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 13⅝ inches, about 13½ inches, about 13 9/16 inches, about 14 inches, about 14⅞ inches, about 15 inches, and a tolerance of about ¼ inches. In some embodiments, the strap length is adjustable by the user to ensure a close and secure, yet comfortable fit over the user's shoulder. In certain embodiments, elastic strap length, N, may measure anywhere between about twelve (12) and about fifteen (15) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A top wing, O, forms a bust seam to hook and eye join (excluding the hook and eye) and has a base size of about 3 inches, about 2½ inches, about 2⅛ inches, about 2¼ inches, about 2 9/16 inches, about 2⅞ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 2¾ inches, and a tolerance of about ¼ inches. In certain embodiments, top wing, O, may measure anywhere between about two (2) to about three (3) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A wing armhole edge, P, is measured along a hookup edge to platform edge, having a base size of about 6 inches, about 6¼ inches, about 6½ inches, about 5½ inches, about 5⅜ inches, about 5 7/16 inches, about 4⅞ inches, 4½ inches, and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In certain embodiments, the wing armhole edge, P, may measure anywhere between about four (4) to about seven (7) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. FIG.6illustrates a back view of different parts and dimensions in a women's brassiere, according to some embodiments. A bottom band length, M, includes a total width on the bottom side of the brassiere, including the hook and eye, and may have a base size of about 24 inches, about 24¾ inches, about 25 inches, about 25⅜ inches, about 25⅛ inches, about 25½ inches, and a tolerance of about ½ inches. In certain embodiments, bottom band length, M, may measure anywhere between about twenty-four (24) to about twenty-six (26) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A sleeve length, Q, is measured at the center of the sleeve with a base size of about 4½ inches, about 4⅞ inches, about 5⅜ inches, about 5¼ inches, about 5¾ inches, about 5⅞ inches, about 6⅜ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 7 inches, and a tolerance of about ¼ inches. Sleeve length Q is adjusted for a close fit, and to desirably avoid the sleeve falling off from the shoulder. In certain embodiments, sleeve length, Q, may measure anywhere between about four (4) to about seven (7) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A sleeve opening, R, is measured on half at opening, with a base size of about 4¾ inches, about 4⅜ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 4⅞ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 5⅛ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 5¾ inches, about 5⅞ inches, and a tolerance of about ¼ inches. In certain embodiments, sleeve opening, R, may measure anywhere between about four (4) to about six (6) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. A side length of sleeve body, S, is measured at a center of the pattern piece, or the narrowest point-edge of brassiere-to-sleeve opening, with a base size of about 3 inches, about 4¼ inches, about 4¾ inches, about 5¾ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), 6⅛ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), about 6⅜ inches (e.g., 34DD cup size), and a tolerance of about ⅛ inches. In certain embodiments, sleeve body, S, may measure anywhere between about three (3) to about seven (7) inches, according to embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, a garment described herein comprises (i) a front portion comprising a first cup and a second cup, (ii) a back portion comprising a first wing and a second wing, (iii) a first sleeve attached to the first wing, and (iv) a first strap and a second strap. In certain embodiments, the first strap is configured to support an edge of the first sleeve, said edge of the first sleeve extending from the first cup to a point located on the first wing to which the first strap attaches. In other embodiments, the garment may further comprise a second sleeve. In certain embodiments, the second strap is configured to support an edge of the second sleeve, said edge of the second sleeve extending from the second cup to a point located on the second wing to which the second strap attaches. In certain embodiments, the first and second cups are separated by a center gore. In other embodiments, the first and second cups are not separated by a center gore. In certain embodiments, an adjustably configurable garment described herein comprises (i) a front portion comprising a first cup and a second cup, (ii) a back portion comprising a first wing and a second wing, (iii) a first sleeve removably attachable to the first cup and the first wing. In certain embodiments, the first sleeve comprises a strap and a plurality of hooks configured to secure the first sleeve and the first strap to the first cup and the first wing. In certain embodiments, the garment further comprises a second sleeve removably attachable to the second cup and the second wing. In certain embodiments, the second strap is configured to support an edge of the second sleeve, said edge of the second sleeve extending from the second cup to a point located on the second wing to which the second strap attaches. In certain embodiments, the garment comprises a second strap, wherein the garment does not comprise a second sleeve. In certain embodiments, the edge of the first sleeve comprises a plurality of hooks, snaps or clasps and the first wing comprises a plurality of corresponding hooks, snaps or clasps. In certain embodiments, the second strap is removably attachable to the second cup and the second wing. In certain embodiments, the first strap is detachable from the first sleeve. In certain embodiments, the first sleeve and first strap are contained in a single portion. In certain embodiments, the second sleeve and second strap are contained in a single portion. In certain embodiments, a garment described herein is adjustable and comprises (i) a front portion comprising a first cup and a second cup, (ii) a back portion comprising a first wing and a second wing, (iii) a first strap, (iv) a second strap, (v) a first sleeve removably attachable to the first cup and the first wing, and (vi) a second sleeve removably attachable to the second cup and the second wing. In certain embodiments, the first sleeve attaches to a point on the first cup and a point on the first wing, and wherein the second sleeve attaches to a point on the second cup and a point on the second wing. The subject technology is illustrated, for example, according to various aspects described below. Various examples of aspects of the subject technology are described as numbered clauses (clause 1, 2, etc.) for convenience. These are provided as examples, and do not limit the subject technology. Clause 1: A women's undergarment item includes two cups in a front portion, separated by a center gore, two wings in a back portion, a sleeve attached to one of the wings and to a cup edge via an elastic material, and two straps joining each of the wings to one of the cups, wherein the straps are configured to support an edge of the sleeve that begins on one of the cups and ends in one of the wings. Embodiments consistent with the present disclosure may include the women's undergarment item of clause 1, combined with any one or more of the following elements. Element 1, wherein the cups further include a padding material having a pre-selected resilience. Element 2, wherein at least one of the cups and the sleeve include an anti-microbial fabric. Element 3, wherein at least one of the cups and the sleeve include a moisture resistant fabric. Element 4, further including a yoke forming an aperture for the sleeve. Element 5, wherein the sleeve includes two layers of fabric, including at least one moisture barrier. Element 6, further including a yoke forming an aperture for the sleeve, wherein the yoke includes two layers of fabric including at least one moisture barrier. Element 7, further including a yoke forming an aperture for the sleeve, wherein the yoke includes an anti-microbial layer. Element 8, wherein at least one of the straps is a fully encased stretch line strap. Element 9, wherein the straps are secured to the cups with a bartack. Element 10, further includes a stabilizing tape in a top portion of the center gore and in a bottom portion of the center gore. Element 11, further including an elastic attached to the wing via a three-step zigzag stitch. Element 12, wherein the sleeve is attached to the cup and the wing via multiple low profile snaps disposed along an edge of the cup and an edge of the wing. Element 13, wherein the strap loops around at least one hook to have an adjustable length. In one aspect, a method may be an operation, an instruction, or a function and vice versa. In one aspect, a clause may be amended to include some or all of the words (e.g., instructions, operations, functions, or components) recited in other one or more clauses, one or more words, one or more sentences, one or more phrases, one or more paragraphs, and/or one or more clauses. While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be described, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially described as such, one or more features from a described combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the described combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. The title, background, brief description of the drawings, abstract, and drawings are hereby incorporated into the disclosure and are provided as illustrative examples of the disclosure, not as restrictive descriptions. It is submitted with the understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the clauses. In addition, in the detailed description, it can be seen that the description provides illustrative examples and the various features are grouped together in various implementations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the described subject matter requires more features than are expressly recited in each clause. Rather, as the clauses reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed configuration or operation. The clauses are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each clause standing on its own as a separately described subject matter. The clauses are not intended to be limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language clauses and to encompass all legal equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the clauses are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirements of the applicable patent law, nor should they be interpreted in such a way. All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features. From the above description, one skilled in the art can readily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the scope of the invention and claims. While several inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

11857001

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations may be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus, the following description and drawings are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, in certain instances, well-known or conventional details are not described in order to avoid obscuring the description. References to one or an embodiment in the present disclosure can be references to the same embodiment or any embodiment; and, such references mean at least one of the embodiments. Several definitions that apply throughout this disclosure will now be presented. Reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the disclosure. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Moreover, various features are described which may be exhibited by some embodiments and not by others. As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “having,” and “including” are used in their open, non-limiting sense. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are understood to encompass the plural as well as the singular. Thus, the term “a mixture thereof” also relates to “mixtures thereof.” As used herein, “about” refers to numeric values, including whole numbers, fractions, percentages, etc., whether or not explicitly indicated. The term “about” generally refers to a range of numerical values, for instance, ±0.5-1%, ±1-5% or ±5-10% of the recited value, that one would consider equivalent to the recited value, for example, having the same function or result. The term “apparatus” as used herein includes compositions, devices, surface coatings, and/or composites. In some examples the apparatus may include various medical devices or equipment, examination tables, clothing, filters, masks, gloves, catheters, endoscopic instruments, and the like. The apparatus may be metallic, polymeric, and/or ceramic (ex. silicon nitride and/or other ceramic materials). As used herein, the term “silicon nitride” includes Si3N4, alpha- or beta-phase Si3N4, SiYAlON, SiYON, SiAlON, or combinations of these phases or materials. As used herein, “inactivate” or “inactivation” refers to viral inactivation in which the virus is stopped from contaminating the product or subject either by removing virus completely or rendering them non-infectious. As used herein, “personal protective equipment” or “PPE” means any device, article, or apparatus worn or otherwise used by a person to minimize exposure to pathogens or other harmful substances. Non-limiting examples of PPE include body covers, head covers, shoe covers, face masks, eye protectors, face and eye protectors, and gloves. The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinary meanings in the art, within the context of the disclosure, and in the specific context where each term is used. Alternative language and synonyms may be used for any one or more of the terms discussed herein, and no special significance should be placed upon whether or not a term is elaborated or discussed herein. In some cases, synonyms for certain terms are provided. A recital of one or more synonyms does not exclude the use of other synonyms. The use of examples anywhere in this specification including examples of any terms discussed herein is illustrative only, and is not intended to further limit the scope and meaning of the disclosure or of any example term. Likewise, the disclosure is not limited to various embodiments given in this specification. Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the herein disclosed principles. The features and advantages of the disclosure can be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and other features of the disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or can be learned by the practice of the principles set forth herein. Provided herein are antipathogenic devices, compositions, and apparatuses that include silicon nitride (Si3N4) for the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Silicon nitride possesses a unique surface chemistry which is biocompatible and provides a number of biomedical applications including 1) concurrent osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and bacteriostasis, such as in spinal and dental implants; 2) killing of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria according to different mechanisms; 3) inactivation of human and animal viruses, bacteria, and fungi; and 4) polymer- or metal-matrix composites, natural or manmade fibers, polymers, or metals containing silicon nitride powder retain key silicon nitride bone restorative, bacteriostatic, antiviral, and antifungal properties. In an embodiment, an antipathogenic composition may include silicon nitride. For example, the antipathogenic composition may include silicon nitride powder. In some embodiments, the antipathogenic composition may be a monolithic component comprising 100% silicon nitride. Such a component can be fully dense possessing no internal porosity, or it may be porous, having a porosity that ranges from about 1% to about 80%. The monolithic component may be used as a medical device or may be used in an apparatus in which the inactivation of a virus, bacteria, and/or fungi may be desired. In another embodiment, antipathogenic composition may be incorporated within a device or in a coating to inactivate viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In some embodiments, the antipathogenic composition may be a slurry comprising silicon nitride powder. In some embodiments, the antipathogenic composition may inactivate or decrease the transmission of human viruses, bacteria, and/or fungi. Non-limiting examples of viruses that may be inactivated by the antipathogenic composition include influenza, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses (e.g. SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, H1N1, enterovirus, and Feline calicivirus). For example, a silicon nitride bioceramic may be effective in the inactivation of the Influenza A virus. In another example, a silicon nitride powder may be effective in the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. In some embodiments, a silicon nitride coating may decrease antibacterial and antiviral resistance and/or promote bone tissue restoration. Without being limited to a particular theory, silicon nitride may provide a surface chemistry such that ammonia (NH3) is available for virus, bacteria, or fungi inactivation. The surface chemistry of silicon nitride may be shown as follows: Si3N4+6H2O→3SiO2+4NH3 SiO2+2H2O→Si(OH)4 Nitrogen elutes faster (within minutes) than silicon because surface silanols are relatively stable. For viruses, it was surprisingly found that silicon nitride may provide for RNA cleavage via alkaline transesterification which leads to loss in genome integrity and virus inactivation. This may also reduce the activity of hemagglutinin. In an embodiment, the antipathogenic composition may exhibit elution kinetics that show: (i) a slow but continuous elution of ammonia from the solid state rather than from the usual gas state; (ii) no damage or negative effect to mammalian cells; and (iii) an intelligent elution that increases with decreasing pH. A device or apparatus may include silicon nitride on at least a portion of a surface of the device for antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal action. In an embodiment, a device may include a silicon nitride coating on at least a portion of a surface of the device. The silicon nitride coating may be applied to the surface of the device as a powder. In some examples, the silicon nitride powder may be imbedded or impregnated in at least a portion of the device. In some embodiments, the powder may have particles in the micron, submicron or nanometer size range. The average particle size may range from about 100 nm to about 5 μm, from about 300 nm to about 1.5 μm, or from about 0.6 μm to about 1.0 μm. In other embodiments, the silicon nitride may be incorporated into the device. For example, a device may incorporate silicon nitride powder within the body of the device. In one embodiment, the device may be made of silicon nitride. The silicon nitride coating may be present on the surface of a device or within the device in a concentration of about 1 wt. % to about 100 wt. %. In various embodiments, the coating may include about 1 wt. %, 2 wt. %, 5 wt. %, 7.5 wt. %, 8.3 wt. %, 10 wt. %, 15 wt. %, 16.7 wt. %, 20 wt. %, 25 wt. %, 30 wt. %, 33.3 wt. %, 35 wt. %, or 40 wt. % silicon nitride powder. In at least one example, the coating includes about 15 wt. % silicon nitride. In some embodiments, silicon nitride may be present in or on the surface of a device or apparatus in a concentration of about 1 wt. % to about 100 wt. %. In various embodiments, a device or apparatus may include about 1 wt. %, 2 wt. %, 5 wt. %, 7.5 wt. %, 8.3 wt. %, 10 wt. %, 15 wt. %, 16.7 wt. %, 20 wt. %, 25 wt. %, 30 wt. %, 33.3 wt. %, 35 wt. %, 40 wt. %, 50 wt. %, 60 wt. %, 60 wt. %, 70 wt. %, 80 wt. %, 90 wt. %, to 100 wt. % silicon nitride. In various embodiments, a device or apparatus that includes silicon nitride for antipathogenic properties may be a medical device. Non-limiting examples of devices or apparatuses include orthopedic implants, spinal implants, pedicle screws, dental implants, in-dwelling catheters, endotracheal tubes, colonoscopy scopes, and other similar devices. In some embodiments, silicon nitride may be incorporated within or applied as a coating to materials or apparatuses for antipathogenic properties such as polymers, fabrics, PPE, surgical gowns, tubing, clothing, air and water filters (e.g. home, industrial, or medical heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, filtration devices for anesthesia machines, ventilators, or CPAP machines), masks, tables such as hospital exam and surgical tables, desks, fixtures, handles, knobs, toys, or toothbrushes. In an embodiment, the silicon nitride may be incorporated within PPE to inactivate or prevent the transmission of a virus in contact with the PPE. In one embodiment, the PPE is a mask and embedding the silicon nitride into at least a portion of the mask forms an antiviral face mask that captures and inactivates a virus in contact with the face mask. Without being limited to any one theory, the antiviral face mask may “capture and kill” a virus in contact with the silicon nitride within the face mask, such that the virus is not only captured within the face mask but also inactivated. The inactivation mechanism of silicon nitride may act rapidly to avoid cross-infection and the viruses may be neutralized in a strain-nonspecific way. The use of the terms “antiviral face mask” or “face mask” herein may refer to a surgical face mask, a filtration face mask, a fabric washable mask, a respiration face mask, a cup-style respirator, a filtering facepiece respirator, an elastomeric half facepiece respirator, an elastomeric full facepiece respirator, a full coverage face mask, a half mask or full mask with cartridges, a half mask or full mask with canisters, a powered air-purifying respirator, or any mask operable to be worn on the face of the wearer to protect the wearer from a potential pathogen. In at least one example, the face mask may be a surgical face mask. In another example, the face mask is a respirator. The antiviral face mask may include silicon nitride on at least a portion of the mask. In some examples, the antiviral face mask may be disposable and intended for single-use. In other examples, the antiviral face mask may be reusable, such that it may be sterilizable and/or it may utilize replaceable filters. FIGS.26A-26Dare non-limiting examples of antiviral face masks that may include silicon nitride on at least a portion of the mask. Referring toFIG.26A, in some embodiments, an antiviral face mask100may be a surgical mask. In this embodiment, the antiviral face mask100may include a face mask body102and one or more securing mechanisms108operable to secure the face mask body to the wearer. In some examples, the face mask body102may include one or more pleats103to aid the face mask in conforming to the wearer's face.FIG.26Bis an example antiviral face mask100with a face mask body102without pleats. In some embodiments, the face mask body102may include at least one layer with silicon nitride powder incorporated or embedded within the layer. In some embodiments, as seen for example inFIG.26C, the antiviral face mask100may be a cup-style respirator. In this embodiment, the antiviral face mask100may include a face mask body102, one or more securing mechanisms108, and a deformable strip104on a top portion of the face mask body102for adjusting the face mask100over the nose of the wearer. The deformable strip104may be attached near the top edge105of the face mask body102on the front surface106. The deformable strip104may be made of a material which can be easily deformed by the wearer, including but not limited to plastic, spring steel wires encased in plastic, or malleable aluminum. In additional embodiments, as seen for example inFIG.26D, the face mask body102may further include one or more ports/valves107or one or more filters109to be incorporated into the mask. In an example, the filter109may include silicon nitride powder incorporated or embedded within the filter. The silicon nitride may be in a layer or may be distributed homogenously throughout the filter. In some examples, the filter109may be disposable and replaceable. In an embodiment, the antiviral face mask100may include a disposable, replaceable filter109. In other embodiments, the face mask100may include a pocket (not shown) for receiving a disposable filter with silicon nitride powder incorporated or embedded within the filter. In additional embodiments, the antiviral face mask100may be made of washable fabric with a deformable strip104, one or more securing mechanisms108(e.g. adjustable straps), a breathing valve107and/or a chin guard. The filter may be integral or insert-able into each of these mask configurations. FIGS.27A-27Cshow even more examples of face masks which may include silicon nitride within the mask, a filter inserted into the mask, a cartridge attached to the mask, and/or a canister attached to the mask.FIG.27Ais an example dual cartridge reusable half mask which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body102and/or in one or more cartridges116.FIG.27Bis an example dual cartridge reusable full-face mask which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body102and/or in one or more cartridges116.FIG.27Cis an example self-contained breathing apparatus which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body102, one or more cartridges116, and/or in one or more canisters118. Other non-limiting examples of masks include a particulate half mask which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body or filter, a dual cartridge disposable half mask which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body and/or in one or more cartridges, a canister type gas mask which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body and/or in one or more canisters, a powered air purifying respirator which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body and/or in one or more canisters, a continuous flow supplied air respirator which may include silicon nitride in the face mask body and/or in one or more canisters, and a full face mask with two inhalation valves operable to hold a filter or cartridge and an exhalation valve. Referring again toFIGS.26A-27C, the face mask100may be configured to be placed over the nose and mouth of the wearer and may include one or more securing mechanisms108for attaching the face mask to the wearer. The securing mechanism108may be one or more straps, loops, hooks, bands, or flaps for securing the face mask to the face of the wearer. The securing mechanism108may be made of an elastic material or any of the fibrous materials that the mask body is made of. In at least one example, the face mask100may include two loops108, each of which are operable to be secured to the wearer's ears. In another example, the face mask100may include two straps, each of which are operable to be secured behind the wearer's head. In additional examples, the face mask100may include multiple straps or bands to be secured around the wearer's head. The outer layer106of the face mask body102may contact the face of the wearer, such that the fibrous material is not in direct contact with the wearer. The face mask body102and/or filter109may include at least one layer, at least two layers, at least three layers, or at least four layers. In some embodiments, one or more layers of the face mask body may be made of a fibrous material. The fibrous material may be woven or nonwoven material and may be breathable or non-breathable. In some examples, the fibrous material may be a spunbond nonwoven fabric. Non-limiting examples of fibrous materials include polypropylene, rayon, polyester, cellulose, a non-oil resistant material such as KN95, N95, N97, N99, or N100 filters, an oil resistant material such as P95, P97, P99, or P100 filters, and/or a semi-oil resistant material such as R95, R97, R99, or R100 filters. Each layer of the face mask body may include the same or different fibrous materials. The fibrous material may have silicon nitride embedded with it. In some embodiments, the fibrous material may be removable and/or disposable. For example, in some examples, the layer containing the fibrous material and/or the filter may be removable from the rest of the mask body and may be disposed of after a single use. FIGS.28A-28Care non-limiting examples of cross-sections of the face mask body102and/or filter109. In one example, as shown inFIG.28A, the face mask body102may include a fibrous material111and an outer layer112. In this example, the face mask body102may have an outer layer112that surrounds the fibrous material111, where silicon nitride powder is incorporated into or impregnated in the fibrous material111of the face mask body102. The fibrous material111may be completely surrounded by the outer layer112, such that the outer layer112essentially acts as a first and third layer with the fibrous material111being a second layer sandwiched between the first and third layers.FIG.28Bis an example cross-section of the face mask body102with three layers—a fibrous material111with silicon nitride, a first external layer113, and a second external layer114. In some examples, the first external layer113and the second external layer114may be made of the same material, such that they function similarly to a single outer layer112as seen inFIG.28A. In other examples, the first external layer113and the second external layer114may be made of different materials.FIG.28Cis an example cross-section of the face mask body102with four layers, a fibrous material111with silicon nitride, a second inner layer115, a first external layer113, and a second external layer114. In some examples, the first external layer113and the second external layer114may be made of the same material, such that they function similarly to a single outer layer112as seen inFIG.28A. In other examples, the first external layer113and the second external layer114may be made of different materials. The fibrous material may comprise a nonwoven fabric, such as a spunbond fabric. In some examples, the fibrous material111, the second inner layer115, the first external layer113, the second external layer114, and/or the outer layer112may include, but are not limited to polypropylene, polyester, rayon, nylon, acrylic fibers, N95 filters, zinc, copper, silver, iodine, citric acid, ammonium citrate, or other compounds with antiviral properties. In additional examples, the second inner layer115, the first external layer113, the second external layer114, and/or the outer layer112may include silicon nitride. In some examples, the face mask body may further include one or more ports or pockets for receiving one or more filters, canisters, or cartridges. In various embodiments, if the face mask includes at least one filter, the filter may be layered similarly to the cross-sections inFIGS.28A-28C. In some examples, the filter may include silicon nitride within at least a portion of the filter. In other examples, the filter may include an N95 filter or a carbon filter. In various examples, the filter may be disposable and replaceable. In some embodiments, one or more layers of the face mask body and/or one or more filters may be coated with silicon nitride powder. In an example, the fibrous material or a filter may be coated with silicon nitride. Standard coating methods known in the art may be used to coat the face mask body or filters. In other embodiments, silicon nitride may be embedded, incorporated, or impregnated into a layer of the face mask body, a filter, a canister, or a cartridge using methods including but not limited to electrospinning, melt-spinning, melt-blowing, weaving, or ultrasonic impregnation/embedding. In an embodiment, silicon nitride may be embedded into nonwoven fabric, such as polypropylene, using an ultrasonic treatment. The resulting silicon nitride embedded fabric may be used to form any PPE. A multiple-step process may be used to achieve the appropriate surface chemistry, attachment, and activation of the Si3N4particles to the fabric.FIG.29is an example manufacturing method1000andFIG.30is an example manufacturing system200to embed silicon nitride into nonwoven spunbond polypropylene fibers. Based on packaging, transportation, or storage, a nonwoven fabric (i.e., scrim) may need pre-cleaning. The purpose of the pre-treatment step(s) is therefore to clean the fabric, improve its wetting characteristics, and add the coupling agent. First, the fabric202is pre-treated to improve cleanliness and wettability. In step1002, the fabric202is cleaned in hot deionized water in a first ultrasonic pre-treatment tank204as a first pre-treatment step. The construction of the tank204allows the fabric202scrim to continuously move under roller216tension through the pre-treatment water-bath at a distance of between about 8 and 10 cm above the bottom of the tank. Ultrasonic transducers218may be located on the exterior bottom of the tank. In some examples, the ultrasonic transducers218may be operating at ≥1000 W 25 kHz ultrasonic energy and up to 2000 W of thermal energy. The pre-treatment water-bath temperature may be set at 95° C.≤T≤100° C. The residence time of the fabric202in the bath may be up to about 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes. For instance, if the length of the fabric202in the pre-treatment tank204at any one time is about 60 cm, then speed of the fabric202through the bath may be 6 cm/min. The purpose of this first pre-treatment tank204is to remove organic chemicals and loosely adherent contamination. The pre-treatment tank204operates under a continuous circulation and filtration system to remove the contaminants from the water. Upon exiting the pre-treatment tank204, a pressure wringer220squeezes excess water from the fabric202. In step1004, the fabric is treated with a coupling agent in a second ultrasonic pre-treatment tank206as a second pre-treatment step. The second ultrasonic pre-treatment tank may contain a water-bath with an organic coupling agent. The coupling agent may facilitate bonding of the Si3N4particles to the fabric. Various examples of the coupling agent include quaternary ammonium compounds (bromides), hydroxides, fluorides, or chlorides that may vary in carbon chain length but have the same or similar functional groups. In one embodiment, the coupling agent is n-dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB). In another embodiment, the coupling agent may be dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DODA). The water-bath may contain the coupling agent in water at a weight ratio of about 1:200 to about 1:1000. For example, a 1:200 ratio may be 1 g of DTAB in 200 g of water and a 1:1000 ratio may be 1 g of DTAB in 1,000 g of water (i.e., 1 g per liter). Ultrasonic transducers218may be located on the exterior bottom of the tank. In some examples, the second ultrasonic pre-treatment tank206may be operating at identical conditions to the first pre-treatment tank204. Because the coupling agent will adsorb onto the fabric during the process, replenishment of the solution will be needed. This may be accomplished via a metered addition system coupled with mechanical stirring within the ultrasonic pre-treatment tank206itself, or as a separate larger mixing tank that is plumbed to the ultrasonic pre-treatment tank206using a recirculation pumping system (not shown). Upon exiting the second ultrasonic pre-treatment tank206, a pressure wringer220squeezes excess water from the fabric202, and a heated air blower (not shown) operating at about 100° C. may be used to remove residual moisture from the fabric202. In step1006, the Si3N4particles are embedded in the fabric using ultrasonication in an ultrasonic tank208with water, a dispersant, and Si3N4particles. In one embodiment, the fabric202scrim may be continuously fed into a third ultrasonic tank208which contains an aqueous Si3N4dispersion. A Si3N4slurry dispersion may be prepared prior to passing the fabric202through the ultrasonic tank208. The composition of the slurry may include Si3N4powder, a dispersant, and deionized water. The dispersant may be ammonium salts of various organic compounds such as ammonium citrate. The selection and use of dispersants is common for those knowledgeable in the art. In an example, the dispersant may be Dolapix A88. In at least one example, the slurry may include 210 g Si3N4powder, 2.1 g Dolapix A88 dispersant, and 790 g deionized water. This composition corresponds to about 21 wt. % Si3N4powder. The slurry composition may be adjusted to achieve the desired concentration of Si3N4particles. Typically, the slurry composition may range from about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % Si3N4particles. The slurry can be prepared in a separate mixing tank using a high-shear (propeller action) mixer with metered feeding of the Si3N4powder, dispersant, and water (as needed) into the ultrasonic tank208using a recirculation pumping system (not shown). The embedding itself occurs within the ultrasonic tank208. Similar to the pre-treatment, the ultrasonic transducer system222operates at ≥1000 W 25 kHz of ultrasonic energy and up to 2000 W of thermal energy, and at a temperature of 65° C.≤T≤75° C. The residence time of the fabric202within the ultrasonic tank208may be about 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes. Using the prior example, if the length of the fabric202in the ultrasonic embedding tank208at any one time is about 60 cm, then speed of the fabric through the bath may be about 6 cm/min. Upon exiting the ultrasonic tank208, a pressure wringer220squeezes excess slurry from the fabric202. In step1008, the fabric202is then dried and the Si3N4particles are thermally bonded in a drying and thermal bonding oven210. The thermal boding oven210may be fully enclosed with an inlet209and outlet211for the fabric and a heating element219. Thermal bonding may be accomplished by continuously feeding the fabric202into an oven to dry the fabric and then passing it through a series of smooth-surfaced counter-rotating rollers217that simultaneously apply heat and pressure to the fabric (i.e., calendaring, as shown inFIG.21). The oven210may be operated at 90° C.≤T≤100° C. and the calendaring rollers217may be operated at 140° C.≤T≤145° C. with an applied pressure of ≥500 psi (≥35 daN/cm). Alternatively, the fabric may be passed directly through preheated calendaring rollers without the necessity of going into a drying oven (not shown). In step1010, the fabric202is rinsed in an ultrasonic rinse tank212with water and surfactant to remove excess silicon nitride particles not embedded in the fabric. In some embodiments, washing and rinsing may be conducted as two separate steps. In one embodiment, they may be combined in one step. The prior thermal bonding operation may minimize the amount of non-embedded particles. This step may be conducted in a continuous ultrasonic bath similar to the ones used for the pre-treatment and embedding steps. The ultrasonic rinse tank212may include a separate larger mixing tank and recirculation system (not shown) with a pump like the other ultrasonic tanks. Within the recirculation system, replaceable cartridge-type submicron filters may be utilized to retain particles released from the fabric. The composition of the rinse may include a surfactant and water. In some examples, the surfactant may be Triton X-100. Ultrasonic transducers218may be located on the exterior bottom of the tank. Similar to the prior ultrasonic steps, the rinse step1010may be conducted at a power level of ≥1000 W 25 kHz ultrasonic energy, up to 2000 W of thermal energy, and at a temperature of 60° C.≤T≤70° C. with a residence time of the fabric within the ultrasonic tank at about 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes. After rinsing, the fabric202may be passed through a wringer220to remove excess water. In step1012, the rinsed fabric202is dried in a drying oven214. The thermal boding oven214may be fully enclosed with an inlet213and outlet215for the fabric and a heating element219. In some embodiments, the fabric202scrim may be fed into the continuous drying oven214operating at about 110° C. for a residence time of about 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes. The fabric202may subsequently be rolled onto a take-up roll203. The tanks and/or ovens associated with each step may be operatively connected such that a single roll of fabric202may pass through each tank and/or oven throughout the process. The fabric202may be provided as a continuous roll. For example, the fabric202may start at a source roll201, be unwound as it is passed through the various tanks and ovens, and end in a take-up roll203. In at least one example, the fabric may be nonwoven polypropylene spunbond fabric (i.e., scrim, ˜45 g/m2). Polypropylene is inherently hydrophobic (i.e., non-wetting). The fabric may be received as a continuous roll that is approximately 280 mm wide x˜1 kilometer in length. The silicon nitride incorporated in the PPE, face mask body, filter, canister, cartridge, etc. may be present at a concentration of about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %. In various examples, a fibrous material may include up to about 1 wt. %, up to about 2 wt. %, up to about 5 wt. %, up to about 7.5 wt. %, up to about 10 wt. %, up to about 15 wt. %, up to about 20 wt. %, up to about 25 wt. %, or up to about 30 wt. % silicon nitride powder embedded in the fibrous material. In at least one example, the silicon nitride in the fibrous material is present at a concentration of about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % throughout the fibrous material. In another example, the silicon nitride in the fibrous material is present at a concentration of less than about 10 wt. %. In various examples, a face mask or one or more filters of the face mask may include up to about 1 wt. %, up to about 2 wt. %, up to about 5 wt. %, up to about 7.5 wt. %, up to about 10 wt. %, up to about 15 wt. %, up to about 20 wt. %, up to about 25 wt. %, or up to about 30 wt. % silicon nitride powder. In at least one example, the silicon nitride in the fibrous material is present at a concentration of about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % throughout at least a portion of one or more filters in the face mask. In another example, the silicon nitride in the one or more filters is present at a concentration of less than about 10 wt. %. In some examples, silicon nitride may be present in a canister or cartridge attached to the face mask at a concentration of about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % throughout at least a portion of the canister or cartridge. In another example, the silicon nitride in the canister or cartridge is present at a concentration of less than about 10 wt. %. In some embodiments, an organic acid may be further incorporated into the fibrous material or a layer of the mask. The acid may be selected from the group consisting of citric, malic, tartaric, succinic, oxalic, benzoic, isocitric, acetic, lactic, ascorbic, (e.g., acids commonly found in fruits and vegetables, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the acid may be intricately mixed with the silicon nitride powder and embedded in the mask at a concentration that ranges between 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % of the silicon nitride powder, and preferably in the range of 1.5 to 3.0 wt. %, and most preferably at about 2.0 wt. %. Inclusion of one or a combination of these organic acids and its intricate mixture with silicon nitride acidifies the local environment and thereby activates the silicon nitride to release ammonia (NH3). Without being bound to theory, during normal respiration by a wearer of the mask, moisture is passed through the mask during exhalation and inhalation. The moisture partially solubilizes the organic acid. It disassociates to a base and a hydronium ion. Using acetic acid as an example, the reaction is: CH3CO2H+H2O⇄CH3CO2−+H3O+. This reaction decreases the local pH thereby creating an acidified environment in the immediate vicinity of the silicon nitride particles. In parallel, a chemical reaction occurs at the surface of silicon nitride in the presence of moisture that releases ammonia and ammonium as follows: Si3N4+16H2O⇄3Si(OH)4+4NH4OH⇄4NH3+4H2O. The concentrations of the ammonium and ammonia in equilibrium varies with pH. As pH increases, the amount of eluted ammonium from the silicon nitride decreases. While the corresponding amount of eluted ammonia increases, its concentration is an order of magnitude lower than that of ammonium. The release of ammonium tends to drive the local pH higher, thereby slowing the reaction of silicon nitride with water in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. Addition of the organic acid counters this effect. It drives the pH lower, and it reacts with some of the released ammonium. Using acetic acid as the example: CH3CO2H+NH4OH⇄CH3CO2NH4+H2O. The products of the reaction consumes ammonium and releases water, which in turn, accelerates the reaction with silicon nitride. Therefore, addition of the organic acid to the local environment decreases the concentration of ammonium, and by so doing, the reaction of silicon nitride with water tends to increase. More ammonium is then released, also in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. This effectively activates the silicon nitride. It reacts with more and more water to form more and more ammonia and ammonium. The release of these moieties is the fundamental mechanism behind the antipathogenic effectiveness of silicon nitride. In addition, these organic acids (e.g., citric) are may exhibit antipathogenic capabilities on their own, regardless of the foregoing reaction with silicon nitride but the primary purpose is to activate the silicon nitride as previously stated. Lastly, use of the mild organic acids does not create any biocompatibility or health hazards to the wearer of the mask due to their low concentration and eatable forms. In some embodiments, a layer with the silicon nitride may inactivate a virus in contact with the layer of the antiviral face mask. For example, droplets or aerosols containing the virus are captured by the mask fibers and the silicon nitride powder inactivates them. Non-limiting examples of viruses that may be inactivated or prevented from being transmitted through the face mask include coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, enterovirus, and Feline calicivirus. The virus may be in contact with the silicon nitride powder for at least 30 seconds, at least 1 minute, at least 2 minutes, at least 3 minutes, at least 4 minutes, at least 5 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or at least 2 hours to be inactivated. In other embodiments, silicon nitride powder may be incorporated into compositions including, but not limited to slurries, suspensions, gels, sprays, paint, or toothpaste. For example, the addition of silicon nitride to a slurry, such as paint, that is then applied to a surface may provide an antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral surface. In other embodiments, silicon nitride may be mixed with water along with any appropriate dispersants and slurry stabilization agents, and thereafter applied by spraying the slurry onto various surfaces. In an example, the antipathogenic composition may be a slurry of silicon nitride powder and water. The silicon nitride powder may be present in the slurry in a concentration of about 0.1 vol. % to about 20 vol. %. In various embodiments, the slurry may include about 0.1 vol. %, 0.5 vol. %, 1 vol. %, 1.5 vol. %, 2 vol. %, 5 vol. %, 10 vol. %, 15 vol. %, or 20 vol. % silicon nitride. Further provided herein is a method of inactivating a pathogen by contacting a virus, bacteria, and/or fungus with an antipathogenic composition comprising silicon nitride. In an embodiment, the method may include coating a device or apparatus with silicon nitride and contacting the coated apparatus with the virus, bacterium, or fungus. Coating the apparatus may include applying a silicon nitride powder to a surface of the apparatus. In other embodiments, the silicon nitride powder may be incorporated or impregnated within the device or apparatus. Without being limited to a particular theory, the antipathogenic composition may decrease viral action by alkaline transesterification and reduce the activity of hemagglutinin. It was surprisingly found that silicon nitride powder (i) remarkably decreases viral action by alkaline transesterification through the breakage of RNA internucleotide linkages and (ii) markedly reduced the activity of hemagglutinin thus disrupting host cell recognition by denaturing protein structures on viral surfaces leading to the inactivation of viruses regardless of the presence of a viral envelope. In an embodiment, the antipathogenic composition may exhibit elution kinetics that show: (i) a slow but continuous elution of ammonia from the solid state rather than from the usual gas state; (ii) no damage or negative effect to mammalian cells; and (iii) an intelligent elution which increases with decreasing pH. Moreover, the inorganic nature of silicon nitride may be more beneficial than the use of petrochemical or organometallic bactericides, virucides, and fungicides which are known to harm mammalian cells or have residual effects in soil, on plants, and in vegetables or fruit. It was also surprisingly found that silicon nitride particles may be electrically attracted to and attach to the spike proteins on the envelopes or membranes of the pathogens. Also provided herein is a method of lysing or inactivating a pathogen at a location in a human patient. For example, the pathogen may be a virus, bacterium, or fungus. The method may include contacting the patient with a device, apparatus, or composition comprising silicon nitride. Without being limited to any one theory, the silicon nitride inactivates the pathogen. The device, apparatus, or composition may include about 1 wt. % to about 100 wt. % silicon nitride. In some examples, the device or apparatus may include about 1 wt. % to about 100 wt. % silicon nitride on the surface of the device or apparatus. In an embodiment, the device or apparatus may be a monolithic silicon nitride ceramic. In another embodiment, the device or apparatus may include a silicon nitride coating, such as a silicon nitride powder coating. In another embodiment, the device or apparatus may incorporate silicon nitride into the body of the device. For example, silicon nitride powder may be incorporated or impregnated into the body of the device or apparatus using methods known in the art. In some embodiments, the device or apparatus may be contacted with the patient or user for at least 1 minute, at least 5 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 5 hours, or at least 1 day. In at least one example, the device or apparatus may be permanently implanted in the patient. In at least one example, the device or apparatus may be worn externally by a user. EXAMPLES Example 1: Effect of Silicon Nitride Concentration on Virus Inactivation To show the effect of silicon nitride concentration on the inactivation of viruses, Influenza A was exposed to various concentrations of Si3N4powder. To prepare the silicon nitride, a specific weight of silicon nitride powder mixed with pure distilled water. For instance, 7.5 g of silicon nitride was dispersed in 92.5 g of pure distilled water. The virus was added to this mixture in concentrations of 1:1, 1:10 and 1:100 virus/mixture, respectively. These mixtures were then allowed to incubate under gentle agitation for 10 minutes at 4° C. Influenza A was exposed to 0 wt. %, 7.5 wt. %, 15 wt. %, and 30 wt. % Si3N4for 10 minutes at 4° C., as illustrated inFIG.2A. The mixtures were then filtered to remove the silicon nitride powder. Influenza A virus-inoculated Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were then observed for the effectiveness of Si3N4in inactivating the Influenza A. The remaining mixtures were then inoculated into Petri dishes containing living MDCK cells within a biogenic medium. The amount of living MDCK cells were subsequently counted using staining methods after 3 days exposure. The viability of MDCK cells was determined after inoculating the cells for 3 days with Influenza A exposed to Si3N4according toFIG.2B. FIG.4Ais a graph of PFU/100 μl for Influenza A exposed to 0 wt. %, 7.5 wt. %, 15 wt. %, and 30 wt. % Si3N4for 10 minutes.FIG.4Bis a graph of cell survivability of cells inoculated with Influenza A exposed to 7.5 wt. %, 15 wt. %, and 30 wt. % Si3N4for 10 minutes. Example 2: Effect of Exposure Time and Temperature on Virus Inactivation To show the effect of silicon nitride on the inactivation of viruses, Influenza A was exposed to a fixed concentration of Si3N4powder (15 wt. %) for various times and temperatures. The mixture was then allowed to incubate under gentle agitation for 1-30 minutes at room temperature and at 4° C. For example, Influenza A was exposed to 15 wt. % Si3N4for 1, 5, 10, or 30 minutes at room temperature or 4° C., as illustrated inFIG.3A. Influenza A virus-inoculated Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were then observed for the effectiveness of Si3N4in inactivating the Influenza A. The viability of MDCK cells was determined after inoculating the cells for 3 days with Influenza A exposed to Si3N4according toFIG.3B. FIG.7Ais a graph of PFU/100 μl for Influenza A exposed to 15 wt. % Si3N4for 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 30 minutes at room temperature.FIG.7Bis a graph of cell survivability of MDCK cells inoculated with Influenza A exposed to 15 wt. % Si3N4for 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 30 minutes at room temperature. FIG.8Ais a graph of PFU/100 μl for Influenza A exposed to 15 wt. % Si3N4for 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 30 minutes at 4° C.FIG.8Bis a graph of MDCK cell survivability inoculated with Influenza A exposed to 15 wt. % Si3N4for 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 30 minutes at 4° C. Example 3: Effect of Silicon Nitride on H1H1 Influenza a Inactivation To show the effect of silicon nitride on the inactivation of viruses, Influenza A was exposed to a slurry of 15 wt. % silicon nitride for 10 minutes. FIGS.15A-15Cshow the H1H1 Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 (PR8)) stained red (nucleoprotein, NP) after its inoculation into a biogenic medium containing MDCK cells stained green for the presence of filamentous actin (F-actin) proteins which are found in all eukaryotic cells.FIGS.16A-16Cshows the effect of the virus on the MDCK cells without the presence of silicon nitride. Example 4: Evaluation of Influenza a Virucidal Activity by Silicon Nitride in MDCK Cells This study was designed to examine the antiviral capabilities of beta-silicon nitride (β-Si3N4) powder versus Influenza A at an incubation time-point of 30 minutes and a concentration of 15 wt. %/vol. A 15 wt. % suspension was prepared in 1.5 mL of virus diluted in DMEM with no additives. A plaque assay methodology was utilized. To adequately quantify the plaque assay, the viability of Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells (MDCK) were assessed as a function of exposure to various concentrations of Si3N4for incubation periods ranging from 30 minutes to 72 hours. The results demonstrated that Si3N4was completely virucidal to Influenza A with a reduction of >99.98% in viral load at the preselected conditions. The viability of the MDCK cells was found to be time- and dose-dependent. Essentially no loss in viability was observed for Si3N4concentrations up to 15 wt. %/vol. Changes in viability were only noted for the 15 wt. % concentration at 24, 48, and 72 hours (i.e., 83.3%, 59.7%, and 44.0% viable, respectively). The Si3N4powder used in this study had a nominal composition of 90 wt. % α-Si3N4, 6 wt. % yttria (Y2O3), and 4 wt. % alumina (Al2O3). It was prepared by aqueous mixing and spray-drying of the inorganic constituents, followed by sintering of the spray-dried granules (˜1700° C. for ˜3 h), hot-isostatic pressing (˜1600° C., 2 h, 140 MPa in N2), aqueous-based comminution, and freeze-drying. The resulting powder had a trimodal distribution with an average particle size of 0.8±1.0 μm as shown inFIG.17. Doping Si3N4with Y2O3and Al2O3is useful to densify the ceramic and convert it from its α- to β-phase during sintering. The mechanism of densification is via dissolution of α-phase and subsequent precipitation of β-phase grains facilitated by the formation of a transient intergranular liquid that solidifies during cooling. β-Si3N4is therefore a composite composed of about 10 wt. % intergranular glass phase (IGP) and 90 wt. % crystalline β-Si3N4grains. Three sequential assays were conducted in this study: (1) An MDCK viability test; (2) An influenza A supernatant titration test with and without centrifugation and filtration; and (3) A viral titration using 15 wt. %/vol Si3N4as the viral inhibitor for an incubation period of 30 m. InFIG.18, the viability of the MDCK cells is shown as function of β-Si3N4concentration (wt. %/mL). Starting at 15 wt. %, serial dilutions were conducted to arrive at 0.047 wt. %. At the lower concentrations, cell viability was generally >80% for all timepoints up to 72 h. Note also that cell viability generally increased with exposure time for all concentrations except 15 wt. %. At 15 wt. % and 30-minutes exposure the cell viability was ˜94.5%. Following the determination of MDCK cell viability, twenty-four hours prior to the addition of the virus and sample to the cells, MDCK cells were plated in a 6-well plate at a density of 1×106cells/well in a volume of 2 mL in Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). On the day of the assay, triplicate samples of 15 wt. % of silicon nitride in virus diluted in DMEM with no additives at 1×104PFU/mL was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with shaking. Following incubation, the samples were centrifuged for two minutes at 4° C. and 12,000 rpm, and further filtered through a 0.2-micron polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter. The samples were then serially diluted 1:5 and 7 concentrations were added to cells that had been washed 2 times with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) in triplicate in a volume of 400 μL. The samples were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with rocking every 15 to 20 minutes. Following incubation, 2 mL of the plaque assay media was added to the wells and the cultures were incubated for 48 hours at 35° C./5% CO2. After incubation, the cells were stained with crystal violet and the plaques were enumerated visually. On the day of staining, the plaguing media was removed, and the monolayers were washed two times with DPBS. The cells were then fixed with 70% ethanol for 10 minutes at room temperature. The ethanol was removed, and 0.3% crystal violet solution was added to each well for 10 minutes at room temperature. Following this incubation, the crystal violet was removed, and the monolayers were washed two times with DPBS to remove residual crystal violet. The monolayers were air-dried overnight prior to counting the plaques. The virucidal test was conducted at a concentration of 15 wt. %/vol and at 30 min. The process steps of centrifugation and filtration only reduced the viral load by about 0.25 log10. Given this result, a subsequent titration was then conducted without and with the exposure of the virus to Si3N4for 30 minutes. The concentration for the titration without Si3N4was a priori selected to be 4.4×103pfu/ml based on ISO 21702 (Measurement of antiviral activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces). After 30 minutes of exposure to Si3N4, no plaques formed on the MDCK cells. Si3N4was deemed to be 100% effective in inactivating Influenza A. A direct comparison of the viral titers before and after exposure to the Si3N4powder for 30 m is provided inFIG.19. The data clearly demonstrate >3.5 log10reduction in viral load after exposure to Si3N4(i.e., >99.98%). In summary, these tests demonstrated that exposure of Si3N4to MDCK cells had no adverse viability effects at concentrations less than 15 wt. %/vol or time periods of 30 minutes. At antiviral test conditions of 15 wt. %/vol Si3N4at 30 minutes exposure at a viral load of 4.4×103pfu/ml, Si3N4inactivated essentially 100% of the exposed virions. Si3N4was found to be virucidal to Influenza A under these conditions. Example 5: Effect of α-Si3N4Powder on MDCK Cells and Influenza A α-Si3N4powder was first evaluated for toxicity to MDCK cells following exposure for 30 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. A 15 weight % (wt. %) suspension was prepared in 1.5 mL of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Twenty-four hours prior to the addition of the sample to the cells, the α-Si3N4powder suspension prepared as described above was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with shaking. Following the incubation, the suspension was centrifuged for two minutes at 4° C. at 12,000 rpm. The supernatant was further filtered through a 0.2-micron polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter and then serially diluted in 1 l2-logarithmic increments. Six (6) concentrations were added to the pre-plated cells in triplicate in a volume of 200 μL. The plates were incubated for 30 minutes, 24, 48, and 72 hours at which time the cells were evaluated for cellular toxicity using the tetrazolium dye XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide), as described below. TC50 values for the test materials were derived by measuring the reduction of the tetrazolium dye XTT. XTT in metabolically active cells is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme NADPH oxidase to a soluble formazan product. XTT solution was prepared daily as a stock of 1 mg/mL in DMEM without additives. Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) solution was prepared at 0.15 mg/mL in Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) and stored in the dark at −20° C. XTT/PMS stock was prepared immediately before use by adding 40 μL of PMS per mL of XTT solution. Fifty μL (50 4) of XTT/PMS was added to each well of the plate and the plate incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. The 4-hour incubation has been empirically determined to be within the linear response range for XTT dye reduction with the indicated numbers of cells for each assay. The plates were sealed and inverted several times to mix the soluble formazan product and the plate was read at 450 nm (650 nm reference wavelength) with a Molecular Devices SpectraMax Plus 384 96 well plate format spectrophotometer. MDCK cells were treated with 6 concentrations of the α-Si3N4powder ranging from 15 wt. % to 0.047 wt. % for 30 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. InFIG.20, the viability of the MDCK cells is shown as function of α-Si3N4concentration (wt. %/mL). Following 30 minutes of exposure cells treated with all concentrations had viability greater than 90% except for cells treated with 4.7 wt. % and 15 wt. % which had 89% and 83% viability, respectively. At 24 hours viability of cell treated with each concentration remained above 92%. At 48 hours viability dropped below 90% in cells treated with 1.5 wt. %, 4.7 wt. % and 15 wt. % (89.1%, 88.7% and 74.0%, respectively) but at 72 hours only cells treated with 15 wt. % had viability below 90% (87.5%). α-Si3N4powder at 15 wt. % was then evaluated for virucidal activity against Influenza A strain A/PR/8/34 in MDCK cells. A 15 wt. % suspension was prepared in 1.5 mL of virus diluted in DMEM with no additives. Twenty-four hours prior to the addition of the virus and sample to the cells, MDCK cells were plated in a 6-well plate at a density of 1×106cells/well in a volume of 2 mL in Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). On the day of the assay, triplicate samples of 15 wt. % of α-Si3N4in virus diluted in DMEM with no additives at 1×104PFU/mL was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with shaking. Following incubation, the samples were centrifuged for two minutes at 4° C. and 12,000 rpm, and further filtered through a 0.2-micron polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter. The samples were then serially diluted 1:5 and 7 concentrations were added to cells that had been washed 2 times with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) in triplicate in a volume of 400 mL. The samples were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with rocking every 15 to 20 minutes. Following incubation, 2 mL of the plaque assay media was added to the wells and the cultures were incubated for 48 hours at 35° C./5% CO2. After incubation, the cells were stained with crystal violet and the plaques were enumerated visually. On the day of staining, the plaquing media was removed, and the monolayers were washed two times with DPBS. The cells were then fixed with 70% ethanol for 10 minutes at room temperature. The ethanol was removed, and 0.3% crystal violet solution was added to each well for 10 minutes at room temperature. Following this incubation, the crystal violet was removed, and the monolayers were washed two times with DPBS to remove residual crystal violet. The monolayers were air-dried overnight prior to counting the plaques. The virucidal activity of 15 wt. % α-Si3N4powder was evaluated against Influenza virus A strain A/PR8/34 in MDCK cells. The target virus titer was 1×104PFU/mL and the actual individual replicates were 3.1×103, 3.8×103, and 4.7×103PFU/mL yielding a mean titer (and standard deviation) of 3.9×103±0.8×103PFU/mL. This actual titer is within two-fold of the targeted PFU/mL. The α-Si3N4powder treated samples had one well with a single plaque which resulted in a PFU/mL of 4.1. The log reduction was 2.98 and was calculated using the following equation: log10(A/B) where A is untreated virus and B is treated virus. The percent reduction was 99.89% and was calculated using the following equation: (A−B)×100/A where A is untreated virus and B is treated virus. A comparison of the viral titers before and after exposure to the α-Si3N4powder for 30 m is provided inFIG.21. Therefore, the α-Si3N4powder at 15 wt. % was virucidal to influenza A virus strain A/PR/8/34 following a 30-minute exposure. Example 6: Influenza A Virucidal Activity by Two Forms of Si3N4Powder in MDCK Cells A 5 and 10 wt. % suspension of α-Si3N4and β-Si3N4powder was prepared in 1.5 mL of virus diluted in DMEM with no additives. Twenty-four hours prior to the addition of the virus and sample to the cells, MDCK cells were plated in a 6-well plate at a density of 1×106cells/well in a volume of 2 mL in Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). On the day of the assay, triplicate samples of 10 and 5 wt. % of α-Si3N4and β-Si3N4powders in virus diluted in DMEM with no additives at 1×104PFU/mL were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with shaking. Following incubation, the samples were centrifuged for two minutes at 4° C. and 12,000 rpm, and further filtered through a 0.2-micron polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter. The samples were then serially diluted 1:5 and 7 concentrations were added to cells that had been washed 2 times with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) in triplicate in a volume of 400 μL. The samples were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with rocking every 15 to 20 minutes. Following incubation, 2 mL of the plaque assay media was added to the wells and the cultures were incubated for 48 hours at 35° C./5% CO2. After incubation, the cells were stained with crystal violet and the plaques were enumerated visually. On the day of staining, the plaguing media was removed, and the monolayers were washed two times with DPBS. The cells were then fixed with 70% ethanol for 10 minutes at room temperature. The ethanol was removed, and 0.3% crystal violet solution was added to each well for 10 minutes at room temperature. Following this incubation, the crystal violet was removed, and the monolayers were washed two times with DPBS to remove residual crystal violet. The monolayers were air-dried overnight prior to counting the plaques. The virucidal activity of 5 and 10 wt. % of α-Si3N4and β-Si3N4powder was evaluated against Influenza virus A strain AIPR8/34 in MDCK cells. This was performed in four individual experiments. The target virus titer was 1×104PFU/mL. In the first experiment the individual replicates for the untreated virus samples were 5.3×103, 5.9×103, and 4.1×103PFU/mL yielding a mean titer (and standard deviation) of 5.1×103±0.9×103PFU/mL. Virus treated with 5 wt. % and 10 wt. % of β-Si3N4for 10 minutes resulted in a PFU/mL of <21 for the virus treated with 10 wt. % and a PFU/mL of 21 (1 plaque formed) in virus treated with 5 wt. %. In this sample, the log reduction was 2.4 and was calculated using the following equation: log 10(NB) where A is untreated virus and B is treated virus. The percent reduction was 99.5% and was calculated using the following equation: (A−B)×100/A where A is untreated virus and B is treated virus. In the second experiment the individual replicates for the untreated virus samples were 7.5×103, 7.2×103, and 5.0×103PFU/mL yielding a mean titer (and standard deviation) of 6.6×103±1.4×103PFU/mL. Virus treated with 5 wt. % and 10 wt. % of β-Si3N4for 5 minutes resulted in a PFU/mL of <21 for both. In the third experiment the individual replicates were 6.9×103, 7.8×103, and 5.0×103PFU/mL yielding a mean titer (and standard deviation) of 6.6×103±1.4×103PFU/mL. Virus treated with 5 wt. % and 10 wt. % of α-Si3N4for 10 minutes resulted in a PFU/mL of <21 for both. In the fourth experiment the individual replicates were 8.8×103, 1.0×104, and 7.5×103PFU/mL yielding a mean titer (and standard deviation) of 8.8×103±1.3×103PFU/mL. Virus treated with 5 wt. % and 10 wt. % of α-Si3N4for 5 minutes resulted in a PFU/mL of <21 for both. In each of the experiments the actual titer determined for the untreated virus control was with-in two-fold of the targeted PFU/mL. Virus treated with both α-Si3N4and β-Si3N4powder at 5 and 10 wt. % for 5 and 10 minutes resulted in a PFU/mL of <1 (no plaques observed) with the exception of the β-Si3N4powder treated sample at 5 wt. % for 10 minutes which had one well with a single plaque resulting in a PFU/mL of 21. Example 7: Silicon Nitride Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro A doped Si3N4powder (β-SiYAlON) with a nominal composition of 90 wt. % α-Si3N4, 6 wt. % yttria (Y2O3), and 4 wt. % alumina (Al2O3) was prepared by aqueous mixing and spray-drying of the inorganic constituents, followed by sintering of the spray-dried granules (˜1700° C. for ˜3 h), hot-isostatic pressing (˜1600° C., 2 h, 140 MPa in N2), aqueous-based comminution, and freeze-drying. The resulting powder had a trimodal distribution with an average particle size of 0.8±1.0 μm as shown inFIG.22. Doping Si3N4with Y2O3and Al2O3densified the ceramic and converted it from its α- to ß-phase during sintering. The mechanism of densification is via dissolution of α-phase and subsequent precipitation of ß-phase grains facilitated by the formation of a transient intergranular liquid that solidifies during cooling. ß-Si3N4is therefore a composite composed of about 10 wt. % intergranular glass phase (IGP) and 90 wt. % crystalline ß-Si3N4grains. Vero green African monkey kidney epithelial cells were chosen for this analysis due to their ability to support high levels of SARS-CoV-2 replication and their use in antiviral testing. These cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% L-glutamine, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37° C. and 5% CO2. SARS-CoV-2 isolate USA-WA1/2020 was obtained from BEI Resources. Vero cells were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 (MOI 0.1) to generate viral stocks. Cell-free supernatants were collected at 72 hours post-infection and clarified via centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes and filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. Stock virus was titered according to the plaque assay protocol detailed below. The Si3N4powder was suspended in 1 mL DMEM growth media in microcentrifuge tubes. Tubes were vortexed for 30 seconds to ensure adequate contact and then placed on a tube revolver for either 1, 5, or 10 minutes. At each time point, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected and filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. Clarified supernatants were added to cells for either 24 or 48 hours. Untreated cells were maintained alongside as controls. Cells were tested at each time point using CellTiter Glo, which measures ATP production, to determine cell viability. SARS-CoV-2 was diluted in DMEM growth media to a concentration of 2×104PFU/mL. Four mL of the diluted virus was added to tubes containing silicon nitride at 20, 15, 10, and 5% (w/v). The virus without Si3N4was processed in parallel as a control. Tubes were vortexed for 30 seconds to ensure adequate contact and then placed on a tube revolver for either 1, 5, or 10 minutes, while a virus only control was incubated for the maximum 10 minutes. At each time point, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected and filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. The remaining infectious virus in the clarified supernatant was quantitated by plaque assay. An overview of the antiviral testing method is provided inFIG.23. In step 1, SARS-CoV-2 virus was diluted in media. In step 2, 4 mL of diluted virus was added to tubes containing silicon nitride at 20, 15, 10, or 5% (w/v). In step 3, tubes were vortexed for 30 s to ensure adequate contact and the placed on a tube revolver for either 1 m, 5 m, or 10 m (virus only control was incubated for the maximum 10 m). In step 4, at each time point, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected and filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. In step 5, clarified supernatant was used to perform plaque assays. Samples were serially diluted (10-fold) and added to fresh Vero for 1 h incubation, ricking every 15 min before adding an agarose medium overlay and incubating for 48 h. After 48 h incubation, cells were fixed with 10% FA and stained with Crystal Violet for counting. Vero cells were plated at 2×105cells/well in a 12-well plate on the day before the plaque assay. Clarified supernatants from the antiviral testing were serially diluted (10-fold) and 200 μL was added to Vero cells which were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C., 5% CO2. Plates were rocked every 15 minutes to ensure adequate coverage and at 1 hour, a 1:1 ratio of 0.6% agarose and 2×EMEM supplemented with 5% FBS, 2% penicillin/streptomycin, 1% non-essential amino acids (VWR, Cat #45000-700), 1% sodium pyruvate, and 1% L-glutamine was added to the cells before incubating for 48 hours at 37° C., 5% CO2. After incubation, the cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and stained with 2% crystal violet in 20% ethanol for counting. The impact of Si3N4on eukaryotic cell viability was tested. Si3N4was resuspended in cell culture media at 5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/v). Samples were collected at 1, 5, and 10 minutes and added to Vero cells. Vero cell viability was measured at 24 and 48 hours post-exposure (FIGS.24A and24B). No significant decrease in cell viability was observed at either 24 or 48 hours post-exposure with 5%, 10%, or 15% silicon nitride. A small impact on cell viability (˜10% decrease) was observed at 48 hours in cells exposed to 20% Si3N4. Interestingly, a ˜10% increase in Vero cell viability was observed at 48 hours with the 5%-10 minute and 10%-10 minute samples (FIG.24B), suggesting that Si3N4may be stimulating cell growth or cellular metabolism under these conditions. These data indicated that Si3N4has minimal impact on Vero cell health and viability up to 20 wt. %/vol. Given that 5, 10, 15, and 20% Si3N4were non-toxic to Vero cells, antiviral testing at these concentrations was performed. SARS-CoV-2 virions were exposed to Si3N4at these concentrations for 1, 5, or 10 minutes. Following Si3N4exposure, the infectious virus remaining in each solution was determined through plaque assay. At each timepoint, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected and filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. The clarified supernatant was used to perform plaque assay in duplicate. Virus processed in parallel but only exposed to cell culture media contained 4.2×103PFU/mL. SARS-CoV-2 titers were reduced when exposed to all concentrations of Si3N4 tested (FIGS.25A and25B). The inhibition was dose-dependent with SARS-CoV-2 exposed for 1 minute and 5% Si3N4having reduced viral titers by ˜0.8 log10, 10% Si3N4by ˜1.2 log10, 15% Si3N4by 1.4 log10, and 20% Si3N4by 1.7 log10(FIG.25A). Similar results were observed with the 5 and 10 minute samples. This reduction in viral titers corresponded to 85% viral inhibition at 5% Si3N4, 93% at 10% Si3N4, 96% at 15% Si3N4, and 98% viral inhibition at 20% Si3N4(FIG.25B). Higher Si3N4concentrations for longer times resulted in increased inhibition—leading to 99.6% viral inhibition at 20% Si3N4and 10 minute exposure (FIG.25B). These data indicate that Si3N4has a strong antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2. The surprising finding was that a one-minute exposure to a 5% solution of Si3N4resulted in 85% inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, while Vero cell viability was minimally impacted even after a 48 hour exposure to a 20% concentration of the same material. Example 8: Embedding Silicon Nitride in Fabric Pretreatment Two sequential steps were performed for pretreatment. In the first step, a segment of the scrim was precleaned by agitating it in a heated covered tank containing deionized water (90° C.≤T≤100° C.) for 10 minutes. After cleaning, the scrim was air dried. This step tends to remove organic chemicals used in manufacturing the fabric along with loosely adherent contamination due to transportation and storage. Use of a detergent was avoided to prevent interference with the coupling agent. In the second step, the fabric was submerged into a room-temperature water-bath under agitation. Due to its hydrophobic nature, the scrim has to be held under water. This was done by placing the fabric in a covered 304 stainless steel basket. An organic surfactant (i.e., coupling agent) was added to the bath. The surfactant used was n-dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB). The amount of DTAB that was added is based on the weight of the scrim to be treated using the following calculation: Weight of DTAB (g)=Weight of Scrim (g)×1.73. After adding the DTAB, the bath temperature was increased to 100° C. (boiling) and held at this temperature for 30 minutes. The scrim was then removed from the bath and laid flat in a circulating air oven at 110° C. for 10 minutes to dry. Embedding Process The embedding process employed three process steps. The first step involved preparation of a dispersion of the Si3N4powder in deionized water. This was accomplished by weighing and discharging the water, an organic dispersant, and the Si3N4into a vibratory or ball mill and agitating the constituents for a minimum of 30 minutes. The dispersion may also be effected using a high-intensity shear mixer (i.e., propeller action) for about the same length of time. The composition of the dispersion was as follows (based on ˜1 liter batch size): 210.0 g Si3N4powder, 2.1 g Dolapix A88 Dispersant, and 790.0 g Deionized Water. The second step involved siphoning the Si3N4dispersion (i.e., slurry) into a handheld HTE compliant spray gun and manually applying it evenly to one side of the pretreated fabric at a pressure of about 30 psi (2.1 bar, 210 kPa) and an application rate of about 0.45 ml/cm2at a distance of about 0.5 meter. After air drying for about 10 minutes, the opposite side of the scrim was then coated in the same manner. The spraying process was then repeated a second time (i.e., two applications per side). The third step involved submerging the coated scrim into the residual Si3N4slurry within a Branson laboratory ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes at a temperature of 65° C.≤T≤75° C. and a power setting of about 60 W and 20 kHz. Afterwards, the fabric was put through a wringer to remove excess slurry and placed flat in a drying oven at ˜110° C. for about 10 minutes. Thermal Bonding Bonding of the Si3N4particles to the scrim was accomplished by laying single sheets of the fabric between two precision heavy stainless steel plates within an oven at a temperature of 145° C. for 90 minutes. The process created about 0.1 psi (˜0.7 kPa) of pressure on the fabric. This pressure was critically important to force embedding of the Si3N4particles into the polypropylene fibers. The plates containing the fabric were then removed from the oven and allowed to cool to room temperature. Washing and Rinsing Rinsing was an important step. It removed non-bonded Si3N4particles from the fabric. This was accomplished in a two-step operation. The first step involved washing the embedded scrim in deionized water using a non-ionic surfactant within a Branson laboratory ultrasonic bath operating at a power setting of about 60 W and 20 kHz. The composition of this wash step was as follows (based on a 1 liter batch size): 10.0 g Triton X-100 Surfactant and 990.0 g Deionized Water. After the wash bath was prepared, the fabric was submerged and sonicated at 60° C.≤T≤70° C. for five minutes. The scrim was then pulled through a wringer to remove excess liquid. The second step involved rinsing the scrim in clean deionized water. This was also accomplished in the ultrasonic bath at 60° C.≤T≤70° C. at a power setting of about 60 W and 20 kHz for five minutes. Repetitive rinse cycles were often conducted until the rinse water was clear. Drying The cleaned and rinsed fabric was dried by simply laying it flat on a drying oven rack for approximately 10 minutes at about 110° C. Having described several embodiments, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. Additionally, a number of well-known processes and elements have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the presently disclosed embodiments teach by way of example and not by limitation. Therefore, the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.

11857002

Like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout. DETAILED DESCRIPTION This document describes improved designs of surgical gowns. A surgical gown100with some “pockets” as anchors (such as exemplified inFIG.1), could provide literally a storage area that could provide the Assistants rapid access to their needs (forceps/scissors or such small items) and greatly obviate the need for almost 30-80% of the back and forth moves that occur between an Assistant and the CST. The inventors believe this would greatly improve the efficiency during a surgical procedure. The inventive concepts and designs of the surgical gowns described herein may also have broader applicability in other areas of clinical and laboratory medicine as well as other industries beyond medicine—where convenience and improved efficiency are worthy and desired goals. Referring toFIG.1, the example surgical gown100can include one or more holsters, rings, and/or belt loops (collectively referred henceforth as “loops110”) and one or more pockets120. In some embodiments, the loops110and/or the pockets120are both made of flexible material such as fabric. The loops110and/or the pockets120are designed to hold instruments such as forceps/pickups and scissors or other simple, narrow instruments (the “instruments”). In some embodiments, these surgical gowns100are disposable—unlike the cloth gowns. In some embodiments, the gowns100can be reusable. The size (width and length), position and angle of the pockets120and/or loops110can be selected as needed for optimal access, ease and sterility. The loops110are somewhat similar in configuration as those on trousers that hold belts (belt loops). These can be in place of the pockets120, or supplement the pockets120as additional guides and anchors for the instruments. The loops110can be made in various sizes. A single gown100can have loops110of various sizes. In some embodiments, the loops110are made of an elastic. In some embodiments, two or more loops110are arranged in alignment with each other so that a single instrument will be held by the two or more aligned loops110. In some embodiments, the pockets120can be free-standing by themselves or be supplemented with the loops110, as mentioned above—or in various combinations. The goals of the pockets120and loops110are to hold the instruments and to promote easy and rapid access to the instruments for the surgeon and surgical assistants. This can greatly promote the surgical efficiency at multiple levels during a procedure for the entire surgical team. The instruments are secured in a stable fashion, e.g., to prevent “floating” of the instruments in situations such as a leaning position. The tips of the instruments are kept protected as much as possible. Sterility is also safe-guarded. In some embodiments, the open tops of the pockets120can have a closure, such as a hook and loop closure, an elastic band, or a purse string. The pockets120can be located at various locations on the gown100. For example, one or more pockets can be located on the sleeves (above and/or below the elbow), bodice (upper torso area), sides, and/or legs of the gown100. The pockets120can have various shapes and may extend from a top portion120aof each pocket to a bottom portion120bof each pocket. In one aspect, each pocket may include a top portion120c, which may form the outer portion or front of the pocket when the gown is in an in-use orientation and a bottom portion120dwhich may form the inner portion or back of the pocket. In one aspect the bottom portion120dmay be directly connected to or part of the patch130. Each pocket120may include pocket edges or a series of pocket borders or edges. The pocket borders or edges may include a right pocket border or edge123, a left pocket border or edge122, and a bottom pocket border or edge121. The gown100can have pockets120with various shapes. Alternatively, in some embodiments all of the pockets120have the same shape on a gown100. In some embodiments, one or more of the pockets120can be specifically shaped to contain a particular type of instrument. In some embodiments, the pocket120can comprise a mesh material, transparent material, and/or elastic material. The pockets120and/or loops110can be attached directly on the gown100when the gown100is manufactured. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments a separate patch130of fabric that includes one or more loops110and/or one or more pockets120can be attached to the gown100after the manufacturing of the gown100. Such a separate, attachable patch130could be made in various shapes such as, but not limited to, square, rectangular, circular, and elliptical. An attachable patch130can be delivered together with the gown100as a system, or purchased/available separately from the gown100. The base material of the attachable patch130can have an adhesive back that could then be attached onto the gown100“on demand” in the O.R. as needed. As an alternative to adhesive attachment, in some embodiments the attachable patch130can be attached to the gown100using hook and loop fastener(s), zipper(s), ties, and the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the attachable patch130can come pre-secured and sealed to the gown100during manufacturing for greater weight-bearing security. While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described herein as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system modules and components in the embodiments described herein should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products. Particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanying FIGURES do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results.

11857003

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The subject matter of the present invention is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the disclosed or claimed subject matter might also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, although the terms “step” and/or “block” might be used herein to connote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly stated. Aspects herein are directed to an apparel item having integrated features and/or structures that are configured to promote thermo-regulation over a wide range of environmental conditions. As such, the apparel item described herein is well-suited for athletes who often train in diverse weather conditions. One way of realizing thermo-regulation is by promoting heat retention during rest and/or cooler conditions and optimizing the amount of evaporative heat transfer experienced by the wearer (e.g., the removal of heat due to evaporation of sweat on the wearer's skin) during exercise and/or during hot conditions. In exemplary aspects, evaporative heat transfer may be optimized by utilizing features and/or structures to achieve a predefined level of “openness” or permeability in the apparel item, utilizing venting structures that are strategically located on the apparel item to optimize opportunities for capturing and funneling air into the apparel item, and/or utilizing features and/or structures to create a predefined level of stand-off between the apparel item and the wearer's body surface so that air can effectively circulate. Continuing, to help promote heat retention during rest and/or cooler conditions, some or all of the features and/or structures described herein may be configured to transition from a first active state to a second resting state when the wearer is no longer active to help the wearer retain body heat. In one example, openings or perforations in the apparel item may transition from an open state to a closed state to decrease the percent openness of the apparel item. Venting structures may transition from an open state to a closed state to decrease the amount of air entering the apparel item. In yet another example, the amount of stand-off produced by structures described herein may decrease. The transitions described may occur in response to, for instance, a drop in body temperature or a decrease in perspiration, and/or in response to a decrease in wearer movement. As used throughout this disclosure, the term “openness” may comprise the percentage of surface area of an apparel item that is comprised of engineered perforations or openings excluding, for instance, sleeve openings, a neckline opening, and a waist opening when the apparel item is in the form of a top, and leg openings and a waist opening when the apparel item is in the form of a short or pant. In exemplary aspects, apparel items described herein may be configured to have an openness between, for instance, 20% to 45% although values above and below these are contemplated. By having a predetermined amount of openness created by utilizing features and structures described herein, a large volume of air can enter and leave the apparel item thereby helping to promote evaporative heat transfer. For instance, the percent openness of the apparel item may be configured to achieve an air permeability in the range of 100 cubic feet per minute (CFM) to 1200 CFM, 300 CFM to 1100 CFM, or 600 CFM to 1000 CFM as measured at 125 Pa, although levels of air permeability above and below these values are contemplated herein. For instance, a lower level of air permeability may be desired when the apparel item is to be used in cooler weather conditions. On the other hand, when the apparel item is configured for warm weather conditions or intense training, it may be desirable to achieve a level of openness that is generally mimics that achieved by a wearer not wearing an apparel item (i.e., the wearer in a nude condition). The term stand-off as used herein relates to features and/or structures located on an inner-facing of the apparel item that extend in the z-direction with respect to the inner-facing surface of the apparel item towards a wearer's body surface when the apparel item is worn. To put it another way, the stand-off features and/or structures help to space apart the inner-facing surface of the apparel item from the wearer's body surface to create a predetermined volume of space through which air can circulate and help cool the wearer by promoting, for instance, evaporative heat transfer. To be effective in promoting evaporative heat transfer, the amount of stand-off may be between, for instance, 2.5 mm and 7 mm or between 4 mm and 6 mm. Moreover, to help achieve adequate heat dissipation, it is contemplated herein, that stand-off features or structures may comprise at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or 80% of the inner-facing surface of the apparel item. As used throughout this disclosure, the term “vent” or “venting structure” implies some type of opening extending from an inner-facing surface of the apparel item to an outer-facing surface of the apparel item that forms a fluid communication path between an environment outside of the apparel item and an environment internal to the apparel item. It may also mean a specific configuration optimized to capture air flowing over the apparel item. For example, venting structures described herein may assume a “scoop-like” shape that helps to trap air traveling over the apparel item. The venting structures may be strategically positioned on the apparel item based on, for instance, air flow maps and/or air pressure maps of the human body. By strategically positioning the venting structures, the opportunities to catch and funnel air into the apparel item are optimized. For example, the venting structures may be located on the front and back surfaces of the apparel item where they can act as inflow vents. These areas are typically associated with high amounts of air flow and/or experience greater air pressure as indicated by air flow maps and/or air pressure maps of the human body. The venting structures may also be located on the sides of the apparel item and/or at the shoulder areas of the apparel item where they can act as outflow vents. These areas are typically associated with lower amounts of air flow and/or experience less air pressure as indicated by air flow maps and/or air pressure maps. Accordingly, aspects herein are directed to an apparel item comprising at least one textile element having a plurality of openings extending therethrough such that between 20% to 45% of the surface area of the textile element comprises the plurality of openings, and one or more stand-off structures located on an inner-facing surface of the apparel item and extending in a z-direction with respect to the surface plane of the apparel item, where at least a portion of the plurality of stand-off structures having a height between 2.5 mm and 6 mm. As used throughout this disclosure, the term “apparel item” is meant to encompass any number of different articles worn by an athlete during training such as, for example, shirts, pants, vests, hats, socks, jackets, and the like. Further, directional terms as used throughout this disclosure such as upper, lower, superior inferior, lateral, medial, and the like are generally used with respect to the apparel item being in an as-worn configuration by a hypothetical wearer standing in anatomical position. When describing features such as stand-off, the surface plane of the apparel item is assumed to be generally along an x, y plane such that the stand-off occurs in a positive or negative z-direction with respect to the x, y plane. Continuing, unless indicated otherwise, terms such as “affixed,” “secured,” “coupled,” and the like may mean releasably-affixed or permanently secured and may encompass known affixing technologies such as stitching, bonding, snaps, buttons, hooks, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners, welding, use of adhesives, and the like. The term “trim piece” as used herein may comprise any structure that is incorporated into the exemplary apparel items described herein. For example, a trim piece may comprise a structure that is formed in a manufacturing process that is separate from that used to form the apparel item, and then is incorporated into the apparel item. The apparel items described herein may be formed of knitted, woven, or non-woven fabrics. Additionally, as used throughout this disclosure, the term “textile material” means any knitted, woven, or non-woven textile or cloth consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibers. The textile material may be formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, felting, braiding, and the like. The term “textile segment” as used herein may comprise any portion of the textile material that has been partially incised from the textile material but yet retains some type of connection to the textile material. For example, a textile segment may be partially incised from the textile material such that one or more portions of the textile segment remain attached to the textile material. Additionally, apparel items described herein may incorporate one or more trim pieces. In some exemplary aspects, the entirety of an apparel item, or portions thereof, may be formed of fabrics that exhibit a high degree of air permeability (e.g., fabrics having cubic feet/meter (CFM) values or ratings of 100 or above) to facilitate the movement of air in and out of the apparel item. It is also contemplated, that the entirety of an apparel item, or portions thereof, may be formed of fabrics that may exhibit low air-permeability characteristics (e.g., fabrics having CFM values or ratings of 100 or below). By forming the apparel item (or portions thereof) of a fabric(s) having low air-permeability characteristics, ambient air that is funneled into the apparel item may be retained in the apparel item for longer periods of time. This, in turn, may promote, for instance, increased opportunities for evaporative heat transfer. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. Additionally, the entirety of the apparel items described herein, or one or more portions of the apparel item may be formed of fabrics exhibiting moisture-management properties (i.e., a fabric that has the ability to transport moisture from an inner-facing surface of the fabric to an outer-facing surface of the fabric where it can evaporate). Alternatively, the entirety of the apparel item or one or more portions thereof may be formed in whole or in part from yarns that exhibit low rates of water/sweat absorption such as, for example, polyester yarns. By using yarns that exhibit low rates of water/sweat absorption, the wearer's perspiration is more likely to remain on the wearer's skin surface which can lead to a greater evaporative heat transfer when air circulates in the stand-off space between the inner-facing surface of the apparel item and the wearer's skin surface. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. Features and/or structures that help to contribute to the openness, venting and/or stand-off of the exemplary apparel items described herein will be described below under their own headings. However, although described separately, it is to be understood that some or all of the features and/or structures described herein may work in combination with each other to help achieve a desired level of openness, venting, and/or stand-off. Engineered Perforations Exemplary apparel items described herein may utilize engineered perforations to achieve a predetermined level of openness and/or to act as venting structures. As opposed to more traditional mesh-like fabrics where the openings or perforations are formed through the actual knitting (or weaving) process (e.g., openings created by loosely knitting or weaving a material), engineered perforations may be formed by, for instance removing portions of the apparel item to create perforations. In some instances, this may occur by mechanically incising the material forming the apparel item to create perforations, or by utilizing melt-away or dissolvable yarns to create the perforations, and the like. Engineering the perforations as described enables the creation of a larger number of perforations and/or larger-diameter perforations as well as the ability to strategically locate the perforations on the apparel item. This is opposed to traditional mesh-like fabrics where the size, location, and potentially the number of the mesh openings are limited by typical knitting or weaving processes. Turning now toFIG.1, a front perspective view of an exemplary apparel item100configured to promote thermo-regulation is illustrated in accordance with aspects herein. In exemplary aspects, the apparel item100may comprise at least a front panel110and a back panel (shown inFIG.2as indicated by reference numeral210), that together help to define at least in part a neckline opening112, a right sleeve opening (not shown because of the perspective view), a left sleeve opening114, and a waist opening116. The vented apparel item100may further comprise optional sleeve portions (not shown). Although the apparel item100is described as having a front panel110and a back panel210, it is contemplated herein that the apparel item100may be formed from a unitary panel (e.g., through a circular knitting, flat knitting, or weaving process) or from one or more additional panels affixed together at one or more seams. Although the apparel item100is depicted as a sleeveless shirt, it is contemplated that the apparel item100may take the form of a shirt with cap or one-quarter sleeves, a shirt having full-lengths sleeves, three-quarter sleeves, a jacket, a hoodie, a zip-up shirt or jacket, pants, shorts, socks, a hat, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. The description of the apparel item100regarding, for instance, the optional sleeve portions, the sleeve openings, the neckline and waist openings, and the different configurations (jacket, sock, hat, etc.) is equally applicable to the other apparel items described herein. As shown inFIG.1, the apparel item100comprises a plurality of perforations120that extend through the thickness of the front panel110such that they form a fluid communication path between the environment outside the apparel item100and the interior of the apparel item100(as used throughout this disclosure, the term “fluid” may comprise air, gases, liquids, and the like). In exemplary aspects, the perforations120may comprise generally at least 1% up to at least 60% of the surface area of the front panel110although it is contemplated herein that the perforations120may comprise more than 60% of the surface area of the front panel110. In one exemplary aspect, the perforations120may comprise between 20% to 45% of the surface area of the front panel110. FIG.2illustrates a back perspective view of the exemplary apparel item100in accordance with aspects herein. As shown inFIG.2, the apparel item100further comprises a plurality of perforations220that extend through the thickness of the back panel210such that they form a fluid communication path between the environment outside the apparel item100and the interior of the apparel item100. In exemplary aspects, the perforations220may comprise generally at least 1% up to at least 60% of the surface area of the back panel210although it is contemplated herein that the perforations220may comprise more than 60% of the surface area of the back panel210. In one exemplary aspect, the perforations220may comprise between 20% to 45% of the surface area of the back panel210. It is contemplated herein that when the apparel item100comprises additional features such as sleeves, and/or a hood, the perforations may extend to these areas as well. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. As briefly described earlier, the perforations120and220may be formed or engineered in a variety of ways. For instance, the perforations120and220may be formed by mechanically incising the front panel110and/or the back panel210. Mechanical incision may comprise laser cutting, die cutting, ultrasonic cutting, water jet cutting, and the like. In another exemplary aspect, the perforations120and220may be created by using stimulus-responsive yarns, fibers, and/or filaments when knitting or weaving the front panel110and the back panel210. Exemplary stimuli used to activate the yarns, fibers, and/or filaments may comprise, for instance, water, sweat, moisture, chemicals, light, ultrasound, radio-frequency waves, heat, cold, and the like. During the material preparation phase, the stimulus-responsive yarns, fibers, and/or filaments may be dissolved or removed by application of the activating stimulus in selected areas to form the perforations120and220. For instance, water, light, a chemical compound, heat, or cold may be applied to selected areas to form the perforations120and220. As described above, forming the perforations120and220in this manner may enable the creation of a larger number of perforations and/or larger-diameter perforations as opposed to more traditional mesh-like fabrics. Further, by the forming the perforations120and220as described, the perforations120and220may be strategically located on the apparel item100(i.e., located in a first area but not in a second area). In other exemplary aspects, the perforations120and220may be integrally formed from the knitting or weaving process that is used to make the front panel110and the back panel210. In other words, as the front and back panels110and210are being knit and/or woven, the knitting or weaving process is modified (e.g., stitches dropped) to form the perforations120and220in select areas. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. In exemplary aspects, and as generally shown inFIGS.1and2, each of the perforations120and220may have a generally circular shape with a diameter of approximately 10 mm to 14 mm (shown inFIG.3and indicated by the reference numeral312). Although shown in a circular shape, it is contemplated herein that the perforations120and220may comprise other shapes such as, for example, squares, diamonds, hexagons, triangles, ovals, and the like. Moreover, it is contemplated herein that the perforations120and220may be formed or shaped to reflect a company's brand or logo. The perforations120and220may be aligned by column and/or row as shown inFIGS.1and2, or the perforations120and220may be randomly located on the front and back panels110and210of the apparel item100. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. Other dimensions for the perforations120and220are contemplated herein.FIGS.4-7illustrate exemplary perforation sizes in accordance with aspects herein. For instance,FIG.4depicts a plurality of perforations410each having a diameter of approximately 4 mm.FIG.5depicts a plurality of perforations510each having a diameter of approximately 6 mm.FIG.6depicts a plurality of perforations610each having a diameter of approximately 8 mm, andFIG.7depicts a plurality of perforations710each having a diameter of approximately 12 mm. It is further contemplated herein that the perforations may have dimensions different from those shown inFIGS.4-7. For instance, the perforations may have diameters anywhere between, for instance, 1.5 mm up to 16 mm. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. In exemplary aspects, the diameter of the perforations, such as the perforations120and220, is inversely proportional to the number of perforations/unit area. For example, the smaller the diameter of the perforations, the greater the number of perforations/unit area, and the larger the diameter of the perforation, the smaller the number of perforations/unit area. In each case, the diameter and/or number of the perforations/unit area is determined or selected such that the percentage of surface area of the apparel item comprising the perforations is generally between 20% and 45%. In other words, the diameter and/or number of the perforations/unit area is determined such that the percent openness of the apparel item is generally between 20% and 45%. Returning toFIGS.1-2, as shown the perforations120and220may be uniformly sized and distributed throughout the apparel item100. However, it is contemplated herein that there may be a gradation in size of the perforations and/or number of perforations/unit area throughout the apparel item100. For example, the perforations120and220may have a larger diameter and/or number/unit area when positioned towards the vertical midline of the front and back panels110and210of the apparel item100and may have a smaller diameter and/or number/unit area when positioned towards the sides or lateral margins of the apparel item100. In another example, the perforations120and220may have a smaller diameter and/or number/unit area when positioned towards the vertical midline of the apparel item100and may have a larger diameter and/or number/unit area when positioned towards the sides of the apparel item100. Other gradation patterns are contemplated herein such as smaller diameter and/or number/unit area towards the upper margins of the apparel item100and larger diameter and/or number/unit area towards the lower margins of the apparel item100, or vice versa. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. It is further contemplated herein that the location of the perforations may differ from that shown inFIGS.1and2. For instance, perforations may be arranged in bands or zones over the front, back, sides, or shoulder areas of the apparel item100. In this instance, the perforations may act as venting structures located to optimize opportunities for capturing and channeling air flowing over the front, back, and/or sides of the apparel item. In exemplary aspects, when perforations are used as venting structures, the number and/or density of the perforations may still be selected to achieve a predetermined level of openness such as, for example, between 20%-45% openness. FIGS.8A and8Bdepict front and back view respectively of an apparel item800having venting structures in the form of perforations in accordance with aspects herein. With respect toFIG.8A, the apparel item800comprises a first set of perforations810located over the front of the apparel item800in an inverted U-shaped configuration. A similarly configured second set of perforations816is positioned on the back of the apparel item800as shown inFIG.8B. The location of the perforations810and816may be based on air flow maps and air pressure maps that may indicate that these portions of the apparel item800experience a high degree of air flow (or air pressure). As such, the perforations810and816may act as inflow vents. Although shown with relatively larger-sized perforations, it is contemplated herein that smaller-sized perforations may be used such as perforations having a diameter between, for instance, 2.5 mm to 10 mm. Additional sets of perforations may optionally be located at other areas of the apparel item800such as the perforations812located along the sides of the apparel item800and/or perforations814located at the shoulder regions of the apparel item800. In exemplary aspects, since these areas are typically exposed to less air flow and/or lower air pressure, the perforations812and814may act as outflow vents allowing air within the apparel item800to exit. FIGS.9A and9Bdepict another exemplary configuration of perforations on an apparel item900in accordance with aspects herein.FIG.9A, which depicts a front view of the apparel item900, has a set of perforations910configured as a vertical band over the front of the apparel item900. Similarly,FIG.9B, which depicts a back view of the apparel item900, has a set of perforations916configured as a vertical band over the back of the apparel item900. Optional additional sets of perforations may be located over the sides of the apparel item900(perforations912) and/or over the shoulder regions of the apparel item900(perforations914). Similar to the apparel item900, the perforations910,912,914, and916may comprise different sizes than those shown. FIG.10depicts yet another alternative configuration for the perforations in accordance with aspects herein.FIG.10illustrates a front view of an apparel item1000having a first vertical band of perforations1010located on a right side of the apparel item1000, and a second vertical band of perforations1012on a left side of the apparel item1000. The apparel item1000may optionally comprise perforations located at the shoulder regions and/or the side regions. A back view of the apparel item1000may comprise perforations having a similar configuration as those shown on the front (e.g., two vertical bands), or the back of the apparel item1000may comprise perforations configured in a different pattern such as that shown inFIG.8BorFIG.9B. It is contemplated herein that additional configurations for the perforations may be used herein. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. Perforations, such as the engineered perforations described herein, may also be utilized on socks and/or protective apparel such as shin guards, thigh pads, shoulder pads, and the like. Using shin guards as an example, engineered perforations may be located along the length of the shin guard to facilitate air flow between the interior of the shin guard and the environment external to the shin guard. In one exemplary configuration, perforations may be located along the length of the shin guard on either side of a hypothetical vertical midline that bisects the shin guard into generally equal right and left halves with respect to the shin guard being in an as-worn configuration. This is just one exemplary configuration, and it is contemplated that the engineered perforations may be positioned at other locations on the exemplary shin guard. Turning back toFIGS.1and2, the gradation pattern, the diameter and/or number/unit area, and/or the location of the perforations120and220may also be dependent upon, for instance, heat maps, sweat maps, and/or contact maps (maps of how the apparel item100contacts the wearer's body) of the human body. As an example, the perforations120and220may be concentrated in areas of the apparel item100that are positioned adjacent to high heat or sweat-producing areas when the apparel item100is worn. Further, the gradation pattern, the diameter, the number/unit area, and/or the location of the perforations120and220may also be dependent upon what sport or athletic activity the apparel item100is intended to be utilized. As an example, for athletic activities such as running, air typically flows over the front of the wearer. Thus, by positioning a greater number, larger diameter, and/or a larger number/unit area of perforations over the front of the apparel item100and a smaller number, smaller diameter, and/or small number/unit area of perforations over the sides and/or shoulder areas of the apparel item100, air flowing into the apparel item100may be optimized. For athletic activities such as basketball that involve a lot of forward running and backward running, a larger number, larger diameter, and/or larger number/unit area of perforations may be positioned over the front and the back of the apparel item100and a smaller number, smaller diameter, and/or small number/unit area of perforations may be positioned over the sides and/or shoulder areas of the apparel item100. When it is contemplated that the apparel item100will be utilized in cooler environmental conditions, the number, diameter, and/or number/unit area of the perforations120and220may be reduced to decrease the percent openness of the apparel item100. In another example, the perforations120and220may be located at areas of the apparel item100that are not exposed to significant air flow during exercise such as primarily along the sides of the apparel item100. In one exemplary aspect, the perforations120and220may be configured to dynamically transition from a closed state to an open state in response to, for instance, movements initiated by the wearer, in response to sweat or moisture produced by the wearer, in response to increases in ambient temperature, in response to increases in the wearer's body temperature, and the like. This is useful because when an athlete is at rest, the athlete often desires to retain body heat so as to keep her muscles warm. However, when the athlete starts generating heat due to exercise, it is beneficial to dissipate this heat so that the athlete can exercise in optimal temperature ranges. For instance, the apparel item100may be configured to transition from near zero percent openness to, for instance, openness in the range of 20%-45% in response to wearer movement or other stimuli thus allowing the apparel item100to be used in a wide variety of environmental conditions. In one example, a material (e.g., a laminate) may be applied to the perimeter of the perforations, where the material may comprise, for instance, a shape memory polymer (SMP). The SMP material may be programmed to have a first shape at a first temperature or moisture level and a second shape at a second temperature or moisture level. Thus, when predetermined temperature and/or moisture levels are reached, the SMP material may change shape causing the perforations to transition from a closed state to an open state. Once the temperature and/or moisture levels drop below the predetermined level, the SMP material may change back to its first shape transitioning the perforations back to a closed state. In another example, an adaptive yarn may be used to form all or part of the apparel item, where the adaptive yarn transforms dimensionally when exposed to different stimuli such as, for instance, temperature or moisture. For instance, the adaptive yarn may be concentrated on one surface of the apparel item and a dimensionally stable yarn may be concentrated on a second opposite surface of the apparel item. A series of slits may be formed in the apparel item, where the slits remain in a relatively closed state when the wearer is in a resting state. However, upon exposure to a stimulus (e.g., moisture, heat), the adaptive yarn may increase in size. The increase in size of the yarn may be constrained by the dimensionally stable yarn thus causing the slits to curl toward the dimensionally stable second surface creating an opening or perforation through which air can travel. In yet another example, the apparel item may be formed of a composite material having a first surface material comprising a series of perforations that is coupled by a responsive material to a second surface material also having perforations. In exemplary aspects, the first surface material may comprise an outer-facing surface of the apparel item, and the second surface material may comprise an inner-facing surface of the apparel item. Further, the responsive material may comprise a shape memory polymer. The responsive material may respond to different stimuli such as temperature and/or moisture by contracting or expanding. This contraction or expansion may cause a planar shifting of the first and second surface materials, which, in turn, may cause the perforations in each of the two layers to align or become offset from one another thus dynamically opening and closing the perforations. As described, the exemplary apparel item may utilize engineered perforations to achieve a predetermined level of openness. The level of openness may be selected to allow relatively large volumes of air to enter the apparel item and to help cool the wearer by promoting evaporative heat transfer. Alternatively, the level of openness may be selected to help retain heat during rest and/or during training in cooler weather conditions. Moreover, the exemplary apparel item described herein may utilize engineered perforations as venting structures. The perforations may be strategically located at portions of the apparel item that are exposed to high air flow. The perforations, in this aspect, may help to capture and funnel air into the apparel item where the air may facilitate evaporative heat transfer. Honeycomb Structure Apparel items described herein may utilize a honeycomb structure comprising a latticework of holes or perforations formed in a material, where the holes or perforations dynamically open and close in response to tensioning forces generated by a wearer of the apparel item. When in an open state, the latticework of holes acts to increase the openness of the apparel item. Further, the honeycomb structure may act as a venting structure when located on the apparel item in areas that experience high air flow. FIGS.11A and11Bdepict an exemplary honeycomb structure located on a portion of a textile1100. In exemplary aspects, the textile1100may be used to form at least a portion of an apparel item. In exemplary aspects, the textile1100may include an insert in the form of, for example, a trim piece1112.FIG.11Adepicts the trim piece1112having at least a first opening edge1114and a second opening edge1116spaced apart from the first opening edge1114to form a slit-type opening1118. The slit-type opening1118is shown in a closed state with respect toFIG.11Aand in an open state with respect toFIG.11B. The trim piece1112may be incorporated into the textile1100by incising or removing a portion of the textile1100and inserting and affixing the trim piece1112within the resulting space. In another aspect, the trim piece1112may be positioned between two adjoining panels of an apparel item. For instance, the trim piece1112may be inserted at a seam line between different panels that form the apparel item. In still another example, the honeycomb structure shown inFIGS.11A and11Bmay comprise an integral part of the apparel item. For instance, the honeycomb structure may be integrally formed by, for instance, modifying or altering a knitting or weaving process used to form the apparel item. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. FIG.11Adepicts the textile1100in a resting state. In other words,FIG.11Adepicts the textile1100before any tensioning forces are applied.FIG.11Bdepicts the textile1100after tensioning forces1120are applied. In exemplary aspects, the slit-type opening1118is oriented on the textile1100such that the tensioning forces1120commonly generated by a wearer exercising are generally perpendicular to the long-axis of the slit-type opening1118. The tensioning forces1120may be initiated, in exemplary aspects, upon the wearer beginning an exercise movement. The tensioning forces1120help to draw the first opening edge1114away from the second opening edge1116thereby causing the slit-type opening1118to expand and expose openings1110. Once exposed, ambient air can travel through the textile1100via the openings1110. Thus, as seen, when the trim piece1112is in an open state, the openings1110help to increase the percent openness of the apparel item in which the trim piece1112is incorporated. In exemplary aspects, the openings1110may be formed in a honeycomb-type pattern as shown inFIG.11Busing a material that exhibits a degree of resiliency such that the material returns to its resting state when the tensioning forces1120are removed (e.g., when the wearer stops exercising). The tendency of the material to return to its resting state helps to bias the first opening edge1114and the second opening edge1116back toward each other thereby closing the trim piece1112. By transitioning back to a closed state when the tensioning forces1120are removed, the percent openness of the apparel item may be reduced and the apparel item may be better suited to retain body heat produced by the wearer. As mentioned, the honeycomb structure described herein may also be used as a venting structure. For example,FIG.11Cdepicts an apparel item1150having a number of different honeycomb structures in the form of trim pieces. For instance, trim piece1152is positioned at a front midline of the apparel item1150, and trim pieces1154and1156are positioned along the sides of the apparel item1150. More specifically, the trim pieces1154and1156are diagonally oriented from a superior-medial aspect of the apparel item1150to an inferior-lateral aspect of the apparel item1150along the front of the apparel item1150. Although shown as inserts, it is contemplated herein that the honeycomb structures may be integrally formed from the material used to form the apparel item1150. The location of the trim pieces1152,1154, and1156may be based on, for example, air flow maps and/or air pressure maps of the human body and may further be based on the direction of tensioning forces produced by a wearer during exercise. For instance, the front of a wearer often experiences high air flow during exercise. Moreover, this location may be subject to tensioning forces as the wearer exercises. By positioning the trim pieces1152,1154, and1156along the vertical midline and sides of the apparel item1150, for example, the tensioning forces produced by the wearer may transition the trim pieces1152,1154, and1156from a closed state to an open state. Because of the trim pieces' positioning in a high air flow location, the opportunity to catch and funnel air into the apparel item1150is enhanced. The location of the trim pieces1152,1154, and1156is exemplary only and it is contemplated herein that the trim pieces1152,1154, and1156may be positioned at other locations based on, for example, air flow or air pressure maps (e.g., the back of the apparel item1150or along the shoulders of the apparel item1150). Moreover, the number of trim pieces is exemplary only and it is contemplated herein that there may be more or fewer trim pieces than those shown. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. As described, the honeycomb structure may act to increase the openness of an apparel item and/or act as a venting structure. The ability of the honeycomb structure to transition from a closed state to an open state in response to tensioning forces helps the wearer to dissipate heat when exercising and retain heat while at rest. Stand-Off Nodes Apparel items described herein may utilize stand-off nodes or structures located on an inner-facing surface of the apparel item and extending in a z-direction with respect to the surface plane of the apparel item to provide a space between the apparel item and the wearer's body surface in which air can effectively circulate and cool the wearer. The stand-off nodes or structures may also be formed in a separate processing step and be subsequently applied to the exemplary apparel item, and/or the stand-off nodes or structures may be formed using one or more finishings or treatments applied to the apparel item. When formed in a separate processing step and subsequently applied to the apparel item, the stand-off nodes may be formed from a polyurethane material, a thermoplastic polyurethane material, a silicone material, a reactive or adaptive material, a laser cut spacer mesh material, a foam material, and the like. The stand-off nodes may then be applied to the inner-facing surface of the apparel item via a heat transfer process, an adhesive, ultrasonic welding, mechanically affixing (e.g., stitching), and the like. In one exemplary aspect, the stand-off nodes may be applied to one or more panels of material, and the panels of material may then be incorporated into the apparel item. When the stand-off nodes are formed from a reactive or adaptive material, such as a shape memory polymer, the stand-off nodes may dynamically transition from a not-present state to a present-state, and/or a low-height state to a high-height state, in response to different stimuli such as moisture, sweat, light, heat, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. With respect to forming the stand-off nodes via one or more finishings or treatments applied to the apparel item, it is contemplated herein that the stand-off nodes may comprise a printable ink applied to the apparel item that swells or enlarges in response to a stimulus such as water, a puff adhesive transfer, an embroidery pattern, a foam material, a puff ink, flocking, and the like. One exemplary treatment or finishing comprises a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ink (such as polygum RP5 produced by Unikasei of Kyoto, Japan) that is applied to a textile material, cured, and then washed off. It has been found that the application of the PVA ink causes a permanent deformation in the textile material that is maintained even after the PVA ink is washed off. The “deformed” areas may comprise stand-off nodes. With respect to the different finishings or treatments described herein, the finishing or treatment may comprise a material that is capable of transitioning from a first state to a second state in response to different stimuli thereby causing the stand-off nodes to dynamically transition from a not-present state to a present-state, and/or a low-height state to a high-height state. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. In one exemplary aspect, and as shown inFIGS.55A and55B, a hydrophilic coating may be applied to one surface of a textile material5500in an exemplary pattern5510in accordance with aspects herein. When the textile material5500is incorporated into a garment, such as an upper torso garment, the pattern5510may be positioned on an inner-facing surface of the garment. Further, the pattern5510may extend over an entirety of at least the torso portion of the garment, or the pattern5510may be limited to one or more areas generally known to be associated with high cling based on, for instance, cling maps of the human body. Exemplary locations may comprise the upper chest region and/or the side regions of the garment. The pattern5510shown inFIGS.55A and55Bis exemplary only, and it is contemplated that the hydrophilic coating may be applied in other patterns in accordance with aspects herein. With respect toFIG.55A, the pattern5510is shown in a first state, where the first state comprises one in which the textile material5500has not been exposed to moisture (e.g., water, sweat, and the like). As shown, the pattern5510extends in the z-direction with respect to the surface plane of the textile material5500by a first amount5512. With respect toFIG.55B, the pattern5510is shown in a second state, where the second state comprises one in which the textile material5500has been exposed to moisture. In this figure, the pattern5510extends in the z-direction a second amount5514that is greater than the first amount5512. In other words, in response to moisture, the pattern5510swells or enlarges via the absorption of, for instance, water, to further extend away from the surface plan of the textile material5500to form stand-off structures. Thus, when the textile material5500is incorporated into a garment worn by a wearer, the pattern5510would dynamically change based on moisture (e.g., sweat) produced by the wearer. When the wearer begins sweating, the pattern5510would transition from the first state to the second state, and when the wearer is no longer sweating, and the garment begins drying, the pattern5510would transition back to the first state. FIGS.12-16depict close-up views of exemplary stand-off nodes in accordance with aspects herein. The stand-off nodes shown in these figures may be formed from any of the processes described above. With respect toFIG.12, a series of stand-off nodes1200are shown. The discussion regardingFIG.12is equally applicable to any of the stand-off nodes shown in, for example,FIGS.13-16. In exemplary aspects, each stand-off node1200may have a height (H)1210between 2.5 mm and 8 mm, between 3 mm and 7 mm, or between 4 mm and 6 mm, although heights above and below these values are contemplated herein. Spacing (D)1212between adjacent nodes1200may, in exemplary aspect, be equal to or greater than twice the height1210of the nodes1200(e.g., D≥2H). Continuing, each node1200may have a diameter or width (T) that is less than or equal to one-tenth, one-half, or one-third the distance1212between adjacent nodes1200(e.g., T≤D/10 or D/5 or D/3). The nodes1200may be in linear alignment by rows and columns as shown inFIG.12, or the nodes1200may be arranged in a staggered pattern. By configuring the stand-off nodes1200to have the height (H)1210described herein, a sufficient-sized space or void is created between the inner-facing surface of the apparel item and the wearer's skin to allow air to freely circulate. When the stand-off nodes1200have a height less than, for instance, 2.0 mm, air movement may be minimized. In some instances, this may be useful to achieve an insulating effect. To put it another way, a smaller height for the stand-off nodes1200may be selected, such as, for example, 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, to achieve an insulating effect. Continuing, by spacing the stand-off nodes1200by the distance (D)1212described herein, air circulation may be further enhanced. For instance, if the stand-off nodes1200were spaced closely together, the stand-off nodes1200may resist or block air flow. Moreover, by configuring the stand-off nodes1200to have the diameter or width (T)1214described herein, the stand-off nodes1200may be sized such that they do not block air flow. Thus, the height, spacing, and width of the stand-off nodes1200are selected to achieve an optimal air flow pattern that contributes to heat-dissipating characteristics of the apparel item. Further, as explained above, when the stand-off nodes are formed using adaptive yarns or fibers, the dimensions associated with the stand-off nodes such as height, width, and/or spacing may dynamically change in response to the presence or absence of stimuli or in response to a level or intensity of the stimuli. Air pressure maps, air flow maps, sweat maps, and contact maps of the human body may be used to guide the location of the nodes1200. For example, when the apparel item is in the form of a shirt, the nodes1200may be concentrated in areas of the apparel item known to have a high amount of contact with the wearer's skin such as the sides of the apparel item, and/or the center front or center back of the apparel item. By locating the nodes1200in these areas, the perception of cling may be reduced. The nodes1200may further be located in areas of the apparel item that are positioned adjacent to portions of the wearer's torso that experience a high degree of air flow or air pressure and/or experience a high degree of sweating. An example of this is shown inFIG.17which depicts a front view of an inner-facing surface of an exemplary apparel item1700in accordance with aspects herein. The apparel item1700comprises a series of stand-off nodes1710located over the center front of the apparel item1700. When worn by a wearer, this area typically corresponds to a high heat and/or sweat-producing area. The apparel item1700further comprises sets of stand-off nodes1712located closer to the side or lateral margins of the apparel item1700. These areas may also comprise relatively high heat and/or sweat producing areas. By positioning the nodes1710and1712at locations corresponding to high heat and/or sweat-producing areas, the movement of air between the inner-facing surface of the apparel item1700and the wearer's skin may be enhanced with a resulting increase in evaporative heat transfer. It is further contemplated herein that there may be areas of the apparel item1700that do not contain stand-off nodes. For instance, when the apparel item1700is configured to be more loose-fitting, the lower front torso area of the apparel item1700may not experience a significant amount of contact with the wearer's body surface. As such, and as shown inFIG.17, this area may not have stand-off nodes, or may have a reduced number of stand-off nodes because the natural draping of the fabric automatically creates stand-off in this area. A similar pattern of stand-off nodes may be located on the inner-facing surface of the back panel of the apparel item1700. Alternatively, apparel items contemplated herein may comprise stand-off nodes located over the majority of their inner-facing surfaces. This aspect is shown inFIG.18which depicts a front view of an inner-facing surface of an exemplary apparel item1800in accordance with aspects herein. The apparel item1800comprises stand-off nodes1810located over the majority of the inner-facing front surface of the apparel item1800. A similar pattern of stand-off nodes may be located on the inner-facing surface of the back panel of the apparel item1800. This pattern may be advantageous when the apparel item1800comprises a form-fitting layer since the majority of the inner-facing surface of the apparel item1800could potentially be in contact with the wearer's body surface. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. Returning to the shin guard example discussed above with respect to the engineered perforations, stand-off nodes may also be utilized in shin guards and other types of protective equipment. The stand-off nodes may be positioned on the inner-facing surface of the shin guard such that they provide stand-off from the wearer's shin and promote needed air movement in this space. In one exemplary aspect, the stand-off nodes may extend generally along the length of the shin guard at an anterior aspect of the shin guard. Besides facilitating air flow, the stand-off nodes may also act to attenuate any impact forces applied to the shin guard. In yet another aspect, when an apparel item is contemplated as being used in colder-weather conditions, the location and size of the stand-off nodes may be adjusted to provide more of an insulating effect. For instance, the height of the stand-off nodes may be selected to be 2.0 mm or less. It has been found that resistance to evaporation may actually be increased when using stand-off nodes having a height of 2.0 mm or less as compared to apparel items not utilizing stand-off. For instance, a base shirt not having any type of venting or stand-off may exhibit a resistance to evaporation that is less than a shirt having stand-of nodes of approximately 2.0 mm. These “low-height” stand-off nodes may be positioned on the apparel item at areas needing greater insulation such as, for instance, over the front and back surfaces of the apparel item. It is also contemplated herein, that there may be a gradation in spacing and/or dimensions associated with the nodes, such as the nodes1200, when the nodes are incorporated in an apparel item. This may also be based on, for instance, air pressure maps, air flow maps, sweat maps, and contact maps of the human body. For instance, in one exemplary aspect, the nodes may have a smaller height and/or width when located closer to a venting structure, and the nodes may gradually increase in height as the distance from the venting structure increases. In another example, the nodes may be spaced more closely together when located closer to the venting structure and may be spaced further apart as the distance from the venting structure increases to minimize any impedance to air flow in this area. In yet another example, nodes having a smaller height (e.g., less than or equal to 2.0 mm) may be located in areas for which a higher level of insulation is desired, and nodes having a height greater than, for instance, 2.0 mm may be located in areas for which a greater amount of air flow is needed. These are examples only and other gradation patterns are contemplated herein. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. The stand-off nodes may have a number of exemplary shapes. For instance, with respect toFIG.12, the stand-off nodes1200comprise a generally cylindrical shape with a flat top.FIG.13depicts another shape configuration for stand-off nodes1300. In this figure, the nodes1300are cylindrical and the top of the nodes1300have more of a squared-off shape. Further, the stand-off nodes1300are shown in a staggered pattern instead of being aligned by rows and columns.FIG.14depicts cylindrical stand-off nodes1400having a rounded top. This shape configuration may minimize the surface area of the stand-off nodes that comes into contact with the wearer's skin and thus promote wearer comfort. FIG.15is a top-down view of stand-off nodes1500. While the stand-off nodes depicted inFIGS.12-14may have a circular cross-section, the stand-off nodes1500may have an ellipsoid cross-section or they may have an ovoid cross-section such as that shown for stand-off nodes1600inFIG.16. In exemplary aspects, the long axis of the stand-off nodes1500or1600may be aligned on the inner-facing surface of the apparel item such that the long axis is in the direction of air-flow (as opposed to being perpendicular to air flow) as indicated by, for instance, air flow maps of the human body. By configuring the stand-off nodes1500or1600so that their long axes are aligned with determined air flow patterns within the apparel item described herein, the air may experience less impedance or blockage due to the presence of the stand-off nodes as the air circulates in the space between the inner-facing surface of the apparel item and the wearer's skin and more effective air flow patterns may result. It is contemplated herein that the stand-off nodes may assume other exemplary shapes and/or have other cross-sectional shapes such as square, triangular, rectangular, irregular, curvilinear, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. As described, the exemplary apparel item may utilize stand-off nodes to achieve a predetermined level of stand-off. In aspects, the level of stand-off may be selected to allow relatively large volumes of air to circulate in the space between the inner-facing surface of the apparel item and the wearer's skin surface to help to cool the wearer by promoting evaporative heat transfer. In other aspects, the level of stand-off may be selected to help retain air in the space between the inner-facing surface of the apparel item and the wearer's skin surface to help insulate the wearer. Monofilament Structures Apparel items described herein may utilize a number of monofilament structures to increase the percent openness of the apparel item, act as venting structures, and/or to create stand-off. The monofilament structures may take the form of, for instance, a monofilament tape and a monofilament pipe structure. A portion of a monofilament tape, referenced generally by the numeral1900, is depicted inFIG.19Ain accordance with aspects herein. In general, the monofilament tape1900comprises a first tape edge1910that is spaced apart from a second tape edge1912. A plurality of monofilament strands1914formed from, for instance, nylon, are positioned between the first tape edge1910and the second tape edge1912such that the monofilament strands1914are evenly spaced along the length of the tape1900. As depicted inFIG.19A, the monofilament strands1914are spaced closely together with a small amount of open space left between each monofilament strand1914. The open spaces comprise a fluid communication path from a first surface of the tape1900(e.g., an outer surface) to a second surface of the tape1900(e.g., an inner surface) through which ambient air (or other gases or liquids) can travel. FIG.19Bdepicts another exemplary monofilament tape1950having a first tape edge1952spaced apart from a second tape edge1954by monofilament strands1956. Instead of the monofilament strands1956being evenly spaced along the length of the tape1950, the monofilament strands1956are clustered into groups and larger-sized spaces1916are formed between adjacent groups. It is contemplated herein that different yarns may be intermingled with the monofilaments to increase wearer comfort when the tape1900and/or1950is incorporated into an apparel item. For instance, large denier polyester, cotton, or blended yarns may replace some of the monofilament strands to increase wearer comfort. Moreover, specialty yarns, fibers, or filaments may be intermingled with the monofilaments to provide functional properties to the monofilament tape. For example, metallic monofilaments or monofilaments having metallic-like properties may be utilized to reflect heat either away from the wearer or toward the wearer. In one exemplary aspect, when the monofilament tape is incorporated into an apparel item, the monofilament tape may act as a venting structure. In exemplary aspects, the monofilament tape may be incorporated into apparel item by positioning the tape edges between different panels of the apparel item (e.g., at a seam line) and affixing the tape edges to the panel edges. As well, the monofilament tape may be incorporated by incising a portion of the apparel item and inserting the tape edges into the incised portion and securing the tape edges by, for example, bonding, adhesives, stitching, welding, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. An exemplary apparel item2000utilizing a monofilament tape2010as a venting structure is depicted inFIGS.20and21which respectively depict front and back views of an outer-facing surface of the apparel item2000in accordance with aspects herein. As illustrated inFIG.20, the monofilament tape2010is incorporated into the front of the apparel item2000in an inverted U-shaped configuration comprising, for instance, a first segment2012, a second segment2014, and a third segment2016. The location of the different segments2012,2014, and/or2016may be based on, for instance, air flow maps and/or air pressure maps of the human body. In exemplary aspects, the first, second, and/or third segments2012,2014, and/or2016may be located in areas of high air flow and/or air pressure such that they act as inflow vents that capture air traveling over the front of the apparel item2000and funnel the air into the apparel item2000. In exemplary aspects, the first segment2012may be located on a first side of a hypothetical vertical midline2018bisecting the apparel item2000into generally equal right and left halves. The first segment2012may have a generally vertical orientation, or the first segment2012may be skewed from the vertical orientation such that it angles inwardly towards the midline2018as the vent travels towards from a top or superior edge to a bottom or inferior edge of the apparel item2000and as shown with respect toFIG.20. The skewing may reflect the natural tapering that occurs from the chest area of a wearer to the waist area of the wearer. When the apparel item2000is in an as-worn configuration, the first segment2012is configured to be positioned adjacent to a front right torso area of the wearer. Continuing, the second segment2014is generally located on a second side of the hypothetical vertical midline2018. The second segment2014may have a generally vertical orientation, or the second segment2014may be skewed from the vertical orientation such that it angles inwardly towards the midline2018as the segment2014travels from a top or superior edge towards a bottom or inferior edge of the apparel item2000to reflect the natural tapering that occurs from the chest area of the wearer to the waist area of the wearer. When the apparel item2000is in an as-worn configuration, the second segment2014is configured to be positioned generally adjacent to a front left torso area of the wearer. In an exemplary aspect, both the first and second segments2012and2014may extend to a bottom margin of the apparel item2000, and in another exemplary aspect, the first and second segments2012and2014may terminate a predetermined distance from the bottom margin of the apparel item2000. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. In exemplary aspects, the third segment2016has a generally horizontal orientation. A first end of the third segment2016is located adjacent to an upper end of the first segment2012, and a second end of the third segment2016is located adjacent to an upper end of the second segment2014. This configuration causes the third segment2016to be located generally at a top portion of the apparel item2000such that it is positioned adjacent to an upper chest area of a wearer when the apparel item2000is worn. Turning now toFIG.21, a back view of the outer-facing surface of the apparel item2000ofFIG.20is provided in accordance with aspects herein. In exemplary aspects, the back of the apparel item2000may comprise a similar inverted U-shaped configuration of monofilament tape2010. Again, this configuration may be based on, for example, air flow maps and/or air pressure maps of the human body. For example, in some exercise situations that may involve a wearer running backward (e.g., soccer and basketball), air flow may be increased over the back of the wearer. By positioning the monofilament tape2010tape in this area, opportunities for capturing and funneling this air flow may be increased. In exemplary aspects, the U-shaped configuration may comprise a fourth segment2112, a fifth segment2114, and/or a sixth segment2116. In exemplary aspects, the fourth segment2112is located at the first side of the vertical midline2018. The fourth segment2112may have a generally vertical orientation, or the fourth segment2112may be skewed from the vertical orientation such that it angles inwardly towards the vertical midline2018as the segment2112travels from a top or superior edge towards a bottom or inferior edge of the apparel item2000and reflects the natural tapering from the upper back area of the wearer to the waist area of the wearer. When the apparel item2000is in an as-worn configuration, the fourth segment2112is configured to be positioned adjacent to a back left torso area of the wearer. The fifth segment2114is located to the right of the vertical midline2018. The fifth segment2114may have a generally vertical orientation, or the fifth segment2114may be skewed from the vertical orientation such that it angles inwardly towards the midline2018as the segment2114travels from a top or superior edge towards a bottom or inferior edge of the apparel item2000and as shown with respect toFIG.21. When the apparel item2000is in an as-worn configuration, the fifth segment2114is configured to be positioned adjacent to a back right torso area of the wearer. In an exemplary aspect, both the fourth and fifth segments2112and2114may extend to a bottom margin of the apparel item2000, and in another exemplary aspect, the fourth and fifth segments2112and2114may terminate a predetermined distance from the bottom margin of the apparel item2000. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. Continuing, the sixth segment2116may have a generally horizontal orientation. In exemplary aspects, a first end of the sixth segment2116is generally located adjacent to an upper end of the fourth segment2112, and a second end of the sixth segment2116is located adjacent to an upper end of the fifth segment2114. This configuration causes the sixth segment2116to be located generally at a top portion of the apparel item2000such that it is positioned adjacent to an upper back area of a wearer when the apparel item2000is worn. Turning now toFIGS.22and23, a left side view and a right side view respectively of the apparel item2000are provided in accordance with aspects herein. In exemplary aspects, the monofilament tape2010may optionally be positioned along a mid-axillary line of the apparel item2000as a seventh segment2212shown inFIG.22and an eighth segment2312shown inFIG.23. Based on air flow maps and/or air pressure maps, these locations may represent areas of relatively low air flow and/or air pressure. Thus, by positioning the segments2212and2312at these locations, the segments2212and2312may act as outflow vents by which air that is in the apparel item2000may exit the apparel item2000. FIG.24depicts an optional additional location for the monofilament tape2010. In an exemplary aspect, additional segments of the tape2010may be located at a shoulder area of the apparel item2000. For instance, a first shoulder segment2410may be located at a right shoulder region of the apparel item2000, and a second shoulder segment2412may be located at a left shoulder region of the apparel item2000. Similar to the segments2212and2312, the segments2410and2412may be located at areas of the apparel item2000that experience relatively low air flow and/or air pressure and thus may represent outflow vents by which air that is in the apparel item2000may exit the apparel item2000. The location of the different segments of tape2010on the apparel item2000is exemplary only and it is contemplated herein that the tape2010may be incorporated at different and/or additional locations not shown. As described earlier with respect toFIGS.19A and19B, spaces are formed between each of the monofilament strands where the spaces act as a communication path between a first surface of the tape and a second opposite surface of the tape. Thus, besides acting as a venting structure when incorporated into an apparel item such as the apparel item2000, the monofilament tape described herein may also be used to increase the percent openness of the apparel item. In exemplary aspects, the monofilament tape may also be used to create stand-off between the inner-surface of an apparel item and a wearer's body surface. In a resting or non-tensioned state, the monofilament tape is generally flat or planar. Thus, when incorporated into an apparel item such as the apparel item2000, the surface plane of the tape is generally parallel to the surface plane of the apparel item (i.e., it does not extend in the z-direction). To create stand-off, the tape may be incorporated into an apparel item such that the tape edges are biased toward one another causing the monofilament strands to bend or curve. This is depicted inFIGS.25A and25Bwhich are cross-sectional views of a tape2510incorporated into a textile2512in accordance with aspects herein. With respect toFIG.25A, the tape2510is incorporated into the textile2512in a non-tensioned state. More specifically, a first tape edge2514is affixed to a first edge of the textile2512, and a second tape edge2516is affixed to a second edge of the textile2512such that the monofilament strands2518span the edges of the textile2512. Because the tape2510is incorporated into the textile2512in a non-tensioned state, the monofilament strands2518are in a planar relationship with respect to the surface plane of the textile2512. FIG.25Bdepicts the tape2510incorporated into the textile2512in a tensioned state. More specifically, the first and second tape edges2514and2516are positioned closer to one another as compared toFIG.25A. In exemplary aspects, the monofilaments strands2518exhibit a degree of rigidity due to, for instance, the denier of the strand and/or their composition (e.g., nylon). Thus, when the tape edges2514and2516are biased toward each other, the monofilament strands2518assume a non-planar relationship with both the tape edges2514and2516and with the textile2512. In other words, the strands2518bow or curve outward (i.e., extend in the z-direction). When the textile2512is formed into an apparel item, the curved portion of the monofilament strands2518may be positioned facing inward or toward a body surface of a wearer when the apparel item is worn. The curved monofilament strands2518may then be used to create stand-off from the wearer's body. Aspects herein further contemplate using monofilament pipe structures to, for instance, create stand-off and/or to increase openness of an apparel item. In general, monofilament pipe structures comprise monofilament strands (nylon, metallic monofilaments, and the like) that are manipulated to form a tubular structure having a hollow core. An exemplary monofilament pipe structure2600is shown inFIG.26in accordance with aspects herein. Individual monofilament strands are manipulated (e.g., braided, knitted, woven, molded, or the like) to form an open latticework tube structure having a hollow core as indicated by reference numeral2610. As such, air can move freely through the pipe structure2600. Moreover, the pipe structure2600is configured to be bendable and stretchable. In exemplary aspects, the pipe structure2600may be incorporated into an apparel item by positioning the pipe structure2600within a channel and/or by positioning the pipe structure2600within a seam on the apparel item. For example,FIG.27depicts the pipe structure2600incorporated into a channel2710formed on a textile2712. In exemplary aspects, the channel2710may be formed between two layers of material as shown inFIG.27, or the channel2710may be formed in a single layer of material by, for example, modifying a knitting or weaving process to create the channel2710. Continuing, openings2714may be created in the textile2712such that the pipe structure2600is exposed at one or more locations along the channel2710. Thus, a fluid communication path is established between an environment outside the textile2712and the pipe structure2600. When the textile2712is formed into an apparel item, the pipe structure2600may be used to create stand-off due to its tube-like structure. Moreover, since it is bendable and stretchable, it may be incorporated into the apparel item at locations that are positioned adjacent to curved surfaces of the wearer's body. Moreover, use of the pipe structure2600in combinations with the openings2714in the textile2712may contribute to the present openness of the apparel item. As described, monofilament tapes and monofilament pipe structures may be incorporated into apparel items to create stand-off, to act as venting structures, and/or to increase the percent openness of the apparel item. Slit Structures Apparel items described herein may use slit structures to, for instance, increase the percent openness of the apparel item and/or to act as venting structures. Further, the slit structures may be configured to transition from a closed state to an open state in response to tension forces generated by the wearer. A first exemplary slit structure is depicted inFIG.28in accordance with aspects herein. A portion of a textile2800is shown having slits2810. The slits2810extend through the thickness of the textile2800such that a fluid communication path is formed between a first surface of the textile2800and a second opposite surface of the textile2800. The slits2810may be formed by, for instance, mechanical cutting, laser cutting, water-jet cutting, and the like. In an additional aspect, when the textile2800is formed using reactive or stimulus-responsive yarns, the slits2810may be formed by dissolving the reactive yarns in selected locations. Continuing, a particular slit, such as slit2812, may be formed in a discontinuous manner such that portions of the textile2800along the slit path are not incised. For instance, the slit2812comprises a first segment2812a, a second segment2812b, and a third segment2812cwith textile portions2800aand2800bconnecting the different slit segments. To put it another way, a particular slit may be formed in a discontinuous manner such that portions of the textile2800connect the different segments. This construction helps to maintain the structural integrity of the textile2800both in a non-tensioned state and in a tensioned state. FIG.29illustrates another exemplary slit structure in accordance with aspects herein. A portion of a textile2900is shown having a plurality of slits2910. The slits2910extend through the thickness of the textile2900to form a fluid communication path from a first surface of the textile2900to a second opposite surface of the textile2900. Each slit2910, such as slit2912is discontinuously formed such that portions of the textile2900remain between the different slit segments as indicated by the reference numerals2900a,2900b,2900c, and2900d. Again, this configuration helps to maintain the structural integrity of the textile2900when both in a tensioned and non-tensioned state. The slit structures depicted inFIGS.28and29are exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative patterns may be used. For instance, the slit structures may comprise a series of horizontal slits, vertical slits, circular slits, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. In exemplary aspects, a liner layer may be positioned adjacent to the slit structures on one side of the textile. The liner layer may be useful when larger slits are used as a further means to maintain the structural integrity of the textile. In exemplary aspects, the liner layer may comprise a material permeable to air such as, for example, a mesh material. When the textile having the slit structures is incorporated into an apparel item, the slits may increase the percent openness of the apparel item. Further, the slit structures may be positioned at areas of high air flow and/or high air pressure to act as venting structures. A depiction of this is shown inFIGS.30A and30Bwhich illustrate an apparel item3000having slits3010positioned primarily over the front of the apparel item3000in accordance with aspects herein. More specifically,FIG.30Arepresents the apparel item3000in a resting or non-tensioned state andFIG.30Brepresents the apparel item3000in a tensioned state. As mentioned above, the front of an apparel item often represents an area of high air flow and/or air pressure during exercise or movement. With respect toFIG.30A, because the slits3010extend through the thickness of the material forming the apparel item3000they allow for movement of air between the exterior and the interior of the apparel item3000even when the wearer is resting or not exercising (i.e. when the apparel item3000is in a non-tensioned state).FIG.30Billustrates the apparel item3000in a tensioned state. This may be due to, for example, the wearer initiating movement or beginning to exercise. The wearer's movements cause tension at various locations on the apparel item3000. Some of these tensioning forces cause the edges of the slits3010to pull apart thereby increasing the sizes of the slits and allowing a greater quantity of air to be exchanged between the interior and the exterior of the apparel item3000. Further, when in an open state such as shown inFIG.30B, the slit edges may act as scoops helping to capture air traveling over the front of the apparel item3000. It is contemplated herein that additional slit structures may be located along the sides and back of the apparel item3000. As described, the slit structures may help to increase the percent openness of the apparel item and may act as venting structures. Their ability to transition from a closed state when the wearer is resting to an open state when the wearer moves, may assist the wearer in retaining body heat when at rest and dissipating body heat during exercise. FIG.37illustrates an exemplary textile material3618comprising a trim piece positioned within a slit or opening in the textile material3618in accordance with aspects herein. The textile material3618may comprise a panel of material that is knit, woven, or non-woven. A portion of the textile material3618is shown comprising an opening3624defined by a first end3626, a second end3628, a first edge3630, and a second edge3632. The opening3624may be formed by incising the textile material3618to create the first and second edges3630and3632. Alternatively, the opening3624may be formed by modifying a knitting or weaving process used to form the textile material3618to create the opening3624. The textile material3618can be incised through a variety of means including mechanical incision, water jet cutting, ultrasonic cutting, laser cutting, and the like. After the opening3624is formed, at least one elastically resilient trim piece3620may be positioned within the opening3624to maintain the opening3624in an open state. The elastically resilient trim piece3620comprises a material that is able to deform in response to a force and return to its resting state once the force is removed. Exemplary materials may comprise, for example, monofilaments that are knitted, woven, braided, or otherwise manipulated to create the trim piece3620. This is just one example, and other materials are contemplated herein for creating the trim piece3620. In exemplary aspects, the trim piece3620may be formed to have an “arched” shape in a resting state. The arched shape may help to keep the opening3624in an open state. Moreover, by forming the trim piece3620from an elastically resilient material, the trim piece3620may flex, bend, straighten, and the like in response to external forces. For instance, when the trim piece3620is incorporated into an apparel item, the ability of the trim piece3620to flex and bend may help improve wearer comfort and help improve the wearer's freedom-of movement. The opening3624in the textile material3618facilitates airflow between an inner surface and an outer surface of an apparel item formed from the textile material3618. Further, the opening3624may be positioned at areas of high air flow and/or high air pressure, such as a front torso area of an apparel item, to act as a venting structure. Additionally, the opening3624and trim piece3620may vary in size and shape. The structure and shape depicted inFIG.37is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof are contemplated as being within aspects herein. FIG.38illustrates another exemplary textile material4000in accordance with aspects herein. As mentioned above, the textile material may comprise a panel of material that is knit, woven, or non-woven. A portion of the textile material4000is shown having a textile segment4010that has been formed from the textile material4000. In one exemplary aspect, the textile segment4010may be formed by partially incising the textile material4000to form the textile segment4010(e.g., incising the textile material4000along two opposing sides). In other aspects, the textile segment4010may be formed by modifying the knitting, weaving or other manufacturing process used to form the textile material4000. In exemplary aspects, the textile segment4010may be twisted to form twisted folds at a first location4014and a second location4016. As shown inFIG.39, after the textile segment4010has been twisted, the textile segment4010may be maintained in a twisted state by affixing the twisted textile segment4010to a second textile material4012positioned adjacent to a first surface4015of the textile material4000. In exemplary aspects, the second textile material4012may comprise a material permeable to air, such as, for example, a mesh material. Moreover, in exemplary aspects, at least the second textile material4012may comprise a material exhibiting a low degree of stretch (e.g., a non-stretch material), so as to minimize distortion of the twisted textile segment4010when the textile material4000is subject to tensioning forces. Continuing, the textile segment4010may be engaged with or affixed to the second textile material4012through any method which permanently (or releasably) affixes the textile segment4010to the second textile material4012. For example, an adhesive may be used to affix textile segment4010at its center4018to the second textile material4012. Additionally, the textile segment4010may be affixed by being sewn, being welded, being bonded, and the like onto the second textile material4012. The folds created by twisting the textile segment4010, such as the twisted folds, help to not only create a vent-type structure but also help to create stand-off between the textile material4000and the second textile material4012. By forming the second textile material4012from a mesh-like material, this configuration facilitates airflow between an inner surface and outer surface of an apparel item incorporating the textile material4000. The structure shown inFIGS.38and39may be located on an apparel item in areas that experience a high degree of air flow or air pressure. Exemplary locations may comprise, for instance, the front portions of an apparel item (e.g., along the central front torso area of a top). The structures depicted inFIGS.38-39are exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. FIGS.40-42illustrate another exemplary textile material5000having a textile segment5002in accordance with aspects herein. Once again, the textile material5000may comprise a panel of material that is knit, woven, or non-woven. InFIG.40, a first end5004of the textile segment5002is disengaged from the textile material5000at a disengagement point5006. The first end5004may be disengaged by laser cutting, mechanical incising, water-jet cutting, ultrasonic cutting, and the like. Following the disengagement of the textile segment5002from the textile material5000at the disengagement point5006, the textile segment5002is twisted at5008as shown inFIG.41. After the textile segment5002has been twisted, the first end5004of the textile segment5002may be re-engaged to the textile material at5006at the disengagement point5006as shown inFIG.42. The textile segment5002may be re-attached to the textile material5000at the disengagement point5006using, for example, an adhesive, welding, bonding, or by sewing the first end5004to the disengagement point5006. The incising of the textile segment5002, twisting of the textile segment5002and re-attachment to the textile material5000creates a vent structure or opening5010that facilitates airflow between an outer surface and inner surface of an apparel item formed from the textile material5000. Moreover, airflow may be further facilitated by the folds created by twisting the textile segment5002. The folds help to create stand-off between the textile material5000and an underlying surface such as, for example, a wearer's body surface. In exemplary aspects, the textile material5000inFIGS.40-42may comprise a non-stretch material to minimize distortion of the twisted textile segment5002when the textile material5000is subject to tensioning forces. The structure shown inFIGS.40-42may be located on an apparel item in areas that experience a high degree of air flow or air pressure. Exemplary locations may comprise, for instance, the front portions of an apparel item (e.g., along the central front torso area of a top). The structures depicted inFIG.40-42are exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations therefor, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. FIG.43illustrates another exemplary textile material6000in accordance with aspects herein. The textile material6000may comprise a panel of material that is knit, woven, or non-woven. The textile material6000comprises several textile segments6002which have been disengaged from the textile material6000at a respective first end6004. After disengagement, the first ends6004are twisted around a central fixed strap or anchoring strap6006. Following this, the textile segments6002are reattached to the textile material6000at their respective first ends6004. This configuration creates multiple openings6008for facilitating air flow. As further shown inFIG.43, in exemplary aspects there may be a second textile material6010positioned adjacent to the textile material6000. The second textile material may comprise a material permeable to air such as, for example, a mesh material. This configuration facilitates airflow between an outer surface and inner surface of an apparel item formed from the textile material6000while helping to maintain the structural integrity of the textile material6000and while providing a degree of modesty to apparel items formed from the textile material6000. The structure shown inFIG.43may be located on an apparel item in areas that experience a high degree of air flow or air pressure. Exemplary locations may comprise, for instance, the front portions of an apparel item (e.g., along the central front torso area of a top). The structure depicted inFIG.43is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations therefor, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. FIG.44illustrates yet another exemplary textile configuration in accordance with aspects herein.FIG.44comprises a first textile material7000and a second textile material7002. The first textile material7000comprises a first surface7020and a second surface7018opposite the first surface7020. In exemplary aspects, the first surface7020of the textile material7000may comprise an inner-facing surface of an apparel item formed from the textile material7000, while the second surface7018of the textile material7000may comprise an outer-facing surface of the apparel item. The first textile material7000may further comprise a plurality of flaps7010that have been incised or formed from the first textile material7000. Each flap7010may comprise a first edge7004and a second edge7006(seen en face) opposite the first edge7004. Additionally, each flap7010comprises a first end7012extending from the textile material7000and a second end7014opposite the first end7012extending from the textile material7000. Continuing, the second textile material7002may be positioned adjacent to the first surface7020of the first textile material7000. In exemplary aspects, the second textile material7002may comprise an expanse of material. In other exemplary aspects, and as shown inFIG.44, the second textile material7002may comprise a strip of material. Using a strip of material may help in making apparel items formed from the textile materials7000and70002lightweight and more breathable. The first edge7004of each flap7010may be affixed to the second textile material7002at attachment points7016. The attachment of the first edge7004of the flaps7010to the second textile material7002biases the flaps7010to an open state which facilitates air flow between an inner and outer surface of an apparel item incorporating the textile configuration shown inFIG.44. The textile configuration shown inFIG.44may be located on an apparel item in areas that experience a high degree of air flow or air pressure. Exemplary locations may comprise, for instance, the front portions of an apparel item (e.g., along the central front torso area of a top). The structure depicted inFIG.44is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative structures may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. Directional Pleats and Seams Apparel items described herein may utilize directional pleats and seams to create stand-off when the seams and/or pleats are positioned on an inner-facing surface of the apparel item. When positioned on an outer-facing surface of the apparel item, the directional seams and pleats may be utilized to direct air flow over the apparel item. For instance, they may be used to direct air flow to an opening or venting structure in the apparel item where it can be channeled into the apparel item. FIG.31depicts a perspective view of an exemplary textile having directional seams3110in accordance with aspects herein. In exemplary aspects, a directional seam, such as directional seam3111may be formed by affixing a first edge3112of a first panel of material3114to a first edge3116of a second panel of material3118such that the edges3112and3116extend in the z-direction with respect to the surface plane of the first and second panels of material3114and3118along the length of the seam3111. FIG.32depicts a cross-sectional view of the directional seam3111taken along cut line32-32ofFIG.31in accordance with aspects herein. As shown, the first edge3112of the first panel of material3114may be folded over the first edge3116of the second panel of material3118. The two edges3112and3116may be coupled together using, for instance, stitching, bonding, adhesives, and the like. Further, as shown, the two edges3112and3116are in a non-planar relationship with the surface planes of the remaining portions of the first and second panels of material3114and3118. The depiction of the seam3111inFIG.32is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that the first edge3112of the first panel of material3114may not overlap the first edge3116of the second panel of material3118, or that the first edge3116of the second panel of material3118overlaps the first edge3112of the first panel of material3114. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. Instead of a directional seam, such as the seam3111, directional pleats may also be formed and used in exemplary apparel items described herein. For example,FIG.33depicts a cross-sectional view of a directional pleat3310formed on a textile3300in accordance with aspects herein. In this aspect, the textile3300is folded to create the pleat3310. Facing sides of the pleat3310may be affixed together such that the pleat3310extends in a z-direction with respect to the surface plane of the textile3300. When incorporated into an apparel item, the directional seams and/or pleats may be positioned on an inner-facing surface of the apparel item to provide stand-off from the wearer's body surface. For example, similar to the stand-off nodes discussed above, the directional seams or pleats may be configured to have a height between 2.5 mm to 6 mm to create a space through which air can effectively circulate and cool the wearer. Moreover, the directional seams or pleats may also help to reduce the perception of cling when positioned on the inner-facing surface of the apparel item. The directional pleats or seams may be positioned at various locations on the inner-facing surface of the apparel item in accordance with aspects herein. For instance, when configured to provide stand-off, the pleats or seams may be positioned in areas of the garment that are positioned adjacent to high heat-producing areas of the wearer such as the chest or back area. In another example, when configured to reduce the perception of cling, the pleats or seams may be positioned along the sides of the apparel item. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. The directional seams or pleats may also be positioned on an outer-facing surface of the apparel item such as shown inFIG.34.FIG.34illustrates an apparel item3400having a plurality of directional seams/pleats3410positioned over the front of the apparel item3400. The positioning of the directional seams/pleats3410may be based on air flow maps of the human body. In one exemplary aspect, the directional seams/pleats3410may be used to guide air flowing over the front of the apparel item3400to venting structures3412positioned along the sides of the apparel item3400. Although perforations are shown as the venting structures3412, it is contemplated herein that any of the venting structures discussed herein may be used. The location and configuration of the directional seams/pleats3410and the venting structures3412shown inFIG.34is exemplary only and other locations and configurations are contemplated as being within aspects herein. As described, the directional pleats or seams may be used to create stand-off when positioned on the inner-facing surface of the apparel item, and may be used to direct air flow when positioned on the outer-facing surface of the apparel item. Molded Structures Apparel items described herein may use molded structures to create stand-off, openness as well as to act as venting structures. In exemplary aspects, the molded structures may be formed utilizing the fabric that forms the apparel item. In other aspects, the molded structures may comprise a trim piece that is incorporated into the apparel item. At a high level, the molded structure may comprise an open framework having projections that extend away from, for example, an outer-facing surface of the apparel item (i.e., extend in a positive z-direction) and projections that extend away from an inner-facing surface of the apparel item (i.e., extend in a negative z-direction). In aspects, the projections that extend away from the outer-facing surface of the apparel item may act as venting structures, and the projections that extend away from the inner-facing surface of the apparel item may provide stand-off. Moreover, the open framework of the structure may help to increase the percent openness of the apparel item. An exemplary molded structure is depicted inFIG.35and is referenced generally by the numeral3500. In one exemplary aspect, the molded structure3500may be formed from a textile3510using a molding process such as a heat-molding process. For instance, the textile3510may be formed, at least in part, from fiber, filaments, or yarns that are heat settable or moldable. For example, the textile3510may be formed in whole or in part from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) yarns that partially melt when subjected to heat and re-set when cooled. In one exemplary aspect, rows of TPU yarns may be knit or woven into the textile3510in parallel courses. The textile3510may then be incised or cut to form openings (discussed below), where the direction of the TPU courses may be along the incision path. The textile3510may then be heat molded to partially melt the TPU yarns. In another exemplary aspect, the molded structure3500may be formed from a polyurethane film and then incorporated into the textile3510using, for instance, stitching, bonding, adhesives, and the like. Continuing, in an additional example, the molded structure3500may be formed by using an additional textile layer and affixing that layer to the textile3510using an adhesive film. The composite textile may then cut using, for instance, a laser, and then molded using positive and negative molds. In yet another example, the textile3510may comprise a “dryfire” fabric (i.e., a flame retardant fabric) that changes from a pliable fabric to a semi-rigid fabric when exposed to heat. A molding process may be used to apply heat to the textile3510in order to form the molded structure3500. In one exemplary aspect, the molded structure3500comprises a first series of parallel courses3512that alternate with a second series of parallel courses3514, where the courses3512are generally not affixed to the courses3514. Each course3512comprises a first set of projections3516that extend away from a first surface of the textile3510, and a second series of projections3518that extend away from a second opposite surface of the textile3510. In other words, the projections3516extend in, for instance, a positive z-direction while the projections3518extend in a negative z-direction (or vice versa). In exemplary aspects, for a particular course3512, the projections3516alternate with the projections3518. In exemplary aspects, the courses3514do not comprise projections. In other words, the courses3514are in a planar relationship with the surface plane of the textile3510while the courses3512are in a generally non-planar relationship with the surface plane of the textile3510. Because of the configuration of the first and second courses3512and3514(e.g., one being in a planar relationship with the surface plane of the textile3510and the other being in a non-planar relationship with the textile3510), openings3520are formed by the projections3516extending away from the first surface of the textile3510and the projections3518extending away from the second surface of the textile3510. When incorporated into an apparel item, the first surface of the textile3510may comprise an outer-facing surface of the apparel item, and the second surface of the textile3510may comprise an inner-facing surface of the apparel item. As such, the projections3516would extend outwardly from the apparel item, and the projections3518would project inwardly (i.e., toward a body surface of a wearer when the apparel item is worn). Thus, the projections3516may act as venting structures helping to capture air traveling over the apparel item and funneling the air into the apparel item via, for example, the openings3520. This action may be enhanced by the scoop-like configuration of the projections3516. The projections3518, in exemplary aspects, may act to create stand-off between the apparel item and the wearer's body surface. Thus, in exemplary aspects, the projections3518may be configured to have a height between 2.5 mm and 6 mm. Moreover, the openings3520may contribute to the percent openness of the apparel item. The configuration of the molded structure3500is exemplary only and it is contemplated herein that other molded structures may be used Textile Yarn Manipulation Apparel items described herein may be formed of a textile or material having yarns that have been mechanically manipulated to create dimension in the z-direction in order to, for instance, create stand-off and/or to direct air flow. In other words, yarns in selected areas of the textile may be manipulated to extend away from the surface plane of the textile. This may be accomplished by, for instance, a weaving process, a knitting process, a braiding process, a twisting process, a looping process, and the like. The manipulated yarns may take the form of discrete nodes, one or more linear or curvilinear segments, and the like. Additionally, or alternatively, the yarns may also be mechanically manipulated to form holes that may act to increase the percent openness of the apparel item. In exemplary aspects, the mechanically manipulated yarns may comprise performance yarns such as yarns configured to wick or transport moisture away from the body surface of the wearer. Reactive or adaptive yarn may also be used where the adaptive yarn dimensionally transforms when exposed to stimuli such as water, sweat, moisture, heat, and the like. Activation of the yarn may cause the yarn to swell or elongate thereby increasing dimension or height in the z-direction. Upon removal of the stimulus, the adaptive yarn may transition back causing a reduced dimension in the z-direction. This may be useful for dynamically altering the presence and/or height of the mechanically manipulated yarns in response to different training and/or weather conditions. For example, sweat, heat or moisture generated by the wearer when exercising or when in hot conditions may cause the mechanically manipulated yarns to reach a predetermined height. However, when resting or when exercising in cooler conditions, the yarns would not be activated or may be activated to only a small extent (e.g., activated to have a height of 2 mm or less) to decrease dimension in the z-direction. Once the textile is formed into the apparel item, the mechanically manipulated yarns that create dimension in the z-direction may be positioned on an inner-facing surface of the apparel item to provide, for example, stand-off between the apparel item and the wearer's body surface and/or to reduce cling. In exemplary aspects, the yarns may be manipulated to achieve a stand-off height between 2.5 mm and 6 mm. When located on the inner-facing surface of the apparel item, the mechanically manipulated yarns may be positioned at the center front, center back, or along the sides of the apparel item to provide stand-off and/or to reduce cling in these areas The mechanically manipulated yarns may also be positioned on an outer-facing surface of the apparel item in order to, for example, direct air that is flowing over the apparel item. For instance, when the manipulated yarns take the form of one or more linear segments, the segments may be positioned on the apparel item such that they direct air flow to one or more vent structures. This is similar to the directional pleats/seams discussed above with respect toFIG.34. Pleat Structures Apparel items described herein may utilize pleat structures to provide stand-off, direct air flow, and/or to increase the percent openness of the apparel item. In exemplary aspects, the pleat structures may expand and contract in response to the presence or absence of tensioning forces produced by the wearer. In exemplary aspects, the expansion of the pleat structure may expose holes or openings in the pleat structure to increase the percent openness of the apparel item. An exemplary pleat structure3600is shown inFIGS.36A and36Bin accordance with aspects herein. The pleat structure3600is shown in a resting or non-tensioned state inFIG.36Aand in a tensioned state inFIG.36B. In general, the pleat structure3600is formed by folding a textile3610to create a plurality of folds3612that are positioned adjacent to one another on the textile3610. In exemplary aspects, the textile3610may comprise a trim piece that is incorporated into the apparel item, or the textile3600may be used to form the apparel item. Continuing, spaces3613are formed between adjacent folds3612. The folds3612may be heat set such that they maintain their shape during use. So that the heat setting is more effective, the textile3610, or portions thereof, may be formed of synthetic fibers such as polyester or nylon. As shown, each fold3612extends away from the surface plane of the textile3610(i.e., extends in the z-direction). FIG.36Bdepicts a view of the pleat structure3600after tensioning forces (indicated by arrows3616) are applied to the textile3610. As shown, the folds3612are pulled apart (pulled in the direction of the tensioning forces3616) to expose optional perforations3614located between the folds3612. When located on an inner-facing surface of an apparel item, the folds3612may produce stand-off from a wearer's body surface. When in an un-tensioned state, such as would occur when the wearer is resting or has not started exercising, the spaces3613between the folds3612may help to trap warmed air produced by the wearer helping to keep the wearer warm. When in a tensioned state such as would occur when the wearer has begun exercising, the area of stand-off created by the folds3612is increased and may provide a sufficient space for air to effectively circulate and cool the wearer by, for example, promoting evaporative cooling. Moreover, the exposure of the perforations3614when the textile3610is in the tensioned state may increase the percent openness of the apparel item and facilitate air flow between the environment outside of the apparel item and the interior of the apparel item. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. When located on an outer-facing surface of an apparel item, the pleat structure3600may help direct air flowing over the surface of the apparel item. For instance, when the pleat structure3600is in a tensioned state, such as shown inFIG.36B, the air may flow along the folds3612and be directed to the perforations3614. In both instances, whether located on the inner-facing surface or the outer-facing surface of an apparel item, the pleat structure3600may help to increase the stretch characteristics of the apparel item when worn. For example, the inherent stretch associated with the gathered material of the pleat structure3600may be used to provide increased stretch at areas of the apparel item prone to high degrees of movement. Tension Deformation Tension Deformation generally relates to the process of applying tension to a textile material, applying (and curing when needed) a surface treatment to the textile material while in the tensioned state, and releasing the tension. The surface treatment helps to maintain the textile material in the tensioned state in the areas where it is applied. This process may be used to create, for example, stand-off and venting structures. Exemplary textile materials and apparel items that have undergone tension deformation are depicted inFIGS.45,46,48,49, and50. As used throughout this disclosure, the term “tensioned state” means a textile material that is stretched to between 110% to 180%, 120% to 170%, 130% to 160%, or 140% to 150% of its original length (original length may also be described as a textile's length in a resting or non-tensioned state). Stretch may be measured along the textile's lengthwise grain, crosswise grain, and/or bias grain. Another way to describe this is by stating that stretch may be measured in the warp direction or the weft direction. One exemplary way to measure the stretch of the textile material is to stretch the textile material along its warp direction until it cannot be stretched any further (i.e., until lockout). The final stretched length is divided by the textile material's original length to determine the percent stretch. The same process can be carried out for stretch in the weft direction. As an example, a fabric that stretches from 58.5 cm to 73.5 cm in the warp direction would have 25.6% stretch. The percent stretch measured at lockout may correspond to the maximum allowable stretch in the stretch direction (warp or weft) for the specific textile material being tested. However, since different textile materials may be formed with different yarns and/or by different manufacturing methods, the percent stretch may vary for each textile material. FIG.51depicts a first exemplary process12000for creating tension deformation in a textile material in accordance with aspects herein. To begin the process12000, a textile material is provided at step12010. The textile material may comprise a panel of material that is knit, woven, or non-woven. In exemplary aspects, the textile material may exhibit a low degree of stretch in response to normal tensioning forces generated by, for example, a wearer wearing an apparel item formed from the textile material. For example, the textile material may be formed without use of elastic yarns such as Spandex, Lycra, elastane and the like. However, it is also contemplated herein that the textile material may exhibit some degree of stretch (2-way or 4-way) due to, for example, the presence of Spandex, Lycra, elastane, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. Tension is then applied to the textile material in one or more directions at step12012. The tension applied to the textile material may be in an x-direction (e.g., lengthwise grain) and a y-direction (e.g., crosswise grain) or only in the x-direction or y-direction. Stretch may also be applied along the bias grain of the textile. To describe it another way, tension may be applied in the weft direction, the warp direction, in both the weft and warp direction, or in a direction offset from the weft and warp direction. As will be explained more fully below, a number of different tension-maintaining apparatuses may be used to apply tension to the textile material. In one exemplary aspect, tension may be applied to the textile material until lockout is achieved (i.e., no further stretch is possible without tearing or breaking the fabric). In other words, the tension applied to the textile material is just below the material's breaking strength. However, it is contemplated herein that tension may be applied that is less than the textile material's lockout point. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. As stated above, tension may be applied to stretch the textile material to 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, or 180% of the textile material's resting or original length. At step12014, a surface treatment is applied to one or more portions of the textile material while the textile material is maintained under tension. Surface treatments may include, for example, silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurethane, polyurethane resin inks, other elastomeric materials, and the like. Further, the surface treatment may comprise additives to impart functional benefits to the surface treatment. Exemplary additives may comprise reflective materials, cooling materials such as xylitol, and the like. Application of the surface treatment may be by a number of methods such as screen printing, 3-D printing, film transfers, additive manufacturing, heat transfers, and the like. The surface treatment may be applied to the textile material in a number of different shapes or configurations. Further, the surface treatment may be applied to the textile material in a variable pattern or repeating pattern. Additionally, more than one layer of the surface treatment may be applied to the portions of the textile material. It is contemplated herein that the amount of tension applied to the textile material, the direction in which the tension is applied, the shape configuration of the applied surface treatment, and/or the number of layers of the surface treatment may all or individually be controlled or adjusted to achieve a specific tension deformation effect as described below. The process12000may further comprise a curing step where the textile material is cured after application of the surface treatment. The curing step occurs while the textile material is maintained under tension. Curing may occur through, for example, heat, application of ultra-violet light, and the like. Once the surface treatment has been cured, the tension applied to the textile material may be released. Following the release of tension, steam may be applied to the textile material to promote the return of portions of the textile material to their original or resting state and decrease deformation of the textile material. A result of the process12000is that portions of the textile material to which the surface treatment has been applied and cured under tension are maintained in a tensioned state (i.e., in a stretched state) while other portions of the textile material to which the surface treatment was not applied return to their original or resting length or state. In other words, the application and curing of the surface treatment while the textile material is under tension helps to “lock” or fix the stretched yarns, fibers, and/or filaments in a stretched state. In an optional aspect, one or more openings may be formed in the textile material in locations that correspond to where the surface treatment was applied. In other words, openings may be formed in the textile material at portions of the textile material that are maintained in a tensioned state through the application of the surface treatment. This may occur, for example, through laser cutting, mechanical cutting, water jet cutting, ultrasonic cutting, and the like to form openings in the textile material that promote air flow. In exemplary aspects, the openings may be formed after the tension has been released. In an alternate aspect, the openings may be formed while the textile material is under tension. As mentioned, to create tension, the textile material may be positioned on a tension-maintaining apparatus that is configured to apply and maintain a predetermined amount of tension to the textile material. The tension-maintaining apparatus used may be any apparatus on which the textile material may be positioned, and tension can be applied and maintained on the textile material throughout the tension deformation process. In general, the tension-maintaining apparatuses contemplated herein are configured to be adjustable to one or more lengths, widths, or circumferences (when the tension-maintaining apparatus is circular). Depending on the known length, width, and/or circumference of a particular tension-maintaining apparatus, and depending on the textile material's particular percent stretch at lockout, an undersized portion of the textile material is positioned on the apparatus. In other words, to avoid the situation where the textile material stretches further than the known length, width, and/or circumference of the tension-maintaining apparatus, the textile material is cut or formed to have a length, width, and/or circumference less than the known length, width, and/or circumference of the tension-maintaining apparatus. To describe it yet another way, the fabric is cut or formed so that it can be stretched to its maximum percentage stretch when positioned in the tension-maintaining apparatus. In one configuration, the tension-maintaining apparatus may be a jig which holds the textile material throughout the tension deformation process as described with respect toFIG.51. The textile material may be secured to the jig through various methods, including for example, being sewn onto the jig, being attached to the jig via clamps, being secured in a jig frame, and the like.FIGS.53and54illustrate two exemplary tension-maintaining apparatuses. InFIG.53, a textile material14008has been secured to a flat frame-shaped tension-maintaining apparatus14010. In one example, this may be accomplished by forming pockets or tunnels at opposing sides of the textile material14008, and inserting rods into the pockets. Once the textile material14008has been secured to the tension-maintaining apparatus14010, tension may be applied to the textile material14008in the x-direction, the y-direction, or both directions. The structure depicted in FIG.53is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations therefor, are contemplated as being within aspects herein In another example, and as shown inFIG.54, a tension-maintaining apparatus15000may comprise two halves15010and15012where the two halves15010and15012are hinged along one side (e.g., shaped like a clam shell). The tension-maintaining apparatus15000may be made out of metal or any other material which will maintain its structure throughout the tension deformation process and maintain the textile material under tension. A textile material may be attached to the side edges of the two halves15010and15012via, for instance, clamps, sewing, and the like. To apply tension, the two halves15010and15012are opened, which stretches the textile material and creates tension that is maintained throughout the tension deformation process. The structure depicted inFIG.54is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. Additional examples of tension-maintaining apparatuses contemplated herein include a flat frame that telescopes to create length. In this example, the textile material would be affixed to the flat frame at the resting length. Then, the tension-maintaining device would be expanded to create tension on the textile material. Another example includes a three-dimensional structure (rectangular, cylindrical, and the like). In this aspect, the textile material would be formed into a tubular structure and drawn over the three-dimensional structure to create tension in the textile material. Yet another example includes a jig having a circular frame useable to simultaneously apply tension in the warp direction, weft direction, and in directions offset from the warp and weft directions (along the bias grain). Additional examples of tension-maintaining apparatuses are contemplated herein. In addition to maintaining tension on the textile material, it is contemplated that the tension-maintaining apparatuses described herein may be configured to allow for registration between locations where the surface treatment is applied to the textile material and locations where one or more openings in the textile material are formed. In other words, the tension-maintaining apparatus may be configured to be transferable from one step in the process, such as application of the surface treatment to the textile material while under tension, to a subsequent step, such as laser cutting while maintaining registration of the locations to where the surface treatments are applied and locations where the openings are to be formed. The tension-maintaining apparatus14010ofFIG.53demonstrates an example of a tension-maintaining apparatus that is configured to allow for registration. For example, the four corners,14000,14002,14004, and14006of the tension-maintaining apparatus14010may be used to register the textile material14008for multiple steps, such as application of the surface treatment under tension followed by laser cutting. This may occur by positioning one or more of the four corners14000,14002,14004, and14006in relation to a fixed reference point during the processing steps thereby maintaining the textile material in a uniform position during multiple processing steps. Additionally, the tension-maintaining apparatus14010may be flipped or inverted from one step to the next, and one or more of the corners14000,14002,14004, and14006may be positioned in relation to the fixed reference point thereby allowing processing steps to be carried out on the opposing surface of the textile material while maintaining registration between the different locations on the textile material to which the surface treatment is being applied and/or where the openings are being formed. Tension deformation is also contemplated to occur through a second process13000as described inFIG.52. It is contemplated herein that the process13000may be carried out at a manufacturing facility that manufactures textile materials. A textile material, having a first surface and a second surface is provided at step13010. The textile material may have similar properties as the textile material described in relation to the process12000. Following this, a first tension is applied to the first surface and a second tension is applied to the second surface at step13012. The first tension and second tension may be applied in the same direction and at the same time. In one exemplary aspect, the first and second tensions may be applied, for example, by rollers acting on opposing surfaces of the textile material. In this aspect, the rollers move or rotate in the same direction at varying speeds, creating a first and second tension on the opposing surfaces of the textile material. Continuing, at step13014, a surface treatment is applied to one or more portions of the textile material while the textile material is maintained under tension. Additionally, similar to the first tension deformation process described with respect toFIG.51, after receiving the surface treatment, the textile material may be cured to set or fix the surface treatment. One or more openings may also be formed in the textile material in locations that correspond to where the surface treatment was applied (i.e., in areas maintained under tension). This may be carried out, for example, utilizing laser cutting, mechanical cutting, and the like to form a desired pattern of openings in the textile material. The openings may be formed while the textile material is under tension or after the tension has been released. These tension deformation processes described are merely examples and any and all aspects, and any variations thereof are contemplated as being within aspects herein. The tension deformation processes described herein result in the formation of textile materials having first portions and second portions, where the first portions are maintained in a tensioned state via the application of the surface treatment and the second portions are in a tension-free or resting state (i.e., a state where the yarns, fibers, and/or filaments within the second portions are at their resting length). To describe it another way, the first portions may be maintained at a predetermined level of stretch greater than the textile material's resting length, and the second portions are at the textile material's resting length. For example,FIG.45shows a first surface of a textile material8000which has undergone a tension deformation process in accordance with aspects herein. A surface treatment8016was applied under tension to multiple disparate first portions8010of the textile material8000causing the first portions8010to be maintained in a tensioned or stretched state after the surface treatment has been cured. The first portions8010maintained in the tensioned state are separated from each other by second portions8014which are in a non-tensioned or resting state. The positioning of the tensioned or stretched first portions8010adjacent to the non-tensioned or non-stretched second portions8014produces a deformation or “wrinkling”8012in the textile material8000resulting in a plurality of raised portions or stand-off structures8015. To describe it a different way, the first portions8010are maintained between 110-160% stretch due to the surface treatment, and the second portions8014are in a non-stretched state due to an absence of the surface treatment. When the textile material8000is incorporated into an apparel item, the stand-off structures created through the tension deformation process may be positioned on an inner-facing surface of the apparel item where they help to facilitate airflow between an inner surface and an outer surface of the apparel item when the apparel item is worn. The structures depicted inFIG.45are exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. FIG.50illustrates a perspective view of the first surface of the textile material8000in accordance with aspects herein. InFIG.50, the creation of the stand-off structures8015on the first surface of the textile8000(shown inFIG.45) is better shown. As described, the positioning of the tensioned first portions8010adjacent to the non-tensioned second portions8014creates the stand-off structures8015. The stand-off structures8015extend in a z-direction with respect to the surface plane of the textile material8000. When the textile material8000is incorporated into an apparel item, the stand-off structures8015provide a space between the apparel item and the wearer's body surface in which air can effectively circulate and cool the wearer. While the stand-off structures8015are described as being positioned on the inner-facing surface of an apparel item, the stand-off structures8015may also be located on an outer-facing surface of an apparel item. The structures depicted inFIG.50are exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. FIG.46illustrates another exemplary textile material9000that has undergone a tension deformation process in accordance with aspects herein. The textile material9000comprises a plurality of first portions9004and a plurality of second portions9002. In this example, the plurality of first portions9004are maintained in a tensioned state via the application of a surface treatment which, for example, may be a film. The second portions9002are in a tension-free resting state. In exemplary aspects, slit edges9006and9008are made and define an opening9012in the textile material9000in areas where the surface treatment has been applied (i.e., at the first portions9004). Because of the juxtaposition of the first portions9004(tensioned state) and the second portions9002(non-tensioned state), the first portions9004extend away from the surface plane of the textile material9000(e.g., extend in the z-direction) to form stand-off structures as described above. Thus, the combination of the stand-off structures formed by the application of a surface treatment to the textile material9000while in a tensioned state and the openings such as opening9012, creates vent structures configured to help channel air from a first surface to a second surface of the textile material9000. The process of tension deformation enables the creation of a plurality of openings that may be strategically located on the textile material9000. Continuing with respect toFIG.46, the plurality of first portions9004that are maintained in a tensioned state may have a generally arched shape due at least in part to the shape configuration of the applied surface treatment. Although shown in an arched shape, it is contemplated herein that the plurality of first portions9004may comprise other shapes, such as, for example, circles, squares, diamonds, ovals, and the like. Moreover, it is contemplated that the shape of the plurality of first portions9004may be formed or shaped to reflect a company's brand or logo. FIG.47depicts a cross-section of an exemplary first portion9004of the textile material9000taken along cut line47-47in accordance with aspects herein. A surface treatment9010has been applied to the textile material9000while the textile material9000is under tension. When the surface treatment9010is applied to the first portion9004while under tension, the textile material9000in that location is biased to form a stand-off structure. The addition of the slit edges9006and9008creates a vent or opening9012which facilitates airflow between the outer and inner surfaces of the textile material9000. An apparel item9050that incorporates the textile material9000is shown inFIG.48, which depicts a front view of the apparel item9050. The apparel item9050has multiple vents or openings9012in accordance with aspects herein. In exemplary aspects, the apparel item9050may comprise a front panel9052and a back panel9054, that together help define at least in part a neckline opening9053, and a waist opening9060. The apparel item9050may further comprise a first sleeve9056and a second sleeve9058. Although the apparel item9050is described as having a front panel9052and a back panel9054, it is contemplated herein that the apparel item9050may be formed from a unitary panel (e.g. through a circular knitting, flat knitting or weaving process) or from one or more additional panels affixed together at one or more seams. While the apparel item9050inFIG.48is depicted as a shirt with sleeves, it is contemplated that the apparel item9050may take the form of a sleeveless shirt, a shirt with a cap or one-quarter sleeves, a shirt having full-length sleeves, three-quarter sleeves, a jacket, a hoodie, a zip-up shirt or jacket, pants, shorts, socks, a hat, and the like. Any and all aspects and any variation therefore, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. The plurality of first portions9004may be aligned by column and/or row as shown in the apparel item9050depicted inFIG.48or the plurality of first portions9004may be randomly located on the front9052and back9054panels of the apparel item9050. Additionally, the plurality of first portions9004may be arranged in bands or zones over the front, back, sides or shoulder areas of the apparel item9050. In these configurations, the plurality of first portions9004may act as venting structures located to optimize opportunities for capturing and channeling air flowing over the front, back, and/or sides of the apparel item9050. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within the scope herein. As shown inFIG.48, the apparel item9050comprises a plurality of first portions9004maintained in the tensioned state, while the second portions9002are in a resting or non-stretched state. The slit edges9006and9008extend through the front panel9052such that they form a fluid communication path between the environment outside the apparel item9050and the interior of the apparel item9050. The location of the openings9012may be based on air flow maps and air pressure maps that may indicate that these portions of the apparel item9050experience a high (or higher) degree of air flow (or air pressure) as opposed to other areas of the apparel item9050. As such, the openings9012may act as inflow vents. Although shown with relatively small-sized openings, it is contemplated herein that the openings9012may vary in size. The configuration depicted inFIG.48is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. FIG.49depicts yet another alternative configuration for textile material10000that has undergone the tension deformation process in accordance with aspects herein. InFIG.49, the textile material10000comprises a plurality of first portions10004maintained in a tensioned state and second portions10002that are in a tension-free or resting state. Openings10006may be formed at the first portions10004through which air may flow from a first surface to a second surface of the textile material10000. In this particular example, the shape of the applied surface treatment creates a longer more tunnel-like opening which may be useful in directing air flowing through the textile material10000. It is contemplated that additional configurations for textile portions and apparel items that have undergone a tension deformation process may be used herein. The structure depicted inFIG.49is exemplary only, and it is contemplated herein that alternative configurations may be used. Any and all aspects, and any variations thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein. As described, the tension deformation process may be useful for creating stand-off structures and/or vent structures in an apparel item to achieve a predetermined level of airflow through the apparel item and to help cool the wearer by promoting evaporative heat transfer. Moreover, the portions of the apparel item which are maintained under tension via the application of a surface treatment may be strategically located at portions of the apparel item that are exposed to high airflow, which may help to capture and funnel air into the apparel item where the air may facilitate evaporative heat transfer. CONCLUSION Aspects herein provide for an apparel item that utilizes a variety of different structures and features to provide stand-off, openness, and venting structures to achieve thermo-regulation over a wide range of conditions. The features and structures described herein may be utilized in isolation or in any combination to achieve these characteristics. When utilized, the features and/or structures may help the athlete maintain temperatures within an optimal range with resulting benefits in athletic performance.

11857004

Although the invention will be described by way of examples hereinbelow for specific aspects having certain features, it must also be realized that minor modifications that do not require undo experimentation on the part of the practitioner are covered within the scope and breadth of this invention. Additional advantages and other novel features of the present invention will be set forth in the description that follows and in particular will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination or may be learned within the practice of the invention. Therefore, the invention is capable of many other different aspects and its details are capable of modifications of various aspects which will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art all without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, the rest of the description will be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In order to provide the above referenced advantages to the industry, the present invention proposes a novel design using a unique combination of elements. In its simplest aspect of the present invention of a heated and/or cooled seat, garment or thermally controlled box, an integral heating and cooling device, preferably a thermoelectric device, shall be bonded to a flexible thermally conductive material for dissipating the temperature difference across an area. Basically, the thermoelectric module will act as a heat/cool source, while the thermally conductive material will distribute the heat/cool over a larger surface area. As such, thermoelectric modules may be used as the integral source of heating and/or cooling, and when these thermoelectric modules come in thermal contact with the thermally conductive material, the heated or cooled temperature effect is spread out over a greater surface area due to thermal conduction. In order to accomplish a temperature gradient differential to heat or cool a seat, it may be preferable to utilize carbon based materials such as graphite, for spreading the temperature difference out over a wider distribution area across the surface of the seat. New graphite included materials have a thermal conductivity from one to five times higher than copper, making conductive heat transfer an industrial possibility. This may be utilized for small area conductive heating and cooling, while still being strong and flexible as well as possessing high thermal conductivity. Of course, the material must be durable enough to withstand many years of people sliding in and out of the seat. Such a superior heat transfer design system may use the recently improved thermoelectric materials, especially those made from bismuth telluride. These new materials have incremental improvements of about 2° C. These 2° C. changes of temperature can mean the difference between “almost cool” and “cool”. This will provide a new avenue for the industry to provide cooling on seats. Materials improvements in the thermoelectric device can also be used in either improved forced air systems or for the entirely new concept in the present invention. Thermoelectric devices are solid state devices, and these solid state cooling devices can be attained with the new thermoelectric alloy and crystal growing processes. Examples of the various aspects of the present invention are discussed in greater detail more fully hereinbelow, detailing various combinations of basic forms and optional components to enhance the heating and cooling aspects. These various aspects will be broken down into component based options by paragraphs hereinbelow: I. Combination Thermoelectric Module and Thermally Conductive Materials a. First, the Thermoelectric Module In its most basic form, the present invention includes the use of an integral heating and cooling device, especially a thermoelectric heating and cooling device, in thermal communication with and attached to a flexible thermally conductive material in order to spread out the heat or coolness. This is especially useful underneath the seat of any seat assembly. The thermoelectric devices that are utilized may be any conventional thermoelectric device, but are preferably bismuth telluride based devices. These devices should operate efficiently from 10 to 16 VDC, as this range is compatible with automotive electrical requirements and other low-voltage applications. Preferably, the thermoelectric device utilized is a 127 couple bismuth telluride based device, some of which are commercially available from Tellurex Corporation of Traverse City, Michigan. Although it is possible that devices with a higher couple count could be used to increase efficiency, cost benefit analysis criteria are used to decide the design of the thermoelectric modules for each application and varied seat assemblies. Should the thermoelectric or other solid state devices of different chemical or mechanical makeup be developed that will improve performance or lower cost, clearly these would be able to be utilized in the present invention. In certain aspects, the thermoelectric module could include P and N couples that are spaced further apart which would increase the size of the thermoelectric module and therefore increase the area of direct contact with the thermally conductive material described below. In this aspect, it may alleviate the need for a thermal transfer block, which also spreads the heat flow over a wider area to give a larger area of contact for the thermally conductive material. Another control for the thermoelectric module may be the use of pulse width modulation. b. Next, the Thermally Conductive Material The other part of the first aspect of the present invention will include a thermally conductive material that is suitable for distributing heat and cold generated by the thermoelectric module across a wider area than the surface of the thermoelectric device itself. Although there are many different thermally conductive heat transfer materials which are rugged enough to withstand seating and millions of entries and egresses in and out of a vehicle seat, the most common ones would include thermally conductive materials such as copper sheets or woven materials, thermally conductive polymers, carbon based conductive materials such as carbon fiber fabric or graphite fabrics, and including the recently available graphene nanoplatelets sheets. Since carbon based materials are strong and flexible in addition to being highly thermally conductive, they are especially suitable for the present invention. Graphene in a single layer atomic thickness is extremely thermally conductive, i.e. from 2,000 to 4,000 Watts/meterKelvin in the X & Y axes. Practically, though, because of the lack of cross sectional area in the Z-direction, the actual heat that can be transferred is low. In other words, the thermal conductivity is very high per cross sectional area, but if the cross sectional area approaches zero, the actual heat transfer is minimal. Therefore, usable graphene for practical applications preferably employs many layers of graphene, often in the form of platelets, nanoplatelets, nanotubes and/or nanoparticles. Though using the graphene platelets in this form reduces the thermal conductivity per cross sectional area, the overall heat transfer can be very high because the cross sectional area is relatively large due to thickness in the Z-direction. In addition, these thicker graphene materials can be easily handled especially if bonded to a thin polymer film. As the development of this material advances, the thermal conductivity will also increase, upward of the 2,000-4,000 W/mK mark, though it is not known how close it will get to the “theoretical” limit. The examples disclosed below utilize thermally conductive materials, some with 400-600 W/mK in thermal conductivity and some with 2000-4000 W/mK. Using multi-layers of thinner 400-600 W/mK material may increase the thermal conductivity to 1,500 W/mK. Of course, thinner multi-layer approaches increase the cost, are less available and are more difficult to work with, though this is certainly a possibility. Higher thermal conductivity graphene in low cost form is becoming available for materials in the 400-2,000 W/mK or similar range. Further, a pyrolytic graphite sheet material tested with a higher thermal conductivity of 700-800 W/mK, including material of 1,500 W/mK. Pyrolytic graphite sheet material is a suitable thermally conductive material. Pyrolytic graphite fiber cloth of a pitch based carbon fiber fabric, commercially available from Mitsubishi Plastics of Japan had a thermal conductivity of 800 W/mK. Because it was a fabric, it was great for flexibility. However, initial tests showed that the fabric weave, was not active in carrying heat in the cross weave material. For example, in this trial, the pyrolytic graphite fiber cloth was bonded to a 3″×3″ conduction plate. The strands that were linear with the heat conduction path carried heat and the cross weave material fibers, once it left the area of the conduction plate, were perpendicular to the heat flow and only communicated with the preferred heat transfer strands at circular points where the strands met. Therefore, thermal adhesives may be used to thermally connect all the fibers. Although any thermally conductive material may be utilized with varying degrees of effectiveness, the preferred thermally conductive materials for the present invention include graphene nanoplatelet material with a thermal conductivity of from 375 W/mK to 2000-4000 W/mK depending on thickness and configuration, while commercially available pyrolytic graphite sheets with thermal conductivity of 650-1550 W/mK and pyrolytic woven graphite fibers, with a thermal conductivity of 800 W/mK is also suitable. Preferably, the best carbon-based thermal conductivity material is sheeted materials of graphene nanoplatelets adhered to a thin plastic sheet in order to add strength. As the thermal conductivity of graphene is more than double that of copper, it is a suitable material for this application. Such graphene nanoplatelet sheets are preferably from 5 micrometers to 500 micrometers thick, and may be optionally bonded to a thin plastic sheet made of polyethylene, or any other suitable substrate in order to exhibit greater strength and resistance to ongoing stress and strain due to persons getting in and out of seats. By utilizing carbon-based materials, heat may be transferred and distributed directly throughout the entire surface area of the conductive material, alleviating the need for air ducting and distribution, further simplifying seat construction and standardizing the design while still providing individualized climate control, thereby increasing design flexibility. In short, the present invention uses a heat transfer pad to distribute heat and cool, rather than using forced air. Standardization becomes possible because there will be minor differences whether or not a low weight passenger is sitting on the seat or someone of more substantial weight, such as happens when a substantially weighted person may crush the air ducts in conventional seats with heating and cooling capabilities. In that regard, suitable graphene nanoplatelet materials are commercially available from many sources, including XG Sciences, of Lansing, Michigan, USA, among other international distributors. Graphene nanoplatelets are suitable for the present application because this relatively new class of carbon nanoparticles exhibits multifunctional properties. The graphene nanoplatelets have a “platelet” morphology, as they have a very thin but wide aspect ratio. This unique size, shape and morphology tends to the make the particles especially effective at providing barrier properties while their pure graphitic composition gives them good electrical and thermal conductivity properties. They also can exhibit stiffness, high strength and surface hardness. Such materials may be used in a single layer, or any number of multiple layers in order to achieve the desired effect. For automotive seating, it is preferable that a single sheet is utilized, as it has a thermal conductivity of 400-500+W/mK. As many of the grades of graphene materials are made of either nanoplatelets, nanoparticles, nanotubes or combinations thereof that are commercially available, typical surface areas which are able to dissipate heat may include from 5 to over 750 m2/g, wherein the average particle diameters can range from 5 microns to over 100 microns. These sheeted graphene nanoplatelet or graphene nanotube materials are especially useful for dissipating heat once it is placed in direct mechanical and thermal contact with the thermoelectric device described hereinabove. Further aspects of the invention may include the use of a thermally conductive plastic sheeted material with an inclusion of intermittent bits of highly thermally conductive components, such as carbon or graphene nanoparticles, graphene nanotubes, or graphene nanoplatelets in order to improve the thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive plastic sheeted material. II. Combination Thermoelectric Module, Thermally Conductive Material and Perforated Top a. The Perforated Material In addition to the above-mentioned basic thermoelectric module and thermally conductive combination, other optional aspects of the present invention may include further elements to be added to that combination. In this second aspect of the invention, the basic thermoelectric and thermally conductive combination further includes the use of a perforated material that will contact the person in the seat. The perforated material may include perforated leather, or any other suitable perforated seating material to allow air flow to the seat occupant and prevent moisture from building up due to condensation. Suitable perforated materials will allow air flow which will therefore improve seat heating and also provide improved moisture transfer. III. Combination Thermoelectric Module, Thermally Conductive Material, and Phase Change Material Yet another element that may be utilized with the base thermoelectric and thermally conductive combination may include phase change materials capable of storing or releasing heat during a phase transition. This may provide additional capacity in the present application. The materials that are preferably associated with this aspect of the invention include hydrated potassium bicarbonate or other phase change materials could be used that are applicable to the phase change temperature that is desired for the application. Bear in mind that a phase change material has a high heat of fusion which is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. In this instance, the heat is either absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa, which makes the phase change material a latent heat storage material. For example, a sodium acetate heating pad becomes warm when it crystallizes. Certain organic phase change materials such as paraffin and fatty acids have very high heats of fusion and are safe and non-reactive, besides being recyclable and compatible with pretty much every conventional material of construction. Although they have traditionally been flammable, certain containment processes allow use in various applications. Of preferred interest in this application may include inorganic salt hydrates, as they are non-flammable while still exhibiting a high heat of fusion. As described above, the preferred phase change material is a hydrated potassium bicarbonate. Of course, other phase change materials may be adapted for this application, and may include the eutectics or hydroscopic materials as they can absorb heat when their water condenses or they can release water when the water evaporates. Although not an inclusive listing, suitable the phase change materials include hydrated potassium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, paraffin, fatty acids, inorganic salt hydrates, eutectics, hydroscopics, hygroscopics, and combinations thereof. This may or may not be useful in terms of controlling the moisture content in a seat when certain dew point situations are realized. In various aspects of the present invention, this combination of the thermoelectric module, thermally conductive material, perforated seats, and/or phase change material pads within the seat, or any combination thereof may make the seat usable to provide a more efficient system than the conventional air chamber type heating and cooling seats. Of special interest in the present invention is that in certain aspects, there is essentially no movement of air necessary, unlike the conventional systems produced with split air chamber designs and utilizing significant amount of “real estate” underneath the seat. From a packaging and manufacturing standpoint, the thermoelectric module and thermally conductive material of the present invention is much easier for packaging, shipping and for placement in a seat during manufacturing. There are very few air chamber components that need to be manufactured and installed. Further, the various weights of the human beings sitting on the seats hamper the design of prior art seat heaters and coolers, because the air chambers become compressed when an obese person sits on the seat versus a child sitting on the seat. As one can imagine, an obese person will compress the air chambers to the point where the air can no longer even distribute. The fact that the present invention does not rely upon air movement, gives much greater leeway to seat designers as well as the operation of the seat heater and cooler. My design alleviates much of the moisture that is involved in seats during heating and cooling, and therefore does not even need to be addressed for moisture retention or vaporization. If no air flow exists, such as when there are no perforations to allow air flow, moisture can condense when it is cold. Using my invention, with even a 2° C. differential, and especially with perforations, the moisture problem is alleviated. IV. Combination Thermoelectric Module, Thermally Conductive Material, and Phase Change Material with Perforated Materials Further comprising the present invention is the optional use of all these aspects including perforated top layer materials with phase change material utilized in combination with the first aspect of the present invention including thermally conductive material in order to store or release heat during a phase transition. Such a phase change material may be any substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. As one may recall sodium acetate heating pads, it is realized when the sodium acetate solution crystallizes, it becomes warm. Such phase change materials' latent heat storage capabilities can be achieved through solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, and liquid-gas phase change. The preferable phase change for use in the present application is the solid-liquid change as it is most practical for use as thermal storage due to the small volume required to store the heat. Although conventional phase change materials may be organic, such as paraffin and/or fatty acids, inorganic phase change materials, such as salt hydrates, eutectic materials, which may be organic-organic, organic-inorganic, or inorganic-inorganic compounds, along with hygroscopic materials which may be advantageous due to their water absorption and release properties. Preferably, as mentioned above, in this aspect the phase change material which can optionally be used in the present invention is hydrated potassium bicarbonate or any other phase change material which is applicable to the phase change temperature that is desired in the automotive or other seat assembly applications. In addition, optionally, with any or all of the above-mentioned aspects, yet another element may be helpful in order to optimize the heat transfer. This element includes a thermally conductive interface which may be utilized to great advantage. Such a thermally conductive interface may be thermal grease, silver filled gels, filled waxes, or silicones. This interface will help to make full thermal contact between the components, increasing the efficiencies of each thermal communication. Methods for making each of the above aspects include assembling each component as shown in the appended drawings, and applying a coating of thermally conductive interface between the thermoelectric module and the thermally conductive material, or the thermoelectric, the thermally conductive and the phase change material. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the fact that all the power used in the fan can be used for ambient heat transfer via the heat sink which will improve overall performance. An ambient heat sink can be optimized for its purpose instead of fitting into the form factor required and using a portion of the air flow also for the cooling/heating of the seat occupant. This provides more freedom for thermoelectric module design, wherein the seat packaging can also be improved. Various shapes and sizes of the heating and cooling area are easily accomplished by utilizing various sizes of heat transfer materials and the thermoelectric devices. This also means that there is a reduction in designing for occupants with different weights because the thermal feedback loop can provide better control of temperature with the occupant being directly thermally coupled to the heated and cooled surface. Looking now to the drawings, we look atFIG.1, wherein the seat heater and cooler is generally denoted by numeral10, and includes a rubber pad12and immediately thereunder and surrounding is a thermally conductive material heat transfer pad14which is then in turn in thermal communication with a thermal transfer block under the thermally conductive material heat transfer pad14and includes a thermoelectric device under and in thermal communication with a thermal transfer block, which in turn is in thermal communication with a heat sink with a fan below the heat sink. Heat transfer pad14may be made of any of the thermally conductive materials described hereinabove, such as graphene nanoplatelets, graphene nanotubes or the like. FIG.2shows the seat heater and cooler ofFIG.1in its environment in an automotive vehicle seat assembly, and further illustrates the seat assembly generally denoted by numeral20, with the seat heater and cooler24in place in the seat as well as in the back of the seat assembly20. A thermoelectric device22is shown in a cutaway portion of the seat while the thermoelectric device24is shown within the heat transfer pad26on the back of seat20. FIG.3shows in detail the thermoelectric device in combination with the various components comprised the entire heat transfer pad and seat heater and cooler. An upper thermal transfer block30is located on top of heat transfer pad substrate33which is then placed in thermal communication with a lower heat transfer block40. Seat foam32acts as a support for the passenger, and holds the upper thermal transfer block30in place. The thermoelectric module36is in thermal communication with heat sink38for receiving air flow from a fan35through air flow34that is heated or cooled by the heat sink38. In operation, fan35creates an air flow34from below to bring the air up into contact with the thermo sink38which is then in contact thermoelectric device36and then to lower heat transfer block40. Substrate33made of a thermally conducting material helps to dissipate the heat or coolness across its surface and also is helped by thermal interface30. Advantageously, an optional thermal interface, such as thermal grease, silver filled gels, filled waxes, silicones or pads to name a few suitable interface materials. What was used successfully in the prototypes is Arctic Silver from AI Technology Inc. of Princeton Junction, New Jersey, may be used between the thermal transfer blocks and the thermally conductive material to provide a void free contact for best heat transfer. Looking next toFIG.4, another view of the aspect shown inFIG.3is shown with a further cushioning aspect of seat foam32, topped by and defined by a thermally conductive material layer60which is in thermal communication with heat transfer block62which is sitting on top of thermoelectric module52. Seat foam32surrounds air chamber exit duct58. Heat sink54is shown directly below and in thermal communication with thermoelectric module52. Fan56is shown in its box configuration bringing air up into the heat sink area54for heat exchange and also exhausting any air through air chamber exit duct58. Seat foam32is located between air chamber58and thermally conductive material60. All of this is meant to heat up or cool down the conductive heat transfer material60, which is preferably made of a highly dissipative carbon based material, such as the graphene nanoplatelet material described in detail hereinabove. FIG.5shows yet another aspect of the present invention utilizing a fan, air chambers, and the combination of a thermoelectric module, thermally conductive material, a perforated seat cover, and a phase change material as described above. The seat heater and cooler generally denoted by the numeral70, and includes the flexible thermally conductive material72having perforations74therein. The perforations allow air flow to help to minimize the trapping of moisture, which alleviates the clammy feeling if the dew point is too low. Underneath the flexible thermally conductive material72, a phase change material76is used to provide a storage of heat and cool. The phase change material76is in contact with the thermally conductive material72which is in thermal communication with thermal interface78which is in direct thermal communication with the heat transfer block80, which in turn is in thermal communication with the thermoelectric module82underneath. As in the other aspects, the thermoelectric module82is located in thermal communication with heat sink84which is heated and cooled by air coming through fan86. Fan86moves the air through air passages88in order to put moving air in contact with the seat occupant primarily to reduce the chance of moisture formation on the seat surface and will exchange some heat with the phase change material and the thermally conductive material pad as it moves through the perforations though the main heat transfer mechanism to the occupant is via the thermally conductive material and then via the seat covering material (leather or other) that is in direct contact with the occupant. Fan86distributes the air through the heat sink84, transferring heat to or from the heat sink84, depending on the direction of the electrical DC current flow direction in the thermoelectric device and whether the seat occupant is to be heated or cooled, which is then exhausted into the ambient environment through air flow chamber90, acting as an exit duct. Phase change materials store or release heat during a phase transition. The materials presently associated with this invention include hydrated potassium bicarbonate. Other suitable phase change materials may be applicable to the phase change temperature that is desired. Phase change materials are used only in certain aspects of this invention. They provide short-term cooling or heating to a seat occupant, for example when the stops to shop for an hour and they would want to come out to a hot car that has a pre-cooled seat. Its performance can be engineered such that a thin insulating layer of material can be placed between the thermally conductive material to allow most of the heating or cooling provided by the thermoelectric device to act upon the leather or cloth seat covering and the seat occupant, while allowing a level of thermal leakage that either heats or cools the phase change material. When the car is in the rest position, such as in the case of someone shopping or at a doctor's appointment, the phase change material can release or absorb heat slowly as the thin insulating layer retards a high level of heat transfer. How this layer, or if there is a layer at all, is engineered is dependent upon the desired thermal requirements. FIG.6is yet another aspect of the present invention utilizing the perforated seat in conjunction with the thermoelectric module and the thermally conductive material pad for distributing heat or cool to the passenger of the seat. This aspect is generally denoted by numeral100, and includes an air flow102coming into the fan104. Fan104distributes the air through the heat sink106, transferring heat to or from the heat sink106, depending on the direction of the electrical DC current flow direction in the thermoelectric module and whether the seat occupant is to be heated or cooled, which is then exhausted into the ambient environment through air passage120. Thermal interface112is in communication with heat transfer block114and thermoelectric module116. The fan104also moves air through air passages124and up through perforated material110to provide air movement to the passenger on top of the seat assembly100. Seat foam108surrounds air chamber120for circulating air. FIG.7shows another aspect of the present invention and is generally denoted by numeral130in which air flow132enters into fan134which distributes air through an air splitting chamber136. This low aspect ratio air moving design130also includes a thermoelectric module142which is in thermal communication with the heat transfer block144. As the air transfers through air splitting chamber136, it is directed through the seat138by ventilation there through, while exhaust air from the heat sink is exited through passage140. Looking next toFIG.8, there is shown a two layer carbon based thermally conductive material pad generally denoted by numeral150and including a thermally conductive plate152that is in thermal communication with the underside of the thermally conductive base material154. Slits158in the bottom layer of thermally conductive material154remains in thermal communication with each of the various panels created by the slits by a top thermally conductive ring156so that the break caused by the splits in the thermally conductive base material remain in thermal communication with one another. This configuration of thermally conductive materials to fabricate the thermally conductive pad allows for extra flexibility and robustness for application where large downward deflections in the seat are common while maintaining overall high thermal performance. For example, if a bony kneed occupant kneels on the seat, exerting a great deal of downward force, their knee will not create any problems with the material. FIG.9shows a cutaway view of yet another aspect of the present invention of a seat heater and cooler with an extended thermal lifetime, which is generally denoted by numeral160, including the base elements of a thermoelectric module168in thermal communication with a thermally conductive material162in combination with a phase change material163to extend the life of the heating and/or cooling aspect of the phase change material163. Preferably, an optional layer of thermal interface164, such as a thermal grease or any other suitable interface material as described hereinabove, may be used to create a better connection for thermal communication. A heat transfer block166may also be utilized in a similar fashion as the aspects described above, in order to distribute the heat or coolness across a broader area. Thermoelectric module168would preferably be a similar thermoelectric module as the ones described above, which would be the heat or coolness source that is dissipated by heat transfer block166. As shown inFIG.9, a heat sink170collects the proper heat or coolness as it passes through from fan176. Not shown are heat or coolness collecting fins in heat sink170, as this angle shows the side of the last fin. An exit duct174is used for egress of air moving though the seat heater and cooling assembly160. Seat foam172surrounds the exit ducts174, fan176, and heat sink170. Fan176is shown in a side elevational view, so it appears as a fan underneath heat sink170, which urges an air flow through exit duct174. Looking back atFIG.9, it should be noted thatFIG.9shows a seat heater and cooler assembly that incorporates a phase change material, without any air flow directly to the occupant, such as with the aspects above that included a perforated air flow seat design. Phase change materials can extend the life of a heated and cooled device without the need for electricity, because phase change materials utilize chemical reactions that are either exothermic reactions, which give off heat, or they may utilize an endothermic reaction, which absorbs energy, thereby cooling. Upon activation, the phase change material, preferably potassium bicarbonate in this aspect, will heat up or cool down, whichever is desired, and will keep that temperature for an extended period of time. Since phase change material is perfectly reversible, without any hysteresis, it can be used and reused many times over to provide the desired effect. Further, it can be used in combination with the thermoelectric device and the effect of the phase change material can be distributed over a larger area by the use of the thermally conductive material. FIG.10shows yet a further aspect of the present invention, for use in, for example, an office chair or any other non-automotive application or in an automotive application where running electrical wiring is not desirable, a rechargeable system is disclosed and is generally denoted by numeral260, including an office chair262having a heated and cooled seat266. At the bottom of the office chair is a magnetic resonance receiver264which can be moved in close proximity to the embedded magnetic resonance transmitter268within floor mat270. In operation, the magnetic resonance receiver264is placed over the embedded magnetic resonance transmitter268, such that wireless recharging or powering of the heated and cooled seat266can be achieved. Power from the floor mat is transmitted by embedded magnetic resonance transmitter268wirelessly to the magnetic resonance receiver264when it is in proper location, thereby providing power to the heated and cooled seat266in the office chair. In yet one more aspect, the present invention can include a superhydrophobic aspect for addressing moisture issues. The superhydrophobic material is envisioned on the top surface of the seat top material which would optionally be the uppermost layer in any of the above aspects. In that regard, and for some of the aspects hereinabove, a possibility exists for water to condense onto the cool surface of the heated and cooled seat surface. Air flow through a perforated seat and/or air chambers or ducts will move air, thereby effecting a remedy by evaporating the condensed moisture. This circulating air aspect was also noted above, in the aspect with air moving through perforations in the thermally conductive material. In this aspect, the use of a superhydrophobic surface in incorporated in the seat covering, whether it be leather or cloth. The superhydrophobic surface propels water droplets from the surface of the seat by self-propelled jumping condensate powered by surface energy upon coalescence of the condensed water phase. This aspect can keep the seat surface dry when water condensate begins to form on the seat surface. Such a superhydrophobic material may be commercially available as “Never Wet”, from Rust-Oleum of Vernon Hills, Illinois, or a superhydrophobic material available from Lotus Leaf Coatings, Inc., of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Furthermore, in certain aspects, the thermally conductive layer can act as an active thermal gate for heat transfer to and from the phase change material layer. For example, if during previous vehicle operation, the phase change material layer was cooled, and now the vehicle is parked on a hot sunny day and, under normal circumstances, the phase change material would then begin warming up due to heat transfer from the car seat outer covering, whether it be leather or cloth. In this example, heat would move from the leather or cloth outer car seat covering to the thermally conductive material layer to either directly to the phase change material, or in an alternate aspect, an intermediate variable insulating layer through to the phase change material layer. This variable insulating layer may be a layer of insulating or partially insulating material that separates the phase change material from the thermally conductive material. Determining the insulating value of such a variable insulating material will be dependent upon the expected conditions of use. If the heat pumping product is to be slowly imparted upon the phase change material, a more insulating layer would be chosen. In this instance this would mean that the phase change material would either take-in or give-off heat also at a slow rate, depending on whether the seat is in heating mode or cooling mode. This means that the seat surface temperature thermal response to the heat pumping of the thermoelectric system would be little affected. If one desired a more rapid thermal response of the seat surface temperature by the heat pumping portion of the system, a higher insulating layer would be more suitable and appropriate. Consequently, if an application requires quicker charging or discharging of the phase change material, a less insulating layer would be used. On the other hand, if the thermally conductive material layer is to be activated in the cooling mode, via the thermoelectric device, during the period of time the vehicle is parked, thermal energy from the seat covering would be transferred to the thermally conductive material layer and pumped out of the immediate area, blocking heat transfer to the phase change material layer further extends the thermal storage time of the phase change material during times when the vehicle is non-operational times. As in the cooling mode noted above, the same type of operation can be effected in the heating mode during cold weather by using the thermoelectric device to pump heat into the thermally conductive material, thereby blocking heat from escaping the phase change material. The level of heat pumping acting as a thermal block to reduce heat transfer to the phase change material layer may be regulated to meet the requirements desired by the vehicle occupant in accordance with the vehicle manufacturer's specifications. As one can imagine, a higher heat pumping level will require more electrical energy from the vehicle. Consequently, a higher amount of electrical energy is needed in the long haul, thereby negatively affecting the reserve power in the vehicle's battery. Time-temperature algorithms that properly match intended use with electrical energy consumption are anticipated by this invention. For example, by inputting commonly experienced vehicle cabin temperatures with pre-selected times or learned occupant usage patterns along with vehicle battery conditions, the amount of heat pumping and heat blocking may be easily optimized. Furthermore, it is envisioned that this control system can also simply be used as a timer, in its simplest form. In addition, during certain aspects' operation of the seat cooling and heating method which only uses the thermally conductive material option without the phase change material layer, or the method that uses the thermally conductive material with air flow, one can use these same thermal controlling methods, materials and concepts for the parked or vehicle at rest scenario described hereinabove. Looking next toFIG.11AandFIG.11B, there can be seen yet another aspect of the present invention utilizing strips of the thermally conductive material, rather than an entire sheet of material, like the one shown inFIG.1. It appears that the less mass of the thermally conductive material used, the faster that the heat/cool is able to be disbursed. This translates into a faster response time to the passenger of the seat. Sensory response to this arrangement can vary with the individual seat occupant but what has been observed is that because smaller areas are heated and cooled, their temperature can be changed at a somewhat faster rate than when using full sheet, full seat coverage. This allows for a more dramatic response to the seat occupant and a sensory response that can seem faster. However, as one can note, a smaller area of the seat is heated or cooled. Optimization of the net covered area versus heating or cooling across the entire surface has been determined to be about 20% net covered area with strips covering up to about 50% net covered area. The thermally conductive material is in thermal communication with a thermoelectric device and acts to distribute heat and coolness across the seat. Looking still atFIGS.11A and11B, seat assemblies generally denoted by numerals300and316respectively are shown attached to seat supports310, and318, and including thermally conductive material strips312and320in thermal communication with thermoelectric devices314and322. Device314is shown covered with a foam block, while device322is shown without the foam block.FIG.11Aillustrates a foam piece that allows for near the same level of foam thickness across the seat for comfort. The graphene strips are in thermal communication with a heat transfer plate, much like the other aspects. The graphene strips emerge through the foam, just like that shown onFIG.3. InFIG.11B, this shows a heat transfer plate, which is in thermal communication with the graphene strips prior to the foam being put into place that will make it a more monolithic foam surface for comfort. FIG.11Bshows an electrical wire324for electrical communication to a power source. Automotive seat assemblies generally use foam for comfort and support. Generally, polyurethane foam is preferred, and is well known in the art. In all automotive cooled/heated seat applications, while foam is still used for occupant comfort, it also acts as a thermal insulator to block the movement of heat from the thermally conductive material, which supplies the cooling and heating to the seat occupant, from being dissipated, un-doing its intended function. Whether the foam is common polyurethane, specially formulated polyurethane, or other polymeric material or whether it is made of another material such as cotton, synthetic fabric material, fiberglass, polyisocyanate foam, or natural batting material, the function is the same. Seating foam is commercially available through many automotive supply companies such as Johnson Controls Inc. of Michigan, Faurecia of Europe, or chemical suppliers such Dow Chemical Corporation of Midland, Michigan. FIG.12illustrates a perspective elevational view of an aluminum block heat transfer member generally denoted by numeral326. An aluminum block328is in thermal communication with a sheet or strips of thermally conductive material330, preferably graphene material. Aluminum block328sits atop thermoelectric device332for efficient heat transfer. A heat sink assembly334lies underneath the thermoelectric device332, showing the vertically oriented heat sink fins. A fan336blows air across the heat sink fins and receives electrical power by electrical wire338. Alternatively, aluminum block328may be replaced with a multi-layer assembly of thermally conductive strips adhered to one another as more fully described with reference toFIG.13below. In this and all other aspects, preferred suitable thermally conductive flexible materials may include graphene nanoplatelet or nanotube sheets or strips, although any other suitable thermally conductive flexible material may be used. A particularly suitable thermal conductivity material used thus far in development of this concept includes the use of a graphene nanoplatelet sheet of 180 μm thick sheeted material made from a sheet of graphene nanoplatelet material bonded to a suitable substrate material, such as a thin plastic sheet, for added strength. In this aspect, the thin plastic sheet substrate may be any suitable sheeted plastic, but is preferably polyester or polyethylene, as these materials exhibit a bit of thermal impedance. A 220 μm thick sheet was also tested and found to be suitable. The thickness of the material shall be based on the area that requires cooling and heating. This determined thickness can range from 120 μm to 220 μm but other thicknesses may be used for certain applications. This material preferably has a thermal conductivity of 400-500+W/mK. Such a suitable graphene nanoplatelet material is commercially available from XG Sciences, Inc. of Lansing Michigan Other materials have also been used include carbon fiber fabric and graphite fabric, such as some of the industrial materials purchased from several companies such as Mitsubishi Plastics of Japan. Many possible thin sheeted substrate materials may be used onto which multiple graphene strips are glued to act as a low mass and lower weight support. Especially thin strong materials, such as carbon fiber material, a mesh of plastic or metal, or even a thin layer of fiberglass may be useful as a substrate onto which the multiple strips are adhered, forming a strong yet flexible structure. This thin sheeted substrate material being adhered to the graphene strips or sheet may have many configurations, including a solid sheet, or a partial sheet, such as one with perforations, expanded foraminous slits, or any other configuration which would expose a net free area of contact from between 4% and about 50% to provide a more direct contact with the heat transfer materials without the thermal impedance of a covering layer. Using this multi-layer strip “paper mache” configuration may be most advantageous because it will heat up faster than a solid aluminum block, such as the one disclosed above inFIG.12, because the system would not have to push all the heat or cool out of the aluminum block first before heat or coolness would be transferred to the surface of the seat. This configuration has a much smaller mass and better heat conductivity than a solid metal block. In this and other aspects of the present invention, the use of a heat transfer block may be desirable. A heat transfer block allows the heat transfer area of the thermoelectric device to be increased, thereby increasing the thermal contact area of the thermally conductive material used to spread the heat to the seat occupant or to capture the heat from the seat occupant. This increased area reduces the thermal resistance of the heat pumping system. A heat transfer block can be of any thermally conductive material and is commonly aluminum and can be sourced from any commercial metal supplier. Alternatively, the multiple strip configuration described above may be advantageous. In some instances, the heat transfer block may not be required with the thermoelectric device being bonded directly to the heat transfer material. Furthermore, in these various aspects, the inclusion of a heat sink may be desirable. The heat sink may be in the form of a common finned heat sink, which allows heat to be either taken away during the cooling mode from the sink or transferred to the sink during the heating mode by the passage of air. This type of heat exchanger can also be constructed of other metals such as copper or other thermally conductive materials such as carbon, graphite, or thermally conductive plastics. Other suitable air type heat exchangers may include folded fins, micro-channel configurations, liquid, and heat pipes. Another method is to use the same or similar type of thermally conductive material that is used in the seat for thermal transfer of cooling and heating and use it for the heat sink. This uses a conductive method to transfer heat to or from a source to the heat pumping device. As an example, a thermally conductive member can be attached to the metal floor of a vehicle. Heat sinks can be purchased from many suppliers worldwide such as Aavid Thermalloy LLC distributors throughout the world. In addition, to increase the efficiency of this heating and cooling system, a fan may be desirable. The preferred fans include both axial and radial fans. These fans are used to pass air through a heat sink and in some applications of the present invention, also pass air through the seat cover to the occupant. Depending upon the size of the seat and the cooling and heating requirements, these fans can have capacities ranging from 5 cfm to 35 cfm of airflow and are preferred to be of a brushless design and electronically commutated. For large bench seating applications in open air environments, such as in golf cars, the fan flow rate may be higher. Other air moving means may also be employed such as piezoelectric fans, diaphragm air pumps, air flow multipliers or electrostatic air movers. An axial fan desirable in some of the aspects shown in the drawings are uniquely suitable because it provides for both passing air through the heat sink and also supplies flowing air to the seat occupant via the use of pass-through cavities in the heat sink. A rotary fan will split the flow of air so that some goes through the heat sink and some goes to the seat occupant. FIG.13illustrates an alternative aspect340to the aluminum block heat transfer block ofFIG.12, and indicates the use of multiple adhered layers342of the thermally conductive flexible material for the heat transfer block. This aspect is much like a “paper mache” build up of material to construct a heat transfer block member that thermally connects the thermoelectric device348to the graphene strips342distributing heat and coolness through the seat assembly, as shown above inFIGS.11A and11B. Preferably, in this aspect of the invention, multiple adhered layers342of nanoplatelet graphene sheets or strips are adhered together to form a somewhat flexible multi-layer thermal transfer block replacement for the previously described solid aluminum heat transfer block. By substituting this “paper mache” version of the graphene strips, a lower mass heat transfer member is achieved, while retaining strength and flexibility. This aspect was designed to provide more robustness and flexibility of the material in the event that more weight is pressed down onto the seat, such as when an obese person sits down or especially if he puts all his weight on his knee, thereby compounding the downward force at a pin point. The flexibility afforded by this structure was helpful. This multi-layer concept was tested and showed an improvement in the overall robustness of the conductive member of the invention, while maintaining good heat transfer properties. Referring again toFIG.13, it can be seen that the multi-layer strips could either be butt jointed to the top of the thermoelectric device348or the C-shaped configuration shown inFIG.13may be employed to increase the surface area contacting the thermoelectric device, or in another aspect, a thermal transfer plate346on top of the thermoelectric device348may be utilized. Heat sink350receives air from fan352and moves the air across the surface of the thermoelectric device348. Graphene sheet344is secured atop the heat transfer plat346which transfer temperature to graphene sheet344to distribute heat and/or coolness. Although not shown explicitly, the base layer of the bottom of the C-shaped thermally conductive material was tested in two different configurations, i.e. in direct bonded contact with the heat transfer block or being directly bonded to the thermoelectric module itself, depending on the design. The bottom of the C-shaped configuration is a multi-layer structure bonded with a flexible adhesive heat transfer material. Suitable adhesives for any of the aspects of the present invention may include any thermally conductive interface, including thermal greases, silver filled gels, filled waxes, silicones, pads or any combination thereof. Preferably the thermally conductive adhesive is a reworkable, aluminum nitride filled, electrically insulating and thermally conductive paste type adhesive, although any suitable adhesive may be used. In this example, such a suitable flexible epoxy adhesive may include Prima-Bond® or Arctic Silver®, adhesives, both commercially available from AI Technology, Inc. of Princeton, New Jersey. In the preferred aspect, the base layer was slit to allow for more deformation during use. Greater deformation is needed in instances such as when an obese person puts his knee on a car seat and puts a significant portion of his body weight on top of a relatively small area of the seat without crinkling the multi-layer. The second layer elastically and physically holds the slit sections in place and provides for heat transfer between the slit sections so as to maximize heat transfer between the sections and prevent any hot or cool sections relative to the other sections (temperature uniformity). For all aspects of the present invention, suitable thermoelectric cooling/heating devices may include any commercially available thermoelectric device. The preferred thermoelectric devices are 127 couple bismuth telluride based devices, as they operate effectively at 10-16 VDC, which is compatible with automotive electrical requirements and other low voltage applications. It is also possible that devices with higher couple counts will be used to increase efficiency. Such suitable thermoelectric devices can be purchased from several manufacturers such as Marlow Industries of Dallas, Texas. Yet another aspect of my invention includes apparatus and methods for the vehicle operator to have the capability to communicate to the vehicle that they would like the car seat to be pre-cooled or pre-heated before they enter the vehicle. The thermal seat portion of the invention can be activated by wireless communication from the operator via a mobile communication device or key fob. Furthermore, in still another aspect of the present invention, the thermoelectric module that is a part of this invention can act as a sensor. In prior art air-only based seat heating and cooling systems, the thermoelectric module is thermally separated from the seat surface and the seat occupant. However, in my invention, the occupant is in thermal contact with the seat cover, which is in contact with the thermally conductive material which is in contact with the thermoelectric device. Thermoelectric devices, while being able to provide heat pumping bi-directionally, can also produce electrical energy via the Seebeck effect when there is a temperature difference between the two planar sides of the device. Therefore, utilizing this electrical generation aspect of this invention, heat from the occupant can be used to generate electrical energy that can be directly related to the temperature of the occupant and become a temperature sensor. The temperature information can be used to help control the temperature of the seat occupant and automatically aid in turning on or off or modulating the heat supplied to the seat occupant or the heat removed from the seat occupant providing optimal comfort. FIG.14illustrates yet another aspect of the present invention with a thermally controlled garment generally denoted by the numeral360. Jacket362includes thermal controls on its back to keep the occupant warm and/or cool in accordance with the present invention. Heat distribution sheets364surround at least a portion of the inner layer of jacket362, and these heat distribution sheets am in thermal communication with thermoelectric device370and heat sink366through heat transfer plate368. As with other aspects of the present invention, the thermoelectric device and the heat distribution sheets are in accordance with the descriptions hereinabove. Thermoelectric device370may be used to either heat or cool the garment, providing comfort and temperature controls for the wearer of the garment. Thermoelectric device370can be powered either by a battery or can be plugged into any outlet, such as one on a motorcycle, a snowmobile, or a boat. Looking again atFIG.14, it must be noted that such a jacket362, or any other garment incorporating the heating and cooling technologies of the present invention, can be utilized for firemen, Coast Guard boats men, military applications and the like. In these instances, since they would be out-of-doors applications, and the garment would not be anywhere near an electrical outlet, a battery power pack would also be an advantage. Garment360can exhibit gradient heating and cooling zones by insulating portions of the path for the thermal distribution, thereby intensifying the hot/cold at a particular location distant from the thermoelectric device. This is an attribute that is unachievable with electrical wiring systems. Looking next toFIG.15, a refrigerator or heater box generally denoted by numeral380includes a box container382with a heat distribution sheet384surrounding the cavity inside the box382. Thermoelectric device386is in thermal communication with heat distribution sheets384, providing heat and/or coolness to the contents of the box. This is a great advantage over the prior art because previously, uncontained liquids such as melted ice liquids could not be included in the cooling boxes as they might harm the fan. In the present aspect of this invention, water in the box does not matter. Again, this box can either be activated electrically through an electrical output through a wire or through a battery pack. In addition, the exterior of the box can be constructed such that the outer skin is of graphene material and provides the heat sinking that may be normally supplied by a heat sink and fan. In all aspects, if the device is only to be used in the cooling mode, the heat sink could be comprised of a heat pipe to reject the heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric device, providing a greater cooling efficiency. Likewise, a thermally conductive material, like graphene, could be use on both sides of the thermoelectric device. The thermally conductive material on the hot side could be conductively attached to a heat dissipation member, such as the auto body cockpit floor of an automobile, to dissipate heat without the use of a fan or other mechanical heat dissipation device. Referring next toFIG.16, a new thermal control technology via the Internet of Things (IoT) is made possible with the present invention. Office chair390is in electrical communication with a magnetic resonance or inductive recharging pad392. Especially in the office chair application, as previously disclosed in the description ofFIG.10, controlling operation of the cooling and heating functions as they relate to the temperature in a building and providing information on the seat occupant and use of the chair is accomplished by integrating the seat cooling and heating system with control technology. As already noted above, the cooled and heated seat system can act as a sensor, providing a wireless signal to a smart thermostat394, which is in communication with a computer that controls the temperature settings of HVAC system396. When a person sits in seat390, the thermal energy from the person is transmitted via the heat distributing graphene to the thermoelectric device. The transmitted thermal energy creates a temperature differential between the two sides of the thermoelectric device and electrical energy is then produced. This electrical energy can power a transmitter that can indicate that there is someone sitting in seat390. When connected wirelessly to a smart room thermostat394, thermostat394and building HVAC system396can know that a person is sitting in their seat and, sensing the temperature of the building space and the normal desired seat temperature of the seat occupant, transmits to the seat the proper set temperature desired by the occupant, initiating either cooling or heating of the seat via the seat cooling/heating system. The thermal control technology can also function in such a way that the seat transmits a signal to smart room thermostat394that the seat is being occupied and is cooling or heating to a certain temperature and smart room thermostat394communicates with the building's HVAC system396and provides less cooling or less heating to the space because the individual in the seat is comfortable in their personal space and does not require the building to fully provide for the occupants thermal comfort. By providing individualized comfort for the seat occupant in their seat due to operation of the cooling or heating process provided by the seat, the temperature of the conditioned space can be allowed to be either warmer or cooler than would normally be provided, reducing the energy required to maintain the conditioned space's temperature. For example, in a building where summer heat requires the cooling of the building, a person in a thermally controlled chair can maintain their personal comfort even if the building is allowed to drift up in temperature by several degrees. Not having to provide as much air conditioning saves energy. Another aspect of the heated and cooled seat technology that is communicating with other devices by the Internet of Things (IoT) is that the building operator can know which seats are being occupied and where they are occupied and adjust the thermal control for the space accordingly. Other aspects of the building's systems can also be optimized such as lighting and security systems. In addition, via the cloud, the system can communicate seat use parameters to the seat manufacturer or building owner so as to gather information on how the seating system is being used and use this information to improve the seat user's experience. Mobile phones can communicate to the chair with information as that the office worker will be arriving to sit in the chair soon, so the chair can be thermally preconditioned upon the seat user's arrival or to set the preferred temperature for the chair. Via a mobile device, a seat occupant can control chairs in different portions of the building if they are moving to another seat for a meeting. In a like fashion, extensions of the technology can be utilized with the above-mentioned thermally controlled garments. By using the same thermal engine used in the seating application, the heating and cooling system can be used to control body temperature. In this application, the graphene material is positioned to wrap around the garment wearer and provide thermal control in both heating and cooling modes. Though the drawing shows a jacket as the garment, other garments can also be thermally controlled in a similar manner. Phase change material, as noted above for seating applications, can also be employed in this application. The present invention can be used to thermally control the thermal box from above. Using the same thermal engine, the system can be used to heat and cooled insulated spaces such as a ‘cooler box.’ Present thermoelectrically heated and cooled cooler boxes, like those made by Igloo Products Corporation or Coleman International of Kansas, use air that is heated or cooled by passing box interior air through a heat sink. Therefore, liquid levels in the box must be maintained below a certain level or damage to the system can result. Ice, for example, should not be used in these coolers. When the ice melts, water can easily penetrate the fan/heatsink/thermoelectric module/wiring and cause failure. The present system wraps the thermally distributing graphene around the inside wall of the cooler box, or molded into the interior box liner, and is thermally connected to the thermoelectric system in the same way as the seat cooler/heater. The following applications for my heating and cooling technology are envisioned for the present invention. First, there are heated and cooled seating applications for vehicles of all types, such as automobiles, farm equipment, as well as other seating applications for office furniture and the like. Although this invention is not limited to the following, some of the applications will include automotive seating, truck seating, motorcycle seating, off-road vehicle seating, golf car seating, heavy equipment seating, farm equipment seating, office chair seating, military vehicle seating, airplane seating, wheel chair seating, therapeutic blankets, therapeutic bedding, therapeutic wraps, hyperthermic cancer and other treatment beds, cooled and heated surfaces in automobiles, cooled and heated surfaces—general, cold-chain medical, food, chemical thermal storage boxes, heated and cooled garments, industrial process temperature controlled surfaces, biological incubation apparatus, digital display temperature control, thermal chromic signage and displays, thermal control of batteries, heated & cooled automotive steering wheels, led cooling plain, electronic circuit board thermal maintenance, cooled/heated large format food display and serving surfaces. FIGS.17A through17Eillustrate variations of devices and methods for improving thermal conductivity in the Z-axis in specific areas, especially in the area where the heat is transferred from the thermoelectric device, usually by a thermally conductive member or thermal block. It can also be directly attached to the thermoelectric device. In describing these variations on how to accomplish this, a perforated plastic or other film layer such as those described inFIGS.17A-17E.FIG.17Aillustrates a top or bottom view of a sheet of film layer, preferably a plastic or polyurethane layer, wherein perforations can exist on either one side or both sides, depending upon the application. If it is on both sides, as is shown inFIG.17C, the holes are preferably offset so as to maximize strength of the substrate film layer. However, any suitable substrate may be used besides a plastic film. FIG.17Agenerally denotes a film layer by the numeral400, and includes a sheeted film402having perforations on the top404and shown in phantom are underneath perforations406.FIG.17Bis a side view of the film ofFIG.17A, illustrating the relative placement of a heat transfer block412in contact with a thermal interface compound414, having extruded through perforations416. Once the thermally interfacing compound squeezes into perforations, it makes intimate thermal contact directly with the graphene408resulting in a higher thermal conductivity contact. FIG.17Cillustrates a perforated film with perforations on both the top and the bottom. Plastic film420has perforations422formed therein with a sheet of graphene424lying there between for strength. Thermal interface compound426oozes between the planar surfaces and provides a complete thermal communication contact between the elements and the heat transfer block428. Under high pressure, graphene platelets will extrude into the void areas left by the perforations in the film layer which is used for support. This results in a planar surface where the graphene material is filling the voids and the thermal interface compound just provides the interface between the planar surface and the heat transfer block. In yet another aspect,FIG.17Dillustrates a thermal contact area by the voids in the film. In this aspect, the heat transfer compound436squeezes into the void areas in the film layer, showing where graphene layer432is intermediate between the film layer430on top of heat transfer block434. In yet another variation of the film layer,FIG.17Eshows another aspect of the present invention wherein a needle plate is disclosed to make better thermal contact. InFIG.17E, film440surrounds a sheet of graphene448. Atop thermoelectric device444is heat transfer block442which includes thermally conductive needle-like members which extend up through thermal transfer compound446to make contact with graphene layer448. By the inclusion of needles on the heat transfer plate442, greater surface area is incorporated and therefore better heat transfer can be obtained. The heat transfer needles may penetrate the film layer into the thermally conductive material. The heat transfer block with its needles are preferably made of a highly thermally conductive material such as copper, aluminum, magnesium, pyrolytic graphite, or combinations thereof. In this aspect, the needles penetrating the graphene take advantage of the extremely conductive X and Y axis thermal conductivity of the graphene and transfer heat into or out of the graphene in the Z axis. In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing any or all of the concepts and the features of the various specific aspects of the present invention, or those that are within the scope of the invention. The foregoing description of several preferred aspects of the invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings with regards to the specific aspects. The aspect was chosen and described in order to best illustrate the principles of the invention and its practical applications to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to best utilize the invention in various aspects and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims which are appended hereto. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention finds utility in the seating industry as well as other applications where heating and cooling distribution may be effected efficiently.

11857005

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS By way of example, and referring toFIGS.1-5, one embodiment of a personal cooling system further comprises a hybrid liquid metal personal cooler10. The hybrid liquid metal personal cooler10is joined to an umbilical tube11having an umbilical tube connector11athrough a thermally insulated maintenance access cover 1 lb. The hybrid liquid metal personal cooler10further comprises a stainless-steel double-walled vacuum-insulated case12, attached to the umbilical tube connector11a, a first insulating cap14and a second insulating cap16. The umbilical tube11is joined to a cooling coil16which is used to cool a dynamic fluid in the cooling coil16in a cooling mode of operation. In some embodiments, the stainless-steel double-walled vacuum-insulated case12further comprises a phase change material18. A heater coil18is now joined to an alternating current connector18bsuch that comprises a stainless-steel double-walled vacuum-insulated case12now has a warming mode of operation. Embodiments of the disclosed invention can be used in clothing. For instance, vest20further comprises a vest front20ajoined to a vest rear20b. The vest20is joined to a vest umbilical tube21having a vest umbilical tube connector21a. In some embodiments the vest front20ahas a zipper22. In some embodiments, the vest can have vest tubing24which carries a dynamic fluid through the vest20. The vest tubing24is connected to the vest umbilical tube21with an outlet divider and an inlet divider26. Turning toFIG.5, the hybrid liquid metal personal cooler10further comprises a closed loop heat exchanger30as follows. A motor controller is electrically coupled to a pump. In some embodiments, the pump can be a peristaltic pump or centrifugal pump. The dynamic fluid exits the pump and then travels to a phase change material (PCM) creating a cool dynamic fluid. The cool dynamic fluid exits the heat exchanger30and travels to the vest20through the umbilical tubing as described above. This heats the cool dynamic fluid as heat is transferred from the user to the dynamic fluid creating a warm dynamic fluid. The warm dynamic fluid then travels into the pump intake. In some embodiments, a thermocouple is attached to the vest20in order to monitor the temperature of the user, the dynamic fluid or both. This temperature can be used to adjust the motor controller in order to control the temperature of the user. In some embodiments, the user enters a desired temperature and then the vest20is measured for that temperature at intervals controlled by a timer. The motor controller then adjusts a flow rate to calibrate the measured temperature to the desired temperature. EXAMPLE In one example, the liquid-metal personal cooling system (PCS) can use Gallium alloy liquid-metal as the cooling medium. Liquid metal has a high thermal conductivity of 16.5 W/m·K, which is 28 times higher than water. The high thermal conductivity of liquid metal is leveraged to develop an active PCS which combines the mobility of passive cooling with the long duration and controlled performance of active cooling. Here, cold liquid metal is pumped through tubing ( 3/32″ inner diameter, 5/32″ outer diameter, Tygon) in the interior of the garment. The liquid metal absorbs body heat and flows through a network of tubing submerged in a PCM cold pack. The warm liquid metal quickly cools in the PCM cold pack (a stainless-steel double-layer vacuum container) and recirculates. Unlike most commercial passive PCS, the PCM cold pack is isolated from the external environment using a thermally isolated container. The PCM container works as the cold pack for the hybrid cooling shirt. Circulating liquid metal cools down while passing through the cold pack. The container is designed to be manufactured using double-wall vacuum insulated stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9), which has corrosion resistance, high surface strength, and strong resistance to scouring in the presence of the liquid metal. Also, 1Cr18Ni9 stainless steel has a relatively low thermal conductivity, which is suitable for heat insulation of PCM. In addition, it is rust-resistant and does not react with PCM material. The PCM container has been designed in a rectangular shape for ease of carrying in a waist pouch bag. It has two thermal insulating caps giving access to its contents. These caps should be unscrewed when the cold pack is refilled or the PCM is cooled in a freezer. The PCM container has a double-wall vacuum-insulated detachable cover for liquid metal tube insertion and maintenance. A robust umbilical cord connects the container to the pump module and the cooling shirt. The dimensions of the container are designed to hold 4.2 lbs. of PCM designed to provide over 8 hours of cooling. Also, the PCM container increases the cooling efficiency of the PCM by 40% compared to passive PCS which uses PCM packs for cooling. Experiment The cooling performance of the active liquid-metal PCS along with a market-leading PCM passive cooling vest was tested and compared in the laboratory. The PCM cooling shirt was purchased from the Amazon. The experiment was carried out at 95° F. room temperature. First, a male-form mannequin was wrapped with PVC film (thermal conductivity of 0.19 W/m·k) to raise the thermal conductivity of its surface to resemble human skin more closely. Second, the mannequin was dressed in either the liquid-metal PCS or the PCM cooling vest. Next, when the cooling systems were in operation, the surface temperature of the mannequin was measured until the temperature rose to 86° F. Both the liquid metal cooling shirt and PCM cooling vests used 4 lb. of PCM for cooling. Result The liquid-metal PCS was able to maintain cooling 40% longer than the commercial PCM cooling vest. During the experiment explained above the mannequin surface was cooled to a minimum of 70° F. The maximum measured temperature on the mannequin surface throughout 7 hours of operation was 86° F. The room temperature was 95° F., and the average mannequin surface temperature was 76.1° F. throughout the experiment. Thus, the liquid metal cooling system achieved an average difference between room temperature and the mannequin surface at 18.9° F. The average temperature of the cold liquid metal coming out from the PCM cold pack was 67.4° F., and the average temperature of liquid metal going into the PCM cold pack after cooling the mannequin was 82.6° F. The liquid-metal PCS prototype was able to provide an average of 50.27 watts of cooling for 7 hours with fully loaded weight only 9.25 lb. For personal heating application, the same primary coolant (liquid metal in 10% 1M NaOH) has been used and different secondary heating fluid is use such as hot wax, phase change material, or molten salt (FIG.2). Also, an integrated heating coil heats the secondary heating medium when connected to a 110-240 AC outlet. Once heated and charged, the thermos is disconnected from the AC outlet and ready for use with the garment. Besides the heating coil, a thermally conductive tube network is installed inside the thermos, which carries the liquid metal (primary heating medium). The liquid metal is pumped through the tubing, which absorbs heat from the hot wax, phase change material, or molten salt. Now, the warm liquid metal is pumped through the tubing integrated into a garment (vest and/or trouser). While passing through the garment, the warm liquid metal releases heat and warm up the body of the wearer. After releasing the heat, the cold liquid metal is heated by passing it through the network of tubing embedded in the heat storage (wax, phase change material, or molten salt) inside the thermos (FIG.1). The cycle continues when the warming system is in operation. The secondary heating medium, which acts as thermal storage, is insulated from the external environment, allowing heat transfer to only the cold liquid metal. It follows that the use of the liquid metal is critical for obtaining superior cooling. As used in this application, the term “a” or “an” means “at least one” or “one or more.” As used in this application, the term “about” or “approximately” refers to a range of values within plus or minus 10% of the specified number. As used in this application, the term “substantially” means that the actual value is within about 10% of the actual desired value, particularly within about 5% of the actual desired value and especially within about 1% of the actual desired value of any variable, element or limit set forth herein. All references throughout this application, for example patent documents including issued or granted patents or equivalents, patent application publications, and non-patent literature documents or other source material, are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though individually incorporated by reference, to the extent each reference is at least partially not inconsistent with the disclosure in the present application (for example, a reference that is partially inconsistent is incorporated by reference except for the partially inconsistent portion of the reference). A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. Any element in a claim that does not explicitly state “means for” performing a specified function, or “step for” performing a specified function, is not to be interpreted as a “means” or “step” clause as specified in 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 6. In particular, any use of “step of” in the claims is not intended to invoke the provision of 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 6. Persons of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that numerous design configurations may be possible to enjoy the functional benefits of the inventive systems. Thus, given the wide variety of configurations and arrangements of embodiments of the present invention the scope of the invention is reflected by the breadth of the claims below rather than narrowed by the embodiments described above.

11857006

Further, skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the drawings are illustrated for simplicity and may not have been necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the flow charts illustrate the method in terms of the most prominent steps involved to help to improve understanding of aspects of the present invention. Furthermore, in terms of the construction of the device, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the drawings by conventional symbols, and the drawings may show only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the drawings with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of the description herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG.1AandFIG.1Billustrate various views of an adjustable full-body protection gear100, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The protection gear100includes a torso protector for protecting torso of a wearer, at least one arm protector for protecting arms of the wearer, and a lower body protector for protecting the lower body of the wearer. FIG.2illustrates a first perspective view of the torso protector200for protecting a torso of a wearer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The wearer is a female wearer. The first perspective view corresponds to front of the torso protector200.FIG.3illustrates a second perspective view of the torso protector200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The second perspective view corresponds to rear of the torso protector200. Referring toFIG.2andFIG.3, the torso protector200comprises a protective vest202(depicted by dark portions) defining a neck opening204, a first arm opening206, and a second arm opening208to protect torso, excluding head and hands, of the wearer. The protective vest202includes a front panel210and a rear panel212. The rear panel212is integrated with the front panel210to cover a front portion, a back portion, and a substantial portion of shoulders of the wearer. A plurality of foam pads (not shown in the figure) are placed inside the front panel210and the rear panel212. The plurality of foam pads is successively arranged between a first layer of textile material (not shown in the figure) and a second layer of textile material (not shown in the figure). Examples of the textile material include, but not limited to,230GSM fire retardant proban 25 wash. The protective vest202can be manufactured using techniques as known in the art such as injection moulding. In an example of manufacturing, the first layer of textile material and the second layer of textile material are sewn together after placing the plurality of foam pads between the first layer of textile material and the second layer of textile material. The protective vest202further includes a first set of lower side panels214extending from the front panel210and a second set of lower side panels216extending from the rear panel222. The first set of lower side panels214is removably attached with the second set of lower side panels216to cover a lower left abdomen and a lower right abdomen of the wearer. In an example, the first set of lower side panels214is attached with the second set of lower side panels216by placing the first set of lower side panels214over the second set of lower side panels216. In an example, the first set of lower side panels214may be removably attached with the second set of lower side panels216through fasteners, such as Velcro, buckles, snap fasteners, press stud, and the like. FIG.4illustrates a front view of the torso protector200, in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention. The front panel210includes a front shield300fixedly disposed on the front panel210. The front shield400may be fixed to the front panel210by various fixing means such as threads and adhesives. In an example, the front shield400is sewn on the front panel210. In another example, the front shield400is disposed using an adhesive. In an implementation, the front shield400has a variable range of thickness from 2 millimetres (mm) to 4 mm to protect a chest portion and an abdomen portion of the wearer. In an example, the front shield400is made of hard plastic material. As would be understood, material of the front shield400is not limited to hard plastic and may include any suitable material in accordance with requirement of manufacturing the shield. Further, the front shield400comprises an upper portion402adapted to form a convex shaped structure for protecting the chest portion of the wearer. The upper portion402is formed by embossing a plurality of sheets placed one over another such that a dimension of each of the plurality of sheets increases from inside (i.e., in contact with the wearer) to outside. In an implementation, the embossing of the plurality of sheets results in the upper portion402having a variable range of thickness from 2 mm to 4 mm. In an example, the plurality of sheets is made of hard plastic material. As would be understood, material of the plurality of sheets is not limited to hard plastic and may include any suitable material in accordance with requirement of manufacturing the upper portion402. The upper portion402can be manufactured using techniques as known in the art such as injection moulding. Further, the front shield400comprises a lower portion404adapted to form an elongated horizontal structure bearing a curved lens shape for protecting the abdomen portion of the wearer. The lower portion404is formed by embossing the plurality of sheets placed one over another. In an implementation, such embossing results in the lower portion404having a variable range of thickness from about 2 mm to 4 mm. In an example, the lower portion404can be formed by embossing a pair of two sheets. In an example, the plurality of sheets is made of hard plastic material. As would be understood, material of the plurality of sheets is not limited to hard plastic and may include any suitable material in accordance with requirement of manufacturing the lower portion404. The lower portion404can be manufactured using techniques as known in the art such as injection moulding. Further, both the upper portion402and the lower portion404may include a plurality of embossed patterns to minimize force of impact and divert projectile away from the wearer. Each of the embossed patterns can either have same pattern or distinct patterns. When a projectile strikes either the upper portion402or the lower portion404, the energy of the projectile spreads out sideways through the plurality of sheets. Because the energy is divided between the plurality of sheets, and spreads over a large area, the energy is quickly absorbed resulting in lesser impact to the wearer. For example when a player catches ball in cricket match, the player lowers hands to decrease momentum of ball, thereby decreasing impact of force exerted by accelerated ball on the player's hand while catching the ball. In similar manner, when a projectile strikes on the wearer from front side, such as pelted stone, the plurality of embossed patterns decreases momentum of impact from the projectile. In said example, the plurality of embossed patterns will act as a decelerating agent and thus decreases overall impact from the projectile on body of the wearer. FIG.5illustrates a rear view of the torso protector200, in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention. The rear panel212includes a back shield502fixedly disposed on the rear panel212. The back shield502may be fixed to the rear panel212by various fixing means such as threads and adhesives. In another example, the back shield502is disposed on the rear panel212using an adhesive. Further, the back shield502is adapted to form a convex shaped structure for protecting the back portion of the wearer. The convex shaped structure of the back shield502aligns with curvature of the back of the wearer. In an example, the back shield502may form an S-shaped structure along vertical length of the back portion of the wearer. Further, the back shield502is formed by embossing the plurality of sheets placed one over another. In an implementation, such embossing results in the back shield502having a variable range of thickness from about 2 mm to 4 mm. In an example, the back shield502can be formed by embossing a pair of two sheets. In an example, the plurality of sheets is made of hard plastic material. As would be understood, material of the plurality of sheets is not limited to hard plastic and may include any suitable material in accordance with requirement of manufacturing the back shield502. The back shield502can be manufactured using techniques as known in the art such as injection moulding. Furthermore, the back shield502may include a plurality of embossed pattern to minimize force of impact and divert projectile away from the wearer. For example, when a projectile is thrown towards the wearer from backside, momentum of projectile will be decreased till it comes in contact with the back of the wearer by the plurality of embossed pattern. In said example, the plurality of embossed pattern will act as a decelerating agent and thus decreases overall impact of projectile on body of the wearer. Each of the embossed patterns can either have same pattern or distinct patterns. Referring toFIG.4andFIG.5, the front panel210and the rear panel212comprises a first shoulder shield504-aand a second shoulder shield504-bfixedly disposed on the front panel210and the rear panel212covering the substantial portions of the shoulders of the wearer. The first shoulder shield504-a, and the second shoulder shield504-bmay be fixed to the front panel210and the rear panel212by various fixing means such as threads and adhesives. In an example, the first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-bare sewn on the front panel210and the rear panel212, respectively. In another example, the first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-bare disposed using an adhesive. Further, the first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-bare connected to the upper portion402of the front panel210and the back shield502through fasteners. Further, the first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-bare adapted to form an elongated convex structure with curved edges for protecting left shoulder and right shoulder, respectively, of the wearer. The first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-bare formed by embossing the plurality of sheets placed one over another. In an implementation, such embossing results in the first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-bhaving a variable range of thickness from about 2 mm to 4 mm. In an example, the first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-bcan be formed by embossing a pair of two sheets. In an example, the plurality of sheets is made of hard plastic material. As would be understood, material of the plurality of sheets is not limited to hard plastic and may include any suitable material in accordance with requirement of manufacturing the first shoulder shield504-aand the second shoulder shield504-b. In an example, the pair of sheets forms a D-shaped structure in a manner such that one of the pair of sheets is smaller than the other and the smaller sheet is placed upon larger sheet to form the D-shaped closed structure. FIG.6illustrates a side view of the torso protector200, in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention. The first set of lower side panels214extends from the front panel210and the second set of lower side panels216extends from the rear panel212include a first pair of side shields602. The first pair of side shields602is fixedly disposed on the first set of lower side panels214and the second set of lower side panels216to protect a lower right abdomen of the wearer. The first pair of side shields602is adapted to form a convex shaped rectangular structure. Further, the first set of lower side panels214extending from the front panel210and the second set of lower side panels216extending from the rear panel212includes a second pair of side shields604. The second pair of side shields604is fixedly disposed on the first set of lower side panels214and the second set of lower side panels216to protect a lower left abdomen of the wearer. The second pair of side shields604is adapted to form a convex shaped rectangular structure. Further, the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604are fixed to the first set of lower side panels214and the second set of lower side panels216by various fixing means such as threads and adhesives. In an example, the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604are sewn on the first set of lower side panels214and the second set of lower side panels216. In another example, the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604are disposed using an adhesive. Further, the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604are formed by embossing the plurality of sheets placed one over another. In an implementation, such embossing results in the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604having a variable range of thickness from about 2 mm to 4 mm. In an implementation, the plurality of sheets may be rectangular shaped sheets placed successively on each other in a manner such that smaller sized sheet may be placed upon larger sized sheet. The plurality of sheets hinder projectile and protect the wearer. In an example, the plurality of sheets is made of hard plastic material. As would be understood, material of the plurality of sheets is not limited to hard plastic and may include any suitable material in accordance with requirement of manufacturing the back shield502. Further, one of the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604is placed on the first set of lower side panels214extending from the front panel210. Another shield from the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604is placed on the second set of lower side panels216extending from the rear panel212. In an example, another shield has an S-shaped structure. FIGS.7(a)-7(e)illustrates various views of the upper portion402of the front shield400provided for the torso protector200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.FIG.7(a)illustrates a right side view of the upper portion402.FIG.7(b)illustrates a left side view of the upper portion402.FIG.7(c)illustrates a front view of the upper portion402.FIG.7(d)illustrates a top view of the upper portion402.FIG.7(e)illustrates a bottom view of the upper portion402. FIGS.8(a)-8(e)illustrates various views of the lower portion404of the front shield400provided for the torso protector200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.FIG.8(a)illustrates a right side view of the lower portion404.FIG.8(b)illustrates a left side view of the lower portion404.FIG.8(c)illustrates a front view of the lower portion404.FIG.8(d)illustrates a top view of the lower portion404.FIG.8(e)illustrates a bottom view of the lower portion404. FIGS.9(a)-9(e)illustrates various views of the back shield502adapted for the torso protector500, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.FIG.9(a)illustrates a right view of the back shield502.FIG.9(b)illustrates a left view of the back shield502.FIG.9(c)illustrates a front view of the back shield502.FIG.9(d)illustrates a top view of the back shield502.FIG.9(e)illustrates a bottom view of the back shield502. FIGS.10(a)-10(e)illustrates various views of one of the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604adapted for the torso protector200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.FIG.10(a)illustrates a right side view of one of the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.10(b)illustrates a left side view of one of the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.10(c)illustrates a front view of one of the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.10(d)illustrates a top view of one of the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.10(e)illustrates a bottom view of one of the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604. FIGS.11(a)-11(e)illustrates various views of another shield from the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604adapted for the torso protector200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.FIG.11(a)illustrates a right side view of another shield from the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.11(b)illustrates a left side view of another shield from the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.11(c)illustrates a front view of another shield from the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.11(d)illustrates a top view of another shield from the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604.FIG.11(e)illustrates a bottom view of another shield from the first pair of side shields602and the second pair of side shields604. FIGS.12(a)-12(e)illustrates various views of the shoulder shields (504-a,504-b) adapted for the torso protector200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.FIG.12(a)illustrates a right side view of the shoulder shields (504-a,504-b).FIG.12(b)illustrates a left side view of the shoulder shields (504-a,504-b).FIG.12(c)illustrates a front view of the shoulder shields (504-a,504-b).FIG.12(d)illustrates a top view of the shoulder shields (504-a,504-b).FIG.12(e)illustrates a bottom view of the shoulder shields (504-a,504-b). In an example, area of the plurality of foams pads is larger than area of each of the front shield400, the back shield502, the first pair of side shields602, the second pair of side shields604, the first shoulder shield504-a, and the second shoulder shield504-b. In an example, dimensions of each of the plurality of sheets increases from inside to outside. FIG.13illustrates a perspective view of an arm protector1300, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The arm protector1300is to be worn by a user to protect his/her arm. The arm protector1300may include a first part1302adapted to cover an upper arm region of the user. The upper arm region may be understood as the region extending from a shoulder to an elbow of the user. Therefore, the first part1302covers a bicep of the user. In an embodiment, edges of the first part1302are convex bent. The arm protector1300may also include a second part1304adapted to be removably coupled with the first part1302. The second part1304may cover a lower arm region of the user. In an embodiment the lower arm region may be understood as the region extending from the elbow to a palm of the user. In an embodiment, the second part1304is coupled to the first part1302in such a manner that the second part1304is adapted to overlap the first part1302. In an embodiment, the second part1304is adapted to overlap the first part1302, when the arm of the user is straightened. An outer portion of the arm protector1300may be formed of a layer of hard plastic material with variable thickness. Further, an inner portion of the arm protector1300is formed of foam padding. In an embodiment, a series of plastic shields or plates may be sewn on the foam padding. In an embodiment, a length of 2 centimetres may be left on each side of the foam padding after the sewing of the series of plastic shields. Therefore, area covered by the foam padding may be more than an area covered by the series of plastic shields. In an embodiment, the first part1302and the second part1304may be assembled into a single unit by using Velcro straps1306. The Velcro straps1306may be stitched along the foam padding. FIG.14illustrates a perspective view of the first part1302of the arm protector1300, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The first part1302may include a first foam padding1402and a pair of first shielding plates1404attached to the first foam padding1402. The first foam padding1402may be facing the arm. Further, the pair of first shielding plates1404embossed and has a variable thickness. In an embodiment, the pair of first shielding plates1404has a variable thickness ranging from 2 mm to 4 mm.FIG.15illustrates a left view1502, a right view1504, a front view1506, a top view1508, a bottom view1510, and an isometric view1512of the first part302, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.14andFIG.15, in an embodiment, the first part1302may include the pair of first shielding plates1404embossed in form of two wings-oriented pages of an open book. The pair of first shielding plates1404may further be embossed in form of a circle above the wings-oriented pages. The embossing is performed to provide maximum protection to the upper arm region. Further, curved shape of the first part1302allows for comfortable fitting on an arm of the user. The shape of the first part1302is selected so as to reduce an impact of any object to bones and muscles of the upper arm region. FIG.16illustrates a perspective view of the second part1304of the arm protector1300, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The second part1304may include a dorsal protector1602and a ventral protector1604attached to the dorsal protector1602. In an embodiment, edges of the ventral protector1604are concave bent. In an embodiment, the dorsal protector1602and the ventral protector1604may be attached to each other through one of their respective ends. For example, at one end, the dorsal protector1602and the ventral protector1604may be sewn to each other. In an embodiment, the dorsal protector1602and the ventral protector1604may be secured on the arm by at least one Velcro strap1606. In the illustrated embodiment, the dorsal protector1602and the ventral protector1604may be secured on the arm by a pair of Velcro straps1606-1and1606-2. FIG.17illustrates a left view1702, a right view1704, a front view1706, a top view1708, a bottom view1710, and an isometric view1712of the dorsal protector1602, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.16andFIG.17, the dorsal protector1602may be facing outside, i.e., in a direction away from the user. The dorsal protector1602may be formed by a second foam padding1608and at least one second shielding plate1610attached to the second foam padding1608. In an embodiment, the dorsal protector1602may be formed of two second shielding plates1610having varied thickness. In an embodiment, the dorsal protector1602has an embossing in the shape of a fan blade. In an embodiment, the dorsal protector1602may be extendable to cover the elbow. FIG.18illustrates a left view1802, a right view1804, a front view1806, a top view1808, a bottom view1810, and an isometric view1812of the ventral protector1604, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The ventral protector1604may be facing towards the arm. Further, the ventral protector1604is formed of a third foam padding1612and at least one third shielding plate1614attached to the third foam padding1612. The third shielding plate1614is formed of hard plastic with a varied thickness of 2-4 millimetres. In an embodiment, the thickness of the third shielding plate1614at a central region is more than other regions of the third shielding plate1614. In an embodiment, the arm protector1300may further include a shoulder pad (not shown) adapted to be coupled to the first part1302and to cover the shoulder. In an embodiment, the shoulder pad may be coupled to the first part1302with at least one snap fastener. In another embodiment, the shoulder pad may be coupled to the first part1302through a press-stud component. A socket part of the snap fastener may engage with a stud attached with the first part1302. Further, the shoulder pad may be formed by a fourth padding facing the shoulder and at least one fourth shielding plate having variable thickness attached to the fourth foam padding. In an embodiment, the pair of first shielding plates1404, the at least one second shielding plate1610, the at least one third shielding plate1614, and the at least one fourth shielding plate are formed of a hard plastic material. In an embodiment, the pair of first shielding plates1604, the at least one second shielding plate1610, the at least one third shielding plate1614, and the at least one fourth shielding plate are formed of a combination polymer of a thermoplastic blend of Polycarbonate (PC) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). FIG.19illustrates a front view of a lower body protector1900, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.20illustrates a rear view of the lower body protector1900, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.21illustrates a side view of the lower body protector1900, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. For the sake of brevity,FIG.19,FIG.20, andFIG.21are explained in conjunction with each other. As the name suggests, the lower body protector1900is adapted to provide protection to a lower body of a user. The lower body protector1900may include, but is not limited to, a first part1902and a second part1904removably coupled with the first part1902in a partial overlapping manner. The first part1902may be adapted to cover pelvic region and an upper leg region of a user whereas the second part1904may be adapted to cover a lower leg region of the user. The upper leg region may include of the entirety of femur till just before a knee joint of the user. Further, the lower leg region may be indicative of a region extending from above a knee joint to above an ankle joint of the user. In an embodiment, the second part1904may be removably coupled to the first part1902at least by a Velcro attachment mechanism. For example, the second part1904may be removably coupled with the first part1902by Velcro layers sewn over both the first part1902and the second part1904. Therefore, a Velcro layer of the first part1902may be removably attached with a Velcro layer of the second part1904, providing the user with an ease of attachment. Further, the second part1904may be removably coupled to the first part1902in a partial overlapping manner. For example, an upper portion of the second part1904may be adapted to overlap with a lower portion of the first part1902, for example, when a leg of the user is straightened. FIG.22illustrates different views of the first part1902, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.22Aillustrates a front view of the first part1902, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG.22Billustrates a rear view of the first part1902, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.19,FIG.20,FIG.21, andFIG.22, the first part1902may include, but is not limited to, a protective belt1906, at least one thigh guard1908removably coupled to the protective belt1906, a groin guard2202removably coupled with the protective belt1906and the at least one thigh guard1908, and at least one hip plastic shield (shown inFIG.25) adapted to be stitched on the protective belt1906. In particular, the first part1902may include a pair of thigh guards1908, individually referred to as the thigh guard1908-1and the thigh guard1908-2. As the name suggests, the protective belt1906may be adapted to cover a waist region of the user. The at least one thigh guard1908may be adapted to protect a thigh of the user. The groin guard2202may be adapted to protect a groin region of the user. Further, the at least one hip plastic shield may be adapted to protect a hip region of the user. In an embodiment, the protective belt1906may include, but is not limited to, a bi-directional clip buckle2204adapted to adjust dimensions of the protective belt1906based on waist dimensions of the user. Therefore, the bi-directional clip buckle2204may allow the user to adjust the waist of the protective belt1906in order to ensure it appropriately fits the user. In an embodiment, the protective belt1906may also include a Velcro strap adapted to attach to an engaging member of a torso protection gear (not shown). In an embodiment, the protective belt1906may be coupled to the at least one thigh guard1908by means of foam paddings. In an embodiment, a foam padding of the protective belt1906may be coupled with a foam padding of the at least one thigh guard1908. In an embodiment, a foam padding of the protective belt1906may have a female Velcro part stitched on it dorsally. Further, the foam padding of the at least one thigh guard1908may have a corresponding male Velcro part stitched on it. The male part may be coupled with the female part to secure a connection between the protective belt1906and the at least one thigh guard1908. In another embodiment, the protective belt1906may be coupled with the at least one thigh guard1908by an adjustable Velcro loop fastener to cater to the requirement of users with different dimensional characteristics of legs. Therefore, there are multiple ways of attaching the protective belt1906with the at least one thigh guard1908. Further, the groin guard2202may be removably coupled with the protective belt1906and the at least one thigh guard1908. The groin guard2202may be formed of heavily padded foam padding in order to minimize any kind of impact without hampering the comfort of the user. Therefore, the first part1902may be adapted to cover the entirety of pelvic region by the protective belt1906, along with the upper leg region extending from the anterior to the posterior of the femur containing mass of a leg of the user. In an embodiment, edges of the first part1902may be convex bent. Further,FIG.23illustrates a side view of the second part1904, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.24illustrates perspective views of components of the second part1904, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.19,FIG.20,FIG.21,FIG.23, andFIG.24, the second part1904may include, but is not limited to, at least one upper knee guard1910, at least one knee guard1912removably coupled to the at least one upper knee guard1910, at least one shin guard1914removably coupled to the at least one knee guard1912, at least one calf guard1916removably coupled with the at least shin guard1914. In particular, the second part1904may include an upper knee guard1910, a knee guard1912, a shin guard1914, and a calf guard1916for each leg. Therefore, in an embodiment, the lower body protector1900may include a pair of upper knee guards, namely,1910-1and1910-2, a pair of knee guards1912, namely,1912-1and1912-2, a pair of shin guards, namely,1914-1and1914-2, a pair of calf guards, namely,1916-1and1916-2. In an embodiment, the at least one upper knee guard1910may be adapted to cover an upper knee region of the user. The at least one knee guard1912may be adapted to cover a knee of the user. The at least one shin guard1914may be adapted to cover a shin of the user. Similarly, the at least one calf guard1916may be adapted to cover a calf of the user. In an embodiment, the at least one upper knee guard1910, the at least one knee guard1912, the at least one shin guard1914are formed to be convex-bent whereas the at least one calf guard1916may be formed to be concave-bent. In an embodiment, the second part1904may include a pair of elastic straps2302, individually referred to as the elastic strap2302-1and the elastic strap2302-2. The elastic straps2302may be stitched on right lateral aspect to join the at least one shin guard1914with the at least one calf guard1916ensuring ample flexibility. In an embodiment, each of the elastic straps2302may have a width of about 4 cm. Further, in an embodiment, the left lateral aspect between the at least one shin guard1914and the at least one calf guard1916may be secured by means of three hook-loop fasteners with strap length varying as per a size group of the user. In an embodiment, the at least one knee guard1912may be secured to a knee region of the user by a double-wrapped Velcro strap that is adjustable both from popliteal area due to self-adhesive Velcro as well as from the knee region where the male part of Velcro on the strap sticks over the female part of the Velcro stitched over the at least one upper knee guard1910. In an embodiment, at least one of the protective belt1906, the at least one thigh guard1908, the groin guard2202, the at least one upper knee guard1910, the at least one knee guard1912, the at least one shin guard1914, and the at least one calf guard1916may include a protective plastic shield attached over a foam padding. Further, protective plastic shields may be embossed. In an embodiment, the protective plastic shield may be formed of a combination polymer of a thermoplastic blend of Polycarbonate (PC) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). In an embodiment, each protective plastic shield may be attached to a corresponding foam padding by at least one of a stitching operation and a riveting operation. In an example, a length of 2 centimetres may be left on each side of a foam padding after the sewing of a protective plastic shield. Therefore, an area covered by the foam padding may be more than an area covered by the protective plastic shield. In an embodiment, the foam padding with variable thickness above and below the at least one knee guard1912may be stitched on a suitable fabric, for example, cotton. In an embodiment, the first part1902and the second part1904may be formed into a single unit by using Velcro surfaces stitched along the foam padding. A female part of Velcro may be sewn on a dorsal region of the at least one thigh guard1908, which would eventually be covered by overlapping foam padding of an upper knee shield having a counter male part of Velcro sewn ventrally. FIG.25illustrates different views of the hip plastic shield2502of the first part1902, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the protective belt106may include a pair of bi-ramified hip plastic shields2502, one on either lateral side. The hip plastic shield2502may be embossed. The embossing may distinctively separate it into further two thinner plates2504-1and2504-2, with units2504and2506having their surface bent convexly and stitched over the foam padding of the protective belt1906over which runs a Velcro strap made belt passing through loops, held and fastened by means of the bidirectional adjustable clip buckle2204. In an embodiment, the hip plastic shield2502may have a variable thickness. In an embodiment, the hip plastic shield2502may be adapted to be stitched on the protective belt1906. In uppermost belt region, adjustability is provided by means of the bidirectional adjustable clip buckle2204, where the user can adjust the belt from either side that is further held by loops accommodating it on the entire upper leg protector assembly and sticks on dorsal aspect of the surface beneath by means of a Velcro surface. In an embodiment, the protective belt1906bears the property for being associated to any torso protecting gear by means of a sticky Velcro strap located in the middle of the dorsal part of the waist. FIG.26illustrates different views of a thigh plastic shield2602of the first part1902, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The thigh plastic shield2602may be adapted to be stitched on the foam padding of the at least one thigh guard1908. For wearing and adjusting the at least one thigh guard1908, the lower body protector1900may include an elastic strap, for example, having a width of about 10 cm, with the hoop side that is rough and hard and called male part of Velcro stitched on its ventral aspect that sticks upon the loop side that is fuzzy and soft and called female part of Velcro that is stitched on the thigh plastic shield2602. As depicted by the various views in the given figure, the thigh plastic shield2602appears C-shaped when seen from top and bottom, due to the convex bent given to it so as to fit on the thigh of the user. The embossing as depicted by2602, on edges in form of waves is aimed to provide maximum protection to the thigh region by deflecting the projectile and minimising the impact of the same upon collision. Further, curved shape of the thigh plastic shield2602allows for comfortable fitting on the thigh of the user, with ample comfort and no hindrance to manoeuvrability of the user. FIG.27illustrates different views of an upper knee plastic shield2702of the second part1904, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in the top view and the bottom view, the upper knee plastic shield2702is bent convexly, to appear as a C-shaped plate, with two embossings2704. In an example, each of the embossings2704may make the upper knee plastic shield27024 mm thick at places of their existence. Otherwise, the thickness of the upper knee plastic shield2702may be about 2 mm. The upper knee plastic shield2702may be stitched over the foam padding. FIG.28illustrates different views of a knee covering plastic shield2802of the second part1904, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The shape of the knee covering plastic shield2802may be elliptical as shown in the front view, and may be U-shaped when shown in the top view and the bottom view. The embossing over circular bulged out concavity as indicated by2804, is selected to impart better protection to the knee joint region, along with a better fit over the knee owing to its shape. Ample adjustability is also given by means of bi-directional Velcro straps. The shape of this part is selected so as to reduce an impact of any object to the knee joint region of the user. FIG.29illustrates different views of a shin guard plastic shield2902of the second part1904, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The shin guard plastic shield2902is an elongated shield with dual overlapping embossing,2904and2906. A basal layer2908may be provided with a thickness of about 2 mm at edges, and a thickness of 4 mm at each successive embossings. The shin guard plastic shield2902may be stitched or riveted over the foam padding based on user requirements. Further, the shin guard plastic shield2902may be fastened to the at least one calf guard1916on one lateral side by means of Velcro hook and loop fasteners, while an stretchable attachment with elastic straps on the other lateral side. FIG.30illustrates different views of a calf guard plastic shield3002of the second part1904, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The calf guard plastic shield3002may include a basal plate3004having a thickness of about 2 mm and is bent convexly (left and right view) and succeeded by three embossing3006,3008, and3010, each increasing the thickness of the calf guard plastic shield3002by 2 mm and therefore, making it 4 mm thick at the place of the occurrence of the respective embossing. As shown in the front view, the embossing3006and3008may form a shape of an arc rectangular with serrated margins at anteriority of first and posterior of second, and smooth margins being present at rest of the sides. Further, the embossing3010may be formed in the proximity of an ankle joint of the user. The shape of the calf guard plastic shield3002is selected so as to reduce an impact of any object to the calf region of the user. The calf guard plastic shield3002may be stitched or riveted over the foam padding based on user requirements. The calf guard plastic shield3002may be fastened to the at least one shin guard1914on one lateral side by means of Velcro hook and loop fasteners, while an stretchable attachment with elastic straps on the other lateral side. As would be gathered, the present disclosure offers an ergonomically designed protection gear for protecting the entire body of the users. Particularly, the present invention provides an integrated protective gear for protecting torso for a female wearer that is compact by virtue of the design of the integrated protective gear. The torso protector delivers better fit and protection to the female wearer with easy to wear mechanism and user-friendly design (i.e., the convex shape or curved lens shape of the various shields) with negligible manoeuvrability hindrance. The torso protector is also ergonomically designed in order to achieve an improved torso protector for the female wearer. Further, the present disclosure offers an ergonomically designed protective gear for protecting arms of the users. The arm protector1300extends from lateral edges of shoulders, and covers the upper arm region just before the elbow (first part1302), the elbow, and the forearm (second part1304). Further, the arm protector1300includes the foam padding placed under the shielding plates and optimally associated with flaps accommodating adjustability of fit by means of the Velcro straps on the ventral aspect of the arms. The arm protector1300is a compact gear which ensures protection from any kind of potential injury to the arms. The arm protector1300is adjustable allowing the application to people with different body sizes. The arm protector1300is designed in such a manner that it doesn't restrict any movement of the arm while ensuring complete protection as well. Further, the arm protector1300is provided in different sizes, for example, “Small”, “Medium”, and “Large” for people with different body sizes. The arm protector1300is comfortable to wear and allows required maneuverability in action. Further, the material forming the arm protector1300may vary, based on requirements and applications of the arm protector1300. Moreover, the lower body protector1900extends from the waist and covers the entire lower body of the user. Further, the lower body protector1900includes the foam padding placed under the shielding plates and optimally associated with flaps accommodating adjustability of fit by means of the Velcro straps. The lower body protector1900is a compact gear which ensures protection from any kind of potential injury to the lower body. The lower body protector1900is adjustable allowing the application to people with different body sizes. The lower body protector1900is designed in such a manner that it doesn't restrict any movement of the arm while ensuring complete protection as well. Further, the lower body protector1900is adjustable for different sizes, for example, “Small”, “Medium”, and “Large” for people with different body sizes. The lower body protector1900is comfortable to wear and allows required maneuverability in action. Further, the material forming the arm protector1900may vary, based on requirements and applications of the arm protector1900. Therefore, the present disclosure offers the full-body protection gear100that is adjustable, compact, light-weight, sturdy, flexible, easy-to-wear, comfortable, safe, and cost-effective. While specific language has been used to describe the present disclosure, any limitations arising on account thereto, are not intended. As would be apparent to a person in the art, various working modifications may be made to the method in order to implement the inventive concept as taught herein. The drawings and the foregoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment.

11857007

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT AND OPERATION OF THE INVENTION Various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are described below. Use of the term “exemplary” means illustrative or by way of example only, and any reference herein to “the invention” is not intended to restrict or limit the invention to exact features or step of any one or more of the exemplary embodiments disclosed in the present specification. References to “exemplary embodiment”, “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “various embodiments”, and the like may indicate that the embodiment(s) of the invention so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily incudes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated use of the phrase “in one embodiment”, “in an exemplary embodiment”, or “in an alternative embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although they may. It is also noted that terms like “preferably”, “commonly”, and “typically” are not utilized herein to limit the scope of the invention or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the invention. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the present invention. The present invention is described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which one or more exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. Like numbers used herein refer to like elements throughout. The invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be operative, enabling, and complete. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limited as to the scope of the invention, and any and all equivalents thereof. Moreover, many embodiments such as adaptations, variations, modifications, and equivalent arrangements will be implicitly disclosed by the embodiments described herein and fall within the scope of the instant invention. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for the purposes of limitation. Unless otherwise expressly defined herein, such terms are intended to be given their broad, ordinary, and customary meaning not inconsistent with that applicable in the relevant industry ad without restriction to any specific embodiment hereinafter described. As used herein, the article “a” is intended to include one or more items. Where only one item is intended, the terms “one and only one”, “single”, or similar language is used. When used herein to join a list of items, the term “or” denotes at least one of the items, but does not exclude a plurality of items of the list. For exemplary methods or processes of the invention, the sequence and/or arrangement of steps described herein are illustrative and not restrictive. Accordingly, it should be understood that, although steps of various processes or methods may be shown and described as being in a sequence or temporal arrangement, the steps of any such processes or methods are not limited to being carried out in any particular sequence or arrangement, absent an indication otherwise. Indeed, the steps in such processes or methods generally may be carried out in various different sequences and arrangements while still falling within the scope of the present invention. Additionally, any references to advantages, benefits, unexpected results, or operability of the present invention are not intended as an affirmation that the invention has previously been reduced to practice or that any testing has been performed. Likewise, unless stated otherwise, use of verbs in the past tense (present perfect or preterit) is not intended to indicate or imply that the invention has previously been reduced to practice or that any testing has been performed. For a better understanding of the invention and its operation, turning now to the drawings,FIGS.1-7illustrate the preferred embodiment for garment10. Throughout the description and illustrations, garment10is represented as an adjustable garment in the style of an apron, preferably defining a belt2and a skirt6; the skirt6including a first panel8and one or more detachable second panel(s)20. Garment10is configured to protect clothing worn by a variety of grillers from food spills and splatters while providing accessibility to utensils, accessories, and other items desired for grilling. The diameter and coverage of skirt6may be adjusted by adding or removing one or more of the detachable second panel(s)20and the belt2fastens at the back by use of a belt fastener4such as for example a side release strap adjustable buckle, clasp, clip, or the like. In the preferred embodiment, skirt6comprises a first panel8and potentially one or more detachable second panel(s)20. Skirt6is preferably formed from cotton material but may be formed from other durable, breathable and/or washable fabric(s) and/or synthetic material(s). It is a preference for the color of skirt6to be of a dark hue such as black, dark green, or grey to hide moisture and stains, but these colors are not to be construed as a limitation of the current invention. First panel8is a single article configured along with the belt2, to wrap around a person's 360 degree waist. First panel8preferably defines a trapezoidal shape measuring approximately twenty-eight inches at the top (i.e. the portion closest to belt2), thirty-six inches at the bottom (i.e. the portion opposing the top portion), and a length of twenty inches permanently or releasably affixed to belt2which circumscribes a 360 degree waist. It is a preference for first panel8to define an internal surface14and an external surface18, wherein the belt2is affixed to the external surface18and a loop attachment strip30is securely attached to the internal surface14. The belt2and loop attachment strip30may be securely attached by methods that may include taping, sewing, gluing, wiring, wedging, or by hooking and looping, however it is a preference to sew the belt2to the external surface18and to sew the loop attachment strip30to the internal surface14. In the preferred embodiment, first panel8also contains one or more pocket(s)12which are securely attached to the first panel8. Although sewing is the preferred method of attachment, the pocket(s)12may be attached to the first panel8by taping, sewing, gluing, wiring, wedging, hooking and looping, or by other forms of attachment. The preferred embodiment contains two large pockets13, at least one pocket12attached to each of the two large pockets13, and two hip pockets15on both sides of the first panel8, totaling six pockets. Further included are elongated smaller pockets17defined by stitching19within pockets12, and hip pockets15as seen inFIGS.2and3. The inclusion, size, shape, and/or positioning of one or more pockets is not to be construed as a limitation of the present invention. In the preferred embodiment, the one or more detachable second panel(s)20comprise a front surface22and a back surface28. The front surface22comprises a hook attachment strip24and one or more belt loop(s)26for receipt of the belt2. It is a preference for the hook attachment strip24to be sewn onto the front surface22but other methods of attachment such as taping, gluing, wiring, wedging, or hooking and looping may also be used. It is also a preference for the belt loop(s)26to be formed from hook attachment material and for the belt loop(s)26to bridge over the hook attachment strip24. There are two belt loops26on each detachable second panel20in the preferred embodiment. Additionally, the back surface28comprises a loop attachment strip30. Though first panel8provides fabric coverage as previously described, and in combination with belt2circumscribes a 360 degree waist, the insertion of one or more detachable second panel(s)20may increase the fabric coverage up to twelve inches of extra waist width (per panel20) as measured along the length of belt2, thereby increasing the fabric coverage afforded the wearer. Additionally, the one or more detachable second panel(s)20are attached to one or more of the belt2and the first panel8by way of the hook attachment strip24and one or more belt loop(s)26on the front surface22of the one or more detachable second panel(s)20. In one embodiment, the one or more detachable second panels preferably define a trapezoidal shape measuring approximately nine inches at the top (i.e. the portion closest to belt2), twelve inches at the bottom (i.e. the portion opposing the top portion), and a length of twenty inches releasably affixed to belt2which circumscribes a 360 degree waist. In the preferred embodiment, belt2is formed from durable fabric such as nylon or polypropylene webbing. Belt2is preferably sewn to first panel8, however belt2may be securely attached to the first panel8by other methods that may include taping, sewing, gluing, wiring, wedging, or by hooking and looping. Belt2preferably comprises one or more D-ring(s)36and a belt fastener4. It is a preference for the D-ring(s)36to be formed from metal or stainless steel, however the D-ring(s)36may also be formed from plastic, zinc die cast, solid brass, or other durable material. The D-ring(s)36are shaped like a D with a curved side39. The D-ring(s)36are attached to the belt2preferably by sewing a small fabric hook46to the belt2by looping the fabric hook46around the straight side of the D-ring and riveting or sewing the fabric hook46to itself. The D-Ring(s)36provide less movement as added attachments on the flat side are unable to swivel as freely around the D-ring36. Though the preferred method of attaching the D-ring to the belt and fabric hook46is by sewing, other methods may include taping, sewing, gluing, wiring, wedging, or hooking and looping. It is a preference for another strap or piece of hardware such as a clip38to be attached to the curved side39of the D-ring36. The preferred embodiment includes five D-rings36, five fabric hooks46, and five clips38, though the inclusion, size, shape, and positioning are not to be considered a limitation of the current invention. The clip(s)38are preferably formed from aluminum but may be formed from other durable material such as other metal(s) or plastic. It is also a preference for the clip(s)38to be D-style snap clips or mini-carabiner clips such as seen inFIG.8, though such is not to be considered a limitation. The one or more clip(s)38may further include accessories, and other items desired for grilling such as for example a detachable hand towel40, a flashlight42, and a bottle opener46. The detachable hand towel40preferably includes a center grommet for ease of clipping. The detachable hand towel40in the preferred embodiment is also formed from 100% cotton, is tri-fold, and is preferable a dark color such as black. This however is not to be construed as a limitation of the present disclosure. The bottle opener46defines a dual bottle opener and clip ideal for opening beverages and clipping grilling accessories to the garment10. A second embodiment of garment10further includes a removable top portion50comprising a neck loop52and a bib54as seen inFIG.9. The removable top portion50is formed from cotton material but may be formed from other durable, breathable and washable fabric material. It is a preference for the color of removable top portion50to match that of the skirt6, however this is not to be construed as a limitation of the current invention. The neck loop52is a thin strap of material and is adjustable by use of a D-ring36which is positioned at the bottom corner where the neck loop52and bib54join. The bib54should be positioned on the chest of the griller and can be securely attached to the skirt6by affixing hook strip56along the bottom thereof to loop strip30of internal surface14. The illustrations and examples provided herein are for explanatory purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims.

11857008

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. FIG.2is a diagram of a garment10having post-operative drain compartments. The garment10comprises a first side30and a second side40. The first side30comprises a first plurality of post-operative drain compartments11and a second plurality of post-operative drain compartments22. The first plurality of post-operative drain compartments11has a first post-operative drain compartment12, a second post-operative drain compartment15, a third post-operative drain compartment18, and a fourth post-operative drain compartment19. The second plurality of post-operative drain compartments22has a first post-operative drain compartment43, a second post-operative drain compartment44, a third post-operative drain compartment45, and a fourth post-operative drain compartment46. In accordance with one novel aspect, the post-operative drain compartments are disposed along numerous axes described below. A first axis13is parallel to and above a second axis14. The second axis14is parallel to and above a third axis16. The third axis16is parallel to and above a fourth axis17. On the first side30, a fifth axis20is parallel to a sixth axis21. On the second side40, a seventh axis41is parallel to an eighth axis42. The first, second, third, and fourth axes (13,14,16,17) are perpendicular to the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eight axes (20,21,41,42). On the first side30, the first post-operative drain compartment12is disposed horizontally between the first axis13and the second axis14, and vertically between the fifth axis20and the sixth axis21. The first post-operative drain compartment12is parallel to the fourth post-operative drain compartment19. On the first side30, the second, third, and fourth post-operative drain compartments (15,18,19) are disposed horizontally between the third axis16and the fourth axis17. The fourth post-operative drain compartment19is disposed vertically between the fifth axis20and the sixth axis21. On the second side40, the first post-operative drain compartment43is disposed horizontally between the first axis13and the second axis14and vertically between the seventh axis41and the eighth axis42. The fourth post-operative drain compartment46is parallel to the first post-operative drain compartment43. On the second side40, the second, third, and fourth post-operative drain compartments (44,45,46) are disposed horizontally between the third axis16and the fourth axis17. The fourth post-operative drain compartment46is disposed vertically between the seventh axis41and the eighth axis42. By orienting the post-operative drain compartments in this way, the user of the garment is given significant versatility in securing post-operative drains. FIG.3is a diagram of an opening of a garment10having post-operative drain compartments. In this example, the third post-operative drain compartment18has four edges. A first edge24is disposed along the third axis16. A second edge25is disposed along a fourth edge of the second post-operative drain compartment28. A third edge29is disposed along the fourth axis17. The fourth edge26is disposed along a second edge of the fourth post-operative drain compartment27. In one example, the garment10is manufactured using natural fibers. In another example, the garment10is manufactured using synthetic fibers. In yet another example, the garment10is manufactured using a combination of natural fibers and synthetic fibers. In one example, the garment10comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: cotton, flax, wool, ramie, silk, denim, leather, down, fur, nylon, and polyester. On an inner surface32of the first side30, an attachment mechanism23, for example, Velcro, buttons, zipper, or other fastening instrument, is along a first side edge31and parallel to the fifth axis20. On the outer surface33of the second side40, another attachment mechanism47that complements the attachment mechanism23, for example, Velcro, buttons, zipper, or other fastening instrument, is along a second side edge48and parallel to the eighth axis42. FIG.4is a diagram of a post-operative drain compartment pinched open to receive a post-operative drain. The first edge (or upper extent) of each of the plurality of the post-operative drain compartments has an opening that extends at least 5 inches. The second and fourth edges (or the side edges) of each of the plurality of the post-operative drain compartments extend at least 4.5 inches. These dimensions provide optimal retaining volume for reservoirs of typical post-operative drains. In this example, the first edge extends approximately 6.0 inches and the side edges extend approximately 5.5 inches. In this example, each of the bottom and side edges of the post-operative drain compartment is stitched into the inner surface32of the garment10. In another example, the post-operative drain compartments are glued onto the inner surface32of the garment10. In another example, the post-operative drain compartments are attached to the inner surface32of the garment10using another attachment mechanism such as a safety pin, magnet, buttons, zippers, Velcro, or a combination of the above. In accordance with another novel aspect, the upper edge of each post-operative drain compartment remains open thereby providing easy and quick storage of the post-operative drains. In the example ofFIG.4, the first edge of the third post-operative drain compartment24is shown pinched open to receive a post-operative drain. In one example, none of the post-operative drains has a closure mechanism or fastening mechanism that securely shuts the opening provided by the first edge (or upper edge). In the example ofFIG.4, the post-operative drains do not have any zipper, button, Velcro, or similar fastening mechanism and always remain open to provide ease of access. In another example, the post-operative drains have a closure mechanism or fastening mechanism that securely shuts the opening provided by the first edge (or upper edge), such as a zipper, button, Velcro, or similar fastening mechanism. FIG.5is a diagram of the front perspective view of the garment having post-operative drain compartments10when worn and opened. The second axis14is disposed above the navel50. At least one post-operative drain compartment is disposed above the navel50when worn by the user and the at least one post-operative drain compartment is also disposed above another post-operative drain compartment that is disposed below the navel50. In this example, the first post-operative drain compartment12is in use. In another example, other post-operative drain compartments may be used to support post-operative drains. FIG.6is a diagram of the front perspective view of the garment having post-operative drain compartments10when worn and closed. The second axis14is disposed above the navel50. In this example, each post-operative drain compartment in the first plurality11is in use. In another example, the second plurality of post-operative drain compartments22may be in use. FIG.7is a flowchart of a method100in accordance with one novel aspect. In a first step (step101), a plurality of post-operative drain compartments is formed along an inner surface32of a first side of a garment. A first of the plurality of post-operative drain compartments is disposed between a first axis and a second axis. A second of the plurality of post-operative drain compartments is disposed between a third axis and a fourth axis. A third of the plurality of post-operative drain compartments is disposed between the third axis and the fourth axis. The second post-operative drain compartment is adjacent to the third post-operative drain compartment and the second and third post-operative drain compartments are disposed below the first post-operative drain compartment. The first, second, third, and fourth axes are parallel to each other. For example, inFIG.2, the garment10has a first plurality of post-operative drain compartments11formed along the inner surface32of the first side30. There are a first, second, third, and fourth post-operative drain compartments (12,15,18,19) on the first side30. In the example ofFIG.5, a reservoir (100 cc)2occupying the first post-operative drain compartment12. The reservoir2is connected to a drain (7 mm×20 cm)3. In another example, there may be a reservoir of a post-operative drain occupying each post-operative drain compartment. In second step (step102), the garment with post-operative drain compartments is packed using packaging material. In the example inFIG.8, the garment10is folded compactly and packaged into the packaging material301. The packaged garment302is then distributed to medical retailers or other sales distribution channels. FIG.9is a diagram of a garment400having post-operative drain compartments for pediatric patients. The garment400is manufactured and provided to pediatric patients, including children and young adults. The garment400has at least one less compartment post-operative drain on each side than garment10. The garment400has smaller dimensions than the garment10ofFIG.2. In one example, the garment400has drain compartments that are one-inch smaller in at least one-dimension as compared to drain compartments of garment10. In another example, the garment400has drain compartments that are the same dimensions as compared to drain compartments of garment10. The garment400comprises a first side430and a second side440. The first side430comprises a first plurality of post-operative drain compartments411and a second plurality of post-operative drain compartments422. The first plurality of post-operative drain compartments411has a first post-operative drain compartment412, a second post-operative drain compartment419, and a third post-operative drain compartment418. The second plurality of post-operative drain compartments422has a first post-operative drain compartment443, a second post-operative drain compartment446, and a third post-operative drain compartment445. In accordance with one novel aspect, the post-operative drain compartments are disposed along numerous axes described below. A first axis413is parallel to and above a second axis414. The second axis414is parallel to and above a third axis416. The third axis416is parallel to and above a fourth axis417. On the first side430, a fifth axis420is parallel to a sixth axis421. On the second side440, a seventh axis441is parallel to an eighth axis442. The first, second, third, and fourth axes (413,414,416,417) are perpendicular to the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eight axes (420,421,441,442). On the first side430, the first post-operative drain compartment412is disposed horizontally between the first axis413and the second axis414, and vertically between the fifth axis420and the sixth axis421. The first post-operative drain compartment412is parallel to the second post-operative drain compartment419. On the first side430, the second and third post-operative drain compartments (418and419) are disposed horizontally between the third axis416and the fourth axis417. The second post-operative drain compartment19is disposed vertically between the fifth axis420and the sixth axis421. Although the second post-operative drain compartment419is shown disposed directly below the first post-operative drain compartment412, in other embodiments the second post-operative drain compartment419is offset to the left or right and not directly below the first post-operative drain compartment412. On the second side440, the first post-operative drain compartment443is disposed horizontally between the first axis413and the second axis414and vertically between the seventh axis441and the eighth axis442. The second post-operative drain compartment446is parallel to the first post-operative drain compartment443. On the second side440, the second and third (445and446) are disposed horizontally between the third axis416and the fourth axis417. The second post-operative drain compartment446is disposed vertically between the seventh axis441and the eighth axis442. By orienting the post-operative drain compartments in this way, the user of the garment is given significant versatility in securing post-operative drains. Although the second post-operative drain compartment446is shown disposed directly below the first post-operative drain compartment443, in other embodiments the second post-operative drain compartment446is offset to the left or right and not directly below the first post-operative drain compartment443. In accordance with another novel aspect, an amount of fabric450is attached to the garment400and extends away from the garment. In one example, the amount of fabric450is a cape. The cape450is permanently affixed to the garment400or is detachable via Velcro, buttons, clips, or other types of mechanical fastening mechanisms. The cape450adds significant appeal to adolescent or pediatric users. The cape450is provided to mimic that of a super hero or action hero. In other embodiments, the garment400is provided without any cape450. In accordance with yet another novel aspect, one or more textual or graphical elements451are affixed to an outer portion of the garment. The textual or graphical elements451add additional appeal to children and adolescent users of garment400. The textual or graphical elements451may include cultural figures or references, known icons, slogans, trademarks or trade names, artistic designs, or similar text or graphical elements. In other embodiments, the garment400is provided without any added textual or graphical elements451. Although certain specific exemplary embodiments are described above in order to illustrate the invention, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments. For example, although the garment is shown as a t-shirt, in other embodiments, the garment may be a long sleeve shirt, a pajama, a vest, a zip, a coat, and a jacket. The example ofFIG.2has a set of compartments on each side, however, in other embodiments, the compartments are all disposed along a single side. Although the compartments ofFIG.2have one compartment above three lower compartments, in another example, the compartments have two upper compartments that are aligned between first and second axes13,14and two lower compartments that are aligned between the third and fourth axes16,17. In yet another example, there are compartments situated vertically between two other compartments. For example, one compartment is disposed above a second compartment, which in turn, is disposed above a third compartment. The first, second and third compartments are stacked vertically. In another embodiment, the compartments are disposed along a grid pattern such that a compartment is selectively disposed at along elements of the grid pattern. The grid has dimensions A×B taken from group consisting of: 1×1, 1×2, 1×3, 1×4, 2×1, 2×2, 2×3, 3×4, 3×1, 3×2, 3×3, 3×4, and 4×1, 4×2, 4×3, and 4×4. The dimension “A” represents the number of compartments horizontally along the grid (for example, parallel to the first axis13) and the dimension “B” represents the number of compartments vertically along the grid (for example, parallel to the fifth axis20). One or more of grids may selectively not have any compartment to provide a gap between the compartments. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and combinations of various features of the described embodiments can be practiced without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.

11857009

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE Referring to the drawings and, in particular toFIG.1, an exemplary embodiment of a liner of the present disclosure is generally referred to by reference numeral100. Liner100can be incorporated into a garment, for example, panty, jeans, pants, a skirt, a top, a one piece swimsuit, a tankini, a swimsuit bottom, a lingerie body suit, and/or all body suits, a shapewear bottom, leggings, jeggings, legwear, hosiery, dress, and any combination thereof. Alternatively, liner100alone can form a garment, for example, an underwear brief or other lingerie. Liner100has a body of fabric or fabric body110that reshapes and supports a body of a wearer and a crotch piece135. Fabric body110has regions with an elastic component that stretches over a desired body part to offer multiple slimming, reshaping or support areas. The regions of liner100include one or more of: a super waist whittler region8, an abdominal region10, a first abdominal border region24, a second abdominal border region26, a buttocks region13, a bottom buttock surrounding region12, a top buttock surrounding region15, a side buttock surrounding region17, a first side hip region27, a second side hip region29, a waist whittler region18, and a waist transition region22. Significantly, each region has a different elasticity or modulus of elasticity than one or more of the other regions. Liner100ofFIG.1is shown having eleven regions. However, more or less than eleven regions can be incorporated into liner100. A region is defined as an area set off as having a distinct modulus and/or elongation as compared to one or more surrounding or adjoining regions, areas or parts. A region is separated from one or more contiguous regions by means that separate the modulus of that region from the contiguous regions. In some examples discussed below, a seam is used to do so. In some other examples, a border is used to dos so. In some other examples, the attachment or fabric connection of the two regions is the line of separation and that line of separation may not be discernible visually. As shown inFIG.1, the eleven regions are: (1) abdominal region10, (2) first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, (3) buttocks region13, (4) bottom buttocks surrounding region12, (5) side buttocks surrounding region17, (6) top buttocks surrounding region15, (7) first side hip region27and second side hip region29, (8) waist whittler region18, (9) waist transition region22, (10) super waist whittler region8, and (11) crotch piece135. Fabric body110is free of seams between seven of the regions due to a center back seam132going through four regions when liner100is assembled, namely: buttocks region13, top buttocks surrounding region15, waist transition region22, and super waist whittler region8. There are two crotch seams and center back seam132when liner100is assembled. The shape of (1) abdominal region10, (2) first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, (3) buttocks region13, (4) bottom buttocks surrounding region12, (5) side buttocks surrounding region17, (6) top buttocks surrounding region15, (7) first side hip region27and second side hip region29, (8) waist whittler region18, (9) waist transition region22, (10) super waist whittler region8, and (11) crotch piece135adjusts to different wearers' shapes and/or sizes and reshapes the wearer's body. Fabric body110has a top edge103, a first side edge portion112, a second side edge portion114, a first bottom side edge portion122, a second bottom side edge portion124, a middle edge portion126, a first leg hole portion123between first bottom side edge portion122and middle edge portion126, and a second leg hole portion125between second bottom side edge portion124and middle edge portion126. The first side edge portion112and second side edge portion114, all shown inFIG.1, form a single vertical center back seam132shown inFIG.3. Referring again to the embodiment ofFIG.1, first side edge portion112, second side edge portion114, first bottom side edge portion122, second bottom side edge portion124, and middle edge portion126, all attach to crotch piece135. InFIG.1, the shape of the lining flat pattern of liner100has a shape to fit over at least a waist area, a hip area, a crotch area, a buttocks area and an abdomen portion or area of a wearer when assembled. The lining flat pattern of liner100has a flat, straight shape at top edge103of waist transition region22. The lining flat pattern of liner100has a straight shape that tapers outward from a first side127of top edge103along a distance of waist transition region22, super waist whittler region8and top buttocks surrounding region15. At a location above buttocks region13, the lining flat pattern of liner100has a convex curved shape along a distance of a portion of top buttocks surrounding region15and also along buttocks region13up to first bottom side edge portion122. The lining flat pattern of liner100has a straight shape that tapers inward along first bottom side edge portion122. The lining flat pattern of liner100has a convex curved shape extending from first bottom side edge portion122inward toward axis A and upward toward waist transition region22along a distance of bottom buttocks surrounding region12and side buttocks surrounding region17. At a location where bottom buttocks surrounding region12meets first side hip region27, the lining flat pattern of liner100has a concave curved shape that extends outward toward and up to middle edge portion126. Middle edge portion126has a flat, straight shape. The lining flat pattern of liner100has a shape that is a mirror image when folded along a vertical axis A so that the lining flat pattern of liner100has a straight shape that tapers outward from a second side129of top edge103along a distance of waist transition region22, super waist whittler region8and top buttocks surrounding region15. At a location above buttocks region13, the lining flat pattern of liner100has a convex curved shape along a distance of a portion of top buttocks surrounding region15and also along buttocks region13up to second bottom side edge portion124. The lining flat pattern of liner100has a straight shape that tapers inward along second bottom side edge portion124. The lining flat pattern of liner100has a convex curved shape extending from second bottom side edge portion124inward toward axis A and upward toward waist transition region22along a distance of bottom buttocks surrounding region12and side buttocks surrounding region17. At a location where side buttocks surrounding region17meets second side hip region29, the lining flat pattern of liner100has a concave curved shape that extends outward toward and up to middle edge portion126. Abdominal region10is an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over an abdominal area and a crotch area of the wearer's body to offer shaping and support. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26form two inwardly curved borders150,151of abdominal region10. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26each has a mesh with a cross pattern, however, other pattern designs could be used. Waist transition region22forms a straight border152of abdominal region10. Abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26increase the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because these regions minimize protruding abdomen area bulges, and re-sculpts for more desirable torso curves. Abdominal region10stretches over the abdominal area and the crotch area so that any bulge above the top of the pubic area is flattened and/or minimized. First side hip region27and second side hip region29each is an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over a side hip area offering reshaping and support. First side hip region27has a border shown in broken lines25,31,39,131,133,137inFIG.1and second side hip region29has a border that is a mirror image when fabric body is folded along axis A. First side hip region27is on a side of first abdominal border region24opposite abdominal region10. Second side hip region29is on a side of second abdominal border region26opposite abdominal region10. First side hip region27and second side hip region29reshape the hip area to minimize or flatten this area. First side hip region27and second side hip region29are free of seams and creates the ability to re-sculpt and reshape the wearer's body while eliminating any side seams thickness, bulges and visibility. Side buttocks surrounding region17, bottom buttocks surrounding region12and top buttocks surrounding region15are an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over a portion of a buttocks area on a top of the buttocks, on a side of the buttocks and underneath the buttocks of the wearer's body to offer reshaping, support and butt lift. Buttocks region13has a first buttocks section14and a second buttocks section16. As shown in broken lines21,23,35,25side buttocks surrounding region17and, as shown in broken lines33,35,34, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, respectively, form a convex curved border34with first buttocks section14. Also, side buttocks surrounding region17and bottom buttocks surrounding region12form a convex curved border35of second buttocks section16that is a mirror image of the borders with first buttocks section14. As shown in broken lines37,39,41, top buttocks surrounding region15forms an inwardly sloping border36of first buttocks section14and second buttocks section16has an inwardly sloping border36that is a mirror image of inwardly sloping border36of first buttocks section14. Inwardly sloping border36slope down to center vertical axis A. As shown by a broken line37, top buttocks surrounding region15borders super waist whittler region8and waist whittler region18up to broken line39. Top buttocks surrounding region15has borders that are a mirror image of broken line37and broken line39along second buttocks section16. As discussed above, top buttocks surrounding region15also forms an inwardly sloping border36of first buttocks section14and second buttocks section16has an inwardly sloping border36that is a mirror image of inwardly sloping border36of first buttocks section14. Side buttocks surrounding region17is bordered by first buttocks section14at broken line21, first side hip region27at broken line31and broken line25, and first leg hole portion123at broken line33up until bottom buttocks surrounding region12at broken line35and side buttocks surrounding region17has borders that are a mirror image at second buttocks section16, second leg hole portion125and second side hip region29. Bottom buttocks surrounding region12is bordered at first buttocks section14at broken line23and at first leg hole portion123at broken line33up until side buttocks surrounding region17at broken line35and bottom buttocks surrounding region12has borders that are a mirror image at second buttocks section16and second leg hole portion125up until side buttocks surrounding region17. Side buttocks surrounding region17, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, super waist whittler region8, first side hip region27and second side hip region29visually appear to be the same material. However, top buttocks surrounding region15and bottom buttocks surrounding region12stretch in different directions than side buttocks surrounding region17, super waist whittler region8, first side hip region27and second side hip region29. Top buttocks surrounding region15and bottom buttocks surrounding region12have portions that stretch in a primarily 45 degree direction relative to axis A. Side buttocks surrounding region17, super waist whittler region8, first side hip region27and second side hip region29have portions that stretch in a primary direction that is parallel with axis A. Top buttocks surrounding region15and bottom buttocks surrounding region12stretch in different directions than side buttocks surrounding region17, super waist whittler region8, first side hip region27and second side hip region29and thus result in top buttocks surrounding region15and bottom buttocks surrounding region12having a different modulus than side buttocks surrounding region17, super waist whittler region8, first side hip region27and second side hip region29. Bottom buttocks surrounding region12and top buttocks surrounding region15are both measured on 45 degree angle, which is relevant for the “butt lift”. Buttocks region13is an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over a buttocks area of the wearer's body to offer reshaping and support. Buttocks region13has an elasticity that is higher than side buttocks surrounding region17, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, and top buttocks surrounding region15. Buttocks region13has an elongation, extension, or elasticity that is higher than side buttocks surrounding region17, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, and top buttocks surrounding region15and, thus, allows for the natural curve of the wearer's buttocks to extend into buttocks region13and creates a lifting effect, “butt lift”, of the wearer's buttocks while the area of the wearer's body surrounding the wearer's buttocks is compressed at a higher modulus than buttocks region13. Buttocks region13can be mesh of an open net construction that allows mesh area to stretch and contour the buttocks as well as allows passage of air and water (pool, sea, lake).FIG.1shows one type of mesh construction; however, other mesh constructions can be used. Waist whittler region18has a first waist section116and a second waist section118. Waist whittler region18is on sides of first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26opposite abdominal region10. First abdominal border region24forms a curved border160of first waist section116. Second abdominal border region26forms a curved border180of second waist section118. Waist transition region22forms straight borders162,182of both first waist section116and second waist section118. Top buttocks surrounding region15forms concave curved borders166,186on another side of each of first waist section116and second waist section118. First side hip region27and second side hip region29forms concave curved borders167,187of each of first waist section116and second waist section118. Super waist whittler8forms straight borders169,189of each of first waist section116and second waist section118. Waist whittler region18is an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over an area above the high hips around the waistline of the wearer's body to offer reshaping, control and support. Along with abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, waist whittler region18increases the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because these regions minimize, reshape and re-sculpt for more desirable torso and waist curves. Waist region18has an opaque diamond pattern and is preferable in this region but could have another pattern design engineered to perform the same way in terms of elongation and control as stated inFIG.17. Waist transition region22is above waist whittler region18, first abdominal border region24, second abdominal border region26, super waist whittler region8and abdominal region10. Waist transition region22is included in a liner for one-piece swimsuits and high waisted garments or forms a high waisted garment, for example, high waisted underwear brief. Waist transition region22, along with abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24, second abdominal border region26and waist whittler region18, increases the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because it minimizes, reshapes and re-sculpts for more desirable torso curves. If liner100is connected to a bra top or bust support, waist transition region22provides a transition to the bra top or bust support. Accordingly, waist transition zone22extends to the underbust of the wearer to eliminate or minimize a bulge referred to as a “muffin top”, and smooths a silhouette along that extant in, for example, a one-piece swimsuit and or garment incorporating liner100having a high waist. Waist transition region22minimizes visibility of different stretch power constructions of the eleven regions, while smoothing curves of a wearer's body and providing overall comfort. Waist transition region22has a diamond with dot and swirl pattern, but could have another pattern design engineered to perform the same way. Fabric body110of liner100has a material comprising, for example, nylon or polyester and spandex, or other spandex and synthetic fiber combinations. For example, the material of fabric body110is greater than 20% spandex and less than 80% nylon. Preferably, fabric body110has a material that is more than 30% spandex, and less than 70% nylon. The material of fabric body110is warp knit or circular knit. Fabric body110is a material that can be breathable, supple and soft. The material can include an anti-microbial finish or yarn and can have chlorine resist yarns or properties. The knit patterns formed in the material of abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24, second abdominal border region26, buttocks region13, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17, first side hip region27, second side hip region29, waist whittler region18, super waist whittler region8, and waist transition region22can differ due to aesthetic desire or performance needs. The patterning of each region is determined by both performance (elongation and modulus) requirements for reshaping in specific body areas and that individual patterning is also determined by differentiating aesthetics. Creating regions that have borders that can be curvilinear are included in the designing of alternative patterns with consideration for designs that have a desirable feeling, and distinctive and differentiating patterning. Fabric body110has vertical axis A extending in a vertical direction from waist transition region22toward abdomen region10, and a horizontal axis B extending in a horizontal direction perpendicular to vertical axis A. Each of abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24, second abdominal border region26, buttocks region13, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17, waist whittler region18, super waist whittler region8, first side hip region27, second side hip region29and waist transition region22, has an elasticity along vertical axis A and an elasticity along horizontal axis B. Referring toFIGS.17-18C, tests were performed on the flat panel of liner100ofFIG.1resulting in the data of Table 1 inFIGS.17-18C. The flat panel of liner100ofFIG.1for sizes 8, 10 and 12 was measured and the flat panel of liner100ofFIG.1for sizes 14, 16 and 18 was measured, and the results were averaged for rows 3-12 and 15 of Table 1. Row 13 of Table 1 includes measurements of flat panel of liner100ofFIG.1for sizes 8, 10 and 12 for abdominal region10and row 14 of Table 1 includes measurements of flat panel of liner100ofFIG.1for sizes 14, 16 and 18 for abdominal region10. The column “Region” identifies the ten of the eleven regions that resulted in the measurements in the corresponding row of Table 1. The phrase “W on the body” in Table 1 has the width direction around the body of a wearer of the material of the region. Column C in Table 1 has measurements of an elongation in the width direction around the body of a wearer of the material of the region of the flat panel of liner100. Elongation is defined as the ratio of the extension of a test specimen to its initial length, expressed as a percentage. Columns E, F, H, I, K, L, N, O, Q and R provide ranges of the measurements given in column C as set forth in Table 1. The phrase “L on the body” in Table 1 indicates the length direction on the body of the wearer of the material of the region. Column S in Table 1 includes measurements of an elongation in the length direction on the body of a wearer of the material of the region of the flat panel of liner100. Columns U, V, X, Y, AA, AB, AD, AE, AG and AH provide ranges of the measurements given in column S in Table 1. Column AI includes measurements of a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of the regions of the flat panel of liner100. Modulus is defined as the pounds of Force (lbf) measured at a given amount of elongation. Columns AK, AL, AN, AO, AQ, AR, AT, AU, AW and AX provide ranges of the measurements given in Column AI in Table 1. Column AY in Table 1 includes measurements of a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body the regions of the flat panel of liner100. Columns BA, BB, BD, BE, BG, BH, BJ, BK, BM and BN provide ranges of the measurements given in Column AY in Table 1. Column BO in Table 1 includes measurements of elongation at 45° on the body of the flat panel of liner100. Columns BQ, BR, BT, BU, BW, BX, BZ, CA, CC, and CD provide ranges of the measurements given in column BO in Table 1. Column CE in Table 1 includes measurements of modulus @ 30% at 45° on the body of the flat panel of liner100. Columns CG, CH, CJ, CK, CM, CN, CP, CQ, CS and CT provide ranges of the measurements given in Column CE. Column CU in Table 1 includes measurements of elongation at 15° on the body of the flat panel of liner100. Columns CW, CX, CZ, DA, DC, DD, DF, DG, DI and DJ provide ranges of the measurements given in Column CU. Column DK in Table 1 includes measurements of modulus @ 30% at 15° on the body of the flat panel of liner100. Columns DM, DN, DP, DQ, DS, DT, DB, DW, DY and DZ provide ranges of the measurements given in Column DK. The letter “x” in Table 1 indicates a measurement was not taken. For all regions except bottom buttocks surrounding region12and top buttocks surrounding region15, the letter “x” in Table 1 indicates a measurement was not taken because a measurement could not be taken according to the standard test method due to the small size of the specimen. Data of elongation and modulus provided in Table 1 are the results of testing on a Zwick/Roell Model KAP-Z machine that is a CRE (Constant Rate of Extension) machine. The method used was ASTM D4964. Specimens in this method may be tested in either a loop or strip. The specimens tested were tested as a strip rather than loop. Specimens from ten of the eleven regions were tested. The Zwick/Roell Model KAP-Z machine generates a graph having a first axis showing pounds of force, and a second axis that shows a percentage of elongation. At specific points on the elongation curve, the modulus numbers are recorded. Table 1 includes a measurement at 30% elongation that is a measurement point employed in the test method in accordance with ASTM D4964. Table 1 also includes modulus numbers having a number of pounds of force needed to obtain 30% elongation. The specimens tested of the flat panel of liner100were 69% nylon 31% Lycra spandex. In at least one embodiment, the material of abdominal region10for sizes 8, 10 and 12 has an elongation in the width direction around the body of 115 percent, and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 1.14, and an elongation in the length direction on the body of 136 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 0.81. In at least one embodiment, the material of abdominal region10for sizes 14, 16 and 18 has an elongation in the width direction around the body of 117 percent, and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 0.98, and an elongation in the length direction on the body of 130 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 0.90. In at least one embodiment, the material of abdominal region10that averages the measurements for sizes 8, 10 and 12 and sizes 14, 16 and 18 has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 1.06, and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 0.855. In at least one embodiment, the material of first side hip region27and second side hip region29has an elongation in the width direction around the body of 139 percent, and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 0.86, and an elongation in the length direction on the body of 116 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 1.60. In at least one embodiment, the material of super waist whittler8has an elongation in the width direction around the body of 128 percent, and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 1.11, and an elongation in the length direction on the body of 150 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 0.67. In at least one embodiment, the material of side buttocks surrounding region17has an elongation in the length direction on the body of 119 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 1.41. In at least one embodiment, the material of bottom buttocks surrounding region12has an elongation in the 45 degree direction on the body of 105.5 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the 45 degree direction on the body of 1.69. In at least one embodiment, the material of top buttocks surrounding region15has an elongation in the 45 degree direction on the body of 167 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the 45 degree direction on the body of 0.38. In at least one embodiment, the material of top buttocks surrounding region15has an elongation in the 15 degree direction on the body of 150 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the 15 degree direction on the body of 0.72. In at least one embodiment, the material of buttocks region13has an elongation in the width direction around the body of 177 percent, and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 0.53, and an elongation in the length direction on the body of 175 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 0.41. Buttocks region13has an elasticity that is greater than the other regions, namely, abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, super waist whittler region8, waist whittler region18and waist transition region22. In at least one embodiment, the material of waist whittler region18has an elongation in the width direction around the body of 160 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 0.57. In at least one embodiment, the material of waist transition region22has an elongation in the width direction around the body of 133 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body of 0.72. In at least one embodiment, the material of first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26has an elongation in the length direction on the body of 149 percent and a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body of 0.57. Accordingly, top buttocks surrounding region15and bottom buttocks surrounding region12reshape the body above and below buttocks region13to minimize or flatten this area, whereas buttocks region13having an elongation and elasticity that is more than top buttocks surrounding region15and bottom buttocks surrounding region12allows for the natural curve of the wearer's buttocks to extend into buttocks region13and creates a lifting effect of the wearer's buttocks while the area of the wearer's body surrounding the wearer's buttocks is compressed at more modulus than buttocks region13. Referring toFIG.2, liner100is in an assembled configuration connected to an outer shell200forming a high waist brief202shown on a wearer's body. High waist brief202is shown inFIG.2as inside-out relative toFIG.4to show as interior liner100. Liner100has fabric body110that covers at least a side hip area30, a crotch area40, a buttocks area50(FIG.3) and an abdomen portion or area60of a wearer5000. Liner100is connected to outer shell200. Liner100is connected to outer shell200at top edge103of liner100. Top edge103connects to outer shell200by a seam. The seam can be a clean finish seam joining liner100to outer shell200at a waist. The seam can be a clean finish seam joining liner100to outer shell200at a waist with a clean finish seam with rubber in the clean finish seam. The rubber can be ¼ inch to 2 inches, and, ⅝ inches in one embodiment, for sizes 6-18 of high waist brief202. The seam faces down towards crotch piece135and is a double needle top stitch forming a (one eighth inch gauge) seam. Outer shell200is a material, for example, tricot construction having 80 percent nylon and 20 percent spandex that hides liner100so that liner100is not visible when worn on the wearer as shown inFIG.4. Outer shell200can also be other warp knit constructions, circular knit or woven construction. As shown inFIG.2, high waist brief202has a front horizontal seam134, and, as shown inFIG.3, a rear horizontal seam136. Front horizontal seam134and rear horizontal seam136can each be sewn with a flatlock stitch. Front horizontal seam134and rear horizontal seam136connect first bottom side edge portion122, second bottom side edge portion124, and middle edge portion126, all shown inFIG.1, to crotch piece135forming leg holes141,143, as shown inFIGS.2and3. Leg holes141,143connect to outer shell200by seams with rubber. Front horizontal seam134connects middle edge portion126, shown inFIG.1, to a first side of crotch piece135. Rear horizontal seam136connects first bottom side edge portion122and second bottom side edge portion124, both shown inFIG.1, to a second side crotch piece135that is opposite the first side. The two halves of liner100are sewn together at single vertical center back seam132and front horizontal seam134and rear horizontal seam136connect first bottom side edge portion122, second bottom side edge portion124, and middle edge portion126, all shown inFIG.1, to crotch piece135to close the crotch area and vertical center back seam132. There is also clean finish sewing in the back of liner100and outer shell200that catches single vertical center back seam132, front horizontal seam134and rear horizontal seam136and so it engages and maintains the butt lift. The clean finish sewing of liner100and outer shell200is described referring toFIG.19. Outer shell200is connected to liner100by first attaching crotch piece135(FIG.1) to middle edge portion126forming front horizontal seam134(FIG.1) as a flat lock seam. Liner100and outer shell200are connected so that inside and outside of a garment have a clean finished seam. To form the clean finished seam, a fold line is formed at the location of axis A shown inFIG.1in liner100so that first side edge portion112overlaps second side edge portion114, both shown inFIG.1, with right sides together and placed down on a sewing machine. The right side refers to a side of material that will be exposed when the material is a part of a finished garment. Outer shell200is similarly sized and shaped as liner100. Outer shell200is similarly folded as liner100so that a first side edge portion212overlaps a second side edge portion214right sides together. Outer shell200that has been folded is placed down on liner100that has been folded so that four ply of fabric are on top of one another. The four plies of fabric are sewn forming a center back seam2002with a four thread mock safety stitch from top edge103to first bottom side edge portion122and a second bottom side edge portion124of liner100and from an outer top edge204to outer bottom side edges206,208of outer shell. Center back seam2002also forms single vertical center back seam132of liner100. Referring toFIG.20, outer shell200is turned inside out placing liner100inside of outer shell200. Center back seam2002is opened at first bottom side edge portion122, second bottom side edge portion124and outer bottom side edges206,208. Crotch piece135is connected to first bottom side edge portion122, second bottom side edge portion124and outer bottom side edges206,208along a rear horizontal seam136. Rear horizontal seam136is a clean finish crotch seam. This clean finished center back seam with all 4 plies of fabric sewn together helps to further engage the butt lift feature. A “clean finish” seam creates a seam where one does not see any stitching on inside or outside of 2 seams that are sewn together. Referring toFIG.3, high waist brief202is shown as inside-out relative toFIG.4to shown as interior liner100inFIG.3. High waist brief202having fabric body110of liner100and outer shell200has only a single vertical seam, namely, single vertical center back seam132. Single vertical center back seam132passes through bottom buttocks surrounding region12, buttocks region13, top buttocks surrounding region15, super waist whittler region8, and waist transition region22. Single vertical center back seam132connects first side edge portion112and second side edge portion114, shown inFIG.1, of fabric body110. Single vertical center back seam132connects first buttocks section14and second buttocks section16together while also connecting first buttocks section14and second buttocks section16to first and second edge portions212,214of outer shell200as shown inFIG.19. Single vertical center back seam132becomes clean finished by sewing all 4 together as described herein. Single vertical center back seam132follows the natural separation in a wearer's buttocks forming a desirable reshaping and engages and maintains pull/push up of the butt lift feature and benefit. Single vertical center back seam132also accentuates the natural separation in the buttocks of the wearer. As shown inFIG.2, abdominal region10is the area of fabric body110with the elastic component that stretches over abdomen area60and crotch area40of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping and support. Abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26increase an ability to flatter by re-sculpting, streamlining, reshaping and smoothing a wearer's body because they minimize shape and re-sculpt for more desirable torso curves. Abdominal region10stretches over the abdomen area60and the crotch area40so that a bulge above the pubic area on a woman's body is flattened or minimized. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26separates abdominal region10from first side hip region27and second side hip region29for additional comfort while the wearer5000is wearing liner100, as well as when the wearer5000takes liner100on and off. Referring again toFIG.2, first side hip region27and second side hip region29are areas of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over hip areas30offering reshaping and support. First side hip region27and second side hip region29shape hip areas30to minimize or flatten this area. First side hip region27and second side hip region29are free of seams as a preferable embodiment and increases the ability to re-sculpt and reshape the wearer's body and eliminates the side seam thickness, bulge and visibility. Referring toFIG.3, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17are an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over a portion of buttocks area50on top, side and underneath the buttocks of the wearer's body to offer reshaping, support and butt lift. Buttocks region13is an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over buttocks area50of the wearer's body to offer reshaping and support. Buttocks region13has an elasticity that is more than bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17. Buttocks region13has an elongation, extension, or elasticity that is more than bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17and thus allows for the natural curve of buttocks area50to extend into buttocks region13and creates a lifting effect, “butt lift”, of buttocks area50while the area of the wearer's body surrounding buttocks area50is compressed at more modulus than buttocks region13by bottom buttocks surrounding region12, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17. This action allows buttocks tissue to spill into stretchier fabric in buttocks region13and help with creating a visual rounder/shapelier/re-sculpting of the top of the buttocks when the side plus bottom of the buttocks are being lifted by bottom buttocks surrounding region12and side buttocks surrounding region17that is being activated. Top buttocks surrounding region15is responsible for activating a pushing down of the top of the buttocks tissue that will spill down into the buttocks region13. As shown inFIG.2, waist whittler region18is an area of fabric body110with an elastic component that stretches over an area above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping, control and support. Along with abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, waist whittler region18increases the ability to flatter re-sculpting, streamlining, reshaping and smoothing a wearer's body because they minimize, reshape and re-sculpt for more desirable torso curves. Referring toFIG.3, super waist whittler8is located in center back between first waist region116and second waist region118of waist whittler region18. Super waist whittler8gives more power for waist whittling. Waist transition region22, along with abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24, second abdominal border region26and waist whittler region18, increase the ability to flatter a wearer's body because they re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth for more desirable torso curves. Accordingly, waist transition region22extends to an underbust66, shown inFIG.2, of the wearer eliminating or minimizing a bulge referred to as a “muffin top” and smooths out a silhouette all the way up in to a high waist. Waist transition region22connects and unifies the multiple power constructions of the remaining regions below axis B inFIG.1, while smoothing curves of a wearer's body and providing overall comfort. Referring toFIG.1, an entire leg hole opening of each of first leg hole portion123and second leg hole portion125on each side of liner100, which includes the entire crotch piece135, has metered elastic. Liner100creates a fold at first leg hole portion123surrounding a first segment of elastic. Liner100creates a fold at second leg hole portion125surrounding a second segment of elastic. Similarly, as shown inFIG.3, outer shell200creates a first fold242around the fold formed by liner100at first leg hole portion123and the first segment of elastic and a second fold244around the fold formed by liner100at second leg hole portion125and the second segment of elastic. Stitching is through both layers of first fold242, both layers of the fold formed by liner100at first leg hole portion123and the first segment of elastic. Stitching is through both layers of second fold244, both layers of the fold formed by liner100at second leg hole portion125and the second segment of elastic. Referring back toFIG.1, the metering of the first segment of elastic and the second segment of elastic is not the same percentage around the entirety of first leg hole portion123and second leg hole portion125, respectively. As shown by a line170that is a dash double dot line, beginning from imaginary side seam171, going towards a direction of a front of liner100, all the way through to crotch piece135and ending at rear horizontal seam136(FIG.3), the first segment of elastic is metered approximately between 95 percent to 97 percent, which means there is a 3 percent to 5 percent decrease of a distance along line170of a flat original measurement on this segment of first leg hole portion123when the first segment of elastic is metered to be connected to liner100and the first segment of elastic is in a contracted condition. The first segment of elastic is not stretched in the contracted condition. As shown by a line172that is a dash single dot line, starting at the area from rear horizontal seam136(FIG.3) and going up a back of a leg of wearer W, in a direction of imaginary side seam171, the same elastic is metered at approximately 70%, which means a 30% decrease of a distance along line172of the original flat measurement on this segment of first leg hole portion123when the first segment of elastic is metered to be connected to liner100and the first segment of elastic is in a contracted condition. Second leg hole portion125has the same metering as first leg hole portion123. Metering the elastic at the higher ratio, namely, approximately 70%, is important since this is one of the multiple mechanisms for uplifting the butt of wearer W in liner100as well with outer shell200. The butt lift occurs because of the strong diagonal modulus of bottom buttocks surrounding region12and top buttocks surrounding region15, that in turn are due to the pulling lift of the first segment of elastic and the second segment of elastic that are both metered along line172. For example, the first segment of elastic and the second segment of elastic each go all the way up to one of the imaginary side seams171, respectively, in combination with the pattern shape that the back leg line is cut into the fabric of first leg hole portion123and a second leg hole portion125. This combination lifts and raises the butt in the diagonal direction along the backside leg line. At the area where the highest part of the leg line is located at the imaginary side seam171, there is a bottom edge of first side hip region27and second side hip region29. It is believed that first side hip region27and second side hip region29are not reacting in a diagonal direction because first side hip region27and second side hip region29now are in a length and width stretch direction due in part to the effect of liner100extending entirely around body W of wearer at first side hip region27and second side hip region29forming “360 degrees around the body coverage”. In contrast, liner100does not extend entirely around body5000of wearer at bottom buttocks surrounding region12. Also, liner100does not work in a “360 degrees around body coverage” because liner100is “interrupted” at bottom buttocks surrounding region12by the uncovered thigh at first leg hole portion123and second leg hole portion125making coverage by liner100less than 360 degrees. In comparison, liner100forms “360 degrees around the body coverage” by side buttocks surrounding region17, buttocks region13, first abdominal border region24, second abdominal border region26, abdominal region10, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, with all connected to extend entirely around body W of wearer. Top buttocks surrounding region15works on body W of wearer due to vertical center back seam132that is curved thereby turning fabric of top buttocks surrounding region15into a severe mitered area when on the body, visually shown inFIG.3. Top buttocks surrounding region15has a pull, that is a strong diagonal modulus. Further, the pull works against the skin of the body by pushing down over the buttocks region13, which has more stretch and lower modulus, to allow the softer butt tissue of body W of wearer to be compacted with a combination push/pull motion from bottom buttocks surrounding region12and top buttocks surrounding region15working together to mold, shape and lift the buttocks. As shown in Table 2 below for high waist brief202, buttocks region13has the lowest modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body and width direction around the body of those regions that were measured as discussed herein and shown inFIGS.17-18C. Referring to Table 2 for high waist brief202, the values for “% higher than Buttocks region13for L ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” were calculated by calculating the difference between the values given in the column “L ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” for buttocks region13and another of the regions and dividing by the value given in the column “L ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” for buttocks region13. The values for “% higher than Buttocks region13for W ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” were calculated by calculating the difference between the values given in the column “W ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” for buttocks region13and another of the regions and dividing by the value given in the column “W ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” for buttocks region13. In particular, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 7.5% more than buttocks region13. Waist transition region22has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 36% more than buttocks region13. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 63% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 109% more than buttocks region13. Abdominal region10has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 108% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% more than buttocks region13. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 39% more than buttocks region13. In addition, as shown in Table 2 below, abdominal region10and super waist whittler region8have the highest modulus in the width direction around the body to offer shaping and support. Moreover, abdominal region10has a modulus in the length direction on the body that is higher than some of the other regions to offer further shaping and support. The values for “% lower (−) or % higher (+) than Abdominal region10for L ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” were calculated by calculating the difference between the values given in the column “L ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” of abdominal region10and another of the regions and dividing by the value given in the column “L ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” for abdominal region10. The values for “% lower (−) or % higher (+) than Abdominal region10for W ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” were calculated by calculating the difference between the values given in the column “W ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” of abdominal region10and another of the regions and dividing by the value given in the column “W ON BODY—modulus @ 30%” for abdominal region10. In particular, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is greater than 65% more than abdominal region10. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 87% more than abdominal region10and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 19% lower than abdominal region10. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 46% lower than abdominal region10. Waist transition region22has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 32% lower than abdominal region10. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 21% less than abdominal region10and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 4.7% more than abdominal region10. Buttocks region13has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 52% less than abdominal region10and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% less than abdominal region10. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 33% less than abdominal region10. TABLE 2FIGS. 2 and 3—HIGH WAIST BRIEF% lower (−)% lower (−)% higher% higheror % higheror % higherthanthan(+) than(+) thanButtocksButtocksAbdominalAbdominalregion 13region 13region 10region 10L ONW ON45°15°for L ONfor W ONfor L ONfor W ONBODY—BODY—ANGLE—ANGLE—BODY—BODY—BODY—BODY—modulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulus @modulus @REGION@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%30%30%Buttocks0.410.53−52%−100%region 13Bottom1.69Buttockssurroundingregion 12Side1.41244%+65%Buttockssurroundingregion 17First Side1.60.86290%62%+87%−19%Hip region27, SecondSide Hipregion 29Waist0.577.5%−46%Whittler 18Top0.380.72Buttockssurroundingregion 15Waist0.7236%−32%Transitionregion 22Super0.671.1163%109%−21%+4.7%WaistWhittler 8Abdominal0.8551.06108%100%region 10First0.5739%−33%Abdominalborderregion 24,SecondAbdominalborderregion 26 Referring toFIG.4, high waist brief202that is shown inFIGS.2and3has liner100that is shown inFIGS.2and3and outer shell200that is shown inFIGS.2to4, and can be connected to a skirt portion400that is shown inFIG.5or a shorts portion (not shown). Skirt portion400can be cut to the mid hip of the wearer. Alternatively, high waist brief202can have only a front portion222of liner100that is the portion shown inFIG.2. In this modification or embodiment of liner100, front portion222is connected to outer shell200by two side seams on opposite sides226,228of front portion222. A rear portion224of liner100shown inFIG.3is not included in this modification of liner100. High waist brief202can include, but is not limited to, shorts, skirt, for example, as shown inFIG.5. In this modification of liner100, front portion222provides the functionality of the regions present as discussed for liner100, namely, abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26. Front portion222also provides functionality of regions that are partially present, namely, waist whittler region18, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, and waist transition region22. The portions of first side hip region27and second side hip region29in front portion222stretches over a portion of hip area30offering shaping and support to minimize or flatten this area. The portions of waist whittler region18in front portion222stretch over a portion of the wearers body5000above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping, control and support. Along with abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, the portions of waist whittler region18increase ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because it minimizes, reshapes and re-sculpts for more desirable torso curves. As with the other embodiments discussed above, the portion of waist transition region22present in front portion222, along with abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24, second abdominal border region26and the portion of waist whittler region18, increases the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because they minimize reshape and re-sculpt for more desirable torso curves. Waist transition region22connects and unifies the multiple power constructions of the remaining regions below axis B inFIG.1, while smoothing curves of a wearer's body and providing overall comfort. As shown in Table 3 below for the front of high waist brief202, abdominal region10has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 46% higher than waist whittler18and equal to or greater than 46% higher than first side hip region27and second side hip region29. TABLE 3FIG. 2 - HIGH WAIST BRIEF FRONT% lower (−) or% higher (+)than AbdominalW ON BODY -region 10 formodulus @W ON BODY -REGION30%modulus 30%Abdominal region 101.06—First Abdominal borderregion 24, SecondAbdominal border region 26First Side Hip region 27,0.8619%Second Side Hip region 29Waist Whittler 180.5746% Referring again toFIG.3, another embodiment or modification of high waist brief202that has only rear portion224of liner100as shown. In this modification, rear portion224is connected to outer shell200by two side seams on opposite sides226,228of rear portion224. A front portion222of liner100shown inFIG.2is not included in this modification of liner100. In this modification of liner100, a typical tummy control panel, for example, a panel comprising the material of only abdominal region10, can replace front portion222of liner100. Also in this modification of liner100, rear portion224provides the functionality of the regions present as discussed for liner100, namely, buttocks region13, super waist whittler region8, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17and bottom buttocks surrounding region12. Rear portion224also provides partial functionality of regions that are partially present, namely, waist whittler region18, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, and waist transition region22. The portion of first side hip region27and second side hip region29in rear portion224stretches over a portion of hip area30offering reshaping and support to minimize or flatten this area. The portions of waist whittler regions18in rear portion224stretch over portions of the wearers body5000above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping, control and support. In this embodiment as well, the portions of waist whittler region18increase the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because it minimizes, reshapes and re-sculpts for more desirable torso curves. Waist transition region22and the portions of waist whittler region18increase the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because they minimize reshape and re-sculpt for more desirable torso curves. Accordingly, waist transition region22extends up to high waist of the wearer to eliminate or minimize a bulge referred to as a “muffin top” where it covers the wearer's body5000and smooths out lumps and bumps all the way up in to a high waist. Waist transition region22connects and unifies the multiple power constructions of the remaining regions below axis B inFIG.1, while smoothing curves of a wearer's body and providing overall comfort. As shown in Table 4 below for the rear of high waist brief202, buttocks region13has the lowest modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body and width direction around the body of those regions that were measured. In particular, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 7.5% more than buttocks region13. Waist transition region22has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 36% more than buttocks region13. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 63% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 109% more than buttocks region13. TABLE 4FIG. 3 - HIGH WAIST BRIEF REAR% lower than% lower thanL ON BODY-W ON BODY-45° ANGLE-Buttocks region 13Buttocks region 13modulus @modulusmodulus @for L ON BODY -for W ON BODY -REGION30%@ 30%30%modulus @ 30%modulus @ 30%Buttocks region 130.410.53Bottom Buttocks1.69surrounding region 12Side Buttocks1.41244%surrounding region 17First Side Hip region 27,1.60.86290%62%Second Side Hip region 29Waist Whittler 180.57Top Buttocks0.387.5%surrounding region 15Waist Transition region 220.7236%Super Waist Whittler 80.671.1163%109% Referring toFIGS.6and7, an alternative embodiment of liner100referred to as liner600is shown in an assembled configuration connected to an outer shell602to form a brief601shown on a wearer's body. Brief601can be considered a basic or mid-waist brief. Brief601is shown inFIGS.6and7as inside-out relative toFIG.8to show the interior of liner600. Liner600is the same as liner100, except that liner600does not have waist transition region22and also covers less of abdomen portion area60so that only a middle abdomen and lower abdomen portions are covered. Likewise, outer layer602of brief601also covers less of abdomen portion area60. Liner600has a top edge604above abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, waist whittler region18and top buttocks surrounding region15, and super waist whittler region8. Top edge604connects to outer shell602by a seam. In particular, as shown in Table 5a for brief601that is a mid-waist brief, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 7.5% more than buttocks region13. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 63% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 109% more than buttocks region13. Abdominal region10has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 108% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% more than buttocks region13. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 39% more than buttocks region13. Further, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is greater than 65% more than abdominal region10. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 87% more than abdominal region10and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 19% lower than abdominal region10. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 46% lower than abdominal region10. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 21% less than abdominal region10and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 4.7% more than abdominal region10. Buttocks region13has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 52% less than abdominal region10and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% less than abdominal region10. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 33% less than abdominal region10. TABLE 5aFIGS. 6 and 7—MID-WAIST BRIEF% lower (−)% lower (−)% higher% higheror % higheror % higherthanthan(+) than(+) thanButtocksButtocksAbdominalAbdominalregion 13region 13region 10region 10L ONW ON45°15°for L ONfor W ONfor L ONfor W ONBODY—BODY—ANGLE—ANGLE—BODY—BODY—BODY—BODY—modulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulus @modulus @REGION@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%30%30%Buttocks0.410.53−52%−100%region 13Bottom1.69Buttockssurroundingregion 12Side1.41244%+65%Buttockssurroundingregion 17First Side1.60.86290%62%+87%−19%Hip region27, SecondSide Hipregion 29Waist0.577.5%−46%Whittler 18Top0.380.72Buttockssurroundingregion 15Super0.671.1163%109%−21%+4.7%WaistWhittler 8Abdominal0.8551.06108%100%region 10First0.5739%−33%Abdominalborderregion 24,SecondAbdominalborderregion 26 As a modification of this embodiment, brief601only has a front portion622of liner600. In this modification of liner600, front portion622is connected to outer shell602by two side seams on opposite sides626,628of front portion622. Further, rear portion624of liner600shown inFIG.7is not included in this modification of liner600. As shown in Table 5b below for brief601that is the mid-waist brief, abdominal region10has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 19% higher than first side hip region27and second side hip region29and equal to or greater than 46% higher than waist whittler region18. TABLE 5bFIG. 6 - MID-WAIST BRIEF FRONT% lower thanW ON BODY-Abdominal region 10modulus @for W ON BODY -REGION30%modulus @ 30%Abdominal region 101.06First Abdominal borderregion 24, SecondAbdominal border region 26First Side Hip region 27,0.8619%Second Side Hip region 29Waist Whittler region 180.5746% In this modification of liner600, front portion622provides the functionality of the regions, as discussed for liner100, namely, abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26. Front portion622also provides partial functionality of regions that are partially present, namely, waist whittler region18, first side hip region27and second side hip region29. A portion of first side hip region27and second side hip region29that are in front portion622stretch over portions of hip areas30offering reshaping and support to minimize or flatten this area. A portion of waist whittler region18in front portion622stretches over a portion of the wearers body5000above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping, control and support. Along with abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, the portion of waist whittler region18increases the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because they minimize, reshape and re-sculpt for more desirable torso curves. In yet another modification or embodiment, brief601has only rear portion624of liner600. In this modification of liner600, rear portion624is connected to outer shell602by two side seams630,632on opposite sides626,628(as shown inFIG.6) of rear portion624. Front portion622of liner600shown inFIG.6is not included in this modification of liner600. In this modification, rear portion624has the same functionality of its regions as discussed for liner100, namely, buttocks region13, super waist whittler region8, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17and bottom buttocks surrounding region12. However, the other regions are altered in that rear portion624provides partial functionality of regions since they are partially present, namely, waist whittler region18, first side hip region27and second side hip region29. Also, only the portion of first side hip region27and second side hip region29that are in rear portion624stretch over portions of hip areas30offering reshaping and support to minimize or flatten this area. Further, only a portion of waist whittler region18in rear portion624stretches over a portion of the wearers body5000above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping, control and support. The portion of waist whittler region18increases the ability to flatter, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth a wearer's body because it minimizes, reshapes and re-sculpts for more desirable torso curves. As shown in Table 6 below, buttocks region13has the lowest modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body and width direction around the body of those regions that were measured. In particular, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 7.5% more than buttocks region13. TABLE 6FIG. 7 - MID-WAIST BRIEF REAR% lower than% lower thanL ON BODY-W ON BODY-45° ANGLE-Buttocks region 13Buttocks region 13modulus @modulus @modulus @for L ON BODY -for W ON BODY -REGION30%30%30%modulus @ 30%modulus @ 30%Buttocks region 130.410.53Side Buttocks1.41244%surrounding region 17Bottom Buttocks1.69surrounding region 12First Side Hip region 27,1.60.86290%62%Second Side Hip region 29Waist Whittler 180.577.5%Top Buttocks0.38surrounding region 15 Referring toFIG.8, outer shell602covers interior liner600shown inFIGS.6and7when on the body of wearer5000. Referring toFIGS.1,6and21-23, brief601can be modified to be a reversible garment. Liner600and outer shell602are connected so that when outer shell602is exterior to the wearer's body, outer shell602covers liner600and when liner600is exterior to the wearer's body, liner600covers outer shell602. To construct the reversible garment, crotch piece135is joined to liner600by front horizontal seam134and rear horizontal seam136, both shown inFIG.1, with flatlock stitching. Vertical center back seam132of liner600joins together first side edge portion112and second side edge portion114, both shown inFIG.1, two (2) inches down from a waist seam2102and 2 inches up from rear horizontal seam136, shown inFIG.1. A clean finish seam is formed in top edge604, shown inFIG.6, with rubber in the clean finish seam and with right sides of liner600and outer shell602together. Legs2104,2106that include first leg hole portion123and second leg hole portion125, respectively, of liner600and corresponding leg hole portions of outer shell602are clean finished with rubber with right sides of liner600and outer shell602together. A fold line is formed at the location of axis A shown inFIG.1in liner600so that first side edge portion112overlaps second side edge portion114with right sides together and placed down on a sewing machine. Outer shell602is similarly sized and shaped as liner600. Outer shell602is similarly folded as liner600so that a first side edge portion112overlaps a second side edge portion114right sides together. Outer shell602that has been folded is placed down on liner600that has been folded so that four ply of fabric are on top of one another. The four plies of fabric are sewn forming a center back seam that also forms single vertical center back seam132of liner600, first bottom side edge portion122and second bottom side edge portion124are joined to rear horizontal seam136leaving a 2 inch opening to turn. The reversible garment is turned through the 2 inch opening and a single needle stitch closes the 2 inch opening. High waist brief202can be constructed as a reversible garment similar to brief601. Referring to the embodiments inFIGS.9-11, liner100is connected to a bra portion900by a seam. Liner100when connected to bra portion900can form an undergarment, swim suit, top, dress, or other garment having a bra portion. Liner100when connected to bra portion900can have a continuous or spliced outer shell layer700that covers both liner100and bra portion900. Liner100when connected to bra portion900has outer shell layer700that covers the entirety of liner100and bra portion900if inverted fromFIG.9. Bra portion900covers a breast area80, a back area70, shown inFIG.10, side areas72,74, and shoulder areas76,78of the body of wearer5000. As shown, bra portion900has shoulder straps902,904that supports bra portion900on shoulder areas76,78of the body of wearer5000. Bra portion900has a breast portion906with cups908,910, or other breast support, that support breasts of the body of wearer5000. Bra portion900has side portions912,914also shown inFIG.11and back portion916that supports bra portion900on the body of wearer5000. If liner100is connected to a bra top or bust support, waist transition region22provides a transition to the bra top or bust support. Alternatively, for liner100connected to bra portion900has continuous or spliced outer shell layer700that can have only front portion222or rear portion224of liner100. Liner100when connected to bra portion900can be any strap silhouette including but not limited to: built ups, halter, bandeau, cross back binding, multiple binding straps, elastic, and the like. Referring toFIG.12A, an alternative embodiment of liner100is referred to as liner1200. Liner1200is the same as liner100, except liner1200forms a bottom edge1201, and does not have a portion of liner100from leg holes141,143to crotch piece135, as shown inFIGS.2and3. The portion of liner100that is included in liner1200is shown by line1209inFIG.12B. Bottom edge1201can have a band1203or be a hem or attach to a bottom of a shell. Band1203can be elastic and can have a layer of silicone or similar adhesive type material or application that will face the body to help maintain the position of bottom edge1201on the body. Liner1200is connected to a bra portion1202. Liner1200with connected bra portion1202can form an undergarment, swimsuit tankini top, tank top tunic or other top, or a dress. Liner1200with connected bra portion1202can have a continuous or spliced outer shell layer1204that covers both liner1200and bra portion1202. Liner1200with connected bra portion1202ofFIGS.12-14has outer shell1204that covers the entirety of liner1200and bra portion1202as shown inFIG.15. Liner1200is connected to bra portion1202at waist transition region22by a seam1207shown inFIGS.13and14. As shown inFIG.12A, bottom edge1201can be attached to outer shell1204, e.g., by a seam. Alternatively, bottom edge1201can be free and not connected to outer shell1204. Referring again toFIG.12A, bra portion1202covers a breast area80, a back area70(shown inFIG.14), side areas72,74, and shoulder areas76,78of the body of wearer5000. Bra portion1202has shoulder straps1206,1208that supports bra portion1202on shoulder areas76,78of the body of wearer5000. Bra portion1202has a breast portion1210with cups1212,1214, or other breast support, that support breasts of the body of wearer5000. Bra portion1202has side portions1216,1218and back portion1220(shown inFIG.14) that supports bra portion1202on the body of wearer5000. Bra portion1202has a band1205that extends from breast portion1210to overlap a portion of waist transition region22. Band1205is connected to breast portion1210by a seam. Band1205terminates or finishes on opposite sides or at imaginary side seams at back portion1220. Liner1200is connected to bra portion1202at waist transition region22by seam1207, shown inFIGS.13and14, that is covered by band1205in front of the garment. Vertical center back seam132of liner1200can be made continuous with a back seam1221, and can be active merrow stitching for instance, shown inFIG.14, in back portion1220of bra portion1202. As alternative sewing detail band1205can also be continuous around bottom breast portion1210and bottom back portion1220at seam1207attaching liner1200at waist transition region22. Liner1200provides the same functionality of the region present, namely, waist whittler18, super waist whittler8and waist transition region22, as described above for that region in the discussion of liner100. In comparison to liner100, liner1200also provides full functionality of all regions fully present and provides slightly lessened functionality of other portions of regions partially present. Functioning regions that are present, namely abdominal region10, waist transition region22, first abdominal boarder region24and second abdominal boarder region26, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, and top buttocks surrounding region15. There is slightly lessened functionality of other regions partially present, such as buttocks region13(FIGS.13&14) and side buttocks surrounding region17, now function to extend first side hip region27and second side hip region29. Further, the portion of abdominal region10that is included in liner1200stretches over a portion of abdomen area60of the wearer's body5000to offer shaping and support. That portion of abdominal region10, and the portions of first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26included in liner1200, increase the flattering of a wearer's body because they minimize, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth for more desirable torso curves. The portions of first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26separates the portion of abdominal region10from portions of first side hip region27and second side hip region29included in liner1200for comfort while the wearer5000is wearing liner1200as well as when the wearer5000takes liner1200on and off. The portions of first side hip region27and second side hip region29included in liner1200stretch over hip area30offering reshaping and support. The portions of first side hip region27and second side hip region29shape hip area30to minimize or flatten this area. The portions of first side hip region27and second side hip region29can be free of seams and create the ability to sculpt and shape the wearer's body and eliminates the side seam thickness, bulge and visibility. The complete portion of waist whittler region18included in liner1200stretches over an area above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping, control and support. Along with the portion of abdominal region10, the portions of first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, the portion of waist whittler region18flatters because they minimize, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth the natural and for more desirable torso curves. Although the butt lift cannot be activated on the body due to the absence of bottom buttocks surrounding region12, a portion of side buttocks surrounding region17and buttocks region13in liner1200, the portion of buttocks region13in liner1200provides ventilation and aeration to the body of the wearer5000for cooling comfort and reducing sweat. Top buttocks surrounding region15helps to extend and enhance both the “action” of waist whittler region18and super waist whittler region8. In addition, the portion of side buttocks surrounding region17in liner1200smooths and reshapes the portions of the body of the wearer5000that are covered by portion of side buttocks surrounding region17, for example, in combination with first side hip region27and second side hip region29, the side hips or body protrusions of the wearer are reshaped and smoothed to reduce an appearance of bumps referred to as “love handles”. As shown in Table 7 below for liner1200that can be a tankini, abdominal region10and super waist whittler region8have the highest modulus in the width direction around the body to offer shaping and support. Moreover, abdominal region10has a modulus in the length direction on the body that is higher than some of the other regions to offer further shaping and support. In particular in this embodiment, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 7.5% more than buttocks region13. Waist transition region22has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 36% more than buttocks region13. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 63% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 109% more than buttocks region13. Abdominal region10has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 108% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% more than buttocks region13. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 39% more than buttocks region13. In addition, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is greater than 65% more than abdominal region10. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 87% more than abdominal region10and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 19% lower than abdominal region10. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 46% lower than abdominal region10. Waist transition region22has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 32% lower than abdominal region10. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 21% less than abdominal region10and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 4.7% more than abdominal region10. Buttocks region13has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 52% less than abdominal region10and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% less than abdominal region10. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 33% less than abdominal region10. TABLE 7FIG. 12A—TANKINI% lower (−)% lower (−)% lower% loweror %or %thanthanhigher (+)higher (+)ButtocksButtocksthanthanregionregionAbdominalAbdominal13 for L13 for Wregion 10region 10L ONW ON45°ONONfor L ONfor W ONBODY—BODY—ANGLE—BODY—BODY—BODY—BODY—modulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulusREGION@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%@ 30%Abdominal region 100.851.06108%100%First Abdominal border0.5739%−33%region 24, SecondAbdominal border region 26First Side Hip region 27,1.60.86290%62%+87%−19%Second Side Hip region 29Waist Transition region 220.7236%−32%Waist Whittler 180.577.5%−46%Super Waist Whittler 80.671.1163%109%−21%+4.7%Top Buttocks surrounding0.38region 15Buttocks region 130.410.53−52%−100%Side buttocks surrounding1.41244%+65%region 17 Referring toFIG.16, alternatively, liner1200could form a front portion1222that is separate from a rear portion1224. Front portion1222and rear portion1224can be connected to each other by two side seams1226each on sides1228,1230as shown inFIG.12A. Another alternative, modification or embodiment to liner1200has a swim top that is only front portion1222of liner1200. In this modification of liner1200, front portion1222is connected to outer shell1204by two side seams1226on opposite sides1228,1230, shown inFIG.12A, of front portion1222. A rear portion1224of liner1200shown inFIG.16is not included in this modification of liner1200, but a different rear portion of another lining fabric could or could not be optional. In this modification of liner1200, front portion1222provides the functionality of regions discussed for the above embodiment of liner1200, that are present in this modification, namely, abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, waist whittler region18, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, and waist transition region22. The portions of first side hip region27and second side hip region29in front portion1222stretch over a portion of hip area30offering shaping and support to minimize or flatten this area. The portion of waist whittler region18in front portion1222stretches over a portion of the wearers body5000above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to offer reshaping, control and support. Along with the portion of abdominal region10, the portions of first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, the portion of waist whittler region18flatter, a wearer's body because they minimize, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth for more desirable torso curves. The portion of waist transition region22in front portion1222, along with the portion of abdominal region10, the portions of first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26and the portion of waist whittler region18, increase the ability to flatter because they minimize, re-sculpt, streamline, reshape and smooth for more desirable torso curves. Accordingly, these same portions of regions, extending up to an underbust66of the wearer eliminates or minimizes a bulge referred to as a “muffin top” where it covers the wearer5000and smooths out lumps and bumps all the way up in to a high waist. The portion of waist transition region22minimizes visibility of different power constructions of the regions present while smoothing any seams and curves of a wearer's body and providing overall comfort. As shown in Table 8 below for liner1200that can be a tankini, abdominal region10and super waist whittler region8have the highest modulus in the width direction around the body to offer shaping and support. In particular, first side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 87% more than abdominal region10and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 19% lower than abdominal region10. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 46% lower than abdominal region10. Waist transition region22has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 32% lower than abdominal region10. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 33% less than abdominal region10. TABLE 8FIG. 12A - TANKINI FRONT -180°% lower (−) or% lower (−) or% higher (+)% higher (+)than Abdominalthan AbdominalL ON BODY-W ON BODY-region 10 forregion 10 formodulus @modulus @L ON BODY -W ON BODY -REGION30%30%modulus @ 30%modulus (a) 30%Abdominal region 100.851.06First Abdominal border0.57−33%region 24, SecondAbdominal border region 26First Side Hip region 27,1.60.86+87%−19%Second Side Hip region 29Waist Transition region 220.72−32%Waist Whittler 180.57−46% Still another alternative modification, or embodiment that the swim tankini top is using only rear portion1224of liner1200. In this modification of liner1200, rear portion1224is connected to outer shell1204by two side seams1226on opposite sides1228,1230. Front portion1222of liner1200shown inFIG.16is not included in this modification of liner1200, but a different front portion of another lining fabric could or could not be optional. In this modification of liner1200, rear portion1224provides the functionality of regions that are present, namely, the portion of side buttocks surrounding region17, top buttocks surrounding region15, buttocks region13, waist whittler region18, super waist whittler8, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, and waist transition region22. The portion of side buttocks surrounding region17, top buttocks surrounding region15and buttocks region13provide the functionality as discussed above for liner1200. The portions of first side hip region27and second side hip region29in rear portion1224stretch over a portion of hip area30to offer reshaping and support to minimize or flatten this area. The portions of waist whittler region18in rear portion1224stretch over portions of the wearers body5000above hip area30around the waistline of the wearer's body5000to also offer reshaping, control and support. The portion of waist transition region22in rear portion1224, along with the portion of waist whittler regions18, shapes and sculpts the natural and desired torso curves. Accordingly, the portion of waist transition region22in rear portion1224extends up to the high waist of the wearer to eliminate or minimize the bulge referred to as a “muffin top” where it covers the wearer's body5000and smooths out lumps and bumps to a high waist. The portion of waist transition region22minimizes visibility of different power constructions of the regions present while smoothing any seams and curves of a wearer's body and providing overall comfort. As shown in Table 9 below for liner1200that can be a tankini, buttocks region13has the lowest modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body and width direction around the body of those regions that were measured. In particular, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. Waist whittler region18has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 7.5% more than buttocks region13. Waist transition region22has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 36% more than buttocks region13. Super waist whittler region8has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 63% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 109% more than buttocks region13. TABLE 9FIG. 14-TANKINI REAR% lower than% lower thanL ON BODY-W ON BODY-45° ANGLE-Buttocks region 13Buttocks region 13modulus @modulus @modulus @for L ON BODY -for W ON BODY -REGION30%30%30%modulus @ 30%modulus @ 30%Waist Transition region 220.7236%Super Waist Whittler 80.671.1163%109%Waist Whittler 180.577.5%Top Buttocks0.38surrounding region 15Buttocks region 130.410.53Side buttocks1.41244%surrounding region 17First Side Hip region 27,1.60.86290%62%Second Side Hip region 29 Referring toFIG.24, a fourth embodiment of liner100is shown and is generally referred to liner2400. Liner2400is shown in an assembled configuration connected to an outer shell2402forming a low waist brief2404, and low waist brief2404is inside-out on a wearer's body to show the interior thereof. Low waist brief2404can be considered a bikini. Liner2400is the same as liner100except liner2400omits waist transition region22, waist whittler region18, super waist whittler region8, and portions of buttocks region13, abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, top buttocks surrounding region15, side buttocks surrounding region17, first side hip region27and second side hip region29. Outer shell2402is similar to outer shell200and outer shell2402is connected to liner2400in a similar way that outer shell200is connected to liner100forming center back seam2405(FIG.28) that is similar to center back seam2002. Outer shell2402is connected to a waistband2406. Waistband2406is made of a single ply of fabric that is folded to form a fold2408and two plies of fabric2410,2412(FIGS.27-28) that are connected at seam2414and seam2416(FIG.28). The material of waistband2406provides support of the abdomen of wearer's body5000to reshape wearer's body5000. Abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, buttocks region13, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, side buttocks surrounding region17, top buttocks surrounding region15, first side hip region27and second side hip region29of liner2400provide the same functionality as liner100; however, the functionality is slightly lessened because they are partially present. Low waist brief2404can be worn with a swim top having liner1200ofFIG.12A. Liner2400together with liner1200provide substantially all of the functionality of liner100. As shown in Table 10 below for liner2400that can be for a bikini, buttocks region13has the lowest modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body and width direction around the body of those regions that were measured. In particular, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. Abdominal region10has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 108% more than buttocks region13and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% more than buttocks region13. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 39% more than buttocks region13. In addition, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is greater than 65% more than abdominal region10. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 87% more than abdominal region10and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 19% lower than abdominal region10. Buttocks region13has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 52% less than abdominal region10and the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 100% less than abdominal region10. First abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 33% less than abdominal region10. TABLE 10FIG. 26—BIKINI BRIEF% lower% lower% lower (−)% lower (−)thanthanor % higheror % higherButtocksButtocks(+) than(+) thanregion 13region 13AbdominalAbdominalL ONW ON45°for L ONfor W ONregion 10 forregion 10 forBODY—BODY—ANGLE—BODY—BODY—L ON BODY—W ON BODY—modulusmodulusmodulusmodulusmodulus @modulusmodulusREGION@ 30%@ 30%@30%@ 30%30%@ 30%@ 30%Buttocks region0.410.53−52%−100%13Top Buttocks0.38surroundingregion 15Side Buttocks1.41244%+65%surroundingregion 17Bottom1.69Buttockssurroundingregion 12First Side Hip1.60.86290%62%+87%−19%region 27,Second SideHip region 29Abdominal0.855108%100%region 10First abdominal0.5739%−33%border region24, SecondAbdominalborder region26 Alternatively, liner2400could form a front portion2416, as shown inFIG.24, that is separate from a rear portion2418, as shown inFIG.26. Front portion2416and rear portion2418can be connected to each other by two side seams each on sides2422,2424as shown inFIG.24. Another alternative, modification or embodiment to liner has a low waist brief that is only front portion2416of liner2400. In this modification of liner2400, front portion2416is connected to outer shell2402by two side seams on opposite sides2422,2424. Rear portion2418of liner2400shown inFIG.26is not included in this modification of liner2400, but a different rear portion of another lining fabric could or could not be optional. In this modification of liner2400, front portion2416provides the functionality of regions discussed for the above embodiment of liner2400, that are present in this modification, namely, abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26. Functionality as described for first side hip region27and second side hip region29of liner2400is present but lessened because less of first side hip region27and second side hip region29are present. As shown in Table 11 below for liner2400that can be for a bikini, abdominal region10has a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 33 percent higher than first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26and equal to or greater than 87 percent lower than first side hip region27, second side hip region29. TABLE 11FIG. 24 - BIKINI BRIEF FRONT -180°% lower (−) or% higher (+)than AbdominalL ON BODY-W ON BODY-45° ANGLE-region 10 formodulus @modulus @modulus @L ON BODY -REGION30%30%30%modulus @ 30%Abdominal region 100.855First abdominal border0.57−33%region 24, SecondAbdominal border region 26First Side Hip region 27,1.6+87%Second Side Hip region 29 Still another alternative modification, or embodiment that the low waist brief is using only rear portion2418of liner2400. In this modification of liner2400, rear portion2418is connected to outer shell2402by two side seams on opposite sides2422,2424. Front portion2416of liner2400shown inFIG.24is not included in this modification of liner2400, but a different front portion of another lining fabric could or could not be optional. In this modification of liner2400, rear portion2418provides the functionality of regions that are present, namely, the portion of side buttocks surrounding region17, top buttocks surrounding region15, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, and buttocks region13. Functionality as described for first side hip region27and second side hip region29of liner2400is present but lessened because less of first side hip region27and second side hip region29are present. As shown in Table 12 below for liner2400that can be for a bikini, buttocks region13has the lowest modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body and width direction around the body of those regions that were measured. In particular, side buttocks surrounding region17has a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 244% more than buttocks region13. First side hip region27and second side hip region29have a modulus @ 30% in the length direction on the body that is equal to or greater than 290% more than buttocks region13and a modulus @ 30% in the width direction around the body that is equal to or greater than 62% more than buttocks region13. TABLE 12FIG. 26 - BIKINI BRIEF REAR% lower than% lower thanL ON BODY-W ON BODY-45° ANGLE-Buttocks region 13Buttocks region 13modulus @modulus @modulus @for L ON BODY -for W ON BODY -REGION30%30%30%modulus @ 30%modulus @ 30%Buttocks region 130.410.53Top Buttocks0.38surrounding region 15Side Buttocks1.41244%surrounding region 17Bottom Buttocks1.69surrounding region 12First Side Hip region 27,1.60.86290%62%Second Side Hip region 29 Referring toFIG.29, a fifth embodiment of liner100is shown and is generally referred to liner2900. Liner2900is shown in an assembled configuration connected to an outer shell2902forming an intermediate waist brief2904, and intermediate waist brief2904is inside-out on a wearer's body to show the interior thereof. Liner2900is the same as liner100except liner2900omits a portion of waist transition region22. Table 2 herein also includes data applicable to liner2900. Outer shell2902is similar to outer shell200and outer shell2902is connected to liner2900in a similar way that outer shell200is connected to liner100forming center back seam2905(FIG.33) that is similar to center back seam2002. Liner2900connected to outer shell2902can also be connected to an elastic band that surrounds the top of liner at waist transition region22. Liner2900connected to outer shell2902and the elastic band can also have a strip of material attached to top of liner2900with the elastic band to allow grading and fit function. Abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26, buttocks region13, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, side buttocks surrounding region17, top buttocks surrounding region15, first side hip region27and second side hip region29, waist whittler region18, waist transition region22, super waist whittler region8, and the crotch region of liner2900have the same functionality as liner100. Waist transition region22of liner2900provides the same functionality as liner100; however, the functionality is slightly lessened because waist transition region22is partially present. Alternatively, liner2900could form a front portion2916, as shown inFIG.29, that is separate from a rear portion2918, as shown inFIG.31. Front portion2916and rear portion2918can be connected to each other by two side seams each on sides2922,2924as shown inFIG.29. Another alternative, modification or embodiment to liner has an intermediate waist brief that is only front portion2916of liner2900. In this modification of liner2900, front portion2916is connected to outer shell2902by two side seams on opposite sides2922,2924. Rear portion2918of liner2900shown inFIG.31is not included in this modification of liner2900, but a different rear portion of another lining fabric could or could not be optional. Table 3 herein also includes data applicable to liner2900. In this modification of liner2900, front portion2916provides the functionality of regions discussed for the above embodiment of liner2900, that are present in this modification, namely, abdominal region10, first abdominal border region24and second abdominal border region26. Functionality as described for waist whittler region18, waist transition region22, first side hip region27and second side hip region29of liner2900is present but lessened because less of waist whittler region18, waist transition region22, first side hip region27and second side hip region29are present. Still another alternative modification, or embodiment that the intermediate waist brief2904is using only rear portion2918of liner2900. In this modification of liner2900, rear portion2918is connected to outer shell2902by two side seams on opposite sides2922,2924. Front portion2916of liner2900shown inFIG.29is not included in this modification of liner2900, but a different front portion of another lining fabric could or could not be optional. Table 4 herein also includes data applicable to liner2900. In this modification of liner2900, rear portion2918provides the functionality of regions that are present, namely, side buttocks surrounding region17, top buttocks surrounding region15, bottom buttocks surrounding region12, buttocks region13, and super waist whittler region8. Functionality as described for first side hip region27and second side hip region29, waist whittler region18, and waist transition region22is present but lessened because less of first side hip region27and second side hip region29, waist whittler region18, and waist transition region22are present. Waist transition region22can vary in width around intermediate waist brief2904. Waist transition region22has a front width2920, as shown inFIG.29, in front portion2916, and rear width2922, as shown inFIG.31, in rear portion2918. Front width2920can be ¼ inch to 1½ inches, in one embodiment, for size 6. Front width2920can be ¼ inch to 1¾ inches, in one embodiment, for size 8. Front width2920can be ½ inch to 2 inches, in one embodiment, for size 10. Front width2920can be ¾ inch to 2⅜ inches, inches in one embodiment, for size 12. Front width2920can be ¼ inch to 1¾ inches, in one embodiment, for size 14. Front width2920can be ½ inch to 2 inches, in one embodiment, for size 16. Front width2920can be ¾ inch to 2⅜ inches, in one embodiment, for size 18. Rear width2922can be ½ inch to 2 inches, in one embodiment, for size 6. Rear width2922can be ¾ inch to 2¼ inches, in one embodiment, for size 8. Rear width2922can be ⅞ inch to 2¾ inches, in one embodiment, for size 10. Rear width2922can be 1 inch to 3 inches, in one embodiment, for size 12. Rear width2922can be ¾ inch to 2½ inches, in one embodiment, for size 14. Rear width2922can be ⅞ inch to 2¾ inches, in one embodiment, for size 16. Rear width2922can be 1 inch to 3 inches, in one embodiment, for size 18. Liner100,600,1200,2400,2900allow one fabric design patterning for multiple sizes. However, there may be multiple fabric design patterning versions for different size ranges, of the same style garment. It should also be noted that the terms “first”, “second”, “third”, “upper”, “lower”, “side”, “bottom”, “top” and the like can be used herein to modify various elements. These modifiers do not imply a spatial, sequential, or hierarchical order to the modified elements unless specifically stated. The numerical values provided herein can have a range that is 15% plus/minus the value provided. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to one or more exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes can be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications can be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed as the best mode contemplated, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

11857010

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure is directed to configurable garments and earpod holders. Some embodiments of the configurable garment illustrated and described herein can include a removable hood. In some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the hood can be removed so that the configurable garment can be worn as a dress, for example, a casual workwear dress. The configurable garment and/or a removable hood thereof can include a collar and/or other structure that can include a drawstring passageway, hoops, loops, or the like, through which a drawstring can be passed. In various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the drawstring can include an earpod holder for holding and/or securing earpods, wireless earpods, hearing aids, and/or other devices. In some other embodiments, an earpod holder can be removably attached to the drawstring of the configurable garment and/or drawstrings, cords, ropes, laces, or the like of any kind (including other garments). The drawstring can be used to prevent loss and/or dropping of the earpods and/or other listening devices, in various embodiments. Thus, various features of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can be used to make the configurable garment versatile and multifunctional. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof and that show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments or examples. It must be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. The concepts and technologies disclosed herein may be embodied in various and alternative forms, and/or in various combinations of the embodiments disclosed herein. The word “illustrative,” as used in the specification, is used expansively to refer to embodiments that serve as an illustration, specimen, model, sample, or pattern. Additionally, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and that some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. In other instances, well-known components, systems, materials or methods have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present disclosure. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present disclosure. Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals represent like elements throughout the several figures, aspects of a configurable garment will be described. Referring first toFIG.1, a configurable garment100is illustrated, according to an illustrative embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. In particular,FIG.1is a line drawing illustrating a front view of a configurable garment100according to one illustrative embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The configurable garment100can include a skirt portion (“skirt”)102and a bodice portion (“bodice”)104. In various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the skirt102can be joined to the bodice104at a waistline (not visible inFIG.1), while in various other embodiments, the skirt102and bodice104of the configurable garment100can be formed from the same piece(s) of material. In the illustrated embodiment, the skirt102and the bodice104are formed from the same piece of material and may be sewn together along a hem on one side of the configurable garment100. In the illustrated embodiment, the hem is therefore not visible inFIG.1. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a belt106can be included as part of the configurable garment100and/or may be used with the configurable garment100. The belt106may be removable from the configurable garment100according to various embodiments. As illustrated inFIG.1, the belt106is removable and can be configured to connect to itself by way of one or more snaps or other mechanical fasteners (e.g., snaps, buttons, VELCRO, magnets, etc.), where these fasteners can function as belt attachment mechanisms108(hereinafter referred to as “belt attachment mechanisms108”). It should be understood that in some embodiments, attachment mechanisms may be attached to or formed as a part of the configurable garment100, though in the illustrated embodiment of the configurable garment100shown inFIG.1does not include attachment mechanisms for the belt106. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG.1, the functionality of the belt attachment mechanisms108can be provided by male snaps on an outside surface of one end of the belt106(as shown inFIG.1), where the male snaps can be configured to engage female snaps that can be located on an inside surface of a second end of the belt106(not visible inFIG.1). Because other structures and/or mechanisms can provide the functionality of the belt attachment mechanisms108in various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, as noted above, the configurable garment100can include loops, hoops, or other structures for retaining the belt106, though such structures are not shown inFIG.1and are not included in various embodiments. The belt106can be configured to cover the waistline of the configurable garment100in some embodiments, or otherwise can be used to hold the configurable garment100in a particular configuration (e.g., to tighten the waist of the configurable garment100against the waist of the wearer) as is generally understood. Because the belt106can be omitted in some embodiments of the configurable garment100, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, embodiments of the configurable garment100can include one or more removable pockets (not visible inFIG.1). In some embodiments, as will be illustrated below with reference toFIGS.4-5, the removable pockets can include a zippered or otherwise selectively openable/closeable compartment, a retractable cord and/or carrying strap, and/or other features. These and other aspects of the removable pockets will be illustrated and described in more detail below with reference toFIGS.4-5. The removable pockets can be connected or attached to the configurable garment100via one or more snaps or other mechanical fasteners (e.g., snaps, buttons, VELCRO, magnets, etc.), which can function as pocket attachment or connector mechanisms (hereinafter referred to as “pocket connector snaps110”). The pocket connector snaps110can be located on or at one or more pocket attachment areas112A-B (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as “pocket attachment areas112”) of the configurable garment100. In some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the pocket attachment areas112can include a layer of canvas, denim, leather, plastic, and/or other materials. The pocket attachment areas112can be configured to reinforce and/or strengthen material used to form the configurable garment100at the location of the pocket attachment areas112, or to add support for the removable pockets when attached to the pocket attachment areas112. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In the illustrated embodiment, the pocket attachment areas112can include a layer of material through which and/or to which the pocket connector snaps110are attached or connected, and the removable pockets can be connected to the configurable garment100via the pocket connector snaps110. Thus, the pocket connector snaps110can be used to connect or attach the removable pocket to the configurable garment100in a non-permanent manner, thereby enabling a wearer or other entity to remove the removable pocket from the configurable garment100at will. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the configurable garment100can include sleeves114A-B (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as “sleeves114”). As shown inFIG.1, the sleeves114can be configured as long sleeves in various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, though some embodiments of the configurable garment100include sleeves114that can be configured as mid-length sleeves (e.g., sleeves that pass the elbow and end somewhere along the forearm of the wearer) or short sleeves (e.g., sleeves that end somewhere above the elbow). Still other embodiments of the configurable garment100may have no sleeves114. As such, the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the sleeves114also can be configured to include thumb openings116A-B (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as “thumb openings116”). The thumb openings116can include apertures formed in the material of the sleeves114that allow the thumb of the wearer to pass through. According to various implementations of the thumb openings116, the thumb openings116can be engaged by thumbs of the wearer to encourage ends of the sleeves114to stay at or near the wrist of the wearer. Thus, the thumb openings116can be used to enable a wearer to engage in various activities while maintaining the ends of the sleeves114at or near the wrist. Thus, some embodiments of the configurable garment100can be used by wearers who cover their arms for religious reasons, medical reasons, personal reasons, or the like, even during activities where the ends of the sleeves114may otherwise be difficult to keep past the wearer's elbows, or the like. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In some embodiments, as illustrated inFIG.1, the configurable garment100can be configured to be selectively opened, for example using a zipper, buttons, snaps, or other mechanism (hereinafter referred to as a “zipper”)118. Because the function of the zipper118is generally known and understood, the zipper118and/or the purpose, structures, and/or functions thereof will not be further described herein in detail. The configurable garment100and/or a removable hood thereof also can include a collar120and/or other structure through which a drawstring (not illustrated inFIG.1) can be passed or to which the drawstring can be connected. The purpose of the drawstring will be illustrated and described in more detail herein. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the configurable garment100and/or one or more portions thereof (e.g., the skirt102, the bodice104, the belt106, the pocket attachment areas112, the sleeves114, removable hoods, removable pockets, and/or other portions or components of the configurable garment100) can be formed from a ponte material (e.g., a material made from knitted (e.g., double knitted) natural, synthetic, and/or blended fabric). According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the ponte material can be formed from cotton, nylon, spandex, rayon, viscose, polyester, combinations thereof, or the like. In some embodiments, a lightweight ponte fabric may be preferred as it may provide a four-way stretchable fabric that is durable, sustainable, and machine washable. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In some other embodiments, the configurable garment100can be made from hemp and/or hemp-derived materials. In some other embodiments, the configurable garment100can be made from neoprene and/or a neoprene fabric. Some embodiments of the configurable garment100formed from neoprene can be used to provide a water-resistant version of the configurable garment100, if desired. In some embodiments of a configurable garment100formed from a neoprene fabric, the configurable garment100can be worn in the rain, for swimming, and/or even for scuba diving. It should be understood that these examples are illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.2, additional aspects of the configurable garment100will be illustrated, according to an illustrative embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. In particular,FIG.2shows a rear or back view of one embodiment of the configurable garment100as illustrated and described above with reference toFIG.1. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As shown inFIG.2, some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can include one or more snaps or other mechanical fasteners (e.g., snaps, buttons, VELCRO, magnets, etc.) that can function as hood attachment or connection mechanisms (hereinafter referred to as “hood connector snaps200”). The hood connector snaps200can be located on, at, or near the collar120of the configurable garment100, in various embodiments. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a removable hood (not illustrated inFIG.2) can be attached to the configurable garment100via one or more of the hood connector snaps200. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As shown inFIG.2, the configurable garment100also can include one or more elbow stretch pads or patches (“stretch pads”)202A-B (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as “stretch pads202”). According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the stretch pads202can be made from an elastic and/or stretchable material including one-way, two-way, and/or four-way stretchable materials such as knitted, braided, woven, and/or otherwise manufactured materials that can be made from natural materials, synthetics, and/or blends of natural and synthetic materials. Thus, various embodiment of the stretch pads202can be made from materials that can include cotton, wool, polyester, spandex, NYLON®, stretch velvet, stretch wool, stretch silk, and/or other materials and/or blends thereof. Because additional and/or alternative materials can be used to form the stretch pads202, it should be understood that these example materials are illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to various embodiments, the stretch pads202can be configured to allow a wearer to bend their arms without stretching fabric of the sleeves114and/or without experiencing resistance from the fabric of the sleeves114. This may be useful as some embodiments of the configurable garment100illustrated and described herein can include thumb openings116as noted above, and therefore the sleeves114may be stretched during bending of the arms. The stretch pads202can be configured to reduce the amount of stretching experienced by the sleeves114, in some embodiments. It should be understood that this potential benefit is not included in all embodiments, so this embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In some other embodiments, the stretch pads202can be replaced and/or supplemented with patches or materials (e.g., denim, canvas, etc.) that can be configured to reinforce the elbow portions of the sleeves114and/or for other reasons. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.3, an example of a removable pocket300that can be attached to, connected to, detached from, and/or disconnected from the configurable garment100will be illustrated and described in detail, according to an example embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. In particular,FIG.3is a line drawing illustrating a front view of the removable pocket300, according to one embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. As shown inFIG.3, the removable pocket300can include a pocket, pouch, compartment, and/or other void (not labeled inFIG.3), where the void can be selectively opened and/or closed by way of one or more snaps, buttons, magnets, VELCRO, zippers, and/or other mechanical device that can be used to seal the void. In the embodiment shown inFIG.3, the functionality of the mechanical device that can be used to seal the void is provided by a zipper302. This embodiment is only one contemplated embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a wearer or other entity may have nothing in the removable pockets300, or may put one or more than one article(s) into the removable pocket300. The removable pocket300can be removed from the configurable garment100with article(s) in the pockets or the removable pocket300can be removed from the configurable garment100empty. In some embodiments, a wearer may put valuables and/or other materials into the removable pocket300and remove the removable pocket300from the configurable garment100. For example, a wearer may put a phone or jewelry into the removable pocket300before exercising and may remove the removable pocket300during exercise to protect the phone or jewelry (e.g., by locking the removable pocket300into a locker or other secure location). In some other embodiments, the removable pocket300can be removed from one configurable garment100and attached to a different configurable garment100, thereby obviating the need to empty articles out of the removable pocket300. Because the removable pockets300can be removed and/or attached for additional and/or alternative reasons, it should be understood that the above examples are illustrative, and therefore these examples must not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the removable pocket300also can include one or more snaps, buttons, magnets, VELCRO, zippers, and/or other mechanical fasteners (“pocket snaps”)304. The pocket snaps304can pass through one or more layer of the removable pocket300in some embodiments and can project through the back of the removable pocket300, as can be seen inFIG.4as described below. In some other embodiments, the pocket snaps304may be attached to an exterior of the removable pocket300and therefore may not be visible from the front view. Thus, the embodiment shown inFIG.3is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The pocket snaps304can be used to connect the removable pocket300to the configurable garment100, for example at the pocket connector snaps110of the pocket attachment areas112. Because the pocket snaps304can be used to connect the removable pockets300to other locations on the configurable garment100, it should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.4, additional aspects of the removable pocket300will be illustrated in detail, according to an illustrative embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. In particular,FIG.4is a line drawing illustrating a rear or back view of the removable pocket300, according to one embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. As shown inFIG.4, some embodiments of the removable pocket300can include a retractable cord or carrying strap (hereinafter “retractable cord”)400. It should be understood that the retractable cord400can have any desired length, thickness, and/or configuration and that the illustrated embodiment is merely illustrative of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. The retractable cord400can be used to carry the removable pocket300, thereby effectively converting the removable pocket300into a purse or pocketbook, in some embodiments. In some other embodiments, the retractable cord400can be used by a wearer to further secure the removable pocket300(e.g., to protect valuables stored in the removable pocket300) from loss or theft (e.g., by wrapping or attaching the retractable cord400to the wearer's waist, shoulder, or the like; attaching the retractable cord400to the belt106of the configurable garment100; or the like). Because the retractable cord400can be used for additional and/or alternative reasons, it should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The functionality of the retractable cord400can be provided in some embodiments by a rope, cord, or strap that can be made from leather, plastic, woven natural and/or synthetic materials (e.g., cotton, NYLON®, etc.), metals, wood, combinations thereof, or the like. In various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the retractable cord400can be made from a stretchable material such as, for example, a rubber or other elastic core that can be surrounded by a natural and/or synthetic sheath (e.g., similar to a bungee cord, or the like). Because the retractable cord400can be made from additional and/or alternative materials, because the retractable cord400is optional in some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, and because the retractable cord400can be used for additional and/or alternative purposes, it should be understood that the above example embodiments are illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As can be seen inFIG.4, the pocket snaps304can pass through the removable pocket300in some embodiments (e.g., the pocket snaps304can be visible on a front of the removable pocket300as shown inFIG.3and also can be visible on a back of the removable pocket300as shown inFIG.4). In some other embodiments, the pocket snaps304may be attached to or pass through one layer of fabric of the removable pocket300(e.g., a layer of fabric of the removable pocket300that faces the rear or back of the removable pocket300), and as such, the pocket snaps304may not be visible from the front of the removable pocket300as noted above. As such, it should be understood that the embodiment illustrated inFIGS.3-4is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The pocket snaps304can be used to connect the removable pocket300to the configurable garment100, as explained above. In various embodiments of the configurable garment100, for example the embodiment illustrated inFIGS.1-4, the pocket snaps304can include male snaps on the rear side of the removable pocket300. The male snaps that can function as the pocket snaps304can engage female snaps that can provide the functionality of the pocket connector snaps110of the pocket attachment areas112. The engagement of the pocket snaps304to the pocket connector snaps110can secure the removable pocket300to the pocket attachment area112, and thereby can connect the removable pocket300to the configurable garment100. Of course, it should be understood that the functionality of the pocket snaps304can be provided by female snaps that can engage male snaps that can provide the functionality of the pocket connector snaps110of the pocket attachment areas112, thereby securing the removable pocket300against the pocket attachment area112and thereby to the configurable garment100. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. It can be appreciated that the retractable cord400of the removable pocket300can be extended or retracted before attaching the removable pocket300to the configurable garment100in various embodiments. In some embodiments, for example, the wearer may place the retractable cord400over the head and shoulder, around the waist, around the neck, around the belt106, or the like; thereby protecting the removable pocket300and/or its contents from loss and/or theft. Such use of the retractable cord400can occur before securing the removable pocket300to the configurable garment100using the pocket snaps304, or after. It should be understood that this example use of the retractable cord400is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIGS.5-6, additional details of the configurable garment100will be illustrated and described in detail. In particular,FIGS.5-6illustrate front and rear or back views, respectively, on the configurable garment100illustrated inFIGS.1-2, according to some example embodiments. As can be seen inFIG.5, the collar120of the configurable garment100is illustrated as being partially open as a result of the zipper118being partially open. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Also shown inFIGS.5-6, the belt106is illustrated as being open to reveal the belt attachment mechanisms108of the belt106. In particular, in the embodiment illustrated inFIG.5, the functionality of the belt attachment mechanisms108is provided by snaps where the belt attachment mechanisms108A-C are arranged to include male snaps extending from an inner surface of the belt106; and the belt attachment mechanism108D-F are arranged to include female snaps extending from the outer surface of the belt106. Thus, a wearer or other entity can selectively engage the belt attachment mechanisms108to secure the belt106to itself. Of course, it should be understood that in some embodiments the belt attachment mechanisms108A-C can be arranged to include female snaps extending from an inner surface of the belt106; and the belt attachment mechanism108D-F can be arranged to include male snaps extending from the outer surface of the belt106. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Also shown inFIG.5is an embodiment wherein the collar120includes a drawstring passageway500, which can be formed in the interior of the collar120(e.g., between two layers of material that can provide the collar120). The drawstring passageway500can be formed in the collar120and/or in the removable hood illustrated and described hereinbelow. The drawstring passageway500can be configured to provide a passageway for a drawstring to encircle the neck or head of the wearer and to be tied to tighten the collar120when desired. In some embodiments, the drawstring passageway500can be omitted from the collar120. In yet other embodiments, the drawstring passageway500can be omitted from the configurable garment100, and hoops, loops, or the like can be provided on an underside of the collar120or on the bodice104of the configurable garment100to accommodate a drawstring. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. FIG.6illustrates a rear view of the configurable garment100shown inFIG.5, according to one illustrative embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. InFIG.6, the drawstring passageway500is visible. As noted above, the drawstring passageway500can be omitted from the collar120and/or substituted with other structures such as, for example, hoops or the like on an underside of the collar120or on the bodice104of the configurable garment100to accommodate a drawstring. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Also shown inFIG.6are one or more snaps, buttons, magnets, VELCRO, zippers, and/or other mechanical fasteners are shown as providing the hood connector snaps200. The hood connector snaps200can be configured to engage one or more snaps, buttons, magnets, VELCRO, zippers, and/or other mechanical fasteners (“hood snaps”)(not visible inFIG.6) that can be formed on a removable hood, as will be illustrated and described in detail with reference toFIG.7. In the illustrated embodiment shown inFIG.6, the hood connector snaps200are illustrated as including male snaps that can engage female snaps of the removable hood. It should be understood that the functionality of the hood connector snaps200can include female snaps that can engage male snaps of the removable hood. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.7, an example of a removable hood700that can be attached to, connected to, detached from, and/or disconnected from the configurable garment100will be illustrated in detail, according to an example embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. It should be understood that the removable hood700shown inFIG.7is illustrative of one embodiment of the removable hood700and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As shown inFIG.7, the removable hood700can include a drawstring passageway702. The drawstring passageway702of the removable hood700can be similar or even identical to the drawstring passageway500illustrated and described above with reference toFIG.500, in some embodiments. The drawstring passageway702can be formed in the interior of the removable hood700(e.g., between two layers of material that can provide the removable hood700) in some embodiments. The drawstring passageway702can be configured to provide a passageway for a drawstring to encircle the head or neck of the wearer (e.g., the head when the removable hood700is worn on the head and/or around the neck when the removable hood700is taken off the head). The drawstring that passes through the drawstring passageway702can be tied to tighten the removable hood700when and/or if desired. In some embodiments, the drawstring passageway702can be omitted from the removable hood700or replaced with hoops or other structures that can be provided on or in the removable hood700to accommodate a drawstring. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The removable hood700also can include one or more snaps, buttons, magnets, VELCRO, zippers, and/or other mechanical fasteners (“hood snaps”)704A-E (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as “hood snaps704”). As shown inFIG.7, the hood snaps704can include male snaps on an interior of the removable hood700. The male snaps that function as the hood snaps704can engage female snaps that can provide the functionality of the hood connector snaps200of the configurable garment100, thereby securing the removable hood700to the configurable garment100. Of course, it should be understood that the functionality of the hood snaps704can be provided by female snaps that can engage male snaps that can provide the functionality of the hood connector snaps200, thereby securing the removable hood700to the configurable garment100. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.8, additional aspects of the configurable garment100will be illustrated and described in detail. In particular,FIG.8illustrates an example of the removable hood700as being connected to the configurable garment100. Thus, in the configuration illustrated inFIG.8, the configurable garment100includes a hood, which can be provided by the removable hood700. Additionally, the removable hood700is illustrated as including the drawstring passageway702as illustrated and described hereinabove with reference toFIG.7. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As shown inFIG.8, a drawstring800can be located in the drawstring passageway702of the removable hood700. According to some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the drawstring800can be formed from a stretchable material such as an elastic material (e.g., knitted, braided, woven, or otherwise manufactured rubber) that can be formed into a central cord with a natural (e.g., cotton, etc.) or synthetic (e.g., nylon, etc.) sheath. In some other embodiments, the drawstring800may be formed from a non-stretchable material that includes natural and/or manmade fabrics, wood, metal, plastic, combinations thereof, or the like. Because additional and/or alternative materials can be used to form the drawstring800, it should be understood that the above examples are illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. AlthoughFIG.8illustrates the drawstring800as passing through the drawstring passageway702, it can be appreciated that the drawstring800can alternatively be located in the drawstring passageway500of the configurable garment100in some embodiments. As such, the illustrated embodiment should be understood as being illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As shown inFIG.8, one or more earpod holders802can be attached or connected to the drawstring800. In some embodiments, the earpod holders802can be formed as a part of the drawstrings800, while in some other embodiments, the earpod holders802can be removable, as in the embodiment illustrated herein. The earpod holders802can be configured to be connected or attached to the drawstring800and to hold one or more wired and/or wireless earpods (not illustrated inFIG.8) such as, for example, one or more wired earpods; one or more members of the wireless AIRPOD® brand earpods from APPLE Inc. in Cupertino, California; one or more other types of earpods; one or more other devices; combinations thereof; or the like. It can therefore be appreciated that the earpod holders802can be connected to a drawstring800or other string or cord in accordance with various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.9, additional aspects of one contemplated embodiment of the earpod holders802will be illustrated and described in detail. The embodiment of the earpod holder802illustrated inFIGS.9-22can be selectively attached and/or detached from a drawstring800or other structure as illustrated and described herein. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. InFIG.9, a wireless earpod900is illustrated as being held by an earpod holder802. In the illustrated embodiment, the wireless earpod900is illustrated as being a member of the AIRPOD® family of earpod products from Apple Inc. in Cupertino, California. It should be understood that this example embodiment is illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Other types of listening devices (e.g., hearing aids, wired earpods, etc.) can be substituted for the wireless earpod900according to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. As such, it should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As shown inFIG.9, some embodiments of the earpod holder802can include several components, each of which will be illustrated and described in more detail hereinbelow with reference toFIGS.10-22. Briefly, the earpod holder802can include an earpod holder body portion (hereinafter “body portion”)902, an earpod holder button portion (hereinafter “button portion”)904, and a tube or sleeve (hereinafter “sleeve”)906that can be connected to the body portion902. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the sleeve906can include a tube of material (e.g., a rubber tube, a santoprene tube, a stretchable and/or compressible fabric tube, or the like). It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the sleeve906can include a continuous-flex tube having a hardness rating of “soft” and a Durometer hardness of 65A, where the tube can be made from santoprene with an inside diameter of about three sixteenths of an inch and an outside diameter of about five sixteenths of an inch. One commercial embodiment of a suitable material that can function as the sleeve906is a portion of a continuous flex santoprene tube for chemicals, which is available from McMaster-Carr® as part number 51225K24. Because other materials and/or other commercial embodiments can be used to provide the functionality of the sleeve906illustrated and described herein, it should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The sleeve906can engage and/or hold the wireless earpod900, as shown inFIG.9. Additionally, it can be appreciated with reference toFIG.9that the drawstring800can be engaged by the earpod holder802. In particular, as will be made clearer with reference toFIG.10-22below, the drawstring800can pass through the body portion902and the button portion904of the earpod holder802, and can be engaged by the body portion902and the button portion904. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.10, additional aspects of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described in additional detail. As can be seen inFIG.10, a passageway1000can be cooperatively formed by the body portion902and the button portion904. As will be more clearly understood with reference toFIG.11, the button portion904can be spring loaded so that a force can be exerted onto the button portion904to push a drawstring engagement surface1002of the button portion904toward a top1004of the passageway1000. Thus, the force generated by the spring can be imparted, by the button portion904and via the drawstring engagement surface1002, on the drawstring800to secure the earpod holder802to the drawstring800. Thus, the earpod holder802can be used to prevent the wireless earpod900(or other device held by the earpod holder802) from being lost or dropped by a wearer or carrier. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.11, additional aspects of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described in additional detail. As can be seen inFIG.11, a spring1100can be located between the body portion902and the button portion904. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the spring1100can include a compression spring having a rate of about twenty three and a half pounds per inch of compressive force, though higher or lower levels of compressive force are possible and are contemplated. One commercial embodiment of a suitable compression spring that can function as the spring1100is a one half inch long compression spring having an outside diameter of about 0.24 inches and an inside diameter of about 0.182 inches, which is available from McMaster-Carr® as part number 9657K271. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. According to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a first end1102of the spring1100can be attached to the button portion904. In the illustrated embodiment, the first end1102of the spring1100can be sized and/or dimensioned to engage (e.g., via a compression attachment and/or via one or more chemical or mechanical fasteners) a spring retention structure (hereinafter “button spring retainer”)1104. It can be appreciated that the button spring retainer1104can also be configured to prevent the spring1100from bending, buckling, and/or moving out of position by filling the inner space or void of the first end1102of the spring1100with the outer surfaces of the button spring retainer1104. Although not visible inFIG.11, it should be understood that a similar spring retention structure can be located within the body portion902to engage the second end1106of the spring1100. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The body portion902of the earpod holder802can include a sleeve retention structure (“sleeve retainer”)1108. The sleeve retainer1108can be shaped, sized, and/or dimensioned to engage an inner surface1110of the sleeve906. Thus, it can be appreciated that an outer diameter of the sleeve retainer1108can be larger than the inner diameter of the inner surface1110of the sleeve906. According to various embodiments, the sleeve906can be dimensioned such that a wireless earpod900and the sleeve retainer1108can be engaged by the sleeve906. Thus, it can be appreciated that the diameter of the sleeve retainer1108and one structure of the wireless earpod900can be similar or even identical, though this is not necessarily the case (e.g., the sleeve906need not have a consistent diameter along its entire length). It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. In various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, the sleeve906can be pushed onto the sleeve retainer1108, and a compressive force generated by the sleeve906can hold the sleeve906in place relative to the sleeve retainer1108. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. As shown inFIG.11, the body portion can include a cavity or void (hereinafter referred to as a “body portion void”)1112. An inner surface of the body portion void1112can be configured to engage and/or interface with a button guide surface1114of the button portion904. Thus, it can be appreciated that the body portion void1112can have a shape that is similar (or even identical) to the button guide surface1114in various embodiments, while in some other embodiments these components may have configurations that can complement one another instead. Thus, it can be appreciated that a cross-section of the body portion902(e.g., the shape of a transverse portion of the sidewalls1200) can have a similar or even identical shape, configuration, and/or dimensions, in some embodiments, although this is not necessarily the case. As such, it should be understood that the illustrated example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIGS.12-13, additional aspects of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described in additional detail. In particular,FIGS.12-13are line drawings that illustrate the body portion902of the earpod holder802. As can be seen inFIG.12, the body portion902includes the sidewalls1200, and a body portion support surface1202. Also visible inFIG.12is a front body portion aperture1204. The front body portion aperture1204can correspond to a first aperture through which the drawstring800can be passed when attaching the earpod holder802to the configurable garment100, after which the drawstring800may be passed through one or more apertures formed in the button portion904before being passed through a rear body portion aperture1300, which is visible inFIG.13. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIGS.14-15, additional aspects of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described in additional detail. In particular,FIGS.14-15are line drawings that illustrate additional views of the body portion902of the earpod holder802. InFIG.14, the front body portion aperture1204and the rear body portion aperture1300are visible. Additionally visible inFIG.14is another spring retention structure (hereinafter “body spring retainer”)1400. The body spring retainer1400can be sized and/or dimensioned to engage the spring1100illustrated and described herein. It can be appreciated that the body spring retainer1400can be substantially similar (or even identical) to the button spring retainer1104, though this is not necessarily the case. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way.FIG.15illustrates a side view of the body portion902for additional reference. Turning now toFIGS.16-17, additional aspects of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described in additional detail. In particular,FIG.16-17are line drawings that illustrate cutaway perspective views of the body portion902of the earpod holder802. InFIG.16, approximately one half of the front body portion aperture1204and approximately one half of the rear body portion aperture1300are visible. InFIG.17, the entire front body portion aperture1204is visible. Additionally visible inFIGS.16and17is the body spring retainer1400. InFIG.16, the sleeve retainer1108is visible. Also shown inFIGS.16-17are two aperture button retention cutouts1600A-B (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as “button retention cutouts1600”), one on each of the front body portion aperture1204and the rear body portion aperture1300. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. The purpose of the button retention cutouts1600will be more clearly understood with reference toFIG.18below andFIG.10above. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIG.18, additional aspects of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described in additional detail. In particular,FIG.18is a line drawing that illustrates a perspective view of the button portion904of the earpod holder802. InFIG.18, the top1004is visible, as is the button aperture1800, which can cooperate with the front body portion aperture1204and rear body portion aperture1300to provide the passageway1000shown inFIG.10. Additionally visible inFIG.18is the button spring retainer1104. Also visible inFIG.18are two button retention slots1802A-B (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as “button retention slots1802”). With collective reference toFIGS.10and16-18, it can be appreciated that the button retention slots1802of the button portion904can be configured to nest into the button retention cutouts1600, thereby allowing the button aperture1800of the button portion904to line up with the front body portion aperture1204and rear body portion aperture1300to create the passageway. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way.FIGS.19-20provide additional views of the button portion904for purposes of enabling clarification of the various features of the button portion904. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Also visible inFIGS.18-20is a lip1804. The lip1804can be configured to prevent the button portion904from being pressed into the body portion902. In particular, the lip1804can include a button surface1900, to which a force can be applied to push the button aperture1800into alignment with the rear body portion aperture1300and the front body portion aperture1204to allow insertion of the drawstring800or other structure. The lip1804also can include a sidewall engagement surface2000, which can be configured to engage the sidewalls1200of the body portion902, thereby preventing the button portion904from being pushed into the body portion902as noted above. It can be appreciated that the button retention cutouts1600and the button retention slots1802can cooperate to provide a similar benefit, so the sidewall engagement surface2000and the sidewalls1200may interact to reduce stress on and/or to compliment the function of the interacting button retention cutouts1600and the button retention slots1802. It should be understood that this example is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIGS.21-22, additional aspects of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described in additional detail. In particular,FIGS.21-22are line drawings that illustrate cutaway perspective views of the button portion904of the earpod holder802. InFIGS.21-22, the button spring retainer1104and the button retention slots1802are visible, as is the button aperture1800. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiment is illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Turning now toFIGS.23-26, various views of some other contemplated embodiments of the earpod holder802will be illustrated and described, according to various embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. As can be seen inFIG.23, while the embodiment of the earpod holder802illustrated and described with reference toFIGS.9-22can be described as having an elliptical shape (e.g., the shape of a cross-section of the button portion904and/or the sidewalls1200can be described as being elliptical, this is not the case in all embodiments. Various embodiments of the earpod holder802are contemplated including, but not limited to, embodiments having a substantially round cross-sectional shape (e.g., as shown inFIG.23); a square or rectangular cross-sectional shape (e.g., as shown inFIG.24), a triangular or polygonal cross-sectional shape (e.g., as shown inFIG.25), a star-shaped cross-sectional shape (e.g., as shown inFIG.26), and/or other shapes. In some contemplated embodiments, the body portion902of the earpod holder802can be substantially spherical. Because the shape of the body portion902and the button portion904, among other components of the earpod holder802, can include other shapes, it should be understood that these examples are illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. While the above description has illustrated specific embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, it should be understood that additional embodiments are contemplated and are possible. For example, one contemplated embodiment of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can include an earpod holder2700such as that shown inFIG.27. The earpod holder2700shown inFIG.27can include a body2702. The body2702can, in some embodiments, be provided by a single piece of material of various shapes, configurations, and/or dimensions and an attachment mechanism2704can be disposed at one surface of the body2702. In the illustrated embodiment, the body2702is shown as having no passageways or apertures, and the attachment mechanism2704is illustrated as a spring-loaded clamp (the spring is not visible inFIG.27). It should be understood that the attachment mechanism can be provided by various structures and/or devices that can be used to connect the earpod holder2700to a garment, a drawstring of a garment, a collar of the garment, or the like. Example embodiments of the attachment mechanism2704include a clamp, an elastic band (e.g., that can be stretched, passed around a drawstring or other structure, and released to attach the earpod holder2700to the drawstring or other structure), a clamp (e.g., a ring or rings of material (e.g., similar to a tube hose clamp) that can be tightened or adjusted to clamp onto a drawstring or other structure), a loop (e.g., through a string or thread can be tied), combinations thereof, or the like. Because other methods of attaching the earpod holder2700to a garment or component thereof are possible and are contemplated, it should be understood that these examples are illustrative, and therefore should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Based on the foregoing, it can be appreciated that configurable garments and earpod holders have been disclosed herein. Although the subject matter presented herein has been described with respect to various structural features and/or methodological and transformative acts for forming the configurable garment and/or the various features thereof, it is to be understood that the concepts and technologies disclosed herein are not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described herein. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the concepts and technologies disclosed herein and features of a particular embodiment can be combined and/or interchanged with features of other embodiments illustrated and described herein, although such embodiments my not be separately illustrated and described herein. The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. Various modifications and changes may be made to the subject matter described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein.

11857011

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The Figures presented here represent a small sampling of the variety of garments for both men and women that are possible to be produced as both outerwear and undergarments with the features of this invention. All garments are constructed of breathable sweat-wicking material using seamless WKS or similar knitting techniques with compression in the abdominal area. FIG.1shows the front of a man's or woman's tee shirt2with short sleeves4, side zipper10, lower compression area8, and upper region6. Dashed outlines12show the alternative embodiment as a tank top. Zipper10is used for ease of donning because of the compression region8.FIGS.2and3show the back of tee shirt2with back panel14. Top region6, sleeves4(if used), and back14are 330 GSM 65% nylon/35% LYCRA®. Region8compression area consists of three layers, outer layer is the same as the top and back, inner layer (skin contact) is also the same 330 GSM 65/35 nylon/LYCRA®, the middle layer is POWER NET® mesh 92.5/8 polyester/nylon. The abdominal compression area8includes an inner skin contact first compressive porous layer capable of emitting body sweat therethrough, a middle second stronger compressive layer comprising a textured porous second stronger compressive mesh layer and an outer sweat porous first compressive layer. The difference betweenFIGS.2and3is thatFIG.2shows the zipper10for insertion of the second stronger compressive mesh layer8into a pocket of the tee shirt garment2, butFIG.3shows where the second stronger compressive layer8is sewn into the tee shirt2in the abdominal region thereof. The man's or woman's tee short can also be a sleeveless tank top or a full or partial length sleeved tee shirt. FIGS.4and5illustrate an exercise body shaping romper garment suitable for gymnastics or gym use in general. It can be paired with bottom covering shorts, pants or skirt for use as active wear. InFIG.3, garment20has a top region24and a three-layer compression abdominal region22(below the breasts). It has snaps in the crotch area (not shown). Although shown as short sleeves26, half sleeve21and full sleeve23extents are indicated. Since a bright pattern is used, the outer layer is 84% polyester and 16% LYCRA® because this holds color and patterns better than a 90% nylon and 10% LYCRA®. InFIG.4, double back28panel is shown. A single layer fabric back region (not shown) may be provided below the compression zone and adjacent to the crotch. The abdominal compression area22includes three layers, such as shown inFIG.11, including an inner skin contact first compressive porous layer capable of emitting body sweat therethrough, a middle second stronger compressive layer comprising a textured porous second stronger compressive mesh layer and an outer sweat porous first compressive layer. The garment can cover at least a shoulder clavicle area of the wearer, with optional spaghetti straps, tank top straps. short sleeves, half sleeves, partial length sleeves or full-length sleeves. FIGS.6and7show front and rear views of a body shaper garment50with an integral top51and a modesty skirt64. A triple layer abdominal region60compresses the tummy below the breasts. As shown, it is a sleeveless tank52, but short sleeve54, mid sleeve56and long sleeve58lengths are also shown. Since the garment itself50can be a body suit with crotch wide gusset for bathroom use, as shown inFIGS.6and7, a lower covering is required for use as outerwear. Skirt64can be replaced by shorts or pants. The abdominal compression area60includes an inner skin contact first compressive porous layer capable of emitting body sweat therethrough, a middle second stronger compressive layer comprising a textured porous second stronger compressive mesh layer and an outer sweat porous first compressive layer.FIG.7shows the optional zipper10for insertion of the second stronger compressive mesh layer8into a pocket of the body shaper garment50. FIGS.8and9show an alternate embodiment for front and rear views of a woman's garment70with a compressive triple layer abdominal portion78and a sleeveless strap top portion72thereof, where the breasts are exposed and are covered with an outer blouse or shirt (not shown). Variable length leg covering portions are shown, including mid-thigh length portions74, knee length portions76and below the knee length portions78. FIG.10shows an alternate brassiere80to be used with any of the aforementioned woman's garments20,50or70, with pockets84having slots86for insertion of silicone or other synthetic breast inserts or implants88or89therein. In conclusion,FIG.11shows the torso portion91of a woman's garment90, shown with the torso portion91(below the breasts) having first outer first compressive porous layer92, a middle second stronger compressive porous mesh layer94and an inside first compressive porous layer96, (shown in a bracket for the torso portion91in an exploded view) to be placed adjacent to the wearer's skin. The other woman's garments20,50and70shown in drawingFIGS.4and5,6and7, as well as8and9, respectively, also have three layer abdominal portions similar to abdominal portion91ofFIG.11, with first outer first compressive porous layer92, a middle second stronger compressive porous mesh layer94and an inside first compressive porous layer96to be placed adjacent to the wearer's skin. The man's or woman's tee shirt2ofFIGS.1,2and3can also have three layer compressive abdominal portion8, similar to abdominal portion91of the woman's garment90shown inFIG.11, also having first outer first compressive porous layer92, a middle second stronger compressive porous mesh layer94and an inside first compressive porous layer96to be placed adjacent to the wearer's skin. In the foregoing description, certain terms and visual depictions are used to illustrate the preferred embodiment. However, no unnecessary limitations are to be construed by the terms used or illustrations depicted beyond what is shown in the prior art, since the teams and illustrations are exemplary only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention.

11857012

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following disclosure is provided to describe various embodiments of a magnetic hair accessory. Skilled artisans will appreciate additional embodiments and uses of the present invention that extend beyond the examples of this disclosure. Terms included by any claim are to be interpreted as defined within this disclosure. Singular forms should be read to contemplate and disclose plural alternatives. Similarly, plural forms should be read to contemplate and disclose singular alternatives. Conjunctions should be read as inclusive except where stated otherwise. Expressions such as “at least one of A, B, and C” should be read to permit any of A, B, or C singularly or in combination with the remaining elements. Additionally, such groups may include multiple instances of one or more element in that group, which may be included with other elements of the group. All numbers, measurements, and values are given as approximations unless expressly stated otherwise. Various aspects of the present disclosure will now be described in detail, without limitation. In the following disclosure, a magnetic hair accessory will be discussed. Those of skill in the art will appreciate alternative labeling of the magnetic hair accessory as magnetic hair extensions, magnetic hair, hair, top piece, partials, wigs, extensions, frontals, hair replacement, the invention, or other similar names. Similarly, those of skill in the art will appreciate alternative labeling of the magnetic hair accessory as a hair supplemental technique, magnetic hair installation method, magnetic hair method, method, operation, the invention, or other similar names. Skilled readers should not view the inclusion of any alternative labels as limiting in any way. Referring now toFIGS.1-7, the magnetic hair accessory will now be discussed in more detail. The magnetic hair accessory10may include hair material20, magnetic material30, a coating40, an active face50, a neutral face60, optional scoring80, in some embodiments a top piece90and magnetic band92, attachment interface, and additional components that will be discussed in greater detail below. The magnetic hair accessory may operate by including one or more of these components interactively with other components for supplementing and/or replacing hair using a magnetic hair accessory10. The hair material will now be discussed in greater detail.FIGS.1-7highlight examples of the hair material, which may also be shown in other figures. The hair material20may include a hair material base end21, at which the hair material may be installable to a wearer. The hair material20may additionally include a hair material distal end29, which may be opposite the hair material base end21. The hair material distal end29of the hair material20may simulate the ends of natural hair. For the purpose of this disclosure, hair material20is intended to include natural hair grown by a human or other animal, synthetic hair, manufactured hair, simulated human hair, and other hair-like materials that could be used to supplement or replace the hair of a wearer. Additionally, the term hair material is intended to include individual strands of hair, grouping of hair strands, or an alignment of hair for inclusion on an attachment interface or other device to assist with the installation of the hair material on a wearer. As mentioned above, the hair material20may include natural hair. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, natural hair may describe a protein filament grown from the follicles of an animal's skin. Hair is commonly grown on mammals but can also be grown on other animals. Hair is typically aligned with a base end, from which natural hair may extend outwardly from a follicle, and a distal end or tip opposite the base end. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, natural hair can be grown with various colors, textures, thicknesses and other properties. These characteristics of natural hair may be influenced by the levels of melanin such as eumelanin or pheomelanin, keratin, and others. The hair material20may also include synthetic hair, synthetic fibers, and other artificial hair compositions that will be appreciated by skilled artisans. Synthetic fibers may include materials that simulate natural hair without requiring the growth, cultivation, donation, or otherwise acquiring of human, animal, and/or other hair. Synthetic hair and/or fibers may be extruded at a diameter approximating the width of natural hair using materials intended to mimic the properties of natural hair. Synthetic hair may be produced using materials such as crudes, coal, limestone, water, and other materials. Semisynthetic hair may also be included, which may include for example plant-derived cellulose. In some embodiments, the hair material20may include a combination of natural, synthetic, semisynthetic, and/or other fibers. The magnetic material will now be discussed in greater detail.FIGS.1-7highlight examples of the magnetic material, which may also be shown in other figures. The magnetic material30may be a single material or composition of materials that exhibit at least some magnetism. For the purpose of this disclosure, magnetism is considered to include the emission of magnetic fields from a material, which can act on other currents and magnetic energies. Magnetic materials30may include substances such as those derived from iron, nickel, cobalt, rare-earth materials, and other materials that would be appreciated by a person of skill in the art after having the benefit of this disclosure. Paramagnetic substances may also be included in some embodiments. Magnetic materials30may include an attractive force that draw other magnetic materials and/or magnetically-receptive materials through the attractive properties of opposing magnetic poles. Magnetic materials30may be oriented or positioned such to have a surface exhibiting a desirably sufficient level of flux density, which may provide a magnetic field sufficient to attract other magnetic materials and other materials attracted by magnetic forces. The magnetic materials30may also be oriented or positioned such that a surface sufficiently mitigates the magnetic flux to a level where undesired magnetic attraction is reduced. For example, an orientation or positioning may allow one side to display attractive magnetic properties and an opposing side to display relatively neutral magnetic properties. The selective exposure to magnetic attraction may advantageously reduce the likelihood of bleed through when two pieces of magnetic material are sandwiched between the hair material20. The selective exposure to magnetic attraction may also advantageously resist attraction of metal objects such as hair clips, bobby pins, and other magnetically attractable objects. The structure of the magnetic materials30and/or attachment interfaces onto which the magnetic materials30may be installed can be configured with matched pole magnetization to align multiple magnets with substantial elimination of repelling forces. The magnetic material30may be provided as a collection of particles, for example, dust or powder, without limitation. The magnetic material30may be pliable. In some embodiments, the magnetic material30may be resistant to cracking, breaking, tearing, deteriorating, and otherwise being undesirably disfigured. The magnetic material30may be designed to conform to targeted applications, such as integration with the hair material20. The magnetic material30may include one or more rare-earth magnets, which may be provided in particle form or another form that would be appreciated by a person of skill in the art. Rare-earth materials may be desirable due to their strong magnetic flux density. Materials such as neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, samarium, terbium, holmium, and/or other materials may be included by the rare-earth materials, without limitation. The magnetic material30may be at least partially coated to resist corrosion or other undesired deterioration causable by exposure to the environment. In at least one embodiment, the magnetic material30may include neodymium. For the purpose of this disclosure, the inclusion of neodymium in the magnetic material30is also intended to include neodymium alloys. Neodymium and other magnets may be provided in sintered, bonded, particle, and/or other forms. Magnetic properties of bonded neodymium magnets may be weaker compared with sintered neodymium, but may advantageously allow precise sizing, decreased brittleness, flexibility in molding and formation of complex shapes, greater control of magnetized directions, enhanced resistance against corrosion, light weight, and other benefits that will be apparent to a person of skill in the art after having the benefit of this disclosure. In at least one embodiment, the magnetic material30may include neodymium-iron-boron, which is an alloy of neodymium. Neodymium-iron-boron may be represented by the chemical formula: Nd2Fe14B Magnetic material30including neodymium-iron-boron may include a tetragonal crystalline structure. The magnetic material30, for example such that includes neodymium-iron-boron, may undergo processing including preparing formula powder, melting, milling, pressing, sintering, machining, plating, magnetization, inspection, and/or other steps. Smelted neodymium-iron-boron alloy ingots may be transformed into particle form, for example by powder metallurgy process, and may be oriented and formed in the magnetic field. The molding embryo may be sintered in an inert gas or vacuum to densify it, which may result in a sintered neodymium-iron-boron material with a very high magnetic energy product and coercivity, cost-effective production, and good mechanical structure. Sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets may be rated according to maximum energy product. Neodymium magnets, and especially magnets including neodymium-iron-boron may be desirable due to their relatively strong magnetic field given the amount of material required to achieve a desired level of magnetic attraction, promoting considerable efficiency. For at least these reasons, inclusion of rare-earth magnets, such as neodymium-iron-boron magnets, in a hair accessory may advantageously allow a wearer to benefit from various magnetically-attachable hair products and services while decreasing damage to the customers hair, decreasing the time required to apply the products, and reducing the steps associated to the installation. The magnetic material30may additionally include one or more additives. For example, cobalt may be included to increase tolerance for high temperature. In another example, dysprosium may be included to increase the intrinsic coercivity of the magnetic material30. Additional materials may be included, such as cobalt. For the purpose of this disclosure, cobalt is intended to include cobalt alloys, such as samarium cobalt. For example, samarium cobalt may be created from samarium, cobalt, and iron. The majority element in the compound may be iron. Magnetic material30including samarium cobalt may advantageously permit higher temperature applications, where the strength of rare-earth magnets may be maintained in such applications. Magnetic material30including cobalt may have a higher Curie temperature than does neodymium but are typically also costlier to manufacture. For example, a magnetic material30may benefit from inclusion of a cobalt alloy to enhance temperature tolerance of at least 40 degrees Celsius, or approximately sufficient to withstand the heat produced by a hair dryer. Another material that may be added to the magnetic material30may include dysprosium. Dysprosium has high magnetic susceptibility, providing considerably high magnetic strength even at low temperatures. Dysprosium can also have paramagnetic properties at temperatures above about 179 K. Magnetic materials30including neodymium-iron-boron may also include dysprosium as a substitute for a portion of the neodymium. The inclusion of dysprosium can raise the magnetic coercivity and improve corrosion resistance. The coating will now be discussed in greater detail.FIGS.1-7highlight examples of the coating40, which may also be shown in other figures. The coating40may be formed using one or more materials capable of substantially surrounding the magnetic materials30and positioning the magnetic materials30close to the hair material base end21of the hair material20. The coating40may additionally bond the hair material20to an attachment interface in some embodiments. The coating40may be provided by a reaction polymer. Skilled artisans will appreciate reaction polymers to include epoxies, unsaturated polyesters, phenolics, and polyurethane. The reaction polymer may be a thermosetting polymer, providing advantageous benefits of high resistivity to melting or deformation when heated. In one embodiment, the coating40may be formed from or include polyurethane. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that polyurethane as a polymer with organic units joined by urethane links. For the purpose of this disclosure, both thermosetting and thermoplastic polyurethane variants are intended to be included in the broader definition of polyurethane, without limitation. However, because of the benefits provided from high resistivity to melting or deformation when heated, thermosetting polyurethanes may provide additional advantages over thermoplastic polyurethanes. In one embodiment, the application of a polyurethane-based coating40may be performed in a substantially moisture-free environment to reduce the chance of foaming. The coating40may be applied at the hair material base end21of the hair material20such that it also substantially encompasses at least some of the magnetic material30. In this application, the coating40may advantageously hold the magnetic attraction properties of the magnetic material30near the hair material base end21of the hair material20. The coating40may additionally benefit the hair accessory10by providing corrosion resistance to the magnetic material30held by the coating40. In at least one embodiment, additional features may be provided on the coating40to increase the gripping capability of the hair accessory10. For example, one or more scores80may be applied to the coating to increase the friction between the coating40and a mounting location70that the hair accessory10is installed to, also increasing the grip of the hair accessory10to the mounting location70. The score80is also intended to include stippling, hatching, and other features that would be apparent to a person of skill in the art after having the benefit of this disclosure. Additional grip enhancing features may include application of additional material such as sand, silica, or other materials that can enhance the friction to the mounting location70or otherwise resist slipping. The additional features to enhance grip may be included in a way as to minimize irritation to the wearer. The active face and neutral face will now be discussed in greater detail.FIG.2highlights examples of the active face50and neutral face60, which may also be shown in other figures. The active face50may provide enhanced magnetic attractive properties such to draw near other active faces52of other hair accessory12pieces. The active face may include an arrangement of magnetic material30such to promote high magnetic activity, such as by providing staggered or directed magnetic poles. For example, the poles of the magnets may be aligned such to improve the strength of the attractive force of the active face30. The neutral face60may be positioned approximately opposite to the active faced50. The neutral face60may feature reduced magnetic activity to mitigate attracting undesired objects such as hair clips and bobby pins. The neutral face60may include an arrangement of magnetic material30such as to minimize the wandering flux of the hair accessory10, reducing the magnetic attraction of the magnetic material30in the direction of the neutral face60. Skilled artisans will appreciate that additional locations, orientations, and properties of the active face50, neutral face60, and/or various intermediate faces are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure, without limitation. The mounting location will now be discussed in greater detail.FIGS.2and7highlight examples of the mounting location70, which may also be shown in other figures. The mounting location70may be provided as virtually any place onto which the hair accessory10may be installed. For example, the mounting location70may include the natural hair of the wearer onto which the hair accessory10may be installed. In another embodiment, the mounting location may be provided by an artificial surface or structure onto which the hair accessory10may be installed. An example with a mounting location70being the actual hair growing from a wearer will now be discussed along withFIG.2, without limitation. The hair accessory10may install to the mounting location70via compression of multiple pieces of the hair accessory10about various portions of the mounting location70. In this example, the hair accessory10may work with one or more other hair accessory12to mount to the mounting location70, such as the hair of a wearer. This example features a hair accessory10that may include hair material20and magnetic material30. The magnetic material30may be at least partially held in place about a hair material base end of the hair material20by a coating30. The coating30may have an active face50facing inwardly towards the mounting location70and a neutral face60facing outwardly away from the mounting location70. This example also features another hair accessory12that may include hair material22and magnetic material32. The magnetic material32may be at least partially held in place about a hair material base end of the hair material22by a coating32. The coating32may have an active face52facing inwardly towards the mounting location70and a neutral face62facing outwardly away from the mounting location70. The active face50of the hair accessory10and the other active face52of the other hair accessory12may attract towards each other from the attractive force of the magnetic material30held by the coating40of the hair accessory10and the other magnetic material32and held by the other coating42of the other hair accessory12. Additional features such as scoring or grit may enhance the security of the installation for the hair accessories10,12to the mounting location70. This installation may be supplemented or assisted by additional installation techniques such as adhesive, weave, and other traditional techniques and is not intended to exclude its operation from working with any other hair supplementing procedures. Referring now toFIG.3, an embodiment of the hair accessory with multiple hair strands will now be discussed, without limitation. The embodiment shown inFIG.3displays hair material20that includes multiple hair strands24. Skilled artisans will appreciate that the number of hair strands24shown inFIG.3are provided for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the upper or lower quantity of hair strands24that may be included in the hair material20. The hair strand base ends of each of the hair strands24may collectively form the hair material base end. Coating40may be applied about the hair material base end of the hair material20, in which magnetic material30may be included. Referring now toFIG.4, an embodiment of the hair accessory with at least one score will now be discussed, without limitation. In this embodiment, the hair material20may include a coating40at the hair material base end. The coating may include one or more scores80, which may help to improve the friction against a mounting location70and increase the grip of the hair accessory10for the installation. Magnetic material may be included in the coating. Referring now toFIG.5, an embodiment of the hair accessory with a magnetic clip illustrative attachment interface will now be discussed, without limitation. In this embodiment, the hair material may be substantially secured in a clip36, which may have magnetic properties. For example, the clip36may include magnetic material. Optionally, the hair material20may be inserted into one end of the clip36to a desired length. The clip36may then be crimped, substantially securing the hair material20into the clip36. The clip36may then be installed to the mounting location70, such as the hair of a user. Optionally, one or more actual hairs of the user may also be passed through the clip36with the hair material20, in the same or opposing directions, to enhance the installation strength of the hair accessory10. Referring now toFIG.6, an embodiment of the hair accessory with a magnetic strip illustrative attachment interface will now be discussed, without limitation. In this embodiment, the hair material may be substantially secured to a strip38, which may have magnetic properties. For example, the strip38may include magnetic material. Optionally, the hair material20may be located on one or more surface of the strip38and secured, for example by the coating40, adhesion, and/or welding. The strip38may then be installed to the mounting location70, such as the hair of a user, by compressing the features of the mounting location70between multiple strips38. Optionally, one or more actual hairs of the user may also be passed through the strip38with the hair material20mounted to the strip38to enhance the installation strength of the hair accessory10. The top piece and magnetic band will now be discussed in greater detail.FIG.7highlights examples of the top piece90and magnetic band92, which may also be shown in other figures. Skilled artisans will appreciate the nature of top pieces, wigs, and other hair supplemental products intended to cover the scalp of a user or other location with a low number of grown hairs onto which a hair accessory may mount. Skilled artisans will additionally appreciate that this example should not be limited to only applications with top pieces, but also may include hair extensions, partials, wigs, frontals, hair replacement pieces, and other related hair objects and devices that will be apparent after the benefit of this disclosure. Optionally, the magnetic band92and/or a cap may be sold in variations with or without hair installed to it. In this embodiment, hair material20may be mounted to or extend outwardly from the top piece90and/or other hair piece. Additionally, a magnetic border39, which may also be provided by pockets of magnetized material, may be included on the top piece90and/or other hair piece. For example, the magnetic border39may substantially surround at least part of the perimeter of the top piece90and/or other hair piece. Additionally, a wearer may place a magnetic band92around a portion of their head or other location onto which the top piece90and/or other hair piece may be installed. The magnetic band92may be at least partially secured to the wearer via adhesive, tape, elasticity, compression, and/or other techniques that would be apparent to a person of skill in the art after having the benefit of this disclosure. To install the top piece90and/or other hair piece, the wearer may then place the top piece onto their head to allow the magnetic border38of the top piece90and/or other hair piece to magnetically attract to the magnetic band92worn by the wearer. Optionally, additional hair material may be installed to the hair material extending from the top piece similar to the techniques discussed in the various examples above. An embodiment including an illustrative cap and cap-installable wig will now be discussed in greater detail.FIGS.8-9highlight examples of the cap-installable wig96and cap94, which may also be shown in other figures. Skilled artisans will appreciate the nature of top pieces, wigs, and other hair supplemental products intended to cover the scalp of a user or other location with a low number of grown hairs onto which a hair accessory may mount. Skilled artisans will additionally appreciate that this example should not be limited to only applications with wigs, but also may include hair extensions, partials, top pieces, frontals, hair replacement pieces, and other related hair objects and devices that will be apparent after the benefit of this disclosure. Optionally, the cap94may be sold in variations with or without hair installed to it. In this embodiment, hair material may be mounted to or extend outwardly from the cap-installable wig96and/or other hair piece. Additionally, a magnetic border, which may also be provided by pockets of magnetized material, may be included on the cap-installable wig96and/or other hair piece. For example, the magnetic border may substantially surround at least part of the perimeter of the cap-installable wig96and/or other hair piece. Furthermore, magnetic material may be placed about other locations on the surface of the cap94, to which a cap-installable wig96and/or other hair piece maybe removably installed. The cap94may be at least partially secured to the wearer via adhesive, tape, elasticity, compression, and/or other techniques that would be apparent to a person of skill in the art after having the benefit of this disclosure. To install the cap-installable wig96and/or other hair piece, the wearer may then place the wig onto their head to allow the magnetic material of the cap-installable wig96and/or other hair piece to magnetically attract to a portion of the cap94worn by the wearer. Optionally, additional hair material may be installed to the hair material extending from the top piece similar to the techniques discussed in the various examples above. An embodiment including at least one addition hair strip with addition hair material will now be discussed, without limitation.FIG.10highlights an example of the hair accessory with an addition strip1036and connected addition hair material1020. In this embodiment, the addition hair material1020may be substantially secured to the addition strip1036, which may have magnetic properties. For example, the addition strip1036may include magnetic material. In some embodiments, magnetic properties may be also additionally included with the hair material1020. A second addition strip1038may also be provided with associated second addition hair material1022, which may also have magnetic properties. The second addition strip1038may include addition perforations1042, through which user hair and/or synthetic hair may be passed, woven, or otherwise connected. Optionally, the addition hair material1020may be located on one or more surface of the addition strip1036and secured, for example by a coating, adhesion, and/or welding. In this example, the second addition hair material1022may be located on one or more surface of the second addition strip1038and secured, for example by a coating, adhesion, and/or welding. The addition strip1036may then be installed to a mounting location, such as the hair of a user, by compressing the features of the mounting location between the first addition strip1036and the second addition strip1038. Optionally, one or more actual hairs of the user may also be passed through the addition perforations1042of the second addition strip1038to advantageously enhance the installation strength of the hair accessory. An alternative embodiment including at least one addition hair strip with addition hair material will now be discussed, without limitation.FIG.11highlights an example of the hair accessory with a first addition strip1136and a second addition strip1138. In this embodiment, the addition strip1136may have magnetic properties. For example, the addition strip1136may include magnetic material. A second addition strip1138may also be provided with associated addition hair material1120, which may also have magnetic properties. Optionally, the addition hair material1120may be located on one or more surface of the addition strip1138and secured, for example by a coating, adhesion, and/or welding. The first and second addition strips1136,1138may then be installed to a mounting location, such as the hair of a user, by compressing the features of the mounting location between the first addition strip1136and the second addition strip1138to advantageously enhance the installation strength of the hair accessory. Another alternative embodiment including at least one addition hair strip with addition hair material will now be discussed, without limitation.FIG.12highlights an example of the hair accessory with an addition strip1236and connected addition hair material1220. In this embodiment, the addition hair material1220may be substantially secured to the addition strip1236, which may have magnetic properties. For example, the addition strip1236may include magnetic material. In some embodiments, magnetic properties may be also additionally included with the hair material1220. A second addition strip1238may also be provided with associated second addition hair material1222, which may also have magnetic properties. Optionally, the addition hair material1220may be located on one or more surface of the addition strip1236and secured, for example by a coating, adhesion, and/or welding. In this example, the second addition hair material1222may be located on one or more surface of the second addition strip1238and secured, for example by a coating, adhesion, and/or welding. The addition strip1236may then be installed to a mounting location, such as the hair of a user, by compressing the features of the mounting location between the first addition strip1236and the second addition strip1238to advantageously enhance the installation strength of the hair accessory. In one embodiment, a cap with magnetic features may be provided to supplement and/or replace hair of a user. For example, a cap may be provided with natural and/or synthetic hair installed. The cap may be removably installed to a user via magnetics and/or other attachment techniques. For example, silicone or another material may be used to facilitate sticking at least part of the cap to the top portion of a user's head. In one embodiment, a band may be provided with hair that may be installed against the wig. The hair included by the band may be natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic, and/or a mixture of hair types and sources. The band may include magnetic attachment interfaces. For example, the band may include a magnetic material applied to a significant portion of the circumference of the band on an inner and/or outer surface. In another example, the band may include a magnetic material applied to spaced locations about the circumference of the band on an inner and/or outer surface. A wig, top piece, strips, cap, and/or other hair replacement products may be removably installed to the band, for example, via magnet attraction. In operation, a method may be provided for supplementing and/or replacing hair using a magnetic hair accessory. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the following methods are provided to illustrate an embodiment of the disclosure and should not be viewed as limiting the disclosure to only those methods or aspects. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that this and the additional examples given throughout this disclosure may be performed by an individual, professional, and/or other person. Skilled artisans will appreciate additional methods within the scope and spirit of the disclosure for performing the operations provided by the examples below after having the benefit of this disclosure. Such additional methods are intended to be included by this disclosure. In one example operation, the hair accessory may be installed by locating one piece of the hair accessory near the hair of a wearer. The hair accessory may include hair material and a magnetic material. The hair accessory may be positioned near a mounting location, such as the hair grown by the wearer, so that an active face with attractive magnetic characteristics substantially faces the mounting location. The wearer may then locate at least one other active face of another hair accessory near the active face of the first hair accessory to install the hair material to the mounting location. The multiple hair accessory pieces may compress the active faces about the mounting location via attraction of the magnetic material included in the coating of each of the hair accessories. The magnetic material may include rare-earth magnets, such as neodymium, to enhance the magnetic attraction while not adding undesirable weight to the hair accessory. Optionally, the grip of the hair accessory to the mounting location may be supplemented by including one or more score, grit, and/or other feature that could improve friction. The score, grit, and/or other feature may be integrated or otherwise provided by the coating. While various aspects have been described in the above disclosure, the description of this disclosure is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. The invention is defined by the scope of the appended claims and not the illustrations and examples provided in the above disclosure. Skilled artisans will appreciate additional aspects of the invention, which may be realized in alternative embodiments, after having the benefit of the above disclosure. Other aspects, advantages, embodiments, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

11857013

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure is directed to apparel products, methods of assembling apparel products, and methods of disassembling apparel products. As used herein, an “apparel product,” refers to an article that is configured to fit over a portion of a body or is an accessory of an article configured to fit over the portion of the body. An apparel product includes, without limitation, clothing (e.g., shirts, pants, jeans, slacks, skirts, coats, dresses, sweaters, activewear, athletic, aerobic, exercise apparel, swimwear, cycling jerseys or shorts, race suits, wetsuits, and body suits), footwear (e.g., socks, shoes, boots, loafers), protective apparel (e.g., lab coat, flame retardant clothing), clothing accessories (e.g., hats, masks, scarves, belts, bra straps, side panels, gloves, hosiery, leggings, orthopedic braces, labels, buttons, pockets, purses, tags, security tag, neck ties, bowties) undergarments (e.g., underwear, t-shirts, tank tops, shapewear), compression garments, draped garments (e.g., kits, loincloths, togas, ponchos, cloaks shawls), among others. An apparel product can also include accessories that can be supported or carried by a wearer, such as handbags, backpacks, totes, umbrellas, among others. FIG.1Adepicts an apparel product100, according to some embodiments. Although the apparel product100depicts a long sleeved pull over shirt, any other types, shapes, and uses of articles are also contemplated. As used herein, an apparel product refers to an article that is formed from a laminate and/or layered material including layers of fabric material, a polymer sheet, or combination thereof. The apparel product can be formed from knitted, woven, or non-woven textile materials. An apparel product can be shaped to conform over at least a portion of a human body. The apparel product100includes a major component102and additional minor components coupled to the major component102and/or coupled to other minor components. As used herein, “components” refer to portions of an apparel product that can be combined or joined to one another to form the apparel product. A “major component” forms a base portion of the apparel product to which one or more minor components are bonded therewith. A “minor component” includes portions of the apparel product that can be coupled to one another and/or to the major component to form the apparel product. As used herein, a minor component includes less material (e.g., fabric) than a major component. Similarly, major component includes more material (e.g., fabric) than a minor component. In some embodiments, the major component102can include cotton or a polymer material, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or a polyamide, such as nylon 6,6. In some embodiments, the major component102can be fleece, such as fleece made up of polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, or combination thereof. As used herein, the term “fleece” refers to one or more layers of strand or threads of textile materials, such as chemical fibers, natural fibers, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments the fleece can be composed of polyester, polyamide, cellulose regeneration and/or lignin fibers, such as natural fibers, wool, cotton, or combinations thereof. The fibers can be short fibers or long continuous fibers. Each of the minor components can be composed of the same or different materials from the major component. In some embodiments, one or more of the minor components can be composed of a contrasting material such as nylon. In some embodiments, the minor components can include a pocket106composed of the same or different material from the major component102. The pocket106can be composed of a contrasting material such as nylon. The minor components can include labels108which can be composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The labels108can include trademarks, logos, branding or designs. The minor components can include bindings104formed along edges of the major component102, such as at the cuffs. In some embodiments, the bindings104are composed of nylon, spandex, or a combination thereof. The minor components can further include fasteners110, such as buttons or snaps. The fasteners110can include a recyclable thermoplastic, such as polymers such as polyacetal (e.g., commonly referred to as acetal or polyoxymethylene or POM). In some embodiments, the fasteners110include about 5 wt. % to about 80 wt. % PET by weight, such as about 10 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, such as about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, such as about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. %. The minor components can be coupled to the major component102on an outside surface of the major component102or on an inside surface of the major component102. The minor components can include hanger loops112which can be composed of nylon. The hanger loops112are configured to receive a hanger or a hook. Other components are also contemplated, such as liners, shells, and design features. In some embodiments, the major component102includes one or more recyclable materials and one or more of the minor components include one or more recyclable materials that are different or the same as one or more of the recyclable materials of the major component102. In some embodiments, the major component102includes one or more recyclable materials and one or more of the minor components include non-recyclable materials. In some embodiments, the major component102includes one or more non-recyclable materials and one or more of the minor components include one or more recyclable materials. FIG.1Bdepicts another apparel product101, according to some embodiments. The apparel product101can include a major component121, or a plurality of major components that are shaped to conform over at least a portion of a wearer, such as human body. The major component121can be a continuous base portion that is configured to conform over at least a portion of a wearer. Alternatively, the major component121includes a plurality of portions, such as a front body panel121A and a back body panel121B of the major component121. The front body panel121A can be coupled to the back body panel121B at seams109,115using the reversible adhesives described herein, alternatively or additionally, one or more other methods, such as sewing. The major component121is configured to be coupled with minor components, such as a collar113or a sleeve111via interface107. In some embodiments, one or more of the minor components are formed at least partially over at least a portion of the wearer. In some embodiments, the collar113is formed from coupling a first portion of a major component to a second portion of the major component by folding over the major component along a fold parallel to an edge of the major component. The major component is folded to contact the first portion to the second portion via the reversible adhesive described herein. Alternatively or additionally, one or more other methods are used to couple the first portion to the second portion of the major component, such as by sewing. In some embodiments, a folded edge103is formed from coupling a third portion of a major component to a fourth portion of the major component by folding over the major component along the fold edge103parallel to an edge of the major component. The major component is folded to contact the third portion to the fourth portion via the reversible adhesive described herein. Alternatively or additionally, one or more other methods are used to couple the third portion to the fourth portion of the major component, such as sewing. FIG.2depicts a portion of a major component202coupled to a portion of a minor component206. The major component202and the minor component206can be coupled by a reversible adhesive204. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive204is disposed at least partially between the minor component206and the major component202. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is at least partially disposed or embedded within pores of the major component202and/or pores of the minor component206. The reversible adhesive204is capable of maintaining adhesion to the major component202and minor component206under conditions in which the apparel article is worn, cleaned, and dried, such as about 90° C. or below, such as about 70° C. or below, such as about −50° C. to about 60° C., such as about −40° C. to about 50° C., such as about −20° C. to about 30° C., such as about 0° C. to about 10° C. The composition of the reversible adhesive204is configured to release one or both of the minor component206and major component202when exposed to a predetermined condition. The predetermined condition can be a temperature, such as a temperature above a predetermined temperature, an electromagnetic energy exposure, a predetermined pH value, or combinations thereof depending on the composition of the reversible adhesive204. The reversible adhesive204can be exposed to the predetermined condition for a predetermined time depending on the composition of the reversible adhesive204. In some embodiments, the composition and conditions for assembling and disassembling the reversible adhesive204is the same for each minor component206, or is different for two or more (e.g., each) minor component206located on a major component depending on the composition of the minor component206. The difference in disassembly conditions is useful for separating different components sequentially. Separating different components sequentially enables ease of sorting of various different types of materials that are categorized into different recycle categories. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive204composition is determined based on the composition of the major component202. The reversible adhesive204composition includes a material that is compatible and capable of adhering to the composition of the major component202. Apparel Product Components One or more of the apparel product components (e.g.,202,204) can include different forms and compositions, such as animal-derived or plant-based natural fibers and compositions (e.g., cotton, linen, hemp, silk, cashmere, wool, jute, bamboo, leather), regenerated cellulose compositions (e.g., acetate), synthetic compositions (e.g., fibers, sheets, patches, liners, shells, woven, non-woven), and any material known in the apparel product industry. The apparel product components can include polymer materials, such as thermoplastic synthetic materials. The apparel product components can include one or more materials including polyester, such as polyethylene terephthalate (referred to herein as “PET”), acrylic, materials generated from cellulose (e.g., rayon, lyocell, viscose, modal, bamboo), cellulose acetate, polyamide (e.g., nylon), polyether-polyurea copolymer (e.g., elastane, spandex, lycrae), polyurethane, neoprene, polyacetal, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), blends thereof, and combinations thereof. Other materials are also contemplated such a polybutylene terephthalate (referred to herein as “PBT”) and polybutylene succinate (referred to herein as “PBS”). The apparel product components (e.g.,202,204) can be formed using fibers, such as finely woven microfibers, filaments, yarns, or combinations thereof. The apparel products having the apparel product components can be machine washable, machine dryable, hand washable, dry cleanable, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the apparel products are dry clean only or hand wash only. In some embodiments, the apparel products can have portions that are sewn together, or the apparel products can be free of sewn portions. Other forms and compositions of apparel product components are also contemplated, such as post-consumer plastic (PCP). In some embodiments, the composition of at least one of the apparel product components contains about 25 wt. % or less PCP material, such as about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, such as about 2 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, such as about 4 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, such as about 6 wt. % to about 8 wt. %. At least one of the one or more apparel product components (e.g.,202,204) can be recyclable, such as at least two of the apparel product components. Each of the apparel product components can be the same recycle category or grade and can be recycled together. Alternatively, at least two of the apparel product components are categorized as different recycle categories or grades and recycled separately. Separating apparel product components from non-recyclable apparel product components and/or recyclable apparel products categorized as a different grade can be time consuming, expensive, or difficult due to the manner in which the components are coupled together. It has been discovered, that using a reversible adhesive204to join components together enables joining the apparel product components, such that the apparel products are wearable and durable for a variety of conditions without separation. As used herein, the term “recyclable material” refers to a material that can be processed and used again in new products, such as incorporated into new apparel products. In some embodiments, one or more of the apparel product components have glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 250° C., such as about −10° C. to about 200° C., such as 10° C. to about 100° C. In some embodiments, one or more of the apparel product have a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive204includes particles203disposed therein. The particles203can be nanoparticles or microparticles. The particles203can have a diameter of about 1000 μm or less, such as about 20 μm to about 500 μm, such as about 50 μm to about 400 μm, such as about 100 μm to about 300 μm, such as about 150 μm to about 200 μm. In some embodiments, the particles203have a diameter of about 1 μm to about 10 μm, such as about 3 μm to about 5 μm. In some embodiments, the particles203have a largest dimension of about 3 nm to about 100 nm, such as about 5 nm to about 80 nm, such as about 20 nm to about 60 nm, such as about nm to about 50 nm, or about 100 nm to about 200 nm, such as about 150 nm to about 175 nm. In some embodiments, the particles203are encapsulated in a polymer. In some embodiments, the particles203are encapsulated with a polymer that is the same or compatible (e.g., miscible) with one or more polymers of the reversible adhesive. The particles can be in the form of plates, fibers, or rod-like particulates distributed through the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, the particles are granular, spherical, oblong, rod-shaped, or semi-spherical nanoparticles or macroparticles. The particles are configured to absorb non-contact electromagnetic energy, such as eddy current induction heating and/or microwave by directing the energy to the reversible adhesive, where the particles absorb the radiation and convert it to thermal energy. The thermal energy is sufficient to break the covalent bonds of the reversible adhesive204and release the components202,204from one another. In some embodiments, the particles can be heated or energized to heat or energize the reversible adhesive locally to a temperature greater than the temperature of the components of the apparel product. In some embodiments, the particles can be heated using electromagnetic energy such as microwave, ultraviolet, infrared, blue light, or other forms of electromagnetic energy. In some embodiments the electromagnetic energy can include one or more of microwave (e.g., wavelength of about 1 mm to about 1 m), ultraviolet (e.g., wavelength of about 10 nm to about 400 nm), infrared (e.g., wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1 mm), visible (e.g., wavelength of about 400 nm to about 750 nm), such as blue light (e.g., wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm), or other forms of electromagnetic energy. The particles can be suspended uniformly throughout reversible adhesive, or the particles can be embedded or doped into the reversible adhesive, such as a surface of the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, the particles are pre-mixed in the reversible adhesive to provide a homogeneous distribution through the reversible adhesive. The reversible adhesive can be selectively heated by using metal-containing particles203disposed within the reversible adhesive. The particles can be embedded in the reversible adhesive at a concentration that enables heat transfer to the adhesive at the temperature range at which the reversible bonds break. In some embodiments, the apparel product components are maintained intact, without degradation during the heat transfer from an external heat source to the particles and to the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes particles, such as metal-containing particles, such as an iron containing material, such as iron oxide. In some embodiments, the particles include Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, metallic iron, copper, aluminum, silver, cobalt, nickel, FeN, FePt, FePd, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the particles generate heat when exposed to microwave energy, such as from a microwave reactor. In some embodiment, the particles are exposed to microwave energy having a frequency of about 915 MHz to about 5 GHz, such as about 2.45 GHz to about 4 GHz. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive204includes metal-containing particles and the apparel product is free of any other metallic components such that other portions of the apparel product is not selectively heated as the particles are heated. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a particle loading of about 0.01 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, such as about 0.05 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, such as about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt. %, such as about 2 wt. % to about 3 wt %, or about 6 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, such as about 7 wt. % to about 9 wt. %, or about 8 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, such as about 10 wt. % to about 13 wt. %. In some embodiments, the particles produce heat when exposed to static (H dc) or alternating (H ac) magnetic fields. The temperature of the reversible adhesive is locally increased by induction from the heated particles. In some embodiments, the alternating magnetic field is applied at a frequency of about 200 kHz to about 1000 kHz, such as about 300 kHz to about 900 kHz, such as about 600 kHz to about 800 kHz and strength of about 2 kA/m to about 30 kA/m, such as about 6 kA/m to about 11 kA/m. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is free of metallic particles, such as for apparel products containing metal components, such as metallic zippers or metallic buttons. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is free of metallic particles, such as for apparel products composed of material having a glass transition temperature above the deactivating temperature. In particular, the reversible adhesive can be heated to a temperature that breaks the bonds of the reversible adhesive, the temperature being lower than the glass transition temperature of the apparel product. Alternatively, or additionally, the particles include shape memory materials configured to deform upon exposure to light or heat which is described in further detail relative to shape memory materials described herein. Alternatively, or additionally, the particles are configured to illuminate upon activation, such as electrical activation which is described in further detail relative to shape memory materials described herein. Assembly of Apparel Product Components FIG.3depicts a process flow diagram of a method300for assembling an apparel product according to some embodiments. The method300includes applying302a reversible adhesive composition to a portion of a first component of the apparel product, applying304a portion of a second component of the apparel product to the reversible adhesive, and optionally curing306the reversible adhesive. The reversible adhesive composition can be applied302using any method known in the industry depending on the composition of the reversible adhesive composition. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive composition is applied by heat gun, printing, spraying, painting, dipping, roll on, screen printing, photolithography, transferring or spreading on by contact, or combinations thereof. The reversible adhesive composition can be in liquid form or a semiliquid gel form, or a foam when applied. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive composition includes a foaming agent. The reversible adhesive composition can be crosslinked by applying a crosslinking condition, such as heat, electromagnetic energy, or combinations thereof. The crosslinking condition can be applied for a time of about 1 second to about 24 hours, such as about 5 seconds to about 2 hours, such as about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. Once the reaction for crosslinking occurs, the crosslinked reversible composition can be cured, such as by reducing the temperature. Prior to use, the reversible composition can be stored in a kit, such as a two part kit and combined prior to applying to the components. Alternatively, the reversible adhesive composition is stored in a single container, such as a previously crosslinked reversible adhesive. The previously crosslinked reversible adhesive can be stored as strips or other geometries. In some embodiments, the previously crosslinked reversible adhesive can be treated by a deactivating condition prior to applying the adhesive/monomers thereof to the major component or minor component. The previously crosslinked reversible adhesive can be partially crosslinked or fully crosslinked. The storage container can include the reversible adhesive composition that has not yet been crosslinked. Overtime, the reversible adhesive composition can undergo partial bonding that increases the viscosity and changes dispensing properties such as flow rate of dispensing and component penetration. The bonding amount depends on time, temperature, and exposure to moisture. Although the term “applying” is used to describe transferring the reversible adhesive to the apparel product and pressing the components together, other terms can also be used such as coupling, transferring, contacting, pressing, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, such as for reversible adhesive with Diels-Alder bonds, to prevent issues with applying the reversible adhesive composition, the reversible adhesive composition, which can have partial bonding with a first viscosity and first molecular weight, can be pre-heated to a temperature of about 100° C. to about 200° C., such as about 150° C. for about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, such as about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, such as about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes. After preheating, at least some of the partial bonds are broken and the reversible adhesive composition can have a second viscosity and second molecular weight. The second viscosity is less than the first viscosity and the second molecular weight is less than the first molecular weight. The viscosity is reduced to a predetermined viscosity that enables dispensing and/or spreading the reversible adhesive composition. After the reversible adhesive composition is dispensed between components or portions of components, the reversible adhesive composition can be allowed to bond by reducing a temperature of the reversible adhesive. For Diels-Alder, a bonding can occur at about 25° C. to about 100° C., such as about 70° C. for about 1 hour to about 7 days, such as about 1 hour to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, components such as monomers are applied to the apparel product in one or more layers and the monomers react with one another once applied to the apparel product. In some embodiments, the monomers polymerize (e.g., cure) when applied to the apparel product. In some embodiments, the monomers do not react or react slowly until cured with a curing agent, thermal energy, electromagnetic energy, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is applied at a thickness of about 0.02 mm or greater, such as about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm, such as about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm, such about 0.3 mm to about 0.5 mm, or about mm to about 0.8 mm. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a viscosity of about 1,000 cPs to about 10,000 cPs, such as about 3,000 cPs to about 6,000 cPs, such as about 3,500 cPs to about 5,000 cPs during application. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can be applied in a predetermined pattern on one or more components of the apparel product using photolithography, such as by curing by ultraviolet (UV) light. Curing306the reversible adhesive can include any method known in the industry for curing adhesives, such as air drying, curing by applying heat, curing by applying electromagnetic energy, such as UV light, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the adhesive is solid upon curing. Prior to and/or during application, the removable adhesive can be maintained at a temperature of about 40° C. to about 200° C., such as about 80° C. to about 100° C. In some embodiments, curing306the reversible adhesive further includes applying a force to press the components against one another for a predetermined amount of time. A cure time can range from about 1 second to about 72 hours, such as about 1 hour to about 5 hours, such as about 1 minute to about 2 hours, such as about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, or about 24 hours to about 48 hours. In some embodiments, curing includes exposure to ambient conditions, such as ambient air and humidity. The method300is described in further detail relative to each adhesive composition described in further detail herein. Disassembly of Apparel Product Components The reversible adhesive can be deactivated during disassembly of the apparel product under a predetermined condition depending on the composition of the reversible adhesive.FIG.4depicts a process flow diagram of a method400for disassembling an apparel product according to some embodiments. The method400includes exposing402an apparel product to a deactivating condition, the apparel product including a reversible adhesive between portions of a first and second component of the apparel product, separating404the first component from the second component adjoined by the reversible adhesive, and sorting406the separated components. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can include temperature reversible bonds, such as Diels-Alder bonds, chemical reversible bonds, such as disulfide bonds, thioester bonds, boronate bonds, imine bonds, light reversible bonds, such as cyclodextrin-azobenzene, shape memory materials, benzoxaborole bonds, oxime bonds, acylhydrazone bonds, thiol bonds, mixtures thereof, or combination(s) thereof. Other reversible bond types are also contemplated. In some embodiments, separating404further includes removing threads adjoining one or more components. Additionally, or alternatively, separating404further includes removing threads adjoining one or more portions of one or more components. The threads can be composed of a recyclable material or a non-recyclable material. In some embodiments, the threads are composed of nylon. The deactivating condition can be a temperature, such as a temperature below a degrading temperature of the apparel product components and above a minimum deactivating temperature for deactivating the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, the deactivating temperature of the reversible adhesive is about 100° C. to about 180° C., such as about 120° C. to about 160° C., such as about 130° C. to about 140° C. In some embodiments, a collection of apparel products are collected and heated in a process chamber, such as a furnace, a microwave oven, an electromagnetic oven, an induction oven, or other equipment known in the art configured to transfer heat selectively to the reversible adhesives without significantly heating the apparel material being separated. The deactivating condition can be a predetermined pH change or a predetermined pH range. In some embodiments, the apparel products are exposed to the deactivating condition in one or more baths, such as one or more solvent baths having a controlled pH range, such as a basic solution, a caustic solution, or combinations thereof. Each of the one or more baths can be configured to mechanically agitate the apparel products, such as spinning in a washing machine. The reversible adhesive is exposed to the one or more baths and reverse the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, the apparel products can be rinsed after exposure to the deactivating condition to remove monomers and other byproduct(s) of the reversed adhesive. The deactivating condition can be an exposure to electromagnetic energy within a predetermined range of wavelengths. In some embodiments, the deactivating condition is an exposure to one or more of microwave (e.g., wavelength of about 1 mm to about 1 m), ultraviolet (e.g., wavelength of about 10 nm to about 400 nm), infrared (e.g., wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1 mm), visible (e.g., wavelength of about 400 nm to about 750 nm), such as blue light (e.g., wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm), or other forms of electromagnetic energy. In some embodiments, a portion of the apparel producing including the reversible adhesive can be stretched to enable penetration of the deactivating condition to the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, the portion including the reversible adhesive can be composed of a stretchable material, such as a material including spandex. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that stretching the fabric enables providing tension on the adhesive bonds and increasing an area of exposure to enable penetration of the electromagnetic energy, such as light to the reversible bonds. Upon energizing the reversible adhesive, reversible bonds of the reversible adhesive are broken and the viscosity of the reversible adhesive is substantially reduced. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is soluble in a solution, such as water or in a solvent upon energizing the reversible adhesive. The broken reversible chemical bonds and reduced viscosity reduces the adhesive strength of the reversible adhesive. The portions of the components held together by the reversible adhesive can be separated (e.g.,404) by application of a force, such as pulling the components apart. In some embodiments, separating404includes separation by gravity or mechanical agitation, such as a tumble dryer, centrifugal separator, or other reactor. In some embodiments, operations402and404occur substantially simultaneously, such as in a tumble dryer with heating applied simultaneously with tumbling or other agitation. In some embodiments, the components are separated prior to introducing the separated components into a centrifuge. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is separated from the components in the centrifuge. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is dissolved in the centrifuge. In some embodiments, such as in large scale separation, the apparel products can be placed in a process chamber configured to apply centrifugal force on the components of the apparel products to induce separation of the deactivated adhesives from the apparel components. The centrifugal force is configured to pull the depolymerized liquid adhesive (e.g., deactivated reversible adhesive) off the apparel products. In some embodiments, the process chamber is a high speed centrifuge that can be temperature and pressure controlled. In some embodiments, the apparel products can be processed in the device at a rotational speed of about 50 rpm or greater, such as about 100 rpm to about 150,000 rpm, such as about 500 rpm to about 1,000 rpm, such as about 1,500 to about 3,000 rpm, or about 4,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm. The apparel products can be processed in the process chamber for about 10 seconds to about 48 hours, such as about 20 seconds to about 24 hours, such as about 30 seconds to about 16 hours, such as about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, or about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, or about 2 hours to about 4 hours, or about 6 hours to about 8 hours. In some embodiments, the deactivated reversible adhesive can be spun out of a chamber volume of the process chamber. In some embodiments, each of the one or more components of the apparel products can be grouped within the process volume by product density or size. In some embodiments, the separated components are sorted by passing the components through one or more sieves. Small components such as buttons can pass through openings in the sieve and be separated from the bulk components. The one or more components can also be sorted by separating out buoyant components that float to the surface of a solution and/or non-buoyant components that sink to the bottom of a solution. In some embodiments, the components are disposed at different heights within a solution based on a density of the components. For example a density of a nylon can be about 1.0 g/cc, a density of polyester can be about 1.3 g/cc and a density of cotton can be 1.5 g/cc. Each of the nylon, polyester, and cotton can be separated from one another based on differences in density. In some embodiments, different components are sorted by differences in color using computer vision methods. Sorting406the separate components can include categorizing the components by recycle groups to be recycled, reused, or discarded in accordance with the recycle group or category. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive material can be collected, recycled, reused, discarded, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the components are separated based on material density, color, rheology, or other physical attribute. Once grouped, each of the components can be further rinsed or washed with a solvent, surfactant, or other solution to remove debris or residual reversible adhesive. Each group of components can be further characterized, such as by spectroscopy, chromatography (e.g., gel permeation chromatography), or other test method. The testing can determine the quality of the components and method for recycling the materials. Recycling can be done in any method known in the industry, such as by shredding, granulating, melting, extruding, pelletizing, or combinations thereof. After sorting the components by a first attribute, such as density, the components can be further separated based on additional attributes such as a second attribute, such as color. Apparel products assembled with reversible adhesives described herein are disassembled by treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition. The deactivating condition converts the reversible adhesive to a treated reversible adhesive with a reduced viscosity and/or reduced adhesive properties. The components coupled together by the reversible adhesives can be separated once the reversible adhesive is treated. The treated reversible adhesives can be removed from the components by a force, such as a centrifugal force in a spinner. Components of the apparel product can be sorted and separated by a physical attribute, such as by component density, which can be detected by difference in component buoyancy when suspended in a fluid. In addition to using buoyancy force to separate componnets of different densities, other methods are also contemplated such as near-infrared optical methods to differentiate components by component chemistry. The separated components can be further sorted by a second physical attribute such as color (e.g., pigment intensity). In some embodiments, a large number of apparel products are mass processed. The apparel product components are first spread apart onto a surface, such as a conveyor belt. Arranging the apparel product components can include running a conveyor belt at a speed below a container of numerous apparel components. At the bottom of the container, a dispenser opens and closes at a frequency to drop a small number of apparel product components onto the conveyor belt. The speed of the conveyor belt, the size of the opening of the dispenser at the bottom of the container, and a cycle time of the dispenser opening and closing are tuned to control the amount of the components in each group and how far apart the components are distributed along the conveyor belt. When the apparel product components travel on the conveyor belts in small groups, mechanical grippers with long and slender tips are used to pinch and pick up individual components. The grippers can be guided by a computer vision algorithm with the ability to detect an attribute such as color. Reversible Adhesive Backbone As used herein, the term “backbone” refers to a polymer structure that can be further functionalized with functional groups to form the bonds described in more detail herein, such as Diels-Alder bonds, disulfide bonds, thioester bonds, boronic acid bonds, imine bonds, cyclodextrin-azobenzene bonds, shape memory materials, or combinations thereof. The reversible adhesive backbone can include one or more monomers (as reacted monomeric units) that have been polymerized or copolymerized. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes monomeric units of acrylate, methacrylate, acrylic, ethylene, propylene, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl ester monomers, or combinations thereof. The reversible adhesive can include acrylic monomeric units, such as acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), esters of AA and MAA, itaconic acid (IA), crotonic acid (CA), acrylamide (AM), methacrylamide (MAM), and derivatives of AM and MAM, e.g., alkyl (meth)acrylam ides. Esters of AA and MAA include alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, phosphoalkyl and sulfoalkyl esters, e.g., methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), hydroxybutyl acrylate (HBA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), butyl acrylate (BA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA), benzyl acrylate (BzA), isooctyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, and phosphoalkyl methacrylates (e.g., PEM). In some embodiments, the backbone polymer can further include gel compositions, such as polyethylene glycols (PEG), poly(2-oxazoline), poly(2-oxazine), derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. In addition to the backbone polymer, any of the reversible adhesives described herein can further include additional additives or polymers, such as tackifiers, antioxidants, nucleators, energy absorbers, curing agents, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, these additional additives or polymers can be present in the reversible adhesive in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, such as about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, such as about 10 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. The reversible adhesives have adhesive properties suitable to withstand normal use, cleaning, and drying of the apparel products. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). As used herein, adhesive strength, such as T-peel can be measured using any test methods known in the industry. Moreover, adhesive strength can depend on the adhesive, the mechanical strength of the component, the mechanical strength of the adjoined structure, the type of adjoined structure, or combinations thereof. The adjoined structure can be a butterfly joint or an overlap joint. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes multiple layers such as a primer layer disposed between the component of the apparel product and an adhesive layer that includes the reversible bonds. The reversible adhesives described herein are different from conventional adhesives, such as adhesives that melt with no bonds being broken. Without being bound by theory, the crosslinking covalent bonds described herein provide adhesive strength and an ability to bond to the materials of the apparel product components. It is believed that when disassembly conditions are met, these bonds will break and cause the reversible adhesive to lose strength and tackiness. The breaking of the bonds enable complete separation between the adhesive and the apparel material in a chemical process. Additionally, the molecular weight of the reversible adhesive before breaking the bonds (e.g., can be up to infinite molecular weight) is higher than the molecular weight of the reversible adhesive after breaking the bonds. In contrast, conventional thermoplastic adhesives do not contain crosslinking bonds. When heated, conventional adhesives become softer and easier to flow because of increased chain mobility and little or no covalent bonds are broken. The molecular weight of the conventional adhesive remains substantially the same before and after heating the adhesive, which would otherwise make any disassembly very difficult. The heated conventional adhesive remains viscous and tacky due to the high molecular weight. As a result, the two substrates being bonded by the conventional adhesive may be separated but it is difficult to separate the adhesive from the substrates. The melting of thermoplastic adhesives is a physical process rather than a chemical process described relative to the reversible adhesives described herein. Cycloalkene Bonding In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes thermoreversible bonds, such as cycloalkene bonds, such as cyclo-monoalkene bond. The cycloalkene bonds can be part of a polymer network such as any of the backbone polymers described herein. In some embodiments, the polymer network includes a polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, poly(ester urethane), copolymers thereof, or combinations thereof. The cycloalkene bonds, also referred to herein as “Diels-Alder” bonds can be formed between various diene and dienophile groups, such as maleimide and furan groups, such as bismaleimide and trifunctional furan. The diene and dienophile composition can be selected such that a temperature used to reverse the reversible adhesive can be controlled to be within a predetermined temperature, such as below the temperature at which the components degrade and above a temperature the apparel product can be worn, used, cleaned, and dried. The diene and dienophile group ratios can be selected to obtain reversible adhesive having different properties, such as cross-linking densities. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is doped with Diels-Alder functional groups. In some embodiments, the copolymer functionalized with diene includes furfuryl methacrylate. In some embodiments, the diene copolymer, such as furfuryl methacrylate is present in the reversible adhesive in an amount 10 wt. % to 99 wt. %, such as about 20 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, such as about 20 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, based on the weight of the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, adducts form between the diene and dienophile groups at a temperature of about 80° C. or lower, such as about 20° C. to about 80° C., such as about 30° C. to about 70° C. In some embodiments, the adducts are formed after about 1 minute to about 2 hours at the temperature, such as about 5 minutes to about 1 hour, such as about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes. The reversible adhesive including the adducts include cross-linked bonds having bond strengths and bonds with suitable adhesion properties for apparel products. The adducts can be debonded (reversible bond) at temperatures of about 80° C. or greater, such as about 90° C. to about 200° C., such as about 100° C. to about 120° C., such as about 140° C. to about 160° C. The cross-linked bonds of the molecular structure of the reversible adhesive can break, resulting in lower molecular weight and low modulus as well as reduced viscosity and increased solubility in a solvent. As used herein, a “solvent” refers to an organic solvent such as an aliphatic solvent, aromatic solvent, an alcohol solvent, a glycol ether solvent, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a solvent is selected depending on the polymer backbone used for a polymer of the adhesive. A force, such as a centrifugal force of a device can separate components that are joined together by the reversible adhesive and the reversible adhesive from the components once the reversible adhesive bond is broken. In some embodiments, the apparel product can be heated while being rotated in a centrifuge at a temperature that can break the Diels-Alder bonds. The reversible adhesive can be prepared by forming a polyketone. The polyketone can include carbon monoxide, propylene, ethylene, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the propylene to ethylene weight ratio is about 1:0 to about 10:1, such as about 1:1 to about 5:1, such as about 2:1 to about 4:1. The polyketone can be grafted with furfurylamine. The grafted polyketone can be at least partially functionalized with furan groups and crosslinked with bismaleimide. Bismaleimide resins can include, but are not limited to, bis(3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-maleimidophenyl)methane, 4,4′-bismaleimido-diphenylmethane, 1,4-bismaleimido-2-methylbenzene and mixtures thereof; modified and partially advanced modified bismaleimide resins containing Diels-Alder comonomers; and a partially advanced bismaleimide based on 4,4′-bismaleimido-diphenylmethane and allylphenyl compounds or aromatic amines. In some embodiments, the bismaleimides useful for the reversible adhesives described herein include a bismalemide having about 2 to about 100 carbons, such as long-chained branched 36-carbon bismaleimide. Suitable Diels-Alder dienophiles include styrene and styrene derivatives, bis(propenylphenoxy) compounds, 4,4′-bis(propenylphenoxy)sulfones, 4,4′-bis(propenylphenoxy)benzophenones, 4,4′441-methyl ethylidene), bis(2-(2-propenyl)phenol), Bis(3-ethyl-5-methyl-4maleimidophenyl)methane, 1,4-Di(maleimido) butane, N,N′-(1,3-Phenylene)dimaleimide, N,N′-(1,4-Phenylene)dimaleimide, N,N′-(o-Phenylene)dimaleimide, and 1,1′-(Methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide. Bismaleimides (dienophiles) can be based on 4,4′-bismaleimido-diphenylmethane and an allylphenyl compound, such as diallylbisphenol-A. Other bismaleimides can include a nucleophilic addition of a nucleophile (or a carbanion) to an α,-unsaturated carbonyl compound including copolymers of bismaleimide and aromatic diamines, such as 4,4′-bismaleimido-diphenylmethane/4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane. In some embodiments, bismaleimide resins are based on 4,4′-bismaleimido-diphenylmethane. Alternative crosslinking agents (dienophiles) may include acetylenes and thioesters substituted with an electron-withdrawing group. The amount of bismaleimide can be controlled to achieve a predetermined crosslinking density. In some embodiments, the diene group to dienophile molar ratio, such as furan group to maleimide molar ratio, is about 5:1 to about 1:1, such as about 4:1 to about 2:1, such as about 3:1. In some embodiments, the furfuryl moiety to bismaleimide molar ratio is about 2:1 to about 1:2, such as about 1:1 to about 2:3. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that reversible adhesives including higher dienophile to diene molar ratios are considered to have lower network mobility and require higher temperatures for crosslink bonds to break. Depending on the apparel product material considerations, a temperature range at which Diels-Alder bonds break is selected and tuned by controlling a molar ratio of dienophile to diene. Controlling a temperature range at which the reverse reaction occurs enables preventing premature degradation of apparel products during normal use, cleaning, and overall life of apparel products. Additionally, it is further believed that the temperature range at which the reverse reaction occurs can be controlled by adjusting relative amounts of monomers that make up the polymer backbone of the adhesive. In some embodiments, increasing an ethylene content, such as to an amount of about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. % ethylene of total weight of ethylene and propylene used for the polymerization reaction, can increase a temperature range at which the reverse reaction occurs relative to propylene backbone adhesives that do not include ethylene. Lower network mobility can also lead to longer times to break the bonds. Thus, monomer content and dienophile to diene molar ratio can be controlled to enable a suitable time to disassemble the apparel products, such as about 10 seconds to about 5 hours, such as about 30 seconds to about 1 hour, such as about 1 minute to about 30 minutes. The reversible adhesive can be heated to the temperature range at which the reversible bonds break, while maintaining a temperature of the surrounding materials to prevent degradation of the other components of the apparel products or the debonding of another reversible adhesive designed to be debonded at a different condition to further separate additional components sequentially. The reversible adhesives are particularly advantageous with the particles203described relative toFIG.2. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a monomer including a diene, such as a diene acrylate or methacrylate and a dienophile, such as a bismaleimide crosslinking agent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive with Diels-Alder bonds have a bond strength of about 4 mPa to about 12 mPa, such as about 5 mPa to about 10 mPa, such as about 5 mPa to about 8 mPa at 23° C. when bonded to a major and/or minor component described herein. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive with Diels-Alder bonds have a bond strength of about 0.25 mPa to about 4 mPa, such as about 0.5 mPa to about 3 mPa, such as about 1 mPa to about 2 mPa at 80° C. when bonded to a major and/or minor component described herein. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive has a modulus of about 3 mPa to about 3500 MPa, such as about 10 mPa to about 3000 MPa, such as about 50 mPa to about 1500 mPa, such as about 90 mPa to about 125 mPa, according to tensiometric analysis using 100 N force and rate of 100 mm/min. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 200° C., such as about −10° C. to about 100° C., such as 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “modulus” refers to tensile modulus which is measured using a method based on ASTM D412 for materials having a modulus between 3 MPa to about 100 MPa or based on ASTM D638 for materials having a modulus from about 100M Pa to 3500 MPa. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes about 70 wt. % to about 85 wt. % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), about 3 wt. % to about 15 wt. % ethyl acrylate (EA), about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % methyl methacrylate (MMA), about 0 wt. % to about 7 wt. % furfuryl methacrylate (FFMA), about 1 wt. % to about 7 wt. % acrylic acid (AA), and about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. % n-dodecyl mercaptan (n-DDM). Thioester Bonding In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes pH reversible adhesives, such as reversible bonds produced by reversible covalent linkages, such as a linkage formed between an electrophilic moiety and a nucleophilic moiety. In some embodiments, reversible covalent linkages, such as thioester linkages can be formed from reacting an electrophilic moiety or electrophilic compound and a nucleophilic moiety or nucleophilic compound, such as thiol. The electrophilic moiety or electrophilic compound can include an acrylamide, alkyl halide, alkyl sulfonate, aziridine, epoxide, haloacetamide, maleimide, sulfonate ester, acid halide, carboxylic acid, acrylate, methacrylate, pentafluorophenyl groups, or combinations thereof. The electrophilic moiety containing materials can be selected based on the backbone material and the predetermined conditions (e.g. pH range) for reversing the reversible adhesive. Thioester linkages can be formed as part of thioester exchange reactions, such as thiol-thioester exchanges. A thiol-thioester exchange includes a thiolate anion reaction with a thioester to form thiolate and thioester products. Thioesters can also hydrolyze in water to form carboxylic acids. The relative rates of exchange and hydrolysis are competing reactions that can be controlled by exposing the reactants to a solution with a predetermined pH to aid the desired reaction such as a reaction that favors or limits hydrolysis over thiol-thioester exchange. Hydrolysis is typically considered an unstable state. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes one or more of the materials such as polymers described relative to thermoreversible adhesives. The reversible adhesive contains a reaction product of thiol-thioester reactants. The reversible adhesive can be formed and is stable when exposed to solutions with a pH of about 3 to about 8, such as about a pH of about 4 to about 7, such as about 5 to about 6. In some embodiments, the reversible thiol-thioester exchange reaction can occur at ambient conditions. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesives are cured by exposure to UV radiation. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesives can be reversed by exposure to UV radiation. The reversible adhesive can be formed by combining a first crosslinkable polymer having thiol moieties and a second crosslinkable polymer having electrophilic crosslinkable moieties. The crosslinkable moieties of the second crosslinkable polymer are capable of reacting with the thiol moieties of the first crosslinkable polymer to form thioester linkages between the first and second crosslinkable polymers. The first crosslinkable polymer can further include additional moieties such as thioester, alcohol, amine, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a reversible adhesive copolymer that contains an adhesive component such as butyl acrylate and a crosslinkable component such as poly(thiophenyl methacrylate) can be reacted with a bisthiol (i.e. 1,4 dithiobutane) or a bisamine (cysteamine dihydrochloride) to provide crosslinking. For crosslinking with a bisthiol, reversing the crosslinking would be based on the hydrolysis of thioesters. For crosslinking with a cysteamine the disulfide bond is the reversible bond. The reversible adhesive can be formed by combining a first crosslinkable polymer having thioester moieties and a second crosslinkable polymer having crosslinkable moieties. The crosslinkable moieties of the second crosslinkable polymer are capable of reacting with the thioester moieties of the first crosslinkable polymer to form thioester linkages between the first and second crosslinkable polymers. The first crosslinkable polymer can further include additional moieties such as thiol, alcohol, amine, and combinations thereof. As used herein, a “thioester” is a compound having the formula R—S—CO—R′, where R and R′ are, independently carbon and/or hydrogen containing groups having 1 to about 29 carbons, such as about 2 to about 20 carbons, such as about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. As used herein, a “thiol” is a compound having the formula R—SH, where R is a carbon and/or hydrogen containing group. As used herein a “unit” is a monomeric unit that is part of a polymer of the present disclosure. Table I lists several non-limiting examples of thioesters and thiols that can be used to form the reversible adhesives described herein. TABLE IExample Thiols and ThioestersThioestersThiolsAcylated thiophenolthiophenolAcylated 2-mercaptopyridine n-oct-SAc Acylated 1-octanethiol2-mercaptopyridine n-oct-SH 1-octanethiolAcylated methyl 3- mercaptopropionatemethyl 3- mercaptopropionate(boc-amino)ethanethiol Boc = tert-butyloxycarbonyl2-(boc-amino)ethanethiol Boc = tert-butyloxycarbonyl The reversible adhesive can include a first crosslinkable polymer having activated esters (e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimide) and a second crosslinkable polymer having thiol moieties functionalized to the backbone or formed as part of the backbone. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is reversed by exposing the reversible adhesive to a solution. The solution can have a pH below 3 or above 8. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive degrades and the components held together by the reversible adhesive can be separated at pH levels below 3, such as about 1 to about 2.9, such as about 1.4 to about 2.8, such as about 1.6 to about 2.6, In some embodiments, at pH levels above 8 pH, such as about 8.1 to about 14, such as about 9 to about 13, such as about 10 to about 12, the reversible adhesive degrades and the components held together by the reversible adhesive can be separated. The degradation of the reversible adhesive includes hydrolyzing the thiol-thioester. The material of the apparel product components are maintained without degradation. In some embodiments, thioesters having a pKaof about 2 to about 8 pKareacts with thiols with a pKaof about 2 to about 10 pKa. In some embodiments, the solution can include solvents, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, toluene, or chloroform. The pH of the solution can be adjusted using a nucleophilic catalyst, such as an amine catalyst, such as dimethylaminopyridine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, quinuclidine. In some embodiments, the solution includes a thiolate compound. The thiolate compound can include a linear, branched and/or dendritic multi-thiol macromolecule, poly(ethylene glycol) thiol, thiol containing glycerol, thiol containing peptide, cysteine, cystine, alkyl ester of cysteine, alkyl ester of cystine, MeSCH2SH, (R)/(S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, ethanethiol, 1-propanethiol, 2-propanethiol, butanethiol, tert-butyl mercaptan, pentanethiols, thiophenol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, thioacetic acid, 5-mercapto-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ol, 2-mercaptoacetamide, 2-mercaptoethanol, 1,2-ethanedithiol, ammonium thioglycolate, cysteamine, methyl thioglycolate, thiolactic acid, 1-mercapto-2-propanol, 2-methoxyethanethiol, 3-mercapto-1-propanol, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, 1-thioglycerol, mercaptosuccinic acid, 4-ethyl-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ol, N-carbamoyl-L-cysteine, 2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid, 4-mercaptobutyric acid, N-acetylcysteamine, 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, 1,5-pentanedithiol, 4-chlorothiophenol, 4-aminothiophenol, benzyl mercaptan, 2-furanmethanethiol, 3-mercaptohexanol, furfuryl thiol, derivatives thereof, a disulfide complex of one or more thereof, and any combinations thereof. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the thio-thioester exchange reaction between the thioester linkages in the reversible adhesive and the thios of the thiolate compound leads to dissolution of the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, a plurality of apparel products that include the reversible adhesive can be soaked in the solution and agitated. In some embodiments, the plurality of apparel products can be soaked in a first solution having a first pH, then soaked in a second solution having a second pH. In some embodiments, the first pH can be less than 3 pH and the second pH can be greater than 8 pH. In some embodiments, the first pH can be greater than 8 pH and the second pH can be less than 3 pH. In some embodiments, the apparel product can be rinsed after the first soak and/or rinsed after the second soak. The reversible adhesive formation and reversal can occur at ambient conditions, such as a temperature of about 16° C. to about 35° C., such as about 18° C. to about 26° C. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive has a modulus of about 3 mPa to about 3500 MPa, such as about 10 mPa to about 3000 MPa, such as about 50 mPa to about 1500 mPa, such as about 90 mPa to about 125 mPa, according to tensiometric analysis using 100 N force and rate of 100 mm/min. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 200° C., such as about −10° C. to about 100° C., such as 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a copolymer of poly(thiomethacrylate)-r-(oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate). The oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate (OEGMA) component provides a water soluble component and the thiomethacrylate component can provide the crosslinkable group. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is a reaction product of a thioester having the formula below. The thioester can be bonded to any of the thiols described herein. R1is a hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as an alkyl or aromatic group. R2is a carboxyl group or a carbonyl group substituted with a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, a branched hydrocarbon, or an ether group. In some embodiments, R2promotes solubility of the polymer in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, or in an inorganic solvent, such as water. In some embodiments, R2is a methacrylate or acrylate. R3and R4are each independently hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as a methyl or ethyl group. X and W are each independently hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as an alkyl or aromatic group. Each of “n” and “m” are independently a number from 1 to 1000, such as 100 to 800. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is a reaction product of a thioester having the formula below. R1is a hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as an alkyl or aromatic group. R3, R4, and R5are each independently a hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as a methyl or ethyl group. X and W are each independently a hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as an alkyl or aromatic group. Each of “n,” “m,” and “y” are independently a number from 0 to 1000, such as 100 to 800. Disulfide Bonding In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes pH reversible adhesives, such as reversible bonds produced by disulfide bonds. In some embodiments, the disulfide bonds are formed using any of the reversible adhesive backbone materials described herein, such as acrylic, methacrylic, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is a reaction product of a monomer including a sulfhydryl (thiol) group and oxidizing agents, such as iodine and oxygen-containing materials, such as sodium periodate, air, diatomic oxygen, 3,3′-dithiopropionic acid, gluthathione disulphide, or combinations thereof. The thiol groups can be any of the thiol groups described above with respect to thiols and can be converted to disulfide bonds by oxidizing the monomer. In some embodiments, the monomer including the thiol group is a reaction product of an amine containing monomer and 2-iminothiolate. In some embodiments, forming the disulfide bond is catalyzed with a disulfide derivative, such as pyridyl disulfide or 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is formed by co-polymerization of N,N′-bis-acryloylcystamine with acrylamide in water to obtain disulfide-containing poly(acrylamide). The disulfide-containing poly(acrylamide) is formed by oxidation using a low molecular weight disulfide such as cysteamine, 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide, 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid, or glutathione disulfide. In some embodiments, the reversible bond is reversed using dithiothreitol, glutathione, I-cysteine, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the disulfide-containing poly(acrylamide) is incorporated into other polymer networks including the backbone polymers described herein. The reversible adhesive can be formed at a pH range of about 5 pH to about 11 pH, such as about 6 to about 10, such as about 7 to 9. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive bonds can include additional polymers including other pH sensitive bonds, such as thiol groups or other pH sensitive groups described herein. Other pH sensitive bonds that can be included in polymers of the reversible adhesive include ketals that are labile in acidic environments, acetals, imines or iminiums, silicon-oxygen-carbon linkages, silicon-nitrogen linkages, such as silazanes, silicon-carbon linkages, such as arylsilane, vinylsilanes, and allylsilanes, bonds formed from maleic anhydride derivatives and amines, ortho esters, hydrazones, activated carboxylic acid derivatives, and combinations thereof. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that a rate of oxidation of thiol, such as in air, can depend on pH. The oxidation can proceed generally in the following general mechanism. R—SH+H2O⇄R—S−+H3O+ R—S−+O2⇄R—S′+O2− 2R—S′→R—S—S—R R is an atom or molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the rate of disulfide formation can be increased by increasing a concentration of free radicals, such as by introducing the reactants to ammonium persulfate and tetramethylethyldiamine. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a disulfide-containing polyester. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can be cured by exposure to UV radiation. In some embodiments, the molecular weight distribution of the reversible adhesive is broadened by increasing a time of exposure to the UV radiation. The reversible adhesive can be reversed by altering the pH outside of the formation range. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that a change in pH alters a solubility of the polymer having the disulfide bonds. In some embodiments, the apparel products having the reversible bonds can be submerged in a solution having a pH outside of the pH range at which the reversible adhesive is formed, such as about 1 pH to about 6 pH, such as about 2 pH to about 5 pH, such as about 3 pH to about 4 pH. The reversible adhesive can be reversed at pH below 6 or a pH above 7, such as a pH of about 1 to 2, or about 2 to about 3, or about 3 to about 4, or about 7 to about 8, or about 8 to 9, or about 9 to 10, or about 11 to 12, or about 12 to about 13, or about 13 to about 14. The pH of the solution can be tuned, altered, or buffered by adding one or more of carboxylic acids, imidazole, pyridine, phenols, polyamines, or combinations thereof. The reversible adhesive formation and reversal can occur at ambient conditions, such as a temperature of about 16° C. to about 35° C., such as about 18° C. to about 26° C. In some embodiments, the apparel product is submerged for about 1 second to about 24 hours, such as about seconds to about 10 minutes, such as about 30 seconds to about 50 minutes, or about minutes to about 3 hours. Alternatively, or additionally, the reversible adhesive having disulfide bonds can be reversed by using reducing agents such as glutathione, I-cysteine, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, or additionally, the reversible adhesive having disulfide bonds can be reversed using any of the thiols described herein. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive having disulfide bonds can be reversed using monothiols, dithiols, phosphines, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, disulfide moieties include cystamine, cystin, N,N′-bisacryloyl-cystamine, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, disulfide moieties can be introduced into a polymeric network simultaneously with radical polymerization. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes gels such as poly(ethylene glycol-block-propylene glycol-block-ethylene glycol) copolymers. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes compositions having a structure: R1and R2are each independently hydrogen, linear hydrocarbon, branched hydrocarbon, or cyclic hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, R1and R2are each a polymer having the same type of monomeric units. In some embodiments, R1and R2are each a polymer having the different type of monomeric units. Each of the polymers are selected based on solubility in a predetermined solvent or other physical properties. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the disulfide group can be inserted to any polymer backbone structure between crosslinking bonds. In some embodiments, at least one of the cross-linked polymers being crosslinked is soluble in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive has a modulus of about 3 mPa to about 3500 MPa, such as about 10 mPa to about 3000 MPa, such as about 50 mPa to about 1500 mPa, such as about 90 mPa to about 125 mPa, according to tensiometric analysis using 100 N force and rate of 100 mm/min. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 200° C., such as about −10° C. to about 100° C., such as 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). Boronate Bonding In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes reversible covalent bonds produced by reversible Lewis acid and Lewis base interactions. In some embodiments the Lewis acid can include monomers with boronic acid moieties, such as a phenylboronic acid. The Lewis acid can be crosslinked with monomers having other moieties (e.g., Lewis base). The other moieties can include diols. In some embodiments, the other moieties include amine, catechol, silanol, fructose, glucose, galactose, sorbitol, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the covalent bonds are formed between boron and oxygen, such as boronate ester bonds, such as cyclic boronic esters (e.g., 5, 6, or 7 member rings). In some embodiments, the covalent bonds are formed between boron and nitrogen. In some embodiments, the monomers include two or more boronic acid moieties. The boronic acid moieties are attached to aromatic rings. The aromatic rings to which the boronic acid moieties are attached may be substituted with additional functional groups. In some embodiments, one or more aromatic rings are substituted with an electron withdrawing group, such as a nitro group (—NO2). The two or more boronic acid moieties may be attached to the same aromatic ring, as for example, in 1,3-benzenediboronic acid (BDBA), or the boronic acid moieties may be attached to different aromatic rings on the same cross-linker molecule. In embodiments where the boronic acid moieties are attached to different aromatic rings, the aromatic rings may be separated by a linker. The linker may include a polymer core, such as any of the polymer backbones described herein useful for forming adhesives, such as acrylate. In such embodiments, the polymer core of the linker preferably includes about 1 to about 100 monomer units, such as about 10 to about 50 monomer units, such as about 20 to 30 monomer units. The polymer backbone can be attached to the boronic acid-containing aromatic rings through an amide linkage. It has been discovered that the moieties can be selected and combined to control a degradation of the reversible adhesive at a predetermined pH range. In some embodiments, the boronic acid ester bond can be formed at a pH of about 7 pH to about 14 pH, such as about 7.4 pH to about 10 pH, such as about 8 pH to about 9 pH, or about 11 pH to about 12 pH. The boronic acid ester bond can be reversed at a pH of below 7 pH, such as about 1 pH to about 6 pH, such as about 2 pH to about 5 pH, such as about 3 pH to about 4 pH. The reversible adhesive formation and reversal can occur at ambient conditions, such as a temperature of about 16° C. to about 35° C., such as about 18° C. to about 26° C. The apparel product can be submerged in a solution having a reduced pH. The pH of the solution can be adjusted by adding an acidic compound such as mannitol, such as about 80 mM to about 200 mM mannitol. In some embodiments, a pH of the solution can be controlled using any process known in the industry such as addition of HCl and/or KOH. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive has a modulus of about 3 mPa to about 3500 MPa, such as about 10 mPa to about 3000 MPa, such as about 50 mPa to about 1500 mPa, such as about 90 mPa to about 125 mPa, according to tensiometric analysis using 100 N force and rate of 100 mm/min. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 200° C., such as about −10° C. to about 100° C., such as 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a copolymer that is a reaction product of boronic acid groups and a crosslinking group(s). In some embodiments, the crosslinking group is a disaccharide or an oligosaccharide. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is a reaction product of a compound having a boronic acid group having the structure shown below. R1and R2are each independently hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as a methyl or ethyl group. R3is a carboxyl group or a carbonyl group substituted with a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, a branched hydrocarbon, or an ether group. In some embodiments, R3is a methacrylate or acrylate. X and W are each independently a hydrogen, a linear hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, or a branched hydrocarbon, such as an alkyl or aromatic group. Each of n and m are independently integers between 1 and 1000. In some embodiments, the phenyl group shown in the formula is substituted with a nitrogen containing group, an oxygen containing group, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, R1, R2and/or R3can include (meth)acrylate groups to adjust solubility, thermal properties, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is a reaction product of a compound having a boronic acid group having one or more of the structures shown below. Imine Bonding In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes pH reversible adhesives, such as reversible bonds produced by imine or iminium bonds. In some embodiments, the imine bonds are formed using any of the reversible adhesive backbone materials described herein, such as acrylic, methacrylic, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. The reversible adhesive can be formed at a pH range of about 4 pH to about 11 pH, such as a pH of about 5 to about 10, such as about 6 to about 8. The reversible adhesive can be reversed at pH below 4 or a pH above 7, such as a pH of about 1 to 2, or about 2 to about 3, or about 3 to about 4, or about 7 to about 8, or about 8 to 9, or about 9 to 10, or about 11 to 12, or about 12 to about 13, or about 13 to about 14. Upon reversal of the reversible adhesive, the reversible adhesive can form an amine and an aldehyde or a ketone. In some embodiments, the imine bond (also referred to herein as imine linkage) is formed from a polymer backbone functionalized with an aldehyde moiety, such as dextran aldehyde crosslinked with an amine or an aniline compound or moiety. In some embodiments, aldehyde-amine bonds are formed between branched polyamine and p-formylphenyl acrylate. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive bonds can include other pH sensitive bonds, such as thiol groups or other pH sensitive groups described herein. Other pH sensitive bonds include ketals that are labile in acidic environments, disulfides, acetals, silicon-oxygen-carbon linkages, silicon-nitrogen linkages, such as silazanes, silicon-carbon linkages, such as arylsilane, vinylsilanes, and allylsilanes, maleamates-amide bonds, ortho esters, hydrazones, activated carboxylic acid derivatives, acylhydrazones, oximes, benzoxaboroles, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is prepared by reacting an amine functionalized polybutadiene with an aldehyde crosslinker to form a recyclable polybutadiene elastomer crosslinked by imine bonds. The amine groups can be grafted onto the polybutadiene via a thiol-ene reaction to form polybutadiene-NH2which can be crosslinked with benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde. The reversible adhesive can have a young's modulus of about 1 MPa to about 32 MPa, such as about 2 MPa to about 10 MPa. In some embodiments, an imine bond is formed by a condensation reaction of a ketone group, an aldehyde group, an acyl group, and an amino group contained in a compound. In some embodiments, the imine bond is introduced into a polymer by polymerization or crosslinking reaction between reactive compounds that contain an imine bond. Reactive compounds that include imine bonds include a polyol having an imine group, a polythiol having an imine group, a polyethyleneimine, a polyamine, an isocyanate, an epoxy compound having an imine group, an alkene having an imine group, an alkyne having an imine group, or combinations thereof. The reversible adhesive can be reversed by altering the pH outside of the formation range. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that a change in pH alters a solubility of the polymer having the imine or iminium bonds. In some embodiments, the apparel products having the reversible bonds can be submerged in a solution having a pH outside of the pH range at which the reversible adhesive is formed. The pH of the solution can be tuned, altered, or buffered by adding one or more of carboxylic acids, imidazole, pyridine, phenols, polyamines, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solution includes an acid-base catalyst including one or more of an inorganic acid, organic acid, and acid salt catalyst thereof. Inorganic acids include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, or combinations thereof. Organic acids include methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and combinations thereof. Salt catalysts include sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, and hydrogen phosphate. The reversible adhesive formation and reversal can occur at ambient conditions, such as a temperature of about 16° C. to about 35° C., such as about 18° C. to about 26° C. In some embodiments, the apparel product is submerged for about 1 second to about 1 hour, such as about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes, such as about 30 seconds to about 50 minutes. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive has a modulus of about 3 mPa to about 3500 MPa, such as about 10 mPa to about 3000 MPa, such as about 50 mPa to about 1500 mPa, such as about 90 mPa to about 125 mPa, according to tensiometric analysis using 100 N force and rate of 100 mm/min. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 200° C., such as about −10° C. to about 100° C., such as 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). In a particular example synthesis of the reversible adhesive, a solution can be prepared by combining p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (e.g., 5 g, 41 mmol), triethylamine (6.5 mL), and dichloromethane (DCM) (50 mL). Acryloyl choride (4.5 g, 50 mmol) can be dissolved in 10 mL of DCM and added dropwise to the solution. The reaction carried out in room temperature for about 12 hours. The trimethylamine hydrochloride was removed by filtration, extracted with saturated NaHCO3, and the organic phase was dried with Na2SO4and the p-formylphenyl acrylate was collected by rotary evaporation. The extracted p-formylphenyl acrylate was combined with 100 mL of methanol and 10 g, 112 mmol branched polyamine PA6Nto form a second solution. Branched polyamines can be formed from reacting methyl acrylate with an amine selected from ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, or combinations thereof. PA6Ncan be formed from triethylenetetramine. The second solution can be heated and a reaction can occur over about 12 hours. A composition is collected by rotary evaporation. The molar ratio of polyamine to p-formylphenyl acrylate can be about 1:5 to about 1:2, such as about 1:4 to about 2:5. The composition is cured at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 100° C., such as about 16° C. to about 30° C. to form the reversible adhesive. The composition can be deposited on a portion of the major component or a portion of the minor component. The major component and the minor component can be coupled together via the composition. The composition can be cured with or without the presence of pressure. In some embodiments a pressure of about 1 kPa to about 10 kPa, such as about 3 kPa to about 7 kPa can be applied between the components. The composition can be cured in about 12 hours to about 36 hours, such as about 18 hours to about 24 hours. Shape Memory Materials In some embodiments, the reversible adhesives are reversible upon exposure to light, such as ultraviolet light or heat. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is at least partially composed of a shape memory material, such as azobenzene, spiropyran, or combinations thereof incorporated into one or more polymers described relative to the polymer backbone materials described herein. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes one or more of the polymer backbone materials described herein, such as acrylic or methacrylic acid monomers, derivatives thereof (e.g., esters and amides) thereof. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive further includes light emitting material, such as electroluminescence particles. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a conductive material. The conductive material is configured to convey electricity to the light emitting material which illuminates upon application of the electricity. The light emitted from the light emitting material can deactivate the bonds of the shape memory material to reverse the adhesion of the reversible adhesive. In some embodiments, the conductive material is a carbon nanomaterial, a silver nanomaterial, a conductive metal, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive material is present in the reversible adhesive in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, such as about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, such as about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, such as about 30 wt. %. In some embodiments, the light emitting material is present in the reversible adhesive in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, such as about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, such as about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, such as about 30 wt. %. The shape memory material is configured to liquefy when exposed to a light having a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 600 nm, such as about 300 nm to about 400 nm. Alternatively, the reversible adhesive can include any of the backbone polymers described herein and the backbone polymer can be impregnated or doped with shape memory materials, such as a plurality of linearly shaped or oriented shape memory materials to conform to the surface of the component on which the reversible adhesive is applied. During disassembly of the apparel products, a heat is applied to the reversible adhesive which restores the shape memory to its original shape that is three dimensional and is random relative to the surface of the component on which the reversible adhesive is applied. The heat can be localized to the reversible adhesive using the methods described herein relative to particles (e.g.,204shown inFIG.2). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes the shape memory materials in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, such as about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, such as about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, such as about 30 wt. %. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive has a modulus of about 3 mPa to about 3500 MPa, such as about 10 mPa to about 3000 MPa, such as about 50 mPa to about 1500 mPa, such as about 90 mPa to about 125 mPa, according to tensiometric analysis using 100 N force and rate of 100 mm/min. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 200° C., such as about −10° C. to about 100° C., such as 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a metal including gold/cadmium alloy, titanium/nickel alloy, copper/aluminum alloy, and the like, and a shape memory polymer including polyurethane, polyethylene, epoxy, polystyrene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the shape memory material can be a plurality of particles, the particles having an average longest dimension of about 20 μm to about 500 μm, such as about 50 μm to about 400 μm, such as about 100 μm to about 300 μm. An example shape memory material can be formed by mixing Poly(Bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin), glycidyl end capped with a molecular weight of 1075 g/mol, and a liquid bisphenol A based epoxy resin. The mixture is preheated at a temperature of about 120° C. After heating, D-230 poly(propylene glycol)bis(2-aminopropyl) ether with an average molecular weight of 230 g/mol is mixed into the preheated mixture to form a shape memory precursor. The shape memory precursor can be molded and cured at 120° C. to a predetermined shape based on the shape of the mold. The cured shape memory can be removed from the mold. The cured shape memory can be coupled to the major component or the minor component via an adhesive material. Epoxy based shape memory materials can include an elastic modulus of about 2.5 GPa to about 10 GPa. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is reversed by heating at a temperature of about 80° C. or greater, such as about 90° C. to about 200° C., such as about 100° C. to about 120° C., such as about 140° C. to about 160° C. The reversible adhesive can be exposed to heat or electromagnetic energy for about 1 second to about 24 hours, such as about 5 seconds to about 5 hours, such as about 1 minute to about 90 minutes, such as about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes. Cyclodextrin Bonding In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive are reversible upon exposure to light, such as ultraviolet light. The backbone can include any of the polymer backbone materials described herein, such as acrylic or methacrylic acid monomers, derivatives thereof (e.g., esters and amides) thereof. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes acrylamide, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is disposed on a portion of the apparel product and the portion can include stretchable fabric. The stretchable fabric can be stretched to increase area of exposure to enable penetration of light to reverse bonds. The reversible adhesive can be formed from a first monomer having a cyclodextrin moiety, such as α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, and combinations thereof. The cyclodextrin can be bonded with a monomer having an azobenzene moiety. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin is non-covalently and reversibly bonded to the azobenzene. The reversible adhesive can be formed from a second monomer including the azobenzene moiety. The second comonomer can include a vinyl monomer substituent and additional groups such as alkyl groups that may have a substituent or substituents, cycloalkyl groups, and aryl groups that may have a substituent or substituents. Examples of the alkyl group of the optionally substituted alkyl group include linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups of C1, to C18, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, isohexyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, and adamantyl. The alkyl group may have 1 to 3 substituents, for example, such as halogen atoms (for example, such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine), carboxyl groups, ester groups, amide groups, and hydroxyl groups that may be protected. In some embodiments, the monomer including the azobenzene moiety is di(1-azobenzenemethyleketone))-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene. In some embodiment, the molar ratio of the monomer including cyclodextrin to the monomer including azobenzene is about 60:1 to about 1:60, such as about 30:1 to about 20:1, or about 10:1 to about 1:1, such as about 8:1 to about 3:1, or about 1:10 to about 1:8, such as about 1:6 to about 1:3. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can be formed using a third monomer having adhesive properties, such as butyl acrylate or ethyl hexyl acrylate. The reversible adhesive can be formed from three monomers, the first monomer including cyclodextrin to the second comonomer including azobenzene can have a ratio of about 2:1 to about 1:2, such as about 1:1. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a reaction product of photopolymerization initiators, such as benzophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can be applied on a component of the apparel product using any of the methods provided herein, such as patterning the adhesive using photolithography or by nozzle deposition. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive is applied to one of the portions of a first component (e.g., minor component) to be attached to one of the portions of a second component (e.g., major component). Alternately, the reversible adhesive can be applied to both the first and second components. The reversible adhesive can be cured by exposure to a first light having a first wavelength, such as ultraviolet light or visible light. In some embodiment, a compressive pressure is applied to the first and second component for a predetermined time after the UV light exposure until the reversible adhesive is cured, such as about 1 second to about 1 hour, such as about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes, such as about 30 seconds to about 50 minutes. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can be reversed by exposure to a second light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength used to cure the reversible adhesive, such as ultraviolet light or visible light. In some embodiments, the first light is visible light and the second light is ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, the intensity of the light exposure is greater than an intensity provided in outdoor conditions under sunlight. In some embodiments, the light intensity used to reverse the reversible adhesive is about 100 mW/cm2to about 10,000 mW/cm2, such as about 800 mW/cm2to about 8,000 mW/cm2, such as about 2,000 mW/cm2to about 6,000 mW/cm2, such as about 4,000 mW/cm2to about 5,000 mW/cm2. In some embodiments, the light used to reverse the reversible adhesive is a polarized light. The reversible adhesive can be reversed after exposure to the second light for about 1 minute to about 24 hours, such as about 10 minutes to about 20 hours, such as about 1 hour to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can include antioxidants or UV protectants configured to protect the reversible adhesive from reversing in ambient conditions, such as normal sun exposure. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive can have a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width, such as about 10 N/cm-width to about 50 N/cm-width, such as about 20 N/cm-width to about 30 N/cm-width, as tested according to ASTM D1876 (2015). In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes multiple layers such as a primer layer disposed between the component of the apparel product and an adhesive layer that includes the reversible bonds. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a gel having 6-acrylamide-β-cyclodextrin-derived units and N-(1-adamantyl)acrylamide-derived units at a ratio of the 6-acrylamide-β-cyclodextrin-derived units to the N-(1-adamantyl)acrylam ide-derived units of 0.3:0.4. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a gel prepared from hyaluronic acid polymers functionalized with a photoresponsive bond between a cyclodextrin and azobenzene. Upon exposure to light, the storage modulus decreases by about 20% to about 60%, such as about 30% to about 40%. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive has a modulus of about 3 mPa to about 3500 MPa, such as about 10 mPa to about 3000 MPa, such as about 50 mPa to about 1500 mPa, such as about 90 mPa to about 125 mPa, according to tensiometric analysis using 100 N force and rate of 100 mm/min. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −20° C. to about 200° C., such as about −10° C. to about 100° C., such as 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) of about 75° C. to about 200° C., such as 100° C. to about 175° C., such as about 125° C. to about 150° C. In some embodiments, prior to crosslinking a polymer to form the reversible adhesive, the polymer can have a molecular weight (e.g., weight average molecular weight) of about 700 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol, such as about 1,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, such as about 10,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. The reversible adhesive after crosslinking can have polymer(s) having a much higher molecular weight than before crosslinking because, after crosslinking, multiple polymer molecules are crosslinked together. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive includes a first viscosity and a first solubility in a solvent. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive with a deactivating condition has a second viscosity. The second viscosity can be less than the first viscosity, such as about 10% to about 99% less, such as about 20% to about 90% less, such as about 40% to about 80% less, such as about 60% to about 75% less. The reversible adhesive after treating the reversible adhesive can have a second solubility higher than the first solubility in a solvent. In some embodiments, the reversible adhesive before treating is not soluble in a solvent, such as an organic solvent, and the reversible adhesive after treating is soluble in the solvent (at the same temperature and pressure conditions as that of the reversible adhesive before treating). The reversible adhesive used to join components can include a mixture of one or more of the reversible adhesives described herein, such as a temperature reversible adhesive (such as a Diels-Alder reversible adhesive), a chemical reversible adhesive (such as disulfide reversible adhesive), a thioester reversible adhesive, a boronic acid reversible adhesive, imine reversible adhesive, light reversible adhesive (such as cyclodextrin-azobenzene reversible adhesive), shape memory reversible adhesive. Overall, a number of different chemistries can be incorporated into the reversible adhesive to provide controlled disassembling of the products in a streamlined large-scale process. The apparel products described herein can include a number of different components that can be joined together by the reversible adhesive and separated from one another using the methods described herein depending on the composition of the apparel product components. Additional Aspects The present disclosure can include the following non-limiting aspects and/or embodiments:Clause A1. A method of disassembling an apparel product, comprising: exposing an adhesive of the apparel product to heat or electromagnetic energy, the adhesive being disposed at least partially disposed between a major component and a minor component of the apparel product, the adhesive comprising a shape memory material, the major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer, and the minor component forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component with the adhesive; and separating the major component from the minor component adjoined by the adhesive.Clause A2. The method of Clause A1, wherein the shape memory material is selected from the group consisting of an azobenzene, a spiropyran, and combinations thereof.Clause A3. The method of Clause A1 or Clause A2, wherein the shape memory material is incorporated into a polymer having acrylic monomeric units, derivatives thereof, esters thereof, amides thereof, or combinations thereof.Clause A4. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A3, wherein the adhesive further comprises a light emitting material and a conductive material, wherein exposing the apparel product to electromagnetic energy comprises providing electricity to the conductive material and illuminating the light emitting material.Clause A5. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A4, wherein exposing the adhesive to heat comprises heating the shape memory material, wherein the shape memory material changes shape upon exposure to heat.Clause A6. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A5, wherein the apparel product is selected from the group consisting of a shirt, a pant, a skirt, a coat, a dress, a sweater, a body suit, and combinations thereof.Clause A7. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A6, wherein the major component comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a polyester, a polyamide, a cotton, mixtures thereof, and combinations thereof.Clause A8. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A7, wherein the adhesive has a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm-width to about 100 N/cm-width.Clause A9. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A8, wherein the shape memory material comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a polyurethane, an epoxy, a polyethylene, and combinations thereof.Clause A10. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A9, wherein the shape memory material transitions from a solid to liquid state upon exposure to the electromagnetic energy.Clause A11. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A10, wherein the electromagnetic energy is a light having a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 600 nm.Clause A12. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A11, further comprising sorting the separated major component and the minor component by density.Clause A13. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A12, further comprising sorting the separated major component and the minor component by color.Clause A14. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A13, wherein the adhesive is impregnated or doped with the shape memory material.Clause A15. The method of any of Clauses A1 to A14, wherein the shape memory material comprises a plurality of linearly shaped or oriented particles.Clause A16. A method of disassembling an apparel product, comprising: exposing an adhesive comprising a shape memory material to an electromagnetic energy, the adhesive being disposed at least partially between a major component and a minor component of the apparel product, wherein the composition weakens bonding between the main component and the minor component, the major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer, and the minor component forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component with the adhesive; and separating the major component from the minor component adjoined by the adhesive, the major component comprising synthetic or natural fibers, wherein the major component or minor component comprises recyclable material.Clause A17. The method of Clause A16, further comprising separating the adhesive from the major component and the minor component, wherein separating the adhesive comprises applying a centrifugal force to the apparel product for about 1 minute to about 30 minutes.Clause A18. The method of Clause A16 or Clause A17, wherein exposing the adhesive to the electromagnetic energy comprises stretching the major component or the minor component on either side of the adhesive and exposing the stretched major component or minor component to a light.Clause A19. The method of any of Clauses A16 to A18, wherein the adhesive includes the shape memory material in an amount of about 20 wt. % to about wt. %.Clause A20. A method of disassembling apparel products, the method comprising: heating a plurality of apparel products, each apparel product of the plurality of apparel products having an adhesive comprising a shape memory disposed between a major component and a minor component of each apparel product of the plurality of apparel products, each of the major components forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer, and each of the minor components forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to a respective major component with the adhesive; and applying a centrifugal force to the plurality of apparel products.Clause B1. A method of assembling an apparel product, comprising: applying a composition to a portion of a major component of the apparel product or a portion of a minor component of the apparel product; coupling the portion of the minor component with the portion of the major component via the composition, the major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer, and the minor component forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component with an adhesive; and converting the composition to form the adhesive and the apparel product, the adhesive comprising a shape memory material.Clause B2. The method of Clause B1, further comprising doping the adhesive or the composition with particles capable of absorbing electromagnetic energy and converting the electromagnetic energy to thermal energy.Clause B3. The method of Clause B1 or B2, wherein the particles comprise an iron-containing material.Clause B4. The method of any of Clauses B1 to B3, wherein the shape memory material is configured to transition from a first state to a second state when exposed to the thermal energy.Clause B5. The method of Clause B4, wherein the first state is a first shape and the second state is a second shape.Clause B6. The method of Clause B4, wherein the first state is a first solid state and the second state is a liquid state or a second solid state having a higher solubility than the first solid state.Clause B7. The method of any of Clauses B1 to B6, wherein the composition is applied such that the adhesive has a thickness of about 0.025 mm to about 5 mm.Clause B8. The method of any of Clauses B1 to B7, wherein curing the composition comprises reducing a temperature of the composition.Clause B9. The method of any of Clauses B1 to B8, wherein curing the composition comprises applying a force by pressing the portion of the major component against the portion of the minor component.Clause B10. A method of assembling an apparel product, comprising: applying a composition to a portion of a major component of the apparel product or a portion of a minor component of the apparel product; doping the composition with particles after applying the composition to the portion of the major component or the portion of the minor product; coupling the portion of the minor component with the portion of the major component via the composition, the major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer, and the minor component forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component with an adhesive; and converting the composition to form the adhesive and the apparel product, the adhesive comprising a shape memory material.Clause B11. The method of Clause B10, wherein applying the composition comprises applying the composition by a heat gun, printing, spraying, painting, dipping, roll on, screen printing, or combinations thereof.Clause B12. The method of Clause B10 or B11, wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of magnetic particles, electroluminescence particles, and combinations thereof.Clause B13. The method of any or Clauses B10 to B12, wherein the shape memory material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of an azobenzene, a spiropyran, and a combination thereof.Clause B14. The method of any of Clauses B10 to B13, wherein doping comprises forming a concentration of magnetic particles that is highest at a center third of a thickness of the composition, the thickness of the composition is measured from the major component to the minor component.Clause B15. A method of assembling an apparel product, comprising: forming a composition; applying the composition to a portion of a major component of the apparel product or a portion of the minor component of the apparel product; coupling the portion of the minor component with the portion of the major component via the composition, the major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer, and the minor component forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component with an adhesive comprising the shape memory material; and converting the composition to form the adhesive and the apparel product.Clause B16. The method of Clause B15, wherein the shape memory material comprises a plurality of particles comprising an average longest dimension of about 20 μm to about 500 μm.Clause B17. The method of Clause B15 or Clause B16, wherein forming the composition comprising shape memory material comprises incorporating the shape memory material into a polymer selected from the group consisting of a polyurethane, a polyethylene, an epoxy, a polypropylene, and combinations thereof.Clause B18. The method of any of Clauses B15 to B17, wherein the adhesive further comprises magnetic particles selected from the group consisting of Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, metallic iron, cobalt, nickel, FeN, FePt, FePd, and combinations thereof.Clause B19. The method of any of Clauses B15 to B18, further comprising loading the shape memory material into the composition in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 70 wt. % on a weight basis of total weight of the composition.Clause B20. The method of any of Clauses B15 to B19, wherein the adhesive further comprises a conductive material.Clause C1. An apparel product, comprising: a major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer; a minor component forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component; and an adhesive disposed at least partially between a portion of the major component and a portion of the minor component, the adhesive comprising a shape memory material.Clause C2. The apparel product of Clause C1, wherein the apparel product is selected from the group consisting of a shirt, a pant, a skirt, a coat, a dress, a sweater, a body suit, and combinations thereof.Clause C3. The apparel product of Clause C1 or Clause C2, wherein the major component comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a polyester, a polyamide, a cotton, mixtures thereof, and combinations thereof.Clause C4. The apparel product of any of Clauses C1 to C3, wherein the adhesive has a thickness of about 0.025 mm to about 5 mm.Clause C5. The apparel product of any of Clauses C1 to C4, wherein the adhesive comprises particles selected from the group consisting of magnetic particles, electroluminescence particles, and combinations thereof.Clause C6. The apparel product of any of Clauses C1 to C5, wherein the shape memory material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of an azobenzene, a spiropyran, and combinations thereof.Clause C7. The apparel product of any of Clauses C1 to C6, wherein the adhesive comprises a concentration of shape memory material that is highest at a center third of a thickness of the composition, the thickness of the composition is measured from the major component to the minor component.Clause C8. The apparel product of any of Clauses C1 to C7, wherein the adhesive has a T-peel strength of about 5 N/cm to about 100 N/cm.Clause C9. The apparel product of any of Clauses C1 to C8, wherein the major component or the minor component is composed of a recyclable material.Clause C10. An apparel product, comprising: a major component of the apparel product, the major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer; a minor component of the apparel product forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component; and an adhesive disposed on a portion of the major component or the minor component of the apparel product, the adhesive comprising a polymer; a shape memory material; and a plurality of particles.Clause C11. The apparel product of Clause C10, wherein the polymer comprises monomeric units selected from the group consisting of an acrylate, a methacrylate, an acrylic, an ethylene, a propylene, a styrene, a vinyl acetate, a vinyl ester monomers, and combinations thereof.Clause C12. The apparel product of Clause C10 or Clause C11, wherein the plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of magnetic particles, electroluminescence particles, and combinations thereof.Clause C13. The apparel product of any of Clauses C10 to C12, wherein the adhesive further comprises a conductive material selected from the group consisting of gold, cadmium, titanium, nickel, copper, aluminum, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.Clause C14. The apparel product of any of Clauses C10 to C13, wherein the shape memory material is selected from the group consisting of a polyurethane shape memory material, a polyethylene shape memory material, an epoxy shape memory material, a polystyrene shape memory material, and combinations thereof.Clause C15. An apparel product, comprising: a major component forming a base portion of the apparel product and configured to be supported and worn at least partially over a portion of a wearer; a minor component forming a secondary portion configured to be coupled to the major component; and an adhesive disposed on a portion of the major component or the minor component of the apparel product, the adhesive comprising a polymer doped with shape memory material having a first state.Clause C16. The apparel product of Clause C15, wherein the adhesive further comprises one or more additives in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of total additives on a basis of total weight of the adhesive based on the polymer, the shape memory material, and the one or more additives.Clause C17. The apparel product of Clause C15 or Clause C16, wherein at least one of the one or more additives is a tackifier.Clause C18. The apparel product of any of Clauses C15 to C17, wherein the adhesive further comprises a polyurethane matrix, wherein the polymer is incorporated into the polyurethane matrix.Clause C19. The apparel product of any of Clauses C15 to C18, wherein the shape memory material is configured to transition to a second state upon exposure to electromagnetic energy or heat energy.Clause C20. The apparel product of any of Clauses C15 to C19, wherein the adhesive comprises the shape memory material in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 70 wt. % on a weight basis of total weight of the adhesive. In the current disclosure, reference is made to various embodiments. However, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to specific described embodiments. Instead, any combination of the following features and elements, whether related to different embodiments or not, is contemplated to implement and practice the teachings provided herein. Additionally, when elements of the embodiments are described in the form of “at least one of A and B,” it will be understood that embodiments including element A exclusively, including element B exclusively, and including element A and B are each contemplated. Furthermore, although some embodiments may achieve advantages over other possible solutions or over the prior art, whether or not a particular advantage is achieved by a given embodiment is not limiting of the present disclosure. Thus, the aspects, features, embodiments and advantages disclosed herein are merely illustrative and are not considered elements or limitations of the appended claims except where explicitly recited in a claim(s). While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG.1shows a comparison between a traditional manufacturing process111and laser finishing122to produce distressed apparel including jeans. Compared to the traditional flow, the laser finishing process provides significant time savings134. The traditional process includes dry processing such as local scrape, whisker, holes, and crack and net to produce apparel with a distressed distress appearance. Crack and net is an example of a manual technique where jeans are placed in a sausage casing like net and washed while in the net to gain white streaks on the surface of the finish, which replicate a feature of vintage jeans. There also a potassium permanganate (PP) spray which is a chemical oxidizer. In the laser finishing flow, the traditional dry process and chemical steps are replaced by a laser finishing step139. The overall process flow for laser finishing is simpler, takes less time, and is more environmentally and resource friendly (e.g., chemical oxidizers are not used). There is a time gap145between a wash step and laser finishing139. This gap represents a postponement time from when base wash is done to when the finish is finally designated. The apparel manufacturer has more time before committing to a particular finish, so that with the laser finishing, the manufacturer can adapt and respond to market trends more quickly. Some steps occur in both flows, such as cut and sew, wash, tint wash, and add sundries. These steps take a similar amount of time in both flows. The add sundries step refers to adding tags and the like to the jeans. Since oxidizers are not used in laser finishing, the tint wash is for tinting, not neutralizing and tinting as in the traditional flow. FIG.2shows a process flow201for manufacturing apparel such as jeans, where garments are finished using a laser. The fabric or material for various apparel including jeans is made from natural or synthetic fibers206, or a combination of these. A fabric mill takes fibers and processes209these fibers to produce a laser-sensitive finished fabric212, which has enhanced response characteristics for laser finishing. Some examples of natural fibers include cotton, flax, hemp, sisal, jute, kenaf, and coconut; fibers from animal sources include silk, wool, cashmere, and mohair. Some examples of synthetic fibers include polyester, nylon, spandex or elastane, and other polymers. Some examples of semisynthetic fibers include rayon, viscose, modal, and lyocell, which are made from a regenerated cellulose fiber. A fabric can be a natural fiber alone (e.g., cotton), a synthetic fiber alone (e.g., polyester alone), a blend of natural and synthetic fibers (e.g., cotton and polyester blend, or cotton and spandax), or a blend of natural and semisynthetic fibers, or any combination of these or other fibers. For jeans, the fabric is typically a denim, which is a sturdy cotton warp-faced textile in which a weft passes under two or more warp threads. This twill weaving produces a diagonal ribbing. The fabric is dyed using an indigo or blue dye, which is characteristic of blue jeans. Although this patent describes the apparel processing and finishing with respect to jeans, the invention is not limited jeans or denim products, such as shirts, shorts, jackets, vests, and skirts. The techniques and approaches described are applicable to other apparel and products, including nondenim products and products made from knit materials. Some examples include T-shirts, sweaters, coats, sweatshirts (e.g., hoodies), casual wear, athletic wear, outerwear, dresses, evening wear, sleepwear, loungewear, underwear, socks, bags, backpacks, uniforms, umbrellas, swimwear, bed sheets, scarves, and many others. A manufacturer creates a design215(design I) of its product. The design can be for a particular type of clothing or garment (e.g., men's or women's jean, or jacket), sizing of the garment (e.g., small, medium, or large, or waist size and inseam length), or other design feature. The design can be specified by a pattern or cut used to form pieces of the pattern. A fabric is selected and patterned and cut218based on the design. The pattern pieces are assembled together221into the garment, typically by sewing, but can be joined together using other techniques (e.g., rivets, buttons, zipper, hoop and loop, adhesives, or other techniques and structures to join fabrics and materials together). Some garments can be complete after assembly and ready for sale. However, other garments are unfinished222and have additional finishing224(which can include laser finishing). The finishing may include tinting, washing, softening, and fixing. For distressed denim products, the finishing can include using a laser to produce a wear pattern according to a design227(design II). Some additional details of laser finishing are described in U.S. patent application 62/377,447, filed Aug. 19, 2016, which is incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 15/841,263, 15/841,267, 15/841,268, and 15/841,272, filed Dec. 13, 2017; Ser. No. 15/682,507, filed Aug. 21, 2017; and 62/433,746, filed Dec. 13, 2016, are also incorporated by reference. Design227is for postassembly aspects of a garment while design215is for preassembly aspects of a garment. After finishing, a finished product230is complete and ready for sale. The finished product is inventoried and distributed233, delivered to stores236, and sold to consumers or customers239. The consumer can buy and wear worn blue jeans without having to wear out the jeans themselves, which usually takes significant time and effort. Traditionally, to produce distressed denim products, finishing techniques include dry abrasion, wet processing, oxidation, or other techniques, or combinations of these, to accelerate wear of the material in order to produce a desired wear pattern. Dry abrasion can include sandblasting or using sandpaper. For example, some portions or localized areas of the fabric are sanded to abrade the fabric surface. Wet processing can include washing in water, washing with oxidizers (e.g., bleach, peroxide, ozone, or potassium permanganate), spraying with oxidizers, washing with abrasives (e.g., pumice, stone, or grit). These traditional finishing approaches take time, incur expense, and impact the environment by utilizing resources and producing waste. It is desirable to reduce water and chemical usage, which can include eliminating the use agents such as potassium permanganate and pumice. An alternative to these traditional finishing approaches is laser finishing. Laser finishing can replace many steps in the traditional finishing approach, leading to cost and time savings. FIG.3shows a technique of creating multiple finishes by laser finishing a base fit fabric for a fabric. Laser finishing can be used to create many different finishes (each a different product) easily and quickly from the same fabric template or “blank.” These fabric templates can be referred to as base fit fabrics or BFFs. In short, base fit fabrics are assembled garments in fabrics (e.g., warp stretch, selvedge, and others) for various fits (e.g.,502,511, or711, and others) that have been base washed (e.g., light, medium, dark, and others). The base fit fabrics serve as templates for laser finishing. For each fabric312, there will be a number of base fit fabrics324. These base fit fabrics are lasered to produce many different finishes333, each being a different product for product line. Laser finishing allows greater efficiency because by using fabric templates (or base fit fabrics), a single fabric or material can be used to create many different products for a product line, more than is possible with traditional processing. This reduces the inventory of different fabric and finish raw materials. FIG.4shows an example of use of finishes and fabrics to create different products for men's jeans with traditional processing. A particular finish (finish 1) is done with three different fabrics (fabric 1, fabric 2, and fabric 3). Fabric 1 is used to product three different products, the 511, 501, and 510 products. As an example, with traditional processing, for men's jeans, an average of about four products are produced for each fabric. PC9 refers to a product code (e.g., a nine digit product code), each product code describing a different product model. For example, there can be the 511 jeans line in different sizes with one distressing pattern; this would be categorized under a first PC9 code. And there can be the 501 jeans line in different sizes with one distressing pattern; this would be categorized as a second PC9 code, different from the first PC9. Therefore, each PC9 code refers to a different product or product model. FIG.5shows an example of use of finishes and fabrics to create different products for women's jeans with traditional processing. For a 711 product, there can be three different fabrics with different degrees of stretch, high stretch, medium stretch, and low stretch. As an example, with traditional processing, for women's jeans, an average of about five products or PC9s are produced for each fabric. FIG.6shows a hierarchy of fabrics and finishes for laser processing. For the 511 product, there can be two different fabrics, fabric 1 and fabric 2. The fabrics can be part of a fabric tool kit. For fabric 1, there are three base fit fabrics, BFF1, BFF2, and BFF3. Using laser finishing, a base fit fabrics can be used to product eight different finishes, each of which would be considered a different product model. Although only eight different finishes are shown, then can be any number of finishes (e.g., 8 or more, 20 or more, or 100 or more). Thus, with laser finishing, in a comparison toFIGS.4and5, ten products or PC9s are produced for each base fit fabric or blank. Compared to traditional processing, this is a significant improvement in providing greater numbers of different products with less different fabrics and finishes (each of which in traditional processing consume resources, increasing cost, and take time). Inventory is reduced. The technique of providing base fit finishes or fabric templates for laser finishing has significant and many benefits. A system incorporating laser finishing can include a computer to control or monitor operation, or both.FIG.7shows an example of a computer that is component of a laser finishing system. The computer may be a separate unit that is connected to a system, or may be embedded in electronics of the system. In an embodiment, the invention includes software that executes on a computer workstation system or server, such as shown inFIG.7. FIG.7is a simplified block diagram of a distributed computer network700incorporating an embodiment of the present invention. Computer network700includes a number of client systems713,716, and719, and a server system722coupled to a communication network724via a plurality of communication links728. Communication network724provides a mechanism for allowing the various components of distributed network700to communicate and exchange information with each other. Communication network724may itself be comprised of many interconnected computer systems and communication links. Communication links728may be hardwire links, optical links, satellite or other wireless communications links, wave propagation links, or any other mechanisms for communication of information. Communication links728may be DSL, Cable, Ethernet or other hardwire links, passive or active optical links, 3G, 3.5G, 4G and other mobility, satellite or other wireless communications links, wave propagation links, or any other mechanisms for communication of information. Various communication protocols may be used to facilitate communication between the various systems shown inFIG.7. These communication protocols may include VLAN, MPLS, TCP/IP, Tunneling, HTTP protocols, wireless application protocol (WAP), vendor-specific protocols, customized protocols, and others. While in one embodiment, communication network724is the Internet, in other embodiments, communication network724may be any suitable communication network including a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless network, an intranet, a private network, a public network, a switched network, and combinations of these, and the like. Distributed computer network700inFIG.7is merely illustrative of an embodiment incorporating the present invention and does not limit the scope of the invention as recited in the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize other variations, modifications, and alternatives. For example, more than one server system722may be connected to communication network724. As another example, a number of client systems713,716, and719may be coupled to communication network724via an access provider (not shown) or via some other server system. Client systems713,716, and719typically request information from a server system which provides the information. For this reason, server systems typically have more computing and storage capacity than client systems. However, a particular computer system may act as both as a client or a server depending on whether the computer system is requesting or providing information. Additionally, although aspects of the invention have been described using a client-server environment, it should be apparent that the invention may also be embodied in a stand-alone computer system. Server722is responsible for receiving information requests from client systems713,716, and719, performing processing required to satisfy the requests, and for forwarding the results corresponding to the requests back to the requesting client system. The processing required to satisfy the request may be performed by server system722or may alternatively be delegated to other servers connected to communication network724. Client systems713,716, and719enable users to access and query information stored by server system722. In a specific embodiment, the client systems can run as a standalone application such as a desktop application or mobile smartphone or tablet application. In another embodiment, a “web browser” application executing on a client system enables users to select, access, retrieve, or query information stored by server system722. Examples of web browsers include the Internet Explorer browser program provided by Microsoft Corporation, Firefox browser provided by Mozilla, Chrome browser provided by Google, Safari browser provided by Apple, and others. In a client-server environment, some resources (e.g., files, music, video, or data) are stored at the client while others are stored or delivered from elsewhere in the network, such as a server, and accessible via the network (e.g., the Internet). Therefore, the user's data can be stored in the network or “cloud.” For example, the user can work on documents on a client device that are stored remotely on the cloud (e.g., server). Data on the client device can be synchronized with the cloud. FIG.8shows an exemplary client or server system of the present invention. In an embodiment, a user interfaces with the system through a computer workstation system, such as shown inFIG.8.FIG.8shows a computer system801that includes a monitor803, screen805, enclosure807(may also be referred to as a system unit, cabinet, or case), keyboard or other human input device809, and mouse or other pointing device811. Mouse811may have one or more buttons such as mouse buttons813. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited any computing device in a specific form factor (e.g., desktop computer form factor), but can include all types of computing devices in various form factors. A user can interface with any computing device, including smartphones, personal computers, laptops, electronic tablet devices, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, portable media players, personal digital assistants (PDAs), other network access devices, and other processing devices capable of receiving or transmitting data. For example, in a specific implementation, the client device can be a smartphone or tablet device, such as the Apple iPhone (e.g., Apple iPhone 6), Apple iPad (e.g., Apple iPad or Apple iPad mini), Apple iPod (e.g, Apple iPod Touch), Samsung Galaxy product (e.g., Galaxy S series product or Galaxy Note series product), Google Nexus devices (e.g., Google Nexus 6, Google Nexus 7, or Google Nexus 9), and Microsoft devices (e.g., Microsoft Surface tablet). Typically, a smartphone includes a telephony portion (and associated radios) and a computer portion, which are accessible via a touch screen display. There is nonvolatile memory to store data of the telephone portion (e.g., contacts and phone numbers) and the computer portion (e.g., application programs including a browser, pictures, games, videos, and music). The smartphone typically includes a camera (e.g., front facing camera or rear camera, or both) for taking pictures and video. For example, a smartphone or tablet can be used to take live video that can be streamed to one or more other devices. Enclosure807houses familiar computer components, some of which are not shown, such as a processor, memory, mass storage devices817, and the like. Mass storage devices817may include mass disk drives, floppy disks, magnetic disks, optical disks, magneto-optical disks, fixed disks, hard disks, CD-ROMs, recordable CDs, DVDs, recordable DVDs (e.g., DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, HD-DVD, or Blu-ray Disc), flash and other nonvolatile solid-state storage (e.g., USB flash drive or solid state drive (SSD)), battery-backed-up volatile memory, tape storage, reader, and other similar media, and combinations of these. A computer-implemented or computer-executable version or computer program product of the invention may be embodied using, stored on, or associated with computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium may include any medium that participates in providing instructions to one or more processors for execution. Such a medium may take many forms including, but not limited to, nonvolatile, volatile, and transmission media. Nonvolatile media includes, for example, flash memory, or optical or magnetic disks. Volatile media includes static or dynamic memory, such as cache memory or RAM. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optic lines, and wires arranged in a bus. Transmission media can also take the form of electromagnetic, radio frequency, acoustic, or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications. For example, a binary, machine-executable version, of the software of the present invention may be stored or reside in RAM or cache memory, or on mass storage device817. The source code of the software of the present invention may also be stored or reside on mass storage device817(e.g., hard disk, magnetic disk, tape, or CD-ROM). As a further example, code of the invention may be transmitted via wires, radio waves, or through a network such as the Internet. FIG.9shows a system block diagram of computer system801used to execute the software of the present invention. As inFIG.8, computer system801includes monitor803, keyboard809, and mass storage devices817. Computer system501further includes subsystems such as central processor902, system memory904, input/output (I/O) controller906, display adapter908, serial or universal serial bus (USB) port912, network interface918, and speaker920. The invention may also be used with computer systems with additional or fewer subsystems. For example, a computer system could include more than one processor902(i.e., a multiprocessor system) or a system may include a cache memory. Arrows such as922represent the system bus architecture of computer system801. However, these arrows are illustrative of any interconnection scheme serving to link the subsystems. For example, speaker920could be connected to the other subsystems through a port or have an internal direct connection to central processor902. The processor may include multiple processors or a multicore processor, which may permit parallel processing of information. Computer system801shown inFIG.8is but an example of a computer system suitable for use with the present invention. Other configurations of subsystems suitable for use with the present invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Computer software products may be written in any of various suitable programming languages, such as C, C++, C#, Pascal, Fortran, Perl, Matlab (from MathWorks, www.mathworks.com), SAS, SPSS, JavaScript, AJAX, Java, Python, Erlang, and Ruby on Rails. The computer software product may be an independent application with data input and data display modules. Alternatively, the computer software products may be classes that may be instantiated as distributed objects. The computer software products may also be component software such as Java Beans (from Oracle Corporation) or Enterprise Java Beans (EJB from Oracle Corporation). An operating system for the system may be one of the Microsoft Windows® family of systems (e.g., Windows 95, 98, Me, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows XP x64 Edition, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10, Windows CE, Windows Mobile, Windows RT), Symbian OS, Tizen, Linux, HP-UX, UNIX, Sun OS, Solaris, Mac OS X, Apple iOS, Android, Alpha OS, AIX, IRIX32, or IRIX64. Other operating systems may be used. Microsoft Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Any trademarks or service marks used in this patent are property of their respective owner. Any company, product, or service names in this patent are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, logos, and brands does not imply endorsement. Furthermore, the computer may be connected to a network and may interface to other computers using this network. The network may be an intranet, internet, or the Internet, among others. The network may be a wired network (e.g., using copper), telephone network, packet network, an optical network (e.g., using optical fiber), or a wireless network, or any combination of these. For example, data and other information may be passed between the computer and components (or steps) of a system of the invention using a wireless network using a protocol such as Wi-Fi (IEEE standards 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11e, 802.11g, 802.11i, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ad, just to name a few examples), near field communication (NFC), radio-frequency identification (RFID), mobile or cellular wireless (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, LTE, LTE Advanced, Flash-OFDM, HIPERMAN, iBurst, EDGE Evolution, UMTS, UMTS-TDD, 1×RDD, and EV-DO). For example, signals from a computer may be transferred, at least in part, wirelessly to components or other computers. In an embodiment, with a web browser executing on a computer workstation system, a user accesses a system on the World Wide Web (WWW) through a network such as the Internet. The web browser is used to download web pages or other content in various formats including HTML, XML, text, PDF, and postscript, and may be used to upload information to other parts of the system. The web browser may use uniform resource identifiers (URLs) to identify resources on the web and hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) in transferring files on the web. In other implementations, the user accesses the system through either or both of native and nonnative applications. Native applications are locally installed on the particular computing system and are specific to the operating system or one or more hardware devices of that computing system, or a combination of these. These applications (which are sometimes also referred to as “apps”) can be updated (e.g., periodically) via a direct internet upgrade patching mechanism or through an applications store (e.g., Apple iTunes and App store, Google Play store, Windows Phone store, and Blackberry App World store). The system can run in platform-independent, nonnative applications. For example, client can access the system through a web application from one or more servers using a network connection with the server or servers and load the web application in a web browser. For example, a web application can be downloaded from an application server over the Internet by a web browser. Nonnative applications can also be obtained from other sources, such as a disk. FIGS.10-11show examples of mobile devices, which can be mobile clients. Mobile devices are specific implementations of a computer, such as described above.FIG.10shows a smartphone device1001, andFIG.11shows a tablet device1101. Some examples of smartphones include the Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy, and Google Nexus family of devices. Some examples of tablet devices include the Apple iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab, and Google Nexus family of devices. Smartphone1001has an enclosure that includes a screen1003, button1009, speaker1011, camera1013, and proximity sensor1035. The screen can be a touch screen that detects and accepts input from finger touch or a stylus. The technology of the touch screen can be a resistive, capacitive, infrared grid, optical imaging, or pressure-sensitive, dispersive signal, acoustic pulse recognition, or others. The touch screen is screen and a user input device interface that acts as a mouse and keyboard of a computer. Button1009is sometimes referred to as a home button and is used to exit a program and return the user to the home screen. The phone may also include other buttons (not shown) such as volume buttons and on-off button on a side. The proximity detector can detect a user's face is close to the phone, and can disable the phone screen and its touch sensor, so that there will be no false inputs from the user's face being next to screen when talking. Tablet1101is similar to a smartphone. Tablet1101has an enclosure that includes a screen1103, button1109, and camera1113. Typically the screen (e.g., touch screen) of a tablet is larger than a smartphone, usually 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, or more inches (measured diagonally). FIG.12shows a system block diagram of mobile device1201used to execute the software of the present invention. This block diagram is representative of the components of smartphone or tablet device. The mobile device system includes a screen1203(e.g., touch screen), buttons1209, speaker1211, camera1213, motion sensor1215, light sensor1217, microphone1219, indicator light1221, and external port1223(e.g., USB port or Apple Lightning port). These components can communicate with each other via a bus1225. The system includes wireless components such as a mobile network connection1227(e.g., mobile telephone or mobile data), Wi-Fi1229, Bluetooth1231, GPS1233(e.g., detect GPS positioning), other sensors1235such as a proximity sensor, CPU1237, RAM memory1239, storage1241(e.g. nonvolatile memory), and battery1243(lithium ion or lithium polymer cell). The battery supplies power to the electronic components and is rechargeable, which allows the system to be mobile. FIG.13shows flow for finishing apparel to produce a desired wear pattern. A technique includes determining a fabric's response to a laser, capturing an initial image of a wear pattern on a garment, and processing the initial image to obtain a working image in grayscale. The working image is further processed to obtain a difference image by comparing each pixel relative to a dark reference. The difference image is converted to a laser values image by using the previously determined fabric response to the laser. In a step1312, a desired target photo is selected. An input is a user file selection. An output is an imported image. In a step1318, a garment is extracted from the photo. An input is an imported image. An output is a work image. In a step1324, a difference image is converted to a laser fabric file. An input is a different image. An output is a laser image. In a step1329, the difference image is converted to a laser fabric file. An input is a difference image. An output is a laser image. In a step1335, user defined filtering and feature enhancement is performed. An input is a laser image. An output is an enhanced image. FIG.14shows a block diagram of a system for creating, designing, producing apparel products with laser finishing. A box line plan1402is an internal and interim tool for communication between a merchandising group and design group. Through the box line plan, merchandising can communicate what needs to be designed by the design group. The box line plan can have open slots to be designed1409. There is a digital design tool1416merchants and design can use to click and drag finish effects (e.g., laser files) and tint casts over images of base washes (BFFs) in order to visualize possible combinations and build the line visually before the garment finish is actually finished by the laser. The visualizations can be by rendering on a computer system, such as using three-dimensional (3D) graphics. A specific implementation of a digital design tool is described in U.S. patent application 62/579,863, filed Oct. 31, 2017, which is incorporated by reference. Designers can use the digital design tool to design products that are used to satisfy the requests in open slots1409. Designs created using the digital design tool can be stored in a digital library1422. Input to the digital design tool include fabric templates or blanks1427(e.g., base fit fabrics or BFFs), existing finishes1433(e.g., can be further modified by the tool1416), and new finishes1438. New finishes can be from designs1441(e.g., vintage design) captured using a laser finish software tool1445, examples of which are described inFIG.13and U.S. patent application 62/377,447, filed Aug. 19, 2016. Digital library1422can be accessible by the region assorting and sell-in1450. And the digital library can be used populate or satisfy the box line plan. FIG.15shows a block diagram of a user or consumer tool to create customized apparel using laser finishing. A user (user1) can access a design tool1518. This design tools might be available and execute via a Web browser or a mobile application (e.g., smartphone or tablet app). The design tool interacts and communicates over a network with a server1526. The design tool allows the user to create or customize a unique distressing or other pattern on, for example, jeans. The user will be able to visualize the design on a computer screen before making an order for the customized product. The design tool communicates the user's design to the server. The server handles selecting an appropriate fabric template or blank1533and sending an appropriate laser file to the laser fabric finishing system1537to control the laser1541to make the customized product1546. The customized product can be shipped to a store1554or shipped directly to the user1559. Further, the server has access to a database1566, where the server can store a user's designed, so that the user may access the same design in the future. The database may also be a digital library of different designs that the user can select and add to make their customized design. Instead of using a Web browser or mobile app, a user (user2) can also access create a customize product through a kiosk tool1572that is at a store or other location. This can be helpful for customers who are already in the store or does not want to use the other tools. The kiosk tool is optional and is not included in some implementations of the system. In other implementations, there is a kiosk tool and not the design tool1518. FIG.16shows another implementation of a kiosk tool. The tool and components of the tool are in the same location (e.g., fabric blanks and laser), so the user will be able to design and received the customized product immediately, without waiting for shipping. The kiosk has a display1604and input interface1609for the user to interact with the kiosk. The display can be a touchscreen, which incorporate the input interface. The user can also upload and save files via an external storage interface1612, such as via a USB flash drive. Also, the kiosk can have a camera1621or scanner1625, or both, to take as input images of existing patterns or designs. A design tool1638takes input from any of the above input sources and additionally has access to a library1643. With the design tool, the user can design a customized product. The tool handles selecting an appropriate fabric template or blank1652, sending an appropriate laser file to the laser fabric finishing system1657to control the laser1661to make the customized product1669. The customized product is available to the user minutes after lasering. The kiosk can include an optional network connection1677, which can be wired or wireless. With the network connection, the kiosk can connect over a network to other computers, servers, and machines. For example, software of the kiosk can be updated via the network. For example, through the network, the kiosk can check inventory of fabric templates, software of the kiosk can be updated, mobile devices can connect via Wi-Fi to the kiosk, and other functionality can be enabled. FIG.17shows traditional flow for getting a product to market. This also may be referred to as the “go-to-market” process. There are a brief, concept, or line plan phase1703, design or development phase1707, initial assortment1712(which may sometimes be referred to a line assortment worksheet (LAW)) or internal and interim checks in between merchandising and design to review product line phase1712, prototype phase1718, final line assortment (FLA)1724or a final line assortment meeting where the group aligns on what will be in the line phase, commercial samples phase1729, market week time1735, sell-in phase1741, and fulfillment phase1750and in-season1754. FIG.18shows various techniques for reducing time to market when using laser finishing. A flow1802is a process flow for traditional process. It will take, for example, about 4.5 months from product commitment to arriving on the floor for sale. FG refers to finished good. DC refers to distribution center. A flow1813is a process flow for laser finishing, no other changes from the traditional process. This flow will take, for example, about 4 months from product commitment to arriving on the floor for sale. A flow1824is another flow for laser finishing, where the blanks or fabric templates are stored at the vendor (e.g., fabric mill). This flow will take, for example, about 2.5 months from product commitment to arriving on the floor for sale. The time savings is due the fabric not needing to be shipped to the dry processing facility, which requires shipping time. A flow1835is another flow for laser finishing, where the blanks or fabric templates are stored at the distribution center (e.g., close to the customer). This flow will take, for example, about 1 month from product commitment to arriving on the floor for sale. The time savings is due the fabric being laser finished, just be shipment, at a location close to the customer location. In other flows, there can 1-day turnaround for in store or online orders or purchases. In such cases, blanks or base fit fabrics are stored at store or e-commerce distribution center. When the order is received, the blanks are burned immediately. Then the completed orders are delivered to customer. For online orders, overnight or other express shipping (e.g., 2-day shipping, 3-day shipping, messenger, plane, or drone) can be used. FIG.19shows a finishing technique that includes the use of a laser1907. A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. Lasers are used for bar code scanning, medical procedures such as corrective eye surgery, and industrial applications such as welding. A particular type of laser for finishing apparel is a carbon dioxide laser, which emits a beam of infrared radiation. The laser is controlled by an input file1910and control software1913to emit a laser beam onto fabric at a particular position or location at a specific power level for a specific amount of time. Further, the power of the laser beam can be varied according to a waveform such as a pulse wave with a particular frequency, period, pulse width, or other characteristic. Some aspects of the laser that can be controlled include the duty cycle, frequency, marking or burning speed, and other parameters. The duty cycle is a percentage of laser emission time. Some examples of duty cycle percentages include 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 80, and 100 percent. The frequency is the laser pulse frequency. A low frequency might be, for example, 5 kilohertz, while a high frequency might be, for example, 25 kilohertz. Generally, lower frequencies will have higher surface penetration than high frequencies, which has less surface penetration. The laser acts like a printer and “prints,” “marks,” or “burns” a wear pattern (specified by input file1910) onto the garment. The fabric that is exposed to the laser beam (e.g., infrared beam) changes color, lightening the fabric at a specified position by a certain amount based on the laser power, time of exposure, and waveform used. The laser continues from position to position until the wear pattern is completely printed on the garment. In a specific implementation, the laser has a resolution of about 34 dots per inch (dpi), which on the garment is about 0.7 millimeters per pixel. The technique described in this patent is not dependent on the laser's resolution, and will work with lasers have more or less resolution than 34 dots per inch. For example, the laser can have a resolution of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 72, 80, 96, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, or 600 dots per inch, or more or less than any of these or other values. Typically, the greater the resolution, the finer the features that can be printed on the garment in a single pass. By using multiple passes (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more passes) with the laser, the effective resolution can be increased. In an implementation, multiple laser passes are used. U.S. patent application 62/433,739, which is incorporated by reference, describes a denim material with enhanced response characteristics to laser finishing. Using a denim material made from indigo ring-dyed yarn, variations in highs and lows in indigo color shading is achieved by using a laser. As shown inFIG.19, before laser1907, the fabric can be prepared1916for the laser, which may be referred to as a base preparation, and can include a prelaser wash. This wash is also referred to as a base wash (e.g., washed using a base wash recipe). This step helps improves the results of the laser. After the laser, there can be a postlaser wash1919. This wash can clean or remove any residue caused by the laser, such as removing any charring (which would appear as brown or slightly burning). There can be additional finish1221, which may be including tinting, softening, or fixing, to complete finishing. FIG.20shows a technique where finishing is divided into two finishing steps, finishing I and finishing II. Finishing I2008is an initial finishing to create base templates2011. For example, fully assembled garments (e.g., jeans) can be base washed using a specific base wash recipe to obtain a base template. Different base wash recipes are used to obtain different base templates. For example, the different base washes can vary in the amount of cycles, timing, temperature, abrasives, oxidizers, dyes, or tinting used, or any combination of these. The base template may be a dark finish, medium finish, light finish, ultralight finish, or other base finish. The dark finish can have a darker shade of indigo compared to the medium finish. The medium finish can have a darker shade of indigo compared to the light finish. The light finish can have a lighter shade of indigo compared to the medium and the dark finishes. The ultralight finish can have a lighter shade of indigo compared to the light shade finish. With finishing II2014(e.g., laser finishing), each base template can be used to manufacture multiple final finishes2017. For example, the laser uses a laser input file to burn a particular finishing pattern (e.g., wear pattern, whiskers, holes, or other) onto the garment. FIGS.21-23show various approaches for staging (e.g., storing inventory) the base fit fabrics or base templates. InFIG.21, there is a first facility at a first location and a second facility at a second location, different from each other (in different buildings). The second facility may be referred to as a distribution center and stores an inventory of the finished products. As an example, the first facility can be in China or Asia. The second facility can be in the United States (e.g., distribution center for the U.S. market). The first facility is handles assembling the garments, wet processing (e.g., base wash), storing an inventory of the base templates, lasering of the garment by a laser finishing machine when needed. The finished product, output from the laser machine, is shipped to the second facility for inventorying. InFIG.22, compared to the approach inFIG.21, the first facility no longer stores the blank template inventory, but ships the templates after base wash to the second facility. The second facility stores an inventory of the base templates, and has laser machines that can laser finish the garments. The resulting finished products are also inventoried at the second facility. In this approach, the time from finished product to store is shortened (compared to the approach inFIG.21) because typically the second facility (e.g., distribution center) is closer to, for example, the retail stores and location of the purchasers. This approach may be considered in-market final finishing because laser finishing occurs in the same location as the market the facility serves. InFIG.23, compared to the approaches inFIGS.21and22, there are three facilities. The third facility is a distribution center (similar to the second facilities inFIGS.21and22) and stores the finished products. The second facility handles storing inventory of the base templates and lasering of the garments. The first facility handles assembling the garments and base wash. The first facility ships the base templates to the second facility, which inventories them. After lasering, the second facility ships the finished products to the third facility. As an example, the first facility can be in China or Asia. The second facility can be in Mexico, or other location geographically closer to the third facility than the first facility. The third facility can be in the United States (e.g., distribution center for the U.S. market). In an implementation, a system includes: a first garment product, second garment product, digital design tool, and a laser finishing machine. The first garment is identifiable by a first product code identifier. The first garment product is made from a first garment template washed using a first base wash recipe. The first garment template is an assembled garment made from fabric panels of a woven first material comprising a warp yarn including indigo-dyed cotton yarn, and the fabric panels are sewn together using thread. The second garment product is identifiable by a second product code identifier. The second garment product is made from a second garment template washed using a second base wash recipe, different from the first base wash recipe. The second garment template is an assembled garment made from fabric panels of the woven first material comprising a warp yarn comprising indigo-dyed cotton yarn, and the fabric panels are sewn together using thread. The digital design tool is used to generate or produce one or more laser files, including a first laser file for a first finishing pattern. The digital design tool generates a visualization of a finishing pattern on a computer screen and allows editing of the finishing pattern. The laser finishing machine receives as input the first laser file that is generated by the digital design tool. When the first garment template is used as a target garment for a laser head of the laser finishing machine and the first laser file controls operation of the laser head, the laser finishing machine burns the first finishing pattern on the target garment, which results in the target garment becoming the first garment product. When the second garment template is used as the target garment for the laser head of the laser finishing machine and the first laser file controls operation of the laser head, the laser finishing machine burns the finishing pattern on the target garment, which results in the target garment becoming the second garment product. In various implementations, the first product code identifier is different from the second product code identifier. The first material is a denim. The first garment product can be a first pair of jeans product. The second garment product can be a second pair of jeans product. The first base wash recipe can result in a lighter colored apparel template than the second base wash recipe. For example, the first base wash recipe may include more oxidizer (e.g., sodium hypochlorite) that chemically oxidizes the material or fabric of the assembled apparel. Of the first base wash recipe may include abrasives (e.g., pumice) that abrades the surface of the material. The system can further include: a third garment product, identifiable by a third product code identifier, where the third garment product is made from the first garment template. The digital design tool generates a second laser file including a second finishing pattern, different from the first finishing pattern. The laser finishing machine receives as input the second laser file that is generated by the digital design tool. When the first garment template is used as the target garment for the laser head of the laser finishing machine and the second laser file controls operation of the laser head, the laser finishing machine burns the second finishing pattern on the target garment, which results in the target garment becoming the third garment product. The system can include: a third garment product, identifiable by a third product code identifier, where the third garment product is made from the first garment template; and a fourth garment product, identifiable by a fourth product code identifier, where the fourth garment product is made from the second garment template. The digital design tool generates a second laser file including a second finishing pattern, different from the first finishing pattern. The laser finishing machine receives as input the second laser file that is generated by the digital design tool. When the first garment template is used as the target garment for the laser head of the laser finishing machine and the second laser file controls operation of the laser head, the laser finishing machine burns the second finishing pattern on the target garment, which results in the target garment becoming the third garment product. When the second garment template is used as the target garment for the laser head of the laser finishing machine and the second laser file controls operation of the laser head, the laser finishing machine burns the second finishing pattern on the target garment, which results in the target garment becoming the fourth garment product. The laser finishing machine can be housed in a processing facility including machines used to perform the first and second base wash recipes. The first and second garment products are stored at a distribution center. The processing facility and distribution center are separate buildings in different locations. A template inventory including the first garment template and second garment template are stored at the processing facility. The laser finishing machine can be housed in a dry processing facility. The first and second garment products are stored at a distribution center. The dry processing facility and distribution center are separate buildings in different locations. A template inventory including the first garment template and second garment template are stored at the dry processing facility. The dry processing facility does not include machines used to perform the first and second base wash recipes. The laser finishing machine can be housed in a dry processing facility. The first and second garment products are stored at a distribution center. The dry processing facility and distribution center are in the same building at the same location. A template inventory including the first garment template and second garment template are stored at the distribution center. The system can include a server, connected to a user digital design tool and laser finishing machine via a network. A user accesses the user digital design tool at the server via the Web (e.g., the Internet or the Cloud) and creates a user laser file with a customized laser finishing pattern. The user selects a template from a template library to which the customized laser finishing pattern. The laser finishing machine receives as input the user laser file. When the user's selected garment template is used as the target garment for the laser head of the laser finishing machine and the user laser file controls operation of the laser head, the laser finishing machine burns the customized finishing pattern on the target garment, which results in the target garment becoming a customized product for the user. In another implementation, a method includes: providing a first garment template washed using a first base wash recipe, where the first garment template is an assembled garment made from fabric panels of a woven first material comprising a warp yarn comprising indigo-dyed cotton yarn, and the fabric panels are sewn together using thread; providing a second garment template washed using a second base wash recipe, where the second garment template is an assembled garment made from fabric panels of a woven first material comprising a warp yarn comprising indigo-dyed cotton yarn, and the fabric panels are sewn together using thread; providing a first laser file including a first finishing pattern; and inputting the first laser file to a laser finishing machine to burn the first finishing pattern onto the first garment template to obtain a first finished garment. The method further includes: indicating the first finished garment as a first garment product, identifiable by a first product code identifier; inputting the first laser file to the laser finishing machine to burn the first finishing pattern onto the second garment template to obtain a second finished garment; and indicating the second finished garment as a second garment product, identifiable by a second product code identifier, different form the first product code identifier. In various implementations, the method can include: providing a second laser file including a second finishing pattern, different from the first finishing pattern; inputting the second laser file to the laser finishing machine to burn the second finishing pattern onto the first garment template to obtain a third finished garment; and indicating the third finished garment as a third garment product, identifiable by a third product code identifier, different from the first and second product code identifiers. The method can include: providing a second laser file including a second finishing pattern, different from the first finishing pattern; inputting the second laser file to the laser finishing machine to burn the second finishing pattern onto the first garment template to obtain a third finished garment; indicating the third finished garment as a third garment product, identifiable by a third product code identifier; inputting the second laser file to the laser finishing machine to burn the second finishing pattern onto the second garment template to obtain a fourth finished garment; and indicating the fourth finished garment as a fourth garment product, identifiable by a fourth product code identifier, different from the fourth product code identifier. The first base wash recipe can result in a lighter colored (or darker colored) apparel template than the second base wash recipe. A first inventory of the first and second garment template can be stored in a first facility at a first location. The first and second finished garments are stored in a second inventory at a second facility at a second location. The first and second facilities are different buildings in different locations. A first inventory of the first and second garment template can be stored in a first facility at a first location, the first and second finished garments are stored in a second inventory at the first facility. The laser finishing machine and burning of the finishing patterns also occurs at the first facility. The providing a first garment template washed using a first base wash recipe can include washing an assembled garment first base wash recipe to obtain the first garment template at a first facility at a first location. The method can include: shipping the first garment template to a second facility at a second location, different from the first facility, and storing an inventory the first garment template at the second facility. The second facility can house the laser finishing machine. The second facility can store an inventory of the first garment product. This description of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the teaching above. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications. This description will enable others skilled in the art to best utilize and practice the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to a particular use. The scope of the invention is defined by the following claims.

11857015

REFERENCE NUMERALS 100—Cap body,110—Cap main body,120—Filling layer,121—Avoidance hole,122—Air inlet groove,123—First mounting hole,124—Second mounting hole,130—Housing,131—Ventilation structure,132—Support layer,133—Breathable layer,134—Mesh structure,135—Through hole,140—Cap peak,141—First peak layer,142—Second peak layer,1421—Limiting hole,1422—Limiting gap,143—Third peak layer,200—Temperature conduction sheet;300—Temperature adjustment assembly,310—Semiconductor temperature adjustment member,320—Fan,330—Heat dissipation member,331—Heat dissipation fin,340—Control circuit board,341—Charging interface,342—Switch,350—Battery,400—Heat insulation member, and410—Assembly hole. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS The technical solutions of the present disclosure are described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by a person of skill in the art. The terms used herein are merely intended to describe the specific examples, rather than to limit the present disclosure. In the following description, “some embodiments” means a subset of all possible embodiments. However, it can be understood that “some embodiments” may be a same subset or different subsets of all possible embodiments and may be combined with each other provided that no conflict exists. It should be noted that, when a component is fixed to another component, the component may be fixed to the other component directly or via an intermediate component. When a component is connected to another component, the component may be connected to the another component directly or via an intermediate component. The terms “vertical”, “horizontal”, “inside”, “outside”, “left”, “right”, and similar terms used herein are just for illustrative purposes, and do not mean sole implementations. The present disclosure provides a head-mounted temperature adjustment device, which can be used as a sun cap, a decorative cap or a helmet. Refer toFIG.1toFIG.6, in a first embodiment of the present disclosure, the head-mounted temperature adjustment device includes a cap body100, a temperature conduction sheet200, and a temperature adjustment assembly300. The temperature adjustment assembly300includes a semiconductor temperature adjustment member310and a fan320, the temperature conduction sheet200and the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310are thermally conducted and both disposed in the cap body100, and the fan320can be disposed in the cap body100or can be disposed on an outer side of the cap body100. The semiconductor temperature adjustment member310may be a TEC semiconductor. During energizing, two opposite sides of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310respectively form a hot surface and a cold surface, and by switching to introduce positive and negative electrodes of a voltage, the cold and hot surfaces of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310can be switched. The temperature conduction sheet200is made of a material with high heat conductivity, which may be a graphite sheet, a copper sheet, a graphene sheet or the like. The temperature conduction sheet200and the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310may be thermally conducted by means of a heat conduction medium, such as heat conduction silica gel, silicon glue and a heat conduction silica gel pad, such that the hot or cold surface of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310can transfer the heat or cold to the temperature conduction sheet200with temperature equalization characteristics. The temperature conduction sheet200has a shape corresponding to that of the cap body100, and is disposed on the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing the human head. During use, the temperature conduction sheet200is in contact with the human head, especially the forehead, through the cloth of the cap body100to bring the heat or coolness to the human head. The fan320is disposed on the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing away from the human head, and takes away the cold or heat generated by the other side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310by means of air blowing or air extraction, thereby improving the cold or heat dissipation capability of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310, and preventing the cold surface and the hot surface from affecting each other to reduce the heating or refrigeration effect. In the above solution of the present disclosure, the head-mounted temperature adjustment device can be switched between a cooling mode and a heating mode to warm or cool the human head. When working, the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310close to the temperature conduction sheet200generates heat or cold and transfers same to the temperature conduction sheet200with temperature equalization characteristics, providing uniform cold or heat to the human head and avoiding bad experience of local overcooling or overheating. Specifically, in hot weather, the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing the human head refrigerates, and evenly transfers the cold to the human head through the temperature conduction sheet200to cool the human head, and the fan320blows out or extracts the heat generated by the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing away from the human head to the outside, helping the semiconductor temperature adjustment member to dissipate the heat, such that the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310maintains the best cooling effect. In cold weather, the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing the human head heats, and evenly transfers the heat to the human head through the temperature conduction sheet200to warm the human head, and the fan320blows out or extracts the cold generated by the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing away from the human head to the outside, helping the semiconductor temperature adjustment member to dissipate the cold, such that the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310maintains the best warming effect. The head-mounted temperature adjustment device of the present disclosure combines the cap body100with the temperature conduction sheet200and the temperature adjustment assembly300, such that people can increase or decrease the temperature of the head while wearing the cap. Refer toFIG.6toFIG.9, as a preferred implementation, the temperature adjustment assembly300further includes a heat dissipation member330made of a material having high heat conductivity, a plurality of heat dissipation fins331are formed on the heat dissipation member330, and a heat dissipation groove is formed between adjacent heat dissipation fins331for increasing an contact area with air. The heat dissipation member330is fixed to the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing away from the temperature conduction sheet200by means of bonding or other modes, and is configured to assist the fan320to take away the cold or heat generated by the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing away from the human head. The heat dissipation fins331increase the contact area between the heat dissipation member330and the air, thereby accelerating the temperature of the side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310facing away from the temperature conduction sheet200to be quickly transferred to the heat dissipation member330. When the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310works, the heat or cold of the side thereof facing away from the temperature conduction sheet200is first transferred to everywhere of the heat dissipation member330, especially the heat dissipation fins331, and then is effectively taken to the outside by airflow generated by the fan320. In embodiments shown in the figures, the fan320is connected to the heat dissipation member330and is hidden in the cap body100. In other embodiments, the fan320may also be mounted on the outer side of the cap body100and aligned to the heat dissipation member330. Refer toFIG.2toFIG.6again, as a specific implementation of the present disclosure, the cap body100includes a cap main body110, a filling layer120and a housing130, an avoidance hole121configured to accommodate the heat dissipation member330is formed in the filling layer120, a periphery of the housing130and the cap main body110are connected to fully enclose the filling layer120, the temperature conduction sheet200, the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310and the heat dissipation member330, and a ventilation structure131is provided at a position of the housing130corresponding to the avoidance hole121, to enable the fan320to blow or introduce air. Optionally, an air inlet groove122surrounding the heat dissipation member330is formed in the end of the avoidance hole121close to the housing130, and the area of the ventilation structure131can cover the avoidance hole121and the air inlet groove122. When the fan320rotates, external airflow can enter the fan320through the air inlet groove122, and then is blown out by the fan320. Or, the filling layer120and the housing130are both of a breathable structure, such that the fan320can directly introduce or discharge air through the filling layer120and the housing130, the airflow flows more smoothly, and the heat or cold dissipation efficiency is improved. The filling layer120may be made of a porous light material such as sponge and foam, and the filling layer120is mainly configured to shield and limit the temperature conduction sheet200, the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310and the heat dissipation member330to avoid exposure of these elements to affect the beauty of the head-mounted temperature adjusting device. The housing130may be made of breathable cloth, and the housing130is configured to shield the filling layer120and fix the filling layer120, the temperature conduction sheet200, the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310and the heat dissipation member330on the cap main body110. In the embodiments shown in the figures, the fan320is also hidden in the avoidance hole121and is matched with the filling layer120, and the thickness of the filling layer120needs to be sufficient to accommodate both the heat dissipation member330and the fan320. In other embodiments, the fan320may also be mounted on the side of the housing130facing away from the filling layer120, such that the thickness of the filling layer120can be reduced. Refer toFIG.7, furthermore, the housing130may be of a double-layer structure. An inner layer is a support layer132, which is made of plastic having fine holes or hard cloth, and has a certain rigidity. An outer layer is a breathable layer133, which is made of sparse breathable cloth, and has breathability. The support layer132is close to the filling layer120relative to the breathable layer133. The ventilation structure131includes a through hole135formed in the support layer132and a mesh structure134provided on the breathable layer133. The breathable layer133may be locally mesh-shaped corresponding to the through hole135, or may be entirely mesh-shaped. The mesh structure134can ensure a beautiful appearance and facilitate the fan320to bring the airflow out to the outside. Refer toFIG.5toFIG.9, as an optional implementation of the present disclosure, the temperature adjustment assembly300includes a control circuit board340and a battery350, and the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310, the fan320and the battery350are electrically connected to the control circuit board340, respectively. The cap body100may further include a cap peak140, and the control circuit board340and the battery350are disposed in the cap peak140. The battery350is configured to supply energy to the fan320and the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310, and the control circuit board340is provided with a switch342configured to control start and stop of the fan320and the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310. In embodiments shown in the figures, the cap body100is similar to a peaked cap. The control circuit board340and the battery350are flat-shaped and therefore hidden within the cap peak140. The temperature conduction sheet200, the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310, the heat dissipation member330and the like are hidden in the filling layer120at the cap top, and are electrically connected to the control circuit board340through electric wires. Through this split arrangement, the overall volume of the cap body100can be effectively reduced, and the beauty of the cap body100can be improved. In other implementations, power can also be supplied through an external power supply. When working, the positive and negative electrodes of the TEC semiconductor temperature adjustment member310are powered by the battery350and the control circuit board340. In a refrigeration mode, the positive electrode of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310is connected to the positive electrode of the control circuit board340, and the negative electrode of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310is connected to the negative electrode of the control circuit board340to achieve cold-hot separation. That is, the cold surface continuously generates the cold, and the hot surface continuously generates the heat. Then, the cold is transferred to the temperature conduction sheet200through heat conduction silicone grease or a heat conduction silica gel pad, and then a large-area refrigeration and temperature homogenization effect is achieved through the temperature conduction sheet200with high heat conductivity. The heat on the other side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310is quickly adsorbed by the heat dissipation member330, and flowing air generated when the fan320is started takes away the heat of the heat dissipation member330, thereby stabilizing the temperature of the heat dissipation member330within a normal range, and ensuring that the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310has a better heat dissipation capability. The operations are continuously circulated to achieve refrigeration. It should be noted that if in the cooling mode, the heat generated by the TEC semiconductor temperature adjustment member310cannot be taken away in time to achieve cold-heat balance, the cold surface is also affected by the hot surface to gradually become hotter, thereby losing the cooling effect. Similarly, in the heating mode, the positive electrode of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310is connected to the negative electrode of the control circuit board340, and the negative electrode of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310is connected to the positive electrode of the control circuit board340, such that the original cold surface continuously generates the heat, and the original hot surface continuously generates the cold. Then, the heat is transferred to the temperature conduction sheet200through heat conduction silicone grease or a heat conduction silica gel pad, and then a large-area heating and temperature homogenization effect is achieved through the temperature conduction sheet200with high heat conductivity. The cold on the other side of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310is quickly adsorbed by the heat dissipation member330, and flowing air generated when the fan320is started takes away the cold of the heat dissipation member330, thereby stabilizing the temperature of the heat dissipation member330within a normal range, and ensuring that the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310has a better cold dissipation capability. The operations are continuously circulated to achieve heating. Furthermore, the cap peak140includes a first peak layer141, a second peak layer142and a third peak layer143, the second peak layer142is provided with a limiting hole1421matched with the battery350, and the first peak layer141and the third peak layer143are connected to fully enclose the second peak layer142, the control circuit board340and the battery350. The control circuit board340can be sandwiched between the first peak layer141and the second peak layer142, and can also be sandwiched between the second peak layer142and the third peak layer143. The first peak layer141can be made of hard plastic sheet or hard cloth, and is configured to support the whole cap peak140. The second peak layer142can be made of soft cloth or sponge to play a filling role, create an accommodating space for the thicker battery350, and facilitate the mounting of the battery350. The third peak layer143can be made of soft cloth, the periphery of the third peak layer143is stitched with the first peak layer141to fix the control circuit board340and the battery350in the cap peak140, and one end of the cap peak140is stitched together with the cap main body110. In other implementations, the cap peak140may also be of a double-layer or four-layer structure, as long as it can be perfectly hidden in a related component. Furthermore, a charging interface341is provided at one end of the control circuit board340, the charging interface341is located at an edge of the cap peak140, and the second peak layer142is provided with a limiting gap1422matched with the charging interface341for fixing the charging interface341at the edge of the cap peak140. The charging interface341may be connected to a charging wire for charging and energy storage for the battery350. Preferably, the temperature conduction sheet200may extend along the circumferential direction of the cap main body110in an arc shape, and abut against the cap main body110. On the one hand, the arc-shaped temperature conduction sheet200is matched with the cap main body110in shape, and on the other hand, it can fit well with the human head to transfer the temperature. Furthermore, the head-mounted temperature adjustment device further includes a heat insulation member400, where the heat insulation member400is sleeved on a periphery of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310. The heat insulation member400may be made of an aerogel material or other materials with better heat insulation properties. The heat insulation member400is provided with an assembly hole410in the middle for cooperating with the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310. By sleeving the heat insulation member400on the periphery of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310, temperature exchange between the cold surface and the hot surface of the semiconductor temperature adjustment member310can be effectively avoided. Refer toFIG.10andFIG.11, in a second embodiment of the present disclosure, the control circuit board340and the battery350are not disposed in the cap peak140, but are disposed in the filling layer120of the cap body100. Specifically, the filling layer120is provided with a first mounting hole123for cooperating with the battery350and a second mounting hole124for cooperating with the circuit board340, and the first mounting hole123and the second mounting hole124are respectively located on different sides of the avoidance hole121. Compared with the first embodiment, the second embodiment does not require the cap peak140and can adapt to more types of cap body structures. The above described are merely specific implementations of the present disclosure, and the protection scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Any modification or replacement easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present disclosure should fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present disclosure shall be the protection scope of the claims.

11857016

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings, a head covering garment1constructed in accordance with the present invention is generally indicated.FIG.1shows one embodiment of a head covering garment1, for example a hat, as it would be worn by a user. The hat (i.e. the head covering garment) is shown as having two exterior components2,4. This view shows exterior component2as the selected appearance. Each edge of the exterior components44,50inFIGS.6and7are attached to a respective edge54,56inFIG.8of the stretchable band. FIG.2shows the alternate selection of the exterior component4as shown inFIG.1. Multiple exterior component options provide the user with an assortment of styles, fabrics and maintenance options within one hat. This is partially achieved by allowing the user to simply collapse the hat by inserting one exterior component option within the other exterior component option. By doing so, this action also creates a fold within the stretchable band. A variety of materials can be employed depending on the style desired by the wearer. InFIG.3, this exterior component option is made from a circular piece of material. InFIG.4another example of the exterior component is shown. For example, this example shows a “ski” cap design, whereby the edges24,28of the exterior component pieces must first be sewn prior to attaching the exterior component to the stretchable band. It should be noted that one of the exterior components can also serve as a lining, where the lining material is preferably made from a fabric that serves as hair maintenance, for example satin, silk or any material that lays down the hair. FIG.5shows the stretchable band of the present invention. The band is rectangular in shape and has two end portions32,34as well as a top edge portion36and a bottom edge portion38. The band is folded along a vertical line40. The end portions32,34of the stretchable band are partially sewn together to form a seam58to create a loop as seen inFIG.8. The edges44,50of the exterior components inFIGS.6and7can be attached. There can be an optional, temporary opening52to allow exterior components to be pulled through. Once pulled through, the seams of the components are hidden. The temporary opening is then sealed.FIG.6shows an exterior component42created from a circular material with gathered bottom edge44. InFIG.7yet another exterior option is shown. The bottom edge50is also gathered so that it can stretch when attached to the stretchable band57. FIG.8is an unattached stretch band in accordance with present invention. Also shown is an optional opening52in seam58. Moving now toFIG.9, a completely attached version of a head covering garment according to the current invention is shown, whereby the exterior component60is attached to an edge62of a folded stretchable band73. The other attached exterior component66is attached to the other end64of the stretchable band. Also note that this exterior component has a seam68, therefore, a portion of the seam, such as an opening69, can also be used to pull through the attached components to hide all seams. The seam is sealed after all components are pulled through the opening. FIG.10. shows an example of the current invention, with both exterior components attached and pulled through opening. The version shown here illustrates two exterior components created from circular material as shown inFIG.3. The opening in the stretchable band is also sealed to form a sealed opening81. The completed garment creates a hollow envelope with a stretchable band74and two ends75,77or exterior components. The garment is worn by housing one exterior component inside the opposite end, thereby creating the folded stretchable band10. When the head covering garment is placed on the head, the stretchable band generously covers top of head, and front and back hairline. FIG.11shows yet another frontal view of the current invention, with both exterior components attached and pulled through a sealed opening81. The version shown here illustrates two exterior components, one created from circular material as shown inFIG.3and an exterior option that is triangular shaped (i.e. a santa hat). Also shown are the removable attached exterior components79a,83a, wherein user is able to detach the exterior, thereby creating more selection. FIGS.12and13show the stretchable band formed from two band components (78and80inFIG.12, or97and99inFIG.13). In forming the stretchable band, the two band components (a first band component80,97and a second band component78,99) are folded in half along the vertical center line95. The band component78,99has a horizontal edge82or93, another horizontal edge92, a first vertical edge80a, and a second vertical edge80b. The band component80has a horizontal edge84or91, another horizontal edge94, a first vertical edge80a, and a second vertical edge80b. After folding, the center or horizontal edges82,93(of the band component78,99), and84or91(of the band component80,97) are overlapped before the vertical edges80aand80bof the band components78,99and80,97are partially attached or sewn together to form a vertical seam96and to define a vertical opening98. The vertical seam96allows the horizontal edge84,91of one stretchable band component80,97to be situated over the horizontal edge82,93of a second stretchable band component78,99. The horizontal edge91of the band component97overlaps with the band component99, and the horizontal edge93of the band component99overlaps with the band component97, to define a horizontal opening90where the band components97and99partially overlap. InFIG.13, a first stretchable band component80,97is shown partially overlapping a second stretchable band component78,99. The overlapped edge91(of the first stretchable band component97) and the overlapped edge93(of the second stretchable band component99) create an access site therebetween, formed by the horizontal opening90that appears closed due to the doubled over material of the band components97and99. The horizontal edges92,94of the first and second band components are sewn or attached to the edges44,50(shown inFIGS.6and7, respectively) of exterior components. If necessary, components are pulled through the vertical opening98to complete garment before sealing the vertical opening98. The vertical opening98as shown in the example ofFIG.13is defined solely by the first band component97. FIG.14shows a perspective view of a fully sewn or attached head covering garment in accordance with present invention that comprises a stretchable band with an opening. It should be noted that the preferred material for at least the inside of the opened stretchable band material78,80should be of a porous form and thin (such as stretch mesh, sheers) to allow user to insert an edge treatment strip108,134that comprises hair setting agents commonly used today in the treatment of edge and hairline issues such as taming edges, thinning, greying and hair loss. The treatment strip108,134would be inserted via the opening128in the stretchable band. The connection of the overlapped edges126would assist in securely housing the strip108,134inside the stretchable band envelope130. FIG.15further shows a frontal view of an infused hairline or edge treatment strip108that further comprises solution holding cavities100and an attaching mechanism104,106that will provide options, whereby user can opt to attach strip directly onto the head using an attaching mechanism or insert strip inside housing of stretchable band. It should be noted that the current invention will create enhanced results relative to edge maintenance with the use of commonly used edge formulations on the market today and in conjunction with the utilization of the present invention's stretchable band and edge strip application, whereby, the additional pressing provided by a deliberate stretchable band will not only train untamed edges but will also strategically stretch or flatten the edges more effectively over time thereby achieving more effective, long term results. The current invention will also serve as a more effect treatment delivery system for issues such as thinning, graying or hair loss because now the user can uniquely target the hairline exclusively during sleep and while using current invention while simultaneously protecting entire head of hair. InFIG.16a partially sewn stretchable band is shown that further comprises skin and hair adhesion material102, (such as rubber, silicon or other pliable, soft material that also “grips” and controls while remaining in place), thereby allowing the user to strategically place this specified adhesion material102onto hairline for purposes of added maintenance and control of edges of hair and entire hair line. For added benefits, user may also opt to add specially formulated wet products and formulas that contain setting agents to thereby allow the adhesion material to stretch and relax hair edges and hair line more efficiently. Exterior components are attached in accordance with present invention. InFIG.17a partially sewn stretchable band is shown that further comprises bundle strap116. When not in use, user may opt to securely seal the garment by bundling it with the attached strap116thereby keeping dust or any unwanted particles from entering the garment. Additionally, bundling the garment can also securely hold other hair articles, accessories or wet goods as daily storage or during travel. Exterior components are attached in accordance with present invention.

11857017

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The subject matter of the present invention is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent. Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject matter might also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly described. Embodiments of the present invention provide an intelligent laboratory lockbox system. The collection, labeling, handling, storage, and transport of laboratory specimens are all integral steps that can individually compromise the integrity of a sample if not properly performed. Maintaining proper storage conditions and properly providing a secured specimen for transport can be addressed with specimen lockboxes described herein. For some facilities, maintaining proper storage conditions is difficult given that many facilities have specimen lockboxes that must be placed outdoors. Outdoor temperatures can have an impact on the internal temperature of the specimen lockboxes. Many facilities will use a frozen gel pack during summer months to reduce the internal temperature of the specimen lockbox. Additionally, typical lockboxes do not communicate with other sources regarding, for instance, a status of specimens within the lockbox. An exemplary intelligent laboratory lockbox system (“ILLS”)100is provided inFIGS.1A-1C. The ILLS can comprise a vault unit23and a base unit53. Generally speaking, the vault unit23can include one or more compartments to store one or more specimens while the base unit53assists with the self-regulation of an internal temperature of the vault unit23, regardless of the external temperature. The base unit53sits atop a base case1. The base case1is transported utilizing a cart having a cart base19and a cart top20. The cart has one or more wheels with which to move the ILLS100or just the base unit53. The cart is further equipped with one or more pegs21for stationary positioning. Further, a tether ring22is affixed to the base unit53for securing the base unit53to an object with, for example, a cable. The base unit53further comprises a handle12. Further shown inFIGS.1A-1Cis a base access door15in an open position to access a base interior15a. The base access door15comprises an air vent14. The base unit53can include several components within the base interior15ato self-regulate a temperature of a vault unit23and those specific components are illustrated inFIG.4C. As is shown inFIG.4C, the base unit53has a base access door15in an open position and sits atop a cart base19having one or more wheels and one or more pegs21. The base interior15acan comprise, but is not limited to, one or more cooling unit condensers4(shown inFIG.1A), one or more cooling unit fans5, one or more cooling unit compressors6, one or more cooling unit evaporators8, one or more cooling unit driver boards9, one or more cooling unit ducts10, one or more batteries2, one or more control units (e.g., processors)11, one or more drain hoses18, and a cooling unit base3supporting one or more of the above-described components. Various additional views of the base unit53are provided inFIGS.3A and3B.FIG.3Aprovides a front view of the base unit53having the base access door15in a closed position. As is shown, the base access door15is affixed to the base unit53via one or more hinges16.FIG.3Bdepicts a right side view of the base unit53having the base access door15in a closed position. The handle12is shown positioned between the two supporting vertical structures of the cart base19. Continuing on with the base unit53,FIG.4Adepicts a left side perspective of the base unit53having the base access door15in an open position.FIG.4Aillustrates the tether ring22on the left side of the base unit53along with one or more pegs21whileFIG.4Bdepicts a right side perspective of the base unit53having the base access door15in an open position. Returning toFIGS.1A-1C, the base unit53is integral in the self-regulation of the temperature of the vault unit23. A connection exists between the base unit53and the vault unit23via a cool return hose50and a cool supply hose49. Turning our attention now to the vault unit23component of the ILLS100, the vault unit23can comprise a vault access door24to access a vault interior24a. The vault access door24can be a gasketed, sealed, insulated access door affixed to the vault unit via one or more hinges such as hinge17and can be locked/secured to regulate entry to the vault interior24a. Such securing mechanisms can comprise physical structural locks, electronic locks, and the like. Exemplary securing mechanisms are depicted in the figures by providing a Bluetooth lock latch41and a Bluetooth lock receiver34. The exterior of the vault unit further comprises a handle37and a door hanger40. Continuing on, the right side of the vault unit23comprises an electronics access door47comprising a cam lock13to secure the door47and is affixed to the vault unit23via one or more hinges, such as hinge46. The electronics access door47, as shown inFIG.6C(a right side view of the vault unit23having the vault access door24in an open position), houses one or more computing devices42, a rechargeable battery35, one or more RFID sensors51, and a WiFi 4G radio27. The functions of the components discussed herein with be further discussed hereinafter. The vault interior24acan comprise one or more compartments. The one or more compartments can comprise one or more specimen tube transfer racks, such as specimen tube transfer rack31located on shelf26. The one or more specimen tube transfer racks can comprise one or more specimen tubes, such as specimen tube32, shown inside specimen tube transfer rack29. The specimen tube transfer rack31can, for instance, be located in a first compartment while the specimen tube32and specimen tube transfer rack29can be located in a second compartment separate from the first compartment, as shown inFIG.1A. While the present description is being described with respect to specimen tubes and specimen tube transfer racks, any laboratory specimen in any transfer material can be utilized in the present invention. The compartments can be divided in any way known in the art. In embodiments, each of the compartments is a drawer. The interior of the vault unit can be a single compartment with, for instance, any means for storing samples (e.g., shelves). Alternatively, the interior of the vault unit can be divided into two or more compartments. A compartment, as used herein, refers generally to any area that is separated from another area. The compartments can be separated completely or less than completely. For example, compartments can be completely separated such that individual compartments, in their entirety, are enclosed (e.g., drawers). Alternatively, compartments can be less than completely separately (i.e., partially separated) such that individual compartments are only partially enclosed and, thus, include at least a portion of an opening to another compartment (e.g., dividers between compartments that do not cover the entire height of area between compartments). The ILLS100can self-regulate a plurality of compartments within the vault unit23of the lockbox system, wherein each of the plurality of compartments can be maintained at the same or different temperatures. For instance, the first compartment housing the specimen tube transfer rack31can be maintained at a first temperature while a second compartment, separate from the first compartment, housing the specimen tube32can be maintained at a second temperature that is different from the first temperature of the first compartment. In embodiments, each of the plurality of compartments within the vault unit23of the ILLS100is a drawer. In further embodiments, each of the plurality of compartments within the vault unit23is an area, as shown inFIG.1Ahaving a top shelf26first compartment and a bottom compartment (housing specimen tube transfer rack29). Each compartment within the ILLS100can be individually programmed. Thus, the settings within the ILLS100can be applied on a per-vault unit level, a per-compartment level, and the like. Further, when the vault unit23is separated from the base unit53of the ILLS100, the vault unit23does not self-regulate the internal temperature of each of its compartments but, rather, will remain capable of passive internal temperature control, monitoring, and communication thereof. This is possible due to the presence of temperature phase change material33(e.g., a cooling pack). The vault unit23can also comprise one or more sensors for the collection of various data and communication thereof to one or more disparate sources. The vault unit23can comprise, for instance, one or more temperature probes/sensors39. The one or more temperature probes39can monitor a temperature within the vault unit23. More specifically, the temperature probes39can monitor a temperature of each of the plurality of compartments within the vault unit23. In embodiments, a different temperature probe39is associated with each of the plurality of compartments. The vault unit23can further comprise one or more proximity sensors38. The one or more proximity sensors38can, for instance, identify when an item (e.g., a specimen) is present in the vault unit23. The detection can occur when an item comes within a predetermined distance from the one or more proximity sensors38. The detection can also occur when an item enters a predetermined area that is monitored by the one or more proximity sensors38. By way of example, and not limitation,FIG.1Aillustrates a proximity sensor38in each quadrant of the vault unit23. A single proximity sensor could monitor an entire vault unit23, an entire compartment, or the like. Conversely, a vault unit23can be equipped with multiple proximity sensors per compartment. Configurations can vary. The one or more proximity sensors38can identify when an item is present and, thus, can determine a loaded/unloaded status of the vault unit23and/or individual compartments within the vault unit23. One data is acquired by the ILLS100, the ILLS100can communicate the various data to one or more disparate sources. The ILLS100can comprise one or more processors to communicate with one or more sources, such as the one or more computing devices42within the electronics access door47. The ILLS100can provide information regarding specimen tracking to an individual's EHR, an EHR server, and the like; thus, enabling specimen tracking to be incorporated into clinical workflows. Further, the information communicated from the ILLS100can be utilized to optimize routes for couriers for specimen pickups. For instance, a loaded/unloaded status may be communicated from the ILLS100such that couriers are only routed to stops having specimens to pick up as indicated by a loaded status (i.e., stops where no specimens are to be picked up/no items are to be delivered are eliminated from the route). Thus, it is contemplated that the ILLS100, either directly or indirectly (e.g., through a separate server/controller), communicates with a courier's workflow (e.g., one or more devices controlling the courier's data). The ILLS100can communicate information to a patient's EHR. For instance, a patient associated with a specific sample may be identified (e.g., from a specimen label such as a barcode) and data related to that specific sample (e.g., a vault unit location, a temperature of a vault unit compartment, a scheduled pickup time, an actual pickup time, a courier route, an intended destination, a time of arrival at the intended destination, etc.) can be communicated to and integrated in the patient's EHR. The intelligent laboratory lockbox system can be manufactured such that it is hardened for the International Protection Rating (e.g., IPXX) classifying degrees of protection provided against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical parts) and the intrusion of solid objects and protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against harmful ingress of water. In embodiments, the exterior of the intelligent laboratory lockbox is thermoformed plastic. Additional materials could also be used that facilitate the functions of the intelligent lockbox system, as described herein. Turning now toFIG.2A, a front view of the ILLS100having one or more doors in a closed position is provided. In particular,FIG.2Aprovides the base unit53having the base access door15in a closed position and the vault unit23having the vault access door24in a closed position. As is shown inFIG.2A, the vault unit23sits on a vault base23ato connect to the base unit53. The vault unit23is further connected to the base unit53via the cool return hose50and the cool supply hose49, which are necessary for the self-regulation of the temperature of the ILLS100. The base width220and the vault width210are illustrated in this view. Exemplary measurements of the vault unit23are 12.6″ wide, 20″ high, and 13.5″ deep, while exemplary measurements of the base unit53are 17.125″ wide, 21.125″ high, and 14.6″ deep. These measurements are merely examples and the sizes thereof are configurable. As is further shown inFIG.2Aand was not previously visible, the vault unit23further comprises a tether ring22on the left side of the vault unit23. Furthermore, the vault access door24comprises one or more solar panels44and one or more display areas25. The one or more solar panels44can be used to recharge the rechargeable battery35of the vault unit23. The one or more display areas25can provide ILLS100data such as an internal temperature of the vault unit23, individual compartments within the vault23, the base unit53, or a combination thereof. The one or more display areas25can also provide an indication of a loaded/unloaded status and/or a locked/unlocked status. An additional view of the ILLS100is provided inFIG.2B, which depicts a right side perspective view of the ILLS100having the one or more doors in a closed position. Turning now toFIGS.5A-5C, the vault unit23having the vault access door24in a closed position is provided. Initially,FIG.5Adepicts a right side perspective view of the vault unit23such that the electronics access door47is visible. Also visible in this view is the contoured exterior top designed to shed rain around the handle37. FIG.5Bdepicts a front view of the vault unit23having the vault access door24in a closed position. Visible in this view is the tether ring22, the one or more display areas25, and the one or more solar panels44of the vault access door24. Also visible in this view is an external utility door43, which houses a USB connection port for the connection of peripheral devices such as bar code scanners and to access internally stored data. Also included within the housing of the external utility door43is a 5.5 mm power connection. FIG.5Cdepicts a left side perspective view of the vault unit23having the vault access door24in a closed position and having the external utility door43in a closed position. Turning now toFIGS.6A-6C, the vault unit23is depicting having the vault access door24in an open position.FIG.6Adepicts each of the vault access door24, the external utility door43, and the electrics access door47in an open position.FIG.6Bdepicts a front view of the vault unit23having each of the vault access door24and the electrics access door47in an open position. Also visible inFIG.6Bare the tube transfer rack29containing one or more specimen tubes, such as specimen tube32. Between the compartment housing the tube transfer rack29and the compartment above shelf26is another compartment33ahousing temperature phase change material33. The temperature phase change material helps to maintain a temperature if/when the vault unit23is removed from the base unit53. FIG.6Cdepicts a right side view of the vault unit23having the vault access door24and the electrics access door47in an open position. ParticularlyFIG.6Cdepicts the interior of the area housed behind the electrics access door47. The area behind the electrics access door47comprises, as previously noted, one or more computing devices42, a rechargeable battery35, one or more RFID sensors51, and a WiFi 4G radio27. The one or more computing devices42can receive data from each of the one or more RFID sensors51, the one or more proximity sensors38, the one or more temperature probe/sensors39, and the like, and communicate the information to disparate sources. The one or more RFID sensors51can be used to track one or more RFID-tagged specimens within the vault unit23. The tracking can be continuous or can be initiated, either at the vault unit23or a remote computer, when the vault unit23is detached from the base unit53. The ILLS100can include several security features that track the ILLS100or the individual base unit53and/or vault unit23and/or trigger generation of an alarm if/when the ILLS100or any component thereof is moved from a designated location. The ILLS100can include tracking features (e.g., GPS) enabling tracking of the lockbox in the event it is moved/stolen. The WiFi 4G-enabled radio27is used to facilitate communication of the information noted herein, in an embodiment. The ILLS100can include any means of communication features such as cellular, satellite, WiFi, GPS, Bluetooth, and the like. Security features for access can also be included, as have been mentioned herein. Exemplary security features such as a PIN, RFID swipe, or a Bluetooth-enabled compatible application can be utilized to secure the ILLS100. The ILLS100, specifically the vault unit23and/or the base unit53, can include a keypad for entry of a PIN, a biometric screening tool for entry utilizing biometric information, and the like. Further, the vault unit23comprises a rechargeable battery35. In embodiments, the rechargeable battery is a Lithium Ion battery. The rechargeable battery can be recharged via a 120/12V power source. The rechargeable battery can be recharged via solar power using, for example, the one or more solar panels. As the overall ILLS100and components thereof have been discussed above, provided below is a description the functionality. As mentioned, the ILLS100provides a secured vault unit23to house one or more specimens at a location or during transport. The one or more specimens often require certain temperatures/conditions for storage. The vault unit23, therefore, is connected to a base unit53that, using the components thereof, self-regulates the internal temperature of the vault unit23regardless of the external temperature. The components of the base unit53have been noted above and one having skill in the art would recognize the components needed for temperature regulation. The necessary components for temperature regulation, however, are large in size and fairly heavy. Thus, a specimen storage system is provided that offers a temperature-controlled environment for samples awaiting pickup to be transported to a destination. Put simply, an originating source can obtain the specimen sample and the specimen sample can be put into the ILLS100(i.e. a laboratory sample drop box) to be picked up by a courier, for instance, and routed to a destination. As previously noted, the vault unit23(and/or the base unit53) can include one or more sensors such as the temperature sensors39and the one or more proximity sensors38previously mentioned. The vault unit23can include one or more sensors to identify temperature, weight, specimen presence, door openings, and the like. For example, weight sensors could be integrated into shelves of the vault unit23. The information identified by the one or more sensors can be communicated to one or more remote computing devices/servers by, for instance, the one or more computing devices42. Specimen presence sensors can, for example, identify when an item (e.g., specimen) is present in the intelligent laboratory lockbox system or, more particularly, within the vault unit. The intelligent laboratory lockbox system can include a single sensor to identify any item is present or can include more than one sensor associated with, for example, different compartments within the intelligent laboratory lockbox system to specifically identify which compartment within the intelligent laboratory lockbox system includes an item. The one or more sensors can communicate with one or more processors of the ILLS100, such as the one or more computing devices42of the vault unit23, to identify that an item is present within the vault unit23. That information can be communicated to one or more remote sources such as a laboratory, a third party (e.g., a courier or courier system), an EHR, an EHR server, and the like. Alternatively, a load status (e.g., loaded, unloaded) can be indicated by a press of a button (on the exterior of the vault unit23and/or the base unit53). The button can be programmed to communicate with a laboratory, or any other remote destination, that an item is present and pickup is ready. The loaded/unloaded status can be reset utilizing the same button. For instance, if a user (e.g., laboratory staff) manually loads or unloads the vault unit23, the user can press the button until the desired updated status is achieved. The status indicators (e.g., loaded, unloaded, etc.) as well as other information including, but not limited to, a locked/unlocked status, a temperature (potentially for each compartment), and the like, can be displayed via the one or more display areas25. The intelligent laboratory lockbox system can also include one or more external-facing LED temperature displays for displaying one or more temperatures of one or more compartments within the intelligent laboratory lockbox system. In a further example, the loaded/unloaded status can be reset utilizing a Bluetooth-enabled compatible application. For example, authorized users can access a compatible application that communicates with and/or controls the ILLS100. The compatible application can also be used to provision an ILLS by assigning it to a location or a client (or both) with a unique identifier. The compatible application may be utilized on a mobile device. If the ILLS100loses communication, a notification can be generated that the intelligent laboratory lockbox is offline and not communicating with other devices. The notification can be communicated to any designated destinations in the event of an offline status. The notification can be in the form of a text message, an email, a phone call, and the like to one or more designated authorized users. Embodiments herein include a system having a central repository of all telemetry data of the intelligent laboratory lockbox. In embodiments, the central repository is in communication with an EHR server. The telemetry data can be used to perform route optimization to couriers to route the couriers to locations known to have items within the ILLS100associated with the location. The ILLS100status data can be available to any user having access to the central repository. Thus, the ILLS100is in communication with a central repository, which communicates with an EHR server. In embodiments, the ILLS100communicates directly with the EHR server. In other embodiments, the ILLS100communicates with one or more processors/computing devices separate from the ILLS100and the remote processors then further disseminate the information. For instance, in the case of courier system integration, the ILLS100communicates with a remote processor that is integrated into the courier system. Thus, updates can be immediately made to a specimen pickup workflow, when needed. For example, assume that a specimen pickup workflow is created prior to a day's pickup route. A schedule could, for instance, be utilized for an initial generation of a specimen pickup (e.g., a specimen is scheduled to be obtained in the morning and should be picked up by the afternoon). If the loaded status is unloaded at a predetermined time prior to the scheduled pickup, the stop may be removed from the specimen pickup workflow (i.e., schedule). Conversely, if a vault unit were not scheduled for a pickup but the vault unit is designated in a loaded status, a specimen pickup workflow can be modified to include the vault unit that was not previously included in the specimen pickup workflow. Status checks of the vault units can be performed continuously or at predetermined times. For instance, when a vault unit is incorporated into a specimen pickup workflow, a confirmation of a loaded status can be performed at a predetermined time to confirm that the vault unit is still loaded and should remain in the specimen pickup workflow. When a vault unit is not included in a specimen pickup workflow, status checks can be performed at predefined intervals so that if the status changes to loaded the vault unit can be added to a specimen pickup workflow. The intelligent laboratory lockbox system described herein provides many advantages including, but not limited to, physical protection of personal health information (PHI) contained within specimen packages, improved specimen integrity through the maintenance of appropriate storage temperatures, identification of sites with specimens to improve route efficiency via intraday route optimization, avoidance of missed pickups and improved specimen tracking accountability (e.g., courier has already picked up and staff places specimens in lockbox after courier departure), providing an alternate method of communicating the need for a specimen pickup, etc. Turning now toFIG.7, an exemplary method700is provided. At block710, a loaded status of a vault unit is identified. As noted above, the loaded status can be detected by a computing device by a manual indication (e.g., a button) or by one or more sensors of the vault unit, such as one or more proximity sensors that sense the presence of items within the vault unit. At block720, an indication of a change in the loaded status is received from the vault unit. At block730, it is determined whether the change in the loaded status changes a specimen pickup workflow. For instance, if a vault unit was previously in an unloaded state but becomes loaded, it would need to be added to a pickup workflow. Conversely, if the vault unit was previously in a loaded state but became unloaded, it would need to be removed from a pickup workflow. At block740, upon determining that the change in the loaded status changed the specimen pickup workflow, an optimized pickup workflow is generated based on the change in the loaded status of the vault unit. The optimized pickup workflow will include a change or modification based on the change in the loaded status. At block750, a notification of the optimized pickup workflow is generated at one or more remote computing devices separate from the vault unit. The notification can be generated, for instance, at a mobile computing device of a courier. The notification can be generated, by way of further example, at a computing device of a source associated with the vault unit. Having described implementations of the present disclosure, an exemplary operating environment in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented is described below in order to provide a general context for various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring initially toFIG.8in particular, an exemplary operating environment for implementing embodiments of the present invention is shown and designated generally as computing device800. Computing device800is but one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the computing device800be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated. The invention may be described in the general context of computer code or machine-useable instructions, including computer-executable instructions such as program modules, being executed by a computer or other machine, such as a personal data assistant or other handheld device. Generally, program modules including routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., refer to code that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may be practiced in a variety of system configurations, including hand-held devices, consumer electronics, general-purpose computers, more specialty computing devices, etc. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote-processing devices that are linked through a communications network. With reference toFIG.8, computing device800includes a bus810that directly or indirectly couples the following devices: memory812, one or more processors814, one or more presentation components816, input/output ports818, input/output components820, and an illustrative power supply822. Bus810represents what may be one or more busses (such as an address bus, data bus, or combination thereof). Although the various blocks ofFIG.8are shown with lines for the sake of clarity, in reality, delineating various components is not so clear, and metaphorically, the lines would more accurately be grey and fuzzy. For example, one may consider a presentation component such as a display device to be an I/O component. Also, processors have memory. We recognize that such is the nature of the art, and reiterate that the diagram ofFIG.8is merely illustrative of an exemplary computing device that can be used in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention. Distinction is not made between such categories as “workstation,” “server,” “laptop,” “hand-held device,” etc., as all are contemplated within the scope ofFIG.8and reference to “computing device.” Computing device800typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computing device800and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computing device800. Computer storage media excludes signals per se. Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Memory812includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory. The memory may be removable, non-removable, or a combination thereof. Exemplary hardware devices include solid-state memory, hard drives, optical-disc drives, etc. Computing device800includes one or more processors that read data from various entities such as memory812or I/O components820. Presentation component(s)816present data indications to a user or other device. Exemplary presentation components include a display device, speaker, printing component, vibrating component, etc. I/O ports818allow computing device800to be logically coupled to other devices including I/O components820, some of which may be built in. Illustrative components include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, printer, wireless device, etc. The I/O components820may provide a natural user interface (NUI) that processes air gestures, voice, or other physiological inputs generated by a user. In some instance, inputs may be transmitted to an appropriate network element for further processing. A NUI may implement any combination of speech recognition, touch and stylus recognition, facial recognition, biometric recognition, gesture recognition both on screen and adjacent to the screen, air gestures, head and eye-tracking, and touch recognition associated with displays on the computing device800. The computing device800may be equipped with depth cameras, such as, stereoscopic camera systems, infrared camera systems, RGB camera systems, and combinations of these for gesture detection and recognition. Additionally, the computing device800may be equipped with accelerometers or gyroscopes that enable detection of motion. Embodiments described in the paragraphs above may be combined with one or more of the specifically described alternatives. In particular, an embodiment that is claimed may contain a reference, in the alternative, to more than one other embodiment. The embodiment that is claimed may specify a further limitation of the subject matter claimed. The present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains without departing from its scope. From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects set forth above, together with other advantages which are obvious and inherent to the system and method. It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.

11857018

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices associated with light-emitting systems may not be shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.” Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Embodiments described herein provide light-emitting systems for headgear that are particularly well adapted to illuminate people at risk, such as, for example, workers in the construction industry, mining industry or other hazardous or hostile environments. The light-emitting systems provide enhanced illumination around the user to enable the completion of tasks that would otherwise be hindered by low or poor lighting conditions. In some embodiments, the light-emitting systems provide a continuous or generally continuous ring or halo of light around a user's head that can be seen from an extended distance (e.g., up to and exceeding one-quarter mile) and from a particularly wide range of directions, such as, for example, from an overhead direction. The light-emitting systems may also provide substantial illumination within and outside the user's immediate field of view to illuminate areas within the user's general workspace. The light-emitting systems described herein may be advantageously attachable to headgear, such as, for example, the conventional hard hat10shown inFIG.1, in a removable manner. A hard hat10is a type of helmet that is often used in the construction industry to protect the wearer's head from falling objects or other impacts. Hard hats10are typically rigid structures having a crown portion12that defines a head receiving cavity and a brim14extending from a lower peripheral portion16thereof. Various projections, ridges and/or other structures20may be formed in the hard hat10to provide additional rigidity or other functionality. Often, for example, projections or other structures20are provided in the lower peripheral portion16of the hard hat10proximate the interface of the crown portion12with the brim14corresponding to regions where internal straps attach to the hardhat10. An example hard hat10having such projections20is the V-Gard® brand helmet available from Mine Safety Appliances Company of Pennsylvania. The exterior surface22of the crown portion12of a conventional hard hat10is generally defined by a convex, dome-like, rigid shell structure. Hard hats10may be subject to various testing standards and certification requirements for use on a jobsite, such as those established by regulatory institutions, such as ANSI. Compromising the integrity of such hard hats10may therefore jeopardize the ability to utilize them on a jobsite or may require additional testing and certification before such use is feasible. Although the light-emitting systems described herein are shown and described in the context of attaching to headgear in the form of a conventional hard hat10(FIGS.1and3), it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art that the light-emitting systems and aspects thereof may applied to a wide variety of headgear, including, for example, protective helmets for sports such as bicycling, skiing and football, hats or other headgear. Other examples include, without limitation, firefighter helmets, miner helmets, logging helmets, welder and foundry worker helmets, military helmets and other protective helmets or headgear. In addition, it will also be appreciated that the light-emitting systems and aspects thereof may be used apart from headgear altogether, such as, for example to illuminate inanimate objects. In other instances, the light-emitting systems or aspects thereof may be incorporated or integrated into headgear, rather than being removably attachable thereto. For example, an annular visor incorporating aspects of the light-emitting systems described herein may be provided for placement directly on a user's head for applications in which impact protection may be less of a concern. FIGS.2through6show an example embodiment of a particularly advantageous light-emitting system30that is readily attachable to a conventional hard hat10in a removable manner.FIG.2shows the light-emitting system30apart from a hard hat10, whileFIG.3shows the light-emitting system30installed on the hard hat10for use. More particularly, the light-emitting system30shown inFIG.3is attached to the lower peripheral portion16of the hard hat10with an attachment mechanism31thereof engaging the hard hat10in a manner that facilitates attachment and removal of the light-emitting system30without compromising the integrity of the exterior surface22of the hard hat10. Further details of the attachment mechanism31and variations thereof are described in further detail elsewhere. With reference toFIGS.2and3, the light-emitting system30includes a light-emitting unit32having a generally annular form and a power supply unit34that may be electrically coupled to the light-emitting unit32by a cable36to provide power to the light-emitting unit32from a remote location. The power supply unit34may comprise, for example, a rechargeable battery pack37that may be carried by a user. A clip38or other attachment device may be provided on the power supply unit34to facilitate attachment to the user, such as, for example, attachment to a belt, pocket or other structure of the user's attire. Advantageously, the power supply unit34may have sufficient capacity to provide adequate power to enable continuous illumination of the light-emitting unit32at full intensity over an entire work shift, such as, for example, a ten-hour or twelve-hour supply of power. The power supply unit34may be connected to the light-emitting unit32with a cable36that includes a quick disconnect feature that is configured to detach in the event the cable36is snagged or becomes caught on an object during use of the light-emitting system30. Although the example embodiment shown inFIGS.2through6includes a remote power supply unit34, it is appreciated that in some embodiments the light-emitting unit32may be provided with an onboard power supply, such as, for example, a rechargeable battery unit or cartridge that is integrated into the light-emitting unit32or that is removably attachable thereto. Structures and features of such onboard power supplies are not shown or described in further detail, however, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. With reference again toFIGS.2and3, the light-emitting unit32includes an annular housing40that defines a receiving aperture42sized and shaped to receive the crown portion12of a conventional hard hat10. When attached for use, the annular housing40of the light-emitting unit32surrounds the lower peripheral portion16of the hard hat10. The annular housing40may be configured to completely surround the lower peripheral portion of the hard hat10. In such cases, the housing40may be described as sweeping along a closed path that encircles a central vertical axis A. In some embodiments, the path may be generally elliptical and may reflect a general outer profile of the exterior22of the hard hat10to which the light-emitting unit10is to be attached. With reference toFIGS.4and6, the light-emitting unit32further includes a plurality of lighting elements44and at least one lens46coupled to the annular housing40. The lens46may be transparent or semi-transparent and may take the form of a window element having generally flat opposing surfaces. In other instances, one or more of the opposing surfaces may be curved to focus or disperse light passing therethrough. The lens46may be sandwiched or otherwise positioned between upper and lower portions40a,40bof the housing40. The lens may comprise a majority of a sidewall area of the light-emitting unit32facing outwardly away from the central vertical axis A. The lighting elements44are retained within the housing40and are configured to selectively generate a ring or halo of light H that radiates outwardly away from the annular housing40through the at least one lens46when activated, as illustrated inFIG.4. In some instances, the lighting elements44may be configured relative to each other and to the at least one lens46such that the ring or halo of light H continuously surrounds the vertical axis A defined by the annular housing40. In addition, the ring or halo of light H may be substantially uniformly diffused by one or more diffusion lenses when the plurality of lighting elements44are activated. The ring or halo of light H being substantially uniformly diffused means that there is little or no perceivable variation in intensity of the light emanating from the light-emitting unit32. This may provide a ring of light or “halo” that is particularly conspicuous or eye-catching, thereby enhancing personal illumination and user safety. With reference toFIGS.5and6, the light-emitting unit32may include a light-emitting assembly60(inclusive of the lighting elements44) that is electrically coupled to at least one control element62and to an electrical connector64that may interface with the power supply unit34to provide power to the light-emitting assembly60. The control element62may include an on/off switch, button or other control device for activating the lighting elements44of the light-emitting assembly60. In some embodiments, the control element62may also include functionality for adjusting an intensity of the light emanating from the light-emitting assembly60. For example, control element62may include a rotary element that adjusts the intensity of the lighting elements44in response to rotation thereof. Although the example embodiment of shown inFIGS.2through6includes a single control element62, it is appreciated that a plurality of control elements may be provided for enabling a wide variety of functionalities, such as two or more separate control elements. Functionalities may include producing alternating regions of illumination; activating a visual warning sequence; manipulating a color of the emitted light; and adjusting the intensity of select portions of the lighting elements apart from others. In some instances, some functionality may be adjusted automatically or otherwise independent of user input. For example, an intensity of the emitted light may be automatically adjusted in response to a light sensor or other sensor coupled to the housing that senses a level of brightness within the surrounding environment and adjusts the intensity accordingly (i.e., intensity lowers or dims in brighter environments, and vice versa). With reference again toFIGS.5and6, the light-emitting unit32may further include a diffuser film66. The diffuser film66may be positioned between the lighting elements44and the lens46to diffuse light emanating from the lighting elements44before passing through the lens46and radiating outwardly from the housing40. The diffuser film66may be a thin, ribbon-like structure that is held within an interior cavity of the housing40by retaining features68,70formed in upper and lower portions40a,40bof the housing40. With reference again toFIGS.5and6, the light-emitting assembly60may include an interior lens72positioned next to the lighting elements44to disperse light emanating from the lighting elements44before it passes through the outer lens or window46to radiate from the housing40. In some embodiments, the combination of the interior lens72, the diffuser film66and the outer lens46may substantially diffuse light emanating from each of separate lighting elements44arranged within the generally annular profile of the housing40. In some embodiments, the lighting elements may comprise LEDs spaced uniformly around a continuous annular path within the housing40. In other instances, the lighting elements44may include irregularly spaced LEDs or LEDs that are grouped in clusters to provide areas with different lighting capabilities, such as, for example, areas that may illuminate with relatively greater intensity than other areas. In other instances, the lighting elements44may comprise sources of light other than LEDs. With reference toFIGS.4and6, the plurality of lighting elements44may be configured relative to each other and to the outer lens46such that the ring or halo of light H radiates from the light-emitting unit32with a vertical spread angle α. In some embodiments, the plurality of lighting elements44may be configured relative to each other and to the at least one lens46such that the ring or halo of light H radiates from the light-emitting unit32with a vertical spread angle α of at least 30 degrees, and in other embodiments with a vertical spread angle α between about forty-five degrees and about one-hundred and eighty degrees. In the example embodiment shown inFIGS.4and6, the spread angle α is about seventy degrees. As briefly introduced earlier, the light-emitting unit32of the example embodiment ofFIGS.2through6is provided with an attachment mechanism31configured to engage a hard hat10in a manner that facilitates attachment and removal of the light-emitting unit32without compromising the integrity of the exterior surface22thereof. More particularly, the attachment mechanism31includes an adjustable band80that is configured to selectively constrict around the hard hat10. For this purpose, the adjustable band80may include an adjustment mechanism82for selectively constricting the band80around a portion of the hard hat10, such as, for example, the worm gear adjustment mechanism shown inFIG.5. The adjustment mechanism82may be located in a distinct compartment or sub-housing84of the light-emitting unit32. The compartment or sub-housing84may have opposing portions84a,84bthat substantially enclose the adjustment mechanism82therebetween. A portion86of the adjustment mechanism82, such as, for example, a hex key socket or screw head, may be accessible from an exterior of the light-emitting unit32via an access aperture87in the compartment or sub-housing84. In this manner, a user may readily access and adjust a tension of the band80to securely constrict the ban80around the hard hat10. A portion of the compartment or sub-housing84of the light-emitting unit32may be shaped to engage or abut a portion of the hard hat10upon installation. In this manner, the compartment or sub-housing84of the light-emitting unit32may act as a spacer to radially space the annular housing40apart from the exterior surface22of the hard hat10. Providing a space or gap between the annular housing40and the hard hat10may enable the light-emitting unit32to accept a wide variety of hard hats10and other headgear. In some embodiments, such as the example embodiment shown inFIGS.2through6, the attachment mechanism31may further include a plurality of engagement devices88spaced around an inner periphery of the annular housing40. Each of the plurality of engagement devices88may be repositionable along a portion of the inner periphery of the annular housing40. For example, with reference toFIG.6, the housing40may define a track or groove90extending along portions of the inner periphery of the housing40and the engagement devices88may include a coupling feature92for slidably engaging the track or groove90. In this way, the engagement devices88may be adjusted along the inner periphery of the housing40to locations which align with projections20or other features of the hard hat10to which the light-emitting unit30is to be attached, as shown best inFIG.3. When properly positioned, the engagement devices88can be urged into engagement with the projections20of the hard hat10as the band80is constricted. For example, the engagement devices88may be forced to flex inwardly into engagement with the projections20of the hard hat10by the band80as it is constricted. The engagement devices88may include an engagement surface that is generally complementary to structures or features of the hard hat10to which the light-emitting unit32is to be attached. The engagement devices88may also include one or more projections94for nesting with the hard hat10or portions thereof. In this manner, the light-emitting unit32can be quickly and securely attached to a hard hat10for use. In addition, the light-emitting unit32can be quickly detached for storage or for use with another hard hat10. Although the example embodiment ofFIGS.2through6is shown as including an attachment mechanism31having an adjustable band80, it is appreciated that a variety of different attachment mechanisms may be used to secure the light-emitting unit32to a target hard hat10. For example,FIG.7shows a light-emitting unit132having an annular housing140that is attachable to headgear, such as a hard hat, via an attachment mechanism comprising one or more flexible bands144. The one or more flexible bands144are attached to the housing140to span across a receiving aperture142thereof when the light-emitting unit132is detached from the headgear. The one or more bands144may be secured to anchor locations146on opposing ends of the housing140. The band or bands144may be stretched or elongated to receive a portion of the headgear and to thereafter apply a bias or inwardly directed pressure to the headgear to retain the light-emitting unit132in position. In some embodiments, the one or more bands144and associated anchoring structures may be provided as a separate, removable and replaceable unit that attaches to the inner periphery of the annular housing140and provides for efficient replacement of the attachment mechanism in the event the one or more bands144fail or are excessively worn. As another example,FIG.8shows a light-emitting unit232having an annular housing240that is attachable to headgear, such as a hard hat, via an attachment mechanism comprising a plurality of cam devices244. Each cam device244may be positioned to contact a respective portion of the headgear and rotate into secure engagement therewith as the light-emitting unit232is removably attached to the headgear for use. The cam devices244may be positioned about an inner periphery of the annular housing240at regular or irregular intervals. The cam devices244may extend radially inwardly toward a receiving cavity242defined by the housing240. The cam devices244may collectively space the housing240away from the exterior surface of the headgear to which it is attached during use such that a gap or space is maintained therebetween. As yet another example,FIG.9shows a light-emitting unit332having a generally annular housing340that is attachable to headgear, such as a hard hat, via an attachment mechanism comprising a plurality of spacers344each having a predetermined width to span a respective space between the housing340and the headgear when the light-emitting unit332is removably attached to the headgear for use. The spacers344may be integrally formed in the housing340and may include a semi-rigid material that is configured to compress slightly as the light-emitting unit332is secured to the headgear. In some instances, for example, the spacers344may be sized to provide a snug or press-fit with headgear having a select configuration. The spacers344may be spaced about an inner periphery of the annular housing340at regular or irregular intervals. The spacers344may extend radially inwardly toward a receiving cavity342defined by the housing340. Spacers344of different widths may be removably attachable to predetermined locations within the inner periphery of the housing340to accommodate headgear having different configurations. Irrespective of the particular form of the attachment mechanism that may be employed with various embodiments of the light-emitting systems described herein, the attachment mechanism (when provided) may be configured to secure the annular housing40,140,240,340to headgear without compromising the integrity of or penetrating an exterior surface of such headgear. In addition, in at least some embodiments, the annular housing40,140,240,340may be configured such that the annular housing40,140,240,340is radially offset from the headgear when the light-emitting unit32,132,232,332is removably attached to the headgear for use. The annular housing40,140,240,340may be radially offset from the headgear by a space or gap having a generally uniform or a variable width. Providing a space or gap between the annular housing40,140,240,340and the headgear may enable the light-emitting unit32,132,232,332to accept a wide variety of hard hats10and other headgear. In other embodiments, the annular housing40,140,240,340may be sized to abut or otherwise interface with a receiving surface or surfaces of the headgear. In some embodiments, such as, for example, the embodiment shown inFIG.9, the light-emitting unit332may include a generally annular housing340that has a broken or open profile defining a gap350. In this manner, the light-emitting unit332may be configured to generate only a partial halo of light around a vertical axis A2defined by the housing340. In some embodiments, the light-emitting unit332may include a plurality of lighting elements (not visible) and at least one lens346coupled to the housing340which are configured to selectively generate light that radiates outwardly away from the housing and sweeps through an azimuth angle between 180 degrees and 360 degrees. Preferably, however, the plurality of lighting elements (not visible) and the at least one lens346are configured to selectively generate light that sweeps through an azimuth angle of at least 270 degrees to provide enhanced illumination in areas beyond the user's direct field of view. Some embodiments of the light-emitting units described herein may be configured to generate only a single ring or halo of light H, while others may include an auxiliary set of lighting elements to supplement the same. For example,FIG.10shows an example embodiment of a light-emitting unit432having a primary set of lighting elements beneath an annular lens element446to produce a ring or halo of light emanating therefrom and an auxiliary set of lighting elements beneath a secondary lens447to illuminate independent of the primary set of lighting elements. The auxiliary set of lighting elements may be positioned in a forehead or brow region of the light-emitting unit432to provide supplemental light within the user's immediate field of view. In this manner, a user may selectively activate the auxiliary set of lighting elements when additional light may be needed or desired to complete a particular task. In addition, the auxiliary set of lighting elements may be positioned at a relatively higher position to emit light more effectively over the brim14of the hard hat10to which the light-emitting unit432may be attached. A control element462(e.g., a switch, button, dial, lever) may be provided to selectively activate the primary set of lighting elements and/or the auxiliary set of lighting elements to illuminate. Although a single control element462is shown, it is appreciated that one or more additional control elements462may be provided to operate the distinct lighting arrangements simultaneously or independently. Moreover, it is appreciated that a subset of the plurality of lighting elements of the various described embodiments may be configured to selectively illuminate at a different frequency or with a different intensity relative to the other lighting elements. In this regard, a predetermined pattern of fluctuating intensity and/or frequency may be used to signal different events or conditions, such as, for example, an emergency. In addition, various regions may be illuminated to display different colors of light. For example, a rear portion of the light-emitting unit may be configured to display a red hue or tint to readily identify the backside of a user. Still further, individual lighting elements may be provided to illuminate with different frequencies and intensities and to be controlled independently such that the combined light source of a grouping of the lighting elements can be controlled to produce light from a wide variety of selectable colors. In this manner, a user may selectively control the color of light that may emanate from the light-emitting system. Moreover, aspects and features of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. In addition, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/993,107, filed Aug. 13, 2020, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/893,269, filed Jun. 4, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,779,598, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/731,828, filed Dec. 31, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,189, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/254,319, filed Jan. 22, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,561,188, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/970,588, filed May 3, 2018, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/653,353, filed Jul. 18, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,986,778, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/794,615, filed Jul. 8, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,737,105, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/972,627, filed Aug. 21, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,103,539, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/779,634, filed Feb. 27, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,529,082, and Provisional Application No. 61/604,982, filed Feb. 29, 2012, are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes and aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ features, systems, and concepts disclosed in these applications to provide yet further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

11857019

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The best mode for carrying out the invention is presented in terms of its preferred embodiment, herein depicted within the Figures. It should be understood that the legal scope of the description is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this patent and that the detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment since describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. Numerous alternative embodiments could be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims. It should also be understood that, unless a term is expressly defined in this patent there is no intent to limit the meaning of that term, either expressly or by implication, beyond its plain or ordinary meaning, and such term should not be interpreted to be limited in scope based on any statement made in any section of this patent (other than the language of the claims). To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this patent is referred to in this patent in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term by limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning. Finally, unless a claim element is defined by reciting the word “means” and a function without the recital of any structure, it is not intended that the scope of any claim element be interpreted based on the application of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). The best mode for carrying out the invention is presented in terms of its preferred embodiment, herein depicted within the Figures. 1. Detailed Description of the Figures Before explaining the present invention in detail, it is important to understand that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the construction illustrated and the steps described herein. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in a variety of ways. It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Referring now toFIG.1-5, a covering unit, generally noted as10, is shown for covering the head of an industrial worker or sports participant. The covering unit10covers a substantial portion of the head70, as will be described in greater detail below and forms a multi-part shell component having an inner surface12adapted for closely fitting the contours of a users head so as to prevent open air space between the head and an inner surface. The shell component further has an outer surface14, and forming an opening16circumscribed by a gripping lower edge18. This gripping lower edge18forms a gripping mans for gripping to a wearers head in a manner such as to impede said the head covering unit from coming off of the wearer's head during use. The covering unit10is intended to be used in conjunction with an otherwise conventional hard shell safety helmets, of which is shown a construction safety helmet13. it should be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the relevant art, in light of the present teachings, that its use in conjunction with a construction type safety helmet13is exemplary only and not limiting, and the use in conjunction with any other type of specialized, hard shell safety head gear, whether industrial, military or athletic, should be considered as an equivalent. By way of example, and not meant as a limitation, any type of a multitude of athletic helmets, including football helmets, batting helmets, cricket helmets, bicycle helmets, motorcycle helmets and racing helmets can all be utilized in conjunction: with the present invention. The shell component14preferably will provide insulating properties, and may include an insulating filling. However, in greater detail as shown inFIG.1-2, the material of the shell component is anticipated as being thicker than 1 mm and less than 2 mm thick and adapted for positioning over both lateral side portions of the head. The hyperthermia element50is formed of a rectilinear pocket element formed of an open weave or mesh fabric52. The element50can be either permanently affixed within the inner surface12of the cap10, or removably affixed thereto with connectors, such as, for example, hook and loop fasteners. A plurality of pockets54formed therein are adapted for receiving passive cooling elements. Each passive cooling element58is anticipated as including a phase change material (PCM). Various types of PCM are known and available, having various phase change temperatures and activation temperatures. While the particular type of PCM or specific activation temperature is not intended as being limiting of the present invention, for purposes of disclosure it is felt that having an activation temperature of between 28° F. through 58° F. would be preferred in light of the intended uses, objects and advantages provided herein. As shown in the preferred embodiment inFIG.1throughFIGS.5, the use of three (3) individual pockets are formed for replaceably containing three (3) separate PCM elements is provided. Each pocket60may be provided with an individual closure element such as flap closure with a fastener, or the equivalent. As additionally and shown best in conjunction withFIG.6-9, an additional pocket60, for a total of four (4) individual pockets60containing four (4) separate PCM elements may be used as well. Also illustrated in either the primary embodiment ofFIG.1-5, or the alternate embodiment ofFIG.6-9. the covering unit10will preferably cover below the mid point of the external auditory meatus bilaterally in addition to the roar portion of the head and upper neck region. The material covering the head has been designed to be in contact with the head in all covered areas so as to prevent a significant amount of air space between the head and the inner material covering the head. To accomplish this the shell component is made from a pattern cut that is asymmetric from a section of the covering unit adapted for covering the front of the head and a section of the covering unit adapted for covering the rear of the head covering unit, such that the pattern cut has a concave pattern so as to emulate the shape of the front and rear of the head to prohibit the head covering unit from coming off of the head during surgery. It is preferred that the shell component comprise insulative properties. There is anticipated that the material of the shell component, as shown best in conjunction withFIG.3andFIG.7, approximates a thickness no less than 1 mm and preferably between 1-mm and 2-mm or greater. The shell's thickness is not limited to the approximations disclosed herein, but may alternatively comprise any thickness that both maintains euthermic range and adapts to a potion over both lateral portions of the user's head. Additionally anticipated that an additional insulative component19lines a portion of the inner surface12. The insulative component19comprises material having a thickness greater than 2-mm at the areas adapted to cover the posterior, the anterior and the top portions of the head The insulative component19comprises material having a thickness less than 2-mm at the areas adapted to cover both of the lateral portions. The covering unit10insulates a greater portion of the user's head along approximately the central third, the anterior and the posterior portions. As also illustrated throughout the Figures, the covering unit10preferably covers below the midpoint of the external auditory meatus bilaterally in addition to the rear portion of the head and the upper neck region. The inner material that covers the head is designed to be in direct contact with the head to prevent the adverse effects of having air gaps has on a users hyperthermia. The direct contact is accomplished by means of a shell component made from a pattern cut asymmetrically from a section of the covering unit adapted to cover the front of the head and from a section of the covering unit adapted to cover the rear of the head. The pattern cut is concave to emulate the shape of the front and the rear of a head; it prohibits the covering unit10from falling off during use. The pattern forms a gap less than ¾ inch, preferably less than ½ inch and most preferably less than ¼ inch. It is additionally contemplated that the covering unit10include material that comprises a temperature regulating micro fiber. The enclosed cap may further incorporate a chin strap attached to the lower right and the lower left aspects of the covering unit10. It is envisioned that the covering unit10is manufactured in various sizes, e.g., the standard sizes that include extra-small, small, medium, large, extra-large and the like For a more efficient fit, the covering unit10may comprise the various standard sizes for different age ranges. Additionally, an adjustment or a take-up mechanism may be used to ensure a closed cover. The users head without pressing on the users head. The covering unit10laterally grips below the users external auditory meatus. Finally, it is envisioned that the material used in the, head covering unit does not emit sparks nor is it static conductive. In that its intended use may be in conjunction with other fire retardant safety equipment. It may also be made of a fire retardant material. 2. Operation of the Preferred Embodiment In operation, the present invention the covering unit10is anticipated for use in maintaining the heed temperature and care body temperature within euthermic range for a user in conjunction with other athletic or work related safety equipment, and especially in conjunction with hard shell safety headgear. Anticipated as being used in an operationally nonconflicting manner in conjunction with a construction safety helmets, fireman's safety helmets, as well as athletic helmets such as for use with football, biking, skateboarding and the like, the user's head70is covered at the forehead, ears and a base having a back portion along a line where the head and neck meet. The covering unit10is closely fitted to the head and maintains a close proximity while on the wearer water. The head covering10provides further additional insulation at least a portion of a users head while being donned. The covering unit10is made such as to grippingly engage below the wearers external auditory meatus bilaterally and conform closely to the users head. The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention are presented for purposes of illustration and description. The Title, Background, Summary, Brief Description of the Drawings and Abstract of the disclosure are hereby incorporated into the disclosure and are provided as illustrative examples of the disclosure, not as restrictive descriptions. It is submitted with the understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the Detailed Description, it can be seen that the description provides illustrative examples and the various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed subject matter requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed configuration or operation. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter. The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects described herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims and to encompass all legal equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirement of 35 U.S.C. § 101, 102, or 103, nor should they be interpreted in such a way. Any unintended embracement of such subject matter is hereby disclaimed. They are not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to precise forms disclosed and, obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments are chosen and described in order to best explain principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and its various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that a scope of the invention be defined broadly by the Drawings and Specification appended hereto and to their equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the invention is in no way to be limited only by any adverse inference under the rulings ofWarner-Jenkinson Company, v.Hilton Davis Chemical,520 US 17 (1997) orFesto Corp. v.Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.,535 U.S. 722 (2002), or other similar caselaw or subsequent precedent should not be made if any future claims are added or amended subsequent to this Patent Application.

11857020

Referring now to the accompanying drawings there is shown a multi-part collapsible helmet10comprising a substantially oval (in plan) impact-resistant base body11of such a size and shape that it can encircle the head of a wearer when the helmet is worn and an impact-resistant crown12which, when the helmet is worn, complements the base body as shown inFIGS.1,4and5to create an approximately part-ellipsoidal shape generally corresponding with the cranium. The base body11is, as shown in those and other figures, gently contoured to reflect or accommodate cranial curvature, the ear regions and the junction of the head with the neck. In practice, the helmet may be produced in a small range of sizes appropriate to the different head sizes of wearers, for example children and adults, and in its marketed form will have an internal cushioning lining (not shown) typical of helmets and related protective headwear. Each of the base body11and crown12is an integral injection-moulded component of hard polymer material, but derives increased impact resistance together with light weight primarily from a partly internally skinned honeycomb structure13with additional integrated, spaced-apart stiffening ribs14oriented somewhat similarly to lines of longitude with respect to a quasi-equatorial plane at the interface of base body and crown. The specifics of component shaping and the detail lattice structure are amenable to variation and the illustrated forms are merely examples which combine functionality and aesthetics, in the latter respect especially an impression of strength. The crown12is coupled to the base body11by coupling means permitting movement of crown relative to the base body between a protective position (FIGS.1to5) in which the crown is supported by the base body in an orientation in which the crown covers the top of the head of the wearer when the helmet10is worn and a stored position (FIGS.9to11) which is inverted relative to the protective position and in which the crown is supported by, but nested in, the base body when the helmet is not worn. Support of the crown12by the base body11in the protective position of the former is provided by engagement of a rim portion of the crown in the base body to rest on an internal encircling step of the base body. This ensures that any impact on the top of the crown is accepted by the base body without any tendency to force the crown further into the base body. In the stored position of the crown, a step of the rim portion can rest on the upper edge face of the base body, i.e. the face adjoined by the crown when in the protective position, or the external surface of the honeycomb structure of the crown can simply rest on the internal surface of the honeycomb structure, thus the skinning of that structure, of the base body. The coupling means comprises a ball-and-socket universal joint15, which consists of a socket16integrally formed in a pedestal17moulded on the base body11at an intended front of helmet10and a hollow ball18integrally mounted on the crown12. The pedestal17is received in a recess in the crown when the crown is in the protective position and in that configuration of the helmet the pedestal shape effectively complements the crown to maintain the curved external contour of the latter. The ball18is a press fit in the socket16and for that purpose is slotted to allow sufficient compression, under resilient yielding of the ball material, in order to pass through the entrance of the socket and locate therein under relaxation of the material and return expansion of the ball, whereby the ball is mounted in the socket to be rotatable within the constraints imposed by adjacent features of the helmet. In that respect and starting with the crown12in the protective position as shown inFIGS.1,4and5, the joint15allows pivotation of the crown12about a first axis in a direction away from the base body11through a maximum angle of, for example, 16 degrees as shown inFIG.5, then rotation of the crown relative to the base body about a second axis, which is perpendicular to the first axis, through 180 degrees as shown inFIGS.6and7so as to invert the crown, and finally pivotation of the crown again about the first axis, but now in a direction back towards the base body until the crown enters the interior space of the base body and assumes the stored position. Rotation of the crown about the second axis can be carried out when the crown has been pivoted away from the base body by about 10 to 15 degrees, specifically when the crown in its pivoted-away state has clearance for rotation about the second axis without obstruction by or otherwise collision with the base body. The point at which clearance is available depends on shape parameters of the crown such as its height and width as considered in the sense of wearing of the helmet, i.e. vertically and laterally across the head of a wearer. The maximum angle of pivotation is determined by suitable pivot range limitation, in this embodiment by interengagement of the crown12and the base body11in the vicinity of the pedestal17, for example contact of a neck of the ball18with a boundary of the entrance to the socket16. The neck and the boundary thus represent abutment means. Other forms of abutment means to limit pivotation are, however, conceivable. In order to fix the crown12to the base body11in the protective position and also stored position of the former so as to create a rigid unit the helmet is provided at the back with a locking clip in the form of an over-centre toggle-action clamping latch19, which is mounted on the base body and bears by a hook20against a respective clamping surface21or22of the crown in each of the two crown positions, each clamping surface being provided in an individual recess in the crown and including a detent projection for detenting interaction with the hook20as can be seen in the sectional view ofFIG.2.FIG.2shows the hook bearing against the clamping surface21associated with the protective position and, below that clamping surface, the free clamping surface22associated with the stored position, whileFIG.10shows the hook20in its position bearing against the clamping surface22(not visible) associated with the stored position. The two clamping surfaces21and22are formed by opposite sides of an approximately T-section bar separating the two recesses.FIG.10also shows the detail construction of the clamping latch19, from which it is evident that the hook20is pivotably connected with a manual operating lever23pivotably attached to the base body11by way of two projecting lugs integrally formed with or otherwise secured to the base body. Starting from the configuration in which the crown is in its protective position (FIG.1), pivotation of the lever23away from the base body beyond an over-centre point relaxes the hook20to permit disengagement from the clamping surface21, including the detent projection thereat. Subsequent pivotation towards the base body back beyond the over-centre point and then re-engagement of the hook with the clamping surface21or—if the crown has been rotated in the interim—engagement with the clamping surface22causes the hook to pressurably bear against the surface21or22and firmly clamp the crown11and base body12together. The latch19, which consists of only two components plus two pivot pins, is operable simply and quickly for locking the crown and base body together to form a rigid unit in either the protective position or the stored position of the crown. In the locked state in either of these configurations, the interengagement of the hook and the detent projection at the clamping surface21or22prevents unintentional release of the latch, in particular release without operation of the lever23. The lever is partly receivable in a depression in the base body11to reduce susceptibility to accidental operation. Finally, the base body11is fitted with a helmet retaining strap24which incorporates a cushioned neck brace carrying a reflector and tethered to the interior of the base body (cf.FIGS.1,2and5to8). In the collapsed state of the helmet, with the crown12stored inverted in the base body11, the strap24inclusive of brace can be accommodated in an open-sided cavity bounded by an exterior surface of the inverted crown and an interior surface of the base body, as shown inFIG.11. Transition of the helmet10between its configurations, i.e. the wearable or use state with the crown12in the protective position on the base body11and the collapsed state with the crown12stored in the base body11, is evident from the foregoing description in conjunction with the drawings. Thus, arbitrarily starting from the wearable state as shown inFIGS.1,4and5the latch19can be operated by way of its lever23to relax the pressure applied through the hook20to allow disengagement of the latter from the clamping surface21of the crown12so that the crown is free to pivot about the first axis relative to the base body12. With the hook20clear of the clamping surface21, the crown12can now be pivoted about the first axis in a direction away from the base body11, a maximum limit (16 degrees) of such pivotation being shown inFIG.6. At or prior to reaching that limit the crown12can now be rotated about the second axis relative to the base body, in particular rotated through 180 degrees.FIG.7shows an intermediate rotational phase of about 100 degrees andFIG.8shows the final phase of achieved rotation through 180 degrees; there is no constraint on rotation beyond 180 degrees, but this is not required. From this relationship of the crown12and base body11the former can now be pivoted about the first axis back towards the latter so that the crown nests in the base body as shown inFIG.9. This pivotation is exemplified byFIGS.8and9, which show the start state and end state of the range of return pivotation. The lever23of the latch19can then be operated to re-apply the hook20, which now acts on the clamping surface22—which is inverted in relation to the clamping surface21—of the crown12as evident fromFIGS.10and11. In both the protective position and the stored position of the crown, the latch19when applied acts co-operatively with the oppositely disposed joint15to ensure the crown is urged against the base body to form a rigid unit precluding relative movement of the crown and base body. As a final aspect of the transition of the helmet from the wearable to the collapsed state the strap24is stowed in a cavity within the base body as mentioned further above and shown inFIG.11. A helmet embodying the present invention combines the virtues of light weight and, through its construction, a high level of impact resistance in the wearable state and is transferrable quickly and simply to a collapsed state convenient for carrying and stowage. The helmet consists of only two principal components, which can be economically produced from, for example, injection-moulded plastics material parts. Consequently, the helmet has a lower parts count and is generally of less complicated, but more robust, construction by comparison with at least some of the prior designs of collapsible or foldable helmets, while achieving a generally comparable or even better volume reduction in the collapsed or folded state.

11857021

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. It will be appreciated, however, by those having skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with an equivalent arrangement. In other cases, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments. FIG.1shows a device for shaping and protecting headwear, consistent various embodiments. The device10may be used as a device for shaping and protecting headwear, such as a hat, and may include an elongate body12having a ventilation orifice14. The elongate body12may be shaped to fit along at least a portion of an interior surface of the headwear such as a hat. The elongate body12can include ventilation orifice14extending through the elongate body12. The elongate body12may also include multiple shaping notches16on upper and lower edges thereof, which may help the device10stay flat against the interior of the headwear and against the head of a wearer of the headwear, even when rounded to mimic the shape of the headwear and the wearer's head. Thus, these notches16may help prevent folding of the elongate body12during use. The elongate body12may include one or more ventilation orifices14. The ventilation orifices14may help enhance ventilation and thus, minimize sweating of the wearer. While the ventilation orifices14are shown as circular in shape, the ventilation orifices14are not limited to being circular in shape. Rather, the ventilation orifices14may have any desired shape or size.FIG.2shows another device for shaping and protecting headwear, consistent various embodiments. In some embodiments, and as shown inFIG.2, the ventilation orifices14may extend downward to the lower edge of the elongate body12or may have slits18extending downward from the orifices14to the lower edge of the elongate body12. Such slits18may allow for the positioning of the device10in such a way that the bottom edge hugs a band in the hat, resulting in the device10itself being positioned between the wearer's head and the band, further reducing the likelihood that oils, sweat, and the like are transferred from the wearer's head to the hat. The elongate body12may be made of any of a number of absorptive compacted fibrous materials that is comfortable to wear (e.g., soft on user's skin), enhances ventilation (e.g., minimizes sweating) and is fire retardant. As an example, the elongate body may be made of a pressed wool felt material. Because wool is naturally antibacterial, use of such a material may prevent the buildup of unpleasant odors from prolonged or repeated hat wearing. The wool may also be naturally moisture and oil wicking and, as such, may prevent excess sweat from actually touching or getting into the hat by trapping it inside the woven wool fibers. While pressed wool felt is mentioned above, other similar and suitable absorptive compacted fibrous materials, such as needled wool felt, merino wool, synthetic wool, blended fire-retardant fibers, or any other absorptive compacted fibrous material, may be used to make the device10. The device10can be made of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) (e.g., US Federal Specification C-F-206G) compliant and non-SAE materials. In some embodiments, any SAE application of the device10may use fibers that are Restriction of Hazardous Substances (ROHS) compliant and fire resistant (e.g., FMVSS-302, FMVSS-218, or other federally mandated motor vehicle safety standard for fibers; likewise, other embodiments may require use of military standards such as American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) or other standards used to define flame retardant qualities in the US military and those of militaries in other countries). The fiber blends may contain: one or more of wool fibers, silver fibers, bamboo fibers, or synthetic fibers, or blends of one or more fibers. The device10can be made in any color. The dimensions of the device10may depend on the type of hat the device10is used with. In some embodiments, the device10may have a sufficient thickness to be useful in reshaping wilted or unstructured hat crowns to a uniform and clean appearance. As an example, the thickness of the device10can be in the range of one eighth “⅛” of inch to-one thirty-second (“ 1/32”) of an inch. As an example, the device10with thickness “ 1/32” inch may be used in hats that are not size-adjustable (e.g., cowboy hats, military dress hats, drill sergeant hats, or other hats). In some embodiments, a height of the device10may be shorter for hardhat applications and visor applications. As another example, for full hat applications, the device10may have full-circumference interior headband coverage with a height of one inch to two inches. The width of the device10can range anywhere from a full circumference of the hat to which the device10is attached to a portion of the full circumference (e.g., wide enough to cover a forehead of the wearer such as from ear to ear). To use the device10, the device10may be placed inside the headwear.FIGS.3and4show the device10installed in headwear such as a hat, consistent with various embodiments. The device10includes an “away” surface (e.g., away surface53ofFIG.5) and a “near” surface (e.g., near surface33) in which the away surface53faces away from a head of a wearer and towards the interior surface of the headwear, and the near surface33faces the head of the wearer when worn by the wearer. In some embodiments, the near surface33may include information, such as brand information (e.g., text or image). The device10may be positioned in a crown portion32of the hat30such that the away surface53of the device10is facing an interior surface34of the hat30. As an example, one or more tabs36created by slits18of the ventilation orifices may be placed inside or tucked in an interior band38(such as the front interior band) of the hat30to hold the device10in place. The device10may be positioned such that the bottom edge along with the ventilation orifices14hug the interior band38. The wearer may then wear the hat30as normal, wherein the device10may protect the hat30from the wearer's sweat, body oils, and the like. In some embodiments, the device10can include a fastener to attach the device10to the headwear. The fastener can attach the device10to the headwear detachably or permanently. The fastener can be used in addition to or alternative to tucking in the tabs36of the device10. As an example,FIGS.5-7show various fasteners used to attach the device10to headwear, such as the hat30. The fasteners ofFIGS.5and6may be used to removably or detachably attach the device10to headwear, and the fastener of theFIG.7may be used to attach the device10to headwear permanently. FIG.5shows a first fastener to install a device in a headwear, consistent with various embodiments. As shown inFIG.5, the first fastener52may be a hook and loop fastener that is used to detachably attach, fit or install the device10in headwear such as the hat30. The first fastener52may include two portions—a set of hooks52aand a set of loops52b(e.g., such as the ones manufactured by Velcro). The set of hooks52amay be attached to the device10and the set of loops52bmay be attached to the hat30. The hook and loop fasteners may be attached to the device10and the hat30at one or more points (referred to as “attachment points”). As an example, and as shown in theFIG.5, the hook and loop fasteners may be attached at four attachment points (e.g., attachment point “1”-attachment point “4”). The set of hooks52amay be attached to the device10at the attachment points on the away surface53, and the opposing set of loops52bmay be attached to the hat30at the attachment points on the interior surface34in the crown portion32. The device10can be installed in the hat30by attaching the set of hooks52ato the set of loops52b. The hook and loop fasteners may provide an attachment of low to moderate grip strength. The hook and loop fasteners may be attached to the device10and the hat30using an adhesive. In some embodiments, the adhesive may have very high permanent grip strength and be designed for use with synthetic fiber, fabric, and/or felted textile substrate. Other methods of attaching the hook and loop material may also be used. As an example, the hook material may be sewn in to the device10and the loop material may attached to the device10using the adhesive. In some embodiments, the dimensions of a hook material are different from that of the loop material. As an example, the hook material (“attaching material”) is of a shorter length than the opposing loop material (“attachment receptive material”) (e.g., half the length of the loop material) applied inside the hat30. In some embodiments, having the attaching material smaller than the attachment receptive material minimizes the damage that may be caused to the device10due to the force with which the device10may be removed from the hat30, thus enhancing removability of the device10. Further, having loops of lengths different from that of the hooks may allow adjustable device positioning within the hat30. The number of hooks and loops used may vary (e.g., based on the material of the device10or the hat30). As an example, the number of hooks and loops is the same. As another example, the number of hooks may be more than the number of loops (e.g., a number of hooks may lock into a single loop that is of longer length than the hooks). While the foregoing paragraphs describe the set of hooks52aas being attached to the device10and the set of loops52bbeing attached to the hat30, in some embodiments, the set of loops52bmay be attached to the device10and the set of hooks52amay be attached to the hat30. In some embodiments, the first fastener52may be a magnetic fastener, which allows the device10to be detachably attached to the hat30. As an example, a first portion of the magnetic attachment can be a non-magnet metal tape (e.g., a magnetically receptive steel tape or other metal tapes that are attracted to a magnet) and a second portion of the magnetic attachment can be a magnetic tape (e.g., made of magnet). The non-magnet metal tape can be attached to the hat30at one or more attachment points on the interior surface34of the hat30, and the magnetic tape can be attached to the device10at one or more attachment points on the away surface53of the device10(e.g., in a way similar to the hook and loop fasteners illustrated inFIG.5). The device10may be attached to the hat30by attaching the magnetic tape on the device10to the non-magnet metal tape on the hat30. The magnetic attachment may allow precise device repositioning within the hat30. The non-magnet metal tape and the magnetic tape may be attached to the hat30and the device10, respectively, using an adhesive. The magnetic tape may be high-gauss magnetic tape (e.g., gauss value above a specified threshold) that holds the device10firmly in position but also allows easy removability. While the foregoing paragraphs describe the non-magnet metal tape being attached to the interior surface34of the hat30and the magnetic tape being attached to the device10, in some embodiments, the non-magnet metal tape may be attached to the device10and the magnetic tape may be attached to the hat30. FIG.6shows a second fastener to install a device in a headwear, consistent with various embodiments. As shown inFIG.6, the second fastener62may be a magnetic fastener that is used to detachably attach the device10in headwear such as the hat30. The second fastener62may include two portions—a first set of magnetic tapes62aof a first polarity and a second set of magnetic tapes62bof a second polarity opposite the first polarity. The first set of magnetic tapes62amay be attached to the device10and the second set of magnetic tapes62bmay be attached to the hat30, or vice versa. The magnetic tapes may be attached to the device10and the interior surface34of the hat30at one or more attachment points on away surface53of the device10and the interior surface34of the hat30. As an example, and as shown in theFIG.6, the magnetic tapes may be attached at four attachment points (e.g., attachment point “1”-attachment point “4”). The device10can be installed in the hat30by attaching the first set of magnetic tapes62ain the device10to the second set of magnetic tapes62bin the hat30. In some embodiments, the second fastener62allows self-alignment of the device10with the attachment points in the hat30. Since the two sets of magnetic tapes are of opposing polarities, they attract one another into the same aligned position with every attachment using mirrored positioning of the opposite poles (e.g., magnetic tapes attached on the device10and the hat30in the same pattern of attachment points) causing the device10to automatically self-align with the attachment points on the hat30. The magnetic tapes may be high-gauss magnetic tapes (e.g., gauss value above a specified threshold) that hold the device10firmly in position but also allow easy removability of the device10from the hat30. The magnetic tapes may be attached to the device10and the hat30using an adhesive. In some embodiments, the adhesive may have very high permanent grip strength and be designed for use with synthetic fiber, fabric, and/or felted textile substrate. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the two sets of magnetic tapes are different. As an example, and as illustrated inFIG.6, the first magnetic tape on the device10(“attaching material”) is of a shorter length than the opposing second magnetic tape (“attachment receptive material”) (e.g., half the length of the first magnetic tape) applied inside the hat30. In some embodiments, having the attaching material smaller than the attachment receptive material minimizes the damage that may be caused to the device10by the force with which the device10may be removed from the hat30, thus enhancing removability of the device10. In some embodiments, the device10may be permanently attached to the headwear. As an example, a fastener such as an adhesive may be used to permanently attach the device10to the hat30. In such embodiments, the device10may have an adhesive material on the away surface53(e.g., covering a portion or entirety of the away surface53), which adheres the device10to the interior surface34in the crown portion32of the hat30. The adhesive backing on the device10may be designed for use with synthetic fiber, fabric, and/or felted textile substrate. In some embodiments, the adhesion can be achieved using a double-sided tape in which one side of the tape is stuck to the away surface53of the device10and the other side of the tape is stuck to the interior surface34of the hat30. FIG.7shows a third fastener to install a device in a headwear permanently, consistent with various embodiments. The third fastener72may include sewing thread, which may be used to permanently attach the device10to headwear such as the hat30by sewing the device10to hat30. The device10may be sewn at one or more attachment points on the interior surface34of the hat30. As an example, and as shown in theFIG.7, the device10is sewn to the hat30at five attachment points. The number of stitches at an attachment point may vary (e.g. based on the material of the hat30or the device10). For example, as illustrated inFIG.7, each attachment point may include up to four (“4”) stitches. In some embodiments, every stitch that penetrates the material of the hat30may create a direct wicking pathway for moisture to get into the hat30, which may defeat the point of using the device10with the hat30. Accordingly, this method of attachment relies on as few stitches as possible at as few attachment points as possible to maintain good retention of the device10within the crown portion32over time, while minimizing penetrative contact area with the material of the hat30. In some embodiments, the stitching is performed in a specific way to minimize the penetrative contact area with the material of the hat30. As an example, the depth of stitch from the hat30into the away surface53of the device10is ensured to be less than the thickness of the device10(e.g., not exceeding half of the thickness, or other depths) to keep moisture migration path away (e.g., sewing thread) from the head of the wearer. In other words, the stitching may be performed in such a way that the sewing thread does not reach the near surface, is not visible on the near surface, or is not in contact with the head of the wearer when the hat30is worn by the wearer. While the foregoing paragraphs describe the use of different fasteners in different implementations, in some embodiments, a combination of fasteners may be used to attach the device10to the hat30. As an example, magnets may be used at some attachment points and hook and loop fasteners may be used at other attachment points. In some embodiments, the shape of the device10may be customized by the wearer. For example, a template may include a set of perforations for various shapes of devices.FIG.8shows a template80with perforations for creating a device of a specific shape, consistent with various embodiments. The wearer may cut (e.g., pick and pluck) along one or more perforations to create the device10of a specific shape. For example, the template80may be cut along all perforations to create the device10ofFIG.2. In another example, the template80may be cut along perforations82and84but not the other perforations to create a device with shaping notches similar to the shaping notches16and without any ventilation orifices. In another example, the template80may be cut along perforations82and one or more of perforations86, but not the other perforations to create the device with one or more ventilation orifices but not the shaping notches. Various such templates with perforations for various designs can be created and used for creating devices of various shapes. In some embodiments, the shape of the device10may be customized using one or more templates (e.g., cut-to-fit template). For example, a blank device material of a uniform shape such as a square, rectangle or a circle may be shipped to a wearer and the wearer may create a device10of a specific shape using a template. The template is of a specific design and one or more such templates can be delivered to the wearer physically or digitally. For example, the templates may be provided with the device material, sold separately from the device10, or provided via email or as website downloads (which may require the wearer to print the template on a paper). The wearer may cut the device material using a specific template to create the device10of a specific shape (e.g., wearer may superimpose the template on the device material and cut along the markings in the template). FIG.9is an example flowchart of processing operations of methods that enable the various features and functionality of the device as described in detail above. The processing operations of each method presented below are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. In some embodiments, for example, the methods may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the processing operations of the methods are illustrated (and described below) is not intended to be limiting. FIG.9shows a flowchart of a method900for attaching a device to a headwear for shaping and protecting the headwear, consistent with various embodiments. In some embodiments, the method900for attaching a device to a headwear, such as the device10to the hat30, may include the steps of preparing the device10for attachment to the hat30(902), attaching a fastener to the hat30(904), and attaching the device10to the hat30(906). The first step (902) of preparing the device10may include one or more actions. For example, a first action may include creating a device of a specific shape (e.g., device10) from a template (e.g., as described at least with reference toFIG.8). In some embodiments, the first action may be optional. For example, if the device is already created customized to a specific shape, the wearer may not have to perform the first action. A second action in preparing the device10for attachment to the hat30may include attaching a first set of fasteners (fastener examples are mentioned at least with reference toFIGS.5-7) to the device10. In some embodiments, the first set of fasteners can be attached to the device10as described at least with reference toFIGS.5-7. In some embodiments, the device10may include markers for the attachment points, which may help the wearer in locating the attachment points for attaching the first set of fasteners. In some embodiments, the markers for attachment points may be provided on a separate marker template, which the wearer may use for locating the attachment points (e.g., by superimposing the marker template on the device10to locate the attachment points). In some embodiments, the second action may be optional. For example, if the device already has the first set of fasteners attached to it, the wearer may not have to perform the second action. The second step (904) of attaching the fastener to the hat30may include attaching a second set of fasteners to the hat30at one or more attachment points. In some embodiments, the second set of fasteners can be attached to the hat30as described at least with reference toFIGS.5-7. In some embodiments, a marker template having markers for the attachment points may be provided, which the wearer can use to locate the attachment points on the hat30for attaching the second set of fasteners. In some embodiments, the marker template may be the same marker template used for locating the attachment points on the device10. In an another example, the second set of fasteners may be attached to the hat30by first attaching them to the first set of fasteners of the device10(e.g., loop material to be attached to the hat30can be attached to the hook material attached to the device10), peeling of a back covering layer of the first set of fasteners to expose an adhesive layer on the back of the first set of fasteners, aligning the device10with the attachment points on the interior surface of the hat30and then pressing the device10against the attachment points to attach the second set of fasteners to the hat30. After the fasteners are attached to the device10and hat30, in the third step (906), the device10can be attached to the hat30by aligning the first set of fasteners on the device10with the second set of fasteners on the hat30and attaching the first set of fasteners on the device10to the second set of fasteners on the hat30. To remove the device10from the hat30, the device10may be detached by pulling the device10(e.g., from one of the corners of the device10, preferably proximate an attachment point) away from the hat30. The wearer may easily use the device10with another hat (e.g., using the second step (904) and third step (906) if the other hat does not have fasteners attached to it, or using the third step (906) if the other hat already has fasteners attached to it). In some embodiments, headwear may be made available to a wearer with a device, such as the device10, attached to or included with the headwear. The wearer may use the device with the headwear or detach the device10from the headwear and use it with another headwear. The above-described embodiments presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation. While these embodiments have been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed embodiments can be embodied in other specific forms. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the disclosed embodiments are not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claim. The present techniques will be better understood with reference to the following enumerated embodiments:1. An insert for shaping or protecting a headwear, the insert comprising:an elongate body shaped to install along an interior surface of a crown portion of the headwear, wherein the elongate body includes a plurality of ventilation orifices extending through the elongate body; anda set of fasteners to install the insert to the headwear, wherein the set fasteners are attached to the insert and the interior surface of the headwear at one or more attachment points, wherein the set of fasteners include at least one of a set of hook and loop fasteners or a set of magnetic fasteners.2. The insert of embodiment 1, wherein the set of hook and loop fasteners includes a set of hooks that is to be attached to a first surface of the elongate body, and wherein the set of hook and loop fasteners includes a set of loops that is to be attached on the interior surface of the headwear, wherein the set of hooks attaches to the set of loops for fitting the insert along the interior surface of the headwear.3. The insert of embodiment 1, wherein the headwear is a hat, and wherein the insert is positioned in a crown portion of the hat that will be in contact with a forehead of a wearer of the hat, wherein the device is positioned in the crown portion such that a bottom edge of the elongate body is in contact with a band of the hat in a bottom portion of the interior surface of the hat.4. An insert for a headwear, the insert comprising:an elongate body shaped to fit along an interior surface of a crown portion of the headwear, wherein the elongate body includes at least one ventilation orifice extending through the elongate body, wherein the at least ventilation orifice includes a slit that extends from the at least ventilation orifice to an edge of the elongate body; anda fastener to detachably fit the insert to the headwear.5. The insert of embodiment 4, wherein the headwear is a hat, and the insert is positioned in the crown portion of the hat that will be in contact with a forehead of a wearer of the hat.6. The insert of embodiment 5, wherein the insert is positioned in the crown portion of the hat such that a bottom edge of the elongate body is in contact with a band of the hat in a bottom portion of the interior surface of the hat.7. The insert of embodiment 4, wherein the elongate body is of a thickness in a range of 1/32 of an inch to ⅛ of an inch.8. The insert of embodiment 4, wherein the elongate body further includes a set of perforations, wherein the elongate body is configured to be cut along the set of perforations to create the insert of a specified shape.6. The insert of embodiment 4 further comprising:a template of a specified shape, wherein the elongate body is configured to be cut to the specified shape using the template.

11857022

Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. General Discussion of Article of Footwear Referring initially toFIGS.1-3, an article of footwear100is illustrated according to exemplary embodiments. The footwear100can generally include a sole structure110and an upper120. Sole structure110is secured to upper120and extends between the foot and the ground when footwear100is worn. The sole structure110can include a midsole112and an outsole114that are layered on each other. The midsole112can include a resiliently compressible material, fluid-filled bladders, and the like. As such, the midsole112can cushion the wearer's foot and attenuate impact and other forces when running, jumping, and the like. The outsole114can be secured to the midsole112and can include a wear resistant material, such as rubber and the like. The outsole114can also include tread and other traction-enhancing features. Moreover, the upper120can define a void122that receives a foot of the wearer. Stated differently, the upper120can define an interior surface121that defines the void122, and the upper120can define an exterior surface123that faces in a direction opposite the interior surface121. When the wearer's foot is received within the void122, the upper120can at least partially enclose and encapsulate the wearer's foot. Many conventional footwear uppers are formed from multiple material elements (e.g., textiles, polymer foam, polymer sheets, leather, synthetic leather) that are joined through stitching or bonding, for example. In contrast, at least a portion of upper120is formed from a knitted component116having a unitary knit construction. As such, knitted component116defines at least a portion of the void within upper120. Also, the knitted component116can define at least a portion of the exterior surface123and/or the interior surface121of the upper120. In some embodiments, the knitted component116can define a majority of the upper120. Decreasing the number of material elements used in forming the upper120may decrease waste, while also increasing the manufacturing efficiency and recyclability of the upper120. As discussed in greater detail below, the knitted component116of the upper120of the present disclosure can decrease waste and increase manufacturing efficiency and recyclability. Additionally, the knitted component116of the upper120can incorporate smaller numbers of seams or other discontinuities, thereby enhancing the overall comfort of footwear100. The knitted component116may also have common properties when formed from the same strand, yarn (or type of yarn) or with similar knit structures. For example, using the same strand in various portions of the knitted component116can impart similar durability, strength, stretch, wear-resistance, biodegradability, thermal, and hydrophobic properties. In addition to physical properties, using the same strand in multiple portions of the knitted component116can impart common aesthetic or tactile properties, such as color, sheen, and texture. Using the same knit structures across different portions of the knitted component116may also impart common physical properties and aesthetic properties. Knitted Component Configurations FIGS.4-6illustrate various embodiments of knitted components116that may be incorporated into articles of footwear in a similar manner as the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.1through3. The knitted component116illustrated inFIGS.4-6are depicted separate from a remainder of footwear100. However, it should be understood that each of the embodiments of knitted component116described herein may be combined with the elements of footwear100, described above, to form an article of footwear100incorporating the knitted component116. The knitted component116can be of “unitary knit construction.” As defined herein and as used in the claims, the term “unitary knit construction” means that the knitted component116is formed as a one-piece element through a knitting process. That is, the knitting process substantially forms the various features and structures of knitted component116without the need for significant additional manufacturing steps or processes. A unitary knit construction may be used to form a knitted component having structures or elements that include one or more courses of yarn or other knit material that are joined such that the structures or elements include at least one course or wale in common (i.e., sharing a common strand or common yarn) and/or include courses or wales that are substantially continuous between each portion of the knitted component116. With this arrangement, a one-piece element of unitary knit construction is provided. Although portions of knitted component116may be joined to each other following the knitting process, knitted component116remains formed of unitary knit construction because it is formed as a one-piece knit element. Moreover, knitted component116remains formed of unitary knit construction when other elements (e.g., an inlaid strand, a closure element, logos, trademarks, placards with care instructions and material information, and other structural elements) are added following the knitting process. FIGS.4-6illustrate exemplary embodiments of the knitted component116as defining a majority of the upper120of the article of footwear100. As shown, the knitted component116of the upper120can include a strobel portion124and one or more side portions126. The strobel portion124can be configured to extend underneath the wearer's foot, and the side portion(s)126can be configured to at least partially cover over the wearer's foot. Also, the strobel portion124and side portion(s)126can cooperate to define a void122that receives the wearer's foot. Again, the strobel portion124and the side portion(s)126can be formed of a unitary knit construction as discussed above. As shown in the illustrated embodiments, the side portions126of the knitted component116can include a heel portion128, a lateral portion130, a medial portion132, a forefoot portion134, and a tongue portion136, each of which are formed of the same unitary knit construction as the strobel portion124. As such, the knitted component116can fit and conform closely to the wearer's foot. Also, because of this construction, the knitted component116can be formed relatively quickly to increase manufacturing efficiency. Also, as shown inFIG.6and as will be discussed in detail, the knitted component116can include one or more strands158that are incorporated with the unitary knit construction of the knitted component116. For instance, the strands158can be inlaid within the courses and/or wales of the knitted component116as will be discussed. Also, the strands158can be attached to the interior and/or exterior surface of the knitted component116. The strand(s)158can be disposed in the upper to extend across the sides and/or under the wearer's foot. Also, the strand(s)158can be operably coupled to a closure member154, such as a shoelace155. Thus, tensioning the shoelace155can, in turn, tension the strand(s)158. As a result, the strand(s)158can provide support to the wearer's foot for increased comfort and better fit. The illustrated embodiments of the upper120and the footwear100is configured to be worn on a left foot of the wearer. However, it will be appreciated that the footwear100can be configured to be worn on the right foot and can include similar features as the illustrated embodiments. The footwear100can also be configured as a running shoe. However, the footwear100may also be applied to a variety of other athletic footwear types, including baseball shoes, basketball shoes, cycling shoes, football shoes, tennis shoes, soccer shoes, training shoes, walking shoes, and hiking boots, for example. The concepts may also be applied to footwear types that are generally considered to be non-athletic, including dress shoes, loafers, sandals, and work boots. Accordingly, the concepts disclosed with respect to footwear100apply to a wide variety of footwear types. In exemplary embodiments schematically illustrated inFIG.13, the primary element of knitted component116may be formed from at least one yarn1138or other strand that is manipulated (e.g., with a knitting machine) to form a plurality of intermeshed loops that define a variety of courses and wales. Although yarn1138forms each of the courses and wales in this configuration, additional yarns may form one or more of the courses and/or wales. The properties that a particular type of yarn will impart to an area of a knitted component partially depend upon the materials that form the various filaments and fibers within the yarn. Cotton, for example, provides a soft hand, natural aesthetics, and biodegradability. Elastane and stretch polyester each provide substantial stretch and recovery, with stretch polyester also providing recyclability. Rayon provides high luster and moisture absorption. Wool also provides high moisture absorption, in addition to insulating properties and biodegradability. Nylon is a durable and abrasion-resistant material with relatively high strength. Polyester is a hydrophobic material that also provides relatively high durability. Additional examples of a suitable configuration for a portion of knitted component116is depicted inFIG.14. In this configuration, knitted component116includes yarn1138and another yarn1139(i.e., plural strands). Yarns1138and1139are plated and cooperatively form a plurality of intermeshed loops defining multiple horizontal courses and vertical wales. That is, yarns1138and1139run parallel to each other. An advantage of this configuration is that the properties of each of yarns1138and1139may be present in this area of knitted component1130. For example, yarns1138and1139may have different colors, with the color of yarn1138being primarily present on a face of the various stitches in knit element1131and the color of yarn1139being primarily present on a reverse of the various stitches in knit element1131. As another example, yarn1139may be formed from a yarn that is softer and more comfortable against the foot than yarn1138, with yarn1138being primarily present on first surface1136and yarn1139being primarily present on second surface1137. Moreover, as shown inFIGS.13and14, a strand1132can be incorporated in the unitary knit construction of the knitted component116. The strand1132can be a tensile strand element that provides support to the knitted component116. Stated differently, tension within the strand1132can allow the knitted component116to resist deformation, stretching, or otherwise provide support for the wearer's foot during running, jumping, or other movements of the wearer's foot. Also, it will be appreciated that the strand158ofFIG.6(mentioned above and described in detail below) can be incorporated in the knitted component116similar to the strand1132ofFIGS.13and14. As will be discussed, the strand1132can be incorporated or inlaid into the unitary knit construction of the knitted component116such that the strand1132can be included during the knitting processes on the knitting machine. For instance, the strand1132can be inlaid within the unitary knit construction such that the strand1132extends along one of the courses as shown inFIGS.13and14and/or the wales of the knitted component116. As shown inFIGS.13and14, the strand1132and can alternate between being located (a) behind loops formed from yarn1138and (b) in front of loops formed from yarn1138. In effect, inlaid strand1132weaves through the unitary knit construction of knit element1131. Embodiments of Upper and Knitted Component Various embodiments of the upper120and knitted component116will now be discussed in greater detail. As shown, the upper120can define a longitudinal direction125, a transverse direction127, and a vertical direction129, which will be used for referencing different features of the upper120in the below discussion. The terms “superior,” “inferior,” “lateral,” “medial,” “anterior,” and “posterior” will also be used herein according to their anatomical meanings. As mentioned above, the knitted component116of the upper120can include a strobel portion124, which is configured to be disposed underneath the wearer's foot. An outline of the wearer's foot is shown inFIG.6, such that the strobel portion124is at least generally defined relative to the wearer's foot. Thus, the strobel portion124can extend continuously underneath one or more portions of the heel, the sole, the toes, the arch, and/or other inferior surfaces of the wearer's foot. The knitted component116can also include various side portions126that extend peripherally from the strobel portion124. The side portions126can be configured to cover over and lie against at least a portion of the wearer's foot. In the embodiments illustrated, the side portions126of the knitted component116can substantially encompass the strobel portion126. Also, it will be appreciated that the strobel portion124and the side portions126can collectively define the interior surface121of the knitted component116as well as the exterior surface123of the knitted component116. For instance, the side portions126can include a heel portion128, which is disposed posteriorly relative to the strobel portion124. The heel portion128can also extend superiorly from the strobel portion124as shown inFIG.4. The heel portion128can be configured to cover over a heel and/or an ankle area of the wearer's foot. The side portions126of the knitted component116can also include a lateral portion130, which is disposed anteriorly relative to the heel portion128, and which can extend superiorly from the strobel portion124as shown inFIG.4. The lateral portion130can be configured to cover over and lie against a lateral area of the wearer's foot. Furthermore, the side portions126of the knitted component116can include a medial portion132, which is disposed anteriorly relative to the heel portion128, which can extend superiorly from the strobel portion124as shown inFIG.4. The medial portion132can be disposed on an opposite side of the strobel portion124in the transverse direction127. The medial portion132can be configured to cover over and lie against a medial area or instep of the wearer's foot. The heel portion128, lateral portion130, and medial portion132can collectively define a horseshoe-shaped collar133of the upper120. The collar133can provide access into and out of the void122of the upper120. Moreover, a lateral edge135of the lateral portion130and a medial edge137of the medial portion132can collectively define a throat131of the upper120. The throat131can extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction125, or the throat131can be disposed at an angle relative to the longitudinal direction125. Also, although the throat131is substantially centered over the strobel portion124in the embodiments ofFIG.4, the throat131can be disposed to one side relative to the strobel portion124in the transverse direction127. As will be discussed, the width of the throat131can be selectively varied by the closure member154so as to move the lateral and medial edges135,137toward and away from each other. As a result, the footwear100can be selectively tightened on the wearer's foot and loosened from the wearer's foot. Additionally, the side portions126of the knitted component116can include a forefoot portion134. The forefoot portion134can be disposed anteriorly relative to the lateral and medial portions130,132as shown inFIG.1. Also, the forefoot portion134can be integrally connected to either the lateral portion130or the medial portion132, and the forefoot portion134can be spaced from the other. In the embodiments shown, for instance, the forefoot portion134is integrally connected to the lateral portion130and is spaced from the medial portion132. Accordingly, when the upper120is in a disassembled state as shown inFIG.4, a gap139can be defined between the forefoot portion134and the medial portion132. Still further, the side portions126of the knitted component116can include a tongue portion136. As shown inFIG.4, the tongue portion136can include a curved region143and a longitudinal region145. When the upper120is disassembled as shown inFIG.4, the tongue portion136can extend anteriorly from the strobel portion124, and the curved region143can be disposed within the gap139between the medial and forefoot portions. The curved region143can also curve such that the longitudinal region145extends generally posteriorly and at an angle143relative to the medial portion132. Also, when the upper120is assembled, the curved region143can wrap superiorly to at least partially fill the gap139, and the longitudinal region145of the tongue portion136can be disposed within the throat131of the upper to cover over the wearer's foot between the lateral portion130and the medial portion132. Moreover, when the upper120is assembled, the longitudinal region145of the tongue portion136can be detached and decoupled from the lateral and/or medial portions130,132as shown inFIG.3. As shown inFIGS.4,5, and6, the strobel portion124and the heel portion128can define a heel cavity148that is configured to receive a heel of the wearer's foot (seeFIG.6). The heel cavity148can have three dimensional curvature, can have a convex outer surface, and/or can have a substantially hemispherical shape. Thus, as the heel portion128extends in the vertical direction129from the strobel portion124, the heel portion128can curve anteriorly slightly. Also, as the heel portion128extends in the transverse direction127, both sides of the heel portion128can curve anteriorly in the longitudinal direction125to join to the lateral and medial portions130,132. Accordingly, the heel cavity148can conform and approximately correspond to the shape of the wearer's heel and ankle. Furthermore, as shown inFIGS.4,5, and6, the strobel portion124and the forefoot portion134can define a forefoot cavity150that is configured to receive the toes and other forefoot regions of the wearer's foot (seeFIG.6). The forefoot cavity150can have three dimensional curvature and can have a convex outer surface. Thus, as the forefoot portion134extends in the vertical direction129from the strobel portion124, the forefoot portion134can curve posteriorly. Also, as the forefoot portion134extends in the transverse direction127, the forefoot portion134can curve posteriorly in the longitudinal direction125to join to the lateral portion130. The three dimensional curvature of the heel cavity148and/or the forefoot cavity150can be formed due to the unitary knit construction of the knitted component116. For instance, as shown inFIG.8, the heel portion128can include at least two tapered areas170,171. The tapered areas can have boundaries173that taper generally in the transverse direction127as indicated by broken lines. The tapering of the areas170,171can be achieved by dropping stitches within successive courses as the heel portion128is formed along the boundaries173. Also, the areas170,171can be joined along the boundaries173and joined to have uniform knit construction with each other, and yet, the heel portion128can curve three dimensionally as discussed above. The forefoot portion134can similarly include tapered areas; however, such tapered areas can taper in the vertical direction129in exemplary embodiments. Also, in some embodiments, the forefoot portion134can include a plurality of openings152that are arranged to assist with increasing curvature of the forefoot portion134. In the embodiments illustrated, the plurality of openings152can include one or more rows of through-holes. Because the openings152reduce the amount of knitted material at those areas of the forefoot portion134, the forefoot portion134can readily curve posteriorly. The knitted component116can additionally include at least two edges140,142that are configured to be joined together when assembling the upper120. The edges140,142can be defined in any suitable location on the strobel portion124and/or any suitable location on the side portions126. For instance, a first edge140and a second edge142are shown detached for clarity inFIG.4. The first edge140can extend along the curved region143of the tongue portion136and can also extend partially through the strobel portion124in the transverse direction127, adjacent the forefoot portion134. The second edge142can curve along the forefoot portion134, generally in the transverse direction127and can extend inferiorly along the forefoot portion134so as to partially define the gap139. The first edge140and the second edge142can also meet at a notch141defined within the strobel portion124as shown inFIG.4. As mentioned above, the footwear100can further include a closure member154, which is illustrated inFIG.1. The closure member154can selectively secure the upper120to the wearer's foot and selectively release the upper120from the wearer's foot. As shown inFIG.1, the closure member154can be a shoelace155. As such, the lateral portion130can include one or more lateral closure openings156, such as through-holes that are disposed in a row extending along the lateral edge135. The medial portion132can include similar medial closure openings157that are disposed in a row extending along the medial edge137. The openings156,157can receive the shoelace155such that the shoelace155can criss-cross, zigzag, and alternate between the lateral and medial portions130,132. It will be appreciated that the openings156,157could be configured differently from the through-holes shown inFIG.1. For instance, the openings156,157could be defined by hoops, grommets, hooks, and other suitable features that are configured to receive a closure member and that are either integrated into the knitted component116or are removably attached to the knitted component116. Also, it will be appreciated that the closure member154could include structure other than the shoelace155without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For instance, the closure member154could be a strap, a buckle, pile tape, or other suitable closure member. Still further, as shown inFIG.6, the upper120can include at least one strand158that is coupled to the strobel portion124and/or the side portions126. The strand158can be coupled to any portion of the strobel portion124and/or the side portion126. Additionally, the strand158can be coupled to the strobel portion124and/or the side portion126in any suitable fashion. For instance, the strand158can be inlaid within courses and/or wales of the unitary knit construction of the strobel and side portions126as will be discussed. Thus, the strand153can correspond to the strand1132described above and shown inFIGS.13and14. The strand158can also be adhered, fastened, pierced through, or otherwise coupled to the strobel portion124and/or the side portion126. The strand158, knitted component116, and upper120can incorporate the teachings of one or more of commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/338,726 to Dua et al., entitled “Article of Footwear Having An Upper Incorporating A Knitted Component”, filed on Dec. 18, 2008 and published as U.S. Patent Application Publication Number 2010/0154256 on Jun. 24, 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/048,514 to Huffa et al., entitled “Article Of Footwear Incorporating A Knitted Component”, filed on Mar. 15, 2011 and published as U.S. Patent Application Publication Number 2012/0233882 on Sep. 20, 2012, both of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety (collectively referred to herein as the “Inlaid Strand cases”). The strand158can be an elongate and flexible. Also, the strand158can include at least one yarn, cable, wire, string, cord, filament, fiber, thread, rope, and the like. Also, the strand158can be formed from rayon, nylon, polyester, polyacrylic, silk, cotton, carbon, glass, aramids (e.g., para-aramid fibers and meta-aramid fibers), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, liquid crystal polymer, copper, aluminum, steel, or other suitable material. An individual filament utilized in the strand158may be formed form a single material (i.e., a monocomponent filament) or from multiple materials (i.e., a bicomponent filament). Similarly, different filaments may be formed from different materials. As an example, yarns utilized as strand158may include filaments that are each formed from a common material, may include filaments that are each formed from two or more different materials, or may include filaments that are each formed from two or more different materials. Similar concepts also apply to threads, cables, ropes, etc. The thickness (diameter) of strand158can be within a range from approximately 0.03 millimeters to 5 millimeters, for example. Also, the strand158can have a substantially circular cross section, an ovate cross section, or a cross section of any other suitable shape. As an example, the strand158may be formed from a bonded nylon 6.6 with a breaking or tensile strength of 3.1 kilograms and a weight of 45 tex. The strand158can also be formed from a bonded nylon 6.6 with a breaking or tensile strength of 6.2 kilograms and a tex of 45. As a further example, the strand158may have an outer sheath that sheathes and protects an inner core. In some embodiments, the strand158can have a fixed length (e.g., can be nonextendible). Also in some embodiments, the strand158can be resiliently extendible. Additionally, in some embodiments, the strand158can include a thermoplastic material that is configured to adhere, bond, or fuse to the strobel portion124and/or the side portions126of the upper120. For instance, selective application of heat can cause materials in the strand158to fuse to the materials of the strobel portion124and/or the side portions126. The strand158can, thus, be included according to the teachings of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0233882, which published on Sep. 20, 2012, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As shown in the embodiments ofFIG.6, the upper120can include a single strand158that extends continuously between the medial portion132, the strobel portion124, and the lateral portion130. Also, the strand158can include one or more turns159,160. The turns159,160can be one hundred eighty degree turns or greater. Specifically, the strand158can include a plurality of lateral turns159that are arranged in a row along the lateral edge135, and the strand158can include a plurality of medial turns that are arranged in a row along the medial edge137. The strand158can also extend linearly between pairs of the turns159,160. Additionally, the strand158can include a first terminal end164that is disposed on the strobel portion124, adjacent the heel portion128, and the strand158can include a second terminal end166that is disposed on the strobel portion124, adjacent the forefoot portion134. The strand158can also alternatingly extend and zigzag between the lateral and medial portions130,132. Furthermore, as shown inFIGS.6and7, the knitted component116can define a passage162between the interior surface121and the exterior surface123. The passage162can be defined in any suitable fashion. For instance, the interior surface121and the exterior surface123can be defined by overlaying layers of knit monofilament material with spacer threads connecting these monofilament layers (a so-called “spacer knit material”), and the passage162can be defined between these monofilament layers. In additional embodiments, the interior surface121and the exterior surface123can be interconnected stitched surfaces, and the passage162can be defined between these surfaces. The passage162can extend across any portion of the upper120. For instance, as indicated by broken lines inFIG.6, the upper120can define a plurality of passages162, and each passage162can extend continuously between the lateral portion130, the strobel portion124, and the medial portion132. As shown inFIG.7, the strand158can be received and can extend longitudinally within one or more of the passages162so as to extend between the lateral portion130, the strobel portion124, and the medial portion132. Also, the turns159,160of the strand158can be exposed from the passages162. The lateral turns159can extend at least partially around respective ones of the lateral closure openings156, and the medial turns160can extend at least partially around respective ones of the medial closure openings157. Furthermore, as shown inFIG.1, the shoelace155can be received within respective pairs of the lateral closure openings156and the lateral turns159, and the shoelace155can also be received within respective pairs of the medial closure openings157and the medial turns160. Stated differently, each pairing of lateral turn159and lateral closure opening156can cooperatively receive and support the shoelace155, and each pairing of medial turn160and medial closure opening157can also receive and support the shoelace155. In some embodiments, the strand158can be loosely and moveably received within the respective passages162. For instance, the strand158can slide longitudinally through the passages162. Thus, as shown inFIG.9, the turns159,160can be pulled closer to the respective closure opening156,157. In additional embodiments, the first and/or the second terminal end164,166of the strand158can be fixed (e.g., fused) to the strobel portion124while remaining portions of the strand158can remain moveable relative to the strobel, lateral, and medial portions124,130,132. In still additional embodiments, portions of the strand158between the terminal ends164,166can be fused or otherwise fixed to the strobel, lateral, and medial portions124,130,132. Accordingly, tensioning the shoelace155can, in turn, increase tension in the strand158. For instance, as shown inFIG.10, when the shoelace155is loose and in the unsecured position, tension in the strand158can be relatively low, thereby allowing the upper120to fit loosely about the wearer's foot. However, when the shoelace155is pulled and tensioned as indicated by arrows174,175, the shoelace155can pull on the turns159,160to increase tension in the strand158. As a result, the strand158can pull and conform the upper120closely to the wearer's foot as indicated by arrows176,177,178,179inFIG.11. It will be appreciated that in the embodiments shown inFIGS.10and11, the strand158can provide support for various areas on the bottom of the wearer's foot. For instance, the strand158can be disposed on an arch region164that is configured to be disposed underneath the arch of the wearer's foot. Thus, the strand158within the arch region164can support the wearer's arch, especially when the strand158is tensioned by the shoelace155. It will also be appreciated that, in the embodiments illustrated, the upper120can include only one continuous strand158for providing such support to the foot. Accordingly, the part count of the upper120can be relatively low, and the upper120can be constructed in an efficient manner. Additional embodiments of the knitted component116of the upper220are illustrated inFIG.12. The knitted component116and upper220can be substantially similar to the knitted component116and upper120described above, except as discussed. The upper220can include a strand258that alternatingly extends across the medial portion232, the strobel portion224, and the lateral portion230, similar to the embodiments discussed above. The strand258can also extend through one or more passages262. However, the passages262can be defined on the medial portion132and the lateral portion130, and the passages262can be spaced away from the strobel portion224. Accordingly, longitudinal portions of the strand258extending across the strobel portion224can be exposed from the passages262. Thus, in some embodiments, these portions of the strand258can be free to be attached directly to the sole structure. Furthermore, as shown inFIG.12, in some embodiments, the passages262can be V-shaped such that the turns of the strand258are embedded and enclosed within the passages262unlike the exposed turns159,160shown above inFIGS.1-6. Assembly of the Footwear Assembly of the footwear100, the knitted component116and upper120will now be discussed according to exemplary embodiments. For purposes of clarity, it will be assumed that the knitted component116and the strand158have been formed to the disassembled state shown inFIGS.5and6. To begin exemplary embodiments of the assembly of the upper120, the lateral and medial portions130,132can be moved (folded) superiorly to the position shown inFIG.4. Then, the tongue portion136can be wrapped superiorly such that the curved region143substantially fills the gap139and the longitudinal region145substantially fills the throat131. As such, the first and second edges140,142can be disposed directly adjacent each other. Then, the first and second edges140,142can be joined at a seam144. In some embodiments, the seam144can be formed by stitching the edges140,142together with stitching146as shown inFIGS.1-3. As mentioned above, the upper120can be a knitted element with a plurality of stitches; however, it will be appreciated that the stitching146can be independent of the stitches of the knitted component116. Stated differently, the stitching146can be a thread, yarn, cable, or other strand that is used after the knitted component116has been knitted. The stitching146can be a zigzag stitch or other suitable stitch. Furthermore, the edges140,142can be joined using adhesives, fasteners, or using other implements as well. Additionally, the edges140,142can abut at the seam144. For instance, the edges140,142can form a butt joint, or the edges140,142can be partially overlapped to form the seam144. Additionally, the edges140,142can be slightly spaced apart at the seam144with a bead of adhesive or other material between the edges140,142at the seam144. Moreover, as shown inFIG.3, the seam144can extend continuously from the strobel portion124and into the side portion126of the knitted component116. Specifically, a first terminal end147of the seam144can be disposed in the strobel portion124, adjacent the forefoot portion134. A second terminal end149of the seam144can be disposed at the junction of the lateral edge135, the forefoot portion134, and the tongue portion136. The seam144can extend continuously between these ends147,149so as to extend from under the wearer's foot, around a medial area of the wearer's forefoot, to an area above the wearer's forefoot. Accordingly, in some embodiments, there can be only one, solitary seam144necessary for giving the knitted component116of the upper120the three dimensional shape shown inFIGS.1-3. This can facilitate manufacturing and reduce time for assembly of the upper120. Also, the seam144can be spaced from the heel portion128such that the heel portion128is seamless. Thus, even if the heel portion128shifts on the wearer's heel, the relatively smooth and seamless heel portion128is unlikely to rub on the wearer's heel and provide discomfort to the wearer. Subsequently, the shoelace155can be threaded through the lateral and medial openings156,157and the lateral and medial turns159,160as discussed above. Next, the sole structure110can be attached to the upper120. Specifically, the midsole112can be attached to the exterior surface123of the strobel portion124, and the outsole114can be attached to the midsole112. In additional embodiments, an additional sockliner can be inserted over and/or attached to the interior surface121of the strobel portion124. Additional Embodiments of Knitted Component and Upper Still further embodiments of the knitted component316and upper320are shown inFIGS.24and25. The knitted component316and upper320can substantially similar to the knitted component116and upper120described above, except as discussed. As shown inFIG.24, the knitted component can include a strobel portion324and a side portion326that substantially encompasses the strobel portion324. The strobel portion324and/or side portion326can be formed by overlaying layers of knit monofilament material with spacer threads connecting these monofilament layers (a so-called “spacer knit material”). Also, as shown, one or more passages362can be defined across the strobel portion324and side portion326. The passages362can be defined between the interior and exterior surfaces321,323of the knitted component216. In the embodiments illustrated, the passages362extend continuously between the side portions326and the strobel portion324. Stated differently, portions of the passages362are defined by the strobel portion324while other portions are defined by the side portions326. Also, the passages362can extend longitudinally from the lateral portion330, across the strobel portion324, and to the medial portion332. Furthermore, the knitted component316can include a plurality of openings397that expose different longitudinal areas of the passages362. These openings397can increase the aesthetics of the footwear100and can facilitate movement of the strands358within the passages362. As shown inFIGS.24and25, strands358can extend through respective ones of the passages362. As such, the strands358can extend continuously between the lateral portion330, the strobel portion324, and the medial portion322. In additional embodiments, the strands358can be localized on the strobel portion324and the lateral portion330and medial portion332can be free of the strands358. FIG.24shows the knitted component316from atop view, andFIG.25shows the knitted component316as a longitudinal section view. As shown inFIG.24, a seam344can be defined substantially centered on the strobel portion324between the lateral and medial portions330,332and extending in the longitudinal direction325. Additional Embodiments of Knitted Component and Upper The knitted component may also include one or more strands or yarns that are formed from at least one of a thermoset polymer material and natural fibers (e.g., cotton, wool, silk). Other yarns or strands may be formed from a thermoplastic polymer material. In general, a thermoplastic polymer material melts when heated and returns to a solid state when cooled. More particularly, the thermoplastic polymer material transitions from a solid state to a softened or liquid state when subjected to sufficient heat, and then the thermoplastic polymer material transitions from the softened or liquid state to the solid state when sufficiently cooled. As such, thermoplastic polymer materials are often used to join two objects or elements together. In this case, yarn may be utilized to join (a) one portion of yarn to another portion of yarn, (b) yarn and inlaid strand to each other, or (c) another element (e.g., logos, trademarks, and placards with care instructions and material information) to knitted component, for example. As such, yarn may be considered a fusible yarn given that it may be used to fuse or otherwise join portions of knitted component to each other. Moreover, yarn may be considered a non-fusible yarn given that it is not formed from materials that are generally capable of fusing or otherwise joining portions of knitted component to each other. That is, yarn may be a non-fusible yarn, whereas other yarn(s) may be a fusible yarn. In some configurations of knitted component, yarn (i.e., the non-fusible yarn) may be substantially formed from a thermoset polyester material and yarn (i.e., the fusible yarn) may be at least partially formed from a thermoplastic polyester material. The use of plated yarns may impart advantages to knitted component. When yarn is heated and fused to yarn and inlaid strand, this process may have the effect of stiffening or rigidifying the structure of knitted component. Moreover, joining (a) one portion of yarn to another portion of yarn or (b) yarn and inlaid strand to each other has the effect of securing or locking the relative positions of yarn and inlaid strand, thereby imparting stretch-resistance and stiffness. That is, portions of yarn may not slide relative to each other when fused with yarn, thereby preventing warping or permanent stretching of knit element due to relative movement of the knit structure. Another benefit relates to limiting unraveling if a portion of knitted component becomes damaged or one of yarns is severed. Accordingly, areas of knitted component may benefit from the use of both fusible and non-fusible yarns within knit element. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the knitted component can have varying zones that collectively form the unitary knit construction. For instance, the knitted component can include a combination at least two of the following: a flat knit zone, a tubular knit zone, a 1×1 mesh knit zone, a 2×2 mesh knit zone, a 3×2 mesh knit zone, a 1×1 mock mesh knit zone, a 2×2 mock mesh knit zone, a 2×2 hybrid knit zone, a full gauge knit zone, a ½ gauge knit zones, and the like. Accordingly, the knitted component116and upper120can be constructed according to the teachings of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0233882, which published on Sep. 20, 2012, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Referring now toFIGS.15-23, exemplary automated knitting processes for forming the knitted component116with the strand158will be discussed. For purposes of discussion, flat knitting processes and flat knitting machines will be discussed, however, the knitted component116and strand158can be otherwise formed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the knitted component116and strand158can be formed according to the teachings of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0233882, which published Sep. 20, 2012, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Referring toFIG.15, a portion of knitting machine1200that includes various needles1202, rail1203, standard feeder1204, and combination feeder1220is depicted. Whereas combination feeder1220is secured to a front side of rail1203, standard feeder1204is secured to a rear side of rail1203. Yarn1206passes through combination feeder1220, and an end of yarn1206extends outward from dispensing tip1246. Although yarn1206is depicted, any other strand (e.g., filament, thread, rope, webbing, cable, chain, or yarn) may pass through combination feeder1220. Another yarn1211passes through standard feeder1204and forms a portion of a knitted component1260, and loops of yarn1211forming an uppermost course in knitted component1260are held by hooks located on ends of needles1202. The knitting process discussed herein relates to the formation of knitted component1260or portion of knitted component1260. Thus, the portion of the knitted component1260can correspond to the strobel portion124, the heel portion128, the lateral portion130, the medial portion132, the forefoot portion134, and/or the tongue portion136discussed above in relation toFIGS.1-6. For purposes of the discussion, only a relatively small section of knitted component1260is shown in the figures in order to permit the knit structure to be illustrated. Moreover, the scale or proportions of the various elements of knitting machine1200and knitted component1260may be enhanced to better illustrate the knitting process. Referring now toFIG.16, standard feeder1204moves along rail1203and a new course is formed in knitted component1260from yarn1211. More particularly, needles1202pulled sections of yarn1211through the loops of the prior course, thereby forming the new course. Accordingly, courses may be added to knitted component1260by moving standard feeder1204along needles1202, thereby permitting needles1202to manipulate yarn1211and form additional loops from yarn1211. Continuing with the knitting process, feeder arm1240now translates from the retracted position to the extended position, as depicted inFIG.17. In the extended position, feeder arm1240extends downward from carrier1230to position dispensing tip1246in a location that is (a) centered between needles1202and (b) below the intersection of needle beds. Referring now toFIG.18, combination feeder1220moves along rail1203and yarn1206is placed between loops of knitted component1260. That is, yarn1206is located in front of some loops and behind other loops in an alternating pattern. Moreover, yarn1206is placed in front of loops being held by needles1202from one needle bed1201, and yarn1206is placed behind loops being held by needles1202from the other needle bed. Note that feeder arm1240remains in the extended position in order to inlay yarn1206in the area below the intersection of needle beds. This effectively places yarn1206within the course recently formed by standard feeder1204inFIG.16. In order to complete inlaying yarn1206into knitted component1260, standard feeder1204moves along rail1203to form a new course from yarn1211, as depicted inFIG.19. By forming the new course, yarn1206is effectively knit within or otherwise integrated into the structure of knitted component1260. At this stage, feeder arm1240may also translate from the extended position to the retracted position. FIGS.18and19show separate movements of feeders1204and1220along rail1203. That is,FIG.18shows a first movement of combination feeder1220along rail1203, andFIG.19shows a second and subsequent movement of standard feeder1204along rail1203. In many knitting processes, feeders1204and1220may effectively move simultaneously to inlay yarn1206and form a new course from yarn1211. Combination feeder1220, however, moves ahead or in front of standard feeder1204in order to position yarn1206prior to the formation of the new course from yarn1211. The general knitting process outlined in the above discussion provides an example of the manner in which strand158ofFIGS.1-6may be located in the strobel portion124, the lateral portion130, and/or the medial portion132of the upper120. More particularly, because of the reciprocating action of feeder arm1240, the strand158may be located within a previously formed course prior to the formation of a new course. Continuing with the knitting process, feeder arm1240now translates from the retracted position to the extended position, as depicted inFIG.20. Combination feeder1220then moves along rail1203and yarn1206is placed between loops of knitted component1260, as depicted inFIG.21. This effectively places yarn1206within the course formed by standard feeder1204inFIG.19. In order to complete inlaying yarn1206into knitted component1260, standard feeder1204moves along rail1203to form a new course from yarn1211, as depicted inFIG.22. By forming the new course, yarn1206is effectively knit within or otherwise integrated into the structure of knitted component1260. At this stage, feeder arm1240may also translate from the extended position to the retracted position. Referring toFIG.22, yarn1206forms a loop1214between the two inlaid sections. In the discussion of the turns159,160ofFIGS.1-6, it was noted that strand158exits the passage162and then enters another passage162, thereby forming the turns159,160. Loop1214is formed in a similar manner. That is, loop1214is formed where yarn1206exits the knit structure of knitted component1260and then re-enters the knit structure. Referring toFIG.23, combination feeder1220moves along rail1203while in the retracted position and forms a course of knitted component1260while in the retracted position. Accordingly, by reciprocating feeder arm1240between the retracted position and the extended position, combination feeder1220may supply yarn1206for purposes of knitting, tucking, floating, and inlaying. The following discussion and accompanying figures disclose a variety of concepts relating to knitted components and the manufacture of knitted components. Although the knitted components may be utilized in a variety of products, an article of footwear that incorporates one of the knitted components is disclosed below as an example. The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure. While there has been illustrated and described what is at present contemplated to be preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the true scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation to the teachings of the invention without departing from the central scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that this invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

11857023

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Inventive three-dimensionally printed (3D-printed) articles for use in footwear or other applications, and associated methods, are generally described herein. In some embodiments, the 3D-printed article may comprise one or more features that are challenging or impossible to obtain in articles manufactured by other techniques. As an example, the 3D-printed article may be a single integrated material which comprises a gradient in one or more properties (e.g., average pore size, density, stiffness, stiffness of solid components of the article, Shore A hardness, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, color, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, stiffness anisotropy, elastic modulus, flexural modulus, filler content, opacity, conductivity, breathability) between two or more portions of the material. This may be achieved using a 3D printing process by printing the 3D-printed article using an ink that can be dynamically changed as the article is printed (by, e.g., changing the ratios of different components that make up the ink, changing the temperature of the ink, and the like). In some embodiments, the 3D-printed article may have one or more features that are preferred by users of the 3D-printed article or footwear of which the 3D-printed article is one component. For example, the 3D-printed article may be a single integrated material and/or may lack seams, adhesives, and other features that are typically used to join two or more materials together. These and other 3D-printed articles may be more comfortable for users, and/or may be less subject to degradation or damage during normal usage of the article. It should be understood that references herein to 3D-printed articles may encompass articles that include more than one layer (e.g., articles that comprise multiple layers printed on top of each other) and/or may encompass articles that include a single layer (e.g., articles in which a single layer of material has been printed). 3D-printed articles may encompass articles printed from 3D-printers and/or articles that extend macroscopically in three dimensions (e.g., with a minimal extent in each dimension of 50 microns, 100 microns, 200 microns, 500 microns, or 1 mm). Similarly, 3D-printing may encompass printing articles that include more than one layer and/or printing articles that include a single layer. 3D-printing may encompass printing articles on 3D-printers, printing articles extend macroscopically in three dimensions (e.g., with a minimal extent in each dimension of 50 microns, 100 microns, 200 microns, 500 microns, or 1 mm). It should also be understood that articles other than 3D-printed articles and printing methods other than 3D-printing are also contemplated. For example, some embodiments relate to articles that have one or more of the features of the 3D-printed articles described herein (e.g., a gradient in one or more properties) but are not 3D-printed articles. Some articles may include both one or more 3D-printed components and one or more non-3D-printed components. Similarly, some embodiments relate to methods that have one or more features of the methods described herein (e.g., may comprise employing a multi-axis deposition system) but which do not include a 3D-printing step. Some methods may include both one or more 3D-printing steps and one or more non-3D-printing steps. Certain methods (e.g., methods including exclusively 3D-printing steps, methods including exclusively non-3D printing steps, methods including both 3D-printing steps and non-3D-printing steps) comprise depositing one or more film(s) onto a 3D-surface. Some or all of the films, if more than one are deposited, may be thin film(s). Certain methods (e.g., methods including exclusively 3D-printing steps, methods including exclusively non-3D printing steps, methods including both 3D-printing steps and non-3D-printing steps) comprise depositing a material that does not form a film on a substrate. For instance, a material may be deposited onto a substrate into which it infiltrates. As an example, a material may be deposited onto a porous substrate (e.g., a porous textile) and then infiltrate into at least a portion of the pores of the porous substrate. After it has been deposited onto the porous substrate, it may fill a portion of the pores of the porous substrate. The material may enhance the mechanical properties of the substrate. In some embodiments, a material deposited onto a substrate into which it infiltrates, such as a porous substrate, does not extend an appreciable distance (or at all) beyond the surface of the porous substrate. In one set of embodiments, one or more methods for manufacturing 3D-printed articles as described herein may be advantageous in comparison to other methods for making articles for use in footwear. For example, a footwear manufacturer employing a method as described herein may be able to use fewer processes to create the article than would be employed in other comparable processes (e.g., the manufacturer may use a three-dimensional printer (3D printer) in a single process to make a component that would otherwise be made by a combination of several processes such as injection molding, lamination, and the like). This may allow for more rapid and/or more facile manufacturing. As another example, one or more of the methods described herein may not necessarily require the use equipment that is expensive to manufacture and whose cost is typically recovered only after repeated use (e.g., molds). Some of the methods described herein may instead employ a 3D printer to create articles whose design can be modified as desired with little or no added cost. In some embodiments, it may be economical for methods as described herein to create small batches of 3D-printed articles (e.g., batches of less than 100, less than 50, or less than 10). It is thus possible for manufacturers to employ some of the methods described herein to respond to changing market conditions, to create articles for use in footwear that are designed for individual users or groups of users, etc. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to use one or more of the methods described herein to fabricate a 3D-printed article at the point of sale and/or to avoid long distance shipping. As explained above, certain methods of manufacturing an article as described herein may include both 3D-printing steps and non-3D-printing steps. For example, additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D-printing) may be utilized to manufacture one or more components that may be subsequently used in one or more 3D-printing steps and/or non-3D-printing steps to produce an article for use in footwear or other applications. Certain embodiments described herein relate to a digital molding process. In some embodiments, for example, an additive manufacturing process may be used to manufacture a first mold (e.g., a master mold). The first mold may be used, in some embodiments, to provide a second mold (e.g., a secondary mold) by, for example, casting an elastomer into the first mold. According to certain embodiments, the second mold may then be digitally filled by dispensing a curable liquid into the second mold and at least partially curing the curable liquid in the second mold. The at least partially cured liquid may be transferred, in some embodiments, from the second mold to a receiving substrate (e.g., a textile) as the at least partially cured liquid becomes fully cured, thereby providing an article (e.g., footwear). The digital molding process may advantageously be used to manufacture designs (e.g., computer-aided designs) with finer features and increased production speed while requiring less material as compared to conventional manufacturing processes and/or 3D-printing processes, therefore significantly reducing manufacturing and labor costs. In some embodiments, for example, automated digital filling of the 3D-fabricated mold (e.g., master mold), as explained above, may be used to provide an article comprising a number of high-resolution features that may have desirable properties. In some embodiments, for example, the features have zonally variable material properties, such as variable optical properties (e.g., multi-colored) and/or variable mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness). As used herein, the term “master mold” generally refers to a mold that has at least some sections that substantially resemble the configuration (e.g., shape and/or size) of a part that will be produced from a secondary mold that is created from the master mold. The master mold may have a neutral surface that contacts the transfer medium. The master mold may be a positive master mold or a negative master mold. In the case of a positive master mold, for example, the neutral surface is the lowest upward facing surface. Alternatively, in the case of a negative master mold, the neutral surface is the highest upward facing surface. In certain non-limiting embodiments, for example, a first mold (e.g., a positive master mold) may be manufactured by additive manufacturing. The positive master mold may, in some embodiments, be used to provide a second mold (e.g., a negative secondary mold) by, for example, casting an elastomer into the positive master mold. In some such embodiments, the features that protrude above the neutral surface in the positive master mold form cavities in the negative secondary mold via casting the elastomer, as explained herein in further detail. The term “curable liquid” as used herein is given its ordinary meaning in the art and generally refers to a flowable liquid that can undergo a change in one or more properties to become a solid material. In some embodiments, for example, in the case of a curable liquid comprising a thermoset material, the change may occur through one or more chemical reactions (e.g., crosslinking). In other embodiments, for example, in the case of a curable liquid comprising a dispersion, polymer solution, and/or an emulsion, the change may occur through evaporation of water or a solvent. A non-limiting example of a 3D-printed article for use in footwear is shown inFIG.1A. In this figure, 3D-printed article100comprises first portion110and second portion120. As used herein, a portion of an article may refer to any collection of points within the article (i.e., points that are within the portion of space bounded by the external surfaces of the article). Portions of the article are typically, but not always, volumes of space within the article (in some embodiments, a portion may be a surface within an article, a line within an article, or a point within an article). Portions of the article may be continuous (i.e., each point within the portion may be connected by a pathway that does not pass through any points external to the portion) or may be discontinuous (i.e., the portion may comprise at least one point that cannot be connected to at least one other point within the article by a pathway that does not pass through any points external to the portion). Portions of an article may be substantially homogeneous with respect to one or more properties (e.g., one or more properties of the portion may vary with a standard deviation of less than or equal to 1%, 2%, 5%, or 10% throughout the portion), and/or may be heterogeneous with respect to one or more properties (e.g., one or more properties of the portion may vary with a standard deviation of greater than or equal to 1%, 2%, 5%, or 10% throughout the portion). Portions of an article may have any suitable size. In some embodiments, a portion may have a largest dimension and/or may comprise one or more features with a size of greater than or equal to 100 microns, greater than or equal to 200 microns, greater than or equal to 500 microns, greater than or equal to 1 mm, greater than or equal to 2 mm, greater than or equal to 5 mm, greater than or equal to 10 mm, greater than or equal to 20 mm, greater than or equal to 50 mm, greater than or equal to 1 cm, or greater than or equal to 2 cm. In some embodiments, a portion may have a largest dimension and/or may comprise one or more features with a size of less than or equal to 5 cm, less than or equal to 2 cm, less than or equal to 1 cm, less than or equal to 5 mm, less than or equal to 2 mm, less than or equal to 1 mm, less than or equal to 500 microns, or less than or equal to 200 microns. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 100 microns and less than or equal to 5 cm). Other ranges are also possible. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed article may comprise two or more portions, where one or more properties (e.g., average pore size, density, stiffness, stiffness of solid components of the article, Shore A hardness, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, color, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, stiffness anisotropy, elastic modulus, flexural modulus, filler content, opacity, conductivity, breathability) of a first portion may differ from one or more properties of a second portion. The one or more properties may be structural properties (e.g., average pore size, density, surface roughness, filler content), chemical properties (e.g., average degree of cross-linking, chemical composition), mechanical properties (e.g., average stiffness, stiffness of solid components, Shore A hardness, abrasion resistance, stiffness anisotropy, elastic modulus, flexural modulus, strength, elongation at break, tensile elastic modulus, modulus at 100% strain), optical properties (e.g., color, opacity, reflectivity), and/or other properties (e.g., average thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, conductivity, breathability, dimensional change upon heat activation). In some embodiments, the difference in properties between the first portion and the second portion may comprise a gradient of the one or more properties (e.g., the property or properties may vary relatively smoothly from a first value in the first portion to a second value in the second portion). In other embodiments, there may be a sharp change in one or more of the properties at a boundary of one or more of the first portion and the second portion. It should be understood that whileFIG.1Ashows the second portion positioned above the first portion, other arrangements of the first portion with respect to the second portion are also contemplated. For example, the first portion may be positioned beside the second portion, the first portion may surround the second portion, the first portion and the second portion may interpenetrate (e.g., a first portion may comprise a foam that interpenetrates with a second portion that comprises an elastomer), etc. It should also be noted that whileFIG.1Ashows the second portion directly adjacent the first portion, this configuration should not be understood to be limiting. In some embodiments, the first portion may be separated from the second portion by one or more intervening portions positioned between the first portion and the second portion. As used herein, a portion that is positioned “between” two portions may be directly between the two portions such that no intervening portion is present, or an intervening portion may be present. Similarly, whileFIG.1Aonly depicts two portions, it should also be understood that an article may comprise three portions, four portions, or more portions. In some embodiments, portions within a 3D-printed article as described herein may also further comprise sub-portions. Each portion and/or sub-portion may differ from each other (sub-)portion in at least one way (e.g., any two (sub-)portions may comprise at least one property that is different), or one or more (sub-)portions may be substantially similar to other (sub-)portion(s) of the 3D-printed article. In some embodiments, two or more portions may be disposed relative to each other such that they may be connected by a pathway along which the 3D-printed article lacks an interface along which one or more properties (e.g., average pore size, density, stiffness, stiffness of solid components of the article, Shore A hardness, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, color, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, stiffness anisotropy, elastic modulus, flexural modulus, filler content, opacity, conductivity, breathability) undergo step changes. In other words, the property or properties may vary smoothly along the pathway. The pathway may be a straight path pathway (e.g., it may be a line segment), or it may include one or more curves or corners (e.g., it may be a meander, as described more fully below). In some embodiments, the pathway may be a pathway along which material was deposited during formation of the 3D-printed article, such as a pathway travelled by a print head (or by a substrate with respect to the print head) during 3D-printing. When two or more portions are connected by a pathway, the pathway may have any suitable length. In some embodiments, the pathway has a length of greater than or equal to 0.5 mm, greater than or equal to 1 mm, greater than or equal to 2 mm, greater than or equal to 5 mm, greater than or equal to 10 mm, greater than or equal to 20 mm, greater than or equal to 50 mm, greater than or equal to 100 mm, greater than or equal to 200 mm, greater than or equal to 500 mm, greater than or equal to 1 m, greater than or equal to 2 m, or greater than or equal to 5 m. In some embodiments, the pathway has a length of less than or equal to 10 m, less than or equal to 5 m, less than or equal to 2 m, less than or equal to 1 m, less than or equal to 500 mm, less than or equal to 200 mm, less than or equal to 100 mm, less than or equal to 50 mm, less than or equal to 20 mm, less than or equal to 10 mm, less than or equal to 5 mm, less than or equal to 2 mm, or less than or equal to 1 mm. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 10 m, or greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 50 mm). In some embodiments, the length of the pathway may have a certain relationship to the 3D-printed article (e.g., if the 3D-printed article is an article of footwear, the length of the pathway may be the length of the article of footwear). Other ranges are also possible. When a first portion and a second portion are connected by a pathway, a property (e.g., average pore size, density, stiffness, stiffness of solid components of the article, Shore A hardness, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, color, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, stiffness anisotropy, elastic modulus, flexural modulus, filler content, opacity, conductivity, breathability) may change along the pathway at a rate that is advantageous. The average rate of change of the property may be greater than or equal to 0.05% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, greater than or equal to 0.1% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, greater than or equal to 0.2% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, greater than or equal to 0.5% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, greater than or equal to 1% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, or greater than or equal to 2% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm. The average rate of change of the property may be less than or equal to 5% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, less than or equal to 2% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, less than or equal to 1% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, less than or equal to 0.5% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, less than or equal to 0.2% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm, or less than or equal to 0.1% of the average of the property in the first portion per mm. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 0.05% and less than or equal to 5%). Other ranges are also possible. It should be understood that the average rates of changed described above may apply to pathways that straight (e.g., pathways that are line segments), or to pathways that are curved. In some embodiments, a first portion and a second portion as described herein may be components of a 3D-printed article that is a single integrated material. As used herein, two or more portions that together form a single integrated material are not separated by a separable interface. In some embodiments, a single integrated material may not separate into discrete parts during the course of normal use, and/or may be separated into discrete parts whose morphologies would not be predictable prior to normal use and/or along interfaces that would not be predictable prior to normal use. For instance, a single integrated material may lack seams and/or lack an adhesive that bonds two or more portions together. In some cases, the 3D-printed article as a whole may lack an interface at which one or more properties (e.g., average pore size, density, stiffness, stiffness of solid components of the article, Shore A hardness, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, color, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, stiffness anisotropy, elastic modulus, flexural modulus, filler content, opacity, conductivity, breathability) undergo step changes as described above. In some cases, the property or properties may vary smoothly throughout the 3D-printed article. In some embodiments, one or more portions may together form an 3D-printed article with one or more of the following features: macrovoids embedded within the article (e.g., a midsole) without an intersecting interface from overmolding, lamination, or ultrasonic welding; one or more open cell lattices; variations in density across geometries that would be challenging to form by molding; interpenetrating foams and elastomers that may, in some embodiments, not be separated by an interface due to molding or lamination; and/or one or more interfaces between different materials with extreme undercuts (e.g., materials with a negative draft angle, materials which cannot be injection molded using a single mold because they would be unable to slide out of the mold). According to certain embodiments, an article may be manufactured by dispensing a curable liquid into a mold. The mold may be digitally filled with the curable liquid, according to some embodiments. In certain embodiments, for example, the curable liquid may be dispensed through a printing nozzle disposed on a robotic gantry as explained herein in greater detail. According to certain embodiments, the curable liquid may be dispensed into the mold by extrusion. In some embodiments, the curable liquid may be dispensed into the mold by additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D-printing). According to some embodiments, the curable liquid may be dispensed into the mold using one or more non-3D-printing steps. For example, in some embodiments, neither the printing nozzle nor the robotic gantry are part of or otherwise associated with an additive manufacturing device (e.g., a 3D-printer). In some embodiments, a composition of the curable liquid may be varied between a first portion of the composition and a second portion of the composition, thereby providing a material (e.g., upon curing) comprising a variation in properties between a first portion of the material and a second portion of the material, similar to the concept described above of properties being varied in 3D-printed articles. For example, one or more properties of a first portion of the curable liquid may differ from one or more properties of a second portion of the curable liquid, resulting in a cured material with a variation in properties, including, but not limited to, pore size, density, stiffness, Shore A hardness, tensile elastic modulus, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, color, and/or reflectivity, between a first portion of the cured material and a second portion of the cured material. The one or more properties of the cured material may be structural properties (e.g., pore size, density, etc.), chemical properties (e.g., degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, etc.), mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness, Shore A hardness, tensile elastic modulus, etc.), optical properties (e.g., color, reflectivity, etc.), and/or other properties. As will be described in further detail below, the curable liquid may comprise a catalyst, in some embodiments. The presence of a catalyst in the curable liquid may advantageously affect the cure rate of the curable liquid, as would generally be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. According to some embodiments, a concentration of the catalyst in the curable liquid may be varied between a first portion of the composition and a second portion of the composition. In some such embodiments, the concentration of the catalyst may be varied by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more, between at least a first portion of the composition of the curable liquid and the second portion of the composition of the curable liquid. In certain embodiments, the one or more properties of the first portion of the cured material that differ from the one or more properties of the second portion of the cured material may be a tensile elastic modulus. In certain embodiments, for example, the tensile elastic modulus of the cured material is varied by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more between at least a first portion of the cured material and the second portion of the cured material. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed article (e.g., a 3D-printed article comprising two or more portions) may be a foam (e.g., a closed cell foam). For instance,FIG.1Bshows one non-limiting embodiment of a 3D-printed article100which is a foam comprising pores130. The foam may be a material comprising a matrix and pores disposed within the matrix. Pores may be randomly distributed throughout the foam, or may be positioned at regular and/or pre-determined intervals. The material present within the pores of a foam is typically of a different phase than the material forming the matrix of the foam (e.g., a foam may comprise pores that comprise gas within a matrix that comprises a liquid and/or a solid). As would be understood to one of ordinary skill in the art, in a closed-cell foam, the cells of the foam are typically isolated or separated from each other. By contrast, in an open-cell foam, the cells of the foam are interconnected with each other; for example, they may be formed in an interconnected fashion, or the cells may be ruptured or become interconnected during or after formation of the foam. These conditions are typically more violent foaming conditions than those resulting in a closed-cell foam. The foam may be formed from a variety of polymers and gases. The gases may be introduced into the foam during formation (e.g., physically), and/or generated during formation (e.g., via chemical reaction). In addition, in some cases, a gas may be introduced by providing a liquid that forms a gas, e.g., upon a decrease in pressure or an increase in temperature. For instance, a liquid such as butane may be kept under pressure and/or cooled prior to introduction into the nozzle or the mixing chamber; a change in temperature and/or pressure may cause the liquid to form a gas. Without wishing to be bound by theory, closed cell foams and open cell foams may have different properties (e.g., closed cell foams may have different values of density, stiffness, Shore A hardness, and the like than otherwise equivalent open cell foams) and may be suitable for different applications. In some embodiments, closed cell foams may have properties that are better suited to footwear applications than open cell foams. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed article or a portion thereof may comprise an enclosed open cell foam, or an open cell foam surrounded by a layer of continuous material. In some cases, an enclosed open cell foam may be suitable for use as an air cushion, and/or may have tactile properties that may be varied by varying infill density. It should also be understood that certain 3D-printed articles described herein may not be foams (i.e., they may not include any pores). For instance, certain embodiments may relate to 3D-printed articles that are not foams and that comprise one or more elastomers. In addition, in some cases, an article may be printed that can then be formed into a foam, e.g., using a chemical reaction to produce a gas within the article. As shown inFIG.1C, in some but not necessarily all embodiments, a 3D-printed article that is a foam (e.g., a closed-cell foam that is optionally a single integrated material) may comprise one or more portions having different properties.FIG.1Cshows 3D-printed article100comprising first portion110, second portion120, and pores130. AlthoughFIG.1Cdepicts a 3D-printed article comprising an average pore (or cell) size in the first portion (i.e. a first average pore size) that is different from an average pore (or cell) size in the second portion (i.e., a second average pore size), in some embodiments the first portion and the second portion may have the same average pore size but may comprise differences in other properties (e.g., one or more of the density, stiffness, Shore A hardness, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition may be different in the first portion than in the second portion). Thus the pore sizes are presented here for illustrative portions only. Similarly, althoughFIG.1Cshows an average pore size in the first portion that is larger than the average pore size in the second portion, in some embodiments the average pore size of the first portion may be smaller than the average pore size of the second portion. According to certain embodiments, the foam may have any of a variety of suitable properties, such as any of those described in U.S. application Ser. No. 17/188,490, entitled “System and method for maintaining a consistent temperature gradient across an electronic display,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed article as described herein may be suitable for use as a component of one or more articles of footwear. In certain embodiments, a 3D-printed article as described herein may be suitable for use in manufacturing one or more articles of footwear.FIG.2shows one non-limiting embodiment of an article of footwear1000. The article of footwear comprises a sole, a toe box, an upper, lacing, a heel counter, and a pull tab. It should be understood that 3D-printed articles suitable for use in footwear may form any of the components or be a portion of any or all of the components shown inFIG.2. In some embodiments, multiple 3D-printed articles may be positioned on a single article of footwear (e.g., a single article of footwear may comprise a 3D-printed article that is disposed on a sole or is a sole and a 3D-printed article that is disposed on an upper). In some embodiments, the 3D-printed article may be a sole or a sole component, such as an outsole, a midsole, or an insole. In some embodiments, the 3D-printed article may be an article that is printed onto a sole component, such as a midsole and/or insole that is printed onto an outsole (e.g., a commercially available outsole, an outsole produced by a non-3D printing process). In some embodiments, the 3D-printed article may be an upper. In some embodiments, the 3D-printed article may be an article that is printed onto an upper, such as a toe box, a heel counter, an ankle support, an eyestay, an article comprising a logo and/or embodying a logo, an eyelet, a quarter panel, a no sew overlay feature, and/or a pull tab. The upper may be one component of a fully assembled shoe which lacks the part(s) to be printed, or it may be an upper that has not been assembled with other footwear components. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed article may be a combination of two or more footwear components that are typically provided as separate articles. For example, the 3D-printed article may be able to serve as both a midsole and an insole, or may comprise a midsole and an insole that are a single integrated material. As another example, the 3D-printed article may be able to serve as both an outsole and an insole, or may comprise an outsole and an insole that are a single integrated material. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed article comprising two or more footwear components (e.g., a 3D-printed article comprising a midsole and an insole, a 3D-printed article comprising an outsole and an insole) may be printed using a single integrated process. AlthoughFIG.2shows an athletic shoe, 3D-printed articles suitable for use in other types of footwear are also contemplated as described in further detail below. In some embodiments, the 3D-printed article may also or instead be suitable for one or more non-footwear components, such as orthotics and/or prosthetics. As described above, certain articles as described herein may be formed by a process involving one or more 3D-printing steps. In some embodiments, an article may be formed by a process involving both one or more 3D-printing steps and one or more non-3D-printing steps. For example, an article may be formed by a first 3D-printing step followed by a first non-3D-printing step which is optionally followed by one or more further 3D-printing steps or non-3D-printing steps. For example, a sole or sole component may be 3D-printed into a mold to form a first portion and then a material may be injection molded or compression molded above the first portion to form the second portion. Third, fourth, fifth, and/or higher numbered portions may then optionally be formed on the second portion (by, e.g., 3D-printing). As another example, a non-3D printing step may comprise directly bonding two materials by pressing a first material (e.g., a non-3D-printed material, an upper) into a second 3D-printed material (e.g., a 3D-printed midsole) prior to full curing of the second material. As a third example, an inkjet finishing process may be applied to deposit one or more materials (e.g., one more pigments) on a 3D-printed article or on a material disposed on a 3D-printed article (e.g., a material injection molded or compression molded on a 3D-printed article). In some embodiments, an inkjet finishing process may enhance the surface quality of the article that is subject to it. A variety of suitable inkjet processes may be combined with 3D-printing processes described herein. In some embodiments, an inkjet process may be employed to deposit one or more layers of material onto a 3D-printed article. For instance, two or more layers may be deposited consecutively to increase the thickness of a surface finishing layer and/or to form a 3D structure on the surface of the 3D-printed article. The layer(s), or other structure(s) formed by an inkjet process, may comprise one or more translucent portions (e.g., may be translucent) and/or may comprise one or more non-translucent portions (e.g., may be non-translucent). The layer(s) or other structure(s) may cover one or more portions of the 3D-printed article (e.g., may cover one or more portions of the 3D-printed article and not cover one or more portions of the 3D-printed article) or may cover the entirety of the 3D-printed article. The layer(s) or structure(s) may have a variety of surface properties. In certain embodiments, the layer(s) or other structure(s) may increase the surface roughness of the article, cause the article to have a matte finish, and/or reduce the reflectivity of the article (e.g., reduce the reflectivity of its surface). As will be described in further detail below, 3D-printed articles may be formed by depositing a material from a nozzle onto a substrate. The nozzle may be translated with respect to the substrate (and/or the substrate translated with respect to the nozzle) during this process. In certain cases, the nozzle and/or substrate may be translated such that the deposited material meanders (i.e., forms a meander on the substrate). Meanders typically have a length, width, and repeat period.FIG.4Ashows one non-limiting example of a meander900, with length910, width920, and repeat period930. The meander may have other relative proportions of length, width, and repeat period. For example,FIG.4Bshows a meander901with a relatively larger width and smaller length than meander900. It should be noted that meanders may have different shapes than those shown inFIGS.4A and4B(e.g., they may have repeat periods along two or more distinct axes). In some cases material may be deposited in meanders that do not have a repeat period, or have a repeat period including some irregularities. For example, the meander may be a meander where the width and/or repeat period changes (e.g., with position, such as along the length of the meander), the meander may be an irregular curve, etc. If the width and/or repeat period of the meander changes, it may do so monotonically or may increase in some portions of the meander and decrease in other portions of the meander. In some cases, one or more properties of the material being deposited by the nozzle may change as a function of time and/or position, which may result in changes in one or more properties of the 3D-printed article as a function of printing time and/or position. As one example, a gradient in a property (e.g., average pore size, density, stiffness, stiffness of solid components of the article, Shore A hardness, degree of cross-linking, chemical composition, color, abrasion resistance, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, stiffness anisotropy, elastic modulus, flexural modulus, filler content, opacity, conductivity, breathability, etc.) may be generated by varying one or more properties of the material being deposited by the nozzle. In some cases, a material may be deposited on a substrate in a meander (which may be regular or irregular) and a gradient may be formed along the meander or perpendicular to the meander.FIG.5Ashows a non-limiting schematic depiction of a gradient that is parallel to a meander and a non-limiting schematic depiction of a gradient that is perpendicular to a meander.FIG.5Bshows a non-limiting example of the change in the value of a property as a function of distance along the gradient when the gradient is formed perpendicular to the meander. Gradients of this type are stepped gradients, or gradients encompassing step changes.FIG.5Cshows a non-limiting example of the change in the value of a property as a function of distance along the gradient when the gradient is formed parallel to the meander. Gradients of this type are smooth gradients, or gradients that lack step changes. The rate of change of the gradient, in a smooth gradient, may be constant (i.e., a linear gradient), or the rate of change may result in a non-linear smooth gradient. It should be understood that both smooth and stepped gradients are encompassed by the use of the term gradient, and that gradients referenced herein, if not otherwise specified, should be understood to include smooth gradients in some embodiments and stepped gradients in other embodiments. In addition, some gradients may comprise one or more smooth portions and one or more stepped portions. In certain embodiments, an article (e.g., a portion, an article of footwear, a component of an article of footwear) as described herein may be produced on a multi-axis deposition system, and/or a method as described herein may include at least one step (e.g., a 3D-printing step, a non-3D-printing step) that is performed on a multi-axis deposition system. It should be understood that articles of apparel (e.g., an article of apparel such as a sports bra, a component of an article of apparel such as a sports bra) may also be produced on a multi-axis deposition system as described herein. In general, and as described further below, multi-axis deposition systems include a print head and a substrate. The print head may be any suitable print head configured to deposit a material onto the substrate. The substrate may be any suitable substrate onto which a material may be deposited; in some embodiments, one or more articles (e.g., a component of an article of footwear, an upper, a sock liner) may be disposed on the substrate. In certain embodiments, one or both of the print head and substrate may be translated along one or more axes and/or rotated around one or more axes. Translation and/or rotation of the print head and/or substrate may enable the position of the print head with respect to the substrate to be changed prior to, during, and/or after a printing process. In some cases, translation and/or rotation of the print head and/or the substrate may allow the print head to deposit material onto a wide variety of substrate surfaces and/or allow the print head to deposit material onto the substrate at a wide variety of angles. In some embodiments, the print head may be configured to be rotated and/or translated such that it can deposit material onto each surface of the substrate. FIG.6shows one non-limiting embodiment of a multi-axis deposition system comprising print head1010and substrate1020. The print head, substrate, and multi-axis deposition system will be described in further detail below. A print head in a multi-axis deposition system may be any suitable print head configured to deposit a material of interest onto the substrate. In some embodiments a multi-axis deposition system may comprise two or more print heads. Non-limiting examples of suitable print heads include a direct write head, a mixing nozzle as described further below, an ink jet head, a spray valve, an aerosol jet print head, a laser cutting head, a hot air gun, a hot knife, an ultrasonic knife, a sanding head, a polishing head, a UV curing device, an engraver, an embosser, and the like. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous for the multi-axis deposition system to comprise a first print head that comprises a mixing nozzle and a second print head that does not comprise a mixing nozzle. As also described below, in some embodiments, the print head may be configured to accept one or more material inputs (e.g., one material input, two material inputs, etc.). When two or more material inputs are present, the inputs may be substantially the same or they may differ. In some embodiments, the print head may be configured to mix two or more reactive material inputs to form a reactive mixture that may be deposited onto a substrate while the first and second material inputs are reacting and/or after the first and second material inputs have reacted. For example, the print head may be configured to mix a polyol and an isocyanate to form a reactive polyurethane mixture. Other examples of suitable reactive mixtures include reactive polyurea mixtures, reactive mixtures comprising reactive polyurethane and reactive polyurea blends (e.g., polyurethane/polyurea hybrid formulations), reactive mixtures comprising epoxy groups and amine groups, and reactive silicone mixtures. A substrate in a multi-axis deposition system may be any suitable substrate capable of receiving the material deposited by the print head. In some cases, the substrate may have a shape that enables facile deposition of the material of interest in a morphology of interest by the print head. As an example, the substrate may have a shape that substantially corresponds to the morphology of interest, such as a footwear last for footwear applications (e.g., as shown inFIG.6). In other embodiments, the substrate may have a shape that substantially corresponds to a morphology of interest for an article of apparel (e.g., a bra cup for sports bra applications and/or for bra lining applications, an article substantially corresponding to the shape of a knee for knee brace applications, an article substantially corresponding to the shape of an ankle for ankle brace applications, an article substantially corresponding to the shape of a wrist for wrist brace applications, an article substantially corresponding to the shape of a shoulder for shoulder brace applications, and/or an article substantially corresponding to the shape of an arm for arm band applications). As another example, the substrate may be a mold or a portion of a mold. In some embodiments, the mold may be a positive master mold or a negative master mold, as explained herein in greater detail. As a third example, the substrate may comprise a portion that is curved, and/or the substrate as a whole may be curved. For instance, the substrate may have a spherical shape, or a hemispherical shape. As a fourth example, the substrate may comprise two or more surfaces that are joined at facets. In some such cases, the substrate may be a platonic solid or may comprise a portion that is a platonic solid. In some embodiments, the substrate may be substantially flat. Other types of substrates are also possible. In some embodiments, a multi-axis deposition system may comprise a substrate that is removable. The substrate may be configured to be positioned in the multi-axis deposition system during material deposition and removed after material deposition. In some embodiments, a multi-axis deposition system may comprise multiple substrates that may be added to the multi-axis deposition system prior to material deposition and/or removed from the multi-axis deposition system after material deposition. Each substrate may have a different shape (e.g., a different shoe size, a different cup size, a mold for a different type of apparel), or two or more substrates may have substantially the same shape. As described above, one or more articles may be disposed on the substrate prior to material deposition and/or during material deposition using the multi-axis deposition system. The article(s) disposed on the substrate may be configured to be positioned on the substrate during material deposition and, optionally, removed from the substrate after material deposition. In some embodiments, a multi-axis deposition system may be configured to deposit material onto a multiple articles successively, each of which may be added to the multi-axis deposition system prior to material deposition and/or removed from the multi-axis deposition system after material deposition. For example, a textile (e.g., a non-flat textile, an upper, a woven textile, a knit textile) may be disposed on the substrate prior to material deposition, during material deposition, and/or after material deposition. In some embodiments, a multi-axis deposition system may be employed to deposit a reactive mixture as described above onto a textile to form a 3D-printed material on the textile and/or on a succession of textiles sequentially added to the substrate. It should be noted that the print head(s) and the substrate in a multi-axis deposition system comprising both a print head and a substrate may be oriented with respect to each other in other ways than that shown inFIG.6. As an example, the print head may be disposed over the center of the substrate in some embodiments and over the edge of the substrate in other embodiments. As another example, the print head may be oriented so that it deposits material on the substrate at a 90° angle to the substrate in some embodiments and so that it deposits material on the substrate at another angle to the substrate (e.g., 45°, 30°, or other angles) in other embodiments. As a third example, the substrate may present a bottom surface (e.g., a portion of a last on which a sole would be disposed) to the print head in some embodiments and may present a side or top surface (e.g., a portion of a last on which an upper would be disposed) in other embodiments. In some cases, the print head(s) and/or the substrate may be configured to be translated and/or rotated around one or more axes, as described further below. In such cases, the absolute positions of the print head(s) and the substrate may be varied during operation of the multi-axis system, and/or the relative position of the print head(s) with respect to the substrate may be varied during operation of the multi-axis system. As described above, a multi-axis deposition system may comprise a print head that may be configured to be translated along one or more axes. In some embodiments, the print head may be configured to be translated along one axis, along two axes, or along three axes. In certain cases, the axes may be perpendicular to each other. In other cases, two or more of the axes are not perpendicular to each other (e.g., they may intersect at an angle between 45° and) 90°. For example, in some embodiments the print head may be configured to be translated vertically, and/or translated in one or more directions perpendicular to the vertical direction. As another example, in some embodiments the print head may be configured to be translated in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, and/or in one or more directions parallel to the substrate. As a third example, in some embodiments the print head may be configured to be translated at a 45° angle with respect to the substrate. In some cases, each axis of translation may independently be controlled by separate motors. In some embodiments, the print head may not be configured to be translated. In some embodiments, one or more print heads in a multi-axis system may be configured to be rotated around one axis, around two axes, or around three axes. In some embodiments, one or more print heads may be configured to be rotated around more than three axes (e.g., around more than four axes, around more than six axes, around more than eight axes, around more than 10 axes, or around more than 12 axes). In certain cases, the axes may be perpendicular to each other. For example, in some embodiments the print head may be configured to be rotated around a vertical axis, and/or rotated around one or more axes perpendicular to the vertical axis. As another example, in some embodiments one or more print heads may be configured to be rotated around an axis perpendicular to the substrate, and/or around one or more axes parallel to the substrate. In some cases, each axis of rotation may independently be controlled by separate motors. In some embodiments, one or more print heads may not be configured to be rotated. In some embodiments, the print head may be configured to be stationary. In some embodiments, a substrate in a multi-axis system may be configured to be translated along one axis, along two axes, or along three axes. In certain cases, the axes may be perpendicular to each other. In other cases, two or more of the axes are perpendicular to each other (e.g., they may intersect at an angle between 45° and 90°). For example, in some embodiments the substrate may be configured to be translated vertically, and/or translated in one or more directions perpendicular to the vertical direction. As another example, in some embodiments the substrate may be configured to be translated in a direction perpendicular to the print head, and/or in one or more directions parallel to the print head. As a third example, in some embodiments the print head may be configured to be translated at a 45° angle with respect to the substrate. In some cases, each axis of translation may independently be controlled by separate motors. In some embodiments, the substrate may not be configured to be translated. In some embodiments, a substrate in a multi-axis system may be configured to be rotated around one axis, around two axes, or around three axes. In certain cases, the axes may be perpendicular to each other. In some embodiments, the substrate may be configured to be rotated around more than three axes (e.g., around more than four axes, around more than six axes, around more than eight axes, around more than 10 axes, or around more than 12 axes). For example, in some embodiments the substrate may be configured to be rotated around a vertical axis, and/or rotated around one or more axes perpendicular to the vertical axis. As another example, in some embodiments the substrate may be configured to be rotated around an axis perpendicular to the print head, and/or around one or more axes parallel to the print head. In some cases, each axis of rotation may independently be controlled by separate motors. In some embodiments, the substrate may not be configured to be rotated. In some embodiments, the substrate may be configured to be stationary. In some embodiments, a multi-axis deposition system may comprise one or more features that aid rotation and/or translation of a print head and/or a substrate. As an example, in some cases the print head may be attached to a print head arm that facilitates motion. When two or more print heads are present, each print head may be positioned separate print head arms or two or more print heads may be positioned on the same print head arm. In some cases, two or more print head arms may be attached to a single gantry. The print head arm(s) may be capable of facilitating translation and/or rotation of the print head(s). In some embodiments, the print head(s) may be attached to single print head arms; in other embodiments, the print head(s) may be attached to multiple print head arms that are attached at joints that allow for rotation and/or translation. In some cases, one or more motors may facilitate motion of one or more components of the print head arm(s). As another example, in some cases the substrate may be attached to a substrate arm that facilitates motion. The substrate arm may be capable of facilitating translation and/or rotation of the substrate. In some embodiments, the support substrate may be attached to a single substrate arm; in other embodiments, the substrate may be attached to multiple substrate arms that are attached at joints that allow for rotation and/or translation. In some cases, the substrate may be attached to a robot arm. In some cases, one or more motors may facilitate motion of one or more components of the substrate arm(s). In certain embodiments, the print head may be attached to a print head arm and the substrate may be attached to a substrate arm. In some embodiments, a multi-axis system may have one or more features that make it suitable for 3D-printing materials of interest. For example, the multi-axis system may be configured to deposit a material onto a substrate as a continuous stream or as a continuous filament. In other words, the substrate may be in fluid communication with the print head via the material during deposition. In certain cases, the multi-axis system may be employed to deposit a continuous stream or filament that extends from a first side of a last or a material disposed on the last (e.g., an upper, a 3D-printed material disposed on an upper) across the bottom of the last or material disposed on the last to the opposing side of the last or material disposed on the last. In some cases, the multi-axis system may be employed to print each portion of an article of footwear except for the upper. In some embodiments, a multi-axis system may be configured to 3D-print materials with one or more advantageous properties. For example, the multi-axis system may be configured to 3D-print materials with a feature size of greater than or equal to 100 microns, greater than or equal to 200 microns, greater than or equal to 500 microns, greater than or equal to 1 mm, greater than or equal to 2 mm, greater than or equal to 5 mm, greater than or equal to 10 mm, greater than or equal to 20 mm, greater than or equal to 50 mm, greater than or equal to 1 cm, or greater than or equal to 2 cm. In some embodiments, the multi-axis system may be configured to 3D-print materials with a feature size of less than or equal to 5 cm, less than or equal to 2 cm, less than or equal to 1 cm, less than or equal to 5 mm, less than or equal to 2 mm, less than or equal to 1 mm, less than or equal to 500 microns, or less than or equal to 200 microns. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 100 microns and less than or equal to 5 cm). Other ranges are also possible. Further details regarding the multi-axis deposition system are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 17/188,490, entitled “System and method for maintaining a consistent temperature gradient across an electronic display,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed material may be formed on an article disposed on a substrate that is configured to interact with a detection system in a manner that promotes alignment of the 3D-printed article (and/or portions thereof) with respect to the article disposed on the substrate and/or precision in the positioning of the 3D-printed article (and/or portions thereof) onto the article disposed on the substrate. For example, the article may comprise one or more features that may be detected by a detector. The detector may be in electronic communication (e.g., by use of a wired and/or wireless connection) with a print head configured to deposit a material onto the substrate and article disposed thereon, and/or may be configured to transmit information to the print head configured to deposit a material onto the substrate and article disposed thereon. In certain cases, the detector may be configured to detect information about the article disposed on the substrate, such as the location of the article (and/or a portion thereof) in space, with respect to the substrate, and/or with respect to the print head; the orientation of the article (and/or a portion thereof) in space, with respect to the substrate, and/or with respect to the print head; and/or one or more qualities associated with the article (e.g., the scale of the article, the skew of the article, the mirroring of the article, whether or not the article has undergone an affine transformation). The detector may send instructions to the print head and/or the substrate based on some or all of the information it detects. For example, the detector may detect that the article is located in an undesirable position, and may send an instruction to the substrate to translate and/or rotate so that the article is located in a desirable position. As a second example, the detector may detect that the article is located in a desirable position, and may send instructions to the print head to print onto the article and/or to translate and/or rotate to a desired position and then print onto the article. As a third example, the detector may detect that the article has undergone a certain amount of skew, and send instructions to the print head to modify its motion with respect to the article to account for the skew. Other types of instructions may also be sent. When present, a detector configured to detect one of more features of an article disposed on a substrate may be located in any suitable position. The detector may be configured to be stationary (e.g., it may be mounted above the substrate at a fixed position), or may be configured to be translated and/or rotated (e.g., it may be mounted on a gantry on which one or more other features such as the print head may also be positioned). The detector may be configured to have a known position with respect to one or more other components of a deposition system (e.g., a print head, a substrate), and/or may be configured to detect its location with respect to one or more components of the deposition system (e.g., the print head, the substrate). For example, the detector may detect its position with respect to the print head by depositing a material onto the substrate (or an article disposed thereon) and detecting the location of the deposited material. In some embodiments, a detector configured to detect a feature is an optical detector and an article disposed on a substrate comprises features that may be detected optically. For example, the features may be patterns printed onto an article disposed on the substrate, portions of an article disposed on a substrate that scatter light in a detectable manner, portions of an article disposed on a substrate that absorb light in a detectable manner, and/or portions of an article disposed on a substrate that reflect light in a detectable manner. Other types of features that may be detected optically are also contemplated. One example of a suitable type of optical detector is an optical camera. In some embodiments, as also described elsewhere herein, an article disposed on a substrate may be a fabric, such as a knitted fabric or a woven fabric. The fabrics may comprise one or more features which include one or more portions that are knitted or woven to form a pattern that may be detectable optically. The feature(s) may either be created inline (e.g., during the knitting or weaving process used to form the fabric), or may be added to the fabric after it has been formed. In some embodiments, the feature(s) may comprise portion(s) of a pattern (e.g., a repeating motif) knitted or woven into the fabric or printed onto the fabric. According to certain embodiments involving one or more non-3D-printing steps, the detection system may be configured to promote the positioning of a curable liquid with respect to a mold (e.g., a negative secondary mold) that is configured to receive the curable liquid. The detection system may be in electronic communication (e.g., by use of a wired and/or wireless connection) with one or more printing nozzles that are configured to dispense the curable liquid into the mold. In some such embodiments, the detection system may be configured to detect one or more locations of the mold (and/or a portion thereof) with respect to the printing nozzle, the orientation of the mold (and/or a portion thereof) in space with respect to the printing nozzle, and/or the shape of the mold. The detector may send instructions to the printing nozzle based on some or all of the information it detects. For example, the detector may detect that the mold is in a desirable position, and may send instructions to the printing nozzle to dispense the curable liquid into the mold. In certain embodiments, the detection system that is configured to promote the positioning of the curable liquid with respect to the mold (e.g., a negative secondary mold) comprises laser sensors, structured light sensors, and/or camera sensors. As discussed herein, a 3D printer may be provided that is capable of printing 3D articles with non-uniform material compositions, such as a shoe sole and/or a shoe upper. Such 3D articles may comprise a gradient structure with at least one non-uniform property (e.g., color, average stiffness, average Shore A hardness, average pore size, average density, surface roughness, reflectivity, strength, elongation at break, tensile elastic modulus, and 100% modulus). These gradient structures may be formed by varying one or more printer settings (e.g., a ratio of two or more input materials to a mixing chamber, a spin speed of an impeller in the mixing chamber, a sequence of materials into a mixing chamber, and a position of one or more valves to control material inputs into the mixing chamber, total combined volumetric flow rate of one or more input materials to a mixing chamber, nozzle tip height relative to the substrate, target temperature of the mixing chamber and/or the substrate, target catalyst concentration of the resulting mixed material, target line width of the printed material, target fumed silica concentration of the printed composite, target viscosity of the printed composite at the point of exiting the nozzle, and target concentration of an additive) while a 3D printer is printing the part. For example, the gradient structure may be formed by varying the ratio of two material inputs into a mixing nozzle. The inventors have appreciated that existing techniques for generating printer instructions for a 3D printer, such as those implemented in conventional slicer software applications, may be unable to recreate these gradient structures. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure relate to a computer program that is configured to generate print instructions that comprise changes to printer settings while the print heard is moving along a print path to accurately create these gradient structures. The computer program may be configured to receive object information, such as a design file for a 3D article comprising a gradient structure (e.g., from a computer-aided design (CAD) program) and/or a print path for printing a 3D article (e.g., from a slicer application) with metadata indicative of material properties at various points along the print path, and output print instructions that may be provided to a 3D printer to accurately create the 3D article. The computer program may generate these print instructions by identifying gradient structures in the 3D article (e.g., a bounded volume in the 3D structure where the material properties are non-uniform) and identifying the appropriate set of printer settings for various points along the print path to create the gradient structure. In some embodiments, identifying the appropriate set of printer settings comprises identifying one or more material inputs to the 3D-printer and/or calculating a set of ratios of two or more material inputs. For example, the computer program may identify a bounded volume in the 3D article where a color transition occurs from a first color formed by a first pigment to a second color formed by a second pigment. In this example, the computer program may identify the printer settings required to reduce (e.g., ramp down) the deposition rate of the first pigment and increase (e.g., ramp up) the deposition rate of the second pigment to achieve the color transition. Once the appropriate set of printer settings have been identified, print instructions may be generated using the identified set of printer settings. For example, print instructions may be generated that comprise a print path for the print head to follow and printer settings information indicative of the appropriate printer settings at a plurality of points along the print path. In certain cases, the print instructions may be in machine readable code. In some embodiments, a computer program may be configured to receive information related to the status of one or more parts of the 3D-printer. The computer program may be configured to output print instructions based on the status information. For example, the computer program may identify a volume of material occupying a mixing chamber (and/or a volume of material that the mixing chamber contains when full), and output print instructions based, at least in part, upon that volume. The print instructions may be applied at a point in time in advance of the point in time at which the material to which they apply is deposited by a nozzle. Similarly, the print instructions may be applied when a nozzle depositing the material to which they apply is at a position in space different than the position it will occupy when the material to which the print instructions are applied is deposited. In other words, the print instructions may be volume shifted. Because the mixing chamber has a finite volume, material that is input into the mixing chamber will not be printed until the material already in the mixing chamber has been printed. Thus, it may be beneficial to apply print instructions in advance of the point in time at which their effect is desired. Volume shifted print instructions may result in variations in the composition of the material in the mixing chamber as a function of position. In other words, a 3D-printer receiving volume shifted print instructions may include a mixing chamber comprising material with a spatial variation in composition (e.g., from top to bottom). The computer program may comprise a set of instructions that may be executed by a computer system comprising a processor (e.g., a hardware processor or a virtual processor) and a memory (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium). For example, the computer program may comprise a set of instructions stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium that programs at least one processor coupled to the non-transitory computer readable medium. It should be appreciated that the computer system may be communicatively coupled to a 3D printer and/or integrated with the 3D printer. In some embodiments, the computer program may comprise a plurality of instructions that program at least one processor to perform a method2000inFIG.7. As shown, the method2000comprises an act2002of receiving object information, an act2004of identifying a gradient structure, an act2006of identifying input materials to form the gradient structure, an act2008of identifying printer settings for the gradient structure, and an act2010of generating print instructions. In act2002, the system may receive object information associated with a 3D article that comprises a gradient structure. The object information may be, for example, a design file for a 3D article to be printed. The design file may comprise information indicative of one or more properties of the 3D article such as shape, material composition, and/or color. The design file may be in any of a variety of formats. Example formats include: Drawing Interchange Format (DXF), COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA), STereoLithography (STL), Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), PDF, EPS, and AI. Alternatively (or additionally), the object information may comprise a print path for a print head to follow to print the 3D article (e.g., generated by a slicer application) and information indicative of the desired material properties at various points along the print path. For example, the object information may comprise a print path comprising a plurality of points and metadata associated with one or more (or all of) the plurality of points indicative of a desired material property at the point (e.g., color, average stiffness, average Shore A hardness, average pore size, average density, surface roughness, reflectivity, strength, elongation at break, tensile elastic modulus, and 100% modulus, etc.). In some implementations, the metadata may be directly associated with one or more points in the plurality of points. In other implementations, the metadata may be stored in another format and overlaid onto the print path to determine the material properties at a given point. For example, the metadata may be desired color information stored in an image comprising a plurality of pixel values that may be overlaid onto the print path. In this example, the pixel value that aligns with a given point in the print path may be the metadata associated with the respective point. In act2004, the system may identify a gradient structure in the object information. A gradient structure may be identified by, for example, identifying a volume (e.g., a bounded volume) in the 3D article that has at least one non-uniform material property. Thereby, portions of the 3D article with uniform material properties may be separated from portions of the 3D article with non-uniform material properties. Once the portions of the 3D article with non-uniform material properties have been identified, the system may identify a constant set of printer settings for printing the remaining portions (e.g., the uniform portions) of the 3D article. In one implementation for illustration, the system may read metadata associated with one or more points in a print path to identify a subset of points (e.g., a continuous and/or contiguous subset of points) along the print path with non-uniform metadata to identify a gradient structure. In act2006, the system may identify input material(s) to create the gradient structure. For example, the 3D printer may print the material in the gradient structure by mixing a first material with a second material. In this example, the system may identify the first and second materials. The system may identify this information by, for example, identifying a material in the gradient structure and retrieving information stored in a memory of the computer system regarding the input materials required to create the identified material in the gradient structure. In act2008, the system identifies one or more printer settings for the gradient structure using the identified input materials. In some embodiments, the system may identify one or more printer settings required to achieve the desired material properties at a plurality of discrete points in the gradient structure. Once the printer settings for the plurality of discrete points have been identified, the system may employ interpolation techniques (e.g., linear interpolation and cubic interpolation) to smooth shifts in printer settings between the discrete points. Thereby, the system may generate a set of printer settings that may be employed to create the gradient structure. In one example for illustration, the system may identify that the mixing ratio of two materials needs to be 40/60 at a first point in the gradient structure and a 50/50 ratio at a second point in the gradient structure. In this example, the system may fit a linear curve between the first and second points to create a smooth ramp between a 40/60 ratio and a 50/50 ratio. Thereby, the system may create a set of printer settings to employ along the print path as the print head moves from the first point to the second point. In act2010, the system may generate the print instructions using the identified printer settings in act2008. The print instructions may comprise, for example, a print path for a print head to follow to print the 3D article along with printer settings at a plurality of points along the print path (e.g., generated in act2008). The print instructions may be, for example, G-code instructions. Once the print instructions have been generated, the system may transmit the print instructions to a 3D printer (and/or one or more other components of a 3D printer in embodiments where the computer system is integrated with the 3D printer). According to some embodiments involving one or more non-3D-printing steps, the computer program may be configured to generate machine instructions that may be provided to a printing nozzle and/or a robotic gantry to accurately dispense a curable liquid into a mold (e.g., a negative secondary mold). FIG.8shows an example of a method for 3D-printing an article in accordance with some embodiments (e.g., on a multi-axis system as described above). In this figure, a device10for printing an article is shown, using techniques such as 3D printing. The device may include a nozzle15, through which material is directed at a substrate through outlet18. In some embodiments, the material may conformally coat the substrate after exiting through the nozzle. As described above, the substrate may be planar, or in some cases, the substrate may have a different shape (e.g., a curved shape). The substrate may thus be any suitable target for a material exiting the nozzle. For instance, the substrate may include a mold to which the material is applied or may be a component of an article of footwear (e.g., an upper). In some embodiments, the substrate itself may be produced by a 3D-printing process prior to 3D-printing the article. Without wishing to be bound by theory, printing onto 3D-printed substrates (e.g., 3D-printed molds) may yield 3D-printed articles that are smooth and/or have curved surfaces. In some embodiments, the substrate may be scanned using one or more sensors prior to printing. In some embodiments, data received during scanning may at least partially determine one or more movements of the nozzle during printing. Nozzle15inFIG.8is generally depicted as being conical or funnel-shaped, although it should be understood that this is by way of example only, and the nozzle may have any suitable shape able to direct a material at a substrate. Further non-limiting examples of methods for 3D printing may be seen in a U.S. provisional patent application filed on Feb. 27, 2017, entitled “Techniques and Systems for Three-Dimensional Printing of Foam and other Materials,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, a substrate may be translated and/or rotated with respect to a nozzle as described above during a 3D-printing process (e.g., a multi-axis robot may translate the substrate with respect to the nozzle, which may allow material to be extruded onto various portions of the substrate). In some embodiments, the nozzle may be translated and/or with respect to the substrate as described above. In addition, in some embodiments, the material within the nozzle may be subjected to heating or cooling. This may, for example, be used to control mixing and/or reaction within the material, to keep the temperature at substantially the temperature of the surrounding environment (e.g., at room temperature), to prevent the surrounding environmental conditions and/or the heat generated by friction of the impeller and exotherm of the material curing from affecting the reaction or the printing parameters, or the like. In some cases, the temperature may be altered by at least 5° C., at least 10° C., or by other ranges such as those discussed herein. Any method may be used to heat or cool the material within the nozzle. For example, heating or cooling may be applied to the nozzle itself, and/or to material within the nozzle. Non-limiting examples include electrical heating, Peltier cooling, application of infrared light, or other techniques such as those discussed herein. As mentioned, one or more fluids may enter the nozzle to be mixed together. The fluids may enter via a common inlet, and/or via separate inlets, for example, as is illustrated inFIG.8with inlets31,32, and33. Although 3 inlets are illustrated in this figure, this is by way of example only, and in other embodiments, more or fewer inlets are also possible. The inlets may independently be at the same or different distances away from an outlet of the nozzle. In some cases, the fluids may react upon contact with each other; thus, the fluids are kept separate prior to entrance into the nozzle, for example, using one or more inputs and/or valves to control contact of the fluids with each other. For example, one or more valves may be present on one or more of the inlets to control the flow of fluid through the inlets, e.g., into the nozzle. Examples of valves that can be used include needle valves, ball valves, gate valves, butterfly valves, or other suitable types of valves. Additionally, other types of apparatuses to control fluid flow may also be used, in addition to and/or instead of valves. Fluids entering a mixing nozzle may be provided to the mixing nozzle in a variety of suitable manners. In some embodiments, fluids enter a mixing nozzle by flowing therein from a material supply tube. Material supply tubes may be connected to sources of the material, such as material reservoirs. In some embodiments, material supply tubes and/or material reservoirs may be configured to be held at a desired temperature. For instance, fluid may enter a mixing nozzle from a heated material supply tube and/or from a material supply tube fluidically connected to a heated material reservoir. As another example, fluid may enter a mixing nozzle from a cooled material supply tube and/or from a material supply tube fluidically connected to a cooled material reservoir. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that temperature control may advantageously prevent and/or reduce crystallization of one or more components of one or more of the fluids entering the mixing nozzle and/or prevent and/or reduce phase separation of two or more components of one or more of the fluids entering the mixing nozzle. It may also allow materials that are solid at room temperature to be printed in liquid form. Some embodiments are directed to methods of printing an article, which may include flowing at least two materials into a mixing chamber. In some embodiments, at least one of the materials is polymeric. The method may involve in some embodiments mixing the at least two materials in the mixing chamber containing an impeller to form a mixture. The method may also include depositing the mixture onto a textile. In some embodiments, the mixed material flows through an orifice and onto the surface of a textile. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing the at least two materials into the mixing chamber while rotating the impeller in the mixing chamber. The impeller may cause two or more materials in the mixing chamber to mix. In some embodiments, the mixing chamber contains at least a portion of the impeller. The term “mixing chamber” may refer to the volume in which the at least two materials that are mixed together occupy from when they first touch each other, to when they stop being mechanically influenced by active motion of a mixing part (e.g., impeller). In some embodiments, the mixing chamber and the impeller share at least some volume, e.g., the impeller occupies at least some of the dead volume of the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing the at least two materials into the mixing chamber through at least three discrete material inlets. In such embodiments, there may be at least three materials flowed into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing the at least two materials into the mixing chamber through at least four discrete material inlets. In such embodiments, there may be at least three or four materials flowed into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the mixture is a liquid. In some embodiments the mixture is in direct fluid communication with the mixing chamber during the time of deposition onto the substrate (e.g., textile). As a non-limiting example, the mixture is not jetted into discrete droplets from a standoff distance from the substrate (e.g., textile), but instead contacts simultaneously an outlet from the mixing chamber (e.g., nozzle orifice) and the substrate (e.g., textile) while the mixture is continuous with itself. In some embodiments, the method may involve controlling the execution of the method using a controller. The method may involve varying the volumetric flow ratios of the at least two materials based on the spatial location of the mixing chamber with respect to the textile. In some embodiments, the change in the volumetric flow ratios between the at least two materials changes at least one property of the deposited mixture. In some embodiments, at least two of the at least two materials undergo a chemical reaction that changes at least one property of the deposited mixture. In some embodiments, the change in the volumetric flow ratios between the at least two materials changes at least one property of the deposited mixture after a chemical reaction has occurred in the deposited mixture. The change in the volumetric flow ratios between the two or more materials may influence the properties of the deposited structure before all chemical reactions have occurred, after all chemical reactions have occurred, or both before and after chemical reactions. In some embodiments, the at least one property that has changed is selected from the group consisting of tensile elastic modulus, tensile strength, tensile 100% modulus, hardness, viscosity, dynamic yield stress, static yield stress, density, particle concentration, color, opacity, and surface roughness, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the textile onto which the mixture is deposited is substantially flat (e.g., it may be a flat plate). In some embodiments, the textile conforms to a substrate that is curved in one or more dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that substrates that are curved in one or more dimensions may promote curing of material deposited thereon (e.g., polymeric material deposited thereon) in an advantageous shape (e.g., a shape similar to a final shape desired for an application, a shape more similar to the final shape desired for the application than the shape formed by the material if cured on a flat substrate). The textile may be disposed on a fixture, such as a fixture configured to interact with a 3D-printer. In some embodiments, the textile is supported by a belt that can translate the textile in one or more dimensions (e.g., two or three dimensions) and/or through a sequence of one or more processes. In some embodiments, the textile is handled in a roll to roll process. In some embodiments, the textile itself acts as a belt that can move the textile surface with respect to the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the textile is a component of a footwear upper (e.g., a shoe upper). In some embodiments, the textile is a component of apparel, a component of an article of sportswear, a component of an article of sporting goods (e.g., a glove, a grip, a tent), a component of an article of clothing (e.g., a shirt), and/or a component of a bag. In some embodiments, the textile is a component of a knit shoe upper. In some embodiments, the textile is an article of apparel, an article of sportswear, an article of sporting goods, an article of clothing (e.g., a shirt), and/or a bag. In certain cases, a mixture may be deposited onto an article disposed on a substrate. The article may be a component of an article of footwear (e.g., an upper), or may be an article of footwear (e.g., a shoe). The substrate may be configured to hold the article in an advantageous shape, such as an advantageous shape for footwear applications. In some embodiments, the substrate may be a shoe last. Non-limiting examples of suitable combinations of substrates and articles include lasted three-dimensional shoe uppers on shoe lasts, lasted full shoes on shoe lasts, textiles cut into the shape of upper flat patterns in a flat form factor, and textiles cut into the shape of upper flat patterns disposed on a substrate that is curved in at least one dimension. Other types of articles and substrates are also possible. In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two materials comprises a filler and the article is a polymeric composite. In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two materials comprises isocyanate groups. In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two materials have functional groups (e.g., chemical functional groups) selected from the group consisting of alcohol groups, amine groups, or combinations thereof. In some cases, more than two materials may be flowed into a mixing chamber (e.g., three materials, four materials, or more materials). When two or more materials are flowed into the mixing chamber, each material may comprise different functional groups from each other material, or two or more materials may comprise the same functional group. For example, a first material may have an isocyanate functional group and a second material may have an alcohol functional group. As another example, three materials comprising an alcohol functional group (e.g., polyols) and one material comprising an isocyanate functional group may be flowed into a mixing chamber. As a third example, two materials comprising a first functional group (e.g., an alcohol functional group) and two materials comprising a second functional group (e.g., an isocyanate functional group) may be flowed into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing a material comprising an isocyanate group through an inlet into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the material comprising an isocyanate group is selected from the group consisting of an isocyanate, an isocyanate prepolymer, and a quasi-isocyanate prepolymer, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing a short chain extender through an inlet into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the short chain extender has a number average molecular weight of e.g., less than 5000 Dalton, less than 4000 Dalton, less than 3000 Dalton, less than 2000 Dalton, less than 1000 Dalton, less than 500 Dalton, less than 100 Dalton, or less than 90 Dalton. In some embodiments, the short chain extender has a number average molecular weight of less than 1000 Dalton. In some embodiments the chain extender is butanediol with a molecular weight of 90.12 g/mol. In some embodiments, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 99% of the molecules of the short chain extender have at least two functional groups per molecule. In some embodiments, at least 70%, of the molecules of the short chain extender have at least two functional groups per molecule. In some embodiments, the at least two functional groups per molecule comprise at least two alcohol groups. In some embodiments, the at least two functional groups per molecule comprise at least two amine groups. In some embodiments, the at least two functional groups per molecule comprise at least one alcohol group and one amine group. In some embodiments the short chain extender may comprise a blend comprising molecules with two alcohol groups and comprising molecules with two amine groups. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing a higher molecular weight (e.g., number average molecular weight) polyol and/or polyamine through an inlet into the mixing chamber (e.g., molecular weight e.g. greater than 100 Daltons, greater than 200 Daltons, greater than 300 Daltons, greater than 400 Daltons, or greater than 500 Daltons). In some embodiments, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 99% of the molecules have a molecular weight greater than 90 Daltons. In some embodiments, at least 70% of the molecules have a molecular weight greater than 90 Daltons. In some embodiments, e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 99% of the molecules have a molecular weight greater than 200 Daltons. In some embodiments, at least 70% of the molecules have a molecular weight greater than 200 Daltons. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing polyols with a concentration of added fumed silica e.g. greater than 0.1 percent by weight, greater than 0.2 percent by weight, greater than 0.5 percent by weight, greater than 1 percent by weight, greater than 2 percent by weight, greater than 3 percent by weight, greater than 4 percent by weight, greater than 5 percent by weight, greater than 10 percent by weight, greater than 20 percent by weight, greater than 30 percent by weight, greater than 40 percent by weight, greater than 50 percent by weight, greater than 60 percent by weight, greater than 70 percent by weight through an inlet into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing polyols with a concentration of added fumed silica greater than 3 percent by weight through an inlet into the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, additional material inlets may be utilized to control the insertion of pigments of dyes to control the RGB color of the deposited material. In some embodiments, the method may involve flowing a pigment and/or a particle through an inlet into the mixing chamber. Any of the materials flowed into the mixing chamber may also contain pigments and/or particles. In some embodiments, the pigments and/or particles may be flowed into the mixing chamber while contained in a fluid in a pigment and/or particle concentration of e.g. greater than 1 percent by weight, greater than 2 percent by weight, greater than 3 percent by weight, greater than 4 percent by weight, greater than 5 percent by weight, greater than 10 percent by weight, greater than 20 percent by weight, greater than 30 percent by weight, greater than 40 percent by weight, greater than 50 percent by weight, greater than 60 percent by weight, greater than 70 percent by weight. In one non-limiting set of embodiments, one material that is flowed into the mixing chamber, Part A, is the curing agent that binds another three materials together. One or more of the materials bound together by Part A may affect the properties of the mixture of the four materials (i.e., the uncured material) and/or the properties of the deposited material after curing has completed (i.e., the cured material). In one non-limiting set of embodiments, there are three different Part B's flowed into the mixing chamber along with Part A: Part B1, which makes the cured material stiff; Part B2, which reduces the viscosity of the uncured material and makes the cured material soft; and Part B3, which increases the viscosity of the uncured material and makes the cured material soft. The volumetric flow rate ratios for B1 to B2 to B3 into the mixing chamber can be controlled to control properties (e.g., stiffness and viscosity) of the mixture. The volumetric flow rate of A into the mixing chamber can be determined, e.g. based on what is necessary to complete all chemical reactions for the ratio of Part B's, and controlled by a controller. In some embodiments, one or more properties of a mixture that is 3D-printed from a nozzle may change as a function of time and/or nozzle position with respect to the substrate. For instance, the composition of one or more components and/or the wt. % of one or more components within the mixture may change as a function of time. In some embodiments, one or more physical parameters of the nozzle and/or the substrate may change as a function of time. As an example, the temperature of the nozzle and/or the substrate may change as a function of time. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the temperature of the nozzle and the temperature of the substrate may affect the types of reactions that occur between various components (e.g., cross-linking reactions, foaming reactions, reactions within the nozzle, reactions on the substrate) and/or the rates at which these reactions occur. This may in turn affect the chemical structure of the mixture (e.g., the composition of the mixture, the degree of cross-linking of the resultant foam) during and/or after printing, and/or affect one or more physical properties of the mixture (e.g., the viscosity of the mixture, the average pore size of the resultant foam, the density of the resultant foam, the stiffness of the resultant foam, the Shore A hardness of the resultant foam) during and/or after printing. In some embodiments, changes in substrate or nozzle temperature during printing may allow for different portions of the 3D-printed article (e.g., those printed at different times and/or in different positions on the substrate) to have different chemical or physical properties. In some embodiments, the portions with different chemical and/or physical properties may be printed in a single continuous process, and/or may together form a single integrated material. The Inventors recognized the problem that some particles (e.g., fumed silica), which can be used to change the rheology and/or mechanical properties of a material (e.g., a polymeric material), are difficult to use in spraying methods for deposition of material. The degree of particle incorporation may be useful, for example, in controlling whether a material deposited onto a fabric sits on top of the fabric (e.g., material with a sufficient volume percent of the particles) or seeps into the fabric. As an alternative to incorporating particles into a material, the Inventors have determined that exposing a light-curable material to light (e.g., UV light) of an appropriate curing wavelength upon the material exiting a printing nozzle, or after a predetermined delay between exiting the printing nozzle and light exposure, results in a similar rigidifying effect on the material to that resulting from particle incorporation. The Inventors have further determined that light curing can be used to control the mechanical properties of materials that can be deposited by spraying (e.g., using compressed gas to aerosolize the material), which may result in both better mechanical properties control and higher throughput relative to other printing methods. In addition, the Inventors have determined that combining a printing nozzle (e.g., having a mixing chamber and an impeller disposed in the mixing chamber) configured to actively mix small volumes of material with a compressed gas source, an outlet of which printing nozzle intersects with an outlet in fluid communication with the compressed gas source, a print head with spraying capabilities results in which input ratios (e.g., volume ratios) into the printing nozzle, and therefore material composition of the sprayed material, can be changed on the fly. According to certain embodiments,FIGS.3A-3Cillustrate a digital molding process as described herein. Referring toFIG.3A, computer-aided design (CAD) model302of a desired mold may be produced by a user. In some embodiments, first mold304(e.g., master mold) may be manufactured by an additive manufacturing process (e.g., 3D-printing). First mold304may be printed using any of the 3D-printing techniques described herein. In some cases, as shown inFIG.3A, first mold304may be a positive master mold manufactured by additive manufacturing. Negative master molds are also possible, according to some embodiments. A positive (or negative) master mold may be additively manufactured with any of a variety of suitable technologies, including, but are not limited to, stereolithography, solid deposition modeling, inkjet printing, binder jet printing, multi-jet fusion, digital light processing, and/or thermoplastic powder sintering. In certain embodiments, the master mold may be manufactured such that the master mold can be 3D-printed without a support material. In certain non-limiting embodiments, for example, the first mold may be a positive master mold that is manufactured with the intention of casting another substance into the positive master mold to create a second mold (e.g., a negative secondary mold), as explained herein in greater detail. In certain embodiments, a single master mold (e.g., a positive master mold) may be used to produce multiple second molds (e.g., negative secondary molds), therefore lowering overall production costs as the single master mold is recycled and reused. The 3D-printed positive or negative master mold may be manufactured from any suitable material, including, but not limited to, photopolymers, thermosets, thermoplastics, metals, and/or composites. According to some embodiments, a master mold may also be manufactured through other processes, such as computer numerical control (CNC) machining and/or laser cutting. In certain embodiments, a master mold may be manufactured through multiple processes. For example, a master mold could be partly composed of a machined part, but may also have 3D-printed parts attached to the machined areas such that the machined base is configured to hold the 3D-printed parts in the right locations, and create strength. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed master mold may also be post-processed after being manufactured. Any of a variety of suitable post-processes steps may be used. Some examples of post-processing steps include, but are not limited to, sandblasting, spray-coating, polishing, UV post-curing, and the like. In some embodiments, the post-processing step may be used to adjust the texture of the master mold, for example, to make the neutral surface of the mold surface more matte or glossier. First mold304(e.g., positive master mold) may have a texture comprising one or more features (e.g., one or more protrusions, ridges, posts, cavities, etc.). According to certain embodiments, the texture comprising one or more features may be directly printed into the first mold, in the case of additively manufactured molds. In some embodiments, the texture comprising one or more features may be directly machined into the first mold, in the case of machined molds. The texture comprising one or more features may also be applied to the first mold with a post-processing technique (e.g., sand blasting, bead blasting, and/or polishing), in some embodiments. As would generally be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, the texture comprising one or more features in the first mold (e.g., the positive master mold) may be imparted on the second mole (e.g., the negative secondary mold) that is cast into the first mold, and in-turn imparted on the curable liquid that is dispensed into the second mold. In certain embodiments, the one or more features may be patterned. In other embodiments, the one or more features are random. In some embodiments, the first mold may have particular markings printed (and/or machined) into the mold. Markings include, but are not limited to, logos, text, branding, reliefs, and the like. In some embodiments, it can be useful deposit material onto surfaces by spraying rather than by extrusion alone through a nozzle. Advantages of spraying relative to extrusion alone may include but are not limited to deposition of thinner films with no extrusion lines; reduced sensitivity to nozzle standoff distance from the substrate; and/or a capacity to create wider strips of material in one pass to reduce cycle time. Other advantages of spraying relative to extrusion alone may include limited accumulation or no accumulation of cured material on the nozzle, which may be because spraying may not require the spray nozzle to come into direct fluid communication with material that has already been deposited. In addition, coatings made by spraying can be applied conformally to three-dimensional (3D) surfaces without precise alignment or 3D tool-pathing. In some embodiments, it is possible to make slight modifications to a mixing nozzle (e.g., a 4-input dynamic mixing nozzle) to convert it into a spray nozzle. In order to do this, a compressed gas guiding sheath fluidly connected with a compressed gas source may be attached around the outside of the nozzle. In some embodiments, a configuration of an impeller disposed in the mixing chamber of the mixing nozzle ensures that a small mixing volume is retained such that rapid changes in the sprayed material composition can be executed. In some embodiments, the compressed gas guiding sheath (e.g., air guiding sheath) is configured to guide the flow of compressed gas from a compressed gas source to atomize the output of the nozzle into small droplets immediately upon exiting the nozzle. In some embodiments, the small droplets are then propelled through the air to land on a target substrate. In some embodiments, ratio(s) (e.g., volume ratios) of the inputs (e.g.,4inputs) into the mixing chamber can be changed in space and time to vary the composition of the material that is sprayed. In some embodiments, the geometry of the compressed gas guiding sheath and/or the applied pressure from the compressed gas can be used to change the shape and velocity of the cone of atomized material that is deposited. In some embodiments, the standoff distance from the substrate can be used to control the width of the sprayed strips. A potential limitation of spraying (e.g., spraying a mixture of chemically reactive materials) may be that depending on the applied pressure from the compressed gas through the compressed gas guiding sheath, the sprayed films that are deposited onto the substrate can be deformed after deposition by the force of the compressed gas blowing against them. In embodiments where spraying a mixture of chemically reactive materials occurs, one solution to this problem may be to induce the mixture of materials to react more quickly and become solid very quickly so that the mixture can withstand the forces of the compressed gas without permanent deformation. However, this solution may create risks of accumulating cured material inside of a mixing nozzle (e.g., inside of a mixing chamber) during deposition. Another solution may be to add a UV-curable component to one or more inputs that are mixed together in the mixing chamber. As a non-limiting example, free radical polymerization between materials with alkene functional groups (e.g., acrylates, methacrylates, vinyls) may proceed very rapidly (e.g., in fractions of a second) when exposed to high power UV irradiation, but may also remain stable for months when not exposed to UV irradiation. After adding a UV-curable component to the mixture, the mixture can be exposed to UV irradiation directly as it exits the mixing chamber. The exposure to UV irradiation may increase the viscosity of the resulting material very rapidly to the consistency of a non-flowing paste or gel that can withstand forces from the compressed gas without deformation. This rapid increase in viscosity may also prevent the deposited material from soaking into porous fabrics, and may enable structures of substantial thickness to be built up. Since the UV-curable components of the system may represent only a fraction of the total functional groups that have the capability of reacting to form a solid polymer, the deposited material may continue to increase in viscosity, and also may form chemical bonds with previously deposited material as functional groups in the mixed material (e.g., isocyanates and one or more of alcohol groups or amine groups) curable by means other than UV exposure continue to react with one another after the UV irradiation (e.g., high power UV irradiation) is removed. In some cases, a UV-curable component of the mixture may be a urethane acrylate that does not have any alcohol or isocyanate groups present on it. In some cases, UV-curable component(s) of the mixture may be present within the same molecule that also has one or more functional groups curable by means other than UV exposure (e.g., alcohol, amine, or isocyanate groups). The mass percentage of molecules that contain UV-curable functionality may be as high as 100% for any individual input. The mass percentage of molecules that contain UV-curable functionality may be as high as 60% for the final mixture in the case that molecules containing UV-curable functional groups are present on different molecules from the molecules containing one or more functional groups curable by means other than UV exposure (e.g., isocyanates, alcohols, or amines). In the case where UV-curable functional groups are present on the same molecules that also contain one or more functional groups curable by means other than UV exposure (e.g., isocyanates, alcohols, or amines), as much as 100% of the molecules may contain at least one UV-curable functional group. In the case that a hybrid UV-curable mixture is used, wherein UV-curable functional groups are present as well as one or more functional groups curable by means other than UV exposure, an irradiation source (e.g., a UV irradiation source, a light source, a UV light source) may be integrated into (or adjacent to) the print head, such that the hybrid UV-curable mixture may be UV cured immediately upon exiting the nozzle. The irradiation source (e.g., UV irradiation source) may comprise one or more UV LEDs, each with a peak wavelength between or equal to 200 nm and 405 nm. The irradiation source (e.g., UV irradiation source) may also comprise mercury lamps or bulbs. The irradiation source may also comprise a light source with a peak wavelength outside of the UV spectrum, provided that the intensity of irradiation in the UV spectrum is sufficiently high to activate a photoinitiator in the system. Additionally, the irradiation source may be one or more DLP (Digital Light Projection) projectors. The projectors may have lenses that direct the light (e.g., focus the light) onto a small region, but enable the light in that region to be patterned. The projectors can be used to change the shape of an image that is projected so that the light is directed only onto regions that require exposure. In some cases, it may be advantageous for the hybrid UV-curable mixture to experience a delay between exiting the nozzle and initial exposure to the irradiation source (e.g., UV irradiation source). This delay may allow the deposited material to level and spread, and/or to soak into the surface of the substrate (e.g., the fabric surface) to some degree before the viscosity of the extruded material increases substantially. This leveling, spreading, and/or soaking in can produce more uniform and flat films deposited with this method, relative to immediate exposure of the mixture to the irradiation source as it leaves the nozzle. In other cases, it may be advantageous to have no delay in exposure of the mixture to the irradiation source as it leaves the nozzle, such that the material that is deposited holds its shape without spreading or leveling. In some cases, a region surrounding the nozzle tip may be exposed to irradiation (e.g., UV irradiation) continuously, and the rate of increase of viscosity of the mixture may be controlled by the mass fraction or volume fraction of UV-curable material present in the mixture, which can be controlled zonally by varying the ratios of two or more inputs into the mixing chamber. It should also be understood that while the scope of this disclosure has focused on examples of functional groups curable by means other than UV exposure directed to polyurethane formulations, for spraying and/or extrusion of a hybrid UV-curable mixture, other material chemistries may be used to replace the polyurethane formulations. For example, a mixture for spraying and/or extrusion may be made with epoxies where one component contains epoxide functional groups, and another component contains amine functional groups. In another example of a mixture, one component may include siloxane functional silicone resins and a platinum catalyst, and another component may include vinyl functional silicone resins, which would react after mixing to form polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers. Polydimethylsiloxane resins that cross-link through multiple chemistries may also be used (e.g., tin-cured, or acetoxy-based systems). Polydimethylsiloxane resins may also be partially or fully UV-curable, e.g., by adding acrylate functional groups to the silicone resins, or by employing a catalyst that is de-blocked by exposure to UV light. Other variations of a nozzle include but are not limited to: a spray nozzle with a compressed gas source and/or a compressed gas guiding sheath without an irradiation source (e.g., without a UV light source) with at least two inlets to the nozzle, for depositing a reactive system having two or more parts without any UV-curable components; or a nozzle with two inlets and (in some cases without a compressed gas source or guiding sheath but) including an irradiation source (e.g., a UV irradiation source), for depositing by extrusion (in some cases without spray functionality) a reactive system having two or more parts with some irradiation-curable (e.g., UV-curable) components. In any variation of the nozzle (e.g., mixing nozzle), the nozzle may have one input or two inputs or more than two inputs (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more inputs). In some embodiments, a print head is provided. The print head can have a printing nozzle, which can have a mixing chamber, an impeller disposed in the mixing chamber, and two or more material inlets in fluid communication with the mixing chamber (see, e.g.,FIG.9). In some embodiments, a tip of the impeller is less than 5 mm from an outlet of the printing nozzle. In some embodiments, an outlet of the printing nozzle (e.g., of the mixing chamber) is configured to intersect with an outlet fluidly connected to the compressed gas source (see, e.g.,FIG.9,FIG.10). In some embodiments, a volume of the mixing chamber is less than 1 mL. In some embodiments, the volume of the mixing chamber is less than 250 microliters. In some embodiments, the mixing chamber is in fluid communication with three or more material inlets. In some embodiments, the mixing chamber is in fluid communication with four or more material inlets. In some embodiments, one or more of the material inlets is in fluid communication with a respective in-line rotary pump. The print head can have a light source (e.g., an ultraviolet (UV) light source) adjacent to the printing nozzle (see, e.g.,FIG.9,FIG.10,FIG.11). In some embodiments, the light source (e.g., UV light source) comprises an emission wavelength between or equal to 200 nm and 405 nm. In some embodiments, the light source (e.g., UV light source) is configured to irradiate a material directly as the material exits the printing nozzle (e.g., exits the mixing chamber). In some embodiments, the light source (e.g., UV light source) is configured to irradiate a material after the material exits the mixing chamber with a predetermined delay. In some embodiments, the light source (e.g., UV light source) comprises an emission wavelength between or equal to 200 nm and 405 nm. In some embodiments, the light source (e.g., UV light source) comprises one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) (e.g., UV LEDs). In some embodiments, the light source (e.g., UV light source) is one or more Digital Light Projectors (DLP). The print head can have a compressed gas source (see, e.g.,FIG.9,FIG.10). In some embodiments, the compressed gas source is configured to atomize a material extruded from the printing nozzle (e.g., from the mixing chamber). In some embodiments, the compressed gas source is in fluid communication with an electropneumatic regulator. In some embodiments, the print head has a compressed gas guiding sheath fluidly connected to the compressed gas source (see, e.g.,FIG.9,FIG.10). In some embodiments, an outlet of the mixing chamber is configured to intersect with an outlet of the compressed gas guiding sheath. In some embodiments, the compressed gas guiding sheath is a microfluidic gas guiding sheath. In some embodiments, the compressed gas guiding sheath (e.g., microfluidic gas guiding sheath) is actuatable such the sheath can be moved with respect to an outlet of the printing nozzle or vice versa. In some embodiments, the compressed gas guiding sheath (e.g., microfluidic gas guiding sheath) is coupled to the print head through magnetic attachment such that it can be easily removed. In some embodiments, the compressed gas guiding sheath (e.g., microfluidic gas guiding sheath) has multiple gas channels coupled to valves that can be addressed individually. In some embodiments, moving the sheath with respect to the outlet of the printing nozzle changes channels through which compressed gas is configured to flow, which changes the shape of an atomized material cone that is deposited onto the surface from the outlet of the printing nozzle. In some embodiments, a method of printing a material is provided. The method may comprise passing a formulation through a print head. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing two or more parts of the formulation in a printing nozzle of the print head to form a mixture. In some embodiments, the method comprises exposing the formulation to light (e.g., UV light) for e.g., between or equal to 0.01 seconds and 10 seconds, or between or equal to 1 seconds and 3 seconds. In some embodiments, the method comprises exposing the formulation (e.g., mixture) to light at a wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the photoinitiator for e.g., between or equal to 0.01 seconds and 10 seconds, or between or equal to 1 seconds and 3 seconds. In some embodiments, the method comprises flowing compressed gas from the compressed gas source to atomize the formulation as it exits the nozzle. In some embodiments, the method comprises flowing compressed gas from the compressed gas source to atomize the formulation after it exits the nozzle with a predetermined delay. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises two or more parts, and passing a formulation through the print head involves flowing at least two of the two or more parts of the formulation through a respective material inlet of the two or more material inlets into the printing nozzle. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises three or more parts, and passing a formulation through the print head involves flowing at least three of the three or more parts of the formulation through a respective material inlet of three or more material inlets into the printing nozzle. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises four or more parts, and passing a formulation through the print head involves flowing at least four of the four or more parts of the formulation through a respective material inlet of four or more material inlets into the printing nozzle. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises molecules that have a UV-curable functional group. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises molecules that have a functional group curable by means other than UV exposure. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises molecules that have a UV-curable functional group, and molecules that have a functional group curable by means other than UV exposure. In some embodiments, some of the molecules that have the UV-curable functional group also have a functional group curable by means other than UV exposure. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises molecules that have an isocyanate functional group. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises molecules that have one or more of an alcohol functional group or an amine functional group. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises molecules that have an alkene functional group and molecules that have one or more of an alcohol functional group, an amine functional group, or an isocyanate functional group. In some embodiments, the formulation (e.g., mixture) comprises alkene groups, isocyanate groups, a photoinitiator, and at least one of alcohol groups or amine groups. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing two or more parts of the formulation together to form a mixture that comprises alkene groups (e.g., acrylates, methacrylates, vinyls, etc.), isocyanate groups, a photoinitiator, and at least one of alcohol groups or amine groups. In some embodiments, the method comprises exposing the mixture to light (e.g., UV light) at a wavelength within the absorption spectrum of the photoinitiator (e.g., between or equal to 365 nm and 405 nm). In some such embodiments, the alkene groups in the mixture react with one another to increase the viscosity of the mixture. The print head may comprise a compressed gas source, a printing nozzle, and/or two or more material inlets in fluid communication with the printing nozzle. In some embodiments, an outlet of the printing nozzle is configured to intersect with an outlet fluidly connected to the compressed gas source. In some embodiments, the print head comprises an ultraviolet (UV) light source adjacent to the printing nozzle. In some embodiments, the printing nozzle comprises a mixing chamber and an impeller disposed in the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the two or more material inlets are in fluid communication with the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the mixture continues to increase in one or more of viscosity, strength, yield stress, or stiffness after UV exposure is finished as a result of reaction between molecules in the mixture that have a functional group curable by means other than UV exposure (e.g., between molecules in the mixture that have isocyanate groups and one or more of alcohol groups and amine groups). In some embodiments, the mixture does not have a yield stress when it reaches an outlet of the printing nozzle (e.g., outlet of the mixing chamber), prior to exposure to UV light. In some embodiments, the mixture develops a yield stress within 2 seconds after exposure to UV light. In some embodiments, the formulation (e.g., the mixture) also includes a photo-latent base, which may act as a catalyst that becomes more active upon exposure to UV irradiation to induce faster reaction of any functional groups in the formulation curable by means other than UV irradiation. The term photo-latent base as used herein refers to a molecule that changes structure in response to UV light to become a new molecule with a larger pKa (logarithmic acid dissociation constant). In some cases, as discussed herein, a foam precursor, prior to curing, may have different rheological properties than the starting raw materials without gas content. For example, a mixture of low viscosity fluids, gases, and/or surfactants, etc. having Newtonian flow behavior before foaming can be used to produce a precursor having non-Newtonian flow characteristics, e.g., with a yield stress, or shear-thickening or shear-thinning behavior. This may be used herein to produce a precursor having a rheological profile suitable for printing, e.g., on a substrate. Fluids such as incompressible Newtonian fluids or gases can be controlled introduced into a nozzle (e.g., prior to mixing) and precisely metered onto a substrate during deposition. In some cases, the foaming process may start within the nozzle, and controlled to control deposition of the precursor and/or the final mechanical properties of the foam. In some embodiments, one or more materials deposited onto a substrate (e.g., a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article) may comprise reactive functional groups for a period of time after deposition. The reactive functional groups may be configured to react with other articles to which the deposited material is adjacent (e.g., articles of footwear, components of articles of footwear, materials deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, materials printed by a 3D-printing process, components of 3D-printed articles, portions of 3D-printed articles), such as an article onto which the material was deposited, an article added to the deposited material, an article positioned beside the deposited material, an article disposed on the same article onto which the material was deposited, and/or an article that is positioned partially above or below the deposited material and partially beside the deposited material. Although many of the articles referred to herein are articles of footwear or components thereof, it should be understood that articles of apparel such as sports bras and components of articles of apparel such as sports bras are also contemplated herein. Reaction between the reactive functional groups in the deposited material and one or more articles to which it is adjacent may result in bond formation between the deposited material and the articles(s), and/or may increase the adhesive strength between the deposited material and the article(s). Examples of such articles include textiles, molded parts, layers, portions, further deposited materials with the same or different chemistry, and the like. In some embodiments, the deposited material may bond with two or more articles to which it is adjacent, and may adhere these articles together through bonds formed by reaction of the reactive functional groups in the deposited material with the articles. Each article adhered together may comprise a deposited material (e.g., a 3D-printed article may be built up by successively depositing layers of materials comprising reactive functional groups on top of each other), some of the articles adhered together may comprise a deposited material (e.g., a deposited material may adhere another deposited material to which it is adjacent to a textile on which they are both disposed), or none of the articles adhered together may comprise a deposited material. In some cases, the articles adhered together may have different physical or chemical properties (e.g., different values of toughness, different values of Young's modulus, different values of other properties described below). In some embodiments, reactive functional groups that are configured to react with an article to which a deposited material (e.g., a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article) is adjacent (e.g., an article of footwear, a component of an article of footwear, a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article) may also be configured to react with other reactive functional groups in the deposited material. Reaction between two complementary sets of functional groups within the deposited material may comprise curing of the material. As the deposited material cures, the number of reactive functional groups within the deposited material may be reduced and the deposited material may become less reactive with any articles to which it is adjacent. In certain cases, tuning the curing time of the deposited material by varying one or more parameters (e.g., temperature at which the deposited material is held after deposition, composition of the deposited material) may be advantageous because it may allow for tuning of the reactivity of the deposited material as a function of time. For example, the curing time may be tuned so that the deposited material is adhesive upon deposition and upon further addition of a second article to the deposited material, but is no longer adhesive during further manufacturing steps and/or when an article of which the deposited material is a part of is in use. A variety of suitable reactive functional groups and molecules comprising reactive functional groups may be included in a deposited material (e.g., a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article). In some embodiments, a deposited material may comprise reactive functional groups that are alcohol groups and reactive functional groups that are isocyanate groups, and the alcohol groups and isocyanate groups may react to form a polyurethane. In some embodiments, a deposited material may comprise reactive functional groups that are amine groups and reactive functional groups that are isocyanate groups, and the alcohol groups and isocyanate groups may react to form polyureas. In some embodiments, a deposited material may comprise reactive functional groups that are amine groups, reactive functional groups that are alcohol groups, and reactive functional groups that are isocyanate groups; in this case, the isocyanate groups may react with the amine groups and the alcohol groups to form a polyurethane/polyurea hybrid formulation). Further non-limiting examples of suitable reactive functional groups include hydroxyl groups, isocyanate groups, amine groups, glycidyl groups, epoxide groups such as cycloaliphatic epoxy groups, vinyl groups, methyl groups, siloxane groups, catalysts such as platinum catalysts and tin catalysts, acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, and photoinitiators. The deposited material may have a composition as described elsewhere herein (e.g., compositions for polyurethanes described elsewhere herein). In some embodiments, the deposited material may comprise one or more of a polyurethane, a polyurea, a polyurethane/polyurea hybrid formulation, a silicone, and an epoxy. Further non-limiting examples of molecules comprising reactive functional groups are also listed below. Non-limiting examples of suitable comprising molecules comprising alcohol groups include difunctional hydroxyl compounds such as 1,4-butanediol, hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxylethyl) ether, neopentyl glycol, diethanolamine, and methyldiethanolamine; trifunctional hydroxyl compounds such as trimethylolpropane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, and triethanolamine; tetrafunctional hydroxyl compounds such as pentaerythritol; and polyols such as polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polytetrahydrofuran, polycaprolactone polyols, polycarbonate polyols, and polytetramethylene ether glycol-based polyols. Non-limiting examples of suitable molecules comprising amine groups include difunctional amine compounds such as diethyltoluenediamine and dimethylthiotoluenediamine. Non-limiting examples of suitable molecules comprising isocyanate groups include methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), toluene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate, methylene bis-cyclohexylisocyanate, and isophorone diisocyanate. Other types of reactive functional groups, and other types of molecules comprising reactive functional groups are also possible. In some embodiments, a deposited material (e.g., a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article) may be cured (and/or configured to be cured) at room temperature. In some embodiments, the deposited material may be cured (and/or configured to be cured) at a temperature above room temperature. The deposited material may be configured (and/or configured to be cured) to be cured at a temperature of greater than or equal to 70° C., greater than or equal to 80° C., greater than or equal to 90° C., or greater than or equal to 100° C. The deposited material may be cured (and/or configured to be cured) at a temperature of less than or equal to 110° C., less than or equal to 100° C., less than or equal to 90° C., or less than or equal to 80° C. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 70° C. and less than or equal to 110° C.). Other ranges are also possible. A deposited material (e.g., a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article) may be cured (and/or configured to be fully cured) over any suitable period of time. In some embodiments, the deposited material is fully cured (and/or configured to be cured) over a period of time of greater than or equal to 15 minutes, greater than or equal to 30 minutes, greater than or equal to one hour, greater than or equal to two hours, greater than or equal to four hours, greater than or equal to eight hours, greater than or equal to 12 hours, greater than or equal to 20 hours, greater than or equal to 24 hours, greater than or equal to 36 hours, greater than or equal to 48 hours, greater than or equal to three days, greater than or equal to four days, greater than or equal to five days, or greater than or equal to six days. In some embodiments, the deposited material is fully cured (and/or configured to be fully cured) over a period of time of less than or equal to one week, less than or equal to six days, less than or equal to five days, less than or equal to four days, less than or equal to three days, less than or equal to 48 hours, less than or equal to 36 hours, less than or equal to 24 hours, less than or equal to 20 hours, less than or equal to 12 hours, less than or equal to eight hours, less than or equal to four hours, less than or equal to two hours, less than or equal to one hour, less than or equal to 30 minutes, or less than or equal to 15 minutes. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 15 minutes and less than or equal to one week, greater than or equal to two hours and less than or equal to 20 hours, or greater than or equal to 24 hours and less than or equal to one week). Other ranges are also possible. In general, higher curing temperatures result in faster reactions between reactive functional groups. This may cause the time over which the deposited material is fully cured (and/or configured to be fully cured) to decrease. For example, a material may be fully cured over a period of time of greater than or equal to a few days and less than or equal to one week when cured at room temperature but may be fully cured over a period of time of greater than or equal to two hours and less than or equal to 20 hours at a temperature of greater than or equal to 70° C. and less than or equal to 110° C. A deposited material (e.g., a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article) may be deposited at any degree of curing. In some embodiments, the deposited material is at least 25% uncured upon deposition, at least 30% uncured upon deposition, at least 40% uncured upon deposition, at least 50% uncured upon deposition, at least 60% uncured upon deposition, at least 70% uncured upon deposition, at least 80% uncured upon deposition, or at least 90% uncured upon deposition. In some embodiments, the deposited material is at most 95% uncured upon deposition, at most 90% uncured upon deposition, at most 80% uncured upon deposition, at most 70% uncured upon deposition, at most 60% uncured upon deposition, at most 50% uncured upon deposition, or at most 40% uncured upon deposition. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 30% uncured upon deposition and at most 95% uncured upon deposition). Other ranges are also possible. In some embodiments, an article (e.g., an article of footwear, a component of an article of footwear) is positioned adjacent to a deposited material (e.g., deposited on the deposited material, deposited adjacent the deposited material, laminated to the deposited material, etc.) before it has fully cured. The article may be positioned adjacent to the deposited material (e.g., a material deposited by a print head such as a nozzle, a material printed by a 3D-printing process, a component of a 3D-printed article, a portion of a 3D-printed article) before at least 25% of the deposited material has cured, before at least 30% of the deposited material has cured, before at least 40% of the deposited material has cured, before at least 50% of the deposited material has cured, or before at least 60% of the deposited material has cured. The article may be positioned adjacent to the deposited material before at most 70% of the deposited material has cured, before at most 60% of the deposited material has cured, before at most 50% of the deposited material has cured, before at most 40% of the deposited material has cured, or before at most 30% of the deposited material has cured. Combinations of the above-referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., before at least 25% of the deposited material has cured and before at most 70% of the deposited material has cured). Other ranges are also possible. As described herein, an article may be formed by a process involving both one or more 3D-printing steps and one or more non-3D-printing steps. In some embodiments, for example, a first mold (e.g., master mold) may be manufactured by additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D-printing), as described above. A second mold (e.g., secondary mold) may be manufactured, in some embodiments, by one or more 3D-printing steps or non-3D-printing steps. According to certain embodiments, for example, an elastomer may be cast into the first mold (e.g., master mold) to provide a second mold (e.g., secondary mold). Referring, for example, toFIG.3A, an elastomer is cast into first mold304, thereby providing second mold306. As a result of casting the elastomer in first mold304to provide second mold306, first mold304may impart second mold306with one or more features provided by the features present in first mold304. For example, in certain non-limiting embodiments and as shown inFIG.3A, first mold304may be a positive master mold having a texture comprising one or more protrusions. In some such embodiments, casting an elastomer in first mold304provides second mold306(e.g., negative secondary mold) having a texture comprising one or more cavities. In certain embodiments, the elastomer and/or the second mold resulting from casting the elastomer may comprise any of a variety of suitable materials. For example, in some embodiments, the elastomer and/or the second mold resulting from casting the elastomer comprise silicone, an epoxy, an acrylate, polyurethane, and/or polyurea. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to form the second mold (e.g., negative secondary mold) out of silicone or another low surface energy elastomer, such that the subsequent curable liquid that is dispensed into the second mold may be readily removed (i.e., after curing), without the need for a mold release agent. The casted elastomer may have a hardness of any of a variety of suitable values. In some embodiments, for example, the casted elastomer has a hardness greater than or equal to 10 Shore A, greater than or equal to 20 Shore A, greater than or equal to 30 Shore A, greater than or equal to 40 Shore A, greater than or equal to 50 Shore A, greater than or equal to 60 Shore A, greater than or equal to 70 Shore A, or greater than or equal to 80 Shore A. In some embodiments, the casted elastomer has a hardness less than or equal to 90 Shore A, less than or equal to 80 Shore A, less than or equal to 70 Shore A, less than or equal to 60 Shore A, less than or equal to 50 Shore A, less than or equal to 40 Shore A, less than or equal to 30 Shore A, or less than or equal to 20 Shore A. Combinations of the above recited ranges are also possible (e.g., the casted elastomer has a hardness greater than or equal to 10 Shore A and less than or equal to 90 Shore A). According to certain embodiments, the method of manufacturing may comprise dispensing a curable liquid into the second mold (e.g., negative secondary mold) through a printing nozzle disposed on a robotic gantry. Referring toFIG.3C, for example, printing nozzle316amay dispense curable liquid318into second mold306. As explained herein, the second mold may be digitally filled with the curable liquid, according to some embodiments. For example, printing nozzle316aand/or the robotic gantry may be in electronic communication with a computer program that generates machine instructions that can be provided to printing nozzle316aand/or the robotic gantry to accurately dispense the curable liquid318into second mold306. Accordingly, the robotic gantry may be configured to move printing nozzle318relative to second mold306, in some embodiments. It may be advantageous, in some embodiments, to dispense the curable liquid to fill the second mold (e.g., one or more cavities of the second mold) in multiple steps. Dispensing the curable liquid in multiple steps may create variations in color or variations in properties of the resulting cured material. In some embodiments, for example, a curable liquid with a first composition (e.g., a first color) may be dispensed and allowed to at least partially cure in a first portion of the second mold, followed by dispensing a curable liquid with a second composition (e.g., a second color) into one or more second portions of the second mold. Dispensing the curable liquid in this fashion may advantageously provide color differences and/or compositional differences between the first portion of the second mold and the second portion of the second mold that do not mix and/or diffuse together. The curable liquid may comprise any of a variety of suitable materials. In some embodiments, for example, the curable liquid comprises polyurethane and/or polyurea. In some embodiments, the curable liquid may comprise more than one component. For example, in certain non-limiting embodiments, the curable liquid comprises at least one isocyanate prepolymer blended with at least one polyol blend to create polyurethanes with variations in material property and color. The curable liquid may comprise a catalyst, in certain embodiments, which, without wishing to be bound by theory, may facilitate the rate of curing the curable liquid. In certain embodiments, the second mold may be placed onto a rigid base prior to dispensing the curable liquid. Referring, for example, toFIG.3C, second mold306may be placed onto a rigid base which may, in some embodiments, be clamshell fixture308. In certain embodiments, receiving substrate314(e.g., a textile) may be aligned on a second portion of clamshell fixture308, as shown inFIG.3C. One or more fasteners (e.g., pins) may be used to secure receiving substrate314on the second portion of clamshell fixture308. According to certain embodiments, the curable liquid may be at least partially cured to provide an at least partially cured material. Referring, for example, toFIG.3C, clamshell structure308may be closed such that receiving substrate314contacts curable liquid318. In certain non-limiting embodiments, curable liquid318may be at least partially cured using, for example, heat press320, thereby providing at least partially cured material319. As a result of at least partially curing curable liquid318(e.g., using heat press310), at least partially cured material319may adhere to receiving substrate314(e.g., textile) during the curing process. In certain embodiments, it may be advantageous to have a first curing stage that gels curable liquid318prior to transfer to receiving substrate314(e.g., textile), and a second stage of curing that adheres (e.g., bonds) at least partially cured material319to receiving substrate314(e.g., textile). In some embodiments, the curable liquid has undergone a chemical or physical change to induce the formation of one or more bonds (e.g., covalent bonds, ionic bonds) between one or more components of the material to provide the at least partially cured material. In some embodiments, for example, the formation of one or more bonds between one or more components of the material may be a crosslinking reaction between one or more components of the material. In some embodiments, for example, the formation of one or more bonds between one or more components of the material may be a chain extension reaction in which the average molecular weight of the polymer chains increases. In certain embodiments, an at least partially cured material may be cured such that the at least partially cured material behaves like a gel, a viscoelastic liquid, a viscoelastic solid, or an elastic solid solid. The at least partially cured material may, in some embodiments, be partially cured, but not fully cured. According to some other embodiments, the at least partially cured material may be substantially fully cured. The at least partially cured material may have an increased viscosity as a compared to the curable liquid. In some embodiments, for example, the viscosity of the at least partially cured material may have increased by at least 10%, at least 100%, at least 1,000%, at least 2,500%, at least 5,000%, at least 7,500%, at least 10,000%, at least 15,000%, at least 20,000%, or at least 25,000% compared to the curable liquid. The viscosity of the at least partially cured material may be determined using, for example, a rheometer. In some embodiments, the curable liquid that is dispensed into the second mold be cured by any of a variety of mechanisms (or dual mechanisms).FIG.3C, shows, for example, use of hot press320, but other curing mechanisms are also possible as the disclosure is not meant to be limited in this regard. In certain embodiments, for example, the second mold may be filled (e.g., digital filled) with a curable liquid that is at least partially UV-curable, and the curable liquid may be exposed to UV light to cure (e.g., gel) the curable liquid. The at least partially cured material may then be hot-pressed onto a receiving substrate (e.g., textile) to thermally cure the remainder of the material, thereby causing the cured material to adhere to the receiving substrate. In another embodiment, an effective amount of a first catalyst may enable the curable liquid to cure into a gel-like state (e.g., at room temperature). Once the curable liquid is at least partially cured, the at least partially cured material is hot-pressed to activate a second, heat activated catalyst that accelerates the rate of curing, thereby causing the at least partially cured material to adhere to the receiving substrate. In yet another embodiment, a two-stage cure may be employed, in which the curable liquid comprises materials that react at different rates, such that a first set of reactions occur at a relatively fast rate, and a second set of reactions occur at a relatively slow rate. In some embodiments, for example, the curable liquid may comprise a polyurethane or polyurea system. In other embodiments, a blend of isocyanates may be used. For example, a methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI)-based isocyanate prepolymer may react at the first stage of curing, and an aliphatic isocyanate prepolymer may react at the second stage of curing. In other embodiments, polyols or polyamines may be used to create a two-stage curing system. For example, a primary alcohol or primary amine may react at a first stage of curing and a secondary or tertiary alcohol or amine may react at a second stage of curing. In yet other embodiments, a primary or secondary amine may react at a first stage of curing, and a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol may react at the second stage of curing. A combination of the above strategies may also be employed. In yet another embodiment, a curable liquid comprising a thermoplastic material may be employed. The thermoplastic may, in some embodiments, be heated above its melting temperature and mixed with the curable liquid. The liquid mixture of the curable liquid and the thermoplastic may be dispensed into the second mold at an elevated temperature, and then allowed to cool to solidify or gel. Once gelled or partially solidified, the material may then be hot-pressed onto the receiving substrate and fully cured. Referring toFIG.3D, at least partially cured material319may be transferred from second mold306to receiving substrate314such that at least partially cured material319is adhered to receiving substrate314. The receiving substrate may comprise a textile, leather, or polymer, according to some embodiments. As explained above, when transferring at least partially cured material319from second mold306to receiving substrate314, it may be advantageous for at least partially cured material319to be cured to a point such that at least partially cured material319behaves as a solid, but has not reached its full material properties. In this way, at least partially cured material319may partially penetrate a surface of receiving substrate314without bleeding through the receiving substrate. The at least partially cured material may be pressed against the receiving substrate for any of a variety of suitable times in order to adhere the at least partially cured material to the receiving substrate. In some embodiments, for example, the at least partially cured material is pressed against the receiving substrate for a period of at least five seconds, at least thirty seconds, at least one minute, at least two minutes, or at least five minutes. In certain embodiments, at least partially curing and transferring occur substantially simultaneously. Referring, for example, toFIGS.3C-3D, curable liquid318may be at least partially cured, thereby providing at least partially cured material319as at least partially cured material319is adhering to receiving substrate314. In some embodiments, transferring at least partially cured material319to receiving substrate314occurs while at least partially cured material319is in second mold306. According to certain embodiments, at least partially cured material319adhered to receiving substrate314may be peeled out of second mold306. In some embodiments, at least partially cured material319is substantially fully cured after transferring.FIG.3Dshows, according to some embodiments, article350resulting from transferring and adhering at least partially cured material319to receiving substrate314. According to some embodiments, the curable liquid may have a color that provides a visually desirable appearance without the use of an inkjet. The color may be created, in certain embodiments, through the use of one or more pigments and/or dyes that may be mixed with the curable liquid, or by other means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a pigment-containing component may be deposited into the second mold prior to dispensing the curable liquid. Referring, for example, toFIG.3B, pigment-containing component311may be deposited onto second mold306prior to dispensing curable liquid318, thereby forming pigment layer312. The pigment-containing component may, in some embodiments, be an inkjet ink originating from inkjet310, according to some embodiments. Curable liquid318may dispensed into second mold306on pigment layer312, in some embodiments, and upon curing, pigment layer312may be associated with (e.g., bound to) at least partially cured material319. According to some embodiments, the inkjet ink may comprise a polymeric composite comprising pigment particles. In some embodiments, the inkjet ink may be UV curable, and may be at least partially cured after inkjetting into/onto the second mold (e.g., the negative secondary mold). In certain embodiments, the inkjet ink may be water-based. In the case of a water-based ink, the ink may be cured with heat, or by waiting a period of time for the water to evaporate after depositing the ink and prior to dispensing the curable liquid into the second mold. According to some embodiments, a layer (e.g., a thin film) of the curable liquid may be dispensed into the second mold and at least partially cured prior to depositing the one or more pigment-containing components into the second mold. In some such embodiments, a second layer of the curable liquid may be dispensed on the one or more pigment-containing components and the first layer of the at least partially cured liquid, followed by at least partially curing the second layer of the curable liquid. In some embodiments, a topcoat layer may be deposited on the at least partially cured material after transferring the at least partially cured material to the receiving substrate. Referring, for example, toFIG.3D, printing nozzle316amay be used to deposit topcoat20on at least partially cured material319adhered to receiving substrate314. In certain embodiments wherein pigment-containing component311has been deposited onto second mold306prior to dispensing curable liquid318, as shown inFIG.3Band described above, topcoat20may be deposited on pigment layer312associated with (e.g., bound to) at least partially cured material319adhered to receiving substrate314. According to certain embodiments, topcoat20may be deposited into second mold306prior to dispensing curable liquid318and/or pigment-containing component311. The topcoat may comprise any of a variety of suitable materials. In some embodiments, for example, the topcoat comprises a polymer (e.g., polyurethane). According to certain embodiments, at least a portion of the curable liquid may be coated with an adhesive thermoplastic powder. In some embodiments, the curable liquid may be coated with the thermoplastic powder after dispensing the curable liquid into the second mold and before fully curing the curable liquid. For example, the curable liquid may be partially cured to a tacky state, and the thermoplastic powder may deposited onto the partially cured material to coat the tacky surface. In some embodiments, after coating the tacky surface of the at least partially cured material, the at least partially cured material may be further cured at room temperature or at an elevated temperature below the melting point of the thermoplastic powder. In some embodiments, when the curable liquid is mostly solid, the receiving substrate may be placed in contact with thermoplastic powder and then hot-pressed to a temperature above the melting point of the thermoplastic powder, therefore bonding the at least partially cured liquid to the receiving substrate. The thermoplastic powder may have any of a variety of suitable average characteristic dimensions (e.g., particle diameters). In certain embodiments, for example, the thermoplastic powder comprises particles having a characteristic dimension (e.g., diameter) between greater than or equal to 500 nm and less than or equal to 1 mm. Utilizing the thermoplastic powder may advantageously circumvent certain issues that may occur when the thermoplastic powder is not employed. In some cases, for example, at least a portion of the curable liquid may start to cure immediately after dispensing and/or before all of the curable liquid has been dispensed into the second mold, resulting in different states of cure. In such cases, the portion of the curable liquid that has solidified may not adhere to the receiving substrate, while the portion of the curable liquid that has not cured bleed through the receiving substrate. Utilizing a thermoplastic powder may advantageously keep the curable liquid from seeping into the receiving substrate (e.g., textile) while ensuring adherence between the at least partially cured material and the receiving substrate. The thermoplastic powder may be any of a variety of suitable materials. In some embodiments, for example, the thermoplastic powder comprises a polyurethane, a polyester, a polyamide, a polyurea, a polyolefin, and the like. Another way to avoid certain complications noted above with respect to the curable liquid is to vary the cure rate of the curable liquid using a catalyst. In some embodiments, for example, a concentration of the catalyst in the curable liquid may be varied between a first portion of the composition and a second portion of the composition (e.g., by at least 10%, as explained herein in greater detail). In some embodiments, for example, a multi-input active mixing printhead may be used to vary the concentration of catalyst in the curable liquid. An exemplary non-limiting four-input system may be used, for example, where input one is for an isocyanate prepolymer, input two is for dosing a catalyst heavy polyol solution, input three is for dosing a low molecular weight polyol/chain extender blend (e.g., for increasing stiffness), and input four is for dosing a high molecular weight polyol blend (e.g., for reducing stiffness). The gel time for the formulations at various catalyst concentrations may be determined by a rheometer, or by other methods known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a lookup table may be created that indicates, for example, the approximate gel time for a material at a given stiffness and a given catalyst concentration. In some such embodiments, points in between measurements can be filled in by fitting a model or using linear interpolation. A print file with defined zonal stiffness can be made and simulated to determine the time within the print that each feature will be deposited into the mold. Then, the catalyst concentration for each feature or region can be adjusted in order to assure that all parts of the print reach the gel point at approximately the same time. According to some embodiments, the second mold may be configured such that it has prefabricated cavities for objects that are intended to be adhered to the receiving substrate and/or partially or completely embedded in the at least partially cured material. In certain non-limiting embodiments, for example, a rigid eyelet piece may be inserted into a cavity of the second mold (e.g., negative secondary mold) and then the curable liquid may be dispensed onto the rigid eyelet piece during the process of filling (e.g., digitally filling) the second mold. Other types of parts that could be incorporated include, but are not limited to, thermoplastic sheets, wires, electronics, batteries, connectors, computer chips, lights, fibers, and the like. In various aspects, a variety of 3D-printed articles such as foams and/or elastomers as well as other products may be produced. For example, in some embodiments, a foam may be created from a foam precursor comprising a polymer and a cross-linking agent. The polymer can comprise polyol with a low or high average molecular weight such as a low number average molecular weight diol, high number-average molecular weight diol, a low number-average molecular weight triol, a high number-average molecular weight triol, or a high number-average molecular weight monol. For instance, a high molecular weight monol, diol, or triol may have a number-average molecular weight of greater than 300, 400, or 500, while a low molecular weight monol, diol, or triol may have a number-average molecular weight less than 300, 400, or 500. For instance, the monol, diol, or triol may have a number-average molecular weight less than 500 or greater than 6000. In some embodiments, a polyol may comprise more than three alcohol groups. For instance, it may comprise four, five, six, seven, or more alcohol groups. Other examples of polymers include, but are not limited to, polyureas, polyurethane/polyurea hybrid formulations, epoxies, acrylates, cyanate esters, silicones, polyesters, phenolics, hydrogels, or the like. In one set of embodiments, the polymer includes a polyurethane, e.g., formed by reacting the polyol with an isocyanate. The polyol may be any suitable polyhydroxy compound. For example, the polyol may be a hydroxy-terminated ester, ether or carbonate diol. Non-limiting examples of polyalkylene ether glycols include polyethylene ether glycols, poly-1,2-propylene ether glycols, polytetramethylene ether glycols, poly-1,2-dimethylethylene ether glycols, poly-1,2-butylene ether glycol, and polydecamethylene ether glycols. Examples of polyester polyols include polybutylene adipate and polyethylene terephthalate. Examples of polycarbonate diols include polytetramethylene carbonate diol, polypentamethylene carbonate diol, polyhexamethylene carbonate diol, polyhexane-1,6-carbonate diol and poly(1,6-hexyl-1,2-ethyl carbonate)diol. However, many other suitable polyhydroxy compounds can also be used depending upon the desired application. Any suitable polyol, polythiol or polyamine or mixture thereof that is suitable for this purpose may be used, such as, for example, mixed diols comprising a 2,4-dialkyl-1,5-pentanediol and a 2,2-dialkyl-1,3-propanediol. Specific examples of 2,4-dialkyl-1,5-pentanediols include 2,4-dimethyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-ethyl-4-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-methyl-4-propyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-ethyl-4-propyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-dipropyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-isoptopyl-4-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-ethyl-4-isoptopyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-diisopropyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-isopropyl-4-propyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-dibutyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-dipentyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-dihexyl-1,5-pentanediol, and the like. Specific examples of 2,2-dialkyl-1,3-propanediols include 2,2-dipentyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dihexyl-1,3-propanediol and the like. In some cases, longer-chain or higher molecular weight polyols may be used to produce relatively softer materials because they have more polyol relative to isocyanate. In some cases, the isocyanate can also be underindexed compared to the number of reactive sites on the polyol to make a softer foam that behaves less elastically. The cross-linking agent, if present, can comprise an isocyanate in some cases, and/or an isocyanate prepolymer. An isocyanate may have more than one functional isocyanate group per molecule and may be any suitable aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate. In some cases, the isocyanate is a diisocyanate. One non-limiting example is an organic diisocyanate. Additional examples of organic diisocyanates include 4,4′-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane, 2,4′-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane, isophorone diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,4-diisocyanatocyclohexane, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenyl diisocyanate, 4,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, 2,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the foam precursor comprises a polyurethane, a polyurea, a polyurethane/polyurea hybrid formulation, an epoxy, a silicone, a cyanoacrylate, an adhesive, a cyanate ester, a polyester, a polyimide, a phenolic, or another suitable material. In some cases, an isocyanate prepolymer may be used, e.g., in addition to and/or instead of an isocyanate. For instance, where two isocyanates are added to the ends of a polyol, so it still has functionality of two, but with a higher molecular weight. In addition, it should be understood that a cross-linking agent is not required. For example, in some embodiments a polymer (such as a thermoplastic polyurethane) can be mixed with fillers and frothed in a nozzle or a mixing chamber, then cooled upon exiting to form a foam. In some embodiments, no foam is produced and a crosslinked product results. As a non-limiting example, a high number-average molecular weight diol may be mixed with an isocyanate (e.g., a diisocyanate, or other isocyanates described herein) and deposited onto a substrate, e.g., to produce a thermoplastic elastomer. In another embodiment, a low number-average molecular weight diol can be mixed with an isocyanate and deposited onto a substrate, e.g., to produce a rigid thermoplastic. In yet another embodiment, a high number-average molecular weight diol and a high number-average molecular weight triol can be mixed, and then the polyol mixture mixed with an isocyanate and deposited onto a substrate, e.g., to produce a flexible thermosetting elastomer with high resiliency. In some embodiments, the foam precursor comprises a polyurethane, a polyurea, a polyurethane/polyurea hybrid formulation, an epoxy, a silicone, a cyanoacrylate, an adhesive, a cyanate ester, a polyester, a polyimide, a phenolic, or another suitable material. In another embodiment, the foam precursor could comprise a decomposeable binder and particles which stabilize the bubble interface. In some cases, the particles may be sintered at the bubble interface to form a non-polymeric foam, e.g., a metal foam or a ceramic foam. As a non-limiting example of a foam, in one embodiment, a high number-average molecular weight diol and a high number-average molecular weight triol are mixed with a surfactant, and then the polyol-surfactant mixture is mixed with an isocyanate. The foam precursor that results may be mixed with nitrogen, or another gas, and deposited onto a substrate. Mixing techniques such as those discussed herein, e.g., involving more than one stage of mixing or combining fluids, may be used. As yet another non-limiting example, a high number-average molecular weight diol and a high number-average molecular weight monol are mixed with a surfactant, and then the polyol-surfactant mixture is mixed with an isocyanate. Mixing techniques such as those discussed herein, e.g., involving more than one stage of mixing or combining fluids, may be used. The foam precursor that results is then mixed with nitrogen, or another gas, and deposited onto a substrate. This may be used to produce memory foam, or other types of foam. As still additional non-limiting examples of foams, a high number-average molecular weight diol may be mixed with an isocyanate and deposited onto a substrate, e.g., to produce a thermoplastic elastomer. In another embodiment, a low number-average molecular weight diol can be mixed with an isocyanate and deposited onto a substrate, e.g., to produce a rigid thermoplastic. In yet another embodiment, a high number-average molecular weight diol and a high number-average molecular weight triol can be mixed, and then the polyol mixture mixed with an isocyanate and deposited onto a substrate, e.g., to produce a flexible thermosetting elastomer with high resiliency. As mentioned, in some embodiments, a surfactant may be used to produce a foam or 3D-printed article as discussed herein. For example, a surfactant may be used to facilitate the introduction of gas into a fluid, the subsequent stability of the bubbles that are formed, and/or the rheology of the foam can be altered or tuned using various surfactants, or altering their concentration, etc. For instance, in one embodiment, a surfactant may be used that comprises a first moiety with affinity for an air-liquid interface, e.g., to facilitate the introduction of gas into a fluid. Non-limiting examples of such surfactants include sodium stearate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or silicone-based surfactants such as silicone polyethers. Many such surfactants are widely available commercially. In some cases, a surfactant molecule may be used that allows production of a high yield stress foam, e.g., a foam able to maintain its shape after deposition on a substrate. For example, in some embodiments, a high-yield stress inducing surfactant is one where the end of the surfactant is more soluble in the continuous phase of the foam precursor. The surfactant may have a relatively high molecular weight, and may be non-ionic. Non-limiting examples of such surfactants include surfactants with a molecular weight of greater than or equal to 1500 Daltons. In addition, in some cases, a surfactant molecule may be used that allows production of a low yield stress foam, e.g., a foam unable to maintain its shape after deposition on a substrate, and the foam may conform to the material around it after deposition. In some embodiments, a low-yield stress inducing surfactant is one where the soluble end may be either charged or have a relatively low molecular weight, e.g., such that no entanglement between the surfactants is able to occur. Non-limiting examples of such surfactants include surfactants with a low molecular weight (e.g., silicone surfactants with a low molecular weight). In addition, in some embodiments, different types of surfactants may be used, e.g., a high yield and a low yield surfactant. By varying the relative concentration of the first surfactant and the second surfactant in the mixture, the resultant foam may vary from high yield stress to low or no yield stress, depending upon the application. In certain embodiments, the first surfactant molecule may comprise a first moiety having an affinity for an air-liquid interface, and a second moiety that comprises a long chain that is soluble in the foam precursor and prone to entanglement. The second surfactant molecule may, in some instances, comprise the same first moiety with affinity for the air-liquid interface, and a second moiety that comprises a short chain with an electrostatic charge. The electrostatic charge may in some cases be such that the cells of the closed-cell foam repel one another and can move freely past one another. The cell-forming agent, in some embodiments, forms cells within a material such as a foam or froth, as discussed herein. For instance, the cell-forming agent may comprise water, and/or a gaseous material such as air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, butane, or the like. In some embodiments, the cell-forming agent comprises a blowing agent that is added that can generate a gas, e.g., chemically. The microfluidic printing nozzle may disperse the blowing agent in a material, for example a polymer, to form a two-phase mixture of blowing agent cells within the polymer. Thus, the blowing agent can comprise a material that decomposes into a gas, e.g., at an elevated temperature. In some cases, the blowing agent can comprise a gaseous material that maintains its liquid state by cooling or pressurization, and reverts to its native gas state when the pressure is released or the blowing agent is heated, which may cause the blowing agent to form a gas, e.g., to cause cells in the polymer to grow. The resultant gas may become trapped in cells within the material, e.g., forming a foam. As an example of use of a blowing agent, the microfluidic printing nozzle may mix a blowing agent with a material, for example a polymer, which may undergo a chemical reaction to cause the formation of a gas. Chemical blowing agents may include generally low molecular weight organic compounds that decompose to release a gas such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or carbon monoxide. Non-limiting examples of chemical blowing agents include azo compounds such as azodicarbonamide. In some cases the blowing agent may be activated on the surface (e.g., selectively on the surface) to produce a rough surface finish, to impart a matte finish, and/or to provide a soft feel to the exterior of a print. Thus, in some cases, the blowing agent can be used to create foams that form cells by induction by heat, removal of pressure, or the like. For instance, a foam precursor can be mixed with the blowing agent and deposited onto a substrate or part without forming cells until after deposition, or with only partially formed cells. Thus, in some cases, material may be deposited onto a substrate, then induced to form cells by heating the material. After deposition, cells may form within the product, e.g., by induction by heat, removal of pressure, or the like. As a non-limiting example, a foam may comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate foam, which may be utilized in footwear or other applications. A blowing agent may be selected such that the agent phase-transitions or decomposes into a gas at a temperature at which the polymer containing it is soft and malleable. In some cases, the polymer can expand (e.g., expand up to 200%) as the cells form without rupturing, and the resultant material can be cooled to form a solid foam. As another example, water may be used in another embodiment as a cell-forming agent. For example, a water-blown foam may be produced where water and a surfactant are mixed into a polymer component, which is then mixed with isocyanate or another substance able to react with water, e.g., to produce a gas. For instance, as a non-limiting example, isocyanate chemically reacts with both water and polyol; the reaction of polyols with isocyanate may be used to increase the molecular weight of the polymer, e.g., to form a polyurethane, while the reaction of water with the isocyanate forms carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gas becomes trapped in the polymer as it solidifies, and a foam is thus created. In some cases, the amount of water may be controlled to control the properties of the resulting foam, such as density or cell size, e.g., during the reaction process. In addition, in some embodiments, a material may be deposited onto a substrate, e.g., to fill a mold, then the mold may be sealed and the blowing agent induced to form a foam, which may then start to fill in the mold as the foam expands. In some embodiments, a 3D-printed article described herein comprises one or more additives. These additives can comprise particles, hollow glass spheres, polymer spheres, a pigment, a metal, a filler such as a thermally conductive filler, a filler having a relative dielectric constant of at least 5, an ultraviolet stabilizer, a filler concentrate, or another suitable additive. Additional examples of additives include surfactants (e.g., silicone surfactants), catalysts, nucleation promotors, fillers for better abrasion resistance, chemical foaming agents, etc. Combinations of these and/or other additives are also possible. As a non-limiting example, a 3D printed closed-cell foam may be produced that incorporates particulate additives comprising a cellular network of cell walls separating empty cells, where the cell walls comprise a polymer composite including filler particles dispersed in a polymer matrix. As a non-limiting example, hollow glass spheres and/or polymer spheres may be incorporated into polyurethanes or other polymers as discussed herein to reduce density, increase stiffness, reduce dielectric constant, provide more nucleation sites for bubble formation, or the like. For instance, hollow spheres may be used to decrease weight. Hollow glass spheres can be varied, e.g., spatially, in order to change the properties of the product. As described above, in certain embodiments a 3D-printed article (e.g., a 3D-printed articles that is a foam such as a closed-cell foam, a 3D-printed article that is not a foam, a 3D-printed article that comprises an elastomer) may comprise at least a first portion and a second portion that interpenetrate. In some embodiments, the first portion may form a skeleton-like structure that spans the second portion. For example, a 3D-printed article may comprise a first portion with a skeleton-like structure that is stiffer than a second portion in which it is embedded. This may be achieved in some cases by varying the stiffness of the material being extruded from a nozzle during a 3D-printing process. In one aspect, a foam may be printed (e.g., via 3D-printing) into a structure defining a plurality of cells, i.e., into a foam-like structure. Thus, a foam may be printed as part of a larger foam-like structure, e.g., where the walls of the foam-like structure (e.g., defining cells of the foam-like structure themselves are foams having cells. The foam-like structure may have open cells, closed cells, or any combination of open and closed cells, independently of the structure of the foam itself forming the foam-like structure. In some embodiments, one or more portions of a 3D-printed article as described herein (e.g., a 3D-printed articles that is a foam such as a closed-cell foam, a 3D-printed article that is not a foam, a 3D-printed article that comprises an elastomer) may be responsive to one or more stimuli. For example, the 3D-printed article may comprise a portion that changes shape after printing, such as a portion that is flat directly after printing but curves upwards upon removal from the substrate (e.g., a mold). As another example, the 3D-printed article may comprise a portion that can respond to temperature, such as a portion that can decrease ventilation of the article upon exposure to cold temperatures. In some embodiments, one or more portions of a 3D-printed article as described herein (e.g., a 3D-printed articles that is a foam such as a closed-cell foam, a 3D-printed article that is not a foam, a 3D-printed article that comprises an elastomer) may comprise one or more cooling channels and/or may comprise one or more ventilation channels. As described above, certain embodiments relate to methods for 3D printing a mixture onto a substrate. The substrate may be any suitable target for a material exiting a nozzle. In some cases, the substrate is planar, although in other cases, the substrate is non-planar (e.g., curved). For instance, the substrate may be a mold (e.g., the mold of a shoe), to which a material may be introduced. In some cases, the material may be relatively fluid and able to conform to contours within the substrate (e.g., if the substrate is a mold). In some such embodiments, the substrate may have one or more morphological features that are desirable for an external surface of the 3D-printed article (e.g., a desirable surface texture, a desirable curvature). However, in other cases, the material may be relatively solid, e.g., having a defined shape, upon deposition onto the substrate, such as is discussed herein. In some cases, the substrate may also be heated or cooled, e.g., to promote or inhibit a reaction, to cause solidification to occur, or the like. In some cases, the temperature may be altered by at least 5° C., at least 10° C., or by other ranges such as those discussed herein. Any method may be used to heat or cool the substrate. For example, heat or cooling sources may be used to apply heat or cooling to the substrate, the substrate may be contained within a heated or cooled environment, or a source of a heated or cooled fluid may be used to heat or cool the substrate, e.g., via a heat exchanger). In one embodiment, radiant light or infrared radiation may be applied to the substrate for heating. In some embodiments, heat may be applied to a substrate (e.g., a mold) after printing in order to cause expansion of the printed material. Expansion may include either or both of thermal expansion and expansion due to foam formation. In some embodiments, heating the substrate may cause expansion of printed material into previously unfilled portions of the substrate. In one set of embodiments, the nozzle and/or the mixing chamber may be heated or cooled. In some cases, the temperature of mixing may be controlled, for instance, to allow for uniform mixing, to facilitate reaction of fluids therein (e.g., to an optimum or desired temperature), to remove excess heat (e.g., contributed by a chemical reaction, the spinning of an impeller, etc.), or the like. Various methods can be used to add heat or remove heat from the nozzle or the mixing chamber. For example, a heat source may be positioned to deliver heat to the nozzle or mixing chamber, or to one or more fluids entering therein. Examples of heat sources include electrically resistive heaters, infrared light sources, or heating fluids (e.g., which can transmit heat using a heat exchanger or the like). In some cases, more than one heat source may be used. Similarly, a variety of cooling sources can be used in some embodiments to remove heat from the nozzle or mixing chamber. Non-limiting examples include Peltier coolers or cooling fluids (e.g., which can remove heat using a heat exchanger or the like). Heating and/or cooling may, for example, be used to control mixing and/or reaction within the material, to keep the temperature at substantially the temperature of the surrounding environment (e.g., at room temperature), to prevent the surrounding environmental conditions and/or the heat generated by friction of the impeller and exotherm of the material curing from affecting the reaction or the printing parameters, or the like. In some cases, the temperature may be altered by at least 5° C., at least 10° C., at least 15° C., at least 20° C., at least 30° C., at least 40° C., at least 50° C., at least 60° C., or by other ranges such as those discussed herein. In other embodiments, however, the temperature may be controlled or altered by no more than 20° C., no more than 15° C., no more than 10° C., no more than 5° C., etc. relative to the incoming fluids or the surrounding environmental conditions. In addition, in some embodiments, one or more sensors may be present, e.g., within the nozzle or mixing chamber, within an outlet, within the substrate, or within sensing communication of the nozzle, mixing chamber, outlet, and/or substrate. Such sensors may be used to determine a property of the incoming fluids, the mixing process, and/or the exiting material, e.g., qualitatively and/or quantitatively. In some cases, such information may be used to control the process, e.g., by controlling the flow of fluid into the nozzle or mixing chamber, the mixing speed (e.g., of an impeller), the flow exiting an outlet, the opening and closing of a valve at the outlet, or the like. Non-limiting examples include temperature sensors (e.g., thermocouples, infrared cameras, or the like), pressure transducers, photodiodes, colorimetric sensors, flow meters, etc. In addition, more than one sensor can be used in some cases. 3D-printed articles for use in footwear may be suitable for use in any type of footwear. Non-limiting examples of footwear include athletic footwear, shoes, sneakers, tennis shoes, basketball shoes, sandals, shoes appropriate for work, boots, booties, footwear comprising a heel of at least one inch, footwear lacking a heel or comprising a heel of less than one inch, boots, booties, basketball shoes, hiking boots, dress shoes, orthotics, bunion orthotics, ski boots and ski boots. Footwear comprising a 3D-printed article as described herein may be appropriate for men, women, and/or children. The following examples are intended to illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention, but do not exemplify the full scope of the invention. Example 1 Various 3D-printed articles were fabricated, and are shown inFIGS.12-15.FIG.12shows a partially enclosed open cell foam, which is surrounded by a layer of continuous material on each of its sides except for its top.FIG.13shows a shoe insole printed with 50% infill density on the inside. The articles shown inFIGS.12-13were formed from two part polyurethane elastomers.FIGS.14and15show a 3D-printed article comprising a midsole and an outsole printed in one continuous process from the same mixing nozzle. The outsole comprises a rigid two part polyurethane, and the midsole comprises a two part waterblown polyurethane foam. Example 2 A prophetic non-limiting example for printing a shoe into a mold is described below. It should be understood that certain steps listed below may be optional even if not listed as such, and that certain inventive methods may further comprise additional steps that are not listed. The following steps may be followed to print a shoe into a mold:1. Choose an external shoe sole shape based on shoe size and style2. Select a mold (e.g., a premade mold) made of, e.g., metal or plastic. The mold may have shape and/or alignment features that to aid positioning of a gantry system relative to it.3. Place the mold on a printer attached to a kinematic coupling or fixture.4. Prepare machine commands to make the shoe (e.g., machine commands in Gcode)5. Upload the machine commands to a machine. The code may cause translation of a nozzle in the x-, y-, and/or z-direction. In some cases, the code may cause the nozzle to conformally trace the shape of the mold.6. Optionally print a color image onto the inside of the mould using an inkjet process, a transfer film process, or a different process. This image may then be picked up by and cured into the materials printed into the mold above the color image. The ink may be pigment coupled to a polyurethane and/or a latent curing agent such as a blocked isocyanate.7. Conformally print an outsole material into the bottom and sides of the mold. This will be the most exterior portion of the shoe, and will be in direct contact with the ground. The material set used for this may be a polyester polyurethane elastomer with no porosity, a high density polyester polyurethane foam. Non-limiting examples of other options include thermoplastic polyurethanes, or vulcanized natural rubbers.8. Print a material with high resilience that is stiff yet flexible conformally onto the mold to create one or more features that will be externally visible to the shoe sole. These features may be printed into an arch area of the mold.9. Print a polyurethane foam into the mold in one or more locations. The foam density, foam rheology, foam expansion after deposition, and foam mechanical properties can be tuned spatially by varying the inputs and impeller parameters of the mixing nozzle as the foam is deposited. The printed structure could be a solid foam, or could have a lattice like architecture where the foam filaments have a macroscopic porous structure, but each filament also has a microscopic porous structure.10. Print additional rigid and/or flexible materials onto the foam structure to give advanced customized structure and bending properties to the shoe.11. Optionally, print more foam.12. After all of the foam has been deposited, cap the mold, raise the temperature of the mold, and drive the foam to expand more. This process may push material firmly against the sides of the mold, may enhance the surface quality of the article, and/or may enhance the resolution of mold features.13. Remove the top from mold and allow the mold to cool.14. Print additional materials on top of the piece of the shoe sole that has conformed to the shape of the top of the mold. This process may enable customization of the contour of the sole that comes into direct contact with the foot. Printing the additional materials may comprise printing through a mixing nozzle. In some embodiments, the additional materials may rapidly solidify after extrusion.15. Optionally, inkjet print a lower viscosity material. The lower viscosity material may bond well to the top of the sole and/or may enhance the smoothness of the sole.16. Deposit an adhesive onto the printed surface17. Translate a shoe upper attached to shoe last, and stamp it into the shoe sole and mold. Continue to apply pressure until the adhesive is fully bonded.18. Use the upper on shoe last to demold the shoe.19. Transfer the shoe to a 4th rotational axis, or have a stamping mechanism and last already be attached to 4th axis.20. Scan the shoe using a 3D-scanning system.21. Print specified patterns conformally on the upper and/or on parts of the shoe sole.22. Print or fabricate shoe insole insert separately, and place it into the shoe. While several embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the functions and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the teachings of the present invention is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. The present invention is directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present invention. In cases where the present specification and a document incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure, the present specification shall control. If two or more documents incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure with respect to each other, then the document having the later effective date shall control. All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms. The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc. When the word “about” is used herein in reference to a number, it should be understood that still another embodiment of the invention includes that number not modified by the presence of the word “about.” It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited. In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

11857024

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSED EMBODIMENTS In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration embodiments that may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope. Therefore, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of embodiments is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Various operations may be described as multiple discrete operations in turn, in a manner that may be helpful in understanding embodiments; however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are order dependent. The description may use perspective-based descriptions such as up/down, back/front, and top/bottom. Such descriptions are merely used to facilitate the discussion and are not intended to restrict the application of disclosed embodiments. The terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particular embodiments, “connected” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical contact with each other. “Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. However, “coupled” may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still cooperate or interact with each other. For the purposes of the description, a phrase in the form “A/B” or in the form “A and/or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the description, a phrase in the form “at least one of A, B, and C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C). For the purposes of the description, a phrase in the form “(A)B” means (B) or (AB) that is, A is an optional element. The description may use the terms “embodiment” or “embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments, are synonymous. Disclosed here is a composite foam for use in a midsole of performance footwear. While certain embodiments are discussed with reference to performance footwear such as shoes, embodiments herein may be applicable to a wide variety of activities, such as running and hiking; various sports, such as volleyball, basketball, and tennis; various professions, such as medical, industrial, safety, rescue, and military, and other suitable applications. Foams used for midsole applications are expected to be lightweight, cushion, but rebound. Over time, the repeated compression-and-release that a midsole foam undergoes leads to ‘set’, meaning that it does not rebound as much as it did when it was new. It gets “set”, typically to some increasing extent, in its compressed state. This is known in the industry as ‘pack out’. It is desirable to have a midsole foam with high values of rebound, also known as resilience, and low values of compression set, while being lightweight. The composite foam compositions disclosed herein include one or more expanded thermoplastic elastomers, such as an expanded thermoplastic polyester elastomer (eTPEE), an expanded thermoplastic poly(ether-amide) (eTPEA) (e.g., a block copolymer with polyether and polyamide backbone blocks), an expanded thermoplastic polyolefin (eTPO), or an expanded blend of polymers in a pelletized form that is embedded within a polyurethane (PU) matrix (see, e.g.FIGS.1-4). In embodiments, an expanded thermoplastic elastomer includes one or more different thermoplastic elastomers, such as described above. Although the pellets are within the matrix, some of the pellet surfaces may be visible on the exterior surface of a midsole made from such foams, see for exampleFIGS.6A and6B. One of the features that makes composite foams so useful, is that the properties of both the expanded thermoplastic elastomer and PU can be tuned independently to create a composite that exhibits a combination of properties that cannot be otherwise achieved, especially by blending the two materials which generally leads to averaging of the physical properties, and a resultant compromised product. However, a major challenge in creating composites for applications in which the composite will be flexed or otherwise stressed is insufficient bonding at the interface between the two components, in this case the expanded thermoplastic elastomer and NU interface. Because the two primary components of the disclosed composite foam are two different polymers there is an expectation that the interface would not be of sufficient strength to resist delamination and/or degranulation resulting in mechanical failure at the interface, e.g. splitting. This expectation was based in part on the finding that early composite foams composed of an expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (eTPU) and a polyurethane (PU) failed at the intermaterial interface (see e.g.,FIGS.5A-5C). Thus, even though the components in the early composite foams were both polyurethanes, the bonding at the interface was not good enough to withstand flexing during wear tests. One of ordinary skill in the art would not expect bonding to be improved by changing one of the components to a different material type. More likely the expectation would be that adhesives or surface modification protocols, with the added cost and manufacturing step involved, would need to be considered. The expectation would have been that a composite of two linked materials (the expanded thermoplastic polyurethane pellets and the polyurethane matrix) would have had a significantly higher bond strength at the interface than a pelletized expanded thermoplastic polyester or block copolymer elastomer and polyurethane matrix. Surprisingly however, when evaluating alternative composite foam compositions, a composite of eTPEE and PU was found to have a significantly higher interface bond strength than eTPU/PU composite (20 N/cm for the eTPEE/PU composite vs. 9 N/cm for the eTPU/PU composite). While eTPU/PU hybrid composites can be manufactured with better interfacial bond strength, they have not been observed to exhibit the overall combination of physical properties that the eTPEE/PU and eTPEE/PU hybrid composites exhibit. Furthermore, this increase in interface bond strength was not made at the expense of other desirable characteristics. As shown in Table 1 below, the eTPEE/PU maintained desirable characteristics for a performance foam, such as hardness, resilience and compression set while having an increased wear resistance over the eTPU/PU composite, as shown by the split tear results. TABLE 1eTPUPITeTPU/PUeTPEE/PUeTPEA/PUHardnessa40C35C45C42C45C(AskerScale)Densityb0.220.310.300.300.19(g/cm3)Split Tearc>2712.592026(N/cm)Resilienced55%42%53%55%64%Compression45-50%15%51%32%33%SeteaASTM D-2240, Satra TM205-99bSatra TM134-98cSatra TM65dASTM D2632eASTM D395 With reference to Table 1, the eTPEE/PU and eTPEA/PU heterogeneous composites exhibit the best combination of high resiliency with low compression set. The high resiliency measured demonstrates a high rebound and high energy return, which are desired features for high performance footwear. The low value for compression also demonstrates the high durability of the composite foam. As previously described, the split tear strength is, for the heterogeneous composite materials, an indication of the interfacial bond strength, and how well the material can withstand flexing. The same wear trials that resulted in the poor interfacial bonding exemplified byFIGS.5A-5Chave been successfully tried on footwear made from eTPEE/PU composite midsoles, resulting in no delamination or degranulation failure. Similar results were observed for the interface of the ePEA and PU. The eTPEE/PU hybrid exhibits higher energy return than the PU, eTPU, and eTPU/PU hybrid materials. The dynamic compression set for the eTPEE/PU hybrid is also lower than the dynamic compression set for the eTPU and eTPU/PU hybrid materials. Lower density hybrid composites can be made using Pebax® (Arkema), a poly(ether amide), without significantly compromising the energy return. While the PU exhibits lower dynamic compression set (3%), it also exhibits lower energy return. By combining the PU and eTPEE to make a hybrid composite, a cushioning material can be made with high energy return and low compression set. The disclosed composite foam composition includes an expanded thermoplastic elastomer in a pelletized form embedded within a polyurethane (PU) matrix, such as eTPEE, eTPEA, eTPO, or an expanded blend of polymers. In embodiments, the expanded thermoplastic elastomer pellets are generally spheroid in shape with major and minor axes ranging between about 1 mm to about 12 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 8 mm. In embodiments, the expanded thermoplastic elastomer pellets have a density of between about 0.06 g/cm3and about 0.20 g/cm3, such as about 0.11 g/cm3or 0.13 g/cm3. This low density combined with other properties, such as a resilience of greater than about 50% or 60%, provides a foam material useful as a midsole for performance footwear. In an example, the disclosed composite foam composition includes an expanded thermoplastic polyester elastomer (eTPEE) in a pelletized form embedded within a polyurethane (PU) matrix. In embodiments, the eTPEE pellets are generally spheroid in shape with major and minor axes ranging between about 1 mm to about 12 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 8 mm. In embodiments, the eTPEE pellets have a density of between about 0.08 g/cm3and about 0.20 g/cm3, such as about 0.13 g/cm3. This low density combined with other properties, such as a resilience of greater than about 50%, provides a foam material useful as a midsole for performance footwear. In an example, disclosed composite foam composition includes an expanded thermoplastic poly(ether amide) (eTPEA) in a pelletized form embedded within a polyurethane (PU) matrix. In embodiments, the eTPEA pellets are generally spheroid in shape with major and minor axes ranging between about 1 mm to about 12 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 8 mm. In embodiments, the eTPEA pellets have a density of between about 0.08 g/cm3and about 0.20 g/cm3, such as about 0.11 g/cm3. This low density combined with other properties, such as a resilience of greater than about 60%, provides a foam material useful as a midsole for performance footwear. In another example, disclosed composite foam composition includes an expanded thermoplastic polyolefin (eTPO) in a pelletized form embedded within a polyurethane (PU) matrix. In embodiments, the eTPO pellets are generally spheroid in shape with major and minor axes ranging between about 1 mm to about 12 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 8 mm. In embodiments, the eTPO pellets have a density of between about 0.08 g/cm3and about 0.20 g/cm3. This low density combined with other properties, such as a resilience of greater than about 60%, provides a foam material useful as a midsole for performance footwear. In an example, disclosed composite foam composition includes a blend of polymers, e.g., an expanded blend of polymers in a pelletized form embedded within a polyurethane (PU) matrix. In embodiments, the pellets are generally spheroid in shape with major and minor axes ranging between about 1 mm to about 12 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 8 mm. In embodiments, the pellets have a density of between about 0.08 g/cm3and about 0.20 g/cm3. This low density combined with other properties, such as a resilience of greater than about 60%, provides a foam material useful as a midsole for performance footwear. In an embodiment, the composite foam is prepared by mixing the expanded thermoplastic elastomer pellets with a polyisocyanate and a polyol prepolymer containing chain extender, water, pigment, stabilizers, and other additives, to form a slurry. The mixing ratio of polyisocyanate to polyol prepolymer is in the range of 0.5 to 1.5, depending on specific chemical structure of each component and the processing conditions. In another embodiment, the composite foam is prepared by mixing the expanded thermoplastic elastomer pellets with a single-component polyurethane prepolymer containing blowing agent, pigment, stabilizers, and other additives, to form a slurry. The weight percentage of expanded thermoplastic elastomer pellets to PU is 40% to 70%. The mixing occurs at 40 to 50° C., and the slurry is then poured into a mold for PU expansion and curing. The top plate of the mold is closed, and then the expansion and curing occurs over the course of 5 to 20 minutes, about half of which time the mold is 60 to 80° C. In some manufacturing process set-ups, the expansion and curing time may be shortened by using molds that allow more efficient heat maintenance and transfer In embodiments, a formed midsole made from a disclosed composite foam has a density of about 0.10 g/cm3to about 0.40 g/cm3, such as about 0.2 g/cm3or 0.3 g/cm3. In embodiments, a formed midsole made from a disclosed composite foam has an Asker hardness of at least 35 C, for example greater than about 40 C, such as between about 40 C and about 55 C, e.g. about 42 C. In embodiments, a formed midsole made from a disclosed composite foam has a split tear value of at least 15 N/cm, for example at least 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30 and 35 N/cm, such as between about 18 and about 28 N/cm, e.g., about 20 N/cm or 26 N/cm. In embodiments, a formed midsole made from a disclosed composite foam has a resilience of at least about 40%, such as at least 45%, at least 46%, at least 47%, at least 48%, at least 49%, or at least 50%, for example between about 50% and 70%, such as about 55%, 64%, or 68%. In embodiments, a formed midsole made from a disclosed composite foam has a dynamic compression set below about 12%, such as below about 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, or even 7%. FIGS.1-3are digital images of composite foams, in accordance with various embodiments.FIG.1is a digital image of an exemplary composite foam10for a midsole, in accordance with various embodiments.FIG.2is a digital image of a toe to heel cross-sectional slice of an exemplary composite foam10for a midsole, in accordance with various embodiments.FIG.3is a digital image of the exemplary composite foam10ofFIG.2looking down (from the insole orientation), in accordance with various embodiments. With reference toFIGS.1-3, the composite foam10is composed of expanded thermoplastic elastomer pellets12(eTPEE pellets in this example) homogenously mixed (mixed throughout in a substantially uniform distribution) within a PU matrix14.FIG.4is a close up of the expanded thermoplastic elastomer pellets12prior to mixing with the PU.FIGS.6A and6Bare digital images showing a midsole20composed of a composite foam10, in accordance with various embodiments. Example 1 Slabs of eTPU/PU and eTPEE/PU hybrid composites were prepared at the same 60/40 weight percentages of expanded pellets to PU resin. Slabs of eTPEA/PU hybrid composites were prepared at a 50/50 weight percentage. Data were collected and are shown in the table below. DensityEnergyDynamic(g/cm3)ReturnaCompression SetbPU0.3057%3%eTPU0.2457%10%eTPU/PU0.1956%12%eTPEE/PU0.2965%7%eTPEA/PU0.2062%7%aASTM F1976bMeasured after 100,000 degradation cycles, simulating a 100-mile run based on an average stride length of a male runner. Data are averages of two measurements. Dynamic compression set measured after 100,000 degradation cycles (5 J), simulating a 100-mile run based on an average stride length of a male runner, using a custom-built degradation machine. Samples were slabs molded to be between 18 and 26 mm thick. After 100,000 cycles, slabs were allowed to recover for 1 hour and then the thickness measured. The difference between this measured thickness and the original thickness were used to compute the dynamic compression set. Energy return was measured in an impact device. The eTPEE/PU and eTPEA/PU hybrid composites exhibit higher energy return than the PU, eTPU, and eTPU/PU hybrid materials. The dynamic compression set for the eTPEE/PU and eTPEA/PU hybrids is also lower than the dynamic compression set for the eTPU and eTPU/PU hybrid materials. Lower density hybrid composites can be made using expanded poly(ether amide) pellets, without significantly compromising the energy return. While the PU exhibits lower dynamic compression set (3%), it also exhibits lower energy return. By combining the PU and expanded thermoplastic elastomer to make a hybrid composite, a cushioning material can be made with high energy return and low compression set. Although certain embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent embodiments or implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope. Those with skill in the art will readily appreciate that embodiments may be implemented in a very wide variety of ways. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that embodiments be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

11857025

Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure is directed to methods of manufacturing molded articles, systems for use in the methods, molded articles made using the methods and/or the systems, and articles of footwear incorporating the molded articles. In some examples, molded articles are formed with inserts to provide critical elements of the molded articles with more durable or precise features. For example, where molded articles are formed using composite materials, metal or polymeric inserts may be provided within the molded article to provide rigid and durable attachment points for peripheral items, such as detachable traction elements. The methods and systems of the present disclosure are directed towards providing an efficient means for molding the molded articles including the inserts in a single molding process, whereby critical features (e.g., threads) of the inserts are protected during the molding process by a removable plugging material disposed in the critical features of the inserts. Particularly, the critical features of the inserts are temporarily protected during a molding process by the presence of the removable plugging material, whereby once the molding process is completed, the plugging material can be evacuated from the insert to expose the critical features of the insert within the molded article. The use of the systems and methods described herein have been found to improve the quality of molded articles by significantly reducing the level of unwanted molding materials which enter critical features of inserts during the molding process. The use of these systems and methods also improve the speed of production of molded articles, as the removable plugging material can be rapidly evacuated from the insert following molding, and the improved quality of the molded articles results in little if any time being required to clean unwanted molded material from the critical features of the molded articles. In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for forming a molded article, where the molded article includes an insert having an engagement feature. During molding of the molded article, a plug comprising a plugging material is temporarily disposed in the receptacle, thereby protecting the engagement feature during the molding process by preventing the material forming the molded article from contacting the engagement feature. In one example, the molded article is a sole structure for an article of footwear, such as a sole plate. The method comprises the steps of disposing a plug including a plugging material within a receptacle of an insert, wherein the receptacle includes an engagement feature; placing the insert including the plugging material into a mold; while in the mold, contacting an exterior surface of the insert with a liquid material; solidifying the liquid material in the mold into a solid material, forming a molded article including the insert partially embedded in the solid material, wherein a surface of the insert remains exposed in the molded article; removing the molded article from the mold, and removing the plugging material from the receptacle of the exposed surface of the partially embedded insert, exposing the engagement feature. Optionally, the method can further comprise the step of disposing the plugging material in the insert. Disposing the plugging material can include inserting a pre-shaped (e.g., pre-molded) plug of plugging material into the receptacle of the insert prior to placing the insert into the mold. Alternatively, the plugging material can be disposed into the receptacle of the insert by subjecting the plugging material and the insert to a plug molding operation. In the plug molding operation, the plugging material is molded while in contact with the engagement feature to cover, fill or otherwise protect the engagement feature of the insert. In some cases, this plug molding operation may include softening or melting the plugging material before or while it is disposed within the receptacle of the insert, or solidifying the plugging material while it is disposed within the receptacle of the insert, or both. For example, the step of disposing the plugging material may include curing or partially curing the plugging material, thereby increasing its durometer. In some examples, the receptacle is an aperture formed through the insert and the engagement feature is a female helical thread. Here, a plug of a malleable plugging material may be formed to have a larger diameter than a minor diameter of the female helical threads, such that the plug is pressed into the threads to seal the receptacle. Optionally, during the molding process, a substrate such as a textile can be included in the mold, and can be contacted by the liquid material. When present, the substrate may be attached to the insert. Another aspect of the disclosure provides a system for forming a molded article including an insert. The system includes a plate mold having a plate mold cavity. A carcass is disposed within the plate mold cavity of the plate mold and includes a flexible substrate, an insert attached to the flexible substrate and including a receptacle, and a plugging material disposed within the receptacle of the insert. Here, the plugging material has a durometer of less than 100 Shore 00, and more particularly, ranging from 10 Shore A to 60 Shore A. In some examples, the receptacle includes an aperture formed through at least one end of the insert and including an engagement feature. Here, the engagement feature may include female helical threads. In some examples, the plugging material is formed as a plug disposed within the aperture, flush with the at least one end of the insert. Here, the plug may include an alignment feature configured to be interference fit with a fixture of the plate mold. Example configurations will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example configurations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those of ordinary skill in the art. Specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of configurations of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example configurations may be embodied in many different forms, and that the specific details and the example configurations should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular exemplary configurations only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular articles “a,” “an,” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. Additional or alternative steps may be employed. When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “engaged to,” “connected to,” “attached to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected, attached, or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to,” “directly connected to,” “directly attached to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections. These elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example configurations. With reference toFIGS.1-11, a method and system for forming an article of footwear10having a sole structure14including threaded inserts or bushings18is provided. Generally, the method includes pressing a moldable plugging material102into a threaded receptacle22of the insert18to effectively plug the receptacle22. The insert18is then molded into the sole structure14in a separate molding step, where the plugging material102disposed within the receptacle22prevents molding materials (e.g., liquids) of the sole structure14from flowing into the receptacle22. After molding of the sole structure14, the plugging material102can be removed from each of the inserts18to expose an interior of the receptacle22. By providing the system and method described below, molded components having inserts with critical features (e.g., threads or mating surfaces) can be more easily formed using conventional molding processes, as liquid molding materials provided during the molding process are prevented from pervading the critical features of the insert18. With reference toFIG.1, an article of footwear10includes an upper12and a sole structure14. The upper12may be a conventional upper12including interior surfaces that define an interior void configured to receive and secure a foot for support on the sole structure14. The upper12may be formed from one or more materials that are stitched or adhesively bonded together to form the interior void. Suitable materials of the upper12may include, but are not limited to, a textile including a mesh or a synthetic leather, a foam, and a natural leather. The materials may be selected and located to impart properties of durability, air-permeability, wear-resistance, flexibility, and comfort. The sole structure14is attached to the bottom of the upper12and defines a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear10. In the illustrated example, the sole structure14includes a sole plate16having a plurality of inserts18. As described in greater detail below, the inserts18may be embedded or molded into the sole plate16using various methods of molding, such as compression molding or injection molding. As shown, the sole plate16and the inserts18cooperate to define a ground-engaging surface of the article of footwear10. The sole structure14may further include one or more traction elements20attached to the sole plate16. The one or more traction elements20may be permanently attached to the sole plate16, or may be removably attached to the sole plate16. In the illustrated example, the traction elements20are formed as removable traction elements20that can be selectively attached to and detached from the sole plate16. Particularly, the traction elements20may be studs20configured to interface with the inserts18of the sole structure14, as described in greater detail below. Referring toFIG.2, examples of an insert18and a traction element20of the sole structure14are shown in greater detail. As shown, the insert18includes a receptacle22having an aperture extending through at least one end of the insert18. In the illustrated example, the aperture of the receptacle22extends entirely through a length of the insert18. Here, the receptacle22is configured to interface with a corresponding component to secure the component to the insert18. For instance, in the current example, the receptacle22is configured to interface with the traction element20. As shown, a first portion of the insert18includes a bushing24forming the receptacle22, and a flange26projecting laterally outwardly from a periphery of the bushing24. The bushing24extends from a first end28to a second end30along a longitudinal axis A18of the insert18. A distance from the first end28to the second end30defines a length L24of the bushing24, and in this example, the insert18. The bushing24further includes a peripheral side surface32extending between the first end28and the second end30and defining the outer periphery of the bushing24. In the illustrated example, the bushing24is formed as a cylinder, such that the peripheral side surface32of the bushing24has a circular (i.e., constant radius) cross section having a first width W24. In other examples, the bushing24may have a polygonal or irregular cross section. As illustrated inFIG.2, the receptacle22is formed to include an aperture extending through the length L24of the bushing24from the first end28to the second end30. Optionally, the aperture of the receptacle22may be formed only in one of the first end28or the second end30, and extend partially through the length L24of the bushing24such that the receptacle22is a blind bore. As provided above, the receptacle22is configured to interface with the traction element20to secure the traction element20to the sole structure14. For instance, the receptacle22may include first engagement features25aconfigured to interface with a second engagement feature25bformed on the traction element20. In the illustrated example, the receptacle22includes first engagement features25ain the form of female helical threads, while the traction element20includes corresponding male helical threads25bformed on a shaft44of the traction element20. In other examples, the first engagement features25amay include detents or keyways configured to interface with corresponding features of the traction element20. As shown, a minor diameter of the female helical threads25aof the receptacle22define an interior diameter or width W22of the receptacle22. As provided above, the flange26projects laterally outwardly (i.e., perpendicular to the longitudinal axis A18) from the peripheral side surface32of the bushing24to provide a portion of the insert18with a pronounced width W26. As shown, the flange26includes a top surface34and a bottom surface36formed on an opposite side of the flange26from the top surface34. A distance between the top surface34and the bottom surface36defines a thickness or length L26of the flange26, which is less than the length L24of the bushing24. In the illustrated example, each of the top surface34and the bottom surface36are offset or spaced apart from the ends28,30of the bushing24along the direction of the longitudinal axis A18by a respective distance. In some instances, as shown, each of the surfaces34,36may be equally offset from the respective end28,30of the bushing24. However, in other examples, the surfaces34,36may be offset by different distances, or one of the surfaces34,36may be flush with the respective end28,30of the bushing24. A peripheral side surface38of the flange26extends from the top surface34to the bottom surface36and defines an outer peripheral profile of the flange26. In the illustrated example, the flange26is formed as a cylindrical flange, such that the peripheral side surface38of the flange26has a circular (i.e., constant radius) cross section defining the width W26. In some examples, the flange26includes one or more attachment features40,42configured for securing the insert18relative to components of the sole plate16. For instance, the illustrated flange26includes a series of recesses40radially spaced about the circumference of the peripheral side surface38and a series of apertures42extending through the thickness of the flange26from the top surface34to the bottom surface36. As described in greater detail below, when the sole structure14is formed, the materials of the sole plate16may interface with the attachment features40,42to prevent relative movement between the insert18and the components of the sole plate16. For example, the recesses40are configured to engage a resin or molding material of the sole plate16to secure a position of the insert18relative to the sole plate16when the sole structure14is molded. The apertures42are configured for receiving a stitching for attaching the insert18to a substrate, such as a textile, prior to molding the sole plate16. In other examples, the attachment features may be realized as projections extending from any of the surfaces34,36,38. Referring still toFIG.2, the traction element20generally includes the shaft44having the second engagement features25b, and a stud or cleat45attached to the shaft44. As provided above, the shaft44including the second engagement features25bis configured to interface with the receptacle22including the first engagement features25ato selectively secure the traction element20to the sole structure14. Accordingly, it is important that the first engagement features25aof the receptacle22be free of debris that may impede full engagement between the first engagement features25aand the second engagement features25b. Turning now toFIGS.3-11, a method and system100for forming the sole structure14described above is illustrated. Generally, the system100and method provide a means for temporarily plugging the receptacles22of the inserts18with a material102during molding of the sole structure14to prevent the materials used in forming the sole plate16from contaminating the engagement features25aof the receptacle22. After formation of the sole structure14, the material102can be removed from the receptacles22to expose the first engagement features25a. With reference toFIG.3, the system100is provided with a plugging material102operable to be shaped and molded to temporarily plug the receptacle22of the insert18. The plugging material102may include elastomers having a relatively low durometer. For example, materials having a durometer less than 100 Shore 00, and more particularly, materials having a durometer ranging from 10 Shore A to 60 Shore A may be used. The plugging material102may include a thermoset material, a thermosettable material (i.e., a material which is initially thermoplastic but becomes thermoset following curing), or a thermoplastic material that has the desired hardness when solidified. In one example, the plugging material102is a thermosettable material that can be cured under the application of heat. The plugging material102may include natural rubber or synthetic rubber (e.g., gum or green rubbers), such as styrene-butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, silicone rubber, or combinations thereof. Referring still toFIG.3, a sheet102aof the plugging material102is provided to the system100in a malleable state, and has a substantially constant thickness T102a. As shown, the system100also includes a die104configured for forming the sheet102ainto a preform102bhaving a plurality of blanks102cof the plugging material102. Here, the die104includes a plurality of die cavities106corresponding to a desired shape of the plugging material blanks102c. For example, the die cavities106of the illustrated example have a rectangular profile for forming rectangular blanks102c. In one step, the die104is pressed at least partially through the thickness T102aof the sheet102a(as indicated by arrow Di) such that the profiles of the die cavities106are imparted to the sheet102ato form the preform102bhaving the plurality of the blanks102c. In the illustrated example, the die104is pressed only partially through the thickness T102aof the sheet102a, such that a web area108is formed between adjacent ones of the blanks102c. The web area108has a thickness less than the initial thickness T102aof the sheet102aand the blanks102cto provide the preform102bwith a series of tear seams along which individual ones of the blanks102cmay be removed from the preform102b. Optionally, the web area108may be perforated to aid in tearing or removal of the blanks102c. Referring now toFIG.4, the blanks102cmay be trimmed such that the first material102is appropriately sized for insertion within the receptacles22. Particularly, a volume of each blank102cmay be trimmed to be greater than a volume of the receptacle22, such that when the plugging material102is inserted within the receptacles22, the receptacles22will be filled with the plugging material102to cover the engagement features25a, as described in greater detail below. In the illustrated example, the blanks102care sized by trimming the blanks102cof the preform102busing a cutting tool (e.g., scissors). However, in other examples, the blanks102cmay be initially formed at the desired volume by the die104, whereby individual ones of the blanks102ccan be removed from the preform102bwithout additional trimming. AtFIG.5, the blanks102cof the plugging material102are formed into plugs102dconfigured to be inserted into the receptacles22of the inserts18. Generally, each of the plugs102dis sized to fill the receptacle22such that each of the first engagement features25ais masked or covered by the plugging material102. As shown, each plug102dmay be formed as a substantially cylindrical body having a length L102dand a diameter or width W102d. Here, the length L102aand the width W102dof the plug102dare both greater than the length L24and the width W22of the receptacle22, respectively. Particularly, the width W102dof the plug102d, formed by the outside diameter of the plug102d, is greater than the minor diameter of the female helical threads forming the first engagement feature25a, such that the plugging material102will at least partially extend into the female helical threads when the plug102dis disposed within the receptacle22. For example, the width W102d(i.e., outside diameter) of the plug102dmay be 10% to 25% greater than the width W22(i.e., minor diameter) of the receptacle22(e.g., 5 mm diameter plug in 4.5 mm diameter receptacle). Optionally, the plug102dmay be formed with a first guide hole110configured to align the insert18during a molding step, as described in greater detail below. In the illustrated example, the first guide hole110is an aperture110extending along the length L102dof the plug102d. Here, the aperture110is defined as a result of the blank102cbeing rolled into the shape of the plug102d, whereby an inner surface of the blank102cforms the aperture110. However, the aperture110may be formed by a separate operation, such as by piercing the plug102dusing a punch. A size (e.g., diameter) of a cross section of the aperture110is selected to provide a slight interference fit between the plug102dand a corresponding feature of an insert mold112, as discussed below. While the previous steps provide a method for forming the plugs102dfrom a sheet102aof the plugging material102, in other examples the plugs102dmay be formed from other types of material stock. For example, the plugging material102may be provided as rod stock already having the desired diameter W102dof the plugs102d, whereby desired lengths L102dof individual ones of the plugs102dcan be cut from the rod stock. Accordingly, where the illustrated example of the plug102dshows a seam and the aperture110resulting from forming the plug102dfrom one of the blanks102c, in other examples the plug102dmay be a solid body corresponding in shape to the receptacle22. In such examples, the aperture110may be provided along the length of the rod stock or subsequently formed in the plugs102dafter being cut into the desired length L102d. Referring now toFIGS.6A and6B, the plug102dis illustrated as being inserted into the receptacle22of the insert18. In the illustrated example, the plugging material102is provided in a malleable state and can be pressed through the threads25aand into the receptacle22. Here, as the plugging material102is passed over the threads25a, the larger diameter W102dof the plug102dwill cause the plugging material102to conform to the profile of the female threads25a, thereby partially filling the threads25a, as best shown inFIG.6B. As provided above, the length L102dand width W102dof the plug102dare greater than the length L24and width W22of the receptacle22, such that a portion of the plug102dprotrudes from each end28,30of the bushing24. Referring toFIG.7, the system100further includes an insert mold112configured for forming and curing the plugging material102within the receptacle22. For example, with the plug102dinserted in the receptacle22of the insert18, the insert18is positioned within the insert mold112. As shown, the insert mold112includes a mold cavity114having one or more sockets116for receiving the inserts18and the plugs102d. Each socket116includes a recess118for receiving and aligning a position of the insert18within the mold cavity114. The recess118has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the profile of the peripheral side surface32of the bushing24, whereby the bushing24can be at least partially inserted within the recess118to position the insert18and plug102din the mold cavity114. Each socket116may include a pin120extending from the recess118and configured to be inserted at least partially through the plug102dto form a guide hole (FIG.8) at least partially through the length L102dof the plug102d. In the illustrated example, the pin120has a width W120that is greater than a width W110of the aperture110(FIG.6B), such that when the insert18and plug102dare placed at the socket116, the pin120is press fit within the aperture110to secure a position of the insert18and plug102d. However, in other examples where the plug102dis provided without the aperture110, the pin120may be configured to pierce the plug102d. With the insert18and plug102dpositioned in the mold cavity114, the insert mold112is closed and the insert18and plug102dare subjected to heat and pressure to mold the plug102dwithin the receptacle22. Optionally, this molding process may fully or partially cure the plugging material102. In one example, when the plugging material102is a silicone material, the inserts18and plugs102dmay be pressed for approximately five minutes at a temperature of approximately 170 degrees Celsius in order to mold and at least partially cure the silicone material, increasing its durometer. During the pressing operation, the plugging material102is pressed into the female threads25aof the receptacle22to fully seal the threads. Further, the size and shape of the pin120will be imparted to the cured plug102dsuch that when the insert18is removed from the insert mold112, the plug102dwill retain the shape of the alignment feature122formed at least partially therethrough and having a width W122similar to the width W120of the pin120, as shown inFIG.8. Referring now toFIG.8, during the molding process, excess plugging material102may form flashing102earound the bushing24of the insert18. Accordingly,FIG.8illustrates another step where the flashing102eis separated from the molded plug102d, leaving only the molded plug102dand the insert18. As shown, once the flashing102eis removed, the molded plug102dis flush with each of the first end28and the second end30of the bushing24such that all of the threads25aof the receptacle22are covered by the plugging material102. Optionally, when the plugging material102is a thermosettable material and has not already been cured in previous steps, once all of the threads25aof the receptacle22have been covered by the plugging material102, the plugging material102can be cured. AtFIG.9, one or more of the inserts18are attached to a substrate46for forming the sole plate16. Collectively, the substrate46, the attached inserts18, and the plugs102dmay be referred to as a carcass47of the sole plate16, which includes the physical components of the sole plate16prior to the provision of a molding material54(e.g., resin). The substrate46may be a fabric or fibrous material configured for use in forming composites. For example, the substrate46may be a unidirectional tape or a multi-axial fabric having a series of fibers48that are impregnated with resin. The substrate46may include at least one of carbon fibers, aramid fibers, boron fibers, glass fibers, and other polymer fibers that form the unidirectional sheet or multi-axial fabric. Fibers48such as carbon fibers, aramid fibers, and boron fibers may provide a high Young's modulus while glass fibers (e.g., fiberglass) and other polymer fibers (e.g., synthetic fibers such as polyamides other than aramid, polyesters, and polyolefins) provide a medium modulus. Additionally or alternatively, the substrate46may include a unidirectional tape. Further, the substrate may include multiple sheets, where one or more of the sheets includes fibers formed from the same material or, alternatively, one or more of the sheets includes fibers48formed from a different material than the fibers48of the other sheets. As shown, the substrate46includes one or more openings50for receiving a portion of a respective one of the inserts18. The openings50may be formed in the substrate46by a punching or cutting process. In some examples, the openings50may be sized for receiving one end28,30of the bushing24therethrough, such that a surface34,36of the flange26of the insert18faces and abuts a face of the substrate46surrounding the opening50. Accordingly, a width of each opening50may be larger than width W24of the bushing24, but smaller than the width W26of the flange26. As shown inFIG.9, the inserts18may be attached to the substrate with stitching52. For example, the insert18may be attached by stitching through the apertures42formed in the flange26. Referring now toFIGS.10-11C, the system100may include a plate mold124for forming the sole plate16. As shown inFIG.11A, the plate mold124includes a mold cavity126defined by an upper mold surface128and a lower mold surface130. The mold cavity126is configured to receive and enclose the carcass47therein. One or both of the mold surfaces128,130may include contours or features configured to receive the substrate46and the inserts18and to impart a desired profile to the molded sole plate16. As shown, the plate mold124may include one or more fixtures132positioned within the mold cavity126, which are configured to position each of the inserts18in a desired arrangement. In the illustrated example, the fixtures132are embodied as pins132extending from the lower mold surface130. Here, the pins132are provided as cylindrical bodies having a diameter or width W132defined by an outer peripheral sidewall. The width W132of the cross section of each pin132is selected to be greater than the width W122of the cross section of the alignment feature122formed in the plug102d, such that the pin132will provide an interference fit with the alignment feature122when the insert18and plug102dare pressed onto the pin132, as shown inFIG.11B. For example, the width W132(i.e., outside diameter) of the pin132may be 10% to 50% greater than the width W122(i.e., diameter) of the alignment feature122(e.g., 2 mm diameter pin in 1.5 mm diameter alignment feature). By providing an interference fit between the pins132and the plugs102d, the positions of the inserts18within the mold cavity126are maintained during the molding process, thereby providing consistent positioning of the inserts18within the finished sole plates16. As best shown inFIG.11B, when the substrate46and the insert18are positioned within the plate mold124and engaged with the fixtures132, at least one of the ends28,30of one or more of the inserts18may be protected to prevent the molding material54from covering the end28,30. For example, in the illustrated example, the second ends30of each of the inserts18are seated against the lower mold surface130to form a seal around the second ends30of the inserts18. Thus, when the molding material54is provided to the mold cavity126, the second ends30of the inserts18will be masked by the lower mold surface130such that when the molded sole structure14is removed from the mold124(FIG.12), the second ends30of the inserts18will be exposed through the bottom surface of the sole structure14. In other examples, the first end28of each insert18may additionally or alternatively be masked by the upper mold surface128during the molding process. Referring toFIG.11C, with the substrate46and the inserts18positioned and secured within the mold cavity126, the mold124is moved to the closed position to seal the mold cavity126, and a molding material54is provided to the mold cavity126. In some examples, the molding material54is a liquid molding material54that can be cured by the application of heat and/or pressure. The molding material54may include a molten thermoplastic and/or liquid, curable thermoset materials. For example, the molding material54may include at least one of an epoxy, a polyurethane, a polymerizable composition, a pre-polymer, or a combination thereof. As the molding material54is injected into the mold cavity126, the high pressure of the molding material54causes the molding material54to fill the mold cavity126and impregnate the fibers48of the substrate46. However, by providing the insert18with the plug102din sealing contact with the engagement features25aof the receptacle22, the molding material54is prevented from flowing into the receptacle22. Furthermore, the sealed interface between the pin132of the plate mold124and the alignment feature122prevents the molding material54from flowing into the alignment feature122. The molding material54is then cured in the mold cavity126at a predetermined temperature and pressure to form the sole structure14including the sole plate16and the inserts18. Turning now toFIG.12, once the molding material54of the sole plate16is cured, the sole structure14is removed from the mold cavity126for a series of finishing steps. As shown, the plugs102dremain within the receptacles22after the sole structure14is removed from the mold cavity126, and must therefore be removed. In the illustrated example, the system100may be provided with a punch134sized for removing the plugs102dfrom the receptacles22. Particularly, the punch134may include a plunger136having a width W136that is less than the width of the receptacle22and greater than the width W122of the alignment feature122. Thus, the plunger136is configured to be pressed against an end of the plug102dand through the receptacle22to remove the plug102dfrom the receptacle22. Optionally, the punch134may include a protrusion138configured to engage the alignment feature122of the plug102d. For example, the protrusion138may have a width W138operable to be inserted into the alignment feature122to maintain a relative position between the plug102dand the punch134. In some examples, the punch134may be provided in connection with a mechanical press. However, the punch134may be manually operated as well. With the plugs102dremoved from the receptacles22, the first engagement features25a(i.e., threads) of the receptacles22may be cleaned to ensure all of the plugging material102is removed from the receptacle22. As shown, where the first engagement features25aare formed as helical threads, a tapping step may include running a tap140having corresponding male helical threads through the receptacle22to remove any remaining fragments of the plugging material102. In other examples, where the first engagement features25aare provided as keyways or other attachment geometries, different tools may be used for cleaning the first engagement features25a. For example, the first engagement features25amay be cleaned using fluids, such as compressed air or a vacuum. Once the sole structure14is finished, it may be attached to the upper12of the article of footwear10using conventional methods. The system100and method provided above provide an efficient means for forming molded components including threaded inserts embedded therein. Particularly, the system100and method allow the inserts to be attached to a substrate material of a molded component prior to the molding process, and then accurately placed within the mold in predetermined locations. In addition to providing fixturing for the inserts during the molding process, the aforementioned system100and method improve the quality of the molded component by preventing contamination of critical features of the insert during the molding process. Particularly, the molded plugs102dare configured to cover and/or seal the critical features (e.g., threads) such that the critical features can be easily protected. While the present disclosure is provided with respect to the formation of sole structures for articles of footwear, it will be appreciated that the methods discussed herein may apply to formation of other types molded components including any insert having a critical feature that must be unobstructed during use of the component. The following Clauses provide an exemplary configuration for the method, system, sole structure, and article of footwear described above. Clause 1. A method of forming a molded article, the method comprising the steps of: disposing a plug including a first material within a receptacle of an insert, the receptacle including an engagement feature; placing the insert including the first material into a mold; applying a liquid second material to an exterior surface of the insert; solidifying the liquid second material into a solid, forming the molded article including the insert embedded in the solid second material, wherein a surface of the insert is exposed in the molded article; removing the molded article from the mold; and removing the first material from the receptacle of the insert embedded in the molded article to expose the engagement feature. Clause 2. The method of Clause 1, further comprising forming an alignment feature in the plug, the alignment feature configured to engage a corresponding fixture of the mold. Clause 3. The method of Clause 2, wherein forming the alignment feature includes forming the alignment feature to have an interference fit with the fixture. Clause 4. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, further comprising molding the plug including the first material within the receptacle to cover the engagement feature. Clause 5. The method of Clause 4, wherein molding the plug includes pressing the plug into the receptacle under the effects of heat and pressure. Clause 6. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, further comprising attaching the insert to a flexible substrate to form a carcass. Clause 7. The method of Clause 6, wherein the flexible substrate includes a plurality of fibers chosen from carbon fibers, aramid fibers, boron fibers, polymer fibers, glass fibers, or any combination thereof. Clause 8. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the first material is an elastomer. Clause 9. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein applying the liquid second material includes an injection molding process. Clause 10. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the insert includes a bushing and a flange extending laterally outwardly from the bushing. Clause 11. The method of Clause 10, wherein the receptacle includes an aperture formed at least partially through the bushing. Clause 12. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, further comprising forming the first material into the plug prior to placing the first material into the insert. Clause 13. The method of Clause 12, wherein the plug has a first width greater than a second width of the receptacle. Clause 14. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein removing the first material from the receptacle includes pulling the first material from the receptacle. Clause 15. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein removing the first material from the receptacle includes applying a vacuum to the receptacle. Clause 16. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the molded article is a component of an article of footwear. Clause 17. The method of Clause 16, wherein the component of the article of footwear is a sole structure. Clause 18. The method of Clause 17, wherein the sole structure includes a sole plate configured to be ground-engaging. Clause 19. A molded article made by the method according to any of the preceding method Clauses. Clause 20. An article of footwear including the molded article of Clause 19. Clause 21. A system for forming a sole structure for an article of footwear, the system comprising: a plate mold including a plate mold cavity; an insert disposed within the plate mold cavity and including a receptacle; a plug including a first material disposed within the receptacle of the insert, the first material having a durometer less than 100 Shore 00; and a second material disposed within the plate mold cavity and contacting an exterior surface of the insert. Clause 22. The system of Clause 21, wherein the receptacle includes an aperture formed through at least one end of the insert and including an engagement feature. Clause 23. The system of Clause 22, wherein the first material covers the engagement feature and is flush with the at least one end of the insert. Clause 24. The system of Clause 23, wherein the first material is an elastomer. Clause 25. The system of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the insert is attached to a substrate by stitching. Clause 26. The system of Clause 25, wherein the second material is disposed within the plate mold cavity and impregnates the substrate. Clause 27. The system of Clause 26, wherein a first diameter of the plug is greater than a second diameter of the receptacle. Clause 28. The system of Clause 27, wherein the plug includes an alignment feature. Clause 29. The system of Clause 28, wherein the plate mold cavity includes a fixture configured to be interference fit with the alignment feature. Clause 30. The system of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the first material extends through an entire length of the insert. Clause 31. A molded article made using the system according to any of the preceding system Clauses. Clause 32. An article of footwear including the molded article of Clause 31. The foregoing description has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular configuration are generally not limited to that particular configuration, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected configuration, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.

11857026

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The present invention provides a footwear comprising a sole having an upper surface on a side that comes in contact with a bottom of a foot and a bottom surface on a side that touches a ground, wherein in a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the sole,an angle β is an angle between a straight line L1and a plane that the bottom surface of the sole is in contact with, and ranges from 10 degrees to 75 degrees,an angle α is an angle between a straight line L3and the plane that the bottom surface of the sole is in contact with, and ranges from 5 degrees to 65 degrees, a contact point A is positioned closest to a toe side of points where the bottom surface of the sole is in contact with the plane, a point B is a point of the sole closest to the toe side, the straight line L1passes through the contact point A and the point B, the line L2passes through the contact point A and is perpendicular to the plane that the bottom surface of the sole is in contact with, and intersects with the upper surface of the sole at an intersection point C, and the straight L3passes through the intersection point C and the point B. The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the drawings. In the present invention, the toe side of the footwear is defined as the front side and the heel side is defined as the rear side. The direction connecting the toe and the heel defines as the front-rear direction of the footwear. The horizontal direction orthogonal to the front-rear direction is defined as the width direction of the footwear. The thumb side of the footwear is defined as the inner side and the little toe side is defined as the outer side. FIG.1shows a plan view of an embodiment of a sole of the footwear of the present invention. The sole1has a forefoot portion SF, a middle foot portion SM and a rear foot portion SH. The forefoot portion SF, midfoot portion SM, and rearfoot portion SH of the sole1are the portions of the footwear that are in contact with the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot, respectively, of the person wearing the footwear (hereinafter referred to as the “wearer”). InFIG.1, the sole1of the footwear of the present invention is preferably configured to warp the tip of the forefoot portion SF upward, bordering the line L6which connects the ball of the thumb P and the ball of the little toe Q of the foot of the wearer. In this case, an inside (side of the ball of the thumb) of the footwear begins to warp in the portion near to the tip than the outside (side of the ball of the little toe) of the footwear. The line L6connecting the ball of the thumb P and the ball of the little toe Q may be a straight line or a curve with the center of curvature on the apical side. The angle of warp may be made loose near the first joint in order to grip the sole with the toes. The warp may be made to warp upward from a position more posterior to L6. It is preferable, when viewing the footwear from the front, that the tip is raised and furthermore, the tip is positioned more on the ball of the thumb than on the ball of the little toe. InFIG.1, the straight line LO is a straight line extending in the front-rear direction of the sole1and passing through a position corresponding to approximately the center of the second toe when the foot is placed on the sole1. InFIG.1, straight line LO passes through the approximately leading tip1aand the approximately trailing tip1bof the footwear. FIGS.2and3show a longitudinal sectional view of the sole of the footwear taken along line I-I (straight line L0) of the sole of the footwear inFIG.1.FIG.2is an explanatory view illustrating the angle β in the sole of the present invention.FIG.3is an explanatory view illustrating the angle α in the sole1of the present invention. The aforementioned angles α and β in the sole of the present invention indicate the angles viewed from the outside (the side of the ball of the little toe) in the longitudinal cross-sectional view of the I-I-line L0inFIG.1. InFIGS.2and3, the sole1has an upper surface3on the side which comes is in contact with the bottom of the foot, and a bottom surface5on the side that touches the ground (plane P). The sole bottom surface5has at least one contact surface with the ground (plane P) at least two points in total in each of the region from the forefoot portion to midfoot portion and the rearfoot portion. Since the center of gravity of the footwear is on the forefoot side, the sole bottom surface5may not touch the ground (plane P) in the rearfoot portion. In such a case, it is preferable to lightly press the rear foot portion to make the sole bottom surface5being in contact with the ground (plane P) in the rearfoot portion. A contact point A is a contact point positioned closest to the toe side of the points where the sole bottom surface5is in contact with a plane P. A contact point A positioned closest to the toe side of the points where the sole bottom surface5is in contact with the plane P, is preferably positioned from the sole tip1ato 15% to 60% of the length of the entire sole. The contact point A is preferably positioned from the sole tip1ato 15% to 55% of the length of the entire sole, more preferably 15% to 40% of the length of the entire sole, and even more preferably 17% to 38% of the length of the entire sole, and further more preferably positioned to 20% to 35% of the length of the entire sole. It is noted that the sole tip1ais defined as 0% and the sole trailing edge1bis defined as 100%. Further, a point B is a point located on the most toe side of the sole. That is, the point B is the point where the perpendicular line L4to the plane P which the sole bottom surface5is in contact with is tangent to the toe tip of the sole. The point B is preferably on the front surface or bottom surface of the sole. If the tip of the bottom surface of the sole is warped, the point B exists, for example, on the bottom surface of the sole. If the tip of the bottom surface of the sole is not so warped, the point B exists, for example, on the front surface of the sole. In the present invention, the angle β formed between the straight line L1connecting the contact point A and the point B and the plane P which the bottom surface of the sole is in contact with ranges from 10 degrees to 75 degrees. The angle β is preferably 10 degrees or more, more preferably 15 degrees or more, even more preferably 20 degrees or more, further preferably 25 degrees or more, further more preferably 30 degrees or more, further more preferably 35 degrees or more, most preferably 40 degrees or more. The angle β is preferably 75 degrees or less, more preferably 70 degrees or less, even more preferably 65 degrees or less, and most preferably 60 degrees or less. If the angle β is within the above range, it is considered that the following effects can be obtained. Raising the tip of the footwear makes it less likely that the wearer will stumble over things or get caught on the ground, and thus will be less likely to fall down. Therefore, it is useful not only for elderly people who have difficulty lifting their legs, but also for children and workers. Raising the tip of the footwear makes it easier for the wearer to land directly below or behind the body while running, thereby making it difficult to decelerate. Furthermore, by raising the tip of the footwear, it becomes easier to put the weight on the toe while running, so that it becomes possible to step and kick from the back side of the body, and it becomes easier to obtain propulsion. As will be described later, the fact that the angle β is 10 degrees or more does not mean that the fingertip is raised. This is because if the sole of the footwear is thick, the fingertips does not necessarily rise even if β is angled. Although it is possible to further increase the angle of β, the fingertips are bent too much, which may hinder walking and running. FIG.3shows a side view of one embodiment (same asFIG.2) of the sole of the footwear of the present invention. InFIG.3, a point C is the intersection of the line L2and the sole upper surface3, and the line L2passes through the contact point A and is perpendicular to the plane P which the sole bottom surface5is in contact with. A point B is a point located closest to the toe side of the sole. That is, the point B is the point where the line L4is tangent to the toe tip of the sole, and the line L4is perpendicular to the plane P which the sole bottom surface5is in contact with. In the present invention, the angle α between the straight line L3connecting the points C and B and the plane P which the sole bottom surface5is in contact with is 5 degrees to 65 degrees. The angle α is preferably 5 degrees or more, more preferably 10 degrees or more, even more preferably 15 degrees or more, further preferably 20 degrees or more, and further more preferably 25 degrees, most preferably 30 degrees or more. The angle α is preferably 65 degrees or less, more preferably 60 degrees or less, and even more preferably 55 degrees or less. The angle α of 5 degrees or more means that the fingertip is raised. Although it is possible to further increase the angle α, the fingertips may be bent too much, which may hinder walking and running. If the aforementioned angle α is within the range, it is considered that, for example, the following effects can be obtained. By raising the fingertips, it is possible to approximate to walking or running barefoot. Normally, people land on their toes (specifically, the balls of their thumbs and the balls of their little toes) not on their heels when they are barefoot. However, with the spread of shoes, heel-landing has become common walking and running because the shoes absorb the impact even when landing on the heel. Occasionally, some people can land on their heels even when barefoot, which raises concerns about injury. It is possible for a person who is used to wearing normal shoes to land on the ball of the thumb or the ball of the little toe, but it would be difficult because the fingertips interfere. When people land on the ground while running, they decelerate due to reaction force and frictional force from the ground. In order to reduce the reaction force from the ground, it is desirable to land directly below or behind the body rather than in front of the body. A forefoot or midfoot landing can be possible when trying to land straight down below the body, but a forefoot landing is preferable for landing behind the body. At that time, it would be difficult to land on the forefoot with normal shoes because the fingertips interfere. If people wear the footwear of the present invention, they can easily land on the forefoot by raising their fingertips. Furthermore, it is preferable to raise the fingertips more in order to land behind the body. When people run, they obtain forward propulsion by stepping and kicking with their rear foot. Assuming that the force of stepping and kicking is constant, the propulsive force is greater when the stepping and kicking is done in the rearward direction. However, people's legs have the property that it is easy to bend forward, but difficult to bend backward. However, raising the heel makes it easier to bend backwards. So, raising your fingertips makes it easier to stand on your toes, making it possible to obtain greater propulsion. Walking or running on a forefoot landing with raising the fingertips up can exercise the buttocks muscles immensely. As a result, a hip-enhancing effect can be expected, as a lift is created inside the buttocks and sagging of the buttocks is suppressed. Furthermore, it can be expected to improve standing posture and thus make the legs look longer. In the present invention, the angles α and β are preferably set more specifically according to the thickness of the sole of the footwear and the usage of the wearer. In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the angle α and the angle62satisfy the relationship of formula (1). α≤β  (1) When formula (1) is satisfied, the effect of reducing the impact on the foot during walking and running due to the sole can be obtained. In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the angle α and the angle β satisfy the relationship of formula (2). 0≤(β−α)≤30  (2) When the formula (2) is satisfied, the effect of softening the impact at the time of landing and increasing the propulsive force at the time of stepping or kicking can be obtained. The value of (β−α) is preferably 5 or more, more preferably 10 or more, even more preferably 15 or more, and further more preferably 20 or more. In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, the angle α and the angle62satisfy the relationship of formula (3). 1≤(β/α)≤8  (3) When the formula (3) is satisfied, it is possible to soften the impact at the time of landing and to increase the propulsive force at the time of stepping or kicking. The value of (β/α) is preferably 2 or less, more preferably 1.5 or less, even more preferably 1.3 or less, and further more preferably 1.2 or less. The footwear of the present invention preferably satisfies at least one of the formulas (1) to (3), and more preferably satisfies all the formulas (1) to (3). The upward warp of the sole of the footwear may be a curve with an upward center of curvature, a straight line, or a combination of these, but a curve or straight line with a downward center of curvature or a combination of these is undesirable. FIG.4shows an explanatory view for illustrating the height of the toe spring of the sole of the footwear of the present invention, the thickness of the sole, and the height of the upper surface of the sole in the midfoot portion and rearfoot portion.FIG.4(a)shows a plan view of one embodiment of the sole of the footwear of the present invention. The sole1has a forefoot portion SF, a middle foot portion SM and a rearfoot portion SH. The forefoot portion SF, the middle foot portion SM, and the rearfoot portion SH of the sole1are the portions where the forefoot portion, midfoot portion, and rearfoot portion of the foot of the person who wears the footwear (hereinafter referred to as the “wearer”) come into contact with each other. A straight line L0is a straight line extending in the front-rear direction of the sole1and passes through a position corresponding to approximately the center of the second toe when the foot is placed on the sole1.FIG.4(b)is a sectional view taken along line V-V inFIG.4(a). The height of the toe spring of the sole (the height of warping the forefoot upward), is appropriately set according to the thickness of the insole in the middle of the sole and the length of the footwear, and is preferably 3 cm or more, more preferably 5 cm or more, even more preferably 7 cm or more, further preferably 8 cm or more, further more preferably 10 cm or more, and is preferably 14 cm or less, more preferably 13 cm or less, even more preferably 12 cm or less. The height of the toe spring of the sole is the distance between the points BE inFIG.4(b). A point B is a point located closest to the toe side of the sole. That is, the point B is the point where the perpendicular line L4to the plane P which the sole bottom surface5is in contact with is tangent to the toe tip of the sole. The point E is the intersection where the perpendicular line L4passing through the point B intersect with the plane P. The height of the sole toe spring is, for example, the distance between the point B and the intersection point E where the perpendicular line L4passing through the point B intersect with the plane P which the sole bottom surface5is in contact with inFIGS.1and2. The thickness of the sole is preferably 0.5 cm or more, more preferably 1 cm or more, even more preferably 2 cm or more, still more preferably 3 cm or more, and is preferably 10 cm or less, more preferably 9 cm or less, and even more preferably 8 cm or less. The thickness of the sole may be the same or different in the forefoot, midfoot and rearfoot portions. The thickness of the midfoot portion of the sole is preferably the same as or thinner than the thickness of the rearfoot portion of the sole. The difference between the rear foot portion of the sole and the middle foot portion of the sole (rear foot portion—middle foot portion) is preferably −0.5 cm or more, more preferably 0.5 cm or more, and even more preferably 1.0 cm or more. The thickness of the rear portion of the sole can be increased for shock absorption and efficient forward propulsion. Also, the thickness of the forefoot portion of the sole can be increased to provide shock absorption during forefoot landing. With respect to the height of the upper surface of the sole of the footwear (the distance between the upper surface of the sole and the plane where the sole bottom surface is in contact with), the height Hm of the upper surface of the sole in the midfoot portion is almost the same as the height Hr of the upper surface of the sole in the rearfoot portion. The absolute value of the difference between the height Hm of the midfoot portion and the height Hr of the rearfoot portion (|Hm-H r|) is preferably 0 cm or more, more preferably 1.0 cm or less is preferred, and even more preferably 0.5 cm or less. The height Hm of the upper surface of the sole in the midfoot portion is the shortest distance between the plane P that the sole bottom surface touches, and the center point F which is the center point of a circle CM drawn on the upper surface of the sole of the midfoot portion SM without touching the inside and outside edges of the sole. That is, the height Hm of the upper surface of the sole in the midfoot portion is the length of the line segment FG, and the point G is the intersection point where the perpendicular line to the plane P passing through the center point F intersect with the plane P. The radius of the circle CM is preferably 0.5 cm or more, more preferably 1 cm or more, and is preferably 9 cm or less, more preferably 8 cm. The height Hr of the upper surface of the sole in the rearfoot portion is the shortest distance between the plane P, that the sole bottom surface is in contact with, and the center point H which is the center point of a circle CH drawn on the upper surface of the sole in the rearfoot portion SH without touching the inside and outside edges of the sole. That is, the height Hr of the upper surface of the sole in the rearfoot portion is the length of the line segment HI, and the point I is the intersection point where the perpendicular line to the plane P passing through the center point H intersect with the plane P. The radius of the circle CH is preferably 0.5 cm or more, more preferably 1 cm or more, and is preferably 10 cm or less, more preferably 9 cm. The center point F of the circle CM of the midfoot portion and the center point H of the circle CH of the rearfoot portion are preferably on the line L0. It is preferable that the sole bottom surface of the footwear of the present invention is curved upward on the tip side from the contact point A located closest to the toe side of the points where the sole bottom surface5is in contact with the plane P. It is preferable that the bottom surface of the sole of the forefoot portion is warped so that the height of the warp is gradually increased from the contact point A toward the tip of the sole. The upward curvature of the sole bottom surface may be a curve with a center of curvature upward, a straight line, or a combination thereof, but a curve or straight line with a center of curvature downward, or a combination thereof undesirable. As for the sole bottom surface of the footwear of the present invention, it is preferable that only the forefoot portion warps up, and that the sole bottom surface of the rearfoot portion does not warp up. The bottom surface of the rearfoot portion of the sole preferably has a contact surface that is in contact with the ground when the wearer of the footwear wears the footwear (upright). It is preferable that the bottom surface of the midfoot portion of the sole has a non-grounding arch surface that is curved upward and does not touch the ground. The sole of the footwear of the present invention preferably does not include a reverse heel type sole in which the height of the upper surface of the sole gradually decreases from the toe to the heel. In addition, the sole of the footwear of the present invention preferably does not include a sole that has a ground contact surface with the ground in the midfoot portion, such that the sole bottom surface warps up from this ground contact surface in the midfoot portion toward the rear end of the heel when the wearer of the footwear is wearing the footwear (upright). The sole of the footwear of the present invention preferably has a structure of one or more layers. For example, the sole of the multi-layer structure comprises an embodiment comprising an insole having a sole upper surface and an outsole having a bottom surface that touches the ground, and an embodiment comprising an insole having a sole upper surface, an outsole having a bottom surface that touches the ground and a midsole positioned between the insole and the outsole. The sole shown inFIGS.2and3has an insole and an outsole, and the tip of the outsole is warping upward.FIG.5is an explanatory view for illustrating a sole in a preferred embodiment of the invention.FIG.5(a)is a plan view, andFIG.5(b)is a sectional view taken along the line II-II inFIG.5(a). In a preferred form of the invention, for example, as shown inFIG.5(b), the sole1has an insole7having a sole upper surface3, an out sole9having a bottom surface that touches the ground5, and a midsole11located between the insole7and outsole9. In this case, the sole bottom surface of the ball of the thumb, the ball of the little toe and the heel are preferably in contact with the ground. The outsole9, the midsole11, and the insole7are all slanted upward so that the tip of the forefoot portion thereof warps upward. The outsole9, midsole11, and insole7are provided so that their tip edges are aligned. That is, the midsole11covers the insole7up to the tip edge, and the outsole9covers the midsole11up to the tip edge. A bottom surface5at the tip of the outsole9warps upward to form the front surface of the sole. The tip of the outer sole9may be configured to extend forward or upward from the tip edge of the midsole11or the tip edge of the insole7. The outsole9is required to have durability, abrasion resistance, etc., because the outsole9comes into contact with the ground, and is preferably arranged from the front end to the rear end of the footwear. The bottom surface of the outsole9in contact with the ground is such that the grip between the ground and the outsole is retained, and may have a regular diamond, parallelogram, triangle, V-shape, or other block shape, a corrugated shape, a shape divided by slits, a shape combining these shapes, or even an irregular shape, without being limited to these patterns. The outsole9may consist of one part or a plurality of parts, and is produced by a known method. Examples of materials for the outsole9include any materials, for example, a thermoplastic synthetic resin such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), a thermosetting resin such as polyurethane (PU), rubber materials such as butadiene rubber and chloroprene rubber, and the like. The midsole11is positioned between the insole7and the outsole9(upper side of the outsole9), and is joined to the outsole 9 by a known technique such as an adhesive. The midsole11is made of a soft elastic material such as a thermoplastic synthetic resin such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or polypropylene, a foam of the thermoplastic synthetic resin; a thermosetting resin such as polyurethane (PU), a foam of the thermosetting resin; rubber materials such as butadiene rubber and chloroprene rubber, foams of rubber materials. The midsole11may have a constant thickness from the tip to the rear end, or may vary in thickness. For example, the midsole may have a constant thickness from the rearfoot portion to the midfoot portion, and may become thinner or thicker toward the tip. Considering the impact absorption at the time of landing, it is desirable to thicken the entire midsole (from the tip to the rear end). The midsole11may be composed of one part or may be composed of a plurality of parts. Further, the midsole11may be perforated and another material may be placed in the midsole11. The insole7is arranged on the midsole11. It is preferable that the insole7has a raised arch portion in order to enhance comfort. The insole7may be removable, or may be fixed to the midsole11with an adhesive or the like. The insole7is made of any material, including, for example, a thermoplastic synthetic resin such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or polypropylene or a foam of the thermoplastic synthetic resin, a thermosetting resin such as polyurethane (PU) or a foam of the thermosetting resin, a rubber material such as butadiene rubber or chloroprene rubber or a foam of the rubber material. The insole7may be added with a function of sweat absorption, breathability, keeping dry, and removing foot odor in an existing manner. FIG.6is an explanatory view showing a modification of the outsole9, the midsole11, and the insole7in the II-II-line sectional view ofFIG.5(a). FIG.6(a)shows an embodiment in which the midsole11is thickened. The midsole11may be thickened in the forefoot portion. Furthermore, the outsole9may be thickened in the forefoot portion. In this aspect, it is preferable to satisfy the relationship of thickness of midsole11>thickness of outsole9>thickness of insole7in the forefoot portion. FIG.6(b)shows an embodiment in which the tip is thin.FIG.6(b)shows that a midsole11, an outsole9, and an insole7become thinner on the tip side of the contact point A located closest to the toe side of the points where the sole bottom surface5is in contact with the plane P. FIG.6(c)shows an embodiment in which the bottom surface of the forefoot portion of the sole is flat. A shock absorbing material may be arranged in the sole of the footwear of the present invention. The shock absorbing material is preferably placed above or below the midsole. In this case, the midsole may be dented, and it is preferable to hollow out a portion of the midsole and place the shock absorbing material therein. The shock absorbing material is preferably arranged at least in the forefoot portion. For example, inFIG.1, the shock absorbing material is preferably arranged in the region of the forefoot portion including the ball of the thumb P, the ball of the little toe Q, and the fingertips on which weight is applied. Shock absorbers may be placed in the forefoot portion and rearfoot portion. Examples of shock absorbing materials include any material of thermoplastic synthetic resin foams such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polypropylene, thermosetting resin foams such as polyurethane (PU), foams of rubber materials such as butadiene rubber or chloroprene rubber, and the like. A plate may be arranged in the sole of the footwear of the present invention. By arranging the plate, it is possible not only to maintain the shape of the tip of the footwear when not wearing it, but also to maintain the shape of the tip when walking or running. By maintaining the shape of the warped tip of the footwear, it is possible to enhance the effect of suppressing deceleration at the time of landing and promoting acceleration at the time of stepping and kicking. In addition, by inserting the plate, it becomes easier to get a repulsion from the footwear when kicking, so that it is possible to walk and run efficiently. The plate can be placed at a desired location of the sole. For example, it is preferably located between or within the outsole, midsole, or insole. If the outsole or midsole consists of multiple parts, it is preferable to include them. The plate is preferably arranged at least in the forefoot portion. For example, the plate is preferably placed in the region of the forefoot portion including the ball of the thumb and the ball of the little toe, and the plate is more preferably placed in the region from the tip of the sole to the midfoot portion, and the plate is even more preferably placed in the entire region from the tip of the sole to the rear of the heel. In addition, it is desirable to place the plate on the part where the wearer's foot is in contact with the sole, and it may not be necessary to place the plate on the part corresponding to the arch where the weight is not applied. Further, holes or slits may be provided to the extent that the strength of the plate is not lowered, and the plate may be composed of one part or multiple parts. The plate is preferably warped upward on the tip side (forefoot portion) to match the sole shape of the footwear. The plate may be moderately curved or arched to fit the wearer's foot. To maintain the structure warping upward on the tip side, the plate may be flat, in this case the plate is positioned transversely inside the sole. The plate may be made of any material having moderate hardness and rigidity, such as fiber reinforced plastics such as carbon fiber composites, reinforced plastics such as metal fine particle composites, non-foamed plastics including hard polymers, and the like. The thickness of the plate can be appropriately set depending on the material and its strength. The thickness of the plate is preferably 0.5 mm or more, more preferably 1 mm or more, and is preferably 2 cm or less, and more preferably 1.5 cm or less. The plate is fixed with an adhesive or the like. A plurality of plates may be provided to enhance the strength thereof, and a gap may be provided to enhance mutual repulsion of the plates. FIG.7is an explanatory view (cross-sectional view of the sole) illustrating an embodiment in which the plates are arranged.FIG.7(a)is a plan view of the sole1. As shown inFIG.7(a), the plate8is preferably arranged so as to cover the fingertip, ball of the thumb P, ball of the little toe Q, and heel R.FIGS.7(b) and7(c)are sectional views taken along the line III-III inFIG.7(a). In the embodiment shown inFIG.7(b), a plate 8 extending from the front end to the rear end of the sole1is arranged between the outsole9and the midsole11. In the embodiment shown inFIG.7(c), a plate8extending from the front end to the rear end of the sole1is arranged between the midsole11and the insole7. FIG.8is an explanatory view for illustrating another embodiment of the sole of the footwear of the present invention.FIG.8(a)is a bottom view of the sole1.FIG.8(b)is a sectional view taken along line IV-IV ofFIG.8(a). A plurality of spikes13are provided on the tip part of the sole bottom surface5. It is preferable that the spikes13are provided on the tip side from the vicinity of the line connecting the ball of the thumb and the little toe. In the footwear of the present invention, an upper is preferably provided on the sole. The upper may have any construction and can be made by known techniques. It can be made durable, wear-resistant, and breathable. The upper desirably has appropriate strength and stretchability so as to maintain the upward warp of the sole at the tip of the footwear, and is adhered to the sole by sewing, adhesive, or the like. As shown inFIG.9, the footwear20of the present invention has a sole and an upper15provided on the sole1. The upper15is provided on the upper side of the sole1so as to cover the wearer's foot. The upper15is formed to cover the shoe from the forefoot portion to the rearfoot portion. It is preferable that the lower peripheral edge portion of the upper15and the upper peripheral edge portion of the sole1are fixed, for example, with an adhesive. Suitable materials for the upper15include, for example, knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, non-woven fabrics, synthetic leathers, artificial leathers, and natural leathers. As the upper15, a net-like mesh fabric obtained by warp-knitting threads made of a thermoplastic material such as polyester is suitable. The upper portion of the upper15is provided with a first opening17for inserting the wearer's foot. Moreover, it is preferable that a second opening19extending in the front-rear direction is formed so as to communicate with the first opening17. An eyelet decoration may be attached to the upper part of the upper by sewing or the like in the second opening19. Eyelet holes21may be formed through the left and right edges of the eyelet decoration at intervals in the front-rear direction, and a shoelace (not shown) may be inserted through each eyelet hole21. A tongue piece for opening or closing the second opening19is provided at the front edge of the second opening19. By tying the laces, the foot is sufficiently secured to the shoe. Although shoelaces and eyelet holes have been described as means for fixing the feet to the shoes, it is also preferable to change these to fixing means using hook-and-loop fasteners. FIG.10is an explanatory view for illustrating a modification of the footwear20of the present invention. In the footwear20ofFIG.10(a), the bottom surface5of the forefoot portion of the sole1is planar, and the sole1is bent at an obtuse angle near the ball of the thumb. The height of the upper surface of the sole in the middle foot portion and the height of the upper surface of the sole in the rear foot portion are substantially the same. The sole bottom surface of the rear foot portion has a contact surface with the plane P. In the footwear20ofFIG.10(b), the bottom surface5of the forefoot portion of the sole1is planar, and the sole1is curved in the vicinity of the ball of the little toe. The height of the upper surface of the sole in the midfoot portion and the height of the upper surface of the sole in the rearfoot portion are substantially the same. The sole bottom surface of the rearfoot portion has a contact surface with the plane P. The footwear20inFIG.10(c)shows an embodiment in which the forefoot warp portion of the sole1is long. The bottom of the forefoot sole is curved downward, and the warp height is progressively higher from contact point A to the tip of the sole. The height of the upper surface of the sole in the midfoot portion and the height of the upper surface of the sole in the rearfoot portion are substantially the same. The sole bottom surface of the rearfoot portion has a contact surface with the plane P. FIG.10(d)shows an embodiment in which the forefoot warp portion of the sole1is short. The height of the upper surface of the sole in the midfoot portion and the height of the upper surface of the sole in the rearfoot portion are substantially the same. The sole bottom surface of the rearfoot portion has a contact surface with the plane P. Examples of the footwear of the present invention will be described below. Table 1 shows an example of the structure of footwear. In Table 1, X, Y, and Z respectively represent the distance between points AE inFIG.11as X cm, the distance between points BE as Y cm, and the distance between points AC as Z cm. TABLE 1FootwearNo.XYZY-Zαββ-αβ/α1123129.314.24.91.521241314.218.34.11.33792745.052.77.71.247112952.757.34.61.151284418.333.415.11.867114745.057.312.31.3 The footwear of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has the sole. Examples of footwear of the present invention include sports shoes such as walking shoes, tennis shoes, soccer shoes, football shoes, basketball shoes, running shoes, jogging shoes, and athletic shoes, and also include sandals, work boots, work shoes, boots, business shoes, leather shoes, safety shoes, nursing shoes, and mountaineering shoes. Among these, the footwear of the present invention preferably includes sports shoes, more preferably jogging shoes or running shoes. Code explanation 1: sole,15: upper,3: upper surface of sole,5: bottom surface of sole,7: insole,8: plate,9: outer sole,11: midsole,13: spike,17: first opening,19: second opening,20: footwear

11857027

DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1shows a shoe100in accordance with an embodiment. The shoe100includes an outsole202, a midsole203, an upper204, and a fastening member205. The shoe100has various portions, including a forefoot portion101, a ball portion102, an arch portion103, and a heel portion104. The outsole202is designed to be placed on the ground in normal operation of the shoe100. The upper204includes an opening for a foot of a user and means for tightening the shoe100around the foot of the user, such as the fastening member205, which may be, for example, laces, a zipper, or the like. The forefoot portion101of the shoe100is located at the front of the shoe100, and the forefoot portion101may support the toes of a foot of a human when the foot of the human is inserted into the shoe100. The ball portion102is located adjacent to the forefoot portion101, and the ball portion102may support the ball of a foot of a human when the foot of the human is inserted into the shoe100. The arch portion103is located adjacent to the ball portion102, and may provide support to an arch of a foot of a human when the foot of the human is inserted into the shoe100. The heel portion104is located adjacent to the arch portion103and at the rear of the shoe100, and may provide support to a heel of a foot of a human when the foot of the human is inserted into the shoe100. FIG.2shows an exploded view of the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment. The shoe100includes the outsole202, the midsole203, an insole216, and a device231. In various embodiments, the shoe further includes a plate222. The insole216is located above the plate222. There is a cavity or opening217in the midsole203into which at least a portion of the device231is insertable. For example, the device231may be positioned within the opening217in the midsole203such that bottom surfaces of the device231contact a top surface of the outsole202. In some embodiments, the opening217is a partial opening in the midsole203forming a cavity in which the device231may be positioned such that bottom surfaces of the device231contact a surface of the midsole203within the cavity. Though not shown inFIG.2, the shoe100can have other elements such as the upper204and the fastening member205as shown inFIG.1. Referring toFIGS.1and2, the shoe100also has the forefoot portion101, ball portion102, arch portion103, and heel portion104in a longitudinal direction. In various embodiments, the plate222is a carbon fiber plate. Also, in various embodiments, the plate222has a same or similar shape as the insole216in length and width directions. In some embodiments, the plate222has a shorter length than the insole216. In various embodiments, the plate222extends across substantially an entire length of the shoe100. For example, in some embodiments, the plate222extends within an area bounded by a wall of the midsole203at the back of the shoe100to a wall of the midsole203at the front of the shoe100. In various embodiments, the plate222extends from the heel portion104of the shoe100and through the arch portion103and the ball portion102of the shoe100and into the forefoot portion101of the shoe100. In some embodiments, there is a sockliner positioned above the insole216that is on an opposite side of the insole216from the plate222. In various embodiments, the insole216comprises an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) material, or the like. In various embodiments, the midsole203comprises a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyether block amide (PEBA) material, such as the PEBA material known as Pebax® that is manufactured by ARKEMA. In some embodiments, a Shore type A durometer value of the midsole203is less than 40. In some embodiments, a Shore type A durometer value of the midsole203is greater than 40. In various embodiments, the device231is an energy storage and return device that acts as a trampoline to store potential energy when compressed by a foot of a human wearing the shoe100, and then to return energy to the foot of the human as the foot of the human is lifted. In various embodiments, a rear end of the device231is positioned near a half-way point of a length of the shoe100and the device231extends all the way to near a front of the shoe100where it would be under the toes of a user of the shoe100. In various embodiments, the device231extends from a position in the arch portion103of the shoe100and through the ball portion102of the shoe100and into the forefoot portion101of the shoe100to near a front of the forefoot portion101of the shoe100. In some embodiments, the device231is positioned entirely within the forefoot portion101of the shoe100. In some embodiment, the device231is positioned entirely within the ball portion102of the shoe100. In some embodiments, the device231is positioned entirely within the heel portion104of the shoe100. Other positions of the device231within the shoe100are also possible. In various embodiments, the plate222is glued or otherwise affixed to the device231. For example, a top surface of the device231in various embodiments is glued to a bottom surface of the plate222during manufacture. In various embodiments, the plate222is affixed, such as being permanently affixed, to the device231such that the plate222works together with the device231to provide energy return to a user using the shoe100. In various embodiments, the plate222is affixed to the device231such that an energy return of the plate222works with a kinetic release of the device231when a user is using the shoe100. In some embodiments, the plate222is omitted from the shoe100, and the device231has an upper surface in contact with a bottom surface of the insole216. FIG.3Ashows the device231fromFIG.2for use in a shoe in accordance with an embodiment. The device231includes an energy storage and return structure240. The energy storage and return structure240includes a first foot261, a second foot262, a third foot263, and a fourth foot264, and a first flexible leg251, a second flexible leg252, a third flexible leg253, and a fourth flexible leg254. The first flexible leg251extends from the first foot261and is curved. The second flexible leg252extends from the second foot262and is curved. The third flexible leg253extends from the third foot263and is curved. The fourth flexible leg254extends from the fourth foot264and is curved. The first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254are joined together with each other at a common area380. In various embodiments, the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254are joined together with each other at the common area380by being manufactured as a single unit. The first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254are configured to store energy when a force is applied to the common area380, and are configured to return energy when the force is removed from the common area380. In various embodiments, the first foot261, the second foot262, the third foot263, the fourth foot264, the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254are formed as a single unit. In some embodiments, such a single unit is formed of carbon fiber. In some embodiments, such a single unit is formed of one or more of carbon fiber, rubber, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (known as Kevlar®), styrene, and/or a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyether block amide (PEBA) material known as Pebax®. In various embodiments, the energy storage and return structure240is formed of one or more of carbon fiber, rubber, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (known as Kevlar®), styrene, and/or a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyether block amide (PEBA) material known as Pebax®, or other material that allows for flexing and returning from a flexed state. In various embodiments, the common area380is at a central location with respect to locations of the first foot261, the second foot262, the third foot263, and the fourth foot264. In various embodiments, the common area380is raised in height as compared to a corresponding top surface of each of the first foot261, the second foot262, the third foot263, and the fourth foot264. In some embodiments, the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254each comprise one or more of carbon fiber, rubber, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (known as Kevlar®), styrene, and/or a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyether block amide (PEBA) material known as Pebax®. In various embodiments, the device231is at least partially located in an opening in a midsole of a shoe. In various embodiments, the first flexible leg251and the third flexible leg253together form a first arch255from the first foot261to the third foot263. In various embodiments, the second flexible leg252and the fourth flexible leg254together form a second arch256from the second foot262to the fourth foot264. In some embodiments, a center of the first arch255and a center of the second arch256are joined together as part of a single unit at the common area380and are angled with respect to each other. The first flexible leg251has a top surface301and a bottom surface302. The second flexible leg252has a top surface321and a bottom surface322. The third flexible leg253has a top surface341and a bottom surface342. The fourth flexible leg254has a top surface361and a bottom surface362. The first foot261has a top surface311and a bottom surface312. The second foot262has a top surface331and a bottom surface332. The third foot263has a top surface351and a bottom surface352. The fourth foot264has a top surface371and a bottom surface372. The common area380has a top surface381and a bottom surface382. With reference toFIGS.2and3A, in various embodiments, the device231is located at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100such that the bottom surface312of the first foot261, the bottom surface332of the second foot262, the bottom surface352of the third foot263, and the bottom surface372of the fourth foot264are flat on a top surface of the outsole202. In various embodiments, the device231is located entirely within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface381of the common area380of the device231, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device231in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force, such as from a foot of a human user, to the common area380at which the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254of the device231are joined together to cause the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to flex to a flexed position, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the common area380, such as by lifting the foot of the human user, to allow the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to return back from the flexed position, so as to return energy to the foot of the human user. In various embodiments, the force is applied to the common area380from the foot of the human user by the foot of the human user pressing on the insole216to cause the plate222to apply the force to the common area380. FIG.3Bshows a device232in accordance with another embodiment. With reference toFIGS.3A and3B, the device232is similar to the device231and includes the energy storage and return structure240of the device231, but the device232also includes a center spring395that is positioned on the bottom surface382of the common area380. The label numbers inFIG.3Bthat are the same as label numbers inFIG.3Adenote the same structures. In various embodiments, the spring395is a coil spring. In various other embodiments, the spring395is a wave spring or other type of spring. The spring395provides for additional energy storage and return when the device232is used in a shoe. With reference toFIGS.2and3B, the device232can be used in place of the device231in the shoe100. In some embodiments, a bottom of the spring395would be in contact with a top surface of the outsole202when the device232is positioned at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the bottom surface312of the first foot261, the bottom surface332of the second foot262, the bottom surface352of the third foot263, and the bottom surface372of the fourth foot264are flat on a top surface of the outsole202when the device232is positioned at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, the device232is located entirely within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface381of the common area380of the device232, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device232in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force, such as from a foot of a human user, to the common area380at which the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254of the device232are joined together to cause the center spring395to compress, and to cause the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to flex to a flexed position, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the common area380, such as by lifting the foot of the human user, to allow the center spring395to expand from the compressed state and to allow the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to return back from the flexed position, so as to return energy to the foot of the human user. In various embodiments, the force is applied to the common area380from the foot of the human user by the foot of the human user pressing on the insole216to cause the plate222to apply the force to the common area380. FIG.3Cshows a device233in accordance with another embodiment. With reference toFIGS.3A and3C, the device233is similar to the device231and includes the energy storage and return structure240of the device231, but the device233further includes a first spring391extending from the bottom surface312of the first foot261, a second spring392extending from the bottom surface332of the second foot262, a third spring393extending from the bottom surface352of the third foot263, and a fourth spring394extending from the bottom surface372of the fourth foot264. The label numbers inFIG.3Cthat are the same as label numbers inFIG.3Adenote the same structures. In various embodiments, the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, and the fourth spring394are coil springs. In various other embodiments, the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, and the fourth spring394are wave springs or other types of springs. The first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, and the fourth spring394provide for additional energy storage and return when the device233is used in a shoe. With reference toFIGS.2and3C, the device233can be used in place of the device231in the shoe100. In some embodiments, a corresponding bottom of each of the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, and the fourth spring394would be in contact with a top surface of the outsole202when the device233is positioned at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, the device233is located entirely within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface381of the common area380of the device233, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device233in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force, such as from a foot of a human user, to the common area380at which the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254of the device233are joined together to cause the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, and the fourth spring394to compress, and to cause the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to flex to a flexed position, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the common area380, such as by lifting the foot of the human user, to allow the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, and the fourth spring394to expand from the compressed state and to allow the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to return back from the flexed position, so as to return energy to the foot of the human user. In various embodiments, the force is applied to the common area380from the foot of the human user by the foot of the human user pressing on the insole216to cause the plate222to apply the force to the common area380. FIG.3Dshows a device234in accordance with another embodiment. With reference toFIGS.3A and3D, the device234is similar to the device231and includes the energy storage and return structure240of the device231, but the device234further includes the first spring391extending from the bottom surface312of the first foot261, the second spring392extending from the bottom surface332of the second foot262, the third spring393extending from the bottom surface352of the third foot263, the fourth spring394extending from the bottom surface372of the fourth foot264, and the center spring395that is a fifth spring extending from the bottom surface382of the common area380. The label numbers inFIG.3Dthat are the same as label numbers inFIG.3Adenote the same structures. In various embodiments, the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, the fourth spring394, and the center spring395are coil springs. In various other embodiments, the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, the fourth spring394, and the center spring395are wave springs or other types of springs. The first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, the fourth spring394, and the center spring395provide for additional energy storage and return when the device234is used in a shoe. With reference toFIGS.2and3D, the device234can be used in place of the device231in the shoe100. In some embodiments, a corresponding bottom of each of the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, the fourth spring394, and the center spring395would be in contact with a top surface of the outsole202when the device234is positioned at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, the device234is located entirely within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface381of the common area380of the device234, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device234in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force, such as from a foot of a human user, to the common area380at which the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254of the device234are joined together to cause the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, the fourth spring394, and the center spring395to compress, and to cause the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to flex to a flexed position, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the common area380, such as by lifting the foot of the human user, to allow the first spring391, the second spring392, the third spring393, the fourth spring394, and the center spring395to expand from the compressed state and to allow the first flexible leg251, the second flexible leg252, the third flexible leg253, and the fourth flexible leg254to return back from the flexed position, so as to return energy to the foot of the human user. In various embodiments, the force is applied to the common area380from the foot of the human user by the foot of the human user pressing on the insole216to cause the plate222to apply the force to the common area380. FIG.4Ashows a device431in accordance with another embodiment for use in a shoe. The device431includes an energy storage and return structure440. The energy storage and return structure440includes a first foot461, a second foot462, a third foot463, and a fourth foot464, and a first flexible leg451, a second flexible leg452, a third flexible leg453, and a fourth flexible leg454. The first flexible leg451extends from the first foot461and is curved. The second flexible leg452extends from the second foot462and is curved. The third flexible leg453extends from the third foot463and is curved. The fourth flexible leg454extends from the fourth foot464and is curved. The first flexible leg451and the third flexible leg453are joined together with each other as a single unit to form a first arch455from the first foot461to the third foot463. In various embodiments, the first flexible leg451and the third flexible leg453are joined together with each other by being manufactured as a single unit that is continuous as the first arch455from the first foot461to the third foot463. The second flexible leg452and the fourth flexible leg454are joined together with each other as a single unit to form a second arch456from the second foot462to the fourth foot464. In various embodiments, the second flexible leg452and the fourth flexible leg454are joined together with each other by being manufactured as a single unit that is continuous as the second arch456from the second foot462to the fourth foot464. The second arch456has a center portion583that is located under a center portion580of the first arch455. In various embodiments, the first foot461, the second foot462, the third foot463, the fourth foot464, the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454are formed of one or more of carbon fiber, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (known as Kevlar®), styrene, and/or a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyether block amide (PEBA) material known as Pebax®. In various embodiments, the energy storage and return structure440is formed of one or more of carbon fiber, rubber, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (known as Kevlar®), styrene, and/or a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyether block amide (PEBA) material known as Pebax®, or other material that allows for flexing and returning from a flexed state. In various embodiments, the center portion580of the first arch455is at a central location with respect to locations of the first foot461, the second foot462, the third foot463, and the fourth foot464. In various embodiments, the center portion580is raised in height as compared to a corresponding top surface of each of the first foot461, the second foot462, the third foot463, and the fourth foot464. In some embodiments, the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454each comprise one or more of carbon fiber, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (known as Kevlar®), styrene, and/or a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyether block amide (PEBA) material known as Pebax®. In various embodiments, the device431is at least partially located in an opening in a midsole of a shoe. The first flexible leg451has a top surface501and a bottom surface502. The second flexible leg452has a top surface521and a bottom surface522. The third flexible leg453has a top surface541and a bottom surface542. The fourth flexible leg454has a top surface561and a bottom surface562. The first foot461has a top surface511and a bottom surface512. The second foot462has a top surface531and a bottom surface532. The third foot463has a top surface551and a bottom surface552. The fourth foot464has a top surface571and a bottom surface572. The center portion580of the first arch455has a top surface581and a bottom surface582. The center portion583of the second arch456has a top surface584and a bottom surface585. With reference toFIGS.2and4A, the device431can be used in place of the device231in the shoe100. In various embodiments, the device431is located at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100such that the bottom surface512of the first foot461, the bottom surface532of the second foot462, the bottom surface552of the third foot463, and the bottom surface572of the fourth foot464are flat on a top surface of the outsole202. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface581, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device431in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force to the center portion580of the first arch455to cause force to be applied to the center portion583of the second arch456, so as to cause the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to flex to a flexed position, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the center portion580of the first arch455to allow the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to return back from the flexed position, so as to return energy. In various embodiments, the center portion583of the second arch456is located below the center portion580of the first arch455. FIG.4Bshows a device432in accordance with another embodiment. With reference toFIGS.4A and4B, the device432is similar to the device431and includes the energy storage and return structure440of the device431, but the device432further includes a spring595that is positioned on the bottom surface585of the center portion583of the second arch456. The label numbers inFIG.4Bthat are the same as label numbers inFIG.4Adenote the same structures. In various embodiments, the spring595is a coil spring. In various other embodiments, the spring595is a wave spring or other type of spring. The spring595provides for additional energy storage and return when the device432is used in a shoe. With reference toFIGS.2and4B, the device432can be used in place of the device231in the shoe100. In some embodiments, a bottom of the spring595would be in contact with a top surface of the outsole202when the device432is positioned at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, the bottom surface512of the first foot461, the bottom surface532of the second foot462, the bottom surface552of the third foot463, and the bottom surface572of the fourth foot464are flat on a top surface of the outsole202. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface581, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device432in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force to the center portion580to cause force to be applied to the center portion583, so as to cause the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to flex to a flexed position, and to compress the spring595, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the center portion580to allow the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to return back from the flexed position, and to allow the spring595to expand from the compressed state so as to return energy. FIGS.5A,5B, and5Cshow stages of the device432during use.FIG.5Ashows the device432with the energy storage and return structure440and the spring595prior to a force being applied.FIG.5Bshows the device432with the energy storage and return structure440and the spring595when the force is applied to place the device432under pressure.FIG.5Cshows the device432with the energy storage and return structure440and the spring595when the force has been removed to allow the device432to bounce back and return energy. FIG.4Cshows a device433in accordance with another embodiment. With reference toFIGS.4A and4C, the device433is similar to the device431and includes the energy storage and return structure440of the device431, but the device433further includes a first spring591extending from the bottom surface512of the first foot461, a second spring592extending from the bottom surface532of the second foot462, a third spring593extending from the bottom surface552of the third foot463, and a fourth spring594extending from the bottom surface572of the fourth foot464. The label numbers inFIG.4Cthat are the same as label numbers inFIG.4Adenote the same structures. In various embodiments, the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, and the fourth spring594are coil springs. In various other embodiments, they are wave springs or other types of springs. The first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, and the fourth spring594provide for additional energy storage and return when the device433is used in a shoe. With reference toFIGS.2and4C, the device433can be used in place of the device231in the shoe100. In some embodiments, a corresponding bottom of each of the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, and the fourth spring594would be in contact with a top surface of the outsole202when the device433is positioned at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface581, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device433in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force to the center portion580to cause force to be applied to the center portion583, so as to cause the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to flex to a flexed position, and to compress the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, and the fourth spring594, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the center portion580to allow the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to return back from the flexed position, and to allow the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, and the fourth spring594to expand from the compressed state so as to return energy. FIG.4Dshows a device434in accordance with another embodiment. With reference toFIGS.4A and4D, the device434is similar to the device431and includes the energy storage and return structure440of the device431, but the device434further includes the first spring591extending from the bottom surface512of the first foot461, the second spring592extending from the bottom surface532of the second foot462, the third spring593extending from the bottom surface552of the third foot463, the fourth spring594extending from the bottom surface572of the fourth foot464, and the spring595that is a fifth spring and that is positioned on the bottom surface585of the center portion583of the second arch456. The label numbers inFIG.4Dthat are the same as label numbers inFIG.4Adenote the same structures. In various embodiments, the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, the fourth spring594, and the spring595are coil springs. In various other embodiments, they are wave springs or other types of springs. The first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, the fourth spring594, and the spring595provide for additional energy storage and return when the device434is used in a shoe. With reference toFIGS.2and4D, the device434can be used in place of the device231in the shoe100. In some embodiments, a corresponding bottom of each of the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, the fourth spring594, and the spring595would be in contact with a top surface of the outsole202when the device434is positioned at least partially within the opening217in the midsole203of the shoe100. In various embodiments, a first portion of a bottom surface of the plate222is glued to the top surface581, and a second portion of the bottom surface of the plate222lays on a surface of the midsole203of the shoe100. Also, in various embodiments, the insole216lays on a top surface of the plate222. A method of using the device434in the shoe100in accordance with an embodiment includes applying force to the center portion580to cause force to be applied to the center portion583, so as to cause the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to flex to a flexed position, and to compress the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, the fourth spring594, and the spring595so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the method further includes releasing the force from the center portion580to allow the first flexible leg451, the second flexible leg452, the third flexible leg453, and the fourth flexible leg454to return back from the flexed position, and to allow the first spring591, the second spring592, the third spring593, the fourth spring594, and the spring595to expand from the compressed state so as to return energy. FIG.6shows a portion of an embodiment of a shoe611illustrating exemplary locations at which one or more devices in accordance with any of the embodiments ofFIGS.3A,3B,3C,3D,4A,4B,4C, and4Dmay be located. Referring toFIG.6, the shoe611includes a midsole613. In various embodiments, there is an opening617in a forefoot portion614of the midsole613. In various embodiments, there is an opening618in a heel portion615of the midsole613. In various embodiments, there is the opening617in the forefoot portion614of the midsole613and the opening618in the heel portion615of the midsole613. With reference toFIGS.3A,3B,3C,3D,4A,4B,4C,4D, and6, in various embodiments, any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434is positionable at least partially within the opening617in the forefoot portion614of the midsole613. In various embodiments, any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434is positionable at least partially within the opening618in the heel portion615of the midsole613. In various embodiments, one device that is structured such as any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434is positioned at least partially within the opening617in the forefoot portion614of the midsole613, and another device that is structured such as any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434is positioned at least partially within the opening618in the heel portion615of the midsole613. In some embodiments, there is no opening in a heel portion of a midsole of a shoe, and there is just a device such as any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434that is positioned at least partially within an opening in the forefoot portion of the midsole of the shoe. In some embodiments, there is no opening in a forefoot portion of a midsole of a shoe, and there is just a device such as any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434that is positioned at least partially within an opening in a heel portion of the shoe. Any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434could be located at other locations within a shoe, such as in any of a forefoot portion, ball portion, arch portion, and/or heel portion of a shoe. Also, different ones of any of the devices231,232,233,234,431,432,433, and434could be located in a same shoe in different locations. FIG.7is a flowchart of a method of using a device in a shoe in accordance with an embodiment. In step701, a force is applied to a common area at which a first flexible leg, a second flexible leg, a third flexible leg, and a fourth flexible leg of the device are joined together to cause a first spring located under a first foot connected to the first flexible leg to compress, and to cause a second spring located under a second foot connected to the second flexible leg to compress, and to cause a third spring located under a third foot connected to the third flexible leg to compress, and to cause a fourth spring located under a fourth foot connected to the fourth flexible leg to compress, and to cause a fifth spring located under the common area to compress, and to cause the first flexible leg, the second flexible leg, the third flexible leg, and the fourth flexible leg to flex to a flexed position, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the force is applied to the common area by a user of the shoe. In step702, the force is released from the common area to allow the first spring, the second spring, the third spring, the fourth spring, and the fifth spring to stretch, and to allow the first flexible leg, the second flexible leg, the third flexible leg, and the fourth flexible leg to return back from the flexed position, so as to return energy. FIG.8is a flowchart of a method of using a device in a shoe in accordance with another embodiment. The device includes a first flexible leg, a second flexible leg, a third flexible leg, and a fourth flexible leg. The first flexible leg and the third flexible leg together form a first arch. The second flexible leg and the fourth flexible leg together form a second arch. In step801, the method includes applying a force to a center portion of the first arch to cause force to be applied to a center portion of the second arch, and to cause a first spring located under a first foot connected to the first flexible leg to compress, and to cause a second spring located under a second foot connected to the second flexible leg to compress, and to cause a third spring located under a third foot connected to the third flexible leg to compress, and to cause a fourth spring located under a fourth foot connected to the fourth flexible leg to compress, and to cause a fifth spring located under the center portion of the second arch to compress, and to cause the first flexible leg, the second flexible leg, the third flexible leg, and the fourth flexible leg to flex to a flexed position, so as to store potential energy. In various embodiments, the force is applied to the center portion of the first arch by a user of the shoe. In step802, the method includes releasing the force from the center portion of the first arch to allow the first spring, the second spring, the third spring, the fourth spring, and the fifth spring to stretch, and to allow the first flexible leg, the second flexible leg, the third flexible leg, and the fourth flexible leg to return back from the flexed position, so as to return energy. In various embodiments, the center portion of the second arch is located below the center portion of the first arch. The embodiments disclosed herein are to be considered in all respects as illustrative, and not restrictive of the invention. For example, in various other embodiments, additional flexible legs forming additional arches, as well as additional springs could be added to one or more of the devices. The present invention is in no way limited to the embodiments described above. Various modifications and changes may be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

11857028

Like reference numerals have been used to identify like elements throughout this disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION As described herein with reference to the example embodiment ofFIG.1, an article of footwear100in accordance with the invention includes an upper105coupled to a sole structure110and further including a heel counter115and an adjustable lacing system112configured to engage with a fastening element or fastener120(e.g., a shoe lace or cord, which is shown in phantom) as described herein. The upper105is a textile which can be formed as a single or unitary structure (also called a unitary member) as shown in the figures and having a minimal number of seams utilized to form the shape of the upper. That is, the upper105can be formed as a one-piece structure each portion of which is integral with adjacent portions in a seamless manner. However, it is noted that the adjustable lacing system of the present invention is not limited to footwear including uppers formed as a single or unitary structure but instead can be implemented in footwear including a plurality of individually formed portions that are combined or connected in any suitable manner to form an upper for the footwear. In addition, while the upper as described herein is formed utilizing a knitting process, the adjustable lacing system of the present invention can also be implemented for footwear including an upper formed in any other suitable manner (e.g., via molded textile components). Knitting is a process for constructing fabric by interlooping one or more yarns. In general, knitting includes warp knitting and weft knitting. In warp knitting, the yarns generally run lengthwise in the fabric (e.g., tricot, milanese, and raschel knitting). In weft knitting, one continuous thread runs crosswise in the fabric making all of the loops in one course. Weft knitting includes both circular knitting and flat knitting. In circular knitting, the fabric is produced on the knitting machine in the form of a tube, with the threads running continuously around the fabric. In flat knitting, the fabric is produced on the knitting machine in flat form, the threads alternating back and forth across the fabric. By way of example, the template is knitted using a programmable CMS 530 H or CMS 730 S flat knitting machine from H. Stoll GmbH & Co. The upper105may possess a plaited knit structure, containing an interior layer or face and an exterior layer or face formed of the same or varying strands and or stitches. Both the interior and exterior layers are formed concurrently by knitting a plaited construction so that the layers are distinct, yet integrated one with the other. The strands forming the textile (e.g., knit) structure may be of any one or more types suitable for the described purpose (to form a shoe upper). The term strand includes a single fiber, filament, or monofilament, as well as an ordered assemblage of textile fibers having a high ratio of length to diameter and normally used as a unit (e.g., slivers, roving, single yarns, plies yarns, cords, braids, ropes, etc.). In a preferred embodiment a strand is a yarn (a continuous strand of textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for knitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric). A yarn may include a number of fibers twisted together (spun yarn); a number of filaments laid together without twist (a zero-twist yarn); a number of filaments laid together with a degree of twist; and a single filament with or without twist (a monofilament). The strands forming the textile upper105can be natural strands (e.g., cotton strands, wool strands, silk strands, etc.) and/or synthetic strands formed of one or more types of polymers, including fibers or filaments having one or more polymer components formed within the fibers or filaments. Examples of materials that may be utilized in the spun staple and/or continuous filament hard yarns include cotton, polyester, nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, acrylics, wool, acetate, polyacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof. Natural fibers include cellulosic fibers (e.g., cotton, bamboo) or protein fibers (e.g., wool, silk, and soybean). The strands forming the textile upper105may also be formed of and/or include at least one type of polymer component that either softens or melts (becomes molten) when heated to a predetermined temperature. Softening polymers will possess a softening point within a certain desired range. The softening point is the temperature at which a material softens beyond some arbitrary softness (as determined by, e.g., Vicat method). In an embodiment, the softening point of the polymer is from about 60° C. to 90° C. The strands forming the textile upper105may be one or more of softening strands (formed of softening polymers), melting strands (formed of melting polymers), and/or non-fusing strands (strands that neither soften nor fuse). Examples of suitable fusing polymer components that can be used to form fusing strands and fusing yarns include, without limitation, thermoplastic materials such as polyurethanes (i.e., thermoplastic polyurethane or TPU), polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate), polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene), and polyamides (e.g., aliphatic polyamides such as Nylon), and any suitable combinations or copolymers thereof. With fusing strands, the melting of the polymer results in the fusion of a portion of the fusing strand to one or more adjacent strands within the textile upper105(e.g., due to the molten polymer component of the fusing strand surrounding an adjacent strand and/or intermingling with a molten polymer component of the adjacent strand). Fusing strands secure the loops of the knit in place. Specifically, when an appropriate amount of heat (wet or dry) is applied to the textile structure, the fusing strands flow to adjacent strands. Upon cooling, the fusing strands anchor adjacent loops to each other. This not only alters the elasticity of a given area of the upper, but also reinforces the area, adding rigidity thereto. With this configuration, it is possible to control the elasticity and/or rigidity of the upper by controlling the amount of fusing strands within the textile structure. Inserting a greater amount of fusing strand (e.g., placing every three course) provides greater rigidity and less elasticity to the upper than inserting a lower amount of fusing strand (e.g., placing every 10 courses). In example embodiments, the textile structure includes fusing strands in different portions of the upper to achieve different degrees of elasticity, including providing suitable features of elasticity within the upper to facilitate effective operation of the adjustable lacing system as described herein. A non-fusing polymer refers to any polymer component that possesses a softening, glass transition, or melting point greater than that of any softening or fusing strands present in the textile structure and/or greater than the temperature ranges specified above. Accordingly, a non-fusing strand refers to a strand that does not include any fusing polymer component, while a non-fusing yarn refers to a yarn that does not include any fusing strand. By way of example, non-fusing strands includes strands with one or more non-fusing polymer components and/or strands comprising naturally occurring fibers or filaments (e.g., wool, cotton, silk, etc.). Non-fusing polymer components can include both thermosetting polymers and thermoplastic polymers with melting points (or temperature points at which at least some of the polymer components begin to soften and/or melt) greater than fusing polymer components. Examples of suitable non-fusing polymer components that can be used to form non-fusing strands and non-fusing yarns for forming the textile upper105include, without limitation, polyurethanes, polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate), polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene), polyamides, elastomers and any suitable combinations or copolymers thereof. The strands, in addition to being fusing, non-fusing, or softening, may further be elastic or non-elastic strands. An elastic strand possesses elasticity and/or recovery, i.e., the ability to recover its original size and shape immediately after removal of a stress (i.e., after stretching) causing deformation (the degree to which fibers, yarn, or cord returns to its original size and shape after deformation indicates how well a fabric recovers). An elastic strand, by virtue of its composition, possesses the ability to stretch. Some specific examples of elastic polymer components suitable for forming an elastic strand are, without limitation, elastomeric polyester-polyurethane copolymers such as elastane, which is a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% of segmented polyurethane. Non-elastic strands possess little to no elasticity. Strands formed of hard fibers and strands formed of high tensile strength filaments are examples of non-elastic strands. Hard yarns are yarns that are substantially non-elastic. That is, hard yarns include knitting yarns which possess little to no elastic stretch, such as natural and/or synthetic spun staple yarns, natural and/or synthetic continuous filament yarns, and combinations thereof. Examples of materials that may be utilized in the spun staple and/or continuous filament hard yarns include cotton, polyester, nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, acrylics, wool, acetate, polyacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof. Natural fibers include cellulosic fibers (e.g., cotton, bamboo) or protein fibers (e.g., wool, silk, and soybean). They also can be of mono component poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fiber, polycaprolactam fiber, poly(hexamethylene adipamide) fibers acrylic fibers, modacrylic, acetate fibers, rayon fibers, nylon and combinations thereof. Referring again to the drawings, and in particularFIGS.2A-2D, the article of footwear100is an athletic shoe (e.g., a running shoe) defining a forefoot region200A, a midfoot region200B, and a hindfoot region200C, as well as a medial side205A and a lateral side205B. The forefoot region200A generally aligns with the ball and toes of the foot, the midfoot region200B generally aligns with the arch and instep areas of the foot, and the hindfoot region200C generally aligns with the heel and ankle areas of the foot. Additionally, the medial side205A is oriented along the medial (big toe) side of the foot, while the lateral side205B is oriented along the lateral (little toe) side of the foot. While the example embodiment depicted in the figures shows an article of footwear (shoe) configured for a right foot, it is noted that the same or similar features can also be provided for an article of footwear (shoe) configured for a left foot (where such features of the left footed shoe are reflection or “mirror image” symmetrical in relation to the right footed shoe). The upper105includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion covers the hindfoot, the sides and dorsum of the midfoot, and the planum (bottom facing side) of the entire foot. Accordingly, the first portion includes a heel section210that includes heel cup400(FIG.4), a lateral quarter section215(oriented on the lateral shoe side205B), a medial quarter section220(oriented on the medial shoe side205A), and a planum section300(FIG.3) that engages the planum of the foot. The second portion covers the dorsum and sides of the forefoot. The second portion includes a vamp section225, a toe cage section230, and an instep cover section240. With this configuration, the heel section210, lateral quarter215, medial quarter220, vamp225, toe cage230and planum section300cooperate to form the cavity332(FIGS.3and4) into which a foot is inserted by way of an access opening235, which is defined by the heel section, the lateral and medial quarters, and the instep cover. The vamp section225can be provided with a configuration that includes a region287having a structure that serves as a heat sink for the shoe by affecting moisture, airflow and/or heat transfer for the upper105at the region287. These features are generally achieved by utilizing one or a combination of yarn types knitted at such region287that provide poor thermal resistance and effective heat transfer (e.g., providing yarns in region287that comprise an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene or UHMWPE polymer component) and/or modifying the knit structure at the surface to enhance heat transfer (e.g., providing undulations at the surface of region287as depicted in the drawings, where the undulations comprise knitted beams extending over indentations or channels to create an uneven, wavy and/or undulating exterior surface). Referring toFIG.4, the heel section210includes a heel cup400. The heel cup400possesses a generally arcuate profile. Specifically, the heel cup400is generally dome shaped, curving from a point proximate opening235toward the planum section300, as well as curving from the lateral quarter215to the medial quarter220(and vice versa). Similarly, the lateral quarter section215and the medial quarter section220seamlessly couple with the planum section300. The heel section210can be a seamless, stitchless structure that results from knitting a unitary structure that forms the upper. Alternatively, the heel section210can include any one or more seams that result from securing two or more portions of the upper together in any suitable manner to form the heel section. The lateral quarter215extends upward from the planum section300such that the lateral quarter spans the lateral side of the foot, at least in the hindfoot and midfoot areas. As described herein, the lateral quarter215includes portions of the lacing system configured to receive and retain the fastener120with the upper105. The medial quarter220extends upward from the planum section300such that the medial quarter spans the medial side of the foot, at least in the hindfoot and midfoot areas. In the illustrated embodiment, the medial quarter220extends from the heel section210to the vamp section225. An instep cover240may be formed integrally with the medial quarter220such that the instep cover spans the dorsum of the midfoot (i.e., the instep). Referring toFIG.3, instep cover240defines a forward edge305, a rearward edge310oriented generally parallel to the forward edge. The instep cover240further defines distal edge315oriented generally orthogonal to the forward and rearward edges. The instep cover240generally spans the instep of the foot, extending from the medial shoe side205A to the lateral shoe side205B, and extending from the vamp225at its forward edge305to the access opening235at its rearward edge310. As noted above, the access opening235is partially defined by the rearward edge310. The width of the instep cover240(i.e., the dimension of the instep cover that is transverse its longitudinal or lengthwise dimension can be generally uniform. Alternatively, the width of the instep cover240can change in dimension, e.g., where one or both of the forward edge305and rearward edge310tapers in a direction extending from the distal edge315to the medial quarter220such that the width of the instep cover240varies (e.g., the width of the instep cover240is greatest at the distal edge315). The length of the instep cover240(i.e., the length in the transverse (width) dimension of the shoe100), is selected such that a distal portion of the instep cover240overlaps the lateral quarter215. For example, when the shoe100is placed on the foot of the wearer, distal edge315of the instep cover240is oriented within the cavity332, being positioned below the lateral quarter215(e.g., proximate the planum section300). The forward edge305of the instep cover240may be secured to the vamp225along seam250(FIG.2A), e.g., via stitching, adhesive, etc. In an embodiment, only a portion of the forward edge305is secured to the vamp225via a vamp seam250. The distal portion of the instep cover forward edge305(i.e., the area of the forward edge proximate the distal edge315), as well as the instep cover distal edge315, may be unsecured to permit repositioning relative to the lateral quarter215. By way of example, about 50% to about 75% of the instep cover forward edge305may be secured to the vamp225along vamp seam250. In other embodiments, the entire forward edge305is secured. While the instep cover240has been described herein and depicted in the drawings as being an integral portion or extension of the medial quarter220that overlaps the lateral quarter215, it is noted that alternative embodiments may also be provided in which the instep cover is instead integral with and is an extension of the lateral quarter such that it overlaps the medial quarter of the upper (i.e., a reverse of the configuration described herein). It is to be understood that, in such embodiments, the lacing system112as described herein can also have a correspondingly reversed configuration. The sole structure110comprises a durable, wear-resistant component configured to provide cushioning as the shoe100impacts the ground. In certain embodiments, the sole structure110may include a midsole and an outsole. In additional embodiments, the sole structure110can further include an insole that is disposed between the midsole and the upper105when the shoe100is assembled. In other embodiments, the sole structure110may be a unitary and/or one-piece structure. As can be seen, e.g., in the exploded view ofFIG.1, the sole structure110includes an upper facing side125and an opposing, ground-facing side130. The upper facing side125may include a generally planar surface and a curved rim or wall that defines the sole perimeter for contacting the bottom surface135of the upper105. The ground-facing side130of the sole structure110can also define a generally planar surface and can further be textured and/or include ground-engaging or traction elements (e.g., as part of the outsole of the sole structure) to enhance traction of the shoe100on different types of terrains and depending upon a particular purpose in which the shoe is to be implemented. The ground-facing side130of the sole structure110can also include one or more recesses formed therein, such as indentations or grooves extending in a lengthwise direction of the sole structure110and/or transverse the lengthwise direction of the sole structure, where the recesses can provide a number of enhanced properties for the sole structure (e.g., flexure/pivotal bending along grooves to enhance flexibility of the sole structure during use). The sole structure110may be formed of a single material or may be formed of a plurality of materials. In example embodiments in which the sole structure includes a midsole and an outsole, the midsole may be formed of one or more materials including, without limitation, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), an EVA blended with one or more of an EVA modifier, a polyolefin block copolymer, and a triblock copolymer, and a polyether block amide (e.g., a PEBAX® material). The outsole may be formed of one or more materials including, without limitation, elastomers (e.g., thermoplastic polyurethane), siloxanes, natural rubber, and synthetic rubber. The article of footwear100can also include a heel counter115having a generally curved configuration that corresponds with the heel section210of the upper115so as to surround a portion of the heel section. In an embodiment, the heel counter115includes a central member mounted with the sole structure110at a region corresponding with the hindfoot region200C of the shoe100and extending distally (upward) from the upper-facing side125of the sole structure110. A pair of arms and extends from the distal portion of the central member. In particular, a first arm extends from the lateral portion of the central member and along the medial shoe side205A, while a second arm extends from the distal portion of the central member and along a lateral shoe side205B. Each arm may possess a curved, generally L shaped configuration so as to extend initially from the central member generally horizontally and along a lengthwise dimension and toward the forefoot region200A of the shoe100and then curve vertically downward toward the upper-facing side125of the sole structure110. The heel counter115provides external strengthening at this area of the shoe100. In particular, the heel counter110is configured to control and stabilize the user's heal inside the shoe to minimize excessive supination or pronation of the foot. The heel counter115can further be flexible, semi-rigid or rigid, and is further configured to provide rear foot stability, preventing injury and prolonging the lifespan of the shoe. The heel counter115can be formed of any one or more suitable materials including, without limitation, one or more thermoplastic elastomers such as EVA or TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane). The upper105can be coupled to heel counter115in any suitable manner including, without limitation, via an adhesive, via welding (e.g., ultrasonic welding), etc. The lacing system112for the footwear is integrated into the upper105and includes fastener engaging members or elements that are disposed on both the medial and lateral sides of the upper. In particular, the lacing system112includes fastener engaging elements disposed at the lateral quarter215for engaging the fastener120. Referring toFIG.2C, the lateral quarter215includes fastener engaging elements in the form of one or more looped sections or tabs operable to receive the fastener. Specifically, the lateral quarter215includes a plurality of looped sections245A,245B,245C,245D disposed at the lateral quarter distal edge (upper edge). Each of the looped sections245A-245D includes a strip of material or linear segment extending from the distal edge of the lateral quarter215. The strip of material is folded over and secured back upon itself (e.g., via stitching, adhesive, etc.) to form a loop defining an opening operable to permit passage of a fastener (e.g., shoe lace or cord) through the loop. As illustrated, the looped sections245A-245D are linearly spaced, being generally aligned in an array extending in the longitudinal or lengthwise direction of the shoe100. In this manner, each looped section245A-245D is configured to receive the fastener120(the shoe lace), movably capturing the fastener therein. As described herein, the looped sections245A-245D, moreover, cooperate with one or more fastener engaging elements disposed on the instep cover to engage the fastener120and secure the shoe100to the foot of the wearer. Further, as depicted in the drawings, the loops245formed on the lateral quarter215extend in a direction generally continuous and coplanar with the lateral side205B, where the loops245extend upward and away from the sole structure110. In particular, the exterior surface of the loops245is generally continuous or coplanar with the exterior surface of the lateral side205B (since the loops are integral with the lateral side). It is further noted that any other suitable type of fastener engaging members can be provided as an alternative for the looped sections245described herein. For example, the lateral quarter215can alternatively be provided with any suitable plurality of openings (e.g., sockets or eyelets, cut-out sections, etc.) that are configured as part of the lacing system to receive the fastener120in a suitable manner that facilitates lacing of the fastener for the upper105. Alternatively, the looped sections can be separate elements that are secured to the upper in any suitable manner (e.g., via an adhesive, via stitching, etc.). The lacing system112also includes fastener engaging members or elements that are disposed on the medial side and/or top side of the instep cover. For example, the instep cover240may include one or more fastener engaging elements in the form of narrow, elongated openings or slots260operable to permit passage of the fastener through the openings. As depicted, e.g., inFIGS.5A and5B, the instep cover240includes a first set265A of slots, a second set265B of slots, and a third set265C of slots. The slots260forming a set265(e.g., sets265A,265B and265C) are generally aligned in a linear row extending along a lengthwise direction of the upper105. The slot sets265A-265C are also laterally spaced across the instep cover240, with each set running generally parallel to an adjacent set. Each slot set265includes a plurality of slots260extending in a generally linear array along the lengthwise dimension (i.e., a dimension that extends between the toe cage230and heel section210) of the upper105. The slots260within a set265may be arranged in a series of slot pairs270including a first slot275A adjacent a second slot275B. These two adjacent slots275A,275B are closer in proximity to each other compared to the next closest slot260neighboring the pair270along the linear array. The region between each slot260within a slot pair270(i.e., the section of the upper105between the slots260of a pair270) defines a material loop280along the instep cover240when the fastener120is guided or “threaded” between the pair of slots260. With this configuration, each slot pair270defines an engagement location or connection point for the fastener120. Specifically, the fastener120may be inserted through a first slot275A of a slot pair270such that it enters the cavity332, travels along the interior surface of the instep cover240, and then exits the cavity via the second slot275B. When the fastener is engaged within the loop280, the loop280extends transversely from the surface portions of the instep cover240/medial quarter220surrounding the loop. The loop280further applies a downward (toward the cavity332) force onto the fastener120, frictionally securing the fastener in place. As illustrated (e.g., inFIGS.5A and5B), each successive slot set265A,265B,265C is oriented further toward the medial shoe side205A (toward the medial quarter220) in relation to the previous slot set. Each slot pair270is further aligned with a corresponding looped section245A-245D so as to facilitate lacing of a fastener120(shoe lace) in a serpentine, alternating or zig-zag pattern between looped sections245A-245D and loops280as the fastener120extends in a back-and-forth manner between the medial and lateral sides of the upper in order to tighten or loosen the lateral, medial, and/or midfoot regions of the shoe100to conform in a desired manner against a user's foot. As described above, the lacing system112of the shoe100includes a first lacing structure with fastener engaging elements on the lateral quarter215of the upper105and a second lacing structure with fastener engaging elements on the instep cover240/medial quarter220of the upper105. Specifically, the looped sections245A-245D maintain the fastener120on the shoe exterior (outside the cavity332), while the slot sets265A-265C permit the fastener into shoe interior (into cavity). Further, the looped sections245extend in a continuous and/or coplanar manner from the exterior surface of the upper (i.e., at the lateral quarter215) while the loops280defined between pairs of slots260of the slot sets265extend transversely from the exterior surface of the upper (i.e., at the instep cover240/medial quarter220) or curve outward from the cavity of the upper. Thus, the lacing system for the shoe100includes different lacing structure with different fastener engaging elements at each of its lateral side205B and medial side205A that facilitate lacing of the fastener (shoe lace) for the shoe. In addition, providing a plurality of slot sets265A-265C, where the slot sets are spaced from each other in directions transverse the lengthwise dimension of the upper (i.e., increasing in direction toward the medial quarter220and/or lateral quarter215of the upper105), facilitates different locations for lacing the fastener120along the instep cover240and through the loops280formed by slot pairs270and proximate the medial quarter220(i.e., opposite the lateral quarter215including looped sections245A-245D). To describe this feature in another manner, each successive slot set265A,265B,265C (which extends further in direction toward the medial side) extends further in distance from the corresponding looped sections245A-245D, where the selection of a slot set265through which to lace the fastener provides adjustability for the lacing system112to provide a looser or a tighter fit of the instep cover240and/or other portions of the upper105around the girth or width of the wearer's foot. Referring toFIGS.5A and5B, the fastener120may extend through looped sections245A-245D and the first slot set265A (FIG.5A). Alternatively, the fastener120extends from looped sections245A-245D to the third slot set265C (FIG.5B). Selection of a set265(e.g., set265A,265B or265C) closer to/further away from the looped sections245A-245D alters the overall fit of the shoe100on the foot of the wearer. In addition, it provides an adjustable fit depending on the girth of the foot as well as user preference. For example, with a large girth or wide foot, the more medially positioned sets265B,265C may be utilized to accommodate fit. Alternatively, for a small girth or narrower foot, set265A might be utilized. The set265selected will alter the extent to which the instep cover240and the lateral quarter215overlap, providing a more- or less-compressive fit. In this manner, these further sets of slots260facilitate lacing of a fastener120through loops280and at different locations along the instep cover240. Further, due to the ability of the instep cover240to be further moved within the cavity332and provide an adjustable overlap between instep cover240and lateral quarter215, the adjustability of the lacing system112(by selecting different slot sets to lace the fastener) can be implemented to adjust the fit of the upper against the wearer's foot while maintaining a generally symmetrical positioning of the fastener120on the lateral and medial sides of the shoe. In addition to providing fastener engaging elements for the lacing system, the slots may also provide additional functionality for the shoe. For example, the slots may enable flexing within the upper105(e.g., without excessive bunching), the slots may provide additional ventilation and air exchange (to help keep the foot cool) and/or the slots may be provided for aesthetic purposes. The instep cover240can also include additional openings or windows285operable to improve airflow into/out of the upper. These openings285may possess any dimensions suitable for their described purpose. In general, the openings possess larger dimensions in relation to the slots260. The openings285, moreover, may be disposed at any location suitable for their described purpose. In the illustrated embodiment, the openings285are disposed at locations that are closer to the lateral side205B of the shoe100in relation to the slots260. The slots260and openings285may cooperate to enhance ventilation through the upper105during use of the shoe100. As with the upper, the openings285may serve a variety of other functions. For example, the slots may enable flexing within the upper105(e.g., without excessive bunching) or may be provided for aesthetic purposes. In addition, while not shown in the embodiments in the figures, the lateral quarter215of the upper105(i.e., at the lateral side205B of the shoe100) can also include slots260, openings285, and/or any other form of apertures to enhance ventilation through the upper during use of the shoe100. As previously noted, the upper105can be formed as a single, unitary member and utilizing a knitting process (e.g., a weft knitting process), where one or more strands run crosswise to form loops in one or more courses of the textile material. A flat knitting process (e.g., a Jacquard flat knitting process) can be utilized to form the textile material represented as the unitary member, where the flat knitting process produces a knitted material that has three-dimensional (e.g., curved) portions (e.g., the toe cage and heel section portions of the upper) and flat portions (all other portions of the upper). The upper105can initially be formed as a template or blank including generally flat or planar sections (e.g., including some or all of the portions forming the planum section300, the medial quarter220with instep cover240, and the lateral quarter215with linear segments or strips which form the looped sections245A-245D) as well as non-planar or curved sections (e.g., three-dimensional section), including some or all of the portions forming the heel cup400and/or toe cage230). The upper105is assembled from the template by folding certain portions over toward other portions and then securing such portions together (e.g., via stitching, adhesive, or any other suitable securing manner). The looped sections245A-245D can be formed by folding over linear segments of the template and securing (e.g., via stitching, adhesive or any other suitable securing manner) the free edges to the upper. The resulting structure may then be heated (via steam) to shrink and/or set and/or fuse strands within the textile structure. Once set, the upper105may be secured to the sole structure110via, e.g., adhesive. The types of strands provided at various locations of the knitted upper can be varied to impart different properties at such locations such as varying elasticity/stretching properties, different thermal/heat transfer properties, different tear resistance/material strength properties, etc. As previously noted, that vamp section can be provided with a region287that is formed with yarns comprising one or more polymers having poor thermal resistance properties (so as to facilitate transfer of heat from the shoe at region287). The instep cover240and/or other portions of the medial quarter240or upper can also be formed with strands and/or yarns comprising polymers have a sufficient elasticity (e.g., strands and/or yarns formed from elastane) to facilitate stretching of the instep cover240and medial quarter220in a direction toward the lateral quarter215when the fastener structure (e.g., shoe lace) is threaded through different sets of slots260(e.g., through set265A,265B or265C, such as depicted inFIGS.5A and5B). For example, the instep cover240, medial quarter240and/or other portions of the medial side205A can be formed from a material (e.g., strands and/or yarns) having a degree of elasticity that is greater (i.e., more elastic or more stretchable) than at least one other portion of the upper105. In another example, the instep cover240, medial quarter240and/or other portions of the medial side205A can be formed from a material (e.g., strands and/or yarns) having a degree of elasticity that is greater (i.e., more elastic or more stretchable) than any other portion of the upper105. Assembly of the shoe100can be performed by initially forming the unitary member, e.g., via a flat knitting process as previously described herein. The slots260and openings285can be formed as voids in the knitting process and/or by removing material after the knitting process (i.e., forming cut-outs in the unitary member after it is formed). The upper105is then formed by folding over the portion of the unitary member defining the second portion (the vamp225and toe cage230) is folded over the first portion (i.e., over the planum section300) and secured (e.g., via stitching, an adhesive or any other suitable securing manner) to one or more free edge portions defined at the toe cage230with a free edge portion defining a front of the planum section300and a forward edge305of the instep cover240that is adjacent the rear edge of vamp225. The loop sections245A-245D are formed by folding over linear segments that extend from the portion of the unitary member defining the lateral quarter215and securing (e.g., via stitching, adhesive or any other suitable securing manner) each linear segment at its free edge (defining a seam at such connection). The resultant textile upper105may then be heat treated to impart fusing to any fusing strands and/or yarns with adjacent yarns in the upper. A suitable heat treatment process such as treatment (e.g., with heated air, steam, etc.) can be implemented to achieve a suitable temperature (e.g., at least about 90° C., generally between about 85° C.-120° C.) at which the fusing strands sufficiently melt to obtain a fused surface area for the upper105. For example, the textile upper105can be subjected to steam at a temperature from about 90° C. to about 120° C. (e.g., about 100° C.) to achieve sufficient melting of the fusing polymer components and sufficient fusion between strands and/or yarns within the upper105. The upper105including fused area(s) can be coupled with the heel counter115and sole structure110in any suitable manner as previously described herein. Alternatively, the upper105can be coupled with the heel counter115and sole structure110and then subsequently subjected to heat treatment to form the fused area(s) for the upper. The upper105formed in this manner from a unitary member700defines a shell that encloses a foot inserted within the upper (e.g., in a manner similar to a sock). As described herein, the upper105includes an instep cover240that is integral (i.e., seamless) with the medial quarter220, where the instep cover extends to a free end315such that the instep cover is generally configured as a flap which partially folds within the cavity332of the upper105and with the free end315being proximate or adjacent an interior surface portion of the lateral quarter215when the shoe100is worn by a user. The upper105can also be configured such that there is a variable amount or degree at which the free end315may extend within the cavity332of the upper105, which correspondingly enhances the fit of the upper105against the user's foot when utilizing the lacing system112in the manner described herein. The fastener120(e.g., a lace) can be utilized to maintain the instep cover240at a particular degree or amount of fold within the upper cavity or overlap relative to the lateral quarter215(i.e., maintaining the distance that the free end315of the instep cover240is inserted within the cavity332) so as to adjust the shoe fit to be tighter or more loose for a user as desired. As previously noted, a shoe lace can be laced through loops280provided between different sets of slots265A-265C located medially (i.e., located closer toward the medial shoe side205A) or laterally (i.e., located closer to the lateral shoe side205B) in relation to other sets of slots265A-265C so as to adjust the amount or degree of distance at which the free end315of the instep cover240folds within the cavity332of the upper105. Thus, the lacing system of the present invention permits insertion of the instep cover into the cavity332and below the lateral quarter215. As previously described, the lacing system includes a first connection configuration that movably captures the fastener, positioning it along the exterior of the upper105and the exterior of the upper cavity332, and a second connection configuration that movably captures the fastener, positioning at least a portion of the fastener within the upper interior (i.e., within the cavity332). In other words, a portion of the fastener structure engaged by each of the fastener engaging elements of the first connection configuration is disposed between an interior surface portion of the upper and the cavity defined by the upper, and a portion of the fastener structure engaged by each of the fastener engaging elements of the second connection configuration is disposed external to the cavity defined by the upper. The first system includes a plurality of loops, each loop generally aligning with a corresponding slot pair. The second configuration may further include a plurality of slot pair sets aligned in the transverse dimension of the shoe100, where each slot pair is effective to capture the fastener. Accordingly, the fastener is selectively secured a predetermined distance from a loop. Thus, the adjustable lacing system provides an adaptable fit, permitting users with differing feet girths to thread the fastener through the proper row of slots to alter the cavity diameter within the instep area of the foot. While the embodiments described herein depict an adjustable lacing system in which a first type of fastener engaging elements in the form of loops are provided on the lateral side of the shoe and a second type of fastener element different from the first type and in the form of pairs of slots are provided on the medial side of the shoe, it is noted that the adjustable lacing system of the present invention is not limited to such embodiments but instead can be revised in any suitable manner to achieve the same or similar effect. For example, the first and second types of fastener engaging elements can be reversed in their positions, with the first type (loops) being located on the medial side of the shoe and the second type (pairs of slots) being located on the lateral side of the shoe. In another embodiment, the first and second types of fastener engaging elements can be the same or similar while still allowing adjustability. For example, each of the first and second types of fastener engaging elements can comprise pairs of slots, where the fastener (e.g., shoe lace) can be selectively inserted or “threaded” through different sets of slot pairs on either or both the medial and lateral sides of the shoe. The adjustable lacing system can further be configured to accommodate a plurality of fasteners of the same or varying types (e.g., two or more shoe laces, two or more button type fasteners, any combinations thereof, etc.) that selectively engage with fastener engaging elements in any suitable manner. The lacing system of the present invention is particularly suitable for an embodiment including an instep cover that is integral with one side (e.g., lateral or medial side) of the upper such as the embodiment depicted in the drawings, such that adjusting the fastener/lacing structure to engage with different sets of fastener engagement elements that are aligned longitudinally and transverse the longitudinal direction of the shoe results in an effective loosening or tightening of the lateral and medial sides of the upper against the wearer's foot. However, the lacing system can also be implemented in shoes having a different configuration for the upper, such as an upper in which an instep cover (also referred to as a tongue) is not integral with but instead separated from both the lateral and medial sides of the upper. In this configuration, fastener engaging elements can be provided on the lateral and medial sides of the shoe to facilitate adjustable tightening or loosening of the upper against a wearer's foot in a manner similar to that described herein and depicted in the drawings. While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. For example, while knitting has been described herein as an example process for forming the upper, it should be understood that other processes may be used to form structural portions of the upper. By way of specific example, woven and nonwoven processes may be utilized. Within the knit structure, various stitches may be used to provide different areas of the upper with different properties. For example, a first area may be formed of a first stitch configuration, and a second area may be formed of a second stitch configuration that is different from the first stitch configuration to impart varying textures, structures, patterning, and/or other characteristics to the upper member. In addition, Bemis Associates, Inc. of Shirley, Mass., United States manufactures polymer heat seal seam tapes that may be utilized to reinforce seams, replace stitching, and/or prevent fraying. The seam tapes are thermoplastic polymers that may be applied by commercially-available taping machines and join textile sections formed of a variety of materials, such as polyester, cotton, and blended fabrics that include both polyester and cotton fibers. The lacing system112can be configured to engage with a securing structure other than a shoe lace for purposes of loosening or tightening the fit of the upper105on the user's foot. For example, in other embodiments, securing structure (e.g., hook and loop fasteners, button/snap fasteners, etc.) can be provided proximate the free end315of the instep cover240and also correspondingly along an interior upper surface portion at the lateral quarter215to secure the instep cover free end with the lateral quarter. The lacing system112for the upper105can include different fastener engaging elements on the lateral and medial sides of the upper (e.g., loops245on the lateral side and sets of slots260defining loops on the medial side as shown in the drawings). Alternatively, fastener engaging elements of the same or similar types can be provided on both lateral and medial sides. Further, the loops245as depicted in the drawings can alternatively be provided on the medial side of the upper105, while sets of slots260are provided on the lateral side of the upper105. The instep cover240can be integral with and an extension of either the medial quarter220(as described herein and depicted in the drawings) or, alternatively, integral with and an extension of the lateral quarter215(i.e., a reverse of the configuration described herein). The loops245of the lacing system112can be formed in any suitable shapes, dimensions and/or locations along the upper to facilitate engagement with fastener structure. As previously described herein, the loops245can be integrally formed as part of the upper (e.g., as part of a unitary knit structure that forms the upper), where elongated segments of the material forming the upper are folded upon each other to define the loops. Alternatively, the loops can also be separate from the material forming the upper, where the loops are secured in any suitable manner to a surface of the upper (e.g., via adhesive, stitching, etc.). The slots260in the various sets265used to form loops280that engage with the fastener (shoe lace or other fastening structure) can have any suitable sizes and/or shapes and can further be arranged in any suitable orientations and locations along the lateral and/or medial sides of the upper so as to facilitate adjustable engagement of one or more fasteners to control the loosening or tightening of the shoe against the wearer's foot. The openings285may also have any suitable sizes, shapes and/or orientations suitable for their intended purpose of providing adequate airflow through the upper105. In some embodiments, some or all of the openings can be suitably dimensioned, shaped and oriented in pairs to serve as slots260capable of defining loops280for adjustable engagement with fastening structure as part of the lacing system for the shoe. The access opening or collar230may be finished with any suitable material, e.g., fabric tape applied via adhesive. In an example embodiment, a strip of material is applied around an inside edge of collar235to allow the edge of collar to be finished without a binding to reduce fraying and/or to help collar adhere to the skin of the user. The material may be an elastomeric and/or tacky polymer such as, but not limited to, polyurethane, silicone, nylon, and polyester. In another exemplary embodiment as described herein, the collar235may be formed of a textile material that is constructed of a composition of yarns or strands that differ from other textile material portions of the upper105. The remaining portion of the opening to the interior cavity of the upper105is defined by an edge305of the instep cover240that extends from the medial quarter220toward the lateral quarter215when the instep cover240is folded over to fit within the interior cavity332of the upper105along lateral shoe side205B as described herein. As previously described herein, the lacing system can be implemented for a shoe upper that includes a conventional tongue instead of an instep cover240(i.e., where the tongue includes a longitudinally extending member free on its lateral and medial sides). Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. It is to be understood that terms such as “top”, “bottom”, “front”, “rear”, “side”, “height”, “length”, “width”, “upper”, “lower”, “interior”, “exterior”, and the like as may be used herein, merely describe points of reference and do not limit the present invention to any particular orientation or configuration.

11857029

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The concept of self-tightening shoelaces was first widely popularized by the fictitious power-laced Nike® sneakers worn by Marty McFly in the movie Back to the Future II, which was released back in 1989. While Nike® has since released at least one version of power-laced sneakers similar in appearance to the movie prop version from Back to the Future II, the internal mechanical systems and surround footwear platform employed do not necessarily lend themselves to mass production or daily use. Additionally, previous designs for motorized lacing systems comparatively suffered from problems such as high cost of manufacture, complexity, assembly challenges, lack of serviceability, and weak or fragile mechanical mechanisms, to highlight just a few of the many issues. The present inventors have developed a modular footwear platform to accommodate motorized and non-motorized lacing engines that solves some or all of the problems discussed above, among others. The components discussed below provide various benefits including, but not limited to, serviceable components, interchangeable automated lacing engines, robust mechanical design, robust control algorithms, reliable operation, streamlined assembly processes, and retail-level customization. Various other benefits of the components described below will be evident to persons of skill in the relevant arts. In an example, a modular automated lacing footwear platform includes a mid-sole plate secured to a mid-sole in a footwear article for receiving a lacing engine. The design of the mid-sole plate allows a lacing engine to be added to the footwear platform as late as at a point of purchase. The mid-sole plate, and other aspects of the modular automated footwear platform, allow for different types of lacing engines to be used interchangeably. For example, the motorized lacing engine discussed below could be changed out for a human-powered lacing engine. Alternatively, a fully-automatic motorized lacing engine with foot presence sensing or other features can be accommodated within the standard mid-sole plate. The automated footwear platform discussed herein can include an outsole actuator interface to provide tightening control to the end user as well as visual feedback, for example, using LED lighting projected through translucent protective outsole materials. The actuator can provide tactile and visual feedback to the user to indicate status of the lacing engine or other automated footwear platform components. In an example, the footwear platform includes a foot presence sensor configured to detect when a foot is present in the shoe. When a foot is detected, then one or more footwear functions or processes can be initiated, such as automatically and without a further user input or command. For example, upon detection that a foot is properly seated in the footwear against an insole, a control circuit can automatically initiate lace tightening, data collection, footwear diagnostics, or other processes. Prematurely activating or initiating an automated lacing or footwear tightening mechanism can detract from a user's experience with the footwear. For example, if a lacing engine is activated before a foot is completely seated against an insole, then the user may have a difficult time getting a remainder of his or her foot into the footwear, or the user may have to manually adjust a lacing tension. The present inventors have thus recognized that a problem to be solved includes determining whether a foot is seated properly or fully in a footwear article, such as with toe, mid-sole, and heel portions properly aligned with corresponding portions of an insole. The inventors have further recognized that the problem includes accurately determining a foot location or foot orientation using as few sensors as possible, such as to reduce sensor costs and assembly costs, and to reduce device complexity. A solution to these problems includes providing a sensor in an arch and/or heel region of the footwear. In an example, the sensor is a capacitive sensor that is configured to sense changes in a nearby electric field. Changes in the electric field, or capacitance changes, can be realized as a foot enters or exits the footwear, including while some portions of the foot are at a greater distance from the sensor than other portions of the foot. In an example, the capacitive sensor is integrated with or housed within a lacing engine enclosure. In an example, at least a portion of the capacitive sensor is provided outside of the lacing engine enclosure and includes one or more conductive interconnects to power or processing circuitry inside the enclosure. A capacitive sensor suitable for use in foot presence detection can have various configurations. The capacitive sensor can include a plate capacitor wherein one plate is configured to move relative to another, such as in response to pressure or to a change of pressure exerted on one or more of the plates. In an example, the capacitive sensor includes multiple traces, such as arranged substantially in a plane that is parallel to or coincident with an upper surface of an insole. Such traces can be laterally separated by an air gap (or other material, such as Styrofoam) and can be driven selectively or periodically by an AC drive signal provided by an excitation circuit. In an example, the electrodes can have an interleaved, comb configuration. Such a capacitive sensor can provide a changing capacitance signal that is based on movement of the electrodes themselves relative to one another and based on interference of the electric field near the electrodes due to presence or absence or movement of a foot or other object. In an example, a capacitance-based sensor can be more reliable than a mechanical sensor, for example, because the capacitance-based sensor need not include moving parts. Electrodes of a capacitance-based sensor can be coated or covered by a durable, electric field-permeable material, and thus the electrodes can be protected from direct exposure to environmental changes, wetness, spillages, dirt, or other contaminating agents, and humans or other materials are not in direct contact with the sensor's electrodes. In an example, the capacitive sensor provides an analog output signal indicative of a magnitude of a capacitance, or indicative of a change of capacitance, that is detected by the sensor. The output signal can have a first value (e.g., corresponding to a low capacitance) when a foot is present near the sensor, and the output signal have a different second value (e.g., corresponding to a high capacitance) when a foot is absent. In an example, the output signal when the foot is present can provide further information. For example, there can be a detectable variation in the capacitance signal that correlates to step events. In addition, there can be a detectable long-term drift in the capacitance signal that can indicate wear-and-tear and/or remaining life in shoe components like insoles, orthotics, or other components. In an example, the capacitive sensor includes or is coupled to a capacitance-to-digital converter circuit configured to provide a digital signal indicative of a magnitude of a capacitance sensed by the sensor. In an example, the capacitive sensor includes a processor circuit configured to provide an interrupt signal or logic signal that indicates whether a sensed capacitance value meets a specified threshold capacitance condition. In an example, the capacitive sensor measures a capacitance characteristic relative to a baseline or reference capacitance value, and the baseline or reference can be updated or adjusted such as to accommodate environment changes or other changes that can influence sensed capacitance values. In an example, a capacitive sensor is provided under-foot near an arch or heel region of an insole of a shoe. The capacitive sensor can be substantially planar or flat. The capacitive sensor can be rigid or flexible and configured to conform to contours of a foot. In some cases, an air gap, such as can have a relatively low dielectric constant or low relative permittivity, can exist between a portion of the capacitive sensor and the foot when the shoe is worn. A gap filler, such as can have a relatively high dielectric constant or greater relative permittivity than air, can be provided above the capacitive sensor in order to bridge any airspace between the capacitive sensor and a foot surface. The gap filler can be compressible or incompressible. In an example, the gap filler is selected to provide a suitable compromise between dielectric value and suitability for use in footwear in order to provide a sensor with adequate sensitivity and user comfort under foot. The following discusses various components of an automated footwear platform including a motorized lacing engine, a foot presence sensor, a mid-sole plate, and various other components of the platform. While much of this disclosure focuses on foot presence sensing as a trigger for a motorized lacing engine, many aspects of the discussed designs are applicable to a human-powered lacing engine, or other circuits or features that can interface with a foot presence sensor, such as to automate other footwear functions like data collection or physiologic monitoring. The term “automated,” such as used in “automated footwear platform,” is not intended to cover only a system that operates without a specified user input. Rather, the term “automated footwear platform” can include various electrically powered and human-powered, automatically activated and human activated, mechanisms for tightening a lacing or retention system of the footwear, or for controlling other aspects of active footwear. FIG.1illustrates generally an exploded view of components of an active footwear article, according to an example embodiment. The example ofFIG.1includes a motorized lacing system100with a lacing engine110, a lid120, an actuator130, a mid-sole plate140, a mid-sole155, and an outsole165. The lacing engine110can include a user-replaceable component in the system100, and can include or can be coupled to one or more foot presence sensors. In an example, the lacing engine110includes, or is coupled to, a capacitive foot presence sensor. The capacitive foot presence sensor, not shown in the example ofFIG.1, can include multiple electrodes arranged on a foot-facing side of the lacing engine110. In an example, the electrodes of the capacitive foot presence sensor can be housed within the lacing engine110, can be integrated with the housing of the lacing engine110, or can be disposed elsewhere near the lacing engine110and coupled to power or processing circuitry inside of the lacing engine110using one or more electrical conductors. Assembling the motorized lacing system100in the example ofFIG.1starts with securing the mid-sole plate140within the mid-sole155. Next, the actuator130can be inserted into an opening in a lateral side of the mid-sole plate140, such as opposite to interface buttons that can be embedded in the outsole165. Next, the lacing engine110can be inserted into the mid-sole plate140. In an example, the lacing engine110can be coupled with one or more sensors that are disposed elsewhere in the footwear. Other assembly methods can be similarly performed to construct the motorized lacing system100. In an example, the lacing system100is inserted under a continuous loop of lacing cable and the lacing cable is aligned with a spool in the lacing engine110. To complete the assembly, the lid120can be inserted into securing means in the mid-sole plate140, secured into a closed position, and latched into a recess in the mid-sole plate140. The lid120can capture the lacing engine110and can assist in maintaining alignment of a lacing cable during operation. The mid-sole plate140includes a lacing engine cavity141, medial and lateral lace guides142, an anterior flange143, a posterior flange144, superior (top) and inferior (bottom) surfaces, and an actuator cutout145. The lacing engine cavity141is configured to receive the lacing engine110. In this example, the lacing engine cavity141retains the lacing engine110in lateral and anterior/posterior directions, but does not include a feature to lock the lacing engine110into the cavity141. Optionally, the lacing engine cavity141includes detents, tabs, or other mechanical features along one or more sidewalls to more positively retain the lacing engine110within the lacing engine cavity141. The lace guides142can assist in guiding a lacing cable into position with the lacing engine110. The lace guides142can include chamfered edges and inferiorly slated ramps to assist in guiding a lacing cable into a desired position with respect to the lacing engine110. In this example, the lace guides142include openings in the sides of the mid-sole plate140that are many times wider than a typical lacing cable diameter, however other dimensions can be used. In the example ofFIG.1, the mid-sole plate140includes a sculpted or contoured anterior flange143that extends further on a medial side of the mid-sole plate140. The example anterior flange143is designed to provide additional support under the arch of the footwear platform. However, in other examples the anterior flange143may be less pronounced on the medial side. In this example, the posterior flange144includes a contour with extended portions on both medial and lateral sides. The illustrated posterior flange144can provide enhanced lateral stability for the lacing engine110. In an example, one or more electrodes can be embedded in or disposed on the mid-sole plate140, and can form a portion of a foot presence sensor, such as a portion of a capacitive foot presence sensor. In an example, the lacing engine110includes a sensor circuit that is electrically coupled to the one or more electrodes on the mid-sole plate140. The sensor circuit can be configured to use electric field or capacitance information sensed from the electrodes to determine whether a foot is present or absent in a region adjacent to the mid-sole plate140. In an example, the electrodes extend from an anterior-most edge of the anterior flange143to a posterior-most edge of the posterior flange144, and in other examples the electrodes extend over only part of one or both of the flanges. In an example, the footwear or the motorized lacing system100includes or interfaces with one or more sensors that can monitor or determine a foot presence in the footwear, foot absence from the footwear, or foot position characteristic within the footwear. Based on information from one or more such foot presence sensors, the footwear including the motorized lacing system100can be configured to perform various functions. For example, a foot presence sensor can be configured to provide binary information about whether a foot is present or not present in the footwear. In an example, a processor circuit coupled to the foot presence sensor receives and interprets digital or analog signal information and provides the binary information about whether a foot is present or not present in the footwear. If a binary signal from the foot presence sensor indicates that a foot is present, then the lacing engine110in the motorized lacing system100can be activated, such as to automatically increase or decrease a tension on a lacing cable, or other footwear constricting means, such as to tighten or relax the footwear about a foot. In an example, the lacing engine110, or other portion of a footwear article, includes a processor circuit that can receive or interpret signals from a foot presence sensor. In an example, a foot presence sensor can be configured to provide information about a location of a foot as it enters footwear. The motorized lacing system100can generally be activated, such as to tighten a lacing cable, only when a foot is appropriately positioned or seated in the footwear, such as against all or a portion of the footwear article's insole. A foot presence sensor that senses information about a foot travel or location can provide information about whether a foot is fully or partially seated such as relative to an insole or relative to some other feature of the footwear article. Automated lacing procedures can be interrupted or delayed until information from the sensor indicates that a foot is in a proper position. In an example, a foot presence sensor can be configured to provide information about a relative location of a foot inside of footwear. For example, the foot presence sensor can be configured to sense whether the footwear is a good “fit” for a given foot, such as by determining a relative position of one or more of a foot's arch, heel, toe, or other component, such as relative to the corresponding portions of the footwear that are configured to receive such foot components. In an example, the foot presence sensor can be configured to sense whether a position of a foot or a foot component changes over time relative to a specified or previously-recorded reference position, such as due to loosening of a lacing cable over time, or due to natural expansion and contraction of a foot itself. In an example, a foot presence sensor can include an electrical, magnetic, thermal, capacitive, pressure, optical, or other sensor device that can be configured to sense or receive information about a presence of a body. For example, an electrical sensor can include an impedance sensor that is configured to measure an impedance characteristic between at least two electrodes. When a body such as a foot is located proximal or adjacent to the electrodes, the electrical sensor can provide a sensor signal having a first value, and when a body is located remotely from the electrodes, the electrical sensor can provide a sensor signal having a different second value. For example, a first impedance value can be associated with an empty footwear condition, and a lesser second impedance value can be associated with an occupied footwear condition. An electrical sensor can include an AC signal generator circuit and an antenna that is configured to emit or receive high frequency signal information, such as including radio frequency information. Based on proximity of a body relative to the antenna, one or more electrical signal characteristics, such as impedance, frequency, or signal amplitude, can be received and analyzed to determine whether a body is present. In an example, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) provides information about a power level in a received radio signal. Changes in the RSSI, such as relative to some baseline or reference value, can be used to identify a presence or absence of a body. In an example, WiFi frequencies can be used, for example in one or more of 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.9 GHz bands. In an example, frequencies in the kilohertz range can be used, for example, around 400 kHz. In an example, power signal changes can be detected in milliwatt or microwatt ranges. A foot presence sensor can include a magnetic sensor. A first magnetic sensor can include a magnet and a magnetometer. In an example, a magnetometer can be positioned in or near the lacing engine110. A magnet can be located remotely from the lacing engine110, such as in a secondary sole, or insole, that is configured to be worn above the outsole165. In an example, the magnet is embedded in foam or in another compressible material of the secondary sole. As a user depresses the secondary sole such as when standing or walking, corresponding changes in the location of the magnet relative to the magnetometer can be sensed and reported via a sensor signal. A second magnetic sensor can include a magnetic field sensor that is configured to sense changes or interruptions (e.g., via the Hall effect) in a magnetic field. When a body is proximal to the second magnetic sensor, the sensor can generate a signal that indicates a change to an ambient magnetic field. For example, the second magnetic sensor can include a Hall effect sensor that varies a voltage output signal in response to variations in a detected magnetic field. Voltage changes at the output signal can be due to production of a voltage difference across an electric signal conductor, such as transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current. In an example, the second magnetic sensor is configured to receive an electromagnetic field signal from a body. For example, Varshavsky et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 8,752,200, titled “Devices, systems and methods for security using magnetic field based identification”, teaches using a body's unique electromagnetic signature for authentication. In an example, a magnetic sensor in a footwear article can be used to authenticate or verify that a present user is a shoe's owner via a detected electromagnetic signature, and that the article should lace automatically, such as according to one or more specified lacing preferences (e.g., tightness profile) of the owner. In an example, a foot presence sensor includes a thermal sensor that is configured to sense a change in temperature in or near a portion of the footwear. When a wearer's foot enters a footwear article, the article's internal temperature changes when the wearer's own body temperature differs from an ambient temperature of the footwear article. Thus the thermal sensor can provide an indication that a foot is likely to be present or not based on a temperature change. In an example, a foot presence sensor includes a capacitive sensor that is configured to sense a change in capacitance. The capacitive sensor can include a single plate or electrode, or the capacitive sensor can include a multiple-plate or multiple-electrode configuration. Various examples of capacitive-type foot presence sensors are further described herein. In an example, a foot presence sensor includes an optical sensor. The optical sensor can be configured to determine whether a line-of-sight is interrupted, such as between opposite sides of a footwear cavity. In an example, the optical sensor includes a light sensor that can be covered by a foot when the foot is inserted into the footwear. When the sensor indicates a change in a sensed light or brightness condition, an indication of a foot presence or position can be provided. Any of the different types of foot presence sensors discussed herein can be used independently, or information from two or more different sensors or sensor types can be used together to provide more information about a foot presence, absence, orientation, goodness-of-fit with the footwear, or other information about a foot and/or its relationship with the footwear. FIGS.2A-2Cillustrate generally a sensor system and motorized lacing engine, according to some example embodiments.FIG.2Aintroduces various external features of an example lacing engine110, including a housing structure150, case screw108, lace channel112(also referred to as lace guide relief112), lace channel transition114, spool recess115, button openings122, buttons121, button membrane seal124, programming header128, spool131, and lace groove132in the spool131. Other designs can similarly be used. For example, other switch types can be used, such as sealed dome switches, or the membrane seal124can be eliminated, etc. In an example, the lacing engine110can include one or more interconnects or electrical contacts for interfacing circuitry internal to the lacing engine110with circuitry outside of the lacing engine110, such as an external foot presence sensor (or component thereof), an external actuator like a switch or button, or other devices or components. The lacing engine110can be held together by one or more screws, such as the case screw108. The case screw108can be positioned near the primary drive mechanisms to enhance structural integrity of the lacing engine110. The case screw108also functions to assist the assembly process, such as holding the housing structure150together for ultra-sonic welding of exterior seams. In the example ofFIG.2A, the lacing engine110includes the lace channel112to receive a lace or lace cable once the engine is assembled into the automated footwear platform. The lace channel112can include a channel wall with chamfered edges to provide a smooth guiding surface against or within which a lace cable can travel during operation. Part of the smooth guiding surface of the lace channel112can include a channel transition114, which can be a widened portion of the lace channel112leading into the spool recess115. The spool recess115transitions from the channel transition114into generally circular sections that conform closely to a profile of the spool131. The spool recess115can assist in retaining a spooled lace cable, as well as in retaining a position of the spool131. Other aspects of the design can provide other means to retain the spool131. In the example ofFIG.2A, the spool131is shaped similarly to half of a yo-yo with a lace groove132running through a flat top surface and a spool shaft (not shown inFIG.2A) extending inferiorly from the opposite side. A lateral side of the lacing engine110includes button openings122that house buttons121that can be configured to activate or adjust one or more features of the automated footwear platform. The buttons121can provide an external interface for activation of various switches included in the lacing engine110. In some examples, the housing structure150includes a button membrane seal124to provide protection from dirt and water. In this example, the button membrane seal124is up to a few mils (thousandths of an inch) thick clear plastic (or similar material) that can be adhered from a superior surface of the housing structure150, such as over a corner and down a lateral side. In another example, the button membrane seal124is an approximately 2-mil thick vinyl adhesive backed membrane covering the buttons121and button openings122. Other types of buttons and sealants can be similarly used. FIG.2Bis an illustration of housing structure150including a top section102and a bottom section104. In this example, the top section102includes features such as the case screw108, lace channel112, lace channel transition114, spool recess115, button openings122, and a button seal recess126. In an example, the button seal recess126is a portion of the top section102that is relieved to provide an inset for the button membrane seal124. In the example ofFIG.2B, the bottom section104includes features such as a wireless charger access105, a joint106, and a grease isolation wall109. Also illustrated, but not specifically identified, is the case screw base for receiving case screw108, as well as various features within the grease isolation wall109for holding portions of a drive mechanism. The grease isolation wall109is designed to retain grease, or similar compounds surrounding the drive mechanism, away from various electrical components of the lacing engine110. The housing structure150can include, in one or both of the top and bottom sections102and104, one or more electrodes170embedded in or applied on a structure surface. The electrodes170in the example ofFIG.2Bare shown coupled to the bottom section104. In an example, the electrodes170comprise a portion of a capacitance-based foot presence sensor circuit (see, e.g., the foot presence sensor310discussed herein). Additionally or alternatively, the electrodes170can be coupled to the top section102. Electrodes170coupled to the top or bottom sections102or104can be used for wireless power transfer and/or as a portion of a capacitance-based foot presence sensor circuit. In an example, the electrodes170include one or more portions that are disposed on an outside surface of the housing structure150, and in another example the electrodes170include one or more portions that are disposed on an inside surface of the housing structure150. FIG.2Cis an illustration of various internal components of lacing engine110, according to an example embodiment. In this example, the lacing engine110further includes a spool magnet136, O-ring seal138, worm drive140, bushing141, worm drive key, gear box148, gear motor145, motor encoder146, motor circuit board147, worm gear151, circuit board160, motor header161, battery connection162, and wired charging header163. The spool magnet136assists in tracking movement of the spool131though detection by a magnetometer (not shown inFIG.2C). The o-ring seal138functions to seal out dirt and moisture that could migrate into the lacing engine110around the spool shaft. The circuit board160can include one or more interfaces or interconnects for a foot presence sensor, such as the capacitive foot presence sensor310described below. In an example, the circuit board160includes one or more traces or conductive planes that provide a portion of the foot presence sensor310. In this example, major drive components of the lacing engine110include the worm drive140, worm gear151, gear motor145and gear box148. The worm gear151is designed to inhibit back driving of the worm drive140and gear motor145, which means the major input forces coming in from the lacing cable via the spool131can be resolved on the comparatively large worm gear and worm drive teeth. This arrangement protects the gear box148from needing to include gears of sufficient strength to withstand both the dynamic loading from active use of the footwear platform or tightening loading from tightening the lacing system. The worm drive140includes additional features to assist in protecting various fragile portions of the drive system, such as the worm drive key. In this example, the worm drive key is a radial slot in the motor end of the worm drive140that interfaces with a pin through the drive shaft coming out of the gear box148. This arrangement prevents the worm drive140from imparting undue axial forces on the gear box148or gear motor145by allowing the worm drive140to move freely in an axial direction (away from the gear box148), transferring those axial loads onto bushing141and the housing structure150. FIG.3illustrates generally a block diagram of components of a motorized lacing system300, according to an example embodiment. The system300includes some, but not necessarily all, components of a motorized lacing system such as including interface buttons301, a capacitive foot presence sensor310, and the housing structure150enclosing a printed circuit board assembly (PCA) with a processor circuit320, a battery321, a charging coil322, an encoder325, a motion sensor324, and a drive mechanism340. The drive mechanism340can include, among other things, a motor341, a transmission342, and a lace spool343. The motion sensor324can include, among other things, a single or multiple axis accelerometer, a magnetometer, a gyrometer, or other sensor or device configured to sense motion of the housing structure150, or of one or more components within or coupled to the housing structure150. In the example ofFIG.3, the processor circuit320is in data or power signal communication with one or more of the interface buttons301, foot presence sensor310, battery321, charging coil322, and drive mechanism340. The transmission342couples the motor341to the spool343to form the drive mechanism340. In the example ofFIG.3, the buttons301, foot presence sensor310, and environment sensor350are shown outside of, or partially outside of, the housing structure150. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the buttons301, foot presence sensor310, and environment sensor350can be enclosed in the housing structure150. In an example, the foot presence sensor310is disposed inside of the housing structure150to protect the sensor from perspiration and dirt or debris. Minimizing or eliminating connections through the walls of the housing structure150can help increase durability and reliability of the assembly. In an example, the processor circuit320controls one or more aspects of the drive mechanism340. For example, the processor circuit320can be configured to receive information from the buttons301and/or from the foot presence sensor310and/or from the motion sensor324and, in response, control the drive mechanism340, such as to tighten or loosen footwear about a foot. In an example, the processor circuit320is additionally or alternatively configured to issue commands to obtain or record sensor information, from the foot presence sensor310or other sensor, among other functions. In an example, the processor circuit320conditions operation of the drive mechanism340on one or more of detecting a foot presence using the foot presence sensor310, detecting a foot orientation or location using the foot presence sensor310, or detecting a specified gesture using the motion sensor324. In an example, the system300includes an environment sensor350. Information from the environment sensor350can be used to update or adjust a baseline or reference value for the foot presence sensor310. As further explained below, capacitance values measured by a capacitive foot presence sensor can vary over time, such as in response to ambient conditions near the sensor. Using information from the environment sensor350, the processor circuit320and/or the foot presence sensor310can therefore be configured to update or adjust a measured or sensed capacitance value. FIG.4is a diagram illustrating pressure distribution data for a nominal or average foot (left) and for a high arch foot (right) in a footwear article400when a user of a footwear article is standing. In this example, it can be seen that the relatively greater areas of pressure underfoot include at a heel region401, at a ball region402(e.g., between the arch and toes), and at a hallux region403(e.g., a “big toe” region). As discussed above, however, it can be advantageous to include various active components (e.g., including the foot presence sensor310) in a centralized region, such as at or near an arch region. In an example, in the arch region, the housing structure150can be generally less noticeable or intrusive to a user when a footwear article that includes the housing structure150is worn. In the example ofFIG.4, the lacing engine cavity141can be provided in an arch region. One or more electrodes corresponding to the foot presence sensor310can be positioned at or near a first location405. Capacitance values measured using the electrodes positioned at the first location405can be different depending on the proximity of a foot relative to the first location405. For example, different capacitance values would be obtained for the average foot and the high arch foot because a surface of the foot itself resides at a different distance from the first location405. In an example, a location of the foot presence sensor310and/or the lacing engine110can be adjusted relative to footwear (e.g., by a user or by a technician at a point of sale), such as to accommodate different foot characteristics of different users and to enhance a signal quality obtained from the foot presence sensor310. In an example, a sensitivity of the foot presence sensor310can be adjusted, such as by increasing a drive signal level or by changing a dielectric material positioned between the foot presence sensor310and the foot. FIGS.5A and5Billustrate generally diagrams of a capacitance-based foot presence sensor in an insole of a footwear article, according to example embodiments. The capacitance-based foot presence sensor can be provided below a surface of an object or body550, such as a foot, when the article incorporating the sensor is worn. InFIG.5A, the capacitance-based foot presence sensor can include a first electrode assembly501A coupled to a capacitive sensing controller circuit502. In an example, the controller circuit502is included in or includes functions performed by the processor circuit320. In the example ofFIG.5A, the first electrode assembly501A and/or the controller circuit502can be included in or mounted to an inner portion of the housing structure150, or can be coupled to the PCA inside of the housing structure150. In an example, the first electrode assembly501A can be disposed at or adjacent to a foot-facing surface of the housing structure150. In an example, the first electrode assembly501A includes multiple traces distributed across an internal, upper surface region of the housing structure150. InFIG.5B, the capacitance-based foot presence sensor can include a second electrode assembly501B coupled to the capacitive sensing controller circuit502. The second electrode assembly501B can be mounted to or near an outer portion of the housing structure150, and can be electrically coupled to the PCA inside of the housing structure150, such as using a flexible connector511. In an example, the second electrode assembly501B can be disposed at or adjacent to a foot-facing surface of the housing structure150. In an example, the second electrode assembly501B includes a flexible circuit that is secured to an inner or outer surface of the housing structure150, and coupled to the processor circuit320via one or more conductors. In an example, the controller circuit502includes an Atmel ATSAML21E18B-MU, ST Microelectronics STM32L476M, or other similar device. The controller circuit502can be configured to, among other things, provide an AC drive signal to at least a pair of electrodes in the first or second electrode assembly501A or501B and, in response, sense changes in an electric field based on corresponding changes in proximity of the object or body550to the pair of electrodes, as explained in greater detail below. In an example, the controller circuit502includes or uses the foot presence sensor310or the processor circuit320. Various materials can be provided between the electrode assembly501and the object or body550to be sensed. For example, electrode insulation, a material of the housing structure150, an insole material, an insert material510, a sock or other foot cover, body tape, kinesiology tape, or other materials can be interposed between the body550and the electrode assembly501, such as to change a dielectric characteristic of the footwear and thereby influence a capacitance detection sensitivity of a sensor that includes or uses the electrode assembly501. The controller circuit502can be configured to update or adjust an excitation or sensing parameter based on the number or type of interposed materials, such as to enhance a sensitivity or signal-to-noise ratio of capacitance values sensed using the electrode assembly501. In the examples ofFIGS.5A/B, the first and/or second electrode assembly501A and/or501B can be excited by a signal generator in the controller circuit502, and as a result an electric field can project from a top, foot-facing side of the electrode assembly. In an example, an electric field below the electrode assembly can be blocked at least in part using a driven shield positioned below the sensing electrode. The driven shield and electrode assembly can be electrically insulated from each other. For example, if the first electrode assembly501A is on one surface of the PCA then the driven shield can be on the bottom layer of the PCA, or on any one of multiple inner layers on a multi-layer PCA. In an example, the driven shield can be of equal or greater surface area of the first electrode assembly501A, and can be centered directly below the first electrode assembly501A. The driven shield can receive a drive signal and, in response, generate an electric field of the same polarity, phase and/or amplitude of an X axis leg of the field generated by the first electrode assembly501A. The driven shield's field can repel the electric field of the first electrode assembly501A, thereby isolating the sensor field from various parasitic effects, such as undesired coupling to a ground plane of the PCA. A driven shield can be similarly provided for use with the second electrode assembly501B. For example, the second electrode assembly501B can be provided above the housing structure150as shown in the example ofFIG.5B, and a portion of the housing structure150can include a conductive film that is used as the driven shield. Additionally or alternatively, the driven shield can be provided elsewhere in the footwear article when the second electrode assembly501B is provided at a location other than atop the housing structure150. A preferred position in which to locate the housing structure150is in an arch area of footwear because it is an area less likely to be felt by a wearer and is less likely to cause discomfort to a wearer. One advantage of using capacitive sensing for detecting foot presence in footwear includes that a capacitive sensor can function well even when a capacitive sensor is placed in an arch region and a user has a relatively or unusually high foot arch. For example, a sensor drive signal amplitude or morphology characteristic can be changed or selected based on a detected signal-to-noise ratio of a signal received from a capacitive sensor. In an example, the sensor drive signal can be updated or adjusted each time footwear is used, such as to accommodate changes in one or more materials (e.g., socks, insoles, etc.) disposed between the first or second electrode assembly501A or501B and the body550. In an example, an electrode assembly of a capacitive sensor, such as the first or second electrode assembly501A or501B, can be configured to sense a difference in signals between multiple electrodes, such as between X and Y-axis oriented electrodes. In an example, a suitable sampling frequency can be between about 2 and 50 Hz. In some examples, capacitance-based foot sensing techniques can be relatively invariant to perspiration (wetness) on the insole or in a sock around a foot. The effect of such moisture can be to reduce a dynamic range of the detection since the presence of moisture can increase a measured capacitance. However, in some examples, the dynamic range is sufficient to accommodate this effect within expected levels of moisture in footwear. FIG.6illustrates generally a capacitive sensor system600for foot presence detection, according to an example embodiment. The system600includes the body550(e.g., representing a foot in or near an active footwear article) and first and second electrodes601and602. The electrodes601and602can form all or a portion of the first or second electrode assembly501A or501B from the examples ofFIGS.5A/B, such as comprising a portion of the foot presence sensor310. In the example ofFIG.6, the first and second electrodes601and602are illustrated as being vertically spaced relative to one another and the body550, however, the electrodes can similarly be horizontally spaced, for example, as detailed in the example ofFIGS.7-9C. That is, in an example, the electrodes can be disposed in a plane that is parallel to a lower surface of the body550. In the example ofFIG.6, the first electrode601is configured as a transmit electrode and is coupled to a signal generator610. In an example, the signal generator610comprises a portion of the processor circuit320from the example ofFIG.3. That is, the processor circuit320can be configured to generate a drive signal and apply it to the first electrode601. As a result of exciting the first electrode601with a drive signal from the signal generator610, an electric field615can be generated primarily between the first and second electrodes601and602. That is, various components of the generated electric field615can extend between the first and second electrodes601and602, and other fringe components of the generated electric field615can extend in other directions. For example, the fringe components can extend from the transmitter electrode or first electrode601away from the housing structure150(not pictured in the example ofFIG.6) and terminate back at the receiver electrode or second electrode602. Information about the electric field615, including information about changes in the electric field615due to proximity of the body550, can be sensed or received by the second electrode602. Signals sensed from the second electrode602can be processed using various circuitry and used to provide an analog or digital signal indicative of presence or absence of the body550. For example, a field strength of the electric field615received by the second electrode602can be measured using a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter circuit (ADC)620that is configured to convert analog capacitance-indicating signals to digital signals. The electrical environment near the electrodes changes when an object, such as the body550, invades the electric field615, including its fringe components. When the body550enters the field, a portion of the electric field615is shunted to ground instead of being received and terminated at the second electrode602or passes through the body550(e.g., instead of through air) before being received at the second electrode602. This can result in a capacitance change that can be detected by the foot presence sensor310and/or by the processor circuit320. In an example, the second electrode602can receive electric field information substantially continuously, and the information can be sampled continuously or periodically by the ADC620. Information from the ADC620can be processed or updated according to an offset621, and then a digital output signal622can be provided. In an example, the offset621is a capacitance offset that can be specified or programmed (e.g., internally to the processor circuit320) or can be based on another capacitor used for tracking environmental changes over time, temperature, and other variable characteristics of an environment. In an example, the digital output signal622can include binary information about a determined presence or absence of the body550, such as by comparing a measured capacitance value to a specified threshold value. In an example, the digital output signal622includes qualitative information about a measured capacitance, such as can be used (e.g., by the processor circuit320) to provide an indication of a likelihood that the body550is or is not present. Periodically, or whenever the foot presence sensor310is not active (e.g., as determined using information from the motion sensor324), a capacitance value can be measured and stored as a reference value, baseline value, or ambient value. When a foot or body approaches the foot presence sensor310and the first and second electrodes601and602, the measured capacitance can decrease or increase, such as relative to the stored reference value. In an example, one or more threshold capacitance levels can be stored, e.g., in on-chip registers with the processor circuit320. When a measured capacitance value exceeds a specified threshold, then the body550can be determined to be present (or absent) from footwear containing the foot presence sensor310. The foot presence sensor310, and the electrodes601and602comprising a portion of the foot presence sensor310, can take multiple different forms as illustrated in the several non-limiting examples that follow. In an example, the foot presence sensor310is configured to sense or use information about a mutual capacitance among or between multiple electrodes or plates. In an example, the electrodes601and602are arranged in an electrode grid. A capacitive sensor that uses the grid can include a variable capacitor at each intersection of each row and each column of the grid. Optionally, the electrode grid includes electrodes arranged in one or multiple rows or columns. A voltage signal can be applied to the rows or columns, and a body or foot near the surface of the sensor can influence a local electric field and, in turn, can reduce a mutual capacitance effect. In an example, a capacitance change at multiple points on the grid can be measured to determine a body location, such as by measuring a voltage in each axis. In an example, mutual capacitance measuring techniques can provide information from multiple locations around the grid at the same time. In an example, a mutual capacitance measurement uses an orthogonal grid of transmit and receive electrodes. In such a grid-based sensor system, measurements can be detected for each of multiple discrete X-Y coordinate pairs. In an example, capacitance information from multiple capacitors can be used to determine foot presence or foot orientation in footwear. In another example, capacitance information from one or more capacitors can be acquired over time and analyzed to determine a foot presence or foot orientation. In an example, rate of change information about X and/or Y detection coordinates can be used to determine when or if a foot is properly or completely seated with respect to an insole in footwear. In an example, a self-capacitance based foot presence sensor can have the same X-Y grid as a mutual capacitance sensor, but the columns and rows can operate independently. In a self-capacitance sensor, capacitive loading of a body at each column or row can be detected independently. FIG.7illustrates generally a schematic of a first capacitance-based foot presence sensor, according to an example embodiment. In the example ofFIG.7, a first capacitive sensor700includes multiple parallel capacitive plates. The multiple plates can be arranged on or in the housing structure150, for example, positioned at or near an underside of a foot when the footwear article including the first capacitive sensor700is worn. In an example, the capacitive foot presence sensor310includes or uses the first capacitive sensor700. In the example ofFIG.7, four conductive capacitor plates are illustrated as701-704. The plates can be made of a conductive material such as a conductive foil. The foil can be flexible and can optionally be embedded into a plastic of the housing structure150itself, or can be independent of the housing structure150. It is to be appreciated that any conductive material could be used, such as films, inks, deposited metals, or other materials. In the example ofFIG.7, the plates701-704are arranged in a common plane and are spaced apart from each other to form discrete conductive elements or electrodes. A capacitance value of a capacitor is functionally related to a dielectric constant of a material between two plates that form a capacitor. Within the first capacitive sensor700, a capacitor can be formed between each pair of two or more of the capacitor plates701-704. Accordingly, there are six effective capacitors formed by the six unique combination pairs of the capacitor plates701-704as designated inFIG.7as capacitors A, B, C, D, E, and F. Optionally, two or more of the plates can be electrically coupled to form a single plate. That is, in an example, a capacitor can be formed using the first and second capacitor plates701and702electrically coupled to provide a first conductor, and the third and fourth capacitor plates703and704electrically coupled to provide a second conductor. In an example, a capacitive effect between the first and second capacitor plates701and702is represented inFIG.7by a phantom capacitor identified by letter A. The capacitive effect between the first and third capacitor plates701and703is represented by the phantom capacitor identified by letter B. The capacitive effect between the second and fourth capacitor plates702and704is represented by the phantom capacitor identified by letter C, and so on. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each phantom capacitor is representative of an electrostatic field extending between the respective pair of capacitor plates. Hereinafter, for the purpose of easy identification, the capacitor formed by each pair of capacitive plates is referred to by the letter (e.g., “A”, “B”, etc.) used inFIG.7to identify the phantom-drawn capacitors. For each pair of capacitor plates in the example ofFIG.7, an effective dielectric between the plates includes an airgap (or other material) disposed between the plates. For each pair of capacitor plates, any portion of a body or foot that is proximal to the respective pair of capacitive plates can become part of, or can influence, an effective dielectric for the given pair of capacitive plates. That is, a variable dielectric can be provided between each pair of capacitor plates according to a proximity of a body to the respective pair of plates. For example, the closer a body or foot is to a given pair of plates, the greater the value of the effective dielectric may be. As the dielectric constant value increases, the capacitance value increases. Such a capacitance value change can be received by the processor circuit320and used to indicate whether a body is present at or near the first capacitive sensor700. In an example of the foot presence sensor310that includes the first capacitive sensor700, a plurality of capacitive sensor drive/monitor circuits can be coupled to the plates701-704. For example, a separate drive/monitor circuit can be associated with each pair of capacitor plates in the example ofFIG.7. In an example, drive/monitor circuits can provide drive signals (e.g., time-varying electrical excitation signals) to the capacitor plate pairs and, in response, can receive capacitance-indicating values. Each drive/monitor circuit can be configured to measure a variable capacitance value of an associated capacitor (e.g., the capacitor “A” corresponding to the first and second plates701and702), and can be further configured to provide a signal indicative of the measured capacitance value. The drive/monitor circuits can have any suitable structure for measuring the capacitance. In an example, the two or more drive/monitor circuits can be used together, such as to provide an indication of a difference between capacitance values measured using different capacitors. FIG.8illustrates generally a schematic of a second capacitance-based foot presence sensor, according to an example embodiment. The example ofFIG.8includes a second capacitive sensor800that includes first and second electrodes801and802. The foot presence sensor310can include or use the second capacitive sensor800. In the example ofFIG.8, the first and second electrodes801and802are arranged along a substantially planar surface, such as in a comb configuration. In an example, a drive circuit, such as the processor circuit320, can be configured to generate an excitation or stimulus signal to apply to the first and second electrodes801and802. The same or different circuit can be configured to sense a response signal indicative of a change in capacitance between the first and second electrodes801and802. The capacitance can be influenced by the presence of a body or foot relative to the electrodes. For example, the first and second electrodes801and802can be arranged on or near a surface of the housing structure150, such as proximal to a foot when the foot is present within footwear that includes the housing structure150. In an example, the second capacitive sensor800includes an etched conductive layer, such as in an X-Y grid to form a pattern of electrodes. Additionally or alternatively, the electrodes of the second capacitive sensor800can be provided by etching multiple separate, parallel layers of conductive material, for example with perpendicular lines or tracks to form a grid. In this and other capacitive sensors, no direct contact between a body or foot and a conductive layer or electrode is needed. For example, the conductive layer or electrode can be embedded in the housing structure150, or can be coated with a protective or insulating layer. Instead, the body or foot to be detected can interface with or influence an electric field characteristic near the electrodes, and changes in the electric field can be detected. In an example, separate capacitance values can be measured for the first electrode801with respect to ground or to a reference, and for the second electrode802with respect to ground or to a reference. A signal for use in foot presence detection can be based on a difference between the separate capacitance values measured for the first and second electrodes801and802. That is, the foot presence or foot detection signal can be based on a difference between discrete capacitance signals that are measured using the first and second electrodes801and802. FIGS.9A and9Billustrate generally examples of a third capacitive sensor900, according to some examples.FIG.9Cillustrates generally an example of a fourth capacitive sensor902.FIG.9Ashows a schematic top view of the third capacitive sensor900.FIG.9Bshows a perspective view of a sensor assembly901that includes the third capacitive sensor900.FIG.9Cshows a schematic top view of the fourth capacitive sensor902. In the example ofFIG.9A, the third capacitive sensor900includes an electrode region with a first electrode trace911and a second electrode trace912. The first and second electrode traces911and912are separated by an insulator trace913. In an example, the first and second electrode traces911and912can be copper, carbon, or silver, among other conductive materials, and can be disposed on a substrate made from FR4, flex, PET, or ITO, among other materials. The substrate and traces of the third capacitive sensor900can include one or more flexible portions. The first and second electrode traces911and912can be distributed substantially across a surface area of a substrate of the third capacitive sensor900. The electrode traces can be positioned against an upper or top surface of the housing structure150when the third capacitive sensor900is installed. In an example, one or both of the first and second electrode traces911and912can be about 2 mm wide. The insulator trace913can be about the same width. In an example, the trace widths can be selected based on, among other things, a footwear size or an insole type. For example, different trace widths can be selected for the first and second electrode traces911and912and/or for the insulator trace913depending on, e.g., a distance between the traces and the body to be sensed, an insole material, a gap filler, housing structure150material, or other materials used in the footwear, such as to maximize a signal-to-noise ratio of capacitance values measured using the third capacitive sensor900. The third capacitive sensor900can include a connector915. The connector915can be coupled with a mating connector, such as coupled to the PCA in the housing structure150. The mating connector can include one or more conductors to electrically couple the first and second electrode traces911and912with the processor circuit320. In an example, the third capacitive sensor900includes input signal conductors920A and920B. The input signal conductors920A and920B can be configured to be coupled with one or more input devices, such as dome buttons or other switches, such as corresponding to the buttons121in the example ofFIG.2A. FIG.9Billustrates the sensor assembly901, including the third capacitive sensor900, the buttons121A and121B, and membrane seals124A and124B. In an example, an adhesive couples corresponding conductive surfaces of the input signal conductors920A and920B with and the buttons121A and121B. The membrane seals124A and124B can be adhered over the buttons121A and121B, such as to protect the buttons121A and121B from debris. In the example ofFIG.9C, the fourth capacitive sensor902includes an electrode region with a first electrode trace921and a second electrode trace922. The first and second electrode traces921and922are separated by an insulator trace923. The electrode traces can comprise various conductive materials, and the fourth capacitive sensor902can include one or more flexible portions. The four capacitive sensor902can include a connector925, and the connector915can be coupled with a mating connector, such as coupled to the PCA in the housing structure150. The present inventors have recognized that a problem to be solved includes obtaining a suitable sensitivity of or response from a capacitive foot presence sensor, for example, when all or a portion of the foot presence sensor is spaced apart from a foot or body to be detected, such as by an air gap or other intervening material. The present inventors have recognized that a solution can include using multiple electrodes of specified shapes, sizes, and orientations to enhance an orientation and relative strength of an electric field that is produced when the electrodes are energized. That is, the present inventors have identified an optimal electrode configuration for use in capacitive foot presence sensing. In an example, multiple electrodes of the fourth capacitive sensor902include the first and second electrode traces921and922, and each of the first and second electrode traces921and922includes multiple discrete fingers or traces that extend substantially parallel to one another. For example, the first and second electrode traces921and922can include multiple interleaved conductive finger portions, as shown inFIG.9C. In an example, the second electrode trace922can include a shoreline or perimeter portion that extends substantially about the outer perimeter edge or surface portion of the fourth capacitive sensor902, and substantially surrounds the first electrode trace921. In the example ofFIG.9C, the shoreline that includes the second electrode trace922extends around substantially all of the top surface of the fourth capacitive sensor902assembly, however, the shoreline can extend about a lesser portion of the sensor in some other examples. The present inventors have further recognized that an optimal electric field for detecting foot presence is generated when most or all of the fingers of first and second electrode traces921and922are arranged substantially parallel to one another, such as instead of including one or more traces or finger portions that are non-parallel. For example, in contrast with the fourth capacitive sensor902, the third capacitive sensor900ofFIG.9Aincludes non-parallel fingers, such as at an upper portion of the first electrode trace911that includes vertically extending finger portions and at a lower portion of the first electrode trace911that includes horizontally extending finger portions. The relative thickness of the first and second electrode traces921and922can be adjusted to further enhance sensitivity of the sensor. In an example, the second electrode trace922is three or more times thicker than the first electrode trace921. In an example, capacitance values measured by the foot presence sensor310, such as using one or more of the first, second, third, and fourth capacitive sensors700,800,900, and902, can be provided to a controller or processor circuit, such as the processor circuit320ofFIG.3. In response to the measured capacitance, the processor circuit320can actuate the drive mechanism340, such as to adjust a footwear tension about a foot. The adjusting operation can optionally be performed at least in part by discrete, “hard-wired” components, can be performed by a processor executing software, or can be performed be a combination of hard-wired components and software. In an example, actuating the drive mechanism340includes (1) monitoring signals from the foot presence sensor310using one or more drive/monitor circuits, such as using the processor circuit320, (2) determining which, if any, of received capacitance signals indicate a capacitance value that meets or exceeds a specified threshold value (e.g., stored in memory registers of the processor circuit320and/or in a memory circuit in data communication with the processor circuit320), (3) characterizing a location, size, orientation, or other characteristic of a body or foot near the foot presence sensor310, such as based upon various specified threshold values that are exceeded, and (4) permitting, enabling, adjusting, or suppressing actuation of the drive mechanism340depending upon the characterization. FIG.10illustrates a flowchart showing an example of a method1000that includes using foot presence information from a footwear sensor. At operation1010, the example includes receiving foot presence information from the foot presence sensor310. The foot presence information can include binary information about whether or not a foot is present in footwear (see, e.g., the interrupt signals discussed in the examples ofFIGS.12-14), or can include an indication of a likelihood that a foot is present in a footwear article. The information can include an electrical signal provided from the foot presence sensor310to the processor circuit320. In an example, the foot presence information includes qualitative information about a location of a foot relative to one or more sensors in the footwear. At operation1020, the example includes determining whether a foot is fully seated in the footwear. If the sensor signal indicates that the foot is fully seated, then the example can continue at operation1030with actuating the drive mechanism340. For example, when a foot is determined to be fully seated at operation1020, such as based on information from the foot presence sensor310, the drive mechanism340can be engaged to tighten footwear laces via the spool131, as described above. If the sensor signal indicates that the foot is not fully seated, then the example can continue at operation1022by delaying or idling for some specified interval (e.g., 1-2 seconds, or more). After the specified delay elapses, the example can return to operation1010, and the processor circuit can re-sample information from the foot presence sensor310to determine again whether the foot is fully seated. After the drive mechanism340is actuated at operation1030, the processor circuit320can be configured to monitor foot location information at operation1040. For example, the processor circuit can be configured to periodically or intermittently monitor information from the foot presence sensor310about an absolute or relative position of a foot in the footwear. In an example, monitoring foot location information at operation1040and receiving foot presence information at operation1010can include receiving information from the same or different foot presence sensor310. For example, different electrodes can be used to monitor foot presence or position information at operations1010and1040. At operation1040, the example includes monitoring information from one or more buttons associated with the footwear, such as the buttons121. Based on information from the buttons121, the drive mechanism340can be instructed to disengage or loosen laces, such as when a user wishes to remove the footwear. In an example, lace tension information can be additionally or alternatively monitored or used as feedback information for actuating the drive mechanism340, or for tensioning laces. For example, lace tension information can be monitored by measuring a drive current supplied to the motor341. The tension can be characterized at a point of manufacture or can be preset or adjusted by a user, and can be correlated to a monitored or measured drive current level. At operation1050, the example includes determining whether a foot location has changed in the footwear. If no change in foot location is detected by the foot presence sensor310and the processor circuit320, then the example can continue with a delay at operation1052. After a specified delay interval at operation1052, the example can return to operation1040to re-sample information from the foot presence sensor310to again determine whether a foot position has changed. The delay at operation1052can be in the range of several milliseconds to several seconds, and can optionally be specified by a user. In an example, the delay at operation1052can be determined automatically by the processor circuit320, such as in response to determining a footwear use characteristic. For example, if the processor circuit320determines that a wearer is engaged in strenuous activity (e.g., running, jumping, etc.), then the processor circuit320can decrease a delay duration provided at operation1052. If the processor circuit determines that the wearer is engaged in non-strenuous activity (e.g., walking or sitting), then the processor circuit can increase the delay duration provided at operation1052. By increasing a delay duration, battery life can be preserved by deferring sensor sampling events and corresponding consumption of power by the processor circuit320and/or by the foot presence sensor310. In an example, if a location change is detected at operation1050, then the example can continue by returning to operation1030, for example, to actuate the drive mechanism340to tighten or loosen the footwear about the foot. In an example, the processor circuit320includes or incorporates a hysteretic controller for the drive mechanism340to help avoid unwanted lace spooling in the event of, e.g., minor detected changes in foot position. FIG.11illustrates a flowchart showing an example of a method1100of using foot presence information from a footwear sensor. The example ofFIG.11can, in an example, refer to operations of a state machine, such as can be implemented using the processor circuit320and the foot presence sensor310. State1110can include a “Ship” state that represents a default or baseline state for an active footwear article, the article including one or more features that can be influenced by information from the foot presence sensor310. In the Ship state1110, various active components of the footwear can be switched off or deactivated to preserve the footwear's battery life. In response to a “Power Up” event1115, the example can transition to a “Disabled” or inactive state1120. The drive mechanism340, or other features of the active footwear, can remain on standby in the Disabled state1120. Various inputs can be used as triggering events to exit the Disabled state1120. For example, a user input from one of the buttons121can be used to indicate a transition out of the Disabled state1120. In an example, information from the motion sensor324can be used as a wake-up signal. Information from the motion sensor324can include information about movement of the footwear, such as can correspond to a user placing the shoes in a ready position, or a user beginning to insert a foot into the footwear. The state machine can remain in the Disabled state1120following the Power Up event1115until an Autolace enabled event1123is encountered or received. The Autolace enabled event1123can be triggered manually by a user (e.g., using a user input or interface device to the drive mechanism340), or can be triggered automatically in response to, e.g., gesture information received from the motion sensor324. Following the Autolace enabled event1123, a Calibrate event1125can occur. The Calibrate event1125can include setting a reference or baseline value for a capacitance of the foot presence sensor310, such as to account for environmental effects on the sensor. The calibration can be performed based on information sensed from the foot presence sensor310itself or can be based on programmed or specified reference information. Following the Autolace enabled event1123, the state machine can enter a holding state1130to “Wait for foot presence signal”. At state1130, the state machine can wait for an interrupt signal from the foot presence sensor310and/or from the motion sensor324. Upon receipt of the interrupt signal, such as indicating a foot is present, or indicating a sufficient likelihood that a foot is present, an event register can indicate “Foot found” at event1135. The state machine can transition to or initiate various functions when a Foot found event1135occurs. For example, the footwear can be configured to tighten or adjust a tension characteristic using the drive mechanism340in response to the Foot found event1135. In an example, the processor circuit320actuates the drive mechanism340to a adjust lace tension by an initial amount in response to the Foot found event1135, and the processor circuit320delays further tensioning the footwear unless or until a further control gesture is detected or user input is received. That is, the state machine can transition to a “Wait for move” state1140. In an example, the processor circuit320enables the drive mechanism340but does not actuate the drive mechanism following the Foot found event1135. At state1140, the state machine can hold or pause for additional sensed footwear motion information before initiating any initial or further tension adjustment. Following the Wait for move state1140, a Stomp/Walk/Stand event1145can be detected and, in response, the processor circuit320can further adjust a tension characteristic for the footwear. The Stomp/Walk/Stand event1145can include various discrete, sensed inputs, such as from one or more sensors in the active footwear. For example, a Stomp event can include information from the motion sensor324that indicates an affirmative acceleration (e.g., in a specified or generic direction) and an “up” or “upright” orientation. In an example, a Stomp event includes a “high knee” or kick type event where a user raises one knee substantially vertically and forward. An acceleration characteristic from the motion sensor324can be analyzed, such as to determine whether the acceleration meets or exceeds a specified threshold. For example, a slow knee-raise event may not trigger a Stomp event response, whereas a rapid or quick knee-raise event may trigger a Stomp event response. A Walk event can include information from the motion sensor324that indicates an affirmative step pattern and an “up” or “upright” orientation. In an example, the motion sensor324and/or the processor circuit320is configured to identify a step event, and the Walk event can be recognized when the step event is identified and when an accelerometer (e.g., included with or separate from the motion sensor324) indicates that the footwear is upright. A Stand event can include information from the motion sensor that indicates an “up” or “upright” orientation, such as without further information about an acceleration or direction change of the footwear from the motion sensor. In an example, the Stand event can be discerned using information about a change in a capacitance signal from the capacitive foot presence sensor310, such as further described below. That is, a capacitance signal from the foot presence sensor310can include signal variations that can indicate whether a user is standing, such as when the user's foot applies downward pressure on the footwear. The specific examples of the Stomp/Walk/Stand event1145are not to be considered limiting and various other gestures, time-based inputs, or user-input controls can be provided to further control or influence behavior of the footwear, such as after a foot is detected at the Foot found event1135. Following the Stomp/Walk/Stand event1145, the state machine can include a “Wait for unlace” state1150. The Wait for unlace state1150can include monitoring user inputs and/or gesture information (e.g., using the motion sensor324) for instructions to relax, de-tension, or unlace the footwear. In the Wait for unlace state1150, a state manager such as the processor circuit320can indicate that the lacing engine or drive mechanism340is unlaced and should return to the Wait for foot presence signal state1130. That is, in a first example, an Unlaced event1155can occur (e.g., in response to a user input), the state machine can transition the footwear to an unlaced state, and the state machine can return to the Wait for foot presence signal state1130. In a second example, an Autolace disabled event1153can occur and transition the footwear to the Disabled state1120. FIG.12illustrates generally a chart1200of first time-varying information from a capacitive foot presence sensor. The example ofFIG.12includes a capacitance vs. time chart and a first time-varying capacitance signal1201plotted on the chart. In an example, the first time-varying capacitance signal1201can be obtained using the foot presence sensor310described herein. The first time-varying capacitance signal1201can correspond to a measured capacitance, or an indication of an influence of a body on an electric field, between multiple electrodes in the foot presence sensor310, as described above. In an example, the first time-varying capacitance signal1201represents an absolute or relative capacitance value, and in another example, the signal represents a difference between multiple different capacitance signals. In an example, the first capacitance signal1201can be compared with a specified first threshold capacitance value1211. The foot presence sensor310can be configured to perform the comparison, or the processor circuit320can be configured to receive capacitance information from the foot presence sensor310and perform the comparison. In the example ofFIG.12, the first threshold capacitance value1211is indicated to be a constant non-zero value. When the first capacitance signal1201meets or exceeds the first threshold capacitance value1211, such as at time T1, the foot presence sensor310and/or the processor circuit320can provide a first interrupt signal INT1. The first interrupt signal INT1can remain high as long as the capacitance value indicated by the foot presence sensor310meets or exceeds the first threshold capacitance value1211. In an example, the first interrupt signal INT1can be used in the example ofFIG.10, such as at operations1010or1020. At operation1010, receiving foot presence information from the foot presence sensor310can include receiving the first interrupt signal INT1, such as at the processor circuit320. In an example, operation1020can include using interrupt signal information to determine whether a foot is, or is likely to be, fully seated in footwear. For example, the processor circuit320can monitor a duration of the first interrupt signal INT1to determine how long the foot presence sensor310provides a capacitance value that exceeds the first threshold capacitance value1211. If the duration exceeds a specified reference duration, then the processor circuit320can determine that a foot is, or is likely to be, fully seated. In an example, the first interrupt signal INT1can be used in the example ofFIG.11, such as at state1130or event1135. At state1130, the state machine can be configured to wait for an interrupt signal, such as INT1, from the processor circuit320or from the foot presence sensor310. At event1135, the state machine can receive the first interrupt signal INT1and, in response, one or more following states can be initiated. In an example, the first threshold capacitance value1211is adjustable. The threshold can change based on measured or detected changes in a capacitance baseline or reference, such as due to environment changes. In an example, the first threshold capacitance value1211can be specified by a user. The user's specification of the threshold value can influence a sensitivity of the footwear. In an example, the first threshold capacitance value1211can be adjusted automatically in response to sensed environment or material changes in or around the foot presence sensor310. FIG.13illustrates generally a chart1300of second time-varying information from a capacitive foot presence sensor. The example ofFIG.13shows how fluctuations of a second capacitance signal1202near the first threshold capacitance value1211can be handled or used to determine more information about a foot presence or orientation in footwear. In an example, the second capacitance signal1202is received from the foot presence sensor310, and the second capacitance signal1202is compared with the first threshold capacitance value1211. Other threshold values can similarly be used depending on, among other things, a user, a user preference, a footwear type, or an environment or environment characteristic. In the example ofFIG.13, the second capacitance signal1202can cross the first threshold capacitance value1211at times T2, T3, and T4. In an example, the multiple threshold crossings can be used to positively identify a foot presence by the foot presence sensor310, such as by indicating a travel path for a foot as it enters the footwear. For example, the time interval bounded by the first and second threshold crossings at times T2and T3can indicate a duration when a foot's toes or phalanges are positioned at or near electrodes of the foot presence sensor310. The interval between T3and T4, when the sensed capacitance is less than the first threshold capacitance value1211, can correspond to a time when the foot's metatarsal joints or metatarsal bones travel over or near the electrodes of the foot presence sensor310. The metatarsal joints and bones can be spaced away from the foot presence sensor310by a distance that is greater than a distance of the phalanges to the foot presence sensor310when the phalanges travel into the footwear, and therefore the resulting measured capacitance between T3and T4can be less. At time T4, the heel or talus of the foot can slide into position and the arch can become seated over electrodes of the foot presence sensor310, thereby bringing a sensed capacitance back up and exceeding the first threshold capacitance value1211. Accordingly, the foot presence sensor310or the processor circuit320can be configured to render a second interrupt signal INT2between times T2and T3, and to render a third interrupt signal INT3following time T4. In an example, the processor circuit320can be configured to positively identify a foot presence based on a sequence of interrupt signals. For example, the processor circuit320can use information about received interrupt signals and about one or more intervals or durations between the received interrupt signals. For example, the processor circuit can be configured to look for a pair of interrupt signals separated by a specified duration to provide a positive indication of a foot presence. InFIG.13, for example, a duration between T3and T4can be used to provide an indication of a foot presence, such as with some adjustable or specified margin of error. In an example, the processor circuit320can receive interrupt signals as data and process the data together with other user input signals, for example as part of a gesture-based user input. In an example, information about a presence or absence of an interrupt signal can be used to validate or dismiss one or more other signals. For example, an accelerometer signal can be validated and processed by the processor circuit320when an interrupt signal is or was recently received, or the accelerometer signal can be dismissed by the processor circuit320when an interrupt signal corresponding to the foot presence sensor is absent. The examples ofFIG.12andFIG.13show embodiments wherein measured capacitance values from the foot presence sensor310are reliably constant or reproducible over time, including in the presence of changes in environmental conditions. In many footwear use cases, however, ambient capacitance changes in embedded electronics can occur constantly or unpredictably, such as due to changes in temperature, humidity, or other environmental factors. Significant changes in ambient capacitance can adversely affect activation of the foot presence sensor310, such as by changing a baseline or reference capacitance characteristic of the sensor. FIG.14illustrates generally a chart1400of third time-varying information from a capacitive foot presence sensor. The example ofFIG.14shows how reference capacitance changes, such as due to changes in various ambient conditions, changes in use scenarios, or changes due to wear and tear or degradation of footwear components, can be accounted for. The example includes a third capacitance signal1203plotted on the chart1400with a second threshold capacitance1212and a time-varying reference capacitance1213. In the example ofFIG.14, the time-varying reference capacitance1213increases over time. In other examples, a reference capacitance can decrease over time, or can fluctuate, such as over the course of a footwear usage event (e.g., over the course of one day, one game played, one user's settings or preferences, etc.). In an example, a reference capacitance can change over a life cycle of various components of the footwear itself, such as an insole, outsole, sock liner, orthotic insert, or other component of the footwear. In an example, the third capacitance signal1203is received from the foot presence sensor310, and the third capacitance signal1203is compared with the second threshold capacitance1212, such as using processing circuitry on the foot presence sensor310or using the processor circuit320. In an example that does not consider or use the time-varying reference capacitance1213, threshold crossings for the third capacitance signal1203can be observed at times T5, T6, and T8. The second threshold capacitance1212can be adjusted, however, such as in real-time with the sensed information from the foot presence sensor310. Adjustments to the second threshold capacitance1212can be based on the time-varying reference capacitance1213. In an example, the second threshold capacitance1212is adjusted continuously and by amounts that correspond to changes in the time-varying reference capacitance1213. In an alternative example, the second threshold capacitance1212is adjusted in stepped increments, such as in response to specified threshold change amounts of the time-varying reference capacitance1213. The stepped-adjustment technique is illustrated inFIG.14by the stepped increase in the second threshold capacitance1212over the interval shown. For example, the second threshold capacitance1212is increased at times T7and T10in response to specified threshold increases in capacitance, AC, in the time-varying reference capacitance1213. In the example ofFIG.14, the third capacitance signal1203crosses the reference-compensated second threshold capacitance1212at times T5, T6, and T9. Thus different interrupt signals or interrupt signal timings can be provided depending on whether the threshold is reference-compensated. For example, a fourth interrupt signal INT4can be generated and provided between times T5and T6. If the second threshold capacitance1212is used without reference compensation, then a fifth interrupt signal INT5can be generated and provided at time T5. However, if the reference-compensated second threshold capacitance1212is used, then the fifth interrupt signal INT5is generated and provided at time T9as illustrated when the third capacitance signal1203crosses the compensated second threshold capacitance1212. Logic circuits can be used to monitor and update threshold capacitance values. Such logic circuits can be incorporated with the foot presence sensor310or with the processor circuit320. Updated threshold levels can be provided automatically and stored in the on-chip RAM. In an example, no input or confirmation from a user is needed to perform a threshold update. FIG.15illustrates generally a chart1500of fourth time-varying information from a capacitive foot presence sensor. The example ofFIG.15shows how reference capacitance changes, such as due to changes in various ambient conditions, changes in use scenarios, or changes due to wear and tear or degradation of footwear components, can be accounted for. The example includes a fourth capacitance signal1204plotted on the chart1500with an adaptive threshold capacitance1214. The fourth capacitance signal1204can be provided by the foot presence sensor310. The adaptive threshold capacitance1214can be used to help compensate for environment or use-case-related changes in capacitance measured by the foot presence sensor310. In an example, the foot presence sensor310or processor circuit320is configured to monitor the fourth capacitance signal1204for signal magnitude changes, such as for changes greater than a specified threshold magnitude amount. That is, when the fourth capacitance signal1204includes a magnitude change that meets or exceeds a specified threshold capacitance magnitude, AC, then the foot presence sensor310or processor circuit320can provide an interrupt signal. In an example, sensed or measured capacitance values of the fourth capacitance signal1204are compared with a reference capacitance or baseline, and that reference or baseline can be updated at specified or time-varying intervals. In the example ofFIG.15, a reference update occurs periodically at times T11, T12, T13, etc., as shown. Other intervals, or updates in response to other triggering events, can additionally or alternatively be used. In the example ofFIG.15, an initial reference capacitance can be 0, or can be represented by the x-axis. A sixth interrupt signal INT6can be provided at time T11after the fourth capacitance signal1204increases by greater than the specified threshold capacitance magnitude ΔC relative to a previously specified reference. In the example ofFIG.15, interrupts can be provided at periodic intervals, however, in other examples an interrupt can be provided contemporaneously with identifying the threshold change in capacitance. Following the identified threshold change, such as at time T11, a reference or baseline capacitance can be updated to a first capacitance reference C1. Following time T11, the foot presence sensor310or processor circuit320can be configured to monitor the fourth capacitance signal1204for a subsequent change by at least AC in the signal, that is, to look for a capacitance value of C1+ΔC or C1−ΔC. In an example that includes identifying a capacitance increase at a first time, the interrupt signal status can be changed in response to identifying a capacitance decrease at a subsequent time. However, if a further capacitance increase is identified at the subsequent time, then the reference capacitance can be updated and subsequent comparisons can be made based on the updated reference capacitance. This scenario is illustrated inFIG.15. For example, at time T12, a capacitance increase in the fourth capacitance signal1204is detected, and the reference can be updated to a second capacitance reference C2. Since the first and subsequent second capacitance changes represent increases, the status of the sixth interrupt signal INT6can be unchanged. At time T13, a capacitance decrease in the fourth capacitance signal1204is detected, and the reference can be updated to a third capacitance reference C3. Since the capacitance change at time T13is a decrease that is greater than the specified threshold capacitance magnitude ΔC, the status of the sixth interrupt signal INT6can be changed (e.g., from an interrupt asserted state to an unasserted state). In an example, the first detected change at time T11and corresponding interrupt signal INT6represents a foot that is sensed by the foot presence sensor310and determined to be present in footwear. Subsequent increases in the reference capacitance represent changes to a baseline capacitance measured by the foot presence sensor310, such as due to environment changes at or near the sensor. The detected change at time T13can represent a foot being removed from the footwear and being no longer sensed proximal to the foot presence sensor310. A subsequent capacitance change (e.g., at time T16) can represent the foot being re-inserted into the footwear. FIG.16illustrates generally a chart1600of time-varying information from a capacitive foot presence sensor and a signal morphology limit, according to an example embodiment. The example includes fifth and sixth capacitance signals1205and1206plotted on the chart1600. The chart1600further includes a morphology limit1601. The morphology limit1601can be compared to sampled segments of a capacitance signal from the foot presence sensor310. The comparison can be performed using the foot presence sensor310or processor circuit320to determine whether a particular sampled segment conforms to the morphology limit1601. In the example ofFIG.16, the morphology limit defines a lower limit that, if exceeded, indicates that the capacitance signal segment does not represent, or is unlikely to represent, a foot presence proximal to the foot presence sensor310. The illustrated sampled portion of the fifth capacitance signal1205conforms to the morphology limit1601. In the example ofFIG.16, the morphology limit1601defines a morphology that includes a capacitance signal magnitude change, or dip, dwell, and recovery. Following identification that the fifth capacitance signal1205conforms to all or a portion of the morphology limit1601, an interrupt signal can be provided to indicate a foot presence or successful detection. The illustrated sampled portion of the sixth capacitance signal1206does not conform to the morphology limit1601. For example, the steep decrease and long dwell time of the sixth capacitance signal1206falls outside of the bounds defined by the morphology limit1601, and therefore an interrupt signal can be withheld, such as to indicate that a foot is not detected by the foot presence sensor310. The morphology limit1601can be fixed or variable. For example, the morphology limit can be adjusted based on information about a reference capacitance, environment, footwear use case, user, sensitivity preference, or other information. For example, the morphology limit1601can be different depending on a type of footwear used. That is, a basketball shoe can have a different morphology limit1601than a running shoe, at least in part because of the different geometry or materials of the shoes or an amount of time that a user is expected to take to put on or take off a particular footwear article. In an example, the morphology limit1601can be programmed by a user, such as to correspond to a user's unique footwear donning or doffing preferences or procedures. As explained above, the foot presence sensor310can have an associated fixed or variable baseline or reference capacitance value. The reference capacitance value can be a function of an electrode surface area, or of an electrode placement relative to other footwear components, or of a footwear orientation, or of an environment in which the sensor or footwear itself it used. That is, a sensor can have some associated capacitance value without a foot present in the footwear, and that value can be a function of a dielectric effect of one or more materials or environmental factors at or near the sensor. In an example, an orthotic insert (e.g., insole) in footwear can change a dielectric characteristic of the footwear at or near a capacitive sensor. The processor circuit320can optionally be configured to calibrate the foot presence sensor310when a baseline or reference characteristic changes, such as when an insole is changed. In an example, the processor circuit320can be configured to automatically detect baseline or reference capacitance changes, or can be configured to update a baseline or reference capacitance in response to a user input or command. FIG.17illustrates generally an example1700of a diagram of a capacitance-based foot presence sensor in a midsole of a footwear article and located under a dielectric stack. The example1700includes the housing structure150, such as can include or use a lacing engine or drive mechanism340that is actuated at least in part based on information from a capacitive foot presence sensor1701. The capacitive foot presence sensor1701can be configured to provide a capacitance or capacitance-indicating signal based on a presence or absence of the body550proximal to the sensor. One or more materials can be provided between the body550and the capacitive foot presence sensor1701, and the one or more materials can influence the sensitivity of the sensor, or can influence a signal-to-noise ratio of a signal from the sensor. In an example, the one or more materials form a dielectric stack. The one or more materials can include, among other things, a sock1751, an airgap such as due to an arch height of the body550at or near the sensor, a sock liner1750, a fastener1730such as Velcro, or a dielectric filler1720. In an example, when the capacitive foot presence sensor1701is provided inside of the housing structure150the top wall of the housing structure150itself is a portion of the dielectric stack. In an example, an orthotic insert can be a portion of the dielectric stack. The present inventors have recognized that providing a dielectric stack with a high relative permittivity, or a high k-value, can enhance the input sensitivity of the capacitive foot presence sensor1701. Various high k-value materials were tested and evaluated for effectiveness and suitability in footwear. In an example, the dielectric filler1720can include a neoprene member. The neoprene member can be specified to have a hardness or durometer characteristic that is comfortable to use underfoot in footwear and that provides a sufficient dielectric effect to increase the sensitivity of the capacitive foot presence sensor1701, such as relative to having an airgap or other low k-value material in its place. In an example, the neoprene member includes a closed-cell foam material with about a 30 shore A hardness value. FIG.18illustrates generally an example that includes a chart1800showing an effect of the dielectric filler1720on a capacitance-indicating signal from the capacitive foot presence sensor1701. In the chart1800, the x axis indicates a number of digital samples and corresponds to time elapsed, and the y axis indicates a relative measure of capacitance detected by the capacitive foot presence sensor1701. The chart1800includes a time-aligned overlay of a capacitance-indicating first signal1801corresponding to a first type of the dielectric filler1720material and a capacitance-indicating second signal1802corresponding to a different second type of the dielectric filter1720. In the example, the first signal1801corresponds to footwear with a first dielectric member provided as the dielectric filler1720. The first dielectric member can include, for example, a polyurethane foam having a first dielectric k-value. The chart1800shows multiple instances of the body550being inserted into and then removed from an article of footwear that includes the first dielectric member and the foot presence sensor1701. For example, a first portion1820of the first signal1801indicates a reference or baseline capacitance measured by the capacitive foot presence sensor1701. In the example ofFIG.18, the reference or baseline is normalized to a value of zero. The reference or baseline condition can correspond to no foot present in the footwear. That is, the first portion1820of the first signal1801indicates that a foot is absent from the footwear. At a time corresponding to approximately sample600, the body550can be inserted into the footwear and can be situated at or near the capacitive foot presence sensor1701and the first dielectric member. Following insertion, a magnitude of the first signal1801changes, such as by a first amount1811, and indicates that a foot (or other body) is present in the footwear. In the example ofFIG.18, the body550is present in the footwear for a duration corresponding to a second portion1821of the first signal1801, such as corresponding to approximately samples600through1400. At a time corresponding to approximately sample1400, the body550can be removed from the footwear. When the body550is removed, the first signal1801can return to its reference or baseline value. In the example ofFIG.18, the second signal1802corresponds to footwear with a second dielectric member provided as the dielectric filler1720. The second dielectric member can include, for example, a neoprene foam having a second dielectric k-value that exceeds the first dielectric k-value of the first dielectric member discussed above. The chart1800shows multiple instances of the body550being inserted into and then removed from an article of footwear that includes the second dielectric member and the foot presence sensor1701. The first portion1820of the second signal1802indicates a reference or baseline capacitance measured by the capacitive foot presence sensor1701and, in the example ofFIG.18, the first portion1820of the second signal1802indicates that a foot is absent from the footwear. At a time corresponding to approximately sample600, the body550can be inserted into the footwear and can be situated at or near the capacitive foot presence sensor1701and the second dielectric member. Following insertion, a magnitude of the second signal1802changes, such as by a second amount1812, and indicates that a foot (or other body) is present in the footwear. In the example, the second amount1812exceeds the first amount1811. The difference in magnitude change is attributed to the type of material used for the dielectric filler1720. That is, a magnitude of the capacitance-indicating first and second signals1801and1802can be different when a different dielectric stack is used. When the dielectric stack includes a high k-value dielectric filler1720, then the difference in magnitude, or difference from baseline, is greater than when a dielectric stack includes a low k-value dielectric filter1720. In an example, an orthotic insert comprises a portion of a dielectric stack in footwear. The present inventors performed a variety of tests to evaluate an effect of various orthotic inserts on capacitive foot sensing techniques. Full and partial length orthotic insoles were tested. The addition of a regular (partial length) orthotic to the footwear increased an overall dielectric effect of the stack and decreased an electric field sensitivity to the presence of a foot. A sensed signal amplitude (e.g., corresponding to a sensed change in capacitance) also decreased in the presence of the orthotic. An RMS amplitude of a noise floor, however, was similar with or without the orthotic. The response under loading and unloading conditions was also similar. Based on results of the orthotics tests, using capacitive sensing for detection of foot presence with regular or full-length orthotics is feasible with respect to signal to noise resolution. Using partial or full length orthotics, a SNR exceeding a desired minimum of about 6 dB can be used to resolve foot presence, and can be used under both light duty and high duty loading conditions. In an example, the foot presence sensor310can include or use a capacitance offset range to compensate for added dielectric effects of orthotics. Variations in an air gap between a full-length orthotic and electrodes of the foot presence sensor310can correspond to measurable variations in SNR as a function of an applied load. For example, as demonstrated in the example ofFIG.18, when a high k-value dielectric material is provided at or near a capacitive foot presence sensor, then the SNR can be improved over examples that include or use a low k-value dielectric material. Various foot zones were found to behave similarly under low loading conditions, such as showing no significant deformation of the gap distance under the orthotic. Under high loading conditions, however, such as when a user is standing, an arch region of an orthotic can be compressed and an air gap can be substantially minimized or eliminated. Thus under sensing conditions, measured electric fields in the presence of an orthotic can be similar in magnitude to electric fields measured using a production or OEM insole. In an example of an orthotic or OEM production insole that creates an airgap between the foot presence sensor310and a body to be detected, various materials can be provided or added to compensate for or fill in the airgap. For example, a gap-filling foam such as neoprene can be provided at an underside of a full-length orthotic. In an example, including an orthotic in an insole increases an overall dielectric thickness of a dielectric stack, decreasing the electric field sensitivity to the presence of the foot. The signal amplitude decreased with the orthotic. An RMS amplitude of a noise characteristic was similar with or without the orthotic. It was also determined that the dielectric member that occupies a volume between a sense electrode of a capacitive sensor and the lower surface of the orthotic can have a large influence on the sensitivity of the capacitive sensor. A polyurethane foam, for example having a k-value of 1.28, can have about 70% less signal amplitude than that measured when using a neoprene foam with a dielectric constant or k-value of about 5.6. With noise amplitude being equal, this equates to an SNR difference of about 4.6 dB. Using capacitive sensing for detection of foot presence with carbon fiber orthotics is thus feasible with respect to signal to noise. The SNR exceeds the minimum of 6 dB required to resolve foot presence was measured. FIG.19illustrates generally an example of a chart1900that shows a portion of a capacitance-indicating third signal1803from a capacitance-based foot presence sensor in footwear. In the chart1900, the x axis indicates a number of digital samples and corresponds to time elapsed, and the y axis indicates a relative measure of capacitance detected by the capacitive foot presence sensor1701. Information from the third signal1803can be used to determine whether a user is applying a downward force on the footwear, such as can be used to discern whether the user is sitting or standing, or to determine a step count, or to determine a user gait characteristic, among other things. At an initial time, such as corresponding to sample “0” on the x axis, the third signal1803can have a reference or baseline value of about 0 on the relative capacitance scale. At1901, or at about sample175on the x axis, the third signal1803includes a footwear donning event corresponding to, e.g., the body550being inserted into the footwear. The third signal1803includes a footwear doffing event at1910, or at about sample10000, after which the third signal1803returns to the baseline value. The example ofFIG.19further includes a threshold1920. The threshold1920can correspond to a relative capacitance value that indicates the body550is present in the footwear. For example, when a foot or the body550is present in the footwear, the relative capacitance indicated by the third signal1803exceeds the threshold1920, and when the foot or body550is absent from the footwear, the relative capacitance can fall below the threshold1920. Various methods or techniques can be used to dynamically adjust the threshold1920, such as further described herein, such as to account for environmental changes or footwear material changes. Between the footwear donning and doffing events at1901and1910, respectively, such as corresponding to an interval between samples175and1000, the wearer of the footwear article can transition multiple times between sitting and standing positions. Transitions between sitting and standing can correspond to fluctuations in the third signal1803for example due to compression and relaxation of footwear materials that form a dielectric stack over a capacitive sensor that provides the third signal1803. That is, when a user stands and exerts a downward force on the dielectric stack, one or more materials in the dielectric stack can compress and the user's foot can move closer to the capacitive sensor, thereby changing a relative capacitance measured using the sensor. When a user sits and the downward force on the dielectric stack is reduced, then the dielectric stack materials can relax or extend, and the user's foot can move away from the capacitive sensor. The donning event1901includes a turbulent portion of the third signal1803. That is, instead of showing a smooth or gentle transition, the third signal1803fluctuates rapidly and erratically as the user seats his or her foot into position within the footwear. In an example, the donning event1901includes lacing, such as automatic or manual lacing, which can correspond to a user exerting various forces on the footwear materials, including on the dielectric stack, and the user adjusting the footwear's tension about the user's foot. In the example ofFIG.19, following the donning event at1901, a user can be seated for a first duration1931, such as corresponding to samples200through275. For the first duration1931, the third signal1803can have an average value of about 220 relative capacitance units. Following the first duration1931, the user can stand, causing the material(s) of the dielectric stack to compress and thereby permitting the user's foot to approach the capacitive sensor under the stack. When the user is fully standing and compressing the dielectric stack, the third signal1803can have an average value of about 120 relative capacitance units for a second duration1932. That is, a magnitude of the third signal1803can change by a first magnitude change amount1951as the user transitions from sitting to standing, or as the user transitions from exerting minimal force on the dielectric stack to exerting a maximum force on the dielectric stack, and thereby changing a dielectric characteristic of the dielectric stack itself. In an example, the first magnitude change amount1951can correspond to a magnitude of the force exerted on the dielectric stack. That is, the first magnitude change amount1951can be used to determine, among other things, a user's weight or whether the user is running or walking, for example because the user is expected to exert a greater force on the dielectric stack when running as compared to walking. In the example ofFIG.19, at about sample375, the third signal1803returns to a value of about 220 relative capacitance units when the user returns to a seated posture. The user sits for a third duration1933before the next relative capacitance change. A dashed-line portion of the third signal1803(following about sample500in the example ofFIG.19) indicates a time passage and a change in scale of the x axis. In an example, the samples0through500correspond to a time when footwear incorporating the capacitive sensor is new, or when a new dielectric stack is used with the footwear. The samples following about sample9,800can correspond to a time when the footwear is older or partially worn out, or when a portion of the dielectric stack is compressed and fails to recoil or expand under relaxed or non-use conditions. In the example ofFIG.19, the third signal1803indicates several user transitions between sitting and standing postures. In the example, a fourth duration1934and a sixth duration1936correspond to a sitting posture with minimal force or pressure applied to a dielectric stack in the footwear. A fifth duration1935corresponds to a standing posture with elevated force applied on the dielectric stack. In the example, the fourth and sixth durations1934and1936can correspond to an average value of about 240 relative capacitance units. That is, the average of the fourth and sixth durations1934and1936can exceed the average of the first and third durations1931and1933, which was about 220 units. In an example, the difference between the average values can be attributed to wear and tear of one or more portions of the dielectric stack or other footwear materials that change over time with use of the footwear. In the example, the fifth duration1935can correspond to an average value of about 150 relative capacitance units, which exceeds the average value of about 120 units for the third duration1933. Furthermore, the difference between sitting and standing postures, that is between force applied or not applied to the dielectric stack, can differ for the case of the new footwear and the used footwear. The first magnitude change amount1951indicates about a 200 unit change in relative capacitance for new footwear between standing and seated postures, and a second magnitude change amount1952indicates about a 150 unit change in relative capacitance for older or used footwear between standing and seated postures. In the example ofFIG.19, the fourth through sixth durations1934-1936further indicate a relatively noisy signal as compared to the first through third durations1931-1933, which can additionally be attributed to wear and tear of footwear or sensor components. FIG.19thus illustrates that information from the third signal1803can be used to indicate, among other things, a footwear lifecycle status or footwear usage characteristic. The information can be used, for example, to help prevent user injury by reporting to or warning a user that one or more footwear components are worn or exhausted, and may no longer be available to provide optimal or sufficient cushioning or foot retention. In an example, information from a capacitive foot sensor can be used to derive or determine step frequency information, which can in turn be used as a step counter or pedometer, such as when a user's stride is known or determinable. Referring again toFIG.19, fluctuations in the third signal1803can correspond to different step events. For example, the second duration1932can correspond to an interval that includes a first portion of a user step, such as when a user's first foot is on the ground and the user's body weight applies a force on the user's footwear, and the footwear includes a capacitance-based foot presence sensor that provides the third signal1803. Following the second duration1932, the user can shift his or her weight from the user's first foot to his or her second foot. As a result, pressure or force applied by the user to the footwear can be reduced, and a corresponding change in the third signal1803can be observed. For example, a magnitude of the third signal1803can increase, such as by the first magnitude change amount1951. When the user steps again and returns to the first foot, then the magnitude of the third signal1803can decrease, such as by the same or similar first magnitude change amount1951. In an example, the magnitude change can depend on, or can be related to, a force applied by the user on the footwear, which can in turn correspond to how quickly the user is walking or running. For example, a greater magnitude change amount can correspond to a running pace, while a lesser change amount can correspond to a walking pace. In an example, a duration, interval, or sample count of a specified portion of the third signal1803can be used to determine a step interval or step count. For example, the first duration1931can have a sample count of about 75 samples, and the second duration1932can have a sample count of about 50 samples. If the first and duration1931corresponds to a first portion of a user's walking or stepping cycle when a first foot is off the ground, and the second duration1932corresponds to a later second portion of the user's walking or stepping cycle when the first foot is on the ground, then the user can have a step interval of about 125 samples. Depending on the sample rate, the step interval can be correlated with a walking or running pace, such as using the processor circuit320to process the sample count information. In an example, a duration, interval, or sample count between signal magnitude changes in the third signal1803can be used to determine a step interval or step count. Magnitude changes, such as greater than a specified threshold magnitude change amount, can be identified by the processor circuit320, and then the processor circuit320can calculate or identify interval lengths between the identified magnitude changes. For example, an onset of the second duration1932can be identified by the processor circuit320to be at about sample325, such as corresponding to a magnitude change observed in the third signal1803that is greater than a specified threshold change. An end of the second duration1932can be identified by the processor circuit320to be at about sample375, such as corresponding to a subsequent magnitude change observed in the third signal1803and is greater than the specified threshold change. The processor circuit320can calculate a difference between the sample counts and determine that the second duration1932is about 50 samples in duration. The processor circuit320can similarly determine a duration or sample length for any one or more segments of the third signal1803. The processor circuit320can then determine a step interval, and a step interval can be used to determine a distance traveled or a rate at which the user is moving. In an example, information about a user's stride length can be used together with the step interval information to determine the distance traveled. In an example, a user's stride length is not specified or known. The user's stride length can optionally be determined using information from one or more other sensors, such as an accelerometer or position sensor (e.g., a GPS sensor) in coordination with the foot sensor information. For example, information from a position sensor can indicate a total distance traveled by a user over a specified duration. The processor circuit320, or other processor appurtenant to the footwear, can receive the third signal1803and correlate a number of signal magnitude change events with steps and distance traveled to determine an average user step or stride length. For example, if a user travels 100 meters in 30 seconds, and a capacitance-indicating signal from a foot presence sensor indicates 100 signal magnitude change events within the same 30 second interval, then the processor circuit320or other processor can determine the user's stride is about 100 meters/100 magnitude change events=1 meter per magnitude change event. In an example, information from the third signal1803can be used to determine a user gait characteristic, or a change in a user's gait. The processor circuit320can, for example, be configured to monitor the capacitance-indicating signal over time, such as to identify changes in the signal. For example, the processor circuit320can monitor a first (or other) duration or first step event after a detected donning event. Generally, users can be expected to begin walking or running in a similar manner, such as using a similar gait, each time the user dons the footwear. If the processor circuit320detects a deviation from an established baseline or average signal characteristic following footwear donning, then the user can be alerted. Similarly, the processor circuit320can be configured to detect usage characteristics or deviations that can be associated with user fatigue, which can in turn lead to injury. For example, a deviation from an established baseline or reference signal characteristic can indicate a foot or ankle has rotated or slid within the footwear, such as because a foot position change can correspondingly change a dielectric characteristic at or above a capacitance-based foot presence sensor. In an example that includes an automatic lacing engine, information about the foot position change can be used to automatically tighten the footwear about the user's foot to help prevent injury to the user. The following aspects provide a non-limiting overview of the footwear and sensors discussed herein. Aspect 1 can include or use subject matter (such as an apparatus, a system, a device, a method, a means for performing acts, or a device readable medium including instructions that, when performed by the device, can cause the device to perform acts), such as can include or use a method including receiving a time-varying sensor signal from a sensor that is coupled to an article of footwear, wherein the sensor is configured to sense information about a proximity of a foot to the sensor. The method of Aspect 1 can include, using a processor circuit, identifying a characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal, and based on the characteristic as identified, at least one of, initiating data collection about the footwear or about the foot using the same or different sensor coupled to the footwear, and updating an automated function of the footwear. Aspect 2 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 1, to optionally include identifying the characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal includes identifying a series of signal change events in the time-varying sensor signal, the signal change events corresponding to a signal magnitude or frequency change by greater than a specified threshold change amount. Aspect 3 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 2, to optionally include, using the processor circuit, determining a step count using the series of signal change events. Aspect 4 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 2 or 3 to optionally include, using the processor circuit, determining a foot strike force characteristic using the series of signal change events. Aspect 5 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 2 through 4 to optionally include changing the specified threshold change amount in response to a change in an environment characteristic, the environment characteristic corresponding to an environment in which the footwear is used. Aspect 6 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 5 to optionally include identifying the characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal includes, using the processor circuit, identifying first portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot strike and identifying other second portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot lift, and determining a step count, a rate of travel, or a distance of travel, using information about timings of the first and second portions of the time-varying sensor signal. Aspect 7 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 6 to optionally include or use identifying the characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal includes, using the processor circuit, identifying first portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot strike and identifying other second portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot lift, and determining a foot strike force characteristic using the first portions of the time-varying sensor signal. Aspect 8 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 7 to optionally include identifying the characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal includes, using the processor circuit, identifying first portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot strike and identifying other second portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot lift, and determining a lifecycle status of an insole component of the footwear using the first portions of the time-varying sensor signal. Aspect 9 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 8, to optionally include reporting a footwear status indication to a user when the lifecycle status as determined indicates the insole is providing insufficient cushioning to the user. Aspect 10 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 9 to optionally include or use initiating data collection using the same or different sensor includes receiving footwear activity information from an accelerometer coupled to the footwear. Aspect 11 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 10 to optionally include or use updating an automated function of the footwear includes initiating or inhibiting operation of an automatic lacing engine, wherein the lacing engine is configured to tighten or loosen the footwear about the foot. Aspect 12 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 11 to optionally include receiving the time-varying sensor signal from the sensor includes receiving a time-varying capacitance-indicating signal from a capacitive sensor. Aspect 13 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 12 to optionally include receiving the time-varying sensor signal from the sensor includes receiving a time-varying magnetic field-indicating signal from a magnetometer. Aspect 14 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 13 to optionally include receiving the time-varying sensor signal includes while a foot is inserted or removed from the footwear, and identifying a characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal includes identifying a changing proximity characteristic of the foot as toe, arch, and heel portions of the foot approach the sensor in the footwear. Aspect 15 can include or use subject matter (such as an apparatus, a system, a device, a method, a means for performing acts, or a device readable medium including instructions that, when performed by the device, can cause the device to perform acts), such as can include or use a foot proximity sensor system for footwear. Aspect 15 can include, among other components, a proximity sensor coupled to an article of footwear and configured to provide a time-varying sensor signal indicating a proximity of a foot to the sensor, and a processor circuit coupled to the proximity sensor, the processor circuit configured to identify a characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal, and based on the characteristic as identified, at least one of initiate data collection about the footwear or about the foot, using the same proximity sensor or using a different sensor coupled to the footwear, and update an automated function of the footwear. Aspect 16 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 15, to optionally include the proximity sensor as a capacitive sensor comprising multiple electrodes provided at or near an insole of the footwear. Aspect 17 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Aspect 16, to optionally include or use the proximity sensor as a magnetometer provided at or near an insole of the footwear and configured to detect a magnetic field change based on a location change of one or more magnetic bodies disposed in the footwear. Aspect 18 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 15 through 17 to optionally include or use the processor circuit configured to identify multiple characteristics of the time-varying sensor signal over time, wherein each of the characteristics corresponds to a signal magnitude change by greater than a specified threshold change amount, and wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine a step count, a foot strike force, or a rate of travel using the characteristics. Aspect 19 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 15 through 18 to optionally include or use the processor circuit configured to identify first portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot strike and identify other second portions of the time-varying sensor signal corresponding to a foot lift, and wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine a step count, a rate of travel, or a distance of travel, using information about timings of the first and second portions of the time-varying sensor signal. Aspect 20 can include or use subject matter (such as an apparatus, a system, a device, a method, a means for performing acts, or a device readable medium including instructions that, when performed by the device, can cause the device to perform acts), such as can include or use an automated footwear system for use in a footwear article, the system comprising a lacing engine and a lacing engine housing configured to be disposed in the article, a processor circuit provided in the housing, an electrical interconnect coupled to the processor circuit and to one or more ports in the housing, and a capacitive sensor, including multiple electrodes provided at least partially outside of the housing and coupled to the processor circuit using the electrical interconnect, wherein the capacitive sensor is configured to sense a proximity of a body to the electrodes and provide a time-varying sensor signal indicative of a changing proximity of the body to the electrodes. In Aspect 20, the processor circuit is configured to identify a characteristic of the time-varying sensor signal and, based on the characteristic as identified, at least one of initiate data collection about the footwear or about the foot, using the same capacitive sensor or using a different sensor coupled to the footwear, and update an automated function of the lacing engine. Each of these non-limiting Aspects can stand on its own, or can be combined in various permutations or combinations with one or more of the other Aspects or examples described herein. Various Notes The above description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein. In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. Geometric terms, such as “parallel”, “perpendicular”, “round”, or “square”, are not intended to require absolute mathematical precision, unless the context indicates otherwise. Instead, such geometric terms allow for variations due to manufacturing or equivalent functions. For example, if an element is described as “round” or “generally round,” a component that is not precisely circular (e.g., one that is slightly oblong or is a many-sided polygon) is still encompassed by this description. Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implemented at least in part. Some examples can include a computer-readable medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples. An implementation of such methods can include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like. Such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various methods. The code may form portions of computer program products. Further, in an example, the code can be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like. The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

11857030

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS FIG.1is a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of customization system101. The term “customization system”, as used throughout this detailed description, refers to a system for manufacturing articles of footwear that include a customized design of some kind. In some embodiments, the article may be customized by the manufacturer or a third party designer. In one embodiment, the article may be customized by the party purchasing the articles of footwear. In one embodiment, customization system101comprises remote terminal100connected to vendor102by way of network104. Generally, remote terminal100may be any type of computer, including either a desktop or a laptop computer. In other embodiments, remote terminal100may be any type of device that includes a display, a processor, and an ability to transmit and receive data from a remote network. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, PDA's, cell phones, as well as other types of devices. In this embodiment, vendor102represents a manufacturing system configured to manufacture articles of footwear. Here, vendor102is shown as a single building for illustrative purposes only. In many cases, vendor102will comprise many buildings. In some cases, vendor102may comprise many buildings that are disposed in different geographic locations. Generally, the term “vendor”, as used here, may also refer to distributors and/or suppliers. In other words, the term “vendor” may also apply to various operations on the manufacturing side, including the operations responsible for parts, labor, and/or retail of the article of footwear, as well as other manufacturing side operations. In one embodiment, network104is configured to relay information between remote terminal100and vendor102. Generally, network104may be a system allowing for the exchange of information between remote terminal100and vendor102. Examples of such networks include, but are not limited to, personal area networks, local area networks, wide area networks, client-server networks, peer-to-peer networks, as well as other types of networks. Additionally, network104may support wired transmissions, wireless transmissions, or both wired and wireless transmissions. In some embodiments, network104may be a packet-switched communications system. In one embodiment, network104may be the Internet. In this embodiment, customization system101may include provisions that allow a customer to select a customized article type for a pair of footwear that will be produced by a vendor. The term “article type”, as used throughout this detailed description, refers to a classification of an article of footwear based on the general structure and physical aspects of the article of footwear. In other words, the term “article type” may include characterizations of articles of footwear including, but not limited to, running shoes, basketball shoes, soccer shoes, athletic shoes with cleats, hiking shoes, loafers, boots, sandals, work shoes, dance shoes, and orthopedic shoes. Referring toFIG.2, process200is an embodiment of a process of how customization system101may proceed. During first step202, a customer may access a graphical interface system in order to select a customized article type. Once the customer has accessed the graphical interface system, the customer may select a customized article type during second step204. Following this, the customized article type may be manufactured according to the customer's selection during third step206. Finally, during fourth step208, the customized article type of footwear may be shipped to the customer. Referring toFIG.3, customization system101may be best understood by separating the steps associated with remote terminal100and those associated with vendor102. In some cases, those steps associated with remote terminal100are performed on or by remote terminal100and those steps associated with vendor102are performed on or by vendor102. However, this is not necessarily the case, and some of the steps associated with remote terminal100may be performed on or by vendor102or some other resource, and some of the steps associated with vendor102may be performed on or by remote terminal100or some other resource. In first step302, a customer may access a graphical interface system with remote terminal100. In some cases, the customer may access the graphical interface system through a website. Here, the term “website” is used in the most general sense as meaning any collection of data located on a remote server accessible with a web browser of some kind. In many cases, a website may be a collection of web pages found on the World Wide Web. In one embodiment, the term “web page” may refer to any HTML/XHTML document. In one embodiment, vendor102includes a server of some type that supports a website with a graphical interface system. This graphical interface system may be used to design a customized article type. In some embodiments, the graphical interface system may be a graphical editor of some kind. In one embodiment, the graphical interface system may provide a set of tools that allow the customer to easily select a customized article type for an article of footwear. In an alternative embodiment, a website supporting a graphical interface system may be hosted outside of vendor102. In other words, the website may be owned and run by a third party separate from vendor102. Generally, the process of selecting a customized article type for an article of footwear may proceed as before. In this case, the finalized customized article type information will be processed and sent to vendor102by the third party. Although a graphical interface system may be accessed via a website through the Internet in one embodiment, in other embodiments, the graphical interface system could be accessed in other ways. For example, in some embodiments, the graphical interface system could be run directly on a remote terminal. In other words, the graphical interface system could be a program that can be installed on a remote terminal. In some cases, the graphical interface system could be installed on a personal computer of a customer. In other cases, the graphical interface system could be installed on a remote terminal located at a retail store or kiosk. In these cases, the graphical interface system may still communicate with one or more vendors through a network, such as the Internet, in order to provide customer ordering information for the customized product. Additionally, in some cases, the remote terminal could print order forms that could then be sent to one or more vendors by a courier or a postal service. Once the customer has accessed the graphical interface system, the customer may select a family of article types in second step304. The term “family of article types”, as used throughout this specification and in the claims, refers to a group of article types sharing substantially similar features. In one embodiment, article types may be grouped in families based on similar features including both color and/or design. For example, articles colored black and silver could be grouped into one family, while articles colors blue and gold could be grouped into another family. In another embodiment, article types may be grouped in families based on similar technological features. For example, articles sharing a common technology to provide shock absorption could be grouped in one family, while articles sharing a common technology to provide increased cushioning to a portion of a sole could be grouped into another family. It should be understood that a family of article types may include a spectrum of article types. For example, a family of article types with a common design feature may contain article types such as a running shoe as well as a hiking boot. In addition, a family of article types can also include different features as well as substantially similar features. It may also be possible for an article type to have membership in multiple families. For example, an article type may be a member of a first family based on technological features of the article type and a member of a second family based on color. Following the selection of a family of article types, the customer may select a customized article type in third step306. During fourth step308, the finalized customized article type may be submitted to vendor102. In some embodiments, the submission may be transferred through the Internet. In fifth step310, vendor102may receive and reviews the customized article type. During sixth step312, vendor102manufactures a pair of footwear with the customized article type. Following sixth step312, vendor102may execute quality control procedures and inspects the pair of footwear with the customized article type during seventh step314. Finally, in eighth step316, vendor102ships the pair of footwear with the customized article type to a pre-designated shipping address. The following description discusses the details of the steps outlined and briefly described with reference toFIG.3. In some cases, a customer has access to a remote terminal. Using the remote terminal, the customer may gain access to a website supplied by a vendor or a third party. In some embodiments, the website may include a graphical interface system, as discussed briefly in first step302. The process of creating a customized type of footwear may begin with a customer selecting one or more article types. In some embodiments, a customer may select one or more article types from a list of pre-selected article types. In some cases, this list can be provided by a vendor. In other embodiments, a customer may select two or more article types from a list of pre-selected article types. In one embodiment, a customer may select a family of article types. FIG.4is an embodiment of graphical interface system400that displays four families of articles of footwear. In particular, graphical interface system400displays first family401, second family402, third family403and fourth family404. In other embodiments, graphical interface system400may display more or less families of articles of footwear. In some cases, graphical interface system400may provide scroll bar410to allow a customer to view additional families of footwear. In other cases, graphical interface system400may include other provisions to allow a customer to view additional families of footwear. In one embodiment, each family of footwear is associated with a plurality of article types. In some embodiments, each family of footwear may include two pre-selected article types. In other embodiments, each family of footwear may include three pre-selected article types. In still other embodiments, each family of footwear may include four or more pre-selected article types. In this embodiment, each family is associated with three pre-selected article types. For the sake of clarity, the graphical images of the article types will be referred to as article types, but it should be understood that the article types displayed by graphical interface system400are in fact graphical representations of actual articles of footwear. Additionally, throughout this specification, it should be understood that not only a single article of footwear, but a pair of footwear may be designed with customization system101. Any customized article types, as well as designs, tools, or other mechanisms applied to the design of one article of footwear, may likewise be applied to a second, complementary, article of footwear. The term “complementary”, as used throughout this specification and in the claims, refers to the association of a left article of footwear with a right article of footwear and vice-versa. In one embodiment, the three article types associated with first family401, second family402, third family403and fourth family404share common features. In this embodiment, the article types comprising first family401may include a common design such as substantially similar trim designs. Although first family401includes article types with a common design, first family401is also comprised of multiple article types. In particular, first family401is represented by first article type431, second article type432, and third article type433. In some cases, first article type431may be a walking shoe, second article type may be a running shoe and third article type433may be a hiking boot. In a similar manner, second family402may comprise article types with a black and gold color scheme. Likewise, third family403may include article types employing a particular technological feature. Finally, fourth family404may include article types colored pink. In other embodiments, first family401, second family402, third family403and fourth family404may be grouped based on other common features. In one embodiment, graphical interface system400allows a customer to select a family of article types to create a customized article type. Generally, graphical interface system400may be configured in any manner to allow a customer to select a family of article types. In this embodiment, graphical interface system400includes selection tool420. Selection tool420is represented by a cursor configured as an arrow. In other cases, selection tool420may include a different graphical representation. With selection tool420, graphical interface system400allows a customer to select a family of article types. In this embodiment, a customer selects first family401with selection tool420. Following the selection of a family of article types, graphical interface system400may be configured to allow a customer to create a customized article type based on the selected family. In some embodiments, a customer may select one or more article types from a list of pre-selected article types within the selected family. In one embodiment, a customer may create a customized article type by first viewing two representative article types of the selected family of article types. In some cases, the two representative article types of the family may be the two representatives that are the most dissimilar. For example, two representative article types of a family of article types with a common design feature may be a first article type of a running shoe with a low-top upper comprised of a wide spaced mesh material and light-weight sole and a second article type of a hiking boot with a high-top upper comprised of leather and a heavy-weight sole. With this arrangement, graphical interface system400is configured to allow a customer to create a customized article type that may be an intermediate type of the representative article types of the selected family. FIG.5is an embodiment of graphical interface system400following the selection of first family401inFIG.4. In this embodiment, graphical interface system400displays two representative article types of first family401. In particular, graphical interface system400displays first representative article type531and second representative article type532as representative article types of first family401. In one embodiment, first representative article type531and second representative article type532are two different article types. In this embodiment, first representative article type531is a running shoe. In one embodiment, first representative article type531includes a light-weight sole and a low-top upper with height H1. In contrast, second representative article type532is a hiking boot. In one embodiment, second representative article type532includes a thick sole with treads and a high-top upper with height H2. In one embodiment, height H2is greater than height H1. Using this arrangement, first representative article type531and second representative article type532may provide dissimilar article types in order to allow a customer to create a customized article type that may be an intermediate type between first representative article type531and second representative article type532. Generally, graphical interface system400may be configured in various ways to allow a customer to create a customized article type that is an intermediate type between first representative article type531and second representative article type532. In some embodiments, graphical interface system400may accept a user selected value from a customer in order to create a customized article type that may be intermediate between first representative article type531and second representative article type532. In an embodiment, graphical interface system400may include a slider that may be manipulated by a customer to indicate a customized article type that may be an intermediate type between first representative article type531and second representative article type532. In this embodiment, graphical interface system400includes slider515. Furthermore, slider515includes track516and indicator517. In some cases, track516may be disposed horizontally between first representative article type531and second representative article type532. In other cases, track516may be disposed in another location within graphical interface system400. With this arrangement, indicator517may be moved on track516to indicate a customized article type intermediate between first representative article type531and second representative article type532. In the current embodiment, a customer may move indicator517on track516to a position that may be associated with a customized article type. In other words, a customer may move indicator517closer to first representative article type531than second representative article type532to create a customized article type more similar to first representative article type531than second representative article type532. Likewise, a customer may move indicator517closer to second representative article type532than first representative article type531to create a customized article type more similar to second representative article type532. Using this arrangement, a customer may manipulate slider515to create a customized article type. In some cases, positions on track516may be associated with customized article types. In the current embodiment, indicator517is disposed in first position571on track516that is associated with first customized article type551. In order to assist a customer in creating a customized article type, first customized article type551may be displayed in any location within graphical interface system400when indicator517is disposed in first position571on track516. In this embodiment, first customized article type551is disposed above indicator517. Since indicator517is closer to first representative article type531, first customized article type551may be more similar to first representative article type531than second representative article type532. FIGS.6-8illustrate exemplary embodiments of customized article types that may be associated with different positions of indicator517. The customized article types illustrated in these embodiments are intended to be exemplary. In addition, aspects of customized article types may be different with various positions of indicator517, although changes may not be obvious in these exemplary embodiments. In other embodiments, positions of indicator517may be associated with different customized article types. As previously discussed, first position571may be associated with first customized article type551. Referring toFIG.6, first customized article type551is configured with height H3. In this embodiment, height H3is greater than height H1of first representative article type531. Similarly, height H3is less than height H2of second representative article type532. In other words, height H3has a value between height H1and height H2. Furthermore, in this embodiment, since first position571is closer to first representative article type531than second representative article type532, height H3is closer to height H1than height H2. In some cases, as indicator517is moved to a position closer to second representative article type532, a customized article type may be created that closely resembles second representative article type532. Referring toFIG.7, indicator517is in second position572that is closer than first position571to second representative article type532. In this embodiment, second position572may be associated with second customized article type552. Second customized article type552is configured with height H4. In some cases, height H4of second customized article type552is greater than height H3of first customized article type551, since second position572is closer than first position571to second representative article type532with height H2. Referring toFIG.8, indicator517is in third position573that is closer than second position572to second representative article type532. With this configuration, third position573may be associated with a customized article type that is more similar to second representative article type532than second customized article type552of the previous embodiment. In this embodiment, third position573is associated with third customized article type553with height H5. Furthermore, height H5is greater than height H4of second customized article type552. With this arrangement, a customer may generate a customized article type with a specific height by selecting a position on slider515. In addition, this configuration provides a means of fine tuning the process of creating a customized article type. It should be understood that the article types of first representative article type531and second representative article type532differ in additional properties other than height. For the sake of clarity, the discussion regardingFIGS.6-8considers the heights of customized article types. However, customized article types associated with different positions on track516will differ with respect to other properties as well. The following embodiments illustrate multiple differences between article types. It is also possible that graphical interface system400may be configured in another manner to allow a customer to create a customized article type based on a selected family of article types. In some embodiments, graphical interface system400may generate a pre-determined set of customized article types based on the selected family. With this arrangement, a customer may choose a customized article type from a pre-determined set of customized article types. FIGS.9-10illustrate an alternative embodiment of a process for creating a customized article type following the selection of a family of article types. Following the selection of first family401inFIG.4, graphical interface system400displays a pre-determined set of article types based on first family401. In this embodiment, graphical interface system400displays first customized article type set901. Generally, first customized article type set901may contain any number of customized article types. In some cases, the number of customized article types within a customized article type set may vary depending on the selected family of article types. In other words, some families of article types may contain a greater number of customized article types than other families of article types. In this embodiment, first customized article type set901includes five article types. In particular, first customized article type set901comprises first customized article type951, second customized article type952, third customized article type953, fourth customized article type954and fifth customized article type955. Graphical interface system400may display first customized article type set901in any manner that may aid a customer in creating a customized article type. In some embodiments, first customized article type set901may be displayed by graphical interface system400so that article types proximate to each other may be more similar than article types not disposed proximately. In this manner, first customized article type set901may be displayed as a spectrum of customized article types. In some cases, this arrangement of first customized article type set901may assist a customer in selecting a customized article type. In order to distinguish the greatest differences in customized article types within the selected family, first customized article type951and fifth customized article type955may be disposed the furthest distance from each other by graphical interface system400. Similar to the previous embodiment, first customized article type951and fifth customized article type955may be representative article types representing the selected family of article types. In this embodiment, first customized article type951may be a running shoe with a low-top upper comprised of a wide spaced mesh material and light-weight sole. In contrast, fifth customized article type955may be a hiking boot with a high-top upper comprised of a tough exterior and a heavy-weight sole. With first customized article type set901displayed as a spectrum of article types, second customized article type952, third customized article type953, and fourth customized article type954may be displayed between first customized article type951and fifth customized article type955as intermediate customized article types. Specifically, second customized article type952may be displayed proximate to first customized article type951to indicate a similarity between second customized article type952and first customized article type951. In a similar manner, fourth customized article type954may be displayed proximate to fifth customized article type955indicating a similarity to fifth customized article type955. Finally, third customized article type953may be arranged between second customized article type952and fourth customized article type954to show that third customized article type953is most similar to second customized article type952and fourth customized article type954. In some cases, this arrangement assists a customer in creating a customized article type. As described above, the customization process may include presenting a user with a set of article types from which the user may select a desired article type. For example, as shown inFIG.9, a user is presented with five possible article types from which the user can select a desired customized article type. In general, the number of customized article types presented to a user could vary in different embodiments. Some embodiments can include provisions for controlling the number of customized article types presented to a user during the customization process. For example, some embodiments may be configured so that the number of customized article types presented to a user is always equal to or greater than a predetermined minimum number. In some cases, the minimum number could be 1. In still other cases, the minimum number could be 2. In still other cases, the minimum number could be 3. In still other cases, the minimum number could be 4 or greater than 4. This arrangement may enhance the user experience by ensuring that the user is given enough options for choosing a customized article type. Some embodiments could include a maximum number of customized article types that can be presented to, or otherwise provided for, a user. In other words, some embodiments may be configured so that the number of customized article types that may be presented to a user is always less than or equal to the maximum number. In some cases, the maximum number could be 1. In other cases, the maximum number could be 2. In still other cases, the maximum number could be any number greater than 2. In still other cases, the maximum number could be 6. In still other cases, the maximum number could be 8. In still other cases, the maximum number could be 10. In still other cases, the maximum number could be 12. This arrangement may enhance the user experience by ensuring the user is not overwhelmed with too many options when selecting a customized article type. It is also to be understood that some embodiments could control the number of options to be displayed to a user for any other customizable feature where the user may be presented with multiple options. In particular, this method for controlling the number of options displayed for a user is not limited to use with customized article types. As discussed in further detail below, various different elements, components and/or characteristics of an article type can also be customized. Examples of such customizable features include, but are not limited to: trim elements, toe caps, heel counters, sole materials, upper materials, component colors, various kinds of graphical elements as well as any other customizable elements, components or characteristics of an article type. Therefore, whenever a user is presented with a number of options for selecting a customizable component or characteristic, the number of options displayed to the user could be constrained with a minimum value and/or maximum value. Moreover, the minimum value and/or the maximum value could vary according to the feature being customized. FIG.10illustrates an enlarged view of an exemplary embodiment of first customized article type set901. This embodiment is intended to be exemplary. In other embodiments, first customized article type set901may include customized article types with additional and/or different properties. For the sake of clarity, only some changing properties of customized article types of first customized article type set901will be discussed in this detailed description. In particular, some portions of the customized article types of first customized article type set901are enlarged inFIG.10to provide greater detail of particular properties associated with first customized article type set901. However, it should be understood that additional properties of customized article types within first customized article type set901could also differ. As previously discussed, a family of article types may share a substantially similar feature. In this embodiment, article types of first customized article type set901may include a substantially similar feature of a trim design. Specifically, the article types of first customized article type set901include a design of trim that wraps around a heel with ends disposed near a sole. In this embodiment, first customized article type951, second customized article type952, third customized article type953, fourth customized article type954, and fifth customized article type955include first trim design911, second trim design912, third trim design913, fourth trim design914, and fifth trim design915, respectively. In some embodiments, a substantially similar feature common in a family of article types may vary in members of the family of article types. In this embodiment, the width of trim designs differ within article types of first customized article type set901. Specifically, first trim design911includes width W1. In a similar manner, second trim design912has a width W2that is greater than width W1Likewise, third trim design913of third customized article type953includes width W2. With this arrangement, second trim design912and third trim design913both have a trim design of width W2. In contrast, fourth customized article type954includes fourth trim design914with width W3. Width W3is greater than width W2of second trim design912and third trim design913. Finally, fifth customized article type955includes fifth trim design915with width W4. Width W4is greater than width W3and all other widths of trim designs of article types of first customized article type set901. The differences in width of the trim design provide variation with the common feature of trim design for customized article types within first customized article type set901. In some cases, customized article types within first customized article type set901will vary with respect to other properties. Generally, customized article types within first customized article type set901will vary with respect to multiple properties. For example, in some cases, color schemes of customized article types within first customized article type set901may vary. It is also possible that different materials may be associated with a sole, midsole and/or upper of customized article types of first customized article type set901. In this exemplary embodiment, uppers associated with customized article types of first customized article type set901may be constructed of a mesh fabric. Furthermore, the mesh fabric may be configured with different amounts of spacing between threads in some customized article types of first customized article type set901. With this arrangement, some customized article types may be configured with a more breathable mesh upper with greater spacing between threads, while other customized article types may be configured with less spacing between threads to provide a tougher and more rigid upper. In this embodiment, first upper921of first customized article type951may be associated with a mesh with spacing S1between threads. Spacing S1is relatively large and provides first upper921with a degree of breathability. Similarly, second customized article type952and third customized article type953may include second upper922and third upper923, respectively. Second upper922and third upper923are constructed of a mesh with spacing S2between threads. Spacing S2is smaller than spacing S1. Accordingly, this provides a greater stiffness for second upper922and third upper923. Finally, fourth customized article type954and fifth customized article type955may be associated with fourth upper924and fifth upper925, respectively. Fourth upper924and fifth upper925have a mesh with spacing S3between threads. Spacing S3is smaller than spacing S2. In some cases, spacing S3between threads provides fourth customized article type954and fifth customized article type955with tougher and more protective fourth upper924and fifth upper925, respectively. Using this configuration, a customer has the opportunity to create a customized article type by selecting from a variety of uppers configured with adjustments in the spacing of the threads of the mesh. In a similar manner, customized article types within first customized article type set901may be associated with soles exhibiting different features. In some embodiments, customized article types within first customized article type set901may include soles constructed from different materials. In some cases, a first subset of first customized article type set901may include soles comprised of a polymer, while a second subset of first customized article type set901may include soles comprised of rubber to form a durable sole. In this exemplary embodiment, customized article types of first customized article type set901include soles constructed from the same material configured with different densities. In this embodiment, first customized article type951includes first sole971with density D1. In some cases, density D1is a relatively low density that provides flexibility and a low weight to first sole971. Similarly, second customized article type952and third customized article type953include second sole972and third sole973, respectively. Furthermore, second sole972and third sole973are configured with density D2that is denser than density D1. With this arrangement, second sole972and third sole973may be more rigid than first sole971as well as a heavier weight. Finally, fourth customized article type954and fifth customized article type955may be associated with fourth sole974and fifth sole975, respectively. Fourth sole974and fifth sole975are constructed with density D3. In some cases, density D3is denser than density D2. This configuration imparts greater weight, rigidity and hardiness to fourth sole974and fifth sole975. By choosing between customized article types with fine adjustments in the densities of the soles, a customer may create a customized article type. In some embodiments, once a customer has selected a customized article type, the customer may continue customizing the customized article type using graphical interface system400. In some cases, the customer could customize colors, add designs or otherwise further customize the customized article type. In some cases, graphical interface system400can include additional tools for adding additional customized designs. A method for modifying articles in this manner is disclosed by David P. Jones et al. in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/612,320, filed Dec. 18, 2006 and entitled “Method of Making an Article of Footwear”, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. A customization system can include provisions for independently selecting various article characteristics. In other words, a customization system can include provisions for allowing a user to choose characteristics or properties such as sole density, upper mesh density and toe cap size in an independent manner. Such properties or characteristics may be referred to as article characteristics, which correspond to characteristics of a particular component. Moreover, once selected by a user, the resulting article characteristic may be referred to as a user selected article characteristic. FIGS.11through13illustrate various schematic views of article characteristics that can be varied, according to at least one embodiment. In some cases, upon selecting second upper922from article type set901(seeFIG.10), a user may have the option of independently varying various different article properties or characteristics. In some cases, a user may be have the option of selecting characteristics of the sole including, but not limited to: materials, density, weight, color, geometry as well as any other properties. For example, referring toFIG.11, a user may have the option of selecting between a first sole material1002, a second sole material1004and a third sole material1006for article type922. For example, in the current embodiment, the user is selecting second sole material1004as the user selected article characteristic. In some cases, first sole material1002, second sole material1004and third sole material1006may represent materials of increasing density. For example, in one embodiment, first material1002may be a soft foam material, second material1004may be a medium foam material and third material1006may be a hard foam material. However, in other cases, the materials could vary in any other manner. Moreover, it will be understood that in other cases, a user may select between similar materials that vary in size, shape and/or appearance. Still further, a user could select between soles having different types of cushioning, such as air bladders of varying pressures and/or other cushioning materials. In some cases, a user may have the option to select different kinds of materials for an upper. For example, referring toFIG.12, a user may select between first upper material1020, second upper material1022and third upper material1024. For example, in this case, the user may select third upper material1024as the user selected article characteristic. In some cases, first upper material1020, second upper material1022and third upper material1024may correspond to upper materials with increasing mesh densities. In other cases, a user could select between uppers that vary in any other manner. In still other cases, a user could select between uppers of different sizes and/or shapes. In still other cases, a user could select between uppers of varying types of materials. For example, a user could select between uppers made of natural leather, synthetic leather, natural threads, synthetic threads, nylon, polyester, as well as other kinds of materials. In some cases, a user may have the option to select between different kinds of supporting members. Examples of supporting members include, but are not limited to: toe caps, heel counters, heel cups, lacing systems, cushioning devices, straps as well as any other supporting members. Referring toFIG.13, for example, a user may have the option of selecting between three different sizes for a toe cap, including first toe cap size1032, second toe cap size1034and third toe cap size1036. In the current embodiment, as an example, the user may select first toe cap size1032as the user selected article characteristic. Although the current embodiments illustrate three possible options for various article characteristics, other embodiments could include any other number of options. For example, in other cases, a user may select between 2 or more options. In still other cases, a user may select between four or more options. In still other cases, a user may be presented with an approximately continuous range of options. It will be understood that the presentation of options for article characteristics, such as sole material and/or upper material, may be in any arrangement and/or order. For example, some embodiments may show sole materials in order of increasing density. Likewise, some embodiments may show upper materials in order of decreasing mesh spacing. Still further, some embodiments may show toe caps in order of increasing length or size. However, in other embodiments these various different options could be presented to a user in any other arrangement. In some embodiments, a system may automatically select a continuous or discrete range of options from which a user can select. For example, in some cases, upon selecting a sole from an article type, a system may automatically present the user with two or more options for varying sole characteristics. In other cases, however, a user may initially select two characteristic values (such as a low density foam and a high density foam), and the system may present a range of options between these values. Generally, the range or set of article characteristics presented to a user can be restricted to avoid designs that are not structurally sound and/or that are difficult to manufacture. For example, referring back toFIG.13, a system may only give the user options for toe cap sizes that are within the known dimensions for effective toe cap sizes. In other words, a user attempting to select a toe cap that extends back to the heel of an article may be prevented from selecting this option or otherwise informed that this particular toe cap size is not available. Likewise, in selecting upper mesh densities, as shown inFIG.14, a user may be restricted from selecting mesh sizes that are outside the range of suitable mesh sizes for various types of footwear. This allows a system to help a user design articles with various characteristics that are within known design parameters. A customization system can include provisions that allow a user to preview a customized article type prior to submitting the customized article type for manufacturing. Referring toFIG.14, a user may be prompted with the option to finalize a design during a preview step of the customization process. During this step, the system may present a visual representation of the article including each of the user selected article characteristics. In still other cases, however, the preview process may occur simultaneously as various article characteristics are selected. For example, changes to the design can be implemented in real time as a user makes various changes to various article characteristics. In still other cases, a system may not provide any previews of the customized article. In some cases, a graphical interface system includes provisions to allow a customer to submit a selected customized article type to a vendor. Generally, a graphical interface system may allow a customer to submit a selected customized article type in any manner. In some embodiments, a customer may manipulate a slider to create a customized article type and then submit the created customized article type by depressing a button or graphic within the graphical interface system. Referring back toFIG.5, a customer may manipulate slider515to create a customized article type and then submit the customized article type by depressing submit button599. In other embodiments, a customer may use a selection tool to submit a customized article type to a vendor. Referring toFIG.9, in an alternative embodiment, a customer may manipulate selection tool920to submit a customized article type to a vendor. In this case, the customer submits fourth customized article type954to the vendor for manufacturing. After a vendor receives a customized article type from a customer, the vendor manufactures a pair of footwear with the customized article type.FIG.15illustrates an exemplary embodiment of manufactured pair of footwear1100with fourth customized article type954as shown inFIG.9. Once pair of footwear1100has been manufactured, it may be inspected for quality by the vendor. During this inspection, the manufactured pair of footwear1100may be compared to fourth customized article type954as shown inFIG.9. Therefore, pair of footwear1100is not only inspected for structural integrity, but also for design accuracy. Finally, once pair of footwear1100has passed inspection, pair of footwear1100may be shipped to a pre-designated shipping address. In some cases, a customer may create a customized article type with an intention that articles of footwear manufactured from that customized article type are relatively unique. Furthermore, the unique nature of an article of footwear manufactured from a customized article type may be a desirable feature of the process of creating a customized article type. In other words, a customer may engage in the process of creating a customized article type with a purpose to create a customized article type that is exclusive. Generally, a customized article type may be exclusive if articles of footwear manufactured from the customized article type are not relatively common. In some embodiments, a customization system may implement a limit on the number of articles of footwear that may be manufactured from a customized article type. This may provide exclusivity to a customized article type. FIG.16illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a portion of database1200that may be internal to a vendor of a customization system. In this embodiment, database1200includes entries for customized article type1201, times used1202and customized type limit1203. In some embodiments, database1200may include additional and/or different attributes. For example, in some cases, database1200may include entries that determine if a customized article type has a customized type limit. In some cases, customized article type1201may include entries for all customized article types created by a customization system. Furthermore, times used1202includes entries for the number of times an article of footwear of a particular customized article type has been manufactured. Finally, customized type limit1203may include a pre-determined limit for the number of times a customized article type may be manufactured. In some cases, the same pre-determined limit may be applied to all customized article types. In other cases, different pre-determined limits may be entered in customized type limit1203and associated with different customized article types. In this exemplary embodiment, database1200includes three customized article types. In particular, database1200indicates that first customized article type1211has been used 221 times and has a limit of 250. Similarly, database1200includes second customized article type1212with times used1202entered as 300 and customized type limit1203listed as 500. Likewise, customized article type1201includes third customized article type1213with times used1202indicating 54 uses and customized type limit1203indicating 75. In some cases, database1200may be associated with a graphical interface system in order to enforce exclusivity of customized article types. For example, a graphical interface system associated with a customization system may allow 29 more selections of first customized article type1211in order to limit the selection of first customized article type1211to 250 selections. With this configuration, database1200may support the exclusivity of customized article types. Generally, a customization system may enforce exclusivity of customized article types in any manner. In some embodiments, a graphical interface system may not display a customized article type that has reached a pre-determined limit. In other embodiments, a graphical interface system may not permit the selection of a customized article type that has reached a pre-determined limit. FIG.17is an exemplary embodiment of graphical interface system1300. Generally, graphical interface system1300may be substantially similar to the alternative embodiment of graphical interface system400inFIG.9. In particular, graphical interface system1300may display second set of customized article types1302following the selection of a family of article types. In this embodiment, second set of customized article types1302includes five customized article types. However, third customized article type1303is displayed in phantom by graphical interface system1300. In addition, text1380displayed by graphical interface system1300indicates that third customized article type1303is no longer available. In some cases, graphical interface system1300displays third customized article type1303in phantom because a limit associated with third customized article type1303has been reached. Using this configuration, the exclusivity of third customized article type1303may be ensured. FIG.18is an embodiment of process1400that may be executed to preserve exclusivity of customized article types. In some embodiments, process1400may be executed by customization system101. In some cases, process1400may be executed by graphical interface system1300. During first step1402, graphical interface system1300may receive a customized article type request. In some cases, this request may occur following the selection of a family of article types and prior to the display of a set of customized article types associated with the family of article types. In other cases, the customized article type request may be received when a customer manipulates a slider, for example, and indicates a graphical position that may be associated with the customized article type. In still other cases, the customized article type request may be received when a customer attempts to submit the customized article type for manufacture. After receiving a customized article type request in first step1402, graphical interface system1300determines if the customized article type is associated with a customized type limit during second step1404. If the customized article type is not associated with a customized type limit, graphical interface system1300continues to fourth step1408. During fourth step1408, graphical interface system1300continues the customization process. However, if graphical interface system1300determines that a customized article type is associated with a customized type limit during second step1404, graphical interface system1300proceeds to third step1406. During third step1406, graphical interface system1300checks if the customized article type has reached the customized type limit. In some cases, graphical interface system1300may query a database such as database1200to ascertain the customized type limit for the requested customized article type. If the requested customized article type has not reached the customized type limit, graphical interface system1300proceeds to fourth step1408and continues the customization process. If graphical interface system1300determines in third step1406that the customized article type has reached the customized type limit, graphical interface system1300prompts the customer to select another customized article type in fifth step1410. Following fifth step1410, graphical interface system1300prevents the use of the customized article type in sixth step1412. With this process, the exclusivity of the customized article type may be ensured. FIG.19illustrates an embodiment of a process for providing a user with article type sharing options. In some cases, some of the following steps could be performed by a graphical interface system. In other cases, some of the following steps could be performed by any other system, including any system associated with a proprietor. Moreover, in some cases, some steps may be performed by a graphical interface system while other steps could be performed by another system. It will be further understood that some of the following steps may be optional. In addition, the order of steps could vary in any manner in other embodiments. In step1902, a graphic interface system may receive a user customized article type. The customized article type may be created using any of the methods described above as well as any other known methods for making article types. Next, in step1904, the graphical interface system determines if the customized article type has been used before. If the customized article type has been used before, the system continues to step1908where the customization process is continued. In this case, the user does not have the option to select sharing preferences since the article type is not unique to the user. If, during step1904, the graphic interface system determines that the customized article type has not been used before, the system may proceed to step1906. In step1906, the system may receive a user availability preference. In some cases, the system can prompt the user with a message such as “would you like to share this image?” In other cases, the availability preference could be retrieved from a user profile or other previously stored information. Next, in step1910, the graphical interface system may determine if the user wants to share the customized article type. This decision is based on the information received in step1906. If the user has selected to share the customized article type, the graphical interface system may proceed to step1912. In step1912, the graphic interface system allows the customized article type to be used by other users or customers of the system. If, during step1910, the graphical interface system determines that the user does not want to share the customized article type, the system may proceed to step1914. In step1914, the graphical interface system may prevent other users from using the customized article type. By allowing a user to share or not to share a customized article type, the user is able to control the exclusivity of the customized article type. This method allows users to create unique or truly “one of a kind” articles. While various embodiments of the invention have been described, the description is intended to be exemplary rather than limiting and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Also, various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the attached claims.

11857031

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, it will be clear and apparent to those skilled in the art that the subject technology is not limited to the specific details set forth herein and may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. Some portable electronic devices may be removably attached to a user. For example, a wearable device such as a smart watch can be attached to a user's wrist by joining free ends of a conventional watch band together. By further example, a clasp or an elasticated band may be used to secure the wearable device. In some cases, a wearable device may need to be regularly removed from the user. For example, many wearable devices include one or more internal batteries that require recharging from time to time. By further example, a wearable device may require a physical connection to a separate electronic device, such as a personal computer, in order to receive updates or other data. However, it can be desirable to maintain such a wearable device on the user until an appropriate time. For example, a user may wear the device throughout various activities that include significant and frequent movements. By further example, the wearable device may be subject to external forces, such as when the user and/or the wearable device collide with another object, enter water at speed, experience high acceleration, and the like. Release and/or loosening of the wearable device from the user can result in loss of the wearable device and/or a reduced capacity of the wearable device to perform its functions, such as collecting health-related information (e.g., pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation, blood pressure, insulin levels, etc.) or to provide health-related notifications (e.g., prescription timing reminders, medical alerts, medical identification numbers, etc.). Accordingly, embodiments described herein relate to and include attachment systems suitable for rapid, comfortable, and controlled detachment and reattachment of a wearable device from a user's wrist. In some embodiments, a retaining band of an attachment system can include a plug assembly (e.g., actuatable button, retractable arms, etc.) configured to be inserted in a selected eyelet of a sizing band. Upon insertion into the eyelet, the plug assembly can resist unintended separation of the sizing and retaining band by increasing its outer dimension. Release can be achieved by allowing the user to decrease the outer dimension of the plug assembly so that removal from the selected eyelet is easily achieved. These and some embodiments are discussed below with reference toFIGS.1-23. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these Figures is for explanatory purposes only and should not be construed as limiting. Referring now toFIGS.1-3, a wearable device can include or be used with a two-part attachment system for securing the wearable device to a user. As shown inFIGS.1and2, wearable device100is implemented as a portable electronic device that is adapted to be worn by a user. Some embodiments can implement the wearable device differently. For example, the wearable device can be a smart phone, a gaming device, a digital music player, a sports accessory device, a medical device, a device that provides time and/or weather information, a health assistant, and other types of electronic device suitable for attaching to a user. Wearable device100includes a housing102at least partially surrounding a display104. In some embodiments, display104may incorporate an input device configured to receive touch input, force input, and the like. Wearable device100may also include one or more buttons or input devices (not shown). Housing102can form an outer surface or partial outer surface and protective case for the internal components of wearable device100. In the illustrated embodiment, housing102is formed into a substantially rectangular shape, although this configuration is not required. Housing102can be formed of one or more components operably connected together, such as a front piece and a back piece or a top clamshell and a bottom clamshell. Alternatively, housing102can be formed of a single piece (e.g., uniform body or unibody) operably connected to display104. Display104can be implemented with any suitable technology, including, but not limited to, a multi-touch sensing touchscreen that uses liquid crystal display (LCD) technology, light emitting diode (LED) technology, organic light-emitting display (OLED) technology, organic electroluminescence (OEL) technology, or another type of display technology. A button (not shown) might take the form of a home button, which may be a mechanical button, a soft button (e.g., a button that does not physically move but still accepts inputs), an icon or image on display104or on an input region, and so on. Other buttons or mechanisms can be used as input/output devices, such as a speaker, a microphone, an on/off button, a mute button, rotary input, switches, or a sleep button. Wearable device100can be permanently or removably attached to a two-part band system including a sizing band106and a retaining band108. Each of sizing band106and retaining band108can include a corresponding body that extends away from housing102. For example, sizing band106can include a sizing band body126on a first side of housing102, and retaining band108can include a retaining band body128on a second side of housing102, opposite the first side. Sizing band body126and/or retaining band body128can be formed from a compliant material that is configured to easily contour to a user's wrist, while retaining stiffness sufficient to maintain the position and orientation of wearable device100on the user's wrist. These materials can support a looser attachment to the wrist, which, in many cases, can provide a more comfortable fit. More particularly, the more flexible the compliant material, the tighter the band should be secured to prevent wearable device100from sliding or otherwise displacing on the user's wrist. Suitable compliant materials may include plastic, rubber, leather, nylon, canvas or other fibrous, organic, polymeric, or synthetic materials. In some embodiments, sizing band body126and/or retaining band body128can be formed from a polymer such as a fluoroelastomeric polymer, having a Shore durometer selected for flexibility suitable for easily contouring to a user's wrists and selected for having sufficient stiffness to maintain support the electronic device when attached to a user's wrist. For example, sizing band body126and/or retaining band body128have a Shore A durometer ranging from 60 to 80 and/or a tensile strength greater than 12 MPa. As further shown inFIGS.1and2, sizing band106may be sized to be inserted through a concealment opening110that is formed within retaining band108. As shown, concealment opening110may be substantially lozenge shaped or otherwise complementary to the cross-sectional dimensions of sizing band106. The height of concealment opening110may vary from embodiment to embodiment, but in some embodiments the minimum height of concealment opening110is related to the thickness of sizing band106. For example, if sizing band106is thicker than the height of concealment opening110, the user may find it inconvenient to feed sizing band106through concealment opening110. After insertion through concealment opening110, sizing band106can slide along a guide bed112that is formed in the bottom surface of retaining band108(see, e.g.,FIG.2). Guide bed112may guide sizing band106and prevent sizing band106, once inserted, from displacing side to side. The size and/or proportions of guide bed112can vary from embodiment to embodiment. For example, in some embodiments, guide bed112can be wider than sizing band106by a selected amount. By further example, the depth of guide bed112can vary along the length of the guide bed. In some embodiments, guide bed112can be configured to extend into half of the thickness of retaining band108. In some embodiments, guide bed112can be configured to extend into a quarter of the thickness of retaining band108. In some embodiments, guide bed112can extend into retaining band108by another depth. In many cases, the depth of guide bed112can affect the rigidity of retaining band108. For example, retaining band with a guide bed extending into half of the retaining band's thickness may be less rigid than a retaining band with a guide bed extending into a quarter of the retaining band's thickness. In other words, the flexibility of certain embodiments of the retaining band can be affected, at least in part, by selecting the depth of the guide bed. Accordingly, certain embodiments can select a target flexibility for the retaining band by selecting a specific depth of the guide bed. In some embodiments, the target flexibility of retaining band108(with the guide bed) may be selected to be substantially equal to the flexibility of sizing band106. In this manner, both bands may have substantially the same flexibility. Although the embodiments described above relating to the size and/or proportion of guide bed112are discussed with respect to depth, one can appreciate that varying other dimensions of guide bed112can also affect the flexibility of retaining band108. Retaining band108may also include a plug assembly200that is configured to be inserted within a sizing eyelet116of sizing band106. In many embodiments, sizing band106may include more than one sizing eyelet. For example, as shown inFIGS.1-3, sizing band106includes three sizing eyelets. Although the sizing eyelets are illustrated as circular openings within sizing band106, such a shape is not required. For example, in some embodiments, the sizing eyelet116may take a rectangular or oval shape. Furthermore, although the three sizing eyelets of sizing band106are shown as evenly distributed along the length of sizing band106, such a configuration is not required. As shown inFIG.3, sizing band106and retaining band108can be substantially flat, although this configuration is not required. For example, sizing band106and retaining band108may be formed in a substantially curved shape. As shown inFIG.3, plug assembly200of retaining band108may extend a certain distance from a surface of retaining band body128. In some embodiments, plug assembly200can be insert molded into retaining band body128. In some embodiments, plug assembly200can be secured to the retaining band with a fastener such as a screw or bolt. In many embodiments, plug assembly200may be permanently fastened to retaining band body128, although this is not required. For example, if plug assembly200is attached to retaining band body128with a fastener, a permanent adhesive may be used to make the connection permanent. Alternatively, if a permanent adhesive is not used, plug assembly200can be removed, replaced, or otherwise disconnected from retaining band body128by removing the fastener. As described above and shown inFIGS.4-6, the two-band attachment system10can be secured to a user by inserting sizing band106into concealment opening110and into guide bed112while thereafter or simultaneously inserting plug assembly200into a sizing eyelet116. As shown inFIG.5, once inserted, sizing band106may rest within guide bed112. As shown inFIG.6, attachment system10can then form at least a portion of a closed loop so that wearable device100can be secured to a wrist of a user. Referring now toFIG.7, a plug assembly200can include various components that interact with each other to controllably secure and release bands from each other. Plug assembly200can include a button210, a stopper220, and a post230. Plug assembly200can further include a spacer240, a spring250, and a base260. As shown inFIG.7, button210can define a topmost portion of plug assembly200for access and actuation by a user. For example, at least a portion of button210can be exposed for access and actuation by a user. Button210can include a stem214for extending at least partially within a channel234of post230and a head212for extending outside of channel234. Head212can define a topmost portion of button210, for example, at an end thereof. At an opposite end of button210, button210can include one or more button engagers218for coupling button210to another component, such as spacer240at one or more spacer engagers242. Button engagers218and/or spacer engagers242can include threading, snaps, pins, clips, fasteners, and the like to couple button210to spacer240. As further shown inFIG.7, stopper220can provide variable engagement capabilities in different configurations thereof for controllably securing and/or releasing another band. stopper220can include multiple beams224extending generally longitudinally from a hub226. Each of beams224can terminate in an arm222. While four beams and arms are illustrated, it will be understood that stopper220can include any number of beams and arms. For example, the stopper220can include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or greater than 9 beams and arms. Arms222can extend generally radially outwardly from each other and/or a central axis of plug assembly200. At least a portion of button210(e.g., stem214and/or button engagers218) can extend through an opening228in hub226of stopper220. As such, stopper220can be coupled to button210and/or spacer240, such that button210, stopper220, and/or spacer240can move together along a central axis of plug assembly200, for example, when actuated by a user by application of a force at head212. Button210can further include a stabilizer coupled to stem214of button210. The stabilizer can include one or more rails216that separate beams224of stopper220from each other. For example, rails216can protrude radially outwardly from stem214, with gaps formed between circumferentially adjacent pairs of rails216. As such, each beam224of stopper220can extend generally longitudinally within a corresponding gap between a pair of rails216. As further shown inFIG.7, post230can at least partially enclose one or more other components of plug assembly200and provide a structure for extending through an eyelet. Post230can define a post neck232that extends longitudinally and defines at least a portion of a channel234extending through post230. Channel234can open at an end of post230, for example at post neck232. At least a portion of button210and stopper220can be movably positioned within channel234. Post230can further include a post flange236. Post neck232can be sized to extend within an eyelet of another band, and post flange236can be sized to prevent further extension through the eyelet. For example, post neck232can have a post neck outer dimension, and post flange236can have a post flange outer dimension, greater than the post neck outer dimension. As further shown inFIG.7, base260can be coupled to post230. Base260can include a base neck262and a base flange266. Base neck262can be sized to extend within a corresponding band body, and base flange266can be sized to prevent further extension through the corresponding band body. For example, base neck262can have a base neck outer dimension, and base flange266can have a base flange outer dimension, greater than the base neck outer dimension. Base260can include one or more base engagers268for coupling base260to another component, such as post230at one or more post engagers238. Base engagers268and/or post engagers238can include threading, snaps, pins, clips, fasteners, and the like to couple base260to post230. As further shown inFIG.7, spacer240can be positioned between post230and base260. Spacer240can be coupled to stem214of button210as stem214extends through hub226of stopper220. Spacer can be enclosed within a corresponding portion of post230and/or base260. As further shown inFIG.7, spring250can be positioned between post230and base260. For example, spring250can be positioned between spacer240and base260, such that spring250biases spacer240away from base260. Accordingly, spacer240and components coupled thereto (e.g., button210and/or stopper220) can be biased by spring250away from base260and into an extended configuration. Spring250can be enclosed within a corresponding portion of post230and/or base260. Referring now toFIG.8, plug assembly200can be assembled to provide controlled transitions between different configurations thereof. As shown inFIG.8, a portion of retaining band body128can be positioned between post flange236of post230and base flange266of base260. Base neck262of base260can abutting post flange236. As such, as post230is secured to base260, portions thereof can extend through an opening in retaining band body128and secure thereto while post230remains secured to base260. As further shown inFIG.8, at least a portion of button210(e.g., stem214) and/or a portion of stopper220(e.g., beams224) can be positioned within channel234of post230. As further shown inFIG.8, at least a portion of button210(e.g., head212) and/or a portion of stopper220(e.g., arms222) can be positioned outside channel234of post230. For example, head212of button210and arms222of stopper220can be positioned outside channel234such that they extend beyond an end of post230(e.g., above a top side thereof). Arms222can be positioned axially between head212of button210and an end of post230. Button210and stopper220can be configured to move along an axis of channel234. As button210is actuated, stopper220can move with button210further into channel234. Arms222of stopper220can be configured to move radially inwardly (i.e., towards each other) in response to actuation (e.g., axial translation) of button210and stopper220along the axis of channel234. For example, post230can define a shoulder239extending radially inwardly at a region of channel234. Shoulder239can interact with stopper220(e.g., beams224) as stopper220moves with button210along the axis of channel234. Shoulder239can define a radially smaller inner dimension of channel234than at other regions of channel234. Additionally or alternatively, stopper220can interact with other portions of post230, such as an end thereof at which channel234terminates. Referring now toFIGS.9-13, plug assembly200can be operated to transition between an extended configuration for securing bands to each other and a retracted configuration for releasing sizing band106and retaining band108from each other.FIGS.9and10show, respectively, side sectional and top views of plug assembly200in an extended configuration. In the extended configuration, arms222can define an extended outer (e.g., radial) dimension that is larger than in the retracted configuration. For example, arms222can extend radially beyond a perimeter of head212of button210. By further example, arms222can extend radially beyond an outer dimension of eyelet116of sizing band106. Accordingly, arms222of plug assembly200can resist removal of plug assembly200from eyelet116while in the extended configuration. FIGS.11and12show, respectively, side sectional and top views of plug assembly200in a retracted configuration. Button210can be actuated with an external force to move button210and stopper220within post230(e.g., along a central axis). As button210and stopper220move within post230, arms222can be transitioned from the extended configuration to the retracted configuration, as described herein. In the retracted configuration, arms222can define a retracted outer (e.g., radial) dimension that is smaller than in the extended configuration. For example, arms222can be radially within (i.e., not extending radially beyond) the perimeter of head212of button210. By further example, arms222can be radially within (i.e., not extending radially beyond) an outer dimension of eyelet116of sizing band106. Accordingly, arms222of plug assembly200can allow removal of plug assembly200from eyelet116while in the retracted configuration. As shown inFIG.13, while button210is actuated and stopper220is in the retracted configuration (e.g., with arms222radially retracted), plug assembly200can facilitate removal from eyelet116. While plug assembly200is able to move through eyelet116, retaining band108can be moved away from sizing band106. Thereafter, plug assembly200can be released (e.g., unactuated) to allow a return to the extended configuration. Referring now toFIGS.14-17, each of the bands of an attachment system can attach to a housing of the wearable device by insertion into a channel thereof.FIG.14shows a top view of a sizing band106of a two-band attachment system showing a structural insert. Sizing band106may have a lug152that is configured to be inserted into channel (not shown) of a wearable device housing. Opposite lug152may be an insert portion153. Lug152can include a structural insert154. Structural insert154can provide structural and mechanical stability to lug152. In many embodiments, structural insert154may be insert molded into lug152. Lug152may also include a retractable detent158. Retractable detent158can be positioned in the center of lug152, as illustrated, although this configuration is not required. In some embodiments, more than one retractable detent can be used. Lug152may also include one or more friction pads160. Friction pads160may be configured to provide a high friction relationship between lug152and the interior of the channel of the housing (not shown). In this manner, friction pads160prevent or reduce unexpected or undesired translation of lug152within the channel (not shown). In some embodiments, friction pads160may be co-molded with sizing band106. In some embodiments, friction pads160can be insert molded in sizing band106, inserted after molding of sizing band106, or positioned using any suitable method. FIG.15shows a side cross-section view of the band ofFIG.14taken along section A-A, showing retractable detent158within structural insert154. In these embodiments, structural insert154may include an opening or other structure for supporting the structural insert. Retractable detent158may extend a certain distance from the top surface of lug152. In some embodiments, retractable detent158may be disposed so as to be substantially flush with the top surface of lug152. Also shown in the illustrated cross-section are two portions of structural insert154, identified as a front smooth portion164and a back smooth portion166. Front smooth portion164may be implemented as a taper extending into the length of sizing band106. Front smooth portion164may also have substantially rounded edges. Back smooth portion166may be implemented as a substantially rounded surface. As noted with respect to other smoothed surfaces of structural insert154, the front and back smooth portions164,166may prevent concentration of stress upon bending or deflection of sizing band106. As further shown inFIG.15, a foot portion168may extend a certain distance from the bottom surface of lug152and may be operably associated with retractable detent158. In some embodiments, foot portion168may be positioned opposite retractable detent158. For example, as illustrated foot portion168is directly below retractable detent158. In these and related embodiments, foot portion168can interlock with a portion of retractable detent158. As illustrated, the foot portion can include a flanged portion that interlocks with a corresponding flange portion of retractable detent158. In some embodiments, foot portion168may be mechanically coupled to retractable detent158by a spring member170. Spring member170can be any suitable type of springing or elastic member such as a metal spring. Spring member170may be positioned between foot portion168and retractable detent158such that when foot portion168is pushed or otherwise forced into the body of lug152, the additional compression applied to spring member170may cause retractable detent158to exhibit an outward force on the upper surface of the interior sidewall of the band retaining channel. As shown inFIGS.16and17, when lug152is inserted into a channel174of housing102, foot portion168is pushed inward (relative to lug152) by the bottom interior sidewall of channel174. As noted above, when foot portion168is pushed into the body of lug152, the additional tension imparted to spring member170is transferred to retractable detent158. As lug152is slid further into channel174(see, e.g.,FIG.17), retractable detent158eventually may be positioned below a detent recess176that is formed within the top sidewall of channel174. Once positioned below detent recess176, retractable detent158may, as a result of the force of spring member170, thrust upward to occupy detent recess176. In this manner, retractable detent158provides a temporary locking mechanism that secures sizing band106within channel174. Referring now toFIGS.18-23, the bands of an attachment system can overlap while coupled together. Some embodiments described herein relate to a guide bed formed within a bottom surface of a retaining band. For example,FIG.18-21shows a top view of retaining band108of attachment system10showing a concealment opening110and a plug assembly200. As noted with respect to further embodiments described herein, concealment opening110of retaining band108may be positioned and sized to receive a portion of a sizing band106(see, e.g.,FIGS.21-23) of attachment system10. Similarly, plug assembly200may be configured to be received and secure itself within an eyelet of sizing band106(see, e.g.,FIG.21-23). As shown inFIGS.18-21, guide bed112is formed, recessed, into the bottom surface of retaining band108. In many embodiments, guide bed112may be adapted to receive an inserted length of a sizing band. In many cases, and as illustrated, guide bed112may be longitudinally centered along the bottom surface of retaining band108. In addition, guide bed112may at least partially retain an inserted length of sizing band106in place behind retaining band108.FIG.21shows a top view of the two-band attachment system ofFIG.18, shown in a closed configuration, with the insert portion of sizing band106received through concealment opening110into guide bed112.FIG.22shows a side cross-section view of the two-band attachment system ofFIG.21taken along section C-C showing sizing band106below retaining band108, partially received within guide bed112.FIG.23shows a side cross-section view of the two-band attachment system ofFIG.21taken along section D-D showing plug assembly200received and secured through a sizing eyelet of sizing band106, which in this cross section is positioned above retaining band108. In some embodiments, guide bed112may be formed as a pocket within retaining band108. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure provide attachment systems for attaching a wearable electronic device to a user including a sizing band and a retaining band. The retaining band can include a plug assembly (e.g., actuatable button, retractable arms, etc.) configured to be inserted in a selected eyelet of the sizing band. Upon insertion into the eyelet, the plug assembly can resist unintended separation of the sizing and retaining band by increasing its outer dimension. Release can be achieved by allowing the user to decrease the outer dimension of the plug assembly so that removal from the selected eyelet is easily achieved. Various examples of aspects of the disclosure are described below as clauses for convenience. These are provided as examples, and do not limit the subject technology. Clause A: an attachment system for a watch, the attachment system comprising: a sizing band comprising a sizing band body defining at least one opening extending through the sizing band body; and a retaining band comprising a retaining band body and a plug assembly extending from a surface of the retaining band body, the plug assembly being configured to extend entirely through a selected one of the at least one opening, the plug assembly being configured to transition between: an extended configuration having an extended outer dimension; and a retracted configuration having a retracted outer dimension that is smaller than the extended outer dimension. Clause B: a plug assembly for a retaining band, the plug assembly comprising: a post defining a channel extending through the post; a button comprising a stem at least partially within the channel and a head outside of the channel; and a stopper partially within the channel and comprising multiple arms extending radially outwardly from each other, wherein the button and the stopper are configured to move along an axis of the channel. Clause C: a plug assembly for a retaining band, the plug assembly comprising: a post defining a channel extending into the post from an end of the post; a button comprising a head outside of the channel; and a stopper comprising multiple arms extending radially outwardly from each other, the multiple arms being positioned axially between the head of the button and the end of the post, wherein stopper is configured to transition between: an extended configuration in which the multiple arms extend radially beyond a perimeter of the head of the button; and a retracted configuration in which the multiple arms are radially within the perimeter of the head of the button. One or more of the above clauses can include one or more of the features described below. It is noted that any of the following clauses may be combined in any combination with each other, and placed into a respective independent clause, e.g., clause A, B, or C. Clause 1: the plug assembly comprises: a post defining a channel extending through the post; a button comprising a stem at least partially within the channel and a head outside of the channel; and a stopper partially within the channel and comprising multiple arms extending radially outwardly from each other, wherein the button and the stopper are configured to move along an axis of the channel to transition the plug assembly between the extended configuration and the retracted configuration. Clause 2: the multiple arms of the stopper are configured to move radially in response to movement of the button and the stopper along the axis of the channel. Clause 3: in the extended configuration, the multiple arms extend radially beyond a perimeter of the head of the button; and in the retracted configuration, the multiple arms are radially within the perimeter of the head of the button. Clause 4: the post comprises a post flange and the plug assembly further comprises a base coupled to the post and comprising a base flange, wherein a portion of the retaining band body is between the post flange and the base flange. Clause 5: the sizing band further comprises: an insert end; a sizing band lug opposite the insert end and configured to slide within a first channel defined by a housing of the watch; and a structural insert disposed within the lug. Clause 6: the retaining band further comprises: a retaining band lug configured to slide within a second channel defined by the housing of the watch; a concealment opening extending from a top surface of the retaining band to a bottom surface of the retaining band and configured to receive the insert end therethrough; and a recess formed in the bottom surface of the retaining band and sized to at least partially receive a depth of the sizing band upon insertion of the insert end. Clause 7: the multiple arms of the stopper are configured to move radially in response to movement of the button and the stopper along the axis of the channel. Clause 8: the post further defines a shoulder extending radially inwardly at the channel, the shoulder being configured to interact with the stopper in response to movement of the button and the stopper along the axis of the channel. Clause 9: the post comprises a post neck having a post neck outer dimension and a post flange having a post flange outer dimension, greater than the post neck outer dimension. Clause 10: a base coupled to the post, wherein the base comprises a base neck abutting the post flange and having a base neck outer dimension and a base flange having a base flange outer dimension, greater than the base neck outer dimension. Clause 11: a spacer between the post and the base, the spacer being coupled to the stem of the button, the stem extending through a portion of the stopper. Clause 12: a spring between the post and the base and biasing the spacer away from the base. Clause 13: a stabilizer coupled to the stem of the button, the stabilizer comprising rails that separate the arms from each other. Clause 14: the multiple arms are positioned axially between the head of the button and an end of the post. Clause 15: the multiple arms of the stopper are configured to transition between the extended configuration and the retracted configuration in response to movement of the button and the stopper along an axis of the channel. Clause 16: the post further defines a shoulder extending radially inwardly at the channel, the shoulder being configured to transition the multiple arms between the extended configuration and the retracted configuration in response to movement of the button and the stopper along an axis of the channel. Clause 17: a spring configured to bias the stopper toward the extended configuration. As described above, one aspect of the present technology may include the gathering and use of data available from various sources. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter ID's, home addresses, data or records relating to a user's health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For instance, health and fitness data may be used to provide insights into a user's general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals. The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In another example, users can select not to provide mood-associated data for targeted content delivery services. In yet another example, users can select to limit the length of time mood-associated data is maintained or entirely prohibit the development of a baseline mood profile. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods. Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publicly available information. A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean one and only one unless specifically so stated, but rather one or more. For example, “a” module may refer to one or more modules. An element proceeded by “a,” “an,” “the,” or “said” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional same elements. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the invention. The word exemplary is used to mean serving as an example or illustration. To the extent that the term include, have, or the like is used, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term comprise as comprise is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Phrases such as an aspect, the aspect, another aspect, some aspects, one or more aspects, an implementation, the implementation, another implementation, some implementations, one or more implementations, an embodiment, the embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one or more embodiments, a configuration, the configuration, another configuration, some configurations, one or more configurations, the subject technology, the disclosure, the present disclosure, other variations thereof and alike are for convenience and do not imply that a disclosure relating to such phrase(s) is essential to the subject technology or that such disclosure applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa, and this applies similarly to other foregoing phrases. A phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the terms “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list. The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one item; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, each of the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” refers to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps, operations, or processes disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps, operations, or processes may be performed in different order. Some of the steps, operations, or processes may be performed simultaneously. The accompanying method claims, if any, present elements of the various steps, operations or processes in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented. These may be performed in serial, linearly, in parallel or in different order. It should be understood that the described instructions, operations, and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software/hardware product or packaged into multiple software/hardware products. In one aspect, a term coupled or the like may refer to being directly coupled. In another aspect, a term coupled or the like may refer to being indirectly coupled. Terms such as top, bottom, front, rear, side, horizontal, vertical, and the like refer to an arbitrary frame of reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame of reference. Thus, such a term may extend upwardly, downwardly, diagonally, or horizontally in a gravitational frame of reference. The disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. The disclosure provides various examples of the subject technology, and the subject technology is not limited to these examples. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the principles described herein may be applied to other aspects. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout the disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for”. The title, background, brief description of the drawings, abstract, and drawings are hereby incorporated into the disclosure and are provided as illustrative examples of the disclosure, not as restrictive descriptions. It is submitted with the understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the detailed description, it can be seen that the description provides illustrative examples and the various features are grouped together in various implementations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed subject matter requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed configuration or operation. The claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter. The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims and to encompass all legal equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirements of the applicable patent law, nor should they be interpreted in such a way.

11857032

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before the present subject matter is further described, it is to be understood that this subject matter described herein is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may of course vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. Unless defined otherwise, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which this subject matter belongs. FIG.1shows a perspective view of an embodiment of a belt system100that may be worn with a pair of pants, shorts, trousers, skirts or other articles of clothing. The system100can also be used with other items such as watch straps, purse straps, guitar straps or animal collars or other articles that may include a buckle system that is adjusted for size or where a number of size variations would be desirable. Some figures include exemplary numerical dimensions. It should be appreciated that the dimensions are for example only and are not intended to be limiting. The belt buckle system can be configured with dimensions outside of the ranges and values shown. The belt system100includes an elongated belt105and a buckle110disposed on a first end of the belt105. The buckle110is removably attached to the belt such as by using a clamp on the buckle110. The belt buckle110is a pinless buckle in that it does not use a pin to secure itself to the belt105when the belt is looped around a user's waist. The belt buckle105has a front face that faces away from a user or a user's torso when the belt is worn around the user's waist. That is, the belt buckle105sits flat against the user's waist or torso such that the buckle will be positioned over the region of the user's pants where a button is typically located on the user's pants. In an example embodiment, the belt105is coupled to a holster that is sized and shaped to hold a firearm, such as a pistol or gun. FIG.2shows a perspective, side view of the belt buckle110.FIGS.3and4show bottom views of the belt buckle110. The belt buckle110has a front face that is formed by a door205or other movable portion. The door205is movable relative to a body207of the belt buckle such that the door205can be opened (such as in a pivoting manner) relative to the body to expose an internal chamber, as described in more detail below. A belt loop structure225is attached to a main body of the buckle110such as at one or more attachment locations230. In an embodiment, the belt loop structure225can pivot or rotate about an axis that intersects the attachment location230. In addition, as described more fully below, at least one threaded member, such as a threaded screw, extends through the belt loop structure225and the main body of the buckle110to secure the belt loop structure225to the main body. With reference toFIGS.3and4, the buckle110has a bridge350that forms or at least partially defines an opening through which the opposite end of the belt can be threaded when worn by a user. A movable latch310or other pinless member is configured to move towards and engage with a portion of the opposite end region of the belt when the opposite region is positioned through the opening formed by the bridge350for securing the belt to the buckle in a desired position. In an embodiment, the latch310secures to a tooth or other engagement portion formed within a row of engagement portions on the belt. The latch310can be biased toward a latching engagement with the belt such as by using a biasing member, which can be, for example, a magnet, a spring, or other device. As mentioned above with reference toFIG.2, at least one threaded member, such as a threaded screw, extends through the belt loop structure225and the main body of the buckle110to secure the belt loop structure225to the main body. A threaded member such as a threaded screw can also be used to secure other portions of the buckle110to one another. For example, a threaded screw can be used to secure the bridge350to the main body of the buckle. This is different and more secure than using a non-threaded pin to secure the buckle portions to one another. A non-threaded pin has a tendency to loosen from the buckle such that the buckle can become unstable or fall apart at some point during use. FIG.9shows a side view of the belt buckle. One or more threaded members, such as threaded screws905, secure portions of the belt buckle to one another. For example, threaded screws905secure the bridge350and/or the belt loop structure225to the main body of the belt buckle. In this regard, one or more aligned, threaded openings or passageways can extend through the bridge350and the main body. A screw905can be threadedly positioned in the aligned passageways to secure the components of the buckle to one another via the screw905. It should be appreciated that threaded screws can be used to secure other portions of the buckle to one another. In addition, the threaded screw can have various types of heads, such as Allen heads, for attaching to a drive member, such as an Allen wrench. The threaded screw905is an elongated body such as a cylindrical body having a head on a proximal end and threads on an external surface of a distal region of the body or over the entire body. The head portion of the screw may be enlarged in diameter relative to a remainder portion of the screw or may have the same diameter as the remainder portion of the screw. The screw905is an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in any portion of the buckle for securing a first component of the buckle to any other component or components of the buckle. The screw is capable of mating with a preformed internal thread or forming its own thread within the respective hole, and of being tightened or released by torquing the head. In an example embodiment, the screw has a diameter in the head and/or body portion of 3 mm. In another embodiment, the screw has a diameter of 1-2 mm or 1-3 mm. It should be appreciated that threaded screws are much more secure than pins or other types of non-threaded structures. The threaded screws can withstand forces that the buckle undergoes during use. The buckle can experience high levels of torque and linear forces, which can cause the buckle to come apart or otherwise malfunction. The threaded screws905eliminate or greatly reduce the likelihood that the belt buckle will come apart as a result of such forces. In a method of manufacture, one or more of the components of the buckle are provided. The components are assembled in a manner that forms the shape of the buckle. One or more of the components can be drilled or tapped with appropriate sized holes, openings, or passageways that are sized and shaped to receive a corresponding screw. One or more of the holes, openings, or passageways can be threaded. The appropriate sized screw can then be inserted into a corresponding opening and threadedly retained in the opening to secure one or more components of the buckle to other components of the buckle. With reference now to the side view ofFIG.2, the body207of the buckle110is shaped such that a cavity or cut out215is formed on the side of the body207. The cut out215is such that a region of the body207is thinner relative to an adjacent region, with the region being thinner along a dimension or direction normal to a wearer's body when the belt is worn around the wearer's waist. That is, the direction is a direction along the line of sight of a person that is facing the wearer and looking toward the front side of the wearer. In this manner, the body of the buckle is so dimensioned so that the wearer's pants button does not contribute to or cause the belt buckle to protrude any further outward from the wearer's pants if the wearer's pants did not have a button in the region of the buckle when the buckle is worn. The cut out is so dimensioned relative to a wearer's pant button so that the pant button fits within the cut out. The cutout215is sized and shaped to form a gap in the body of the buckle in which the wearer's pants button can be positioned when the belt is worn. In this manner, the buckle can be positioned atop the button without the button contributing to the overall size of the buckle or pushing the buckle outward away from the user's body. The button therefore does not interfere with the belt buckle and does not result in the buckle being pushed outward from the user's body when the belt is worn around the waist.FIG.2shows one side view of the belt buckle. It should be appreciated that the opposite side view of the belt buckle also has a cutout215similar to the cutout215shown inFIG.2. The cutout215is located along the length of the belt buckle with the length being the longitudinal direction of the belt member. The cutout215extends along only a portion of the entire length of the belt buckle such that the belt buckle has a thickness that is greater where the cavity or cutout215is not located relative to whether cavity or cutout215is located. FIG.5shows the belt buckle110with the door205in an open state such that the internal chamber is exposed. The internal chamber is exposed and accessible when the door205is open as shown inFIG.5. When the door205is closed (as inFIGS.1and2for example), the door205is positioned relative to the belt buckle body such that the internal chamber is covered and hidden by the door205. In this manner, the internal chamber is collectively formed by the body of the belt buckle and the door205when the door is closed. The door205may move relative to the body of the belt buckle in a variety of manners including in a pivoting or rotating manner. In this regard, the one or more hinges attach the door205to the belt buckle body. Other types of movement are possible such as a sliding movement between the door205and the body. As shown inFIG.5, the internal chamber is sized and shaped to contain one or more items. The items are covered or hidden when the door205is closed. In the illustrated embodiment, the items include a ball marker505, which is disc-like member. The ball marker is positioned within a complementary-shaped indentation on the inner side of the door205and can be secured thereto such as by a magnet for example. The items also include a golf divot repair tool510that sits on the body207in the internal cavity. The divot repair tool510is secured within the cavity by a crossing member520that fits over the divot repair tool and secures it therein such as in a press fit manner. Other retaining elements can also be used such as one or more magnets to secure the divot repair tool510or other items in the chamber.FIG.6shows the buckle110with the ball marker505and divot repair tool510removed from the internal chamber. With reference toFIG.5, the door205can be secure in the closed position such as by using one or more magnetic engagements507between the body207of the buckle and the door205. In this regard, a magnet may secure in the door205and/or the body207so that they contact one another and secure the door in the closed position when the door is closed. The magnet(s) may be positioned and secured beneath a securing element, such as a bridge structure350. Other ways of securing the door in the closed position can be used. In an embodiment, the belt100can be stored in a belt container710, as shown inFIGS.7and8. The belt container710is sized and shaped to define an interior cavity that can contain the belt100in a rolled state. The interior cavity of the container710is sized so that the belt100is snugly stored within the container710such that the belt will not rattle or move when the container is closed. In this regard, the container710has a door that can be opened (as shown inFIG.8) and closed (as shown inFIG.7) to provide access to the belt. While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of an invention that is claimed or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or a variation of a sub-combination. Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Only a few examples and implementations are disclosed. Variations, modifications and enhancements to the described examples and implementations and other implementations may be made based on what is disclosed. Although embodiments of various methods and devices are described herein in detail with reference to certain versions, it should be appreciated that other versions, embodiments, methods of use, and combinations thereof are also possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein.

11857033

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIGS.1to5A-5Cshow a first exemplary embodiment of a closure device1which includes a first closure part2, a second closure part3and a connecting part4. The first closure part2is associated to a first assembly5, in the illustrated exemplary embodiment for example a traction element in the form of a strap or rope for example of a garment or a shoe. The second closure part3on the other hand is associated to a second assembly6, for example to a textile portion, for example of a garment or a shoe, wherein in the operational position the second closure part3is fixed to the second assembly6via the connecting part4. The closure device1is designed as a magneto-mechanical closure device. In the operational position, the second closure part3is fixed to the connecting part4, as can be taken fromFIGS.2and3. The first closure part2can be attached to the second closure part3along a closing direction X and thus can be connected to the second closure part3, wherein the first closure part2and the second closure part3each include a magnetic element24,34, which on attachment of the closure parts2,3to each other face each other in a magnetically attracting manner and thus magnetically support the attachment. In the closed position, shown inFIG.3, the closure parts2,3are held at each other due to the magnetic attraction between the magnetic elements24,34. As can be taken fromFIGS.2,3and4A,4B, the first closure part2has a body20which on a side facing the second closure part3forms a toothing portion23in the form of a conical internal toothing. A winding portion22in the form of a winding groove is molded to the body20, on which the traction element5, for example in the form of a traction cable, can be wound and from which the traction element5can also be unwound again. On the body20, a handle element21is firmly arranged, via which a user can grasp the first closure part2in order to produce or again release the connection between the closure parts2,3or in order to rotate the first closure part2relative to the second closure part3. The second closure part3has a body20to which a toothing portion33is molded on a side facing the first closure part2, which circumferentially surrounds a pin portion32. Within the pin portion32, the magnetic element34associated to the second closure part3is received in a receiving opening301. In the closed position of the closure device1, the toothing portions23,33of the closure parts2,3are in meshing engagement with each other, and the pin portion32of the second closure part3engages into the first closure part2for rotational support. The toothing portions23,33here, in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, are shaped such that the first closure part2can be rotated in a winding direction relative to the second closure part3while the toothing portions23,33slide over each other, for example in order to wind the traction element5onto the winding portion22of the first closure part2. A reverse rotation, however, is blocked by the meshing engagement so that the traction element5can be tensioned, but cannot easily be released, in any case not without separating the closure parts2,3from each other. For opening the closure device1, the first closure part2can be removed from the second closure part3against the closing direction X, against the force of magnetic attraction between the magnetic elements24,34. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second closure part3is fixed to the associated assembly6via the connecting part4. The connecting part4here can be fabricated as a simple, inexpensive component, for example from plastic material, and in particular does not include any magnetic elements. The connecting part4forms an integration portion42which extends in a planar manner and for example can be flexibly deformable. Via the integration portion42, the connecting part4can be fixed to the assembly6, for example by sewing, welding or gluing. As this can be taken fromFIG.1in a synopsis withFIG.4B, the connecting part4forms a cylindrical collar with a shell surface40molded thereto, which surrounds an opening400. For fastening the second closure part3to the connecting part4, the body30of the second closure part3can be inserted into the opening400so that a fastening device41within the collar interacts with the body30of the second closure part3and in this way creates an attachment between the second closure part3and the connecting part4. The fastening device41is formed by engagement elements410in the form of protrusions inwardly protruding into the opening400. On attachment of the second closure part3to the connecting part4, the engagement elements410come into engagement with engagement openings31on the body30of the second closure part3so that a connection between the second closure part3and the connecting part4thereby is made. The engagement elements410and the engagement openings31are designed to produce a bayonet connection. On insertion of the second closure part3into the opening400, the engagement elements410initially come into engagement with axially open fitting portions310of the engagement openings31, as can be taken fromFIG.1in a synopsis withFIG.5B. When the engagement elements410have been inserted into the fitting portions310, the second closure part3can be rotated relative to the connecting part4about an axis of rotation D in a fastening direction U so that the engagement elements410run into locking portions311of the engagement openings31, which adjoin the fitting portions310in the fastening direction U, as can be taken fromFIG.1in a synopsis withFIGS.5B and5C. FIG.5Cshows the locked position with the bayonet connection made, in which the engagement elements410rest in the locking portions311and thereby positively connect the second closure part3to the connecting part4. Within the locking portions311arresting elements312in the form of protruding latching noses are molded, which in the fastened position with the bayonet connection made are in engagement with associated arresting openings411on the engagement elements410, as can be taken fromFIG.5C. Thus, in the fastened position with respect to the connecting part4, the second closure part3is secured against being released. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second closure part3in the operational position is connected to the associated assembly6, for example to a textile portion of a garment or the like, via the connecting part4. The second closure part3can also be released again from the connecting part4, in that the bayonet connection is eliminated by releasing the engagement elements410from the engagement openings31. This for example allows a maintenance, renewal or repair of the closure device1by exchange or restoration of the second closure part3. Moreover, this provides for simple recycling in that the second closure part3can easily be reused by being released from the connecting part4. FIGS.6to13A,13Bshow another exemplary embodiment of the closure device1which includes a first closure part2, a second closure part3and a connecting part4. Again, the second closure part3can be fastened to an associated assembly via the connecting part4, wherein in the operational position the closure parts2,3can be connected to each other so as to create a connection between assemblies associated to each other. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first closure part2has a body20in the form of a rigid element to which an engagement element25is molded at one end. A force introduction element26in the form of a bracket is pivotally articulated to the body20about a force introduction axis260. An actuating element27in the form of a tab is arranged on the body20and can be actuated by a user to release the closure parts2,3from each other by the user grasping the actuating element27and thereby pulling the closure parts2,3away from each other. Via the force introduction element26, for example a connection of the first closure part2to an associated assembly in the form of a belt or the like can be produced. The second closure part3has a body30to which a rigid engagement element35is molded, which forms an arresting portion350in the form of an undercut on a rigid portion351. Transversely offset and parallel to the engagement element35, a blocking element36is molded to the body30. The first closure part2and the second closure part3each include a magnetic element24,34, as can be taken from the sectional view ofFIG.9B. For closing the closure device1, the closure parts2,3can be attached to each other along a closing direction X, as this is shown in the transition fromFIG.7towardsFIG.8. In a closed position of the closure device1, the engagement element25of the first closure part2is in positive engagement with the engagement element35of the second closure part3, wherein the engagement is secured by the blocking element36on the body30of the second closure part3. Due to the fact that the force introduction axis260is located between an abutment surface352on the engagement element35, which the engagement element25faces in the closed position, and a perpendicular plane A pointing through the center of gravity of the magnetic element34, a stable hold of the closure parts2,3at each other is obtained in the closed position, in that in the closed position the closure parts2,3are magnetically drawn towards each other by the magnetic elements24,34and the engagement between the engagement elements25,35also is secured by the blocking element36. In the closed position, a securing lug28on the body20of the first closure part2is in engagement with an associated securing opening300on the body30of the second closure part3so as to secure the transverse position of the closure parts2,3relative to each other. By pulling on the actuating element27, a user can lift the first closure part2from the second closure part3and thereby eliminate the blockage by the blocking element36. By pulling on the actuating element27, the closure parts2,3thus can be released from each other in a simple way. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the connecting part4includes a fastening device41which is designed to produce a positive connection with the second closure part3. The fastening device41includes two form-fit elements412extended parallel to each other, between which the body30of the second closure part3can be pushed along a fastening direction U perpendicular to the closing direction X, as can be taken fromFIG.6in a synopsis with FIGS. to13A,13B. In the fastened position, the body30rests between the form-fit elements412and is in contact with a stop element413via a front edge so that the body30takes a defined position between the form-fit elements412along the fastening direction U. The position of the body30relative to the connecting part4here is secured via a latching element414which is deflected on insertion of the body30and in the fastened position is in engagement with a rear edge of the body30so that the hold of the second closure part3on the connecting part4thereby is secured along the fastening direction U. By releasing the latching of the latching element414, the connection of the second closure part3can be released from the connecting part4by pushing the second closure part3out of engagement with the form-fit elements412against the fastening direction U. The connection via the form-fit elements412in the fastened position can be such that in case of excessive load, for example when a breakaway force is applied to the second closure part3, which exceeds a limit force, the second closure part3can get out of engagement with the form-fit elements412in a vertical direction. In this way, an emergency release can be provided in case of excessive load. In yet another exemplary embodiment, which is shown inFIGS.14to16, a closure device1includes closure parts2,3, identically as described above with reference to the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.1to5A-5C. The closure parts2,3in the exemplary embodiments ofFIGS.14to16andFIGS.1to5A-5Care identical in functional and constructional terms, wherein the closure part2is not shown inFIGS.14to16for a simplified overview. In contrast to the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.1to5A-5C, a separate connecting part4is not provided in the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.14to16, but a fastening device41is integrated into a housing part of an associated, second assembly6so that the second closure part3can directly be fastened to the second assembly6via the fastening device41. As has been described with reference toFIGS.1to5A-5C, the fastening device41includes engagement elements410which are arranged within an opening400formed in the housing part of the assembly6and protrude inwardly into the opening400. By insertion into the opening400, the engagement elements410can be brought into engagement with the engagement openings31on the body30of the closure part3to produce a bayonet connection, in order to thereby produce a form fit between the engagement elements410and the body30of the closure part3, as has been described above with reference toFIGS.1to5A-5C. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.14to16, the closure part3thus is directly fixed to the associated, second assembly6via the bayonet connection. In so far, there is not provided a connecting part4separate from the second assembly6, but the fastening device41is directly integrated into the second assembly6, for example into a housing part of the second assembly6. In addition, reference is made to the explanations concerning the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.1to5A-5C. The idea underlying the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described above, but can also be realized in a different way. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second closure part can be released from the connecting part, which provides for a maintenance, renewal or restoration of the second closure part due to the fact that the second closure part can be released from the connecting part and can be exchanged or repaired. The releasable connection also provides for simple recycling in that the second closure part or at least parts of the second closure part, for example the magnetic element of the second closure part, can be reused. The connecting part can be manufactured easily and at low cost and can also be adapted to the associated assembly. Due to the fact that the second closure part is not directly fixed to the associated assembly, but indirectly via the connecting part, an integration of the closure device is possible also into assemblies in which a direct attachment of the second closure part to an associated assembly is not easily possible. The connecting part for example can be fabricated jointly with the associated assembly, in that the connecting part is fixed to the assembly during manufacture or possibly is also fabricated integrally with the second assembly. The second closure part is fixed to the connecting part only subsequently, so that an impairment of the second closure part, for example by action of heat on the magnetic element of the second closure part, is avoided during the manufacture of the assembly. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 1closure device2closure part20body21handle element22winding portion23toothing portion24magnetic element25engagement element26force introduction element260force introduction axis27actuating element28securing lug3closure part30body300securing opening301receiving opening31engagement opening310fitting portion311locking portion312arresting element32pin33toothing portion34magnetic element35engagement element350arresting portion (undercut)351rigid portion352abutment surface4connecting part40shell surface400opening41fastening device410engagement element411arresting opening412form-fit elements413stop element414latching element42integration portion5,6assemblyA axisD axis of rotationM centerX closing directionU fastening direction

11857034

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, a titanium sintered body, an ornament, and a timepiece according to the invention will be described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings. Titanium Sintered Body First, an embodiment of the titanium sintered body according to the invention will be described. The titanium sintered body according to this embodiment is, for example, a sintered body produced by a powder metallurgy method. This titanium sintered body is formed by sintering particles of a titanium alloy powder to one another. The titanium sintered body according to this embodiment has an average crystal grain diameter on the surface of more than 30 μm and 500 μm or less, and a Vickers hardness on the surface of 300 or more and 800 or less. As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors found that the design property in the appearance of the titanium sintered body becomes very high when the average crystal grain diameter is within the above range. That is, in the case where the average crystal grain diameter is within the above range, an area occupied by one crystal is larger as compared with the related art. Therefore, for example, when one crystal reflects light, since most crystals have a smooth surface, almost all of the light is regularly reflected by a relatively large smooth surface. Moreover, such crystals are distributed all over the sintered body, and also the normal directions of the respective crystal planes are slightly different from one another. Therefore, an excellent luster is imparted to the entire titanium sintered body. As a result, the titanium sintered body having an appearance with a high design property is obtained. Further, such a titanium sintered body has a sufficient surface hardness, and therefore is hardly scratched even if a foreign substance or the like hits the sintered body. Due to this, the appearance with a high design property can be stably maintained over a long period of time. Therefore, such a titanium sintered body can be favorably used in the below-mentioned ornaments, timepieces, and the like. On the other hand, such a titanium sintered body also has a favorable polishing property, and therefore, a smooth polished surface can be efficiently obtained. As a result, a titanium sintered body having an appearance with a high design property can be efficiently obtained by polishing. FIG.1is a view schematically showing the surface of an embodiment of the titanium sintered body according to the invention. In general, the crystal structure of a titanium sintered body varies depending on the alloy composition, however, as in the case of a titanium sintered body1shown inFIG.1, it is preferred to include an α-phase2and a β-phase3. Among these, the α-phase2refers to a region (α-phase titanium) in which the crystal structure forming the phase is mainly a hexagonal closest packed (hcp) structure. On the other hand, the β-phase3refers to a region (β-phase titanium) in which the crystal structure forming the phase is mainly a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure. InFIG.1, a region with a relatively light color is the α-phase2, and a region with a relatively dark color is the β-phase3. The α-phase2has a relatively low hardness and high ductility, and therefore contributes to the realization of the titanium sintered body1having a high strength and excellent deformation resistance particularly at a high temperature. On the other hand, the β-phase3has a relatively high hardness, but is likely to be plastically deformed, and therefore contributes to the realization of the titanium sintered body1having excellent toughness as a whole. By including the α-phase2and the β-phase3, when the titanium sintered body1is polished, the resistance during polishing can be prevented from significantly increasing. As a result, the smoothness of the polished surface can be further enhanced, and an appearance with a higher design property is obtained. It is preferred that almost the entire surface of the titanium sintered body1is occupied by such an α-phase2and a β-phase3. That is, the total occupancy ratio (area ratio) of the α-phase2and the β-phase3on the surface of the titanium sintered body1is preferably 95% or more, and more preferably 98% or more. In such a titanium sintered body1, the α-phase2and the β-phase3become dominant in terms of characteristics, and therefore, the titanium sintered body1reflects many advantages of titanium. The total occupancy ratio of the α-phase2and the β-phase3is obtained by, for example, observing the cross section of the titanium sintered body1with an electron microscope, a light microscope, or the like and distinguishing the crystal phases based on the difference in color or the contrast due to the difference in crystal structure and also measuring the areas. Examples of crystal structures other than the α-phase2and the β-phase3include an w-phase and a γ-phase. In the case where the titanium sintered body1includes the α-phase2and the β-phase3as described above, the occupancy ratio (area ratio) of the α-phase2on the surface is preferably 70% or more and 99.8% or less, and more preferably 75% or more and 99% or less. When the α-phase2is dominant in this manner, the above-mentioned luster becomes more prominent, and thus, a titanium sintered body having an appearance with a particularly high design property is obtained. This is because the α-phase2is a plate-like crystal phase, and therefore, the crystal plane is likely to be a smooth surface, and thus, the crystal grain diameter as described above is likely to be satisfied, and also regular reflection of light is likely to occur thereon. The occupancy ratio of the α-phase2is measured as follows. First, the surface of the titanium sintered body1is observed with an electron microscope, and the area of the obtained observation image is calculated. Subsequently, the total area of the α-phase2in the observation image is obtained. Then, the obtained total area of the α-phase2is divided by the area of the observation image. The resulting value is the occupancy ratio of the α-phase2. On the other hand, in the case where the area ratio of the α-phase2is as described above, the area ratio of the β-phase3is smaller than that. Specifically, the area ratio of the β-phase3is preferably about 0.2% or more and 30% or less, more preferably about 1% or more and 25% or less, and further more preferably about 2% or more and 20% or less. When the β-phase3is included at a given ratio in this manner, the desired balance between the α-phase2and the β-phase3is achieved. As a result, even if the crystal grain diameter of the α-phase2becomes relatively large, a decrease in the mechanical properties or the surface hardness of the titanium sintered body1as a whole is suppressed. Therefore, the titanium sintered body1capable of stably maintaining the above-mentioned average crystal grain diameter and Vickers hardness is obtained. By balancing the α-phase2and the β-phase3, when the titanium sintered body1is polished, the resistance during polishing can be particularly favorably prevented from significantly increasing. As a result, the smoothness of the polished surface can be particularly enhanced, and an appearance with a particularly high design property is obtained. Further, since the α-phase2is dominant, the occurrence of irregularities on the polished surface due to the difference in the polishing speed based on the difference in the hardness between the α-phase2and the β-phase3is easily suppressed. Also from such a viewpoint, an appearance with a high design property is obtained. When the average crystal grain diameter is less than the above lower limit, an area where light is regularly reflected is too small, and therefore, the light beam becomes too thin and the luster may be lost. On the other hand, when the average crystal grain diameter exceeds the above upper limit, an area where light is regularly reflected is too large, and therefore, the number of light beams is decreased, and the luster generated by a large number of light beams may be lost. Further, the shape of the crystal structure (particularly, the α-phase2) is likely to approach a needle shape from a spherical shape. The crystal structures having such a needle shape are likely to be aligned along a specific direction due to the nature of the shape. As a result, the arrangement of the crystal planes from which light is reflected also becomes irregular, and therefore, the luster may be deteriorated. The average crystal grain diameter on the surface of the titanium sintered body is preferably 35 μm or more and 400 μm or less, and more preferably 40 μm or more and 300 μm or less. Such an average crystal grain diameter is measured as follows. First, the surface of the titanium sintered body1is observed with an electron microscope, and 100 or more crystal structures in the obtained observation image are randomly selected. Subsequently, the area of each crystal structure selected in the observation image is calculated, and the diameter of a circle having the same area as that of this area is obtained. The diameter of the circle obtained in this manner is regarded as the grain diameter (circle equivalent diameter) of the crystal structure, and an average for 100 or more crystal structures is obtained. This average becomes the average grain diameter of the crystal structures. Further, when the Vickers hardness is less than the above lower limit, the surface of the titanium sintered body may be easily scratched when a foreign substance or the like hits the surface. On the other hand, when the Vickers hardness exceeds the above upper limit, the surface of the titanium sintered body is hardly polished, and therefore, it becomes difficult to obtain a desired polished surface. As a result, an appearance with a high design property may be less likely to be obtained. The Vickers hardness (HV) on the surface of the titanium sintered body1is preferably 400 or more and 750 or less, and more preferably 500 or more and 700 or less. Such a Vickers hardness is measured in accordance with a Vickers hardness test—Test method specified in JIS Z 2244:2009. A test force applied by an indenter is set to 9.8 N (1 kgf), and the duration of the test force is set to 15 seconds. Then, an average of the measurement results at 10 sites is determined to be the Vickers hardness. The shape of the crystal structure of the titanium sintered body according to this embodiment is not a needle shape, but is preferably an isotropic shape or a shape equivalent thereto. When the crystal structure of the titanium sintered body has such a shape, an appearance having a high luster and a high design property can be obtained as described above. Specifically, on the surface of the titanium sintered body1, the average aspect ratio of the crystal structures is preferably 1 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably 1 or more and 2.5 or less. When the average aspect ratio of the crystal structures is within the above range, the luster on the surface of the titanium sintered body1can be particularly enhanced. Further, by adjusting the average aspect ratio within the above range, when the titanium sintered body1is subjected to polishing processing, anisotropy is less likely to occur in the polishing amount, and therefore, irregularities are less likely to occur on the polished surface. As a result, the smoothness of the polished surface can be further enhanced, and the titanium sintered body1having a high luster is obtained also from this viewpoint. The average aspect ratio of the crystal structures is measured as follows. First, the surface of the titanium sintered body1is observed with an electron microscope, and 100 or more crystal structures in the obtained observation image are randomly selected. Subsequently, the major axis of each crystal structure selected in the observation image is specified, and further, the longest axis in the direction orthogonal to this major axis is specified as the minor axis. Then, the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is calculated as the aspect ratio. Then, the aspect ratios of 100 or more crystal structures is averaged, and the resulting value is determined to be the average aspect ratio. In the titanium sintered body1according to this embodiment, it is preferred that the grain diameters of the crystal structures are relatively uniform. According to this, because the crystal structures not only have an isotropic shape or a shape equivalent thereto, but also have a uniform grain diameter, the fatigue strength of the titanium sintered body1is increased, and also a high design property can be maintained for a long period of time. The constituent material of such a titanium sintered body1is a titanium simple substance or a titanium-based alloy. The titanium-based alloy is an alloy containing titanium as a main component, but is an alloy containing, other than titanium (Ti), for example, an element such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), aluminum (Al), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), zirconium (Zr), tantalum (Ta), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), silicon (Si), gallium (Ga), tin (Sn), barium (Ba), nickel (Ni), or sulfur (S). Among these, the titanium-based alloy according to this embodiment preferably contains titanium as a main component, and also contains an α-phase stabilizing element and a β-phase stabilizing element. According to this, even if the production conditions or use conditions for the titanium sintered body change, the titanium sintered body can have both the α-phase2and the β-phase3as the crystal structures. Due to this, the titanium sintered body1has both the characteristics exhibited by the α-phase2and the characteristics exhibited by the β-phase3, and thus has particularly excellent mechanical properties. Examples of the α-phase stabilizing element include aluminum, gallium, tin, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and these are used alone or two or more types thereof are used in combination. On the other hand, examples of the β-phase stabilizing element include molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, and iron, and these are used alone or two or more types thereof are used in combination. As a specific composition of the titanium-based alloy, titanium alloys specified in JIS H 4600:2012 as type 60, type 60E, type 61, and type 61F are exemplified. Specific examples thereof include Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-4V ELI, and Ti-3Al-2.5V. Other examples thereof include Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si, and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo specified in Aerospace Material Specifications (AMS). Further, additional examples thereof include Ti-5Al-2.5Fe and Ti-6Al-7Nb specified in the specification made by International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and also include Ti-13Zr-13Ta, Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta, Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta, and Ti-5Al-3Mo-4Zr. In the notation of the above-mentioned alloy composition, the components are shown in decreasing order of concentration from left to right, and the number shown before the element indicates the concentration of the element in mass %. For example, Ti-6Al-4V shows that the alloy contains Al at 6 mass % and V at 4 mass % with the remainder being Ti and impurities. The impurities are elements which are inevitably mixed therein or elements which are intentionally added thereto at predetermined ratios (for example, the total amount of impurities is 0.40 mass % or less). Further, the ranges for main alloy compositions described above are as follows. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy contains Al at 5.5 mass % or more and 6.75 mass % or less and V at 3.5 mass % or more and 4.5 mass % or less with the remainder being Ti and impurities. As the impurities, for example, Fe at 0.4 mass % or less, O at 0.2 mass % or less, N at 0.05 mass % or less, H at 0.015 mass % or less, and C at 0.08 mass % or less are permitted to be contained, respectively. Further, other elements are permitted to be contained at 0.10 mass % or less individually and 0.40 mass % or less in total, respectively. The Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy contains Al at 5.5 mass % or more and 6.5 mass % or less and V at 3.5 mass % or more and 4.5 mass % or less with the remainder being Ti and impurities. As the impurities, for example, Fe at 0.25 mass % or less, O at 0.13 mass % or less, N at 0.03 mass % or less, H at 0.0125 mass % or less, and C at 0.08 mass % or less are permitted to be contained, respectively. Further, other elements are permitted to be contained at 0.10 mass % or less individually and 0.40 mass % or less in total, respectively. The Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy contains Al at 2.5 mass % or more and 3.5 mass % or less, V at 1.6 mass % or more and 3.4 mass % or less, S (if desired) at 0.05 mass % or more and 0.20 mass % or less, and at least one element (if desired) selected from La, Ce, Pr, and Nd at 0.05 mass % or more and 0.70 mass % or less in total with the remainder being Ti and impurities. As the impurities, for example, Fe at 0.30 mass % or less, O at 0.25 mass % or less, N at 0.05 mass % or less, H at 0.015 mass % or less, and C at 0.10 mass % or less are permitted to be contained, respectively. Further, other elements are permitted to be contained at 0.40 mass % or less in total. The Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy contains Al at 4.5 mass % or more and 5.5 mass % or less and Fe at 2 mass % or more and 3 mass % or less with the remainder being Ti and impurities. As the impurities, for example, O at 0.2 mass % or less, N at 0.05 mass % or less, H at 0.013 mass % or less, and C at 0.08 mass % or less are permitted to be contained, respectively. Further, other elements are permitted to be contained at 0.40 mass % or less in total. The Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy contains Al at 5.5 mass % or more and 6.5 mass % or less and Nb at 6.5 mass % or more and 7.5 mass % or less with the remainder being Ti and impurities. As the impurities, for example, Ta at 0.50 mass % or less, Fe at 0.25 mass % or less, O at 0.20 mass % or less, N at 0.05 mass % or less, H at 0.009 mass % or less, and C at 0.08 mass % or less are permitted to be contained, respectively. Further, other elements are permitted to be contained at 0.40 mass % or less in total. The Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy has particularly low cytotoxicity as compared with other alloy types, and therefore is particularly useful when the titanium sintered body1is used for biocompatible purposes. The components contained in the titanium sintered body1can be analyzed by, for example, a method in accordance with Titanium-ICP atomic emission spectrometry specified in JIS H 1632-1:2014 to JIS H 1632-3:2014. The titanium sintered body1may also include particles containing titanium oxide as a main component (hereinafter simply referred to as “titanium oxide particles”). It is considered that the titanium oxide particles share the stress applied to metal titanium serving as the matrix by being dispersed in the titanium sintered body1. By including the titanium oxide particles, the mechanical strength of the entire titanium sintered body1is improved. Further, since titanium oxide is harder than metal titanium, by dispersing the titanium oxide particles, the wear resistance of the titanium sintered body1can be further increased. Due to this, scratching or the like of the polished surface is suppressed, and therefore, the polished surface can be kept favorable for a long period of time. That is, a high design property in the appearance of the titanium sintered body1can be maintained over a long period of time. Further, titanium oxide is chemically stable, and therefore is useful also from the viewpoint of enhancing the corrosion resistance of the titanium sintered body1. The “particle containing titanium oxide as a main component” refer to, for example, a particle analyzed such that an element contained in the largest amount in terms of atomic ratio is either one of titanium and oxygen, and an element contained in the second largest is the other when a component analysis of the particle of interest is performed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy or using an electron probe microanalyzer. The average particle diameter of the titanium oxide particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 μm or more and 20 μm or less, more preferably 1 μm or more and 15 μm or less, and further more preferably 2 μm or more and 10 μm or less. When the average particle diameter of the titanium oxide particles is within the above range, the wear resistance can be increased without largely deteriorating the mechanical properties such as toughness and tensile strength of the titanium sintered body1. That is, when the average particle diameter of the titanium oxide particles is less than the above lower limit, the effect of sharing the stress of the titanium oxide particles may be decreased depending on the content of the titanium oxide particles. Further, when the average particle diameter of the titanium oxide particles exceeds the above upper limit, the titanium oxide particle may serve as a starting point of a crack to decrease the mechanical strength depending on the content of the titanium oxide particles. The crystal structure of the titanium oxide particle may be any of a rutile type, an anatase type, and a brookite type, and may be a mixture of a plurality of types. The average particle diameter of the titanium oxide particles is measured as follows. First, the cross section of the titanium sintered body1is observed with an electron microscope, and 100 or more titanium oxide particles in the obtained observation image are randomly selected. At this time, whether a particle is the titanium oxide particle or not can be specified by the contrast of the image and an area analysis of oxygen or the like. Subsequently, the area of each titanium oxide particle selected in the observation image is calculated, and the diameter of a circle having the same area as that of this area is obtained. The diameter of the circle obtained in this manner is regarded as the particle diameter (circle equivalent diameter) of the titanium oxide particle, and an average for 100 or more titanium oxide particles is obtained. This average is determined as the average particle diameter of the titanium oxide particles. The titanium sintered body1according to this embodiment has an oxygen content (concentration expressed in terms of element) on the surface is preferably 2000 ppm by mass or more and 5500 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 2200 ppm by mass or more and 5000 ppm by mass or less, and further more preferably 2500 ppm by mass or more and 4500 ppm by mass or less. Such a titanium sintered body1has excellent wear resistance. Therefore, for example, the luster on the surface of the titanium sintered body1can be kept favorable for a long period of time. As a result, a high design property in the appearance of the titanium sintered body1can be maintained over a long period of time. When the oxygen content is less than the above lower limit, titanium oxide in the titanium sintered body1is decreased. Titanium oxide has a function to increase the corrosion resistance of the titanium sintered body and make the titanium sintered body less likely to wear out as described above. Due to this, when the oxygen content is less than the above lower limit, titanium oxide is particularly decreased, and accompanying this, the corrosion resistance may be decreased, and also wear resistance may be decreased. On the other hand, when the oxygen content exceeds the above upper limit, titanium oxide in the titanium sintered body1is increased. Due to this, the proportion of a metal bond between metal titanium atoms is decreased, and the mechanical strength may be decreased. Due to this, for example, peeling, cracking, or the like is likely to occur on a sliding surface, and accompanying this, the frictional resistance is increased, and therefore, the wear resistance may be decreased. The titanium sintered body1according to this embodiment has a carbon content on the surface is preferably 200 ppm by mass or more and 4000 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 400 ppm by mass or more and 3000 ppm by mass or less, and further more preferably 500 ppm by mass or more and 2000 ppm by mass or less. In such a titanium sintered body1, the desired concentration of titanium carbide on the surface is achieved, and therefore, light scattering or the like by titanium carbide is suppressed, and the progress of oxidation of metal titanium can be suppressed. Therefore, the titanium sintered body1can keep the luster on the surface favorable over a long period of time. The oxygen content and the carbon content in the titanium sintered body1can be measured by, for example, an atomic absorption spectrometer, an ICP optical emission spectrometer, an oxygen-nitrogen simultaneous analyzer, or the like. In particular, a method for determination of oxygen content in metallic materials specified in JIS Z 2613:2006 is also used. For example, an oxygen-nitrogen analyzer, TC-300/EF-300 manufactured by LECO Corporation is used. Further, an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by subjecting the titanium sintered body1to a crystal structure analysis by X-ray diffractometry includes a diffraction intensity peak derived from the α-phase and a diffraction intensity peak derived from the β-phase. Here, it is preferred that the obtained X-ray diffraction pattern particularly includes a diffraction intensity peak attributed to the plane orientation (100) of the α-phase titanium and a diffraction intensity peak attributed to the plane orientation (110) of the β-phase titanium. In addition, the value of the diffraction intensity peak (integrated intensity) attributed to the plane orientation (110) of the β-phase titanium is preferably 3% or more and 60% or less, more preferably 5% or more and 50% or less, and further more preferably 10% or more and 40% or less of the value of the diffraction intensity peak (integrated intensity) attributed to the plane orientation (100) of the α-phase titanium. According to this, both the characteristics of the α-phase2and the characteristics of the β-phase3described above become obvious without being buried. As a result, the titanium sintered body1having excellent toughness as a whole and also having an appearance with a higher design property is obtained. The diffraction intensity peak attributed to the plane orientation (100) of the α-phase titanium is located at 2θ of about 35.3°. On the other hand, the diffraction intensity peak attributed to the plane orientation (110) of the β-phase titanium is located at 2θ of about 39.5°. Further, it is preferred that an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by subjecting the titanium sintered body1containing vanadium as a constituent element to a crystal structure analysis by X-ray diffractometry includes a diffraction intensity peak A attributed to the hexagonal crystal structure (space group: P6/mmc) of titanium and a diffraction intensity peak B attributed to the tetragonal crystal structure (space group: P42/mnm) of vanadium oxide represented by V4O9. In addition, the integrated intensity of the peak A located at θ of 40.3±0.2° is preferably 5 times or more, more preferably 7 times or more and 50 times or less, and further more preferably 9 times or more and 30 times or less the integrated intensity of the peak B located at 2θ of 21.3±0.2°. When the peak A and the peak B have such a relationship, a particularly favorable luster is obtained on the surface of the titanium sintered body1. As a result, the titanium sintered body1having a particularly favorable design property is obtained. As the X-ray source of the X-ray diffractometer, Cu-Kα radiation is used, and the tube voltage is set to 30 kV, and the tube current is set to 20 mA. Further, the titanium sintered body1has a relative density of preferably 99% or more, and more preferably 99.5% or more. When the relative density of the titanium sintered body1is within the above range, the titanium sintered body1having particularly good specularity when polishing the surface is obtained. That is, when the titanium sintered body1has such a relative density, pores are hardly formed in the titanium sintered body1. Due to this, the inhibition of light reflection by such pores can be suppressed. The relative density of the titanium sintered body1is a dry density measured in accordance with the test method of density of sintered metal materials specified in JIS Z 2501:2000. Further, the arithmetic average roughness Ra on the surface of the titanium sintered body1is preferably 7 μm or less, more preferably 5 μm or less, and further more preferably 4 μm or less. When the arithmetic average roughness Ra is within the above range, the design property based on the luster of the titanium sintered body1becomes particularly favorable. In particular, the arithmetic average roughness Ra represents an average in the height direction of irregularities, and therefore is considered to have an influence on the proportion of regular reflection of light, and thereby has an influence on the luster. Further, the root mean square roughness Rq on the surface of the titanium sintered body1is preferably 10 μm or less, more preferably 8 μm or less, and further more preferably 7 μm or less. When the root mean square roughness Rq is within the above range, the design property based on the luster of the titanium sintered body1becomes particularly favorable. In particular, the root mean square roughness Rq corresponds to the standard deviation of a distance from an average surface, and therefore, it is considered that when this value is within the above range, a variation in the angle of the light reflection surface is suppressed, resulting in obtaining a favorable luster. The surface roughness can be measured using a white light confocal microscope. Such a titanium sintered body1can be applied to various uses and is particularly useful as a constituent material of an ornament, although the use thereof is not particularly limited. Ornament Next, an embodiment of an ornament according to the invention will be described. Examples of the ornament according to the invention include exterior components for watches such as watch cases (case bodies, case backs, one-piece cases in which a case body and a case back are integrated, etc.), watch bands (including band clasps, band-bangle attachment mechanisms, etc.), bezels (for example, rotatable bezels, etc.), crowns (for example, screw-lock crowns, etc.), buttons, glass frames, dial rings, etching plates, and packings, personal ornaments such as glasses (for example, glasses frames), tie clips, cuff buttons, rings, necklaces, bracelets, anklets, brooches, pendants, earrings, and pierced earrings, tableware such as spoons, forks, chopsticks, knives, butter knives, and corkscrews, lighters or lighter cases, sports goods such as golf clubs, nameplates, panels, prize cups, and other exterior components for apparatuses such as housings (for example, housings for cellular phones, smartphones, tablet terminals, mobile computers, music players, cameras, shavers, etc.). For any of these ornaments, excellent aesthetic appearance is sometimes regarded very highly. These ornaments include the titanium sintered body1. According to this, an excellent design property based on a luster can be imparted to the surface of the ornament. As a result, an ornament having an appearance with a high appealing property is obtained. FIG.2is a perspective view showing a watch case to which the embodiment of the ornament according to the invention is applied.FIG.3is a partial cross-sectional perspective view showing a bezel to which the embodiment of the ornament according to the invention is applied. A watch case11shown inFIG.2includes a case body112and a band attachment section114for attaching a watch band provided protruding from the case body112. Such a watch case11can form a container along with a glass plate (not shown) and a case back (not shown). In this container, a movement (not shown), a dial plate (not shown), etc. are housed. Therefore, this container protects the movement and the like from the external environment and also has a great influence on the aesthetic appearance of the watch. A bezel12shown inFIG.3has an annular shape, and is attached to a watch case, and is rotatable with respect to the watch case. When the bezel12is attached to the watch case, the bezel12is located outside the watch case, and therefore has an influence on the aesthetic appearance of the watch. Further, such a watch case11and a bezel12are used in a state where they are attached to the human body, and therefore could be scratched. Due to this, by using the titanium sintered body1as a constituent material of such an ornament, an ornament having high specularity on the surface and also having excellent aesthetic appearance is obtained. In addition, this specularity can be maintained for a long period of time. The timepiece according to this embodiment includes the titanium sintered body1as various components for timepieces as described above. According to this, an excellent design property based on a luster can be imparted to the surface of the timepiece. As a result, a timepiece having an appearance with a high appealing property is obtained. Method for Producing Titanium Sintered Body Next, a method for producing the titanium sintered body1will be described. The method for producing the titanium sintered body1includes [1] a step of obtaining a kneaded material by kneading a titanium alloy powder and an organic binder, [2] a step of obtaining a molded body by molding the kneaded material by a powder metallurgy method, [3] a step of obtaining a degreased body by degreasing the molded body, [4] a step of obtaining a sintered body by firing the degreased body, and [5] a step of performing a hot isostatic pressing treatment (HIP treatment) for the sintered body. Hereinafter, the respective steps will be sequentially described. [1] Kneading Step First, a titanium simple substance powder or a titanium alloy powder (hereinafter simply referred to as “titanium alloy powder”) to serve as a raw material of the titanium sintered body1is kneaded along with an organic binder, whereby a kneaded material is obtained. The average particle diameter of the titanium alloy powder is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 μm or more and 50 μm or less, and more preferably 5 μm or more and 40 μm or less. The titanium alloy powder may be a powder (a pre-alloy powder) composed only of particles having a single alloy composition or may be a mixed powder (a pre-mix powder) obtained by mixing a plurality of types of particles having different compositions from one another. In the case of a pre-mix powder, an individual particle may be a particle containing only one type of element or a particle containing a plurality of elements as long as a compositional ratio as described above is satisfied as a whole pre-mix powder. The content of the organic binder in the kneaded material is appropriately set according to the molding conditions, the shape to be molded, or the like, but is preferably about 2 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less, and more preferably about 5 mass % or more and 10 mass % or less of the total amount of the kneaded material. By setting the content of the organic binder within the above range, the kneaded material has favorable fluidity. According to this, the filling property of the kneaded material when performing molding is improved, and a sintered body having a shape closer to a desired shape (near-net shape) is obtained in the end. Examples of the organic binder include polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate and polybutyl methacrylate, styrenic resins such as polystyrene, polyesters such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, and polybutylene terephthalate, various resins such as polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and copolymers thereof, and various organic binders such as various waxes, paraffins, higher fatty acids (such as stearic acid), higher alcohols, higher fatty acid esters, and higher fatty acid amides. These can be used alone or two or more types thereof can be mixed and used. In the kneaded material, a plasticizer may be added if desired. Examples of the plasticizer include phthalate esters (such as DOP, DEP, and DBP), adipate esters, trimellitate esters, and sebacate esters. These can be used alone or two or more types thereof can be mixed and used. Further, in the kneaded material, other than the titanium alloy powder, the organic binder, and the plasticizer, for example, any of a variety of additives such as a lubricant, an antioxidant, a degreasing accelerator, and a surfactant can be added. The kneading conditions vary depending on the respective conditions such as the alloy composition or the particle diameter of the titanium alloy powder to be used, the composition of the organic binder, and the blending amounts thereof. However, for example, the kneading temperature can be about 50° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower, and the kneading time can be about 15 minutes or more and 210 minutes or less. Further, the kneaded material is formed into a pellet (small particle). The particle diameter of the pellet is, for example, about 1 mm or more and 15 mm or less. Incidentally, depending on the molding method described below, a granulated powder may be produced instead of the kneaded material. [2] Molding Step Subsequently, the kneaded material is molded, whereby a molded body is produced. The molding method is not particularly limited, and for example, any of a variety of molding methods such as a powder compacting (compression molding) method, a metal injection molding (MIM) method, and an extrusion molding method can be used. Among these, from the viewpoint that a sintered body having a near-net shape can be produced, a metal injection molding method is preferably used. The molding conditions in the case of a powder compacting method are preferably such that the molding pressure is about 200 MPa or more and 1000 MPa or less (2 t/cm2or more and 10 t/cm2or less), which vary depending on the respective conditions such as the composition and the particle diameter of the titanium alloy powder to be used, the composition of the organic binder, and the blending amounts thereof. The molding conditions in the case of the titanium alloy powder are preferably such that the material temperature is about 80° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower, and the injection pressure is about 50 MPa or more and 500 MPa or less (0.5 t/cm2or more and 5 t/cm2or less), which also vary depending on the respective conditions. The molding conditions in the case of an extrusion molding method are preferably such that the material temperature is about 80° C. or higher and 210° C. or lower, and the extrusion pressure is about 50 MPa or more and 500 MPa or less (0.5 t/cm2or more and 5 t/cm2or less), which also vary depending on the respective conditions. The thus obtained molded body is in a state where the organic binder is uniformly distributed in gaps between the particles of the titanium alloy powder. The shape and size of the molded body to be produced are determined in anticipation of shrinkage of the molded body in the subsequent degreasing step and firing step. Further, if desired, the molded body may be subjected to machining processing such as grinding, polishing, or cutting. The molded body has a relatively low hardness and relatively high plasticity, and therefore, the machining processing can be easily performed while preventing the shape of the molded body from collapsing. According to such machining processing, the titanium sintered body1having high dimensional accuracy can be more easily obtained in the end. [3] Degreasing Step Subsequently, the thus obtained molded body is subjected to a degreasing treatment (binder removal treatment), whereby a degreased body is obtained. Specifically, the degreasing treatment is performed in such a manner that the organic binder is decomposed by heating the molded body, whereby at least part of the organic binder is removed from the molded body. Examples of the degreasing treatment include a method of heating the molded body and a method of exposing the molded body to a gas capable of decomposing the binder. In the case of using a method of heating the molded body, the conditions for heating the molded body are preferably such that the temperature is about 100° C. or higher and 750° C. or lower and the time is about 0.1 hours or more and 20 hours or less, and more preferably such that the temperature is about 150° C. or higher and 600° C. or lower and the time is about 0.5 hours or more and 15 hours or less, which slightly vary depending on the composition and the blending amount of the organic binder. According to this, the degreasing of the molded body can be necessarily and sufficiently performed without sintering the molded body. As a result, it is possible to prevent the organic binder component from remaining inside the degreased body in a large amount. The atmosphere when the molded body is heated is not particularly limited, and an atmosphere of a reducing gas such as hydrogen, an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, an atmosphere of an oxidative gas such as air, a reduced pressure atmosphere obtained by depressurizing such an atmosphere, and the like are exemplified. Examples of the gas capable of decomposing the binder include ozone gas. By dividing such a degreasing step into a plurality of steps in which the degreasing conditions are different, and performing the plurality of steps, the organic binder in the molded body can be more rapidly decomposed and removed so that the organic binder does not remain in the molded body. Further, if desired, the degreased body may be subjected to machining processing such as grinding, polishing, or cutting. The degreased body has a relatively low hardness and relatively high plasticity, and therefore, the machining processing can be easily performed while preventing the shape of the degreased body from collapsing. According to such machining processing, the titanium sintered body1having high dimensional accuracy can be more easily obtained in the end. [4] Firing Step Subsequently, the obtained degreased body is fired in a firing furnace, whereby a sintered body is obtained. That is, diffusion occurs at the interface between the particles of the titanium alloy powder, resulting in sintering. As a result, the titanium sintered body1is obtained. The firing temperature varies depending on the composition, the particle diameter, and the like of the titanium alloy powder, but is, for example, about 900° C. or higher and 1400° C. or lower, and preferably about 1250° C. or higher and 1350° C. or lower. The firing time is 0.2 hours or more and 20 hours or less, but is preferably about 1 hour or more and 6 hours or less. In the firing step, the firing temperature or the below-mentioned firing atmosphere may be changed in the middle of the step. The atmosphere when performing firing is not particularly limited, however, in consideration of prevention of significant oxidation of the metal powder, an atmosphere of a reducing gas such as hydrogen, an atmosphere of an inert gas such as argon, a reduced pressure atmosphere obtained by depressurizing such an atmosphere, or the like is preferably used. In the case where the titanium sintered body1is produced from the titanium alloy powder, depending on the firing conditions or the like, both the α-phase2and the β-phase3are sometimes formed. In particular, in the case where the above-mentioned β-phase stabilizing element is contained in the titanium alloy powder, the β-phase3is more reliably formed. On the other hand, by utilizing the respective production conditions, the average crystal grain diameter in the titanium sintered body1can be adjusted. For example, by increasing the firing temperature or prolonging the firing time, the crystal grain diameter tends to increase, and therefore, the average crystal grain diameter can be adjusted based on such a tendency. Further, when the firing temperature is increased, the proportion of the β-phase3is increased, and accompanying this, the Vickers hardness on the surface of the titanium sintered body1tends to increase. Therefore, the Vickers hardness of the titanium sintered body1to be produced can be adjusted based on such a tendency. Further, in the case where the average crystal grain diameter is within the above range, as the proportion of the β-phase3is lower and the proportion of the α-phase2is higher, a tendency that the shape of the crystal structure approaches an isotropic shape is shown. Therefore, the average aspect ratio of the crystal structures on the surface of the titanium sintered body1can be adjusted based on such a tendency. [5] HIP Step The thus obtained titanium sintered body1may be further subjected to an HIP treatment (hot isostatic pressing treatment) or the like. By doing this, the density of the titanium sintered body1is further increased, and thus, an ornament having further excellent mechanical properties can be obtained. As the conditions for the HIP treatment, for example, the temperature is 850° C. or higher and 1200° C. or lower, and the time is about 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less. Further, the pressure to be applied is preferably 50 MPa or more, and more preferably 100 MPa or more and 500 MPa or less. In addition, the obtained titanium sintered body1may be further subjected to an annealing treatment, a solution heat treatment, an aging treatment, a hot working treatment, a cold working treatment, or the like. The obtained titanium sintered body1may be subjected to a polishing treatment as desired. The polishing treatment is not particularly limited, however, examples thereof include electrolytic polishing, buffing, dry polishing, chemical polishing, barrel polishing, and sand blasting. Hereinabove, the titanium sintered body, the ornament, and the timepiece according to the invention have been described with reference to preferred embodiments, however, the invention is not limited thereto. For example, the use of the titanium sintered body is not limited to the ornament, the timepiece, etc., and may be various structural components and the like. Examples of the structural components include components for transport machinery such as components for automobiles, components for bicycles, components for railroad cars, components for ships, components for airplanes, and components for space transport machinery (such as rockets), components for electronic devices such as components for personal computers and components for cellular phone terminals, components for electrical devices such as refrigerators, washing machines, and cooling and heating machines, components for machines such as machine tools and semiconductor production devices, components for plants such as atomic power plants, thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, oil refinery plants, and chemical complexes, and medical devices such as surgical instruments, artificial bones, joint prostheses, artificial teeth, artificial dental roots, and orthodontic components. The titanium sintered body has high biocompatibility, and therefore is particularly useful as an artificial bone and a dental metallic component. Among these, the dental metallic component is not particularly limited as long as it is a metallic component which is temporarily or semi-permanently retained in the mouth, and examples thereof include metal frames such as an inlay, a crown, a bridge, a metal base, a denture, an implant, an abutment, a fixture, and a screw. EXAMPLES Next, specific examples of the invention will be described. 1. Production of Titanium Sintered Body Example 1 <1> First, a Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder having an average particle diameter of 20 μm produced by a gas atomization method was prepared. Subsequently, a mixture (organic binder) of polypropylene and a wax was prepared and weighed so that the mass ratio of the raw material powder to the organic binder was 9:1, whereby a composition for producing a titanium sintered body was obtained. Subsequently, the obtained composition for producing a titanium sintered body was kneaded using a kneader, whereby a compound was obtained. Then, the compound was processed into pellets. <2> Subsequently, molding was performed under the following molding conditions using the obtained pellets, whereby a molded body was produced. Molding Conditions Molding method: metal injection molding methodMaterial temperature: 160° C.Injection pressure: 12 MPa (120 kgf/cm2) <3> Subsequently, the obtained molded body was subjected to a degreasing treatment under the following degreasing conditions, whereby a degreased body was obtained. Degreasing Conditions Degreasing temperature: 530° C.Degreasing time: 5 hoursDegreasing atmosphere: nitrogen gas atmosphere <4> Subsequently, the obtained degreased body was fired under the following firing conditions, whereby a sintered body was produced. Firing Conditions Firing temperature: 1300° C.Firing time: 2 hoursFiring atmosphere: argon gas atmospherePressure in atmosphere: atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) <5> Subsequently, the surface of the obtained titanium sintered body was subjected to a buffing treatment. Subsequently, the polished surface was observed with an electron microscope, and the types of the crystal phases constituting the crystal structure, the average crystal grain diameter, and the average aspect ratio of the crystals were obtained, respectively. The results are shown in Table 1. <6> Subsequently, with respect to the polished surface of the obtained titanium sintered body, the Vickers hardness was measured in accordance with the method specified in JIS Z 2244:2009. The measurement result is shown in Table 1. <7> Subsequently, with respect to the obtained titanium sintered body, the oxygen content and the carbon content were measured. The measurement results are shown in Table 1. <8> Subsequently, with respect to the obtained titanium sintered body, the arithmetic average roughness Ra and the root mean square roughness Rq were measured. The measurement results are shown in Table 1. <9> Subsequently, with respect to the titanium sintered body obtained in Example 1, a crystal structure analysis was performed by X-ray diffractometry under the following measurement conditions. Measurement Conditions for Crystal Structure Analysis by X-ray Diffractometry X-ray source: Cu-Kα radiationTube voltage: 30 kVTube current: 20 mA It was found that the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained for this titanium sintered body includes a diffraction intensity peak A attributed to the hexagonal crystal structure of titanium and a diffraction intensity peak B attributed to the tetragonal crystal structure of vanadium oxide represented by V4O9. Therefore, the multiple of the integrated intensity of the peak A with respect to the integrated intensity of the peak B was calculated. The calculation result is shown in Table 1. Examples 2 to 6 Titanium sintered bodies were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the production conditions were changed so that the evaluation results of the average crystal grain diameter, the average aspect ratio of the crystals, the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction became the values shown in Table 1, respectively. Comparative Examples 1 to 3 Titanium sintered bodies were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the production conditions were changed so that the evaluation results of the average crystal grain diameter, the average aspect ratio of the crystals, the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction became the values shown in Table 1, respectively. Reference Example 1 First, a Ti-6Al-4V alloy ingot material was prepared. Subsequently, the surface of the prepared ingot material was subjected to a buffing treatment. Subsequently, the polished surface was observed with an electron microscope, and the types of the crystal phases constituting the crystal structure, the average crystal grain diameter, and the average aspect ratio of crystals were obtained, respectively. The results are shown in Table 1. Further, the evaluation results of the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction were obtained in the same manner as described above, respectively. The results are shown in Table 1. Example 7 A titanium sintered body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy powder having an average particle diameter of 20 μm was used in place of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder. Then, the surface of the obtained titanium sintered body was subjected to a buffing treatment. Subsequently, the polished surface was observed with an electron microscope, and the types of the crystal phases constituting the crystal structure, the average crystal grain diameter, and the average aspect ratio of the crystals were obtained, respectively. The results are shown in Table 2. Further, the evaluation results of the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction were obtained in the same manner as described above, respectively. The results are shown in Table 2. Examples 8 to 12 Titanium sintered bodies were obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the production conditions were changed so that the evaluation results of the average crystal grain diameter, the average aspect ratio of the crystals, the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction became the values shown in Table 2, respectively. Comparative Examples 4 to 6 Titanium sintered bodies were obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the production conditions were changed so that the evaluation results of the average crystal grain diameter, the average aspect ratio of the crystals, the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction became the values shown in Table 2, respectively. Reference Example 2 First, a Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy ingot material was prepared. Subsequently, the surface of the prepared ingot material was subjected to a buffing treatment. Subsequently, the polished surface was observed with an electron microscope, and the types of the crystal phases constituting the crystal structure, the average crystal grain diameter, and the average aspect ratio of the crystals were obtained, respectively. The results are shown in Table 2. Further, the evaluation results of the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction were obtained in the same manner as described above, respectively. The results are shown in Table 2. Example 13 A titanium sintered body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy powder having an average particle diameter of 20 μm was used in place of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder. Then, the surface of the obtained titanium sintered body was subjected to a buffing treatment. Subsequently, the polished surface was observed with an electron microscope, and the types of the crystal phases constituting the crystal structure, the average crystal grain diameter, and the average aspect ratio of the crystals were obtained, respectively. The results are shown in Table 3. Further, the evaluation results of the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction were obtained in the same manner as described above, respectively. The results are shown in Table 3. Examples 14 to 18 Titanium sintered bodies were obtained in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the production conditions were changed so that the evaluation results of the average crystal grain diameter, the average aspect ratio of the crystals, the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction became the values shown in Table 3, respectively. Comparative Examples 7 to 9 Titanium sintered bodies were obtained in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the production conditions were changed so that the evaluation results of the average crystal grain diameter, the average aspect ratio of the crystals, the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction became the values shown in Table 3, respectively. Reference Example 3 First, a Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy ingot material was prepared. Subsequently, the surface of the prepared ingot material was subjected to a buffing treatment. Subsequently, the polished surface was observed with an electron microscope, and the types of the crystal phases constituting the crystal structure, the average crystal grain diameter, and the average aspect ratio of the crystals were obtained, respectively. The results are shown in Table 3. Further, the evaluation results of the Vickers hardness, the oxygen content, the carbon content, the surface roughness, and the X-ray diffraction were obtained in the same manner as described above, respectively. The results are shown in Table 3. 2. Evaluation of Titanium Sintered Body 2.1. Wear Resistance First, with respect to each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples, and titanium ingot materials of the respective Reference Examples, the wear resistance of the surface thereof was evaluated. Specifically, first, the surface of each of the titanium sintered bodies and the titanium ingot materials was subjected to a buffing treatment. Subsequently, for the polished surface, a wear resistance test was performed in accordance with Testing method for wear resistance of fine ceramics by ball-on-disk method specified in JIS R 1613 (2010), and a wear amount of a disk-shaped test piece was measured. The measurement conditions were as follows. Measurement Conditions for Specific Wear Amount Material of spherical test piece: high carbon chromium bearing steel (SUJ2)Size of spherical test piece: diameter: 6 mmMaterial of disk-shaped test piece: each of titanium sintered bodies of respective Examples and Comparative Examples and each of titanium ingot materials of respective Reference ExamplesSize of disk-shaped test piece: diameter: 35 mm, thickness: 5 mmMagnitude of load: 10 NSliding rate: 0.1 m/sSliding circle diameter: 30 mmSliding distance: 50 m Then, the wear amount obtained for the titanium ingot material of Reference Example 1 was taken as 1, and the relative value of the wear amount obtained for each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 1 was calculated. Similarly, the wear amount obtained for the titanium ingot material of Reference Example 2 was taken as 1, and the relative value of the wear amount obtained for each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 2 was calculated. Further similarly, the wear amount obtained for the titanium ingot material of Reference Example 3 was taken as 1, and the relative value of the wear amount obtained for each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 3 was calculated. Then, the calculated relative value was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3. Evaluation Criteria for Wear Amount A: The wear amount is very small (the relative value is less than 0.5).B: The wear amount is small (the relative value is 0.5 or more and less than 0.75).C: The wear amount is slightly small (the relative value is 0.75 or more and less than 1).D: The wear amount is slightly large (the relative value is 1 or more and less than 1.25).E: The wear amount is large (the relative value is 1.25 or more and less than 1.5).F: The wear amount is very large (the relative value is more than 1.5). 2.2. Tensile Strength Subsequently, with respect to each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples and each of the titanium ingot materials of the respective Reference Examples, the tensile strength was measured. The measurement of the tensile strength was performed in accordance with the metal material tensile test method specified in JIS Z 2241 (2011). Then, the tensile strength obtained for the titanium ingot material of Reference Example 1 was taken as 1, and the relative value of the tensile strength obtained for each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 1 was calculated. Similarly, the tensile strength obtained for the titanium ingot material of Reference Example 2 was taken as 1, and the relative value of the tensile strength obtained for each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 2 was calculated. Further similarly, the tensile strength obtained for the titanium ingot material of Reference Example 3 was taken as 1, and the relative value of the tensile strength obtained for each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 3 was calculated. Then, the obtained relative value was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3. Evaluation Criteria for Tensile Strength A: The tensile strength is very large (the relative value is 1.09 or more).B: The tensile strength is large (the relative value is 1.06 or more and less than 1.09).C: The tensile strength is slightly large (the relative value is 1.3 or more and less than 1.06).D: The tensile strength is slightly small (the relative value is 1 or more and less than 1.03).E: The tensile strength is small (the relative value is 0.97 or more and less than 1).F: The tensile strength is very small (the relative value is less than 0.97). 2.3. Nominal Strain at Break (Elongation at Break) Subsequently, with respect to each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples and each of the titanium ingot materials of the respective Reference Examples, the elongation at break was measured. The measurement of the elongation at break was performed in accordance with the metal material tensile test method specified in JIS Z 2241 (2011). Then, the obtained elongation at break was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3. Evaluation Criteria for Elongation at Break A: The elongation at break is very large (0.15 or more).B: The elongation at break is large (0.125 or more and less than 0.15).C: The elongation at break is slightly large (0.10 or more and less than 0.125).D: The elongation at break is slightly small (0.075 or more and less than 0.10).E: The elongation at break is small (0.050 or more and less than 0.075).F: The elongation at break is very small (less than 0.050). 2.4. Design Property 2.4.1. Initial Design Property Subsequently, with respect to a test specimen composed of each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples and each of the titanium ingot materials of the respective Reference Examples, a sensory evaluation was performed by 10 assessors. This sensory evaluation was performed in accordance with the ranking method of the sensory evaluation analysis in JIS Z 9080:2004. Specifically, first, each test specimen was distributed to each assessor, and the assessor was asked to observe the polished surface. Then, the assessor was asked to evaluate the design property based on the luster in light of the 9-level preference scale specified in JIS Z 9080:2004. In the 9-level preference scale, indicates “most pleasant”, and “1” indicates “most unpleasant”. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3. 2.4.2. Design Property after Rubbing Treatment First, the polished surface of each test specimen was subjected to a shot blast treatment (rubbing treatment) using a nylon shot (an abrasive material for blasting made of nylon). Subsequently, with respect to the treated surface, the same sensory evaluation as in 2.4.1. was performed again. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3. TABLE 1Structure of titanium sintered bodyCrystalAverageProductionCrystalgrainAspectOxygenCarbonVickersmethodCompositionstructurediameterratiocontentcontenthardness———μm—ppmppm—Example 1SinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β601.63700620392bodyExample 2SinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β601.84300650406bodyExample 3SinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β1442.03300750524bodyExample 4SinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β561.44700500419bodyExample 5SinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β2242.32900870556bodyExample 6SinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β302.152003500433bodyComparativeSinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β121.359005090860Example 1bodyComparativeSinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β5255.025004500257Example 2bodyComparativeSinteredTi—6Al—4Vα + β1896.822003200516Example 3bodyReferenceIngotTi—6Al—4Vα + β63.44001503015Example 1materialStructure of titanium sintered bodySurface roughnessEvaluation resultsArithmeticRoot meanX-rayDesign propertyaveragesquarediffractionAfterroughnessroughnessPeak A/WearTensileElongationrubbingRaRqpeak Bresistancestrengthat breakInitialtreatmentμmμmtimes—————Example 14.57.28AAB77Example 24.36.97AAB77Example 33.65.810BBB88Example 44.16.66BBB77Example 53.35.312BBB99Example 65.28.35BCB66Comparative7.011.23DDC33Example 1Comparative6.510.44DEC53Example 2Comparative5.08.05DEC85Example 3Reference9.214.72DCC22Example 1 TABLE 2Structure of titanium sintered bodyCrystalAverageProductionCrystalgrainAspectOxygenCarbonVickersmethodCompositionstructurediameterratiocontentcontenthardness———μm—ppmppm—Example 7SinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β721.83800630383bodyExample 8SinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β551.94300680392bodyExample 9SinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β1502.13200710515bodyExample 10SinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β631.54800480410bodyExample 11SinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β2162.32500880547bodyExample 12SinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β362.554003600424bodyComparativeSinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β121.565004980851Example 4bodyComparativeSinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β5405.325004600248Example 5bodyComparativeSinteredTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β1967.417003300507Example 6bodyReferenceIngotTi—3Al—2.5Vα + β53.55001203006Example 2materialStructure of titanium sintered bodySurface roughnessEvaluation resultsArithmeticRoot meanX-rayDesign propertyaveragesquarediffractionAfterroughnessroughnessPeak A/WearTensileElongationrubbingRaRqpeak Bresistancestrengthat breakInitialtreatmentμmμmtimes—————Example 74.77.57AAB77Example 84.57.28AAB77Example 93.75.99ABB88Example 104.36.96BBB77Example 113.25.111BBB98Example 125.38.55BCB66Comparative7.812.53DDC33Example 4Comparative6.29.94DEC53Example 5Comparative4.97.85DEC85Example 6Reference10.316.52DCC22Example 2 TABLE 3Structure of titanium sintered bodyCrystalAverageProductionCrystalgrainAspectOxygenCarbonVickersmethodCompositionstructurediameterratiocontentcontenthardness———μm—ppmppm—Example 13SinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β521.73400680401bodyExample 14SinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β451.74600700410bodyExample 15SinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β1321.93200850524bodyExample 16SinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β491.44900450428bodyExample 17SinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β2002.02600900556bodyExample 18SinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β302.055003800446bodyComparativeSinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β121.463005410869Example 7bodyComparativeSinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β5555.429004600239Example 8bodyComparativeSinteredTi—6Al—7Nbα + β2037.021003300498Example 9bodyReferenceIngotTi—6Al—7Nbα + β63.96001602997Example 3materialStructure of titanium sintered bodySurface roughnessEvaluation resultsArithmeticRoot meanX-rayDesign propertyaveragesquarediffractionAfterroughnessroughnessPeak A/WearTensileElongationrubbingRaRqpeak Bresistancestrengthat breakInitialtreatmentμmμmtimes—————Example 134.36.9—AAB77Example 144.16.6—AAB77Example 153.65.8—BBB88Example 164.57.2—ABB77Example 173.15.0—BBB99Example 185.79.1—BCB66Comparative8.213.1—DDC33Example 7Comparative6.410.2—DEC53Example 8Comparative5.18.2—DEC85Example 9Reference10.516.8—DBC22Example 3 As apparent from Tables 1 to 3, it was confirmed that the polished surface of each of the titanium sintered bodies of the respective Examples has a high design property. The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-167825 filed Aug. 31, 2017 is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

11857035

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The method for manufacturing a part2comprising at least one three-dimensional metallised pattern4according to the invention will be described with reference toFIG.1. The part2is typically a decorated component of a timepiece external part or a piece of jewellery, such as for example a watch bezel, or a watch dial decorated with a three-dimensional index, or else a crown, a crystal or a middle of the watch. Without this being limiting in the context of the present invention, the three-dimensional metallised patterns4are, for example, indices, indexes, logos, or else aesthetic decorations. During an initial step10, provision is made of a substrate6on which are formed, beforehand, in three dimensions, one or more enamel pattern(s)3. Preferably, the enamel constituting the patterns3is sintered beforehand. This local enamel underlayer can be manufactured according to any type of known manufacturing method. In particular, and without this being limiting in the context of the present invention, an example of such a method will now be described with reference toFIG.2. During a first step40, the bare substrate6is provided. The substrate6consists of a material capable of withstanding high temperatures, in particular temperatures that can reach up to 1400° C. The substrate6is preferably selected from the group consisting of zircon, alumina, sapphire or ruby. However, it can also be a semiconductor substrate6, such as silicon, or else gallium arsenide, an upper layer of which may be conductive, or a substrate made of natural material such as mother-of-pearl. During a next step42, a layer of photosensitive resin8is deposited on the upper surface of the substrate6. During a following step44, the photosensitive resin layer8is selectively exposed to radiation5, so as to locally develop portions11of resin8with the purpose of forming empty portions9in the resin8. The radiation5used is, for example, ultra-violet (UV) radiation emitted by a laser or a UV lamp. To perform this structuring of the resin8, a mask (not shown) is applied to the resin layer8, the outline of the mask corresponding to the empty portions9to be formed. The photosensitive resin8is for example a negative photosensitive resin. This resin8can be a photopolymerisable resin, for example a resin based on polyimide PMMA (poly-methyl methacrylate) or an octofunctional epoxy resin available from Shell Chemical under the reference SU-8 and a photo-initiator selected for example from triarylsulfonium salts. The mask may be a quartz plate on which is produced a masking layer with opaque and transparent portions according to the empty portions9to be produced. Alternatively, the photosensitive resin8can be a positive photosensitive resin. In this case, the mask is the reverse of the mask used with the negative photosensitive resin. At the end of this step44the mask is removed. During a next step46, the portions of the resin layer8corresponding to the empty portions9to be formed are removed. This removal step is for example carried out by physical or chemical means. In the case where a negative photosensitive resin is used (as is the case inFIG.2), it is the non-irradiated portions13of the resin8which are removed. The portions13thus removed in the resin8then allow to reveal the empty portions9in the resin8. Conversely, in the case where a positive photosensitive resin is used (case not shown in the figures), these are the irradiated portions of the resin that are removed. A non-photosensitive resin can also be used, in which case the latter is removed mechanically via laser ablation. During a next step, the empty portions9in the resin8are filled with an enamel powder25. During a next step50, the enamel powder25is pre-baked. For this purpose, the enamel powder25is for example heated to a temperature of 200° C., for example for 50 minutes. During this same step50, or during a following step, the remaining portions11of the resin8are removed, for example thermally. For this purpose, the remaining portions11of the resin8are, for example, heated to a temperature of 600° C., for example for 30 minutes. This removal of the last remaining portions11of resin8allows to reveal the enamel pattern(s)3, at the areas corresponding to the empty portions9of the preceding resin. Preferably, during a following step52, the assembly formed of the substrate6and of the enamel pattern(s)3is cleaned. Preferably, during a final step54, the enamel of the pattern(s)3is sintered, which allows to facilitate the three-dimensional shaping of the enamel pattern(s)3and to facilitate the adhesion of the metal layer. The example of a method for manufacturing the local enamel underlayer forming the patterns3shown inFIG.2has the advantage of not requiring complex tools, and of being relatively simple to implement and little expensive. Another example of a method for manufacturing the local enamel underlayer forming the patterns3, not shown in the figures, consists in applying the enamel directly to the substrate by pad printing, during one or more initial steps. The enamel is then pre-baked during a next step. For this purpose, the enamel is, for example, heated to a temperature of 177° C., for example for 60 minutes. Preferably, during a next step, the enamel of the pattern(s) is sintered. For this purpose, the enamel is for example sintered at a temperature of 860° C., for example for 5 minutes. This sintering step allows to define the desired shapes in the enamel and thus reveal the enamel pattern(s). Preferably, in a final step, the assembly formed of the substrate and the enamel pattern(s) is cleaned. This particular exemplary embodiment of the method for manufacturing the local enamel underlayer has the advantage of not requiring any structuring on a photosensitive resin. Returning to the manufacturing method according to the invention, as illustrated inFIG.1, the enamel pattern(s)3are cleaned during a following preferential step. During a following step14, at least one metallisation layer15is deposited on the enamel pattern(s)3. Preferably, as illustrated inFIG.1, the metallisation layer15completely covers the enamel pattern(s)3at the end of this deposition step14. More preferably, the metallisation material used during this deposition step14is chromium nitride, zirconium oxynitride, or else gold. Obviously, the metallisation step can consist of a stack of several metal layers. During a following step, a photosensitive resin layer17is deposited on the metallisation layer15. Preferably, as illustrated inFIG.1, the photosensitive resin layer17completely covers the metallisation layer15at the end of this deposition step. During a next step18, the photosensitive resin layer17is selectively exposed to radiation7, so as to locally develop resin portions19. These resin portions19correspond to the three-dimensional pattern(s). The radiation7used is, for example, ultra-violet (UV) radiation emitted by a lamp. To perform this structuring of the resin17, a mask (not shown) is applied above the resin layer17, the mask corresponding to the three-dimensional pattern(s). The photosensitive resin17is for example a negative photosensitive resin. This resin17can be a photopolymerisable resin, for example a resin based on polyimide PMMA (poly-methyl methacrylate) or an octofunctional epoxy resin available from Shell Chemical under the reference SU-8 and a photo-initiator selected for example from triarylsulfonium salts. The mask may be a quartz plate on which is produced a masking layer with opaque and transparent portions. Alternatively, the photosensitive resin8can be a positive photosensitive resin. In this case, the mask is the reverse of the mask used with the negative photosensitive resin. At the end of this step18the mask is removed. According to another embodiment, a non-photosensitive resin is used, once the resin has dried, the latter is removed mechanically via laser ablation and therefore does not require a mask. During a next step20, the portions of the resin layer17complementary to the pattern(s) are removed. This removal step20is for example carried out by physical or chemical means. During this same step20, the corresponding underlying portions21of the metallisation layer15are also removed. Preferably, the underlying portions21of the metallisation layer15, which correspond to the portions of the resin layer17complementary to the pattern(s), are removed by chemical attack (also called etching). In the case where a negative photosensitive resin is used (as is the case inFIG.1), it is the non-irradiated portions23of the resin17which form the portions complementary to the pattern(s) and which are removed during this step20. The resin portions19developed locally (therefore irradiated) then correspond to the pattern(s). Conversely, in the case where a positive photosensitive resin is used (a case not shown in the figures), it is the irradiated portions of the resin which form the portions complementary to the pattern(s) and which are removed. The non-irradiated resin portions then correspond to the pattern(s). During a next step22, the remaining portions of the resin17, corresponding to the pattern(s), are removed. This step22is for example carried out using a solvent. This allows to reveal the three-dimensional metallised pattern(s)4. Each pattern4then consists of the metallisation material15deposited on a local enamel underlayer3. In the case where a negative photosensitive resin is used (as is the case inFIG.1), it is the developed portions19of the resin17which form the remaining portions and which are removed during this step22. Conversely, in the case where a positive photosensitive resin is used (case not shown in the figures), it is the undeveloped portions of the resin which form the remaining portions and which are removed during this step22. Preferably, during a final step, the part2is cleaned. It is thus understood that the manufacturing method according to the invention allows to easily produce three-dimensional metallised decorative patterns4on the part2. The three-dimensional decorative patterns4thus produced are clean, and can advantageously have complex, precise and mastered shapes.

11857036

DETAILED DESCRIPTION With reference toFIGS.1-14, the present disclosure provides a bracelet designated by the numeral10. In the drawings, not all reference numbers are included in each of the drawings for the sake of clarity.FIGS.1-14are drawn generally to scale, however, it will be appreciated that other dimensions are possible. As shown inFIGS.1-14, the bracelet10may include a circular band12that wraps around/forms a loop26around the wrist of a human user. The circular band12may have a band length14that encircles the wrist, and a band width16perpendicular to the length. The band length14may be greater than the band width16, and the loop26is preferably dimensioned to fit a human wrist. As known to those of ordinary skill, diameters of bracelets are typically in the range of from about 5 inches to about 9 inches, however, other sizes are possible. Preferably, the bracelet10is adjustable, fits snugly to the wrist (so that the bracelet10and attached clip18do not move on the wrist) and is easily removable. For example, as shown in the exemplary embodiment, the band12is in the form of a strap52and comprises a first strap end54and a second strap end56and the first strap end54is releasably attached to the second strap end56by a strap fastener58. In an exemplary embodiment, the strap fastener58is an alligator clip or other quiet fastener so that fastening the strap fastener58does not disturb any game. The strap fastener58may also be a hook and loop fastener. In another embodiment, the bracelet10may be fastened to another body part or object such as a backpack. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the bracelet10preferably further includes a clip18that may include a first clip arm20and a second clip arm22, as well as a clip fastener24attaching the clip18to the band12. The clip18preferably extends outwardly away from the wrist and the loop26, as shown inFIGS.1,2,4,5-9and12-13. More preferably, the clip18extends radially outward inFIGS.1,2,4,6-9and12-13. Optionally, the clip fastener24removably attaches the clip18to the band12so that the clip18is removable from the band12. For example, in the illustrated embodiments, the clip fastener24comprises a glide plate/bracket28and an L-shaped bracket30. The glide plate28may be similar to, for example, a glide in a pair of suspenders and may comprise a glide plate aperture32receiving the circular band12to allow the glide plate28to slide at least partially around the band length14to position the clip18in the desired location. The glide plate28may also include a receptacle such as a glide plate track34located lateral to/outside the loop26. Optionally, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the glide plate track34includes two rails72and74that are parallel to the band width16. The L-shaped bracket30may include a horizontal arm36located in the glide plate track34and a vertical arm38extending away from the horizontal arm36at an angle of approximately 90 degrees and connected (directly or indirectly) to the clip18. Optionally, the clip18extends away from the loop26perpendicular to the band length14, as shown inFIGS.1,2,4,6-9and12-13. Alternatively, the clip18may be tilted, as shown inFIG.5. Though the glide plate28may be positioned anywhere, optionally the glide plate28is positioned opposite the strap fastener58. Optionally, the first clip arm20further comprises a receptacle such as a clip arm track40receiving the vertical arm38. Optionally, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the first clip arm track40is comprised of two rails76and78that are parallel to each other and perpendicular to glide plate rails72and74. Optionally, if it is desired to have the clip18tilt as shown inFIG.5, the clip fastener24may further include a pivot arm/moment arm42pivotably connected to the L-shaped bracket30by pivot pin45and moveable about a pivot axis44oriented perpendicular to the band width16. Optionally, the first clip arm20further comprises a clip arm track40receiving the pivot arm42. Optionally, the first clip arm20and the second clip arm22each comprise a top48,50and the clip18further comprises a spring46biasing the second clip arm top50toward the first clip arm top48. Optionally, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the second clip arm22includes a receptacle such as a clip arm track55. The aforementioned components may be made of any suitable material. In some embodiments, the components are plastic so that the bracelet10is quiet and does not disturb game. In addition, the aforementioned components that are described as separate parts (e.g., the glide plate28and L-shaped bracket30) may be combined into a single part. Exemplary Use of the Bracelet Optionally, the bracelet10is worn like a typical bracelet, by placing the wrist of the human in the band12and fastening the strap fastener58(if included) so that the band length14forms a loop26around the human's wrist. Prior to or after securing the bracelet10on his or her wrist, the user may place any desired object (e.g., a fan of turkey tail feathers60, as inFIGS.4-5,8,9,12-13, or a hunting blind62, as inFIG.14) between the first and second clip arms20,22. Optionally, the user may hold a weapon such as a bow or firearm. The Stand Optionally, in lieu of a bracelet10, the L-shaped bracket30and the clip18form a stand64, as shown inFIGS.10-11. More particularly, the horizontal arm36may further comprise a fastener hole68so that a bolt or other fastener66may be used to secure the horizontal arm36to a beam70such as a fireplace mantel. The clip18may then hold a fan of turkey tail feathers60or another object. Parts ListBracelet10Band12Band Length14Band Width16Clip18First Clip Arm20Second Clip Arm22Clip Fastener24Loop26Glide Plate/bracket28L-Shaped Bracket30Glide Plate Aperture32Glide Plate Track34Horizontal Arm36Vertical Arm38Clip Arm Track40Pivot Arm/Moment Arm42Pivot Axis44Pivot Pin45Spring46First Clip Arm Top48Second Clip Arm Top50Strap52First Strap End54Second clip arm tracks55Second Strap End56Strap Fastener58Fan of Turkey Tail Feathers60Hunting Blind62Stand64Fastener66Fastener Hole68Beam70Glide plate rails72, 74Clip arm rails76, 78 Having now described the invention in accordance with the requirements of the patent statutes, those skilled in the art will understand how to make changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments to meet their specific requirements or conditions. Changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. In addition, the steps of any method described herein may be performed in any suitable order and steps may be performed simultaneously if needed. Use of the singular embraces the plural. Terms of degree such as “generally”, “substantially”, “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. For example, these terms can be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.

11857037

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION With initial reference toFIG.1, the conceptual underpinning of the present invention can be grasped at a glance. Thus, a first jewelry piece or component1acan be snap connected to a second jewelry component1b, using the millimeter-sized coupling9. The coupling9comprises a male coupling9aphysically attached to the upper jewelry piece1aand a female coupling9battached to the bottom jewelry1b. As elaborated below, an actuating button (button24inFIG.1a) at the rear of the female coupling9bcan be inwardly pressed to release the snap connection. A jewelry piece1amay have several couplings attached to it at different locations (not shown) to enable connecting to it multiple jewelry components. The outer surface7bof the female coupling can have surface decorations formed thereon and its outer shape can be any shape desired including round, oval, triangular, literally any shape desired. Similarly with the male coupling9a, while its bottom half portion needs the shape shown for effecting the coupling, its upper half can have a body shape that matches that of the female coupling, so that when the two coupling halves are interlocked the appearance is of a single contiguous piece. The material of the couplings can be any material whether plastic, metal, precious metal, combinations of materials and precious metal coated materials, without limitations. Turning to specific embodiments,FIG.1ashows a coupling10comprising a female coupling20to which is attached a jewelry strand1at point3, with the male coupling40locked to the body22and having attached thereto the other end of the jewelry strand held with a ring4. To release the male coupling40, the invention provides a releasing tool50having a body56and an inserting distal end52, which when pushed against the releasing pin24located in the opening37causes the male coupling40to become separated from the female coupling20, as more fully explicated below. The stop band54on the tool50is located to control the depth of insertion of the tool50into the cavity37. Preferably, at least 75% of the distal end52must be inserted to cause separation of the male and female couplings, thereby preventing accidental disengagement thereof, e.g. about 1 or 2 mm beyond the surface of the female coupling. In an embodiment, the outer edge of the actuating pin may extend just beyond (less than a millimeter) the outer surface of the female coupling, so that its location can be quickly determined by finger touching. FIGS.1band4show the internal functional components inside the female coupling20, including the interior spaces inside the body22with a first top side opening30athrough which a first vertical spring33is dropped into a bottom cavity30c. The interior space is also shaped for the insertion of the releasing tool50. The side opening30bis used during assembly to insert the sliding catch35whose forward distal end comprises the releasing button24which is fitted into the front cavity37, with the horizontal spring30being closed inside by the end cap32which is glued or welded to lie flush with the outer surface of the body22. With reference toFIG.3, the sliding catch35has a main body portion26with a height25and thickness29and right and left inclined sliding surfaces27located at a thickened portion28, which also includes a protrusion32that holds the spring30. The spring30is supported at its opposed end in the cavity34of the end cap32. Also note the already mentioned release button24. Thus assembled, the female coupling20(FIG.2) is able to receive the male coupling40, which male coupling has a body42with a shape partly defined by the pins41, through its upper opening30ainto the female coupling. The male coupling is formed with fingers44a,44bthat bend inwardly to form catches46a,46b, with a space therebetween48that is just slightly wider than the thickness dimension29(FIG.3) of the sliding catch (or slider)35. The fingers44a,44bdefine a rectangular inner space49whose extension in the direction of the arrow47just exceeds the dimension25of the slider35. Hence, when the male coupling40is pushed into the female coupling, the fingers46a,46bengage and bear against the sliding surfaces27, pushing the slider35sideways against the biasing force of the spring30, until these finger catches46a,46bslide past (below) the slider35. Thereupon, the slider is free to slide back locking the fingers46a,46bbelow the slider. In this position, the male coupling is locked to the female coupling, thus securing the jewelry components respectively attached to the couplings firmly attached to each other, as seen for example inFIG.1a. Releasing the lock is exceedingly simple and requires no more than a momentary insertion of the tip52of the releasing tool50into the cavity37, which results in the slider35being pushed back, which immediately causes the finger end of the male coupling40to be pushed out by the spring33(FIG.1b). FIGS.5and6are photograph-like renditions of an actual coupling that is millimeter-sized and includes a female coupling20interlocked with a male coupling40, rendered against a ruler to show their comparative dimensions. Although not shown, it is a trivial matter to render the female coupling large enough to allow providing therein multiple (spaced) openings and snap members for receiving and holding a corresponding number of female couplings. A similar but differently implemented second embodiment of the present invention is explicated below by reference toFIGS.7,7aand8-10. The male coupling140has a front opening148wider than the thickness149of the slider135, whereby when it is pushed into the top opening, its inwardly bent fingers bear against the slanted surfaces127of the thickened portion128, pushing the slider135to the right and then catching below the thickened portion127as previously described. In this embodiment, a pushing lever124protrudes upwards and can be engaged by a human finger or the like to be pushed to the right to release the male coupling140. In the exploded view ofFIG.7acan be observed the hollow body122which accepts a base component122athat provides the spaces for the lateral spring130and the vertical spring130athat provide the same functions as the springs30and30aof the first embodiment. It also provides the lateral sliding space for the slider135that includes the upright releasing bar124. Thereby, and as shown inFIG.8, releasing the male coupling requires just sliding the bar to the right which immediately causes the spring130ato pop the male coupling140upwards, as the thickened portion128is pushed out of the way as shown inFIG.9, which should be compared toFIG.10. In accordance with an alternative to the above modification of the second embodiment, as indicated by the dashed lines124a, the height of the button124is made to be flush with the top surface of the cover122bof the female coupling120. Instead of engaging and sliding the slider135with a finger, the tool150(FIG.7a) is provided with a narrowed diameter (pen-tip sized) needle end158that is capable of being inserted into the round crevice124blocated on the release button124, to slide it to the position that will cause the male coupling to pop out of the coupling opening111, disengaging the couplings from each other. A third embodiment of the invention described with reference toFIGS.11through15, includes the male coupling240, a female coupling220, a releasing button224and a releasing tool50usable to disengage the coupling elements from each other. As shown inFIG.13, the male coupling240has a round opening249accessible via the opening248that is just wider than the diameter of the cylindrical center portion236of the slider235. As in the prior embodiments, the slider235has a thickened portion228and a frusto-conical section227. After the slider235is inserted into the interior space of the female coupling through the opening237, its positioning therein is secured by the closing cylinder232which bears on the thickened portion238and biases it inwardly by the spring230, similarly to the prior embodiments. Also, note the vertically oriented spring230ainside the female coupling. Owing to the spring230positioned at the thick side of the slider235, it is possible to push the release button224to the left so that the thickened portion238is biased to locate itself in the opening into the female coupling220. When the male coupling is pushed in, its fingers push the slider235laterally, until the fingers move past the slider, whereupon the slider reverts to its position, locking the male coupling.FIGS.14and15demonstrate the use of the releasing tool50to release the lock hold. Ideally, one can provide the slider235with a bottom surface that is flat, to prevent rotation of the slider235about its longitudinal axis, and to allow the catch fingers of the male coupling to rest against the flat bottom of the slider section237. This will assure that the male coupling will not be pulled out by applying a hand force in a direction out of the female coupling. A fourth embodiment of the invention is explicated below by reference toFIGS.16,16a,16b, and17-20. Structurally and functionally the fourth embodiment is similar to the second embodiment in that its components are inserted from the top side of the coupling that is eventually capped with a top cover332. The female coupling320receives and locks therein the male coupling340, which male coupling can be released with the releasing tool50by the insertion thereof into the opening327and pressing the release button324. The exploded view ofFIG.16ashows the hollow body of the female coupling with a housing320that is sized to receive the base322a, which has defined therein the space for the vertical spring330a, the slider335and the lateral spring330. The slider335is identical to some of the prior sliders in that it comprises the releasing button324and the thickened portion328that supports the sliding surfaces327. The structural components are covered by the cover332and fitted into the hollow space321. The male coupling50can now be inserted and locked within the female coupling320. SeeFIG.20. Referring nowFIGS.21A and21B, one can see at a glance the many jewelry components410a,410b, that are assembled together to realize an assembled jewelry piece410, utilizing the couplings of the present invention. See also the jewelry pieces420and430and so on throughout theFIGS.21a-21e. Since the couplings are tiny, mm sized, and can have body shapes, metal types and finishes that are tailored to many different applications they can blend invisibly into the overall jewelry pieces and allow creative people tremendous latitude and flexibility in creating jewelry pieces for the moment, the occasion, the mood and style required. The concept of the invention can be used by professional designers to manufacture jewelry pieces from basic stock components and to re-use and re-purpose jewelry components. In a further conceptualized form of the invention, the individual jewelry components may be displayed on a computer monitor, with App being provided that allows customers the option of the computer combining various pieces together to obtain a final look and appearance of the jewelry. Customer who like how a jewelry assembly that they have visualized on a computer screen, can then place an order for all those jewelry components with just a computer click, thereafter receiving the components and assembling them at home. The couplings utilizing the novel concepts of the present invention have been described above in relation to jewelry. However, many other applications are contemplated by the inventors herein. Thus, inFIG.22the paneling2210or2210(a) comprise female couplings2220and male couplings2240at the shown locations in or on the paneling. In one embodiment each panel is provided with a pair (or more) of female couplings on one mating edge and male couplings on the opposed mating edge. In another embodiment, the larger panels are provided with only male couplings and a connecting panel2210(b) has the female couplings built-in. Preferably, the releasing pin for the female couplings can have a screw slot and can be threadedly turned to lock or unlock the male coupling. InFIG.23, the chair2310has legs2310(a), a sitting platform2310(b) and a backrest2310(c) all held together by the couplings of the invention, including coupling parts2320and2340, in the manner already amply described. InFIG.24, the table2410has a top2410(b) and legs2410(a) that are assembled and held together by the female and male couplings2420and2440. Similarly, inFIG.25, the ship's anchor assembly2510comprises a land based anchor2510(a) and a crank and spool2510(b), that utilize male and female couplings2520and2540. Owing to the size and strength of these components the handle2524may be used to effect the locking and unlocking of the male coupling2540. In the same vein, the glasses2610inFIG.26has a frame2610(a) inter-assembled with its posts2610(b) by the shown couplings2620and2640, using the handle2624. Further modifications to the couplings themselves are depicted inFIGS.27and28A through28D. InFIG.27, the male couplings have either short action2740(a) or longer action2740(b) constructions.FIG.28Ashows an “X” shape male coupling whileFIG.28Bshows an “H” shape male coupling2840with a loop2837for attachment to a jewelry (or non-jewelry) component. A similar male coupling2840(a) is shown inFIG.28C, including a cross bar2840(b). The female coupling ofFIG.28Dincludes a cover2824(a) for the releasing button2824, but may include other elements that block or prevent unintended actuation of the releasing button. Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.

11857038

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring toFIGS.1and2, a piece of jewelry10defines a band in the form of a cuff adapted to extend more than 270° about a portion of a wearer, such as a wrist. The band10as shown is defines a partial oval circumference, but may be round, polygonal, or any other suitable shape adapted to fit or otherwise extend about a body part, such as the wrist, ankle, neck, ear lobe or finger. The band in the form of cuff10may include an opening12which is too small to release the body part. In addition, the band may be symmetrical or asymmetrical about an axis Asextending through the opening12. The cuff10includes a first hinge end14and an arm16rotatably coupled to the first hinge end at a hinge assembly18. The arm16can be rotated open relative to the first hinge end14(as shown by16ain broken lines) to enlarge the opening12aand thereby permit a wearer's wrist to be received at an interior space19defined by the cuff. The arm16may then be closed such that the cuff is captured on the wearer's wrist. In a preferred embodiment, the hinge18is always biased toward a closed position such that the arm16is always urged closed and the dimension of the opening12is kept at the set minimum unless the cuff10is subject to an external opening force. Turning now toFIGS.3through6, the first hinge end14has a shoulder20, and reduced width portion22extending from the shoulder. The reduced width portion22has a central recess24defining first and second fingers26,28. A first hinge bore30extends widthwise through portion22, and a second coupling bore31aextends widthwise through the fingers26,28and across the central recess24. A track element32is sized to fit between the fingers26,28and includes a third coupling bore34athat extends widthwise through the track element32and aligns with the second coupling bore31a. The track element also includes a non-circular slot36. The track element32is fixed in the central recess24between the first and second fingers26,28with a fixation pin38that extends through the second and third coupling bores31a,34a. Optionally, additional coupling bore31b,34bmay be provided for stability of the tracking element32. A projection40of the track element32with the non-circular slot36extends outward from the fingers26,28. In an embodiment, the non-circular slot36has a flat surface42facing toward the outside of the cuff, a curved surface44facing toward the inside of the cuff, a lower first end102(FIG.7A), and an upper second end (FIG.8A). Alternatively, the track element may be a portion of; i.e., unitary with, the first hinge end14. The arm16has a second hinge end46and a free end48. The second hinge end46has two fingers50,52sized to fit about the portion22of the first hinge end14of the cuff10. A second hinge bore54extends widthwise through the two fingers50,52and a first hinge pin55couples the arm16to the first hinge end14such that the arm16is rotatable relative to the first hinge end14. The arm16also includes an interior recess56extending from the second hinge end46toward the free end48, a well60, and a spring tunnel62that extends below the housing recess56and which opens at the lower end of the well60. The arm16includes a third hinge bore63extending widthwise across the arm16and through the interior recess56. An elongate housing64includes a first end66and a second end68. The housing64is sized to be received within the housing recess56of the arm16. The housing64has a first surface70that matches the surface of the housing recess56of the arm, and a second surface72that allows the housing64to seat flush with an inner surface74of the arm16. The first end66includes a pair of spaced apart fingers76,78and a fourth hinge bore80extending widthwise through the fingers76,78, and the second end68includes a fifth hinge bore83extending widthwise across the housing. The housing64also includes a spring receiving channel82open to the first surface70and a retaining lip or other spring retainer structure84closing the spring receiving channel at the first surface70near the first end66. A leaf spring88is positioned in the spring receiving channel82of the housing, retained under the lip84, and extends into the spring tunnel62under the lower end of the well60. In an embodiment, the leaf spring88is constructed of a plurality of thinner flat springs89a,89b. A second hinge pin90couples the second end68of the housing64to the free end48of the arm16at the third hinge bore63. A stopper pin96extends through the fingers26,28and the non-circular slot36of the track element32to couple the first end66of the housing64to the track element32at the slot36. A cap98is secured in the well60to cover the end of the leaf spring88. While the leaf spring88resides in the channel82, it is not physically fixed to any hinge point. The leaf spring88, positioned between the arm16and the housing64, operates to bias the first end66of the housing64toward the arm16and thereby always urge the cuff10into a closed position; that is, the only stable position is a closed position such that the cuff is self-adapted to be retained on the user. When it is intended to open the arm16of the cuff10relative to the first hinge end14of the cuff so that opening12(FIG.2) can be enlarged to permit the jewelry to be worn or removed from a user, the cuff10and its hinge18are operated as follows. Referring toFIGS.7A and7B, when the cuff10is in the closed position, the hinge assembly is fully recessed into the cuff and arm. (See alsoFIG.13). In the closed position, the stopper pin96is at the first end102of the slot36, and the first end66of the housing64is at a first distance from the shoulder20of the first hinge end14of the cuff10. Then, referring toFIGS.8A and8B, as the arm16is partially rotated at hinge assembly18(shown at rotational angle of 11.5° relative to the starting position) against the bias of the leaf spring88, the stopper pin96advances within slot36of the track element32toward the second end104of the slot36, and the first end66of the housing64advances toward the shoulder20, reducing the space between the first end66of the housing and the shoulder20to a second distance. Turning toFIGS.9A and9B, the arm16is shown further rotated at hinge assembly18into a half-way open position (with 23° of movement relative to the closed starting closed position). In the half-open position, the stopper pin96preferably extends all the way to the second end104of the slot36, and the distance between the first end66of the housing64and the shoulder20is a minimum or third distance. Then, referring toFIGS.10A and10B, as the arm16is rotated further open at the hinge assembly18(shown at an angle of 34.5° rotation relative to the starting position), the stopper pin96tracks back toward the lower first end102of the slot36, and the distance between the first end66of the housing64and the shoulder20begins to increase to a fourth distance. Turning now toFIGS.11A and11B, as the arm16is rotated into a fully open position of 46° relative to a starting position, the stopper pin96returns to its starting point at the lower first end102of the slot36and the distance between the first end66of the housing64and the shoulder20is increases to a fifth distance. In the exemplar embodiment shown, the first distance is 0.7 mm, the second distance is 0.4 mm, the third distance is 0.3 mm, the fourth distance is 0.5 mm, and the fifth distance is 0.9 mm. However, the distances can be tailored based on the type and size of the jewelry, the particular piece of jewelry, the amount of angular swing intended for opening the arm relative to a starting position, tolerances required, and/or other manufacturing and design considerations. It should be recognized from the above, that as the arm16is rotated from a closed to open position, the stopper pin96starts at a first end of the slot, is displaced to an opposite second end of the slot and then is moved back to the first end of the slot as the arm reaches its maximum opening angle. By having the starting and ending position of the stopper pin at the same location, the spring moves a limited, shorter distance, and the spring housing rotates a much smaller degree of rotation than the arm; generally, less than one-third of the angular rotation of the arm relative to the first hinge end of the cuff. This permits the entire hinge assembly to be reduced in dimension, thereby permitting the hinge assembly to be incorporated into various jewelry pieces while retaining a low profile. In addition, by limiting rotation of the spring housing, the lifespan of the hinge assembly is increased, and retains a consistency of operation and pressure throughout its swing of movement. In an embodiment, the stack of flat springs forming the leaf spring reduces fatigue at the hinge relative to a single thicker spring and also produces a more consistent resistant and closing movement relative to a thicker single spring. Turning now toFIGS.12and13, another piece of a jewelry in the form of a cuff or band with a hinge assembly is shown. The piece of jewelry is a wrist cuff210having an arm216rotatable open about a hinge assembly218, similar to the movement in cuff10. Arm216is shown in open position as arm216ain broken lines inFIG.13. While operation is substantially similar from a user's perspective, in distinction from cuff10, the hinge end214of the cuff210includes an interior housing recess256in its inner wall, and a first pair of spaced apart fingers250,252extending from the hinge end214. A first hinge bore254extends widthwise through the first fingers250,525. A rear spring channel262is defined at end of the interior housing recess256opposite the hinge end214. A second hinge bore263extends widthwise across the hinge end and through the housing recess256. The arm216includes a shoulder220and a narrower projection222extending from the shoulder and sized to fit between the first pair of fingers250,252. The projection222defines a second pair of fingers226,228and a second central recess224therebetween. A third hinge bore230extends widthwise across the projection222adjacent the shoulder220, and fourth hinge bore231extends widthwise across the projection222through the second pair of fingers226,228and the second central recess224. The projection222of the arm216is inserted between the first pair of fingers250,252of the hinge end of the cuff. A first hinge pin255extends through the first and third hinge bores254,230to rotatably couple the arm216to the hinge end214of the cuff. A housing264includes a first end268and a second end266. The first end268includes a fourth hinge bore283, and the second end266includes projection234with an elongate slot236. The housing264also includes a spring channel282and spring retaining lip284at the second end266of the housing. A second hinge pin290extends through the second and fourth hinge bores263,283to rotatably couple the housing264to the free end214of the cuff. The projection234of the housing264extends between the second pair of fingers226,228on the arm216, and a stopper pin296is fixed in the second pair of fingers and slidably received in the elongate slot236. A leaf spring288, preferably in the form of multiple thinner leaf springs sandwiched together, is provided in the spring channel282. The leaf spring288is preferably flat or substantially flat. A first end of the leaf spring288is retained under the retaining lip284, and a second end is provided in the rear spring channel262of the hinge end214of the cuff. A cap298retains the second end of the spring288. The leaf spring288always biases the arm216into a closed position relative to the free end214of the cuff. Referring toFIG.15, in the closed position, the stopper pin296is at a first end of the elongate slot236. Then, turning toFIG.16, when the arm216is rotated open relative to the free end214of the cuff and against the bias of the leaf spring, the housing264is rotated on the second hinge pin290and the stopper pin296advances to a second end of the elongate slot236, such that the stopper pin296and elongate slot236operate to define the maximum opening angle of the arm216relative to the cuff. In distinction from hinge assembly18in which the leaf spring and leaf spring housing are retained at the movable arm, in hinge assembly218, the leaf spring and leaf spring housing are retained in the stationary cuff and the stopper pin296travels in only one direction relative to the elongate slot as the arm is rotated from the closed to fully open position. In addition, the path of stopper pin is fully linear. Each hinge assembly is a low-profile assembly that permits opening and closing, requires few movable parts, has high reliability and repeatability, and does not interfere with the outward design of the jewelry. There have been described and illustrated herein embodiments of jewelry and a hinge assembly for jewelry. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Thus, while particular the exemplar embodiments have been specifically described with respect to wrist cuffs, it will be appreciated that the hinge assembly may be incorporated into any jewelry piece that has a rigid shape and requires opening at a hinge to wear upon a user. Thus, the intended jewelry piece should at least extend more than 180° about a body part of a user, and more preferably will substantially extend about the body part, i.e., at least 300°, and even up to or greater than 330°. Further, while the particularly described piece has an opening that is enlarged by the hinge, it is appreciated that the hinge assembly can be used in jewelry that forms a closed perimeter, and which is only opened by operation of the hinge assembly. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its scope as claimed.

11857039

DETAILED DESCRIPTION As recognized by the present inventors, who at the time of this writing are members of a girl scout troop, there are no devices on the market that assist people who have just had their ears pierced with aligning the earring post to the opening in the earring back. Assembling an earring can be frustrating for beginners because it requires some manual dexterity and tactile agility to “feel” where the opening of the back is located with respect to the tip of the earring post. Not only is it frustrating for novices, but it may even be more frustrating for people who have worn earrings for years, but, often due to their age, have lost some flexibility and feel in their fingers. Of course, such people could stop wearing their pierced earrings and using clip-ons or other alternatives, but they may already have a large collection of conventional earrings that would otherwise go wasted if they abandoned their present jewelry collection for alternative designs. Also, jewelry can be of great sentimental value, and so the present inventors recognized a need for a device that helps novices, and experienced people alike, align and assemble their pierced earrings in a way that avoids frustration, while preserving their independence when putting on their favorite jewelry accessories. FIGS.1-6are a series of views of a hinged aligner100that assist a user in connecting an earring post115(as shown inFIG.3) to an earring back117(also shown inFIG.3). The hinged aligner100enables a user to attach their existing earrings to their earlobes without the sometimes challenging effort of using their tactile sensation to mount the post115to the earring back117. This also helps people with arthritis or other physical limitations that limit their fine motor skills required to attach an earring to their ear. Furthermore, hinged aligner100helps people who may not be accustomed to attaching an earring to their ear, such as younger people who may have just had their ears pierced. FIG.1is a side-view of the hinged aligner100. The hinged aligner100includes a front arm105with a front bend106, which is bent relative to the front arm at an angle β. The amount of bend in an inclusive range of 0-2 degrees. The hinged aligner100also includes a back arm107with a back bend108. The back bend108is bent at another angle γ, that is in an inclusive range of 3 to 8 degrees. The two arms,105and107are rotatably attached by a hinge103. In this embodiment, with the hinge open and not biased by an external force, the front arm105and the back arm107form roughly a 35-degree angle α. The angle α can be between 90 degrees and 10 degrees in this example. The front bend106and back bend108are portions of the respective arms that bend towards each other. In this embodiment, the front arm105, back arm107, and hinge103are made from aluminum, although other metals may be used, or plastic with a resilient connected portion that serves as the hinge103. The front arm105and back arm107are around 1 inch in length, with an earring support109attached to the front arm105about 0.25 inches away from the top of the front arm105, and a back support111attached to the back arm107around 0.25 inches away from the top of the back arm107. The bends are present because the arms move in an arc and, unless the bends were in place, the post115would remain misaligned with the back117even as the angle α narrows. The front prongs501and back prongs506hold the back117until the post115enters an opening in the back117. The insertion of the post117into the opening of the back118causes the back117to lift off the back prongs506while the post115remains attached to the hinged aligner100with the support109. FIG.2is a side view of the hinged aligner with a narrower angle α′, which is smaller than a as shown inFIG.1.FIG.2also shows an earring support109attached to the front arm105. The front bend106and back bend108are angled so that when the front arm105and back arm107are brought together with the hinge103, so a main axis of the post115is aligned with the hole of the back117, the post115enters the hole of the back117without obstruction. FIG.3is a side view of the hinged aligner100, with an earring113and a back117respectively placed into the earring support109and back support111. The post115of the earring113fits into the earring support109, as will be discussed in more detail with respect toFIG.4. The earring support109is formed at a 0 to 2-degree angle by the front bend106at the end of the front arm105. The back support111is formed at a 3 to 8-degree angle by the back bend108at the end of the back arm107. The front arm105and the back arm107are attached to the hinge103at a 35-degree angle. FIG.4is a front view of the earring support109. In this embodiment the earring support109is made of resilient metal and is attached to the front bend106of the front arm105. The facet guide401holds the post115in place by physically pinning the post115in the post receiver403. In one embodiment, the facet guide401is made from aluminum or another flexible metal, or preformed plastic and is angled to allow the post115to slide into the into the post receiver403. However, in another embodiment, the earring support is larger in dimension and is fitted with a foam glove that is placed over the post receiver401and has a similar shape to the post401, including the post receiver403. However, the foam glove itself is a pliable and resilient material such that when the post is placed in the post receiver portion of the foam glove, the post is held in place by a compressive force of the foam against the periphery of the post, which in turn pins the post115inside the post receiver portion of the foam glove. When the foam glove is used, it is not necessary for the earring support109to be made of resilient metal because the post can easily be removed from the post receiver portion of the foam glove by the user exerting a larger extraction force on the earring post than the compressive force exerted on the post by the foam glove. FIG.5is a front view of the back support111. The back support111connects to the back bend108and has two sets of prongs. The first set of prongs is a pair of front prongs503, and the second set is a pair of back prongs501. The front prongs503hold the front of the earring back117, while the back prong501set holds the back of the earring back117. The back117is held within the back support111by gravity, although the back117may be press-fit within the prongs501/503. Once the post115is inserted into the back117, the narrowing of the angle α will simultaneously further insert the post115into the receiver in the back117while lifting the back117off of the prongs of the back support111until the back117disengages from the back support111. In another embodiment, the prongs are longer than the amount of lift imparted by the post115, and so the user can disengage the back support111from the back by pulling the hinged aligner100in a downward manner. The pulling down of the hinged aligner100also forces the post115to be laterally removed (i.e., the post115radially exits the open portion of the post receiver403) from the post receiver403(FIG.4) so as to disengage the earring113from the earring support109on the front side of the user's ear. FIG.6is a side view of the back support111. The front prong503set and back prong501set have a gap between them to allow for the back117to fit between the two sets of prongs. The hinged aligner100enables a user to put earrings in their ears without needing to waste time feeling around for the post703with the earring back117. This also helps people with arthritis or other physical limitations that would prevent the fine motor skills required to put earrings in from being used put earrings in their ears FIG.7is a side view of a magnetized earring700that may be used with any of the aligner embodiments disclosed herein. The magnetized earring700includes an earring forward face701that has a post703attached thereto. The post703has a tip with a magnetized post segment705disposed at an end of the post703, FIG.8is a cross-section of a magnetized back800that attaches to the earring700ofFIG.7. The magnetized back800is secured tightly to the post703in order to remain on the user's ear. An opening805of the magnetized back800is surrounded by a magnetic ring803(also seeFIG.9). The magnetic ring803is made of a magnetic material having a same polarity as the magnetic material in the post segment705. This matching of polarities is done purposefully so the post segment705will experience repulsive forces from the magnetic ring803, where the repulsive forces are least at the center of the ring. Moreover, because the same polarities will repel the magnetized post segment705from moving radially toward the magnetic ring803, the magnetic forces will keep the tip of the magnetized post segment705at a center axis of the ring, and thus help guide the magnetized post segment705into the opening805. Once the post segment705approaches the opening of the back805, it will also be magnetically attracted to the magnetic section807that is located directly behind the opening805and between the spring loop801of the back. The magnetic section807has an opposite polarity of the post segment705so the magnetic section807attracts the post segment705toward it, to facilitate insertion of the post703into the opening805. The attractive magnetic forces from the opposite polarities will allow the post segment705to efficiently connect to the magnetic section807of the magnetized back800. Once they are connected, the user can then use the spring loop801to further securely push or twist the back onto the post703. FIG.9is a front view of the magnetized back800. As shown, there is a nonmagnetic ring804that serves as a buffer region so the magnetic ring803is sufficiently spaced from the opening805. Moreover, if the magnetic ring803were too close to the opening805without the non-magnetic ring804, the magnetized post segment705may be magnetically urged radially away from the opening805. On the other hand, by having the non-magnetic804coaxially located withing the magnetic ring803, the translation motion of the magnetized post segment705into the opening805is not substantially resisted while repulsive forces from the magnetic ring803tend to center the magnetized post segment toward the centroid for the magnetic ring803because the repulsive forces from the magnetic ring803are weakest at its center. FIG.10is a side-view of slide aligner900for connecting an earring in one's ear to an earring back. The slide aligner900includes a forward arm901, a rear arm903, a forward serrated arm905, a rear serrated arm907, and serrations909/911on both the forward serrated arm905and the rear serrated arm907. In other embodiments the serrations are replaced with nubs that slide over one another, or the surfaces may be smooth as well. The forward arm901is attached to the forward serrated arm905near the front of the forward serrated arm905. The rear arm903is attached to the rear serrated arm907near the back of the rear serrated arm907. The serrations909/911on the forward serrated arm905and rear serrated arm907enable the forward serrated arm905and the rear serrated arm907to engaged while they slide across each other precisely so that the rear arm903and forward arm901controllably come together. Therefore, when the post703is placed in the forward arm901and the back117is put into the rear arm903, the back117attaches to the post703adjacent to the user's ear. This enables people to attach earrings to their ears fumbling while attempting to insert the post703in the earring back117. This also helps people with arthritis or other physical limitations that would prevent the fine motor skills required to put earrings in from being used put earrings in their ears. FIG.11is a perspective view of two devices that cooperate with one another; one of which is composed of plastic in the shape of a ring, also are referred to as a twist tool1100. In the twist tool1100, there is a smaller hole in its center, also known as the twist receiver1101. The twist receiver1101holds the back of the earring1103, which has a ridged surface, to help keep it in place when inserted in the center of the twist tool. Moreover, the ridges1103help to retain the back1103inside of the twist tool1100. In addition, there are threads formed in the interior of the back1103, also known as the internal threads1105. The internal threads1105match threads formed on a threated post. Once the back of the earring1103is placed securely in the twist receiver1101, the user can use the Twist Tool1100to screw, twist, or push the earring back onto the post. This is beneficial for users with arthritis who cannot normally handle an earring back due to its smaller size. FIG.12is a side view of a strand aligner1000, according to another embodiment, which includes a heat shrinking material formed as a tube. The strand aligner1000is made from thin-walled (e.g., 6 mm to 0.05 mm, such as 1 mm) thermoplastic material, such as polyolefin, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), silicon rubber, FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) or VITON. When exposed to a heat source (e.g., lighter or heat gun), the tubing shrinks in diameter so it may form a thin coating around an outer surface of the earring post, and adhere the strand to the post. Optionally, the device comes with an additional heat gun that is used to shrink the strand aligner1000. In this system, the earring post115is pushed into an open end of the strand aligner1000. The user can then hold the earring113in front of them while applying heat to the portion of the tubing that covers the post of the earring post115. In a reaction to the heat, the tubing closes around the post115and tubing grasps the post115, thus connecting the strand aligner1000to the post115of the earring113. This attachment can be accomplished with the user holding the earring in front of themselves, which may be very useful for someone who is not yet skilled at inserting an earring directly into their ear, or someone who may lack the manual dexterity to reliably insert the earring into their ear. The other end of the strand aligner1000is pre-shrunken into a taper. This pre-shrunken end may further be coated with a substance (e.g., wax, or pliable plastic) that adds some stiffness to the end such as an aglet on a shoelace. This permits the user to insert the preshrunk end into front of the hole in their pierced ear, and then pull the tapered end from the back of their ear so as to urge the strand aligner1000through their ear and thus draw the post115into the hole in their earlobe. Once the post is in the user's earlobe, most of the strand aligner1000will dangle for a majority of its length (e.g., about 1 foot) behind the user's ear. The user can then thread the earring back117over the preshrunk end of the strand aligner1000. Once on the strand aligner1000, the user can then slide the earring back117over the pliable stand aligner,1000until the earring back117reaches the post115and is inserted around the post115so as to hold the earring113in the user's ear. Once the back117is secured to the post115, a long segment of the strand aligner1000remains dangling behind the earring back117. The user can remove this segment by cutting it with scissors, or snipping it off with their fingernails. An advantage of the strand aligner1000is that it allows the user to be able to hold the earring in front of them when inserting the string aligner1000to the post, and also see the earring back when inserting the strand aligner through the hole in the earring back. Similar to how a bead slides along a string, the back is guided directly to the post so the user can easily insert the back on the post even if the user is unaccustomed to the conventional way of putting a back on an earring post, or of the user lacks some manual dexterity to be able to align the back to the post. FIG.13is an earring front having an ornamental design of a dreamcatcher. FIG.14is an earring front having an ornamental design of a realistic eye. FIG.15is an earring front having an ornamental design of a lightbulb. FIG.16is an earring front having an ornamental design of a cityscape. FIG.17is an earring front having an ornamental design of a mountain range. FIG.18is an earring front having an ornamental design with a variety of symbols on three rows. FIG.19is an earring front having an ornamental design of a wooden wheel. LIST OF ELEMENTS 100: Hinged Aligner103: Hinge105: Front arm106Front bend107Back arm108Back bend109Earring support111Back support113Earring115Post117Back401Facet Guide403Post Receiver501Back prong503Front prong700Magnetized Earring701Earring forward face703Post705Magnetized Post Segment800Magnetized Back801Spring Loop803Magnetic Ring804Non-magnetic ring805Opening807Magnetic Section900Slide Aligner901Forward arm903Rear arm905Forward serrated arm907Rear serrated arm909/911serrations1000Strand aligner1100Twist tool1101Twist receiver1103Back with ridges1105Internal Thread Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present disclosure are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the disclosure may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.

11857040

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Hereinafter, a spinnable jewelry item according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so as to explain and illustrate the protection scope of the present disclosure. First Embodiment As illustrated inFIG.1andFIG.3, a spinnable jewelry comprises:a rotating assembly1, which has a rotating face11and a main shaft12connected with the rotating face11, wherein the rotating face11rotates about the main shaft12as axis;a positioning assembly2, which has a positioning face21, wherein the positioning face21elastically abuts against the rotating face11along the axial direction of the main shaft12; a protrusion22and a recess13opposite the protrusion22are provided on opposite surfaces of the positioning face21and the rotating face11, respectively, such that when the rotating face11is rotated, the protrusion22enters or exits the recess13, wherein when the protrusion22enters the recess13, a position where the rotating face11lies in a stationary state is defined;an elastic element3, which applies an elastic force to the positioning assembly2, such that the positioning face21elastically abuts against the rotating face11. In this embodiment, the elastic element3is preferably a helical spring, one end of which abuts against the bottom of the opening structure41and the other end of which abuts against the positioning assembly2, wherein the main shaft12penetrates through the center of the helical spring. Owing to its miniature structure, the helical spring is suitable for being embedded in a miniature jewelry item; besides, the helical spring, owing to its mature manufacture process, may provide a stable, lasting elastic force. Moreover, due to its hollow structure, the helical spring not only enables the main shaft12to smoothly penetrate through, but also plays a role of positioning;a main body part4, which has an opening structure41, wherein the main shaft12is rotatably connected to the bottom of the opening structure41after passing through the positioning assembly2and the elastic element3, the positioning assembly2and the elastic element3being disposed in the opening structure41. Conventional jewelry is mostly invariable in pattern and thus has less fun and versatility. Even there is a movable part, such jewelry generally can only wobble randomly with mobility of the wearer, being hardly fixed to a particular angle. In the present disclosure, since the rotating assembly1in the spinnable jewelry item is rotatable, the jewelry item can vary its pattern. The present disclosure further provides a positioning assembly2, wherein the positioning face21and the rotating face11may not only rotate relative to each other, but also may be fixed at a recessed position13where the rotated jewelry item stays. To achieve a better spinning effect, an elastic element3is specifically provided to enable resilient abutting between the positioning face21and the rotating face11. When it is not desired to spin the jewelry item, the elastic force enables the protrusion22to be depressed into the recess13, thereby fixing the position of the rotating face11; when it is desired to spin the jewelry item, the jewelry item can be rotated by overcoming the friction generated by the elastic force. The main body part4provides a base for mounting and rotating the rotating assembly1, the positioning assembly2, and the elastic element3, wherein the opening structure41of the main body part4serves to fix the rotated position of the main shaft12and meanwhile conceal the components therein so as not to affect the appearance of the jewelry item. Therefore, the spinnable jewelry item in this solution can be rotated and positioned. When wearing it, the wearer may fidget with the jewelry item at will at any time and exhibit respective views of the jewelry item, thereby enhancing interactivity between the jewelry item and the wearer and better satisfying the wearer's demand on versality. In the present disclosure, the protrusion22and the recess13serve to fix the stationary position of the rotating face11when the rotating face11completes spinning; the protrusion and the recess are disposed on the rotating face11and the positioning face21, respectively, corresponding to each other, wherein dispositions of the protrusion and the recess are interchangeable between the rotating face and the positioning face. In this embodiment, the protrusion22is preferably disposed on the rotating face11, while the recess13is provided on the positioning face21at the trajectory along which the protrusion22rotates. As to layout of the specific positions of the protrusion22and the recess13, it is configured that when one of the protrusion22and the recess13is rotating, the other one is positioned at the trajectory of rotating so as to ensure that the protrusion22is snapped into the recess13after the rotating, thereby exerting the recess's role of stationary positioning. The specific structures and numbers of the protrusion22and the recess13may be flexibly adjusted based on desired spinning and varying patterns of the jewelry item. In this embodiment, four recesses13are disposed at even intervals with every two neighboring recesses13forming a right angle, wherein the four recesses13correspond to four stationary-state positions of the rotating face11, respectively. Such settings enable support and positioning at all of the 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° angles, and the four-angle symmetrical structure ensures a balanced. stable stress, causing the jewelry item unlikely to wobble. Moreover, less numbers of the recesses13and protrusions22lower manufacture complexity. Furthermore, desired rotation and positioning may be realized so long as the number of the recesses is equal to or greater than the number of the protrusions. When the number of the recesses is equal to that of the protrusions, the recesses are in exactly one-to-one correspondence with the protrusions, realizing a more stable rotation; when the number of the recesses is greater than that of the protrusions, multi-point positioning is enabled and manufacturing is simplified. The protrusion and recess may also adopt a variety of shapes. Preferably, the protrusion22is a semi-spherical protrusion22, while the recess13is a semi-spherical slot adapted to the protrusion22. As the semi-spherical shape has a regular spherical surface, it is easily manufactured. Moreover, the arc-shaped profile of the spherical surface facilitates the protrusion22to switch between recesses13during the spinning; and since less effort is needed for the switching operation, the jewelry item is adapted for frequent spinning. Besides the above shapes, when satisfying the conditions for rotating to be positioned, the protrusion22has an arc shape with a curved surface while the recess13is an arc-shaped slot adapted to the protrusion. The arc-shaped protrusion22has a smooth edge, such that when spinning, the protrusion22may easily switch between recesses13, facilitating the user to spin the jewelry item at will. Or, the protrusion22is a wedge-shaped protrusion with a beveled surface and the recess13is a wedge-shaped slot adapted to the protrusion22. Compared with other shapes, the beveled surface facilitates the wedge-shaped protrusion22to rotate out of the corresponding recess13during spinning, but is more difficultly displaced than the arc-shaped surface. In this way, motion variations are generated, thereby enhancing playability of the spinning. The wedge-shaped protrusion is more suitable for keeping the jewelry item at a fixed position for a long term after spinning, unlikely to be displaced by a minor external force. During spinning, the elastic force applied by the elastic element3also facilitates the protrusion22to be quickly pushed into the corresponding recess13, such that during the spinning, the protrusion22may quickly switch from one recess13into another recess13to be positioned, thereby offering a better hand sense during the spinning. A clash sound is emitted when the protrusion22is pushed into the recess13. A continuous “click, click . . . ” clash sound is emitted during a continuous spinning. The user may sense a noticeable hand feedback and receive a position-switching alarm during the spinning. Different clash sounds may be emitted by setting the material and resiliency of the clashed surfaces. Such clash sounds may also provide more fun when the user wears the spinnable jewelry item of the present disclosure. Besides the above structure, the number of the recesses13may also be equal to or greater than the number of the protrusions22. For example, one protrusion22corresponds to a plurality of recesses13. The recesses13may have different depths or bottom shapes. Then, when the protrusion22enters different recesses13, different sounds may be emitted; when the protrusion22continues spinning through a plurality of different recesses13, even a melody may be created, further enhancing fun and playability. To fix the jewelry, a jewelry top assembly14is provided on the rotating assembly1, a toothed convex line15is provided at the edge of the rotating face11, and the rotating assembly is connected with the jewelry top assembly14through the toothed convex line15. The jewelry top assembly14is provided with a pearl or gem material for decorative or aesthetic purposes, and the jewelry top assembly14is rotatably mounted on the rotating assembly, thereby enhancing playability of the entire jewelry item. A side surface of the positioning assembly2is provided with a guide slot23recessed from outward to inward, and a guide rib42fitted with the guide slot23is provided on the inner wall of the opening structure41of the main body4. Activated by the elastic force of the elastic element3and the pushing force for pushing the protrusion22out of the recess13, the positioning assembly2moves reciprocally in the main body part4along the guide rib42. When the protrusion22enters the recess13, since the recess13is located farther from the positioning assembly2than other components, the positioning assembly2is subjected to the elastic force to be driven towards the direction of the rotating assembly1; when the protrusion22exits from the recess13, the positioning assembly2moves towards a reverse direction. The guide slot23and the guide rib42are configured to guide motion direction of the positioning assembly2, thereby avoiding the positioning assembly2from being driven to rotate when the rotating assembly1is rotating. The main shaft12and the main body part4may be fixed in a plurality of manners. In this embodiment, a through hole24for guiding the main shaft12to penetrate through is provided for the positioning assembly2. Activated by the elastic force of the elastic element3and the pushing force for pushing the protrusion22out of the recess13, the positioning assembly2moves reciprocally along the main shaft12. The through hole24plays a role of guiding and fixing the positioning assembly2to thereby define the motion direction of the positioning assembly2and prevent rotation-induced displacement of the positioning assembly2. A revolving hole43guiding the main shaft12to penetrate through is provided at the bottom of the opening structure41, the main shaft12being rotatable in the revolving hole43, wherein the main shaft12, after penetrating through the revolving hole43, is connected with a bayonet member5outside the opening structure41. The bayonet member5is configured to axially position the main shaft12. The rotating assembly1rotates about the main shaft12as axis; therefore, the main shaft12is required not to break loose from the main body part4while ensuring spinnability. The bayonet member5on the main shaft12configured to clasp outside the revolving hole43not only enables the main shaft12to rotate in the revolving hole43but also prevents the main shaft12from breaking loose along the axial direction. The bayonet member5has a ring shape. The main shaft12penetrates through the ring of the bayonet member5and is securely connected. A rotating slot44for the bayonet member5to rotate is provided at the bottom of the opening structure41. The rotating slot44is configured to hide the bayonet member5that has a ring-shaped bayonet, such that the bayonet member5does not protrude above the main body part4so as not to affect the overall appearance of the jewelry item; with the main shaft12as axis, the angles of the jewelry item when rotating in the rotating slot44are all identical, such that the rotation is unlikely hampered. The jewelry in the embodiment may refer to various species of jewelry, for example, a ring, pendant, earring, brooch, bracelet, anklet, necklace, or headwear, which is not enumerated here. When the jewelry item refers to a ring, a saddle-shaped slot suitable for a finger to wear is provided at the bottom of the main body part4. The saddle-shaped slot is adapted to the finger profile so as to offer a higher comfort when being worn. When the jewelry refers to pendant, a pendant chain for wearing may be further provided. Based on the pendant style, the pendant chain may be positioned on the main body part4or other parts of the jewelry item. Second Embodiment This embodiment is based on the first embodiment, except that a different elastic element is adopted, as illustrated inFIG.2andFIG.3. The specific solution is provided below: a spinnable jewelry, comprising: a rotating assembly1, which has a rotating face11and a main shaft12connected with the rotating face11, wherein the rotating face11rotates about the main shaft12as axis; a positioning assembly2, which has a positioning face21, wherein the positioning face21elastically abuts against the rotating face11along the axial direction of the main shaft12; a protrusion22and a recess13opposite the protrusion22are provided on opposite surfaces of the positioning face21and the rotating face11, respectively, such that when the rotating face11is rotated, the protrusion22enters or exits the recess13, wherein when the protrusion22enters the recess13, a position where the rotating face11lies in a stationary state is defined; an elastic element3, which applies an elastic force to the positioning assembly2, such that the positioning face21elastically abuts against the rotating face11, wherein the elastic element3comprises a first magnet31and a second magnet32, the first magnet31and the second magnet32being arranged such that same polarities are arranged opposite to each other to generate an elastic repulsive force; wherein the first magnet31is provided at the positioning assembly2, and the second magnet32is provided at the bottom of the opening structure41; a through hole33guiding the main shaft12to penetrate through is provided for the first magnet31and the second magnet32, respectively; and a main body part4, which has an opening structure41, wherein the main shaft12is rotatably connected to the bottom of the opening structure41after passing through the positioning assembly2and the elastic element3, the positioning assembly2and the elastic element3being disposed in the opening structure41. In this embodiment, the elastic repulsive force between two mutually repulsive magnets facilitates elastic press-fitting between the resilient face and the rotating face11; moreover, since the magnetic force is gained rapidly but uneasily depleted, a material deformation noise caused by a mechanical spring is prevented. The first magnet31and the second magnet32may not contact at all, avoiding rotational friction during the spinning process, rendering the elastic element3more durable. The direction of the repulsive force is also defined by the through hole33through which the main shaft12penetrates, avoiding failure of the elastic element3due to displacement of the first magnet31and the second magnet32during the spinning process. Based on the illustrations and teachings of the disclosure, those skilled in the art may also alter and modify the embodiments above. Therefore, the present disclosure is not limited to the preferred embodiments as illustrated and described, and some alterations and modifications to the present disclosure should also fall into the protection scope of the appended claims. In addition, although some specific terms are used herein, such terms are only for facilitating the illustration, constituting no limitation to the present disclosure.

11857041

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A folded and closed state mentioned hereafter means users pull a folding umbrella originally in an opened state (as shown inFIG.2andFIG.6) down and then close a strap or place the folded umbrella into an umbrella pocket so that the folding umbrella is maintained at the folded and closed state for easy storage (not shown in figure). Refer toFIG.2, a special-shaped folding umbrella1according to the present invention includes a shaft10, a plurality of 3-fold ribs20, a plurality of 4-fold ribs30, a runner40, a notch50, and a cap60. Refer toFIG.1andFIG.2, the shaft10is located close to a center of the special-shaped folding umbrella1and a head14is formed on a bottom of the shaft10. The shaft10which can be, but not limited to be retractable consists of an inner tube11, a middle tube12, and an outer tube13, as shown inFIG.2. The inner tube11is able to be mounted into the middle tube12which is able to be mounted into the outer tube13so that the present device is applied to the field of the folding umbrella which is much easier to be folded and stored than handheld non-folding special-shaped umbrellas available now such as those revealed in US 2009/0126769 A1 and US D677,046 S. Opposite to the head14, the cap60is located on a top of the shaft10. The notch50is also disposed on the top of the shaft10and arranged under the cap60. Both the notch50and the cap60are but not limited to: fixed on a top of the outer tube13, but not limited. The runner40is moveably arranged between the head14and able to be (but not limited) moved along the outer tube13. Refer toFIG.1-3b,FIG.6, andFIG.7, the respective 3-fold ribs20are disposed between the runner40and the notch50and able to be opened (as shown inFIG.2andFIG.6) or closed (as shown inFIG.1andFIG.7). The respective 3-fold ribs20are moved along with the runner40and having an inner side close to the shaft10and an outer (distal) side provided with a tip24. The 3-fold rib20is composed of a first inner main rib21having one end moveably connected to the notch50, a first middle main rib22having one end moveably connected to the other end of the first inner main rib21by a rivet, a first outer cylindrical rib23having one end moveably connected to the other end of the first middle main rib22by a rivet, and the tip24connected to the other end of the first outer cylindrical rib23, as shown inFIG.2andFIG.3. The 3-fold rib20further includes a first branched rib25having one end moveably connected to the runner40and the other end moveably connected to a middle part of the first inner main rib21by a rivet, a first inner connecting rib26having one end moveably connected to the first branched rib25and the other end moveably connected to the first middle main rib22, and a first middle connecting rib27connected to an outer side of the first inner main rib21by a hook. The first middle connecting rib27is inserted into the first middle main rib22at the position close to an inner side of the first middle main rib22, passed through a part of the first middle main rib22, and then penetrated out of the first middle main rib22at the position close to an outer side of the first middle main rib22to be moveably connected to the first outer cylindrical rib23. The hook on the first inner main rib21is provided with and connected to one end of a first spring28while the other end of the first spring28is connected to the first inner connecting rib26by a lockon one side of the first inner connecting rib26. As shown inFIG.3andFIG.6, where the first inner main rib21is connected to the notch50is a first connecting point20a, where the first inner main rib21and the first middle main rib22are connected is a second connecting point20b, and where the first middle main rib22and the first outer cylindrical rib23are connected is a third connecting point20c. Where the first outer cylindrical rib23and the tip24are connected is a fourth connecting point20d, where the first branched rib25and the middle part of the first inner main rib21are connected is a fifth connecting point20e, and where the first branched rib25is connected to the runner40is a sixth connecting point20f, as shown inFIG.3andFIG.6. When the respective 3-fold ribs20are opened, each of the 3-fold ribs20is composed of a first segment20g, a second segment20h, and a third segment20iarranged from the inner side to the outer side of the 3-fold rib20, as shown inFIG.6. A length of the first segment20g, a length of the second segment20h, and a length of the third segment20iare respectively a distance between the first connecting point20aand the second connecting point20b, a distance between the second connecting point20band the third connecting point20c, and a distance between the third connecting point20cand the fourth connecting point20d, as shown inFIG.6. The length of the first segment20g, the length of the second segment20h, and the length of the third segment20iare quite similar to (approximately equal to) one another. While the respective 3-fold ribs20are folded and closed, each of the 3-fold ribs20further includes a fourth segment20jand a fifth segment20kfrom the inner side to the outer side thereof, as shown inFIG.7. A length of the fourth segment20jand a length of the fifth segment20kare respectively a distance between the first connecting point20aand the fifth connecting point20eand a distance between the fifth connecting point20eand the six connecting point20f, as shown inFIG.7. The first middle connecting rib27can be, but not limited to, an elastic deformable cylinder. Refer toFIG.1,FIG.2,FIG.4-4b,FIG.6, andFIG.7, the respective 4-fold ribs30are arranged between the runner40and the notch50and able to be opened (as shown inFIG.2andFIG.6) or closed (as shown inFIG.1andFIG.7). The respective 4-fold ribs30are moved along with the runner40and having an inner side close to the shaft10and an outer (distal) side provided with a tip341, as shown inFIG.2andFIG.4. The 4-fold rib30consists of a second inner main rib31having one end moveably connected to the runner40, a second middle main rib32having one end moveably connected to the other end of the second inner main rib31by a rivet, an outer main rib33having one end moveably connected to the other end of the second middle main rib32by a rivet, and a second outer cylindrical rib34moveably connected to the other end of the outer main rib33by a rivet, and the tip341arranged at the other end of the second outer cylindrical rib34. The 4-fold rib30further includes a second branched rib35having one end moveably connected to the notch50and the other end moveably connected to a middle part of the second inner main rib31by a rivet, a second inner connecting rib36having one end moveably connected to an upper side of the second branched rib35by a rivet and the other end fixed and connected to the second middle main rib32by a rivet, and a second middle connecting rib37having one end connected to a lower side of the second inner main rib31by a hook and the other end fixed on one side of the outer main rib33close to the second middle main rib32. As shown inFIG.4andFIG.4b, a middle part of the second middle main rib32is provided with a limit pin which limits the second middle connecting rib37in the second middle main rib32while an outer side of the e second middle main rib32is connected to one end of an outer connecting rib38by a hook and the other end of the outer connecting rib38is moveably connected to one side of the second outer cylindrical rib34close to the outer main rib33by a rivet. A middle part of the outer main rib33is provided with a limit pin which limits the outer connecting rib38in the outer main rib33. One end of the second inner connecting rib36close to the second branched rib35is provided with a second spring39which is fixed on the hook of the second middle connecting rib37. As shown inFIG.4andFIG.6, where the second branched rib35is connected to the notch50is a first connecting point30a, where the second inner main rib31and the second middle main rib32are connected is a second connecting point30b, and where the second middle main rib32and the outer main rib33are connected is a third connecting point30c. Where the outer main rib33and the second outer cylindrical rib34are connected is a fourth connecting point30d, where the second outer cylindrical rib34and the tip341are connected is a fifth connecting point30e, as shown inFIG.4andFIG.6. Where the second branched rib35and a middle part of the second inner main rib31are connected is a sixth connecting point30fand where the second inner main rib31is connected to the runner40is a seventh connecting point30g, as shown inFIG.4andFIG.6. When the respective 4-fold ribs30are opened, each of the respective 4-fold ribs30includes a first segment30h, a second segment30i, a third segment30j, and a fourth segment30kdisposed from an inside to an outer side thereof, as shown inFIG.6. A length of the first segment30h, a length of the second segment30i, a length of the third segment30j, and a length of the fourth segment30kare respectively a distance between the first connecting point30aand the second connecting point30b, a distance between the second connecting point30band the third connecting point30c, a distance between the third connecting point30cand the fourth connecting point30d, and a distance between the fourth connecting point30dand the fifth connecting point30eas shown inFIG.6. The length of the first segment30h, the length of the second segment30i, the length of the third segment30j, and the length of the fourth segment30kare quite similar to (approximately equal to) one another. While the respective 4-fold ribs30are folded and closed, each of the 4-fold ribs30includes a fifth segment30land a sixth segment30mfrom the inner side to the outer side thereof, as shown inFIG.7. A length of the fifth segment30land a length of the sixth segment30mare respectively a distance between the first connecting point30aand the six connecting point30fand a distance between the six connecting point30fand the seventh connecting point30g, as shown inFIG.7. The second middle connecting rib37and the outer middle connecting rib38can be, but not limited, an elastic deformable cylinder. As shown inFIG.4, a connecting piece371is arranged at a connection area between the second middle connecting rib37and the outer main rib33. Refer toFIG.5, the connecting piece371is fixed on the second middle connecting rib37by a rivet. The connecting piece371is provided with a through hole so that the connecting piece371is moveably connected to the outer main rib33by connection of a rivet with the through hole, as shown inFIG.4b. The present special-shaped folding umbrella is provided with the first spring28, the second middle connecting rib37, and the second spring39for providing connection and linkage between various types of ribs. Thus the present special-shaped folding umbrella1can be applied to the field of automatic folding umbrella. Yet the first spring28, the second middle connecting rib37, and the second spring39are not necessary for the present special-shaped folding umbrella1. Without these parts, the present special-shaped folding umbrella1can still be applied to the field of manual-folding umbrella. That means the present special-shaped folding umbrella1is always in the field of folding umbrella and varieties of designs of the special-shaped folding umbrella1enhances the competitiveness in the market. As shown inFIG.6, the length of the first segment20gof the 3-fold rib20and the length of the first segment30hof the 4-fold rib30are quite similar (nearly the same). The length of the second segment20hand the length of the third segment20iof the 3-fold rib20are respectively quite similar to (almost the same) the length of the third segment30jand the length of the fourth segment30kof the 4-fold rib30. A total length of the fourth segment20jand the fifth segment20kof the 3-fold rib20is quite similar (approximately equal) to a total length of the fifth segment30land the sixth segment30mof the 4-fold rib30, as shown inFIG.7. Through the adjustment of the ratio of the length of the respective 3-fold ribs20to the length of the respective 4-fold ribs30, the present special-shaped folding umbrella1can be folded quickly and conveniently by the user. Compared with the present device, the umbrellas available now (such as those revealed in CN 202664494 U, CN 201668060 U, CN 201602246 U, and CN 103284424 B) have more complicated cost which causes higher manufacturing cost. The respective 3-fold ribs20and the respective 4-fold ribs30are equidistantly arranged around the notch50, as shown inFIG.8-10. Refer toFIG.1,FIG.2,FIG.6, andFIG.7, the respective 3-fold ribs20and the respective 4-fold ribs30are raised to be opened or folded to be closed for storage synchronously. When the runner40is moved and positioned at the position close to the head14to hold still, the respective 3-fold ribs20and the respective 4-fold ribs30are folded to be in a closed state, as shown inFIG.1andFIG.7. In the folded and closed state, a height of the first connecting point20aof the 3-fold rib20and that of the first connecting point30aof the 4-fold rib30are quite similar (almost the same), as shown inFIG.7. A height of the six connecting point20fof the 3-fold rib20and that of the seventh connecting point30gof the 4-fold rib30are also similar to each other (nearly the same) and so are a height of the third connecting point20cof the 3-fold rib20and a height of the fourth connecting point30dof the 4-fold rib30. Still refer toFIG.7, the fourth connecting point20dof the 3-fold rib20and the fifth connecting point30eof the 4-fold rib30have quite similar height (almost the same). Thereby the present special-shaped folding umbrella1can be folded up quickly and easily by the user. Moreover, while in the folded and closed state, the tip24of each of the 3-fold ribs20and the tip341of each of the 4-fold ribs30are maintained at the same or quite similar (nearly the same) level, as shown inFIG.1andFIG.7, and such design also helps users to fold up the special-shaped folding umbrella1quickly and easily. The present special-shaped umbrella1features on that users can fold up the special-shaped folding umbrella1quickly and easily, without using their hands to adjust the positions of the respective ribs or tips. As to the special-shaped folding umbrellas available now (such as one revealed in JP 2020192097 A), the tips of each of the 3-fold ribs and the tips of the each of the 4-fold ribs have different heights. Thus users need to adjust the positions of the respective ribs or the respective tips with their hands for folding up the umbrella. When the runner40is moved upwards and positioned at the position close to the notch50, the respective 3-fold ribs20and the respective 4-fold ribs30are in an opened state, as shown inFIG.2andFIG.6. While the respective ribs20,30are in the opened state, a special-shaped canopy70of the special-shaped folding umbrella1is extended to form a special-shaped surface which is different from a circular surface of typical folding umbrellas, as shown inFIG.8-10. According to the numbers of the 3-fold ribs20and the 4-fold ribs30used and the shape of the special-shaped canopy70used in combination with the ribs20,30, the special-shaped folding umbrella1can be designed into various shapes to meet various users' requirements, as shown in the following embodiments. In the embodiment shown inFIG.8, the number of the 3-fold ribs20and that of the 4-fold ribs30in the special-shaped folding umbrella1are respectively five and three. A shaded area of a part of the special-shaped canopy70is larger than that of the rest part of the special-shaped canopy70. As to the embodiment inFIG.9, the special-shaped folding umbrella1includes two 3-fold ribs20and six the 4-fold ribs30. In the special-shaped canopy70, there are two areas with larger shaded area than rest areas. Refer toFIG.10, the number of the 3-fold ribs20and that of the 4-fold ribs30in this embodiment of the special-shaped folding umbrella1are respectively six and two. Only a part of the special-shaped canopy70is having a larger shading area than the rest part of the special-shaped canopy70. Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, and representative devices shown and described herein. Accordingly, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalent.

11857042

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION With reference now to the drawings, and in particular toFIGS.1through17thereof, a new bag and auxiliary compartment combination device embodying the principles and concepts of an embodiment of the disclosure and generally designated by the reference numeral10will be described. As best illustrated inFIGS.1through9, the satchel and wallet combination assembly10generally comprises a container12that is flexible and includes a perimeter wall14having an upper end16that is open to access an interior of the container12. The material used for forming the container12ensures that the container12is configured to be manipulated into a folded condition wherein the container is folded multiple times upon itself and may then be manipulated into a deployed condition wherein the container12is unfolded. The material may include a woven cloth material that may, in particular, be comprised of a synthetic cloth such as woven plastic to provide a high strength to thread diameter ratio. Generally, the perimeter wall will have a thickness of less than 1.0 mm and be sufficiently flexible to allow for easy folding thereof. The perimeter wall14includes a first lateral edge18, a second lateral edge20and a bottom edge22. The perimeter wall14has a front wall24and a rear wall26wherein the front24and rear26walls are joined together along the first lateral edge18, the second lateral edge20and the bottom edge22. The front24and rear26walls will each likely have a substantially rectangular shape, though the junctures of the bottom edge22with the first18and second20lateral edges may be angled. The first lateral18, second lateral20and bottom edges22and the upper end16each have a length of between 12.0 inches and 20.0 inches, though the upper end16will typically be between 14.0 inches and 18.0 inches in length. The container12is foldable along multiple horizontal fold lines28extending from the first lateral edge18to the second lateral edge20to define horizontal sections30of the perimeter wall14each having a same height. Though the height of each horizontal section30may vary, each horizontal section30will typically have a height between 3.0 inches and 4.0 inches and will number at least three horizontal sections30. The container12is also foldable along a vertical fold line32extending from the upper end16to the bottom edge22to define vertical sections each having a same width. Additional vertical fold lines32may be utilized, but a single vertical fold like will generally suffice for the purposes herein. The container12is foldable along each of the vertical32and horizontal28fold lines to define a folded edge34and a pair of free ends36positioned opposite of the folded edge. A strap38is attached to the container12adjacent to the upper end16. The strap38has attached ends40that may be positioned, and attached, within the container12. The strap38is comprised of a material that is flexible and may include the same material used to construct the container12. The strap38is relatively thin, easily bendable and is positioned usually within the container12when the container12is in the folded condition. A flap42is attached to the first lateral edge18adjacent to the upper end16. The flap42is extendable over the free ends36and is releasably secured to an outer surface of the front wall24to retain the free ends36adjacent to each other and retain the container12in the folded condition as shown inFIG.5. A first mating member44on the flap42is releasably engageable with a second mating member46on the front wall24. For the purpose of this invention, multiple pairs of first and second mating members are utilized and will typically include any conventional fastening means but specifically may include hook and look couplers, male and female snap members, and magnetic mating couplers including a pair of magnets or a magnet and a material magnetically attracted to the magnet. A wallet50is attached to the front wall24of the container12such that a top edge52of the wallet50is positioned adjacent to the upper end16and the first lateral edge18of the container12. The wallet50may be attached by a strip of material similar to that being used for the container12or may directly attached to the container12along the top edge52and upper end16. The wallet50may extend from the first lateral edge18to the vertical folding line32or approximately half the distance from the first lateral edge18to the second lateral edge20. A top end54of the wallet50comprises an elongated opening configured to receive paper money. The wallet50has an inner wall56facing away from the container12when the container12is in the deployed condition. The inner wall56has a plurality of card pockets58mounted thereon. Each of the card pockets58has an upwardly directed opening60and are used for holding cards such as identification cards, credit cards, bank cards, business cards and the like. The card pockets58may include a first set of the card pockets and a second set of the card pockets wherein the first set is laterally disposed with respect to the second set. The wallet50is foldable in half along a line separating the first and second sets of card pockets58. As can be seen inFIG.9, the wallet50is positionable in the container12when the container12is in the deployed condition. It should be further understood that when the wallet50is flipped over from an outer surface of the front wall24to an inner surface of the front wall24, the wallet50remains in an upright position. That is, its top end54is still pointing upwardly and therefore any money positioned therein will not fall outwardly of the wallet50as the container is being used for carrying various articles. A panel62is attached to and extends upwardly from a juncture of the wallet50and the container12. The panel62has a distal edge63with respect to the wallet50. The panel62has a first side edge64, a second edge66, an inner surface68and an outer surface70. The inner surface68of the panel62is extendable rearwardly away from the wallet50, over the container12, and abutted against the inner wall56as is shown inFIG.3. The panel62may include a pair of sections that are separated from each other when engaged with the inner wall62to facilitate continued folding of the wallet50. As can be seen inFIGS.3,4and7, first mating members72are attached to the inner surface68adjacent distal to the wallet50and are engageable with second mating members74on the inner wall56of the wallet50in such a manner that the card pockets58and top end54of the wallet50are accessible as shown specifically inFIG.3. The panel62is removably attached to the inner wall56of the wallet50when the container12is in the folded condition to retain the container12in the folded condition and in abutment with the wallet50as a compressed configuration. A first mating member76may also be positioned on outer surface70of the panel62which is engageable with one of the second mating members74on the wallet50to hold the panel62over the top end54of the wallet50and over the card pockets58to prevent items therein from falling out as the wallet50is moved from an exposed position outside the container12to a stored position within the container12. The first side edge66of the panel62extends laterally outwardly from the panel62to define an extension78. The extension78is extendable over opposite edges80of the wallet50when the wallet50is folded and secured to the outer surface70of the panel62to retain the wallet50in a closed condition. This may be accomplished by using a second mating member82on the extension78which is engageable with the first mating76member on the outer surface70of the panel62. In the embodiment shown inFIGS.1-9, the assembly10is used a conventional wallet for holding identification, bank cards and paper currency, however, if the user requires a satchel, the container12may be unfolded from the wallet50and the wallet50placed within the container12. This allows the container12to be used in a conventional manner while also protecting the wallet50within the container12. A second embodiment100of the general assembly10is found inFIGS.10-17and replaces the wallet50for a card holder110. The second embodiment100includes, essentially, a same type of a container12that is flexible and configured to be manipulated into a folded condition wherein the container12is folded multiple times upon itself and into a deployed condition wherein the container12is unfolded. The container12of the second embodiment100may further include a strap38. However, as can be seen in the Figures, the container12of the second embodiment100provides for an additional vertical fold such that the container12forms a smaller width and therefore folds against what would be the size of a more conventional card holder. The card holder110is attached to the front wall24of the container12such that an upper edge the card holder110is positioned adjacent to the upper end16and the first lateral edge18of the container12. As with the wallet50, the card holder110is positionable in the container12when the container12is in the deployed condition as shown inFIG.17. The card holder110has a front side111including plurality of card pockets112each having a size configured to receive a credit card. A typical credit card has a measurement of 3.37 inches in width and a length of 2.125 inches, with a generally negligible thickness that is less than 0.1 inches. Thus, the card pockets112each have a size to accommodate these measurements. The card holder110itself will have a width measurement, taken along its upper edge114, being less than 4.0 inches and a length measured from its upper edge114to a lower edge116being less than 3.5 inches. The container12is abuttable against the card holder110when the container12is in the folded condition such that the container12has a length and width substantially equal to the length and width of the container12. The upper edge114of the card holder110may be formed into an opening, extending into a pocket of the card holder110, for receiving additional cards, including for example credit cards and identification cards, or can be used for other articles including paper money, receipts, a key or the like. A closure118releasably retains the container12in the folded condition and in abutment with the card holder110such that at least one of the card pockets112is exposed. The closure118will also typically leave exposed the opening in the upper edge114. The closure118includes a panel120, similar to the panel62above, being attached to and extending upwardly from a juncture of the card holder110and the container12. The panel120has a distal edge122with respect to the card holder110. The panel120has a first side edge124, a second edge126, an inner surface128and an outer surface130. The inner surface128of the panel120is extendable rearwardly away from the card holder110, over the container12when the container12is in the folded condition, and abutted against the front side111of the card holder110. The panel120is removably attached to the front side111of the card holder110when the container12is in the folded condition to retain the container12in the folded condition and in abutment with the card holder110. As with panel62above, the panel120herein may be attached with a first mating member132and a second mating member134and may include conventional releasable fastenings such as hook and loop fasteners, snaps, buttons, magnets and the like. The front side111of the card holder110faces away from the container12when the container12is in the folded condition. The second embodiment100is used in a similar manner to the first embodiment described above. However, the smaller size of the card holder110versus the wallet50allows the second embodiment100to be as less material will be needed than is required by the wallet50. This will also accommodate those persons who do not carry large amount of paper money or other items that may be stored within a wallet. With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of an embodiment enabled by the disclosure, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by an embodiment of the disclosure. Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the disclosure. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the disclosure to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the disclosure. In this patent document, the word “comprising” is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be only one of the elements.

11857043

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Modern PEDs are ubiquitous due to the benefits derived from carrying the computational and/or signal processing power provided by the PED on or with the person. A PED may include a tablet, smartphone, e-readers, and the like. However, the use of a PED in this fashion implies multiple considerations. One of these considerations is the protection of the PED. It may be desirable to place the PED in a case for protection from external forces and/or other environmental hazards. Due to the portable nature of the PED, it may be desirable to place the PED in a case because the PED may be subject to certain stresses due to its portability (such as drops, casual handling, casual placement, etc.). A PED case can help protect the PED by taking the brunt of the force from these types of events. It may also be desirable to place the PED in a case because the environment around the PED (including, but not limited to, the temperature, humidity, and surrounding objects or environmental substances such as liquids, dirt, and/or dust) may be dynamic and unpredictable, with some such environments (or substances from those environments) having the potential to damage the PED. Another consideration accompanying the use of the PED is heat dissipation. Due to a desire for the PED to remain fully functional apart from a physical connection with any other device, a PED typically integrates all components (electronic or otherwise) that it needs in order to perform its processing and user interaction tasks. These may include components that generate a non-trivial amount of heat when in use, such as power source(s) (typically one or more batteries), processors (e.g., a system on a chip (SoC), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU)), and/or power converters, among other possibilities. In order to prevent damage to these or other components of the PED and/or to prevent or minimize any necessary throttling of the performance (and thus heat output) of these or other components of the PED, it is usually necessary to provide for the dissipation of generated heat away from the PED. A third consideration accompanying the use of the PED is peripheral access. A PED may have peripherals such as buttons, speakers, cameras, microphone, etc., that may not function well (or at all) unless they remain uncovered by another material. For example, a camera peripheral of the PED that is covered by opaque rubber of a traditional case will not be able to capture images as intended by the manufacturer. The protection consideration on the one hand and the heat dissipation and peripheral access considerations on the other hand are in many cases contrary to one another. For example, in many instances, the protection of the PED in a traditional case may have an adverse effect on the heat dissipation from the PED, if (as is often the case) the material of the case acts to some extent as a heat insulator. Further, a traditional case that covers a peripheral (e.g., a camera, button, microphone, or speaker) of the PED may degrade or impede the functionality of that peripheral. However, using the PED without a case may raise the risk of damage to the PED due to careless/rough handling and/or other external forces and hazards. The present disclosure describes PED cases that are effective at dissipating heat in a passive manner, providing access to peripherals, and providing protection to the PED from careless/rough handling and/or external forces and hazards. FIG.1illustrates a front or interior of a PED case100, according to one embodiment. The PED case100includes a body102, back vents104,105,106,107and sealing members108,109,110,111. The body102comprises one or more interior surfaces (including an interior backplane114and interior edges such as an interior edge116) that are shaped and/or otherwise configured to accept a PED as an installed PED to the PED case100. The body102of the PED case100may be made of plastic, rubber, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), or another appropriate material. The back vents104,105,106,107may present through the interior backplane114. In some embodiments, the portion(s) of the PED that are exposed through the back vents104,105,106,107may not be sensitive to potentially harmful environmental substances (e.g., liquids, dirt, and/or dust), or such portion(s) may be otherwise hardened against environmental substances. The back vents104,106may expose an area of a PED that has been placed in the PED case100to open air. This may allow for heat transfer from a portion of a PED installed in the PED case100directly to the surrounding environment. The back vents104,106may be shaped and positioned such that they are optimally used for heat transfer purposes with a predetermined PED. For example, the back vents104,106may be placed such that, when a known model of PED is placed within the PED case100, one or more components of the PED that are known to generate a relatively greater amount of heat are substantially aligned with one of the back vents104,106. For example, it may be that when the known PED that is a tablet computer is placed within the PED case100, the battery of the tablet computer is substantially in line with the back vent104and the CPU of the tablet computer is substantially in line with the back vent106. Thus, these components (which may generate a relatively greater share of the heat within the tablet computer) can quickly dissipate heat through the back vents104,106without such heat transfer being slowed by heat passage through the material of the body102of the PED case100first. In some embodiments, a heat outtake (either active or passive) of the PED (not shown) may align with one or more of the back vents104,106. The vents104,106may be configured in different shapes, sizes, and number to improve thermal venting and/or for aesthetics. As illustrated, the vents104,106may be symmetrically aligned on the backplane114such that they are equadistant from a center axis. The back vents105,107may expose peripherals of an installed PED (e.g., a camera and/or a microphone) to the outside environment, allowing for the necessary peripheral access. For example, this placement may allow a camera to take photos and/or video and the microphone to be used without interference from the PED case100. Thus, the vents105,107may also be referenced herein as peripheral apertures as the primary purpose is to allow access to peripheral devices. The back vents105,107may also allow for heat transfer from the portion of an installed PED against which they are placed. Sealing members108,109,110,111may be attached substantially around the perimeter of corresponding vents104,105,106,107. The sealing members108,109,110,111prevent the entry of potentially harmful environmental substances into the PED case100(due to their placement directly against the back of the PED when the PED is installed) at the locations of the back vents104,105,106,107. The sealing members108,109,110,111may also be referred to as cushioning members108,109,110,111in that they cushion and/or support the PED near the areas exposed through the vents104,105,106,107and thus help to keep an installed PED in position within the PED case100. Thus, the sealing or cushioning members108,109,110,111may be formed of a compressible material. The sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111may be installed at, near, and/or around the edges of the back vents104,105,106,107where the back vents104,105,106,107present through the interior backplane114(or other interior surface) of the body102, and they may completely or substantially surround the back vents104,105,106,107. Other placements and shapes of back vents with associated cushioning members are contemplated. Further, one of skill in the art will appreciate that any number of vents and corresponding sealing members may be disposed the backside of the case. Thus, 2, 3, 4, or more vents may be used as needed. The sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111may help cushion the areas of an installed PED that are near the vents104,105,106,107, and may reduce or eliminate the stresses that those areas might otherwise be placed under due to events related to the portability of the PED, such as drops, casual handling, casual placement, etc. When uncompressed, it may be that the sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111rise above the interior backplane114of the body102of the PED case100. When a PED is inserted into the PED case100, the interior backplane114(and/or other interior surface with a cushioning member) may be pressed towards the PED due to the fit of the PED case100around the PED. The pressure thus formed may cause the sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111to be pressed against the PED. The sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111may be made of a material different than the body102, such as rubber, TPU, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, or any other material sufficient to act as the sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111as herein described. The material(s) of the sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111may be the same as, or different from, the material(s) of the body102of the PED case100. The material(s) of the added sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111may be chosen based on one or more of multiple attributes, such as elasticity, durability, compressibility, softness, force absorption, a quality of “seal” created when pressed against a typical surface found on a PED, cost, and/or availability, among other considerations. It is also contemplated that, in some cases, the sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111are physically integrated into the body102of the PED case100. For example, a mold for the body102of the PED case100that is made of material appropriate to act as a sealing/cushioning member108,109,110,111(e.g., a rubber case) may simply be shaped to include the sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111. In some embodiments, the PED case100may further include various side vents112in the interior edge116. The side vents112may present through the interior edge116of the body102of the PED case100. The side vents112may allow the heat transfer away from an exposed portion of a PED installed in the PED case100and to the environment. The placement of these side vents112may align with, e.g., a dedicated heat outtake (either active or passive) of an installed PED (not shown). Note that in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the side vents112represent only some, but not all, of the side vents present in that embodiment. The PED case100may further include one or more cushioning areas120attached to the body102of the PED case100. When a PED is installed in the PED case100, these cushioning areas120may abut against the PED. These cushioning areas120may act to prevent areas of an installed PED that are at or near the cushioning areas120from experiencing the stresses those areas might otherwise be placed under due to the portability of the installed PED, such as drops, casual handling, casual placement, etc. These cushioning areas120may be made of EVA foam, rubber, TPU, or any other material sufficient to act as a cushioning area120as herein described. It is also contemplated that, in some cases, the cushioning areas120are physically integrated into the body102of the PED case100. For example, a mold for the body102of the PED case100that is made of material appropriate to act as a cushioning areas120(e.g., a rubber case) may simply be shaped to include the cushioning areas120. The elements placed on the interior backplane114of the PED case100, such as the cushioning areas120and/or the sealing/cushioning members108,109,110,111, may be spaced and placed such that there are airflow paths122in between the such elements. The airflow paths122may facilitate the movement of air across the interior backplane114of the PED case100and eventually out to one or more of the side vents112. This movement may act to carry heat away from an installed PED, further helping the system to dissipate heat to prevent damage to and/or throttling of an installed PED. The airflow through the airflow paths122may be passive, or it may be an active airflow caused by, e.g., an airflow device of an installed PED (not shown). Note that in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the airflow paths122represent only some, but not all, of the airflow paths present in that embodiment. The PED case100may further include one or more detachable interfaces118. The detachable interface118may optionally be positioned to cover a portion of a PED installed in the PED case100(and/or a frame of a screen protector as described below). In some embodiments, the detachable interface118may be pulled away or otherwise detached (via, e.g., sliding, lifting, etc.) from the rest of the body102of the PED case100in order to expose a portion of a PED that has been installed in the PED case100. The detachable interface118(or another detachable interface of the PED case100) may be positioned to allow access to a port of an installed PED, such as a keyboard port, a USB port, or a power port. FIG.2illustrates a back of a PED case200, according to one embodiment. The PED case200includes a body202with back vents204,205,206,207, and sealing/cushioning members208,209,210,211. The body202comprises an exterior surface (which includes an exterior backplane212and exterior edges such as an exterior edge216) that is exposed to the environment during normal use. The back vents204,205,206,207may present through the exterior backplane212. As illustrated, the exterior surfaces of the PED case200may also host other features. In the embodiment ofFIG.2, the sealing/cushioning members208,209,210,211have been placed at the back vents204,205,206,207on the interior backplane of the PED case200(as inFIG.1) and do not extend through the back vents204,205,206,207. This placement may help keep the sealing/cushioning members208,209,210,211from being physically impacted by, e.g., surfaces or substances that interact directly with the exterior surface of the PED case200but do not reach through the back vents204,205,206,207. The PED case200may further include a handgrip220on the exterior backplane212. The handgrip220may be disposed in the proximate center of the backplane212and enables a one-handed grip of the case200. The handgrip220may be rotatable to facilitage hand engagement as desired. The PED case200may further include a pivotable stand222that pivots from a closed position to an open or support position. In the open position, the pivotable stand222supports the case in angled orientation relative to a horizontal surface. FIG.3Aillustrates a PED case300with an installed tablet computer314, according to one embodiment. The PED case300includes a body302with back vents304,305,306,307and sealing/cushioning members308,309,310,311. The body302comprises an exterior surface (which includes an exterior backplane312and exterior edges such as an exterior edge316) that is exposed to the environment during normal use. The back vents304,305,306,307may present through the exterior backplane312. The exterior surfaces of the PED case300may also host other features. In the embodiment ofFIG.3A, the tablet computer314has been installed into the PED case300. The fit of the PED case300and the tablet computer314causes the sealing/cushioning members308,309,310,311, which have been installed on the interior backplane of the PED case300as inFIG.1, to be pressed up against the back of the tablet computer314. This allows the sealing/cushioning members308,309,310,311to perform their cushioning functions as described above. The contact may also have the effect of keeping/helping to keep potentially harmful environmental substances (e.g., dirt, dust, and/or liquid) from entering the PED case300through the back vents304,305,306,307. As described above, the PED case300may be configured such that portions of the tablet computer314that are sensitive to these dangerous substances are not exposed through the back vents304,305,306,307. As seen, the embodiment ofFIG.3Aaligns the back vent305with a camera318and further aligns the back vent307with a microphone320so that each peripheral is fully functional while the tablet computer314is installed in the PED case300.FIG.3Afurther illustrates a handgrip322and a support stand324similar to those disclosed inFIG.2. FIG.3Billustrates a perspective view of a PED case300in a viewing position. The stand324is pivoted to an open position to support the PED case300at an angle relative to a horizontal surface. FIG.4illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a PED case400with an installed PED408, according to one embodiment. The PED case400includes a body402with a back vent404and a sealing/cushioning member406installed on the interior backplane of the PED case400. The body402comprises an exterior surface (which includes an exterior backplane410) that is exposed to the environment during normal use. The back vent404may present through the exterior backplane410. The embodiment ofFIG.4shows the sealing/cushioning member406pressed up against the PED408(which may be a tablet computer, a smartphone, or another PED). With the PED408installed into the PED case400, there is no gap between the PED408and the sealing/cushioning member406and the sealing/cushioning member406can act as a cushion as described above. The illustrated contact between the PED408and the sealing/cushioning member406may also help to keep potentially harmful environmental substances from entering the PED case400. FIG.5illustrates a perspective view of a sealing/cushioning member504installed around the edge of a back vent506of a body502of a PED case500, according to one embodiment. The material and placement method of the sealing/cushioning member504may be according to any of the embodiments disclosed herein. The sealing/cushioning member504may be shaped to include a raised portion508. As in other embodiments described herein, the fit of the body502of the PED case500around an installed PED may cause pressure between the sealing/cushioning member504and the installed PED. In the embodiment ofFIG.5, the narrower width of the raised portion508of the sealing/cushioning member504relative to the rest of the sealing/cushioning member504may act to focus the pressure between the sealing/cushioning member504and an installed PED over the relatively smaller surface area of the raised portion508. The shape of the raised portion508relative to the rest of the sealing/cushioning member504may help direct the force from drops, casual handling, casual placement, etc., into the sealing/cushioning member504in a pre-determined, controlled way. The use of the raised portion508relative to the rest of the sealing/cushioning member504may also create a tighter seal than could otherwise be made by a sealing/cushioning member504that lacks the raised portion508, as the force between the body502of the PED case500and an installed PED would be concentrated over the relatively smaller surface area of the raised portion508. FIG.6illustrates a perspective view of the back of a PED case600with a detached detachable interface604, according to one embodiment. In the embodiment ofFIG.6, the detachable interface604is detached by pulling the detachable interface604away from the bottom of a body602of the PED case600. The detachable interface604may then be swung backward and away from the front of the PED case600on one or more hinges. This may allow access to a port that is located on a PED that has been installed in the body602of the PED case600(e.g., a port for a detachable keyboard associated with the installed PED). Other types of detachable interfaces (e.g., sliding, lifting, clipping) associated with other types of ports (e.g., power, USB, video, stereo) of an installed PED are contemplated. FIG.6further illustrates a rotatable handgrip606and a pivotable support stand608similar to those disclosed inFIGS.2,3A, and3B. FIG.7illustrates a PED case700including a body702and a screen protector704in a frame706that has been attached to the body702, according to one embodiment. The frame706of the screen protector704may attach to the body702of the PED case700in such a way that the screen protector704is placed over a screen of a PED (not shown) that has been installed in the PED case700. In some embodiments, the frame706may snap over features of the body702in order to be held in place. Physical connection with the body702in ways other than through the combinations that are sufficient to hold the frame706in place relative to the body702is contemplated. In cases where the screen of the installed PED is a touch screen, the screen protector704may be placed to allow for the transfer of resistive touches, capacitive touches, or other touches to the screen of the PED. The screen protector704may be made of plastic, tempered glass, or another appropriate material to protect the screen of the PED. The body702, the screen protector704, and the frame706may each act to help keep environmental substances away from a PED that is placed within the PED case700. In some cases, a detachable interface708may interact with the frame706of the PED case700. In the illustrated embodiment, the detachable interface708is meant to allow access for a detachable keyboard to an installed PED through the PED case700. When the detachable keyboard is not being used, the detachable interface708may be slid into a closed position, where it interacts with the frame706by partially sliding over the frame706. This interaction may help keep the frame706and/or the detachable interface708in place. FIG.8illustrates an alternative embodiment of a backside of a PED case800. The PED case800primarily differs from the embodiments ofFIGS.2,3A, and3Bin that the case800includes two additional back vents808,810and the case800does not include a support stand. Thus, embodied the case800has back vents804,806,808,810, and corresponding sealing/cushioning members812,814,816,818. The case800may also include peripheral apertures820,824with corresponding sealing/cushioning members822,826. The case200may further include a handgrip828which may be rotatable to facilitage hand engagement as desired. FIG.9illustrates an alternative embodiment of a backside of a PED case900. The PED case900primarily differs from previous embodiments in that it has fewer vents. The case900includes a single thermal, back vent904which may be disposed proximate to the center of the backside. The vent904may be configured in different shapes and sizes to improve thermal venting or for aesthetics. In one embodiment, the vent904may take most of the surface area of the back surface of the case900. A corresponding sealing/cushioning member906is disposed along the perimeter of the vent904in a manner similar to that discussed previously. The case900may further include peripheral apertures908,912and corresponding sealing/cushioning members. This disclosure has been made with reference to various exemplary embodiments, including the best mode. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes and modifications may be made to the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. While the principles of this disclosure have been shown in various embodiments, many modifications of structure, arrangements, proportions, elements, materials, and components may be adapted for a specific environment and/or operating requirements without departing from the principles and scope of this disclosure. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. This disclosure is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope thereof. Likewise, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to various embodiments. However, benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined by the following claims.

11857044

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative implementations described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other implementations may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. Turning toFIG.1, depicted therein is an exploded perspective view of handle assembly10. Depicted implementation of handle assembly10is shown to include elongated strap assembly12, bracket assembly14, pin member16, pin member18, and bar member20. Depicted implementation of elongated strap assembly12is shown to include tip end portion12a, first material portion12b, second material portion12c, edge portion12d, and stitched end portion12e. In implementations first material portion12band second material portion12care made from hook and loop material couplable with each other, respectively, or loop and hook material couplable with each other, respectively. Depicted implementation of bracket assembly14is shown to include main portion14a, curvilinear slot14b, and aperture14c. Depicted implementation of pin member16is shown to include rod portion16a, collar portion16b, and head portion16c. Depicted implementation of pin member18is shown to include rod portion18a, and head portion18b. In implementations pin member16is couplable with pin member18. In implementations aperture14cof bracket assembly14is shaped and sized to receive pin member16and pin member18. Depicted implementation of bar member20is shown to include end portion20a, elongated side portion20b, end portion20c, elongated side portion20d, and elongated top portion20e. In implementations end portion20aand end portion20ccan be positioned at least two inches from one another. In implementations elongated side portion20band elongated side portion20dcan be positioned at least one inch from one another. Turning toFIG.2, depicted therein is a top-perspective view of bar member20of handle assembly10. Depicted implementation of bar member20is shown to include elongated groove portion20b1, and raised portion20c1. Turning toFIG.3, depicted therein is a bottom-perspective view of bar member20. Depicted implementation of bar member20is shown to include clip portion20a2, clip portion20c2, and elongated bottom portion20f. As shown, elongated side portion20b, and elongated side portion20dextend between elongated top portion20eand elongated bottom portion20f. As shown, clip portion20a2and clip portion20c2extend away from elongated bottom portion20f. Turning toFIG.4, depicted therein is a side-elevational view of bar member20. Depicted implementation of bar member20is shown to include raised portion20a1, and clip portion20a2includes leg portion20a2a, corner20a2b, lower surface20a2c, and tapered portion20a2d, and inner portion20a2ethat are shown to be in an L-shape. Depicted implementation of clip portion20c2of bar member20is shown to include leg portion20c2a, corner20c2b, lower surface20c2c, tapered portion20c2d, and inner portion20c2e. Turning toFIG.5, depicted therein is an end-elevational view of bar member20. Turning toFIG.6, depicted therein is a perspective view of a portion of elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14. Turning toFIG.7, depicted therein is a plan view of a portion of elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14. Turning toFIG.8, depicted therein is a plan view of elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14. Turning toFIG.9, depicted therein is a perspective view of portions of bar member20and elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14. Depicted implementation of bar member20is shown to include aperture20c3. Turning toFIG.10, depicted therein is a perspective view of portions of bar member20, elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14, and pin member16. Turning toFIG.11, depicted therein is a perspective view of portions of bar member20, elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14, and pin member16. Depicted implementation of bar member20is shown to include aperture20a3. Turning toFIG.12, depicted therein is a side-perspective view of portions of bar member20, elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14, and pin member16. Turning toFIG.13, depicted therein is a top-perspective view of portions of bar member20, elongated strap assembly12coupled with bracket assembly14, and pin member16. Turning toFIG.14, depicted therein is a top-perspective view of handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.15, depicted therein is a bottom-perspective view of handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.16, depicted therein is a side-elevational view of handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.17, depicted therein is a end-elevational view of handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.18, depicted therein is a perspective view of cap assembly32and handle assembly10. Depicted implementation of cap assembly32is shown to include side wall32a, side wall32b, side edge32c, side wall32d, base32e, elongated aperture32f(shaped, sized, and positioned to couple with clip portion20c2), elongated aperture32g(shaped, sized, and positioned to couple with clip portion20a2), tab member32h, and lens portion32i. As depicted, tab member32hextends away from side edge32cand extends away from side wall32aas well. Turning toFIG.19, depicted therein is a perspective view of cap assembly32and the handle assembly ofFIG.1. Turning toFIG.20, depicted therein is a perspective view of bar member20and the handle assembly10coupled together. In implementations, wherein elongated top portion20is positioned at least one half inch from the cap assembly32when bar member20is coupled with the device case assembly. Turning toFIG.21, depicted therein is an end view of cap assembly32and handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.22, depicted therein is an end view of cap assembly32and handle assembly10coupled together. Turning toFIG.23, depicted therein is an end view of cap assembly32and handle assembly10coupled together. Turning toFIG.24, depicted therein is a rear top perspective view of cap assembly32and main assembly34coupled together to form device case assembly30. Depicted implementation of cap assembly32is shown to include elongated groove32d1, raised portion32e1, and recessed portion32e2. As depicted, side wall32band side wall32dextend perpendicular with respect to side wall32a. As depicted, side edge32cextends parallel with respect to side wall32a. As depicted, side edge32cis spaced from side wall32aalong side wall32band side wall32d. Depicted implementation of main assembly34is shown to include side wall34a, side wall34b, side edge34c, side wall34d, groove34d1, and base34e. As depicted, side wall34band side wall34dextend perpendicular with respect to side wall34a. As depicted, side edge34cextends parallel with respect to side wall34a. As depicted, when cap assembly32, and cap assembly32, are coupled together, side wall32a, side wall32b, side wall32d, and base32eof cap assembly32, and side wall34a, side wall34b, side wall32d, and base34eof main assembly34form an interior area to couple with portable electronic device100(shown inFIG.30). Turning toFIG.25, depicted therein is a front-top-perspective view of device case assembly30. Depicted implementation of main assembly34is shown to include portable electric interface34al. Turning toFIG.26, depicted therein is a rear-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.27, depicted therein is a front-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.28, depicted therein is a rear-top-perspective view of device case assembly30coupled with handle assembly10. As depicted, Turning toFIG.29, depicted therein is a front-top-perspective view of device case assembly30coupled with device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.30, depicted therein is a front-top-perspective view of device case assembly30coupled with handle assembly10and coupled with portable electronic device100. Depicted implementation of portable electronic device100is shown to include display100a. Turning toFIG.31, depicted therein is a rear-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30with handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.32, depicted therein is a front-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30coupled with handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.33, depicted therein is a bottom-plan-view of device case assembly30coupled with handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.34, depicted therein is a rear-elevational view of device case assembly30coupled with handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.35, depicted therein is a front-elevational view of device case assembly30coupled with handle assembly10. Turning toFIG.36, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-front-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30. Depicted implementation of tab member32hof cap assembly32is shown to include recess32h1, and a raised and tapered portion to include back edge32h2, middle32h3, and front edge32h4, which are decreasingly less raised, respectively, with respect to recess32h1as also further shown inFIG.52. As also depicted inFIG.36, recess32h1is positioned closer to side edge32cthan back edge32h2, middle32h3, and front edge32h4are positioned to side edge32c. Depicted implementation of main assembly34is shown to include groove34b2, groove34c1, gap34c2, groove34c3, groove34d2, and elongated aperture34e1. As depicted, elongated aperture34e1is sized, shaped and positioned to receive tab member32h(e.g., back edge32h2, middle32h3, and front edge32h4) when cap assembly32and main assembly34are coupled together. Turning toFIG.37, depicted therein is a front-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.38, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-bottom-perspective view of a portion of device case assembly30. Depicted implementation of cap assembly32is shown to include protrusion32b2, protrusion32c1, gap32c2, protrusion32c3, and protrusion32d2with protrusion32b2, protrusion32c1, protrusion32c3, and protrusion32d2for coupling with groove34b2, groove34c1, groove34c3, and groove34d2, respectively when cap assembly32is coupled with main assembly34. Depicted implementation of main assembly34is shown to include groove34b2, groove34c1, gap34c2, groove34c3, groove34d2, and elongated aperture34e1. As depicted, elongated aperture34e1is sized, shaped and positioned to receive tab member32h(e.g., back edge32h2, middle32h3, and front edge32h4) when cap assembly32and main assembly34are coupled together. Turning toFIG.39, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-rear-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30. Depicted implementation of cap assembly32is shown to include elongated groove32bl. Turning toFIG.40, depicted therein is a rear-bottom-perspective view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.41, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-rear-top-perspective view of a portion of device case assembly30. Depicted implementation of main assembly34is shown to include elongated groove34b1, recessed portion34e2, and raised portion34e3. Turning toFIG.42, depicted therein is a rear-top-perspective view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.43, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-front-top-perspective view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.44, depicted therein is a front-top-perspective view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.45, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-bottom-plan view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.46, depicted therein is a bottom-plan view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.47, depicted therein is a side-elevational view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.48, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-perspective view of a portion of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.49, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-perspective view of a portion of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.50, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-side-elevational view of device case assembly30. Turning toFIG.51, depicted therein is a cross-sectional-partial-exploded-side-elevational view of device case assembly30taken along the51-51cutline ofFIG.45. Turning toFIG.52, depicted therein is an enlarged portion identified by the “52” demarcated area ofFIG.51of cross-sectional-partial-exploded-side-elevational view of device case assembly30taken along the51-51cutline ofFIG.45. Turning toFIG.53, depicted therein is an enlarged portion of cross-sectional-partial-engaged-side-elevational view of device case assembly30taken along the51-51cutline ofFIG.45. Turning toFIG.54, depicted therein is an enlarged portion of cross-sectional-engaged-side-elevational view of device case assembly30taken along the51-51cutline ofFIG.45. Turning toFIG.55, depicted therein is a front-rear perspective of a portion of device case assembly30and portable electronic device100. Turning toFIG.56, depicted therein is a front-rear perspective of a portion of device case assembly30and portable electronic device100. Turning toFIG.57, depicted therein is a front-rear perspective of a portion of device case assembly30and portable electronic device100. Turning toFIG.58, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-front-bottom-perspective view of case assembly40. Depicted implementation of case assembly40is shown to include cap assembly42, and main assembly44. Depicted implementation of cap assembly42is shown to include side wall42a, side wall42b, edge42c, side wall42d, aperture42e, and tab member42f. Depicted implementation of side wall42dis shown to include recess42d1, and recess42d2. Depicted implementation of tab member42fis shown to include tab body42f2with semi-flexible protrusion42f1and semi-flexible protrusion42f3extending therefrom. Depicted implementation of main assembly44is shown to include side wall44a, side wall44b, side assembly44c, side wall44d, and base44e. Depicted implementation of side assembly44cis shown to include side wall portion44c1, extended portion44c2, protrusion44c3, aperture44c4, protrusion44c5, and edge44c6. Depicted implementation of side wall44dis shown to include recess44d1, and recess44d2. Turning toFIG.59, depicted therein is a front-bottom-perspective view of case assembly40. Turning toFIG.60, depicted therein is a bottom-plan view of case assembly40. Turning toFIG.61, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-front-top-perspective view of case assembly40. Depicted implementation of tab member42fis shown to include recess42f4. Turning toFIG.62, depicted therein is a front-top-perspective view of case assembly40. Turning toFIG.63, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-side-elevational view of case assembly40. Turning toFIG.64, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-cross-sectional-bottom-plan view of case assembly40taken along the64-64cutline ofFIG.63. Turning toFIG.65, depicted therein is a portion of the partial-exploded-cross-sectional-bottom-plan view of case assembly40taken along the65dashed-line area ofFIG.64. Depicted implementation of edge42cis shown to include aperture42c1, and aperture42c2. Depicted implementation of tab member42fis shown to include barb42f1a, curvilinear member42f1b, barb42f3a, and curvilinear member42f3b. Depicted implementation of aperture44c4is shown to include front slope44c4a, peak44c4b, rear slope44c4c, front slope44c4d, peak44c4e, rear slope44c4f, and protrusion44c4g. As depicted, aperture44c4is configured to receive semi-flexible protrusion42f1, tab body42f2, and semi-flexible protrusion42f3of tab member42fwhen cap assembly42and main assembly44are coupled together. Turning toFIG.66, depicted therein is a cross-sectional-bottom-plan view of a portion of case assembly40. Turning toFIG.67, depicted therein is a portion of a bottom-plan view of case assembly40. Turning toFIG.68, depicted therein is a partial-exploded-cross-sectional-side-elevational view of case assembly40taken along the68-68cutline ofFIG.67. Turning toFIG.69, depicted therein is a portion of the partial-exploded-cross-sectional-side-elevational view of case assembly40taken along the69dashed-line area ofFIG.68. Turning toFIG.70, depicted therein is a portion of a cross-sectional-side-elevational view of case assembly40. Turning toFIG.71, depicted therein is a side-elevational view of case assembly40. While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.

11857045

OVERVIEW One aspect of the disclosure provides a charging case for a pair of smart glasses, the case comprising a rigid frame structure defining an openable holding space for the pair of smart glasses, and a nonrigid, shock-resistant protective cover on the frame structure. In some embodiments, an exterior of the case may be predominantly defined by the shock resistant protective cover. As will be seen from the description of example embodiments with reference to the drawings, such an external shock-resistant cover provides shock protection not only for an eyewear device carried in the case, but additionally protects electronics components carried in the case. Furthermore, some embodiments provides for the establishment of a charging and/or data connection between the eyewear device and the case in which it is carried. In such cases, cushioning or padding inside the case, as with conventional carry cases, could problematically compromise integrity of the charging connection by allowing movement of the glasses relative to a connector on the case. Provision of a shock-reducing compressible protective layer outside of a substantially rigid case structure, serves to protect against minor shocks and bumps not only the glasses carried by the case, but also electronics housed within the case structure. Additionally, such an external protective cover promotes positive connection between the case and glasses housed therein by reducing relative movement of the glasses and the case, compared to existing carry cases having a hard outer shell and internal padding or cushioning in which the glasses are received. Some embodiments of this aspect of the disclosure thus provides a carry case for an electronics-enabled eyewear device, the case comprising:a substantially rigid frame that defines an interior holding space for the eyewear device, the frame being operable between an opened condition in which the holding space is accessible for insertion or removal of the eyewear device, and a closed condition;a protective cover on the frame, the protective cover being of a compressible material;one or more electronics components housed by the frame; anda connection arrangement carried by the frame and accessible to the eyewear device from the holding space, to enable coupling of the eyewear device, when located in the holding space, with the one or more electronics components of the case. In this description, “compressible material” means a material that is perceptibly deformable in its thickness dimension responsive to forces in the order of magnitude to which carry cases are regularly exposed. Examples of such compressible materials includes materials conventionally used for cushioning or padding in carry cases, foams (e.g., solidified polymeric foam), sponge-like materials, and elastomeric materials, such as rubber. In contrast, “rigid” means that the relevant material or component generally sustains its own shape and is not of a compressible material as defined above. The protective cover may be of a resiliently compressible material, for example being of a polymeric foam material. A resiliently compressible material generally returns to its original thickness after a compressive force ceases. In a particular example embodiment, the protective cover is of a polyurethane foam. In some embodiments, the protective cover is an outermost component of the carry case, such that an exterior surface of the case is predominantly defined by the protective cover. In some embodiments, the protective cover is an overmolded component, for example comprising a polymeric foam overmolded on an injection-molded thermoplastics frame. In other embodiments, the protective cover may be provided by one or more separately constructed pieces received on the frame, for example comprising a pair of rubber halves attached to respective frame halves. The frame may be provided by a formed sheet material. In this context, formed sheet material does not mean that a sheet stock material was deformed into a final shape, but rather means that the frame has a three-dimensional shape defined by a material having a relative small thickness dimension. In some embodiments, the frame is provided by injection-molded plastics material. In other embodiments, the frame may be formed from a flat sheet stock. In some embodiments, the frame is at least partially formed of a thermoplastic material, the protective cover being provided on an exterior surface of the frame. In one example, the frame of polycarbonate and/or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). In some embodiments, at least part of the frame (e.g., a part of the frame directly bordering a battery forming part of the one or more electronics components) is provided by a fire-resistant material, such as a glass-filled nylon plastic. The one or more electronics components housed by the frame in some embodiments include a charging battery, with the connection arrangement being configured to provide a charging coupling between the charging battery of the case and an onboard battery on the eyewear device. In some embodiments, the frame is of clamshell configuration, comprising two halves that are connected together for hinged displacement relative to one another between the open condition and the closed condition. In some such embodiments, one of the frame halves defines a housing cavity within which a charging battery forming part of the one or more electronics components is housed such that the charging battery in substantially enclosed by rigid material of the frame. In this manner, the battery is isolated from contact with either the protective cover or the holding space. In one example embodiment, the housing cavity is defined between a pair of rigid shells that are connected together to form a composite half of the rigid frame. The pair of shells that together form one half of the rigid frame may be analogous in shape, so that a convexity of one of the shells fits within a concavity of the other such that the housing cavity is defined between the two shells. At least part of housing cavity for the battery is in some embodiments defined by a fire-resistant material that is tolerant of the continuous operating temperatures corresponding to that of the charging battery. In this manner, fire risks associated with the charging and operation of rechargeable batteries are ameliorated by location of the battery in an at least partially heat-resistant and/or fire resistant compartment. By fire-resistant in this context is meant that the relevant material/component has a maximum continuous working temperature above 80° C. In one example embodiment, the housing cavity is partially defined by a glass-filled nylon plastic material that has a specified maximum allowable continuous service temperature in air of more than 100° C. The housing cavity is in some embodiments permanently closed (e.g., being sealed), such as to prevent user access to contents of the housing cavity without damage to a structure defining the housing cavity. In other embodiments, the housing cavity is semi-permanently closed, by which is meant that the housing cavity is openable and re-closeable, but that it is not constructed for ready and accessible access. In some embodiments, the carry case includes a control button accessible on an exterior thereof, the control button being operably connected to the one or more electronics components to enable user control of operation of the one or more electronics components via the control button. In one example embodiment, the electronics components are configured to enable reset of an electronics function of the carry case by user operation of the control button. In some embodiments, the carry case further includes a charge level indicator on an exterior of the case, the charge level indicator being operable to provide a visual indication of a charging status of a battery forming part of the one or more electronics components of the case. In a particular embodiment, the charge level indicator comprises a series of lighting devices (e.g., LEDs) arranged peripherally about the control button. Instead, or in addition, some embodiments a charge level indicator on an exterior of the case is operable to provide a visual indication of a charging status of a battery forming part of an eyewear device located in the holding space and coupled to the one or more electronics components via the connection arrangement. In some embodiments, a common charge level indicator is used in one operational mode to indicate the case battery charge, and is used in another operational mode to indicate the eyewear battery charge level. Thus, for example, while the eyewear device is stowed in the carry case, the charge level indicator can in one embodiment indicate charge level of the eyewear battery, e.g., responsive to a button press. While the carry case is, however, in such an embodiment connected to an external power supply for charging of the case battery, charge level indicator can indicate case battery charge level. Another aspect of the disclosure provides for a method comprising:storing an electronics-enabled eyewear device in a carry case for the eyewear device, the case comprising:a frame that having an interior that defines a holding space for the eyewear device;a protective cover on the frame, the protective cover being of a compressible material; anda charging battery housed by the frame;establishing an electrical connection between the charging battery in the case and an on-board battery of the eyewear device via a connection arrangement forming part of the case; andcharging the on-board battery of the eyewear device via the arrangement while the eyewear device is located in the holding space. As discussed previously, wherein the protective cover is in some example embodiments of a polymeric foam material that provides an outermost component of the carry case, such that an exterior surface of the case is predominantly defined by the protective cover. The method may in some embodiments include operating a control button accessible on an exterior of the carry case to control operation of one or more electrical components incorporated in the carry case. Such operations can include triggering reset of case electronics, triggering display of a case battery charge level, or triggering display of an a charge level of an onboard battery forming part of an eyewear device stored in the case. As mentioned, it is a benefit of the case in such example embodiments is that it provides shock resistant protection to electronics housed in the rigid frame of the case. This is in contrast to conventional cases, in which padding or shock resistant material is provided inside a rigid case, to primarily protect glasses carried in the case from damage when the case is subjected to shocks or bumps. A further benefit of some of the disclosed embodiments is that heat-generating components of the charging case are substantially entirely bordered by rigid synthetic material, which is generally more heat tolerant and/or fire resistant than nonrigid cushioning or padding material. One example embodiment is schematically illustrated and described inFIGS.1-9of the drawings, in which the carry case is generally indicated by reference numeral100.FIGS.1-3show respective exterior views of the example carry case100in a closed condition. As can be seen inFIG.1, almost the entire exterior of the case100is provided by a protective cover107that is of a resiliently compressible polyurethane foam. The foam cover107thus provides a measure of shock-resistance to all components located within it. In this example embodiment, the case100is a clamshell-type case, having two halves113,115that are connected together for hinged displacement relative to one another about a hinge206(seeFIG.2) at abutting rear edges of the halves113,115. The halves113,115can thus be hingedly moved between the closed condition shown inFIGS.1-4, and an opened condition (FIGS.5and9). The protective cover107is in this example embodiment provided by two separate foam pieces (further referred to as the top foam123the bottom foam125), best seen inFIGS.7and8respectively. As can be seen from these figures, the top foam123and bottom foam125fit snugly over respective parts of a rigid frame408, thus providing a foam jacket for the case100. In this example embodiment, the resiliently compressible material of the protective cover107is provided by a polyurethane foam. Returning now toFIG.1, the exterior of the multifunctional charging case100further includes a user input mechanism in the example form of a press button139connected to electronics incorporated in the case100for controlling one or more electronics functionalities of the case100and/or of an eyewear device (e.g., a pair of smart glasses909housed within the case100, shown inFIG.9). The exterior of the case100further includes a visual indicator142for displaying respective visual indications corresponding to one or more attributes or operational modes of the case100and/or of the glasses909housed therein. In this example embodiment, the indicator142comprises a ring of light emitters in the example form of LEDs arranged concentrically around the circular press button139. As will be described later, a charge level of the case100or the glasses909can be indicated by the particular proportion of LEDs in the ring indicator142that are at lit at a particular time. Thus, the ring of LEDs providing the indicator142is at times partially illuminated, so that the proportion of the LED ring that is illuminated corresponds to the proportion of battery charge. In this example, the LEDs are located beneath a ring-shaped translucent cover, so that the LEDs of the indicator142are obscured from view when not lit up. Observe that the concentric button139and indicator142are in register with a corresponding circular cutout in the bottom foam125, thus exposing the button139and indicator142for user access and view. Additionally, note that the button139is located below flush with an external surface of the bottom foam125, thus being protected from accidental activation of the button139when placed on a flat support surface. In some examples, the indicator142may be substantially flush with the foam cover107. In other embodiments, all of the external features of the case100(in particular, the charging port209, the button139, the indicator142, and the rims of the frame408at the seam gap170) can be sub-flush relative to the protective cover107. Turning now toFIG.2, therein can be seen an external charge port209for receiving a charge connector to enable charging of a battery419(FIG.4) via an external power source. Again, a rounded oblong cutout in the bottom foam125coinciding with the charge port209exposes the charge port209for access by charging cable and/or connector. The top foam123and the bottom foam125stop somewhat short of a plane at which the frame halves meet, thus defining between them a relatively narrow, peripherally extending seam gap170. At a front of the case (FIG.1), the seam gap170widens somewhat in a central location to expose a clasp175for manual user access. As can be seen inFIG.2, the seam gap170is recessed, so that the cover107protects partially exposed rims of the rigid frame408against direct contact when the case100is, for example, dropped or bumped while in the closed condition. As will be seenFIGS.1-3, an exterior surface of the case100is thus predominantly provided by the protective foam cover107, with the only exposed areas of the case exterior being the button139and indicator142, the charge port209, the seam gap170, and the clasp175. FIG.4is a cross-sectional view of the multifunctional charging case100, from which it can be seen that the top foam123and the bottom foam125(together providing the protective cover107) are supported on a composite, substantially rigid frame408that provides an internal skeletal structure of the case100. The frame408defines an internal holding space430for receiving and protectively stowing an eyewear device such as the example smart glasses909ofFIG.9. Consistent with the previously described clamshell construction of the case100, the composite frame408is defined by a concave top shell413connected by the hinge206to a similarly shaped, oppositely orientated bottom shell415. The concavities of the top shell413and the bottom shell415together define the holding space430when the case100is in the closed position, as shown inFIG.4. As can be seen inFIG.4(and as is most clearly evident inFIGS.7and8), the top shell413is of one-piece construction and has no cavity interior thereto, while the bottom shell415is of composite, double-shell construction and defines an internal housing cavity447that holds one or more electronics components of the case100. In this example embodiment, the housing cavity447houses a battery assembly (shown in disassembled, exploded form inFIG.8), for brevity identified herein as the battery419. The composite bottom shell415is provided by a bottom inner shell423received in a similarly shaped, larger bottom outer shell425. A spacing between the bottom inner shell423and the bottom outer shell425provides the housing cavity447. Note that the electronics and the battery419housed in the housing cavity is substantially entirely isolated from the foam cover107and from the holding space430by relatively heat-resistant plastics sheet material of the bottom shell415. As mentioned previously, one of both of the component shells423,425of the bottom half115can in some embodiments be of a fire-resistant material, such as glass-filled nylon. In this example embodiment, the bottom outer shell425is of injection molded polycarbonate/ABS plastics material, while the bottom inner shell423is of a glass-filled nylon plastics material. In this manner, material components that have relatively lower heat tolerance and that may be provided indirect exposure to the holding space430for scratch resistance and/or aesthetic purposes is substantially similarly isolated from relatively high maximum operating temperatures of the battery419(e.g., 40-70° C.) by the glass filled nylon bottom inner shell423, which has significantly higher heat tolerance. In this example embodiment, a contact surface for the glasses909is provided by a spray-on nylon fiber liner forming a top flocking433and a bottom flocking435. The provision of the flocking layer433,435on those surfaces of the top and bottom shells413,415that define the holding space430provides, inter alia, for scratch resistant-holding of the glasses909in the case100. In this example embodiment, the bottom inner shell423and the bottom outer shell425are permanently attached, e.g., being sealed together, so that the housing cavity447is permanently closed. In other embodiments, the inner and outer bottom shells423,425can be detachably connected, so that the housing cavity447is close semi-permanently. This permits vocational removal and replacement of the battery419. Also visible inFIG.4is a connection arrangement provided within the holding space430for enabling coupling of the glasses909to electronics incorporated in the case100(in this example enabling a charging connection with the battery419). In this example embodiment, the charging connection is provided by a pair of support pads463for supporting the complementary pair of glasses909in a charging position (FIG.9), one of the support pads463having a charging connector467configured to connect to the glasses909when the glasses are received on the support pads463. As can be seen inFIG.5, the support pads463are located on opposite ends of the holding space430to support respective ends of a frame of the glasses909, when the glasses909are in a folded condition. A connection port complementary to the charging connector467is exposed on the glasses frame, when the glasses909are folded, for complementary mating engagement with the charging connector467of the support pad463. Note that only one of the support pads463is in this example provided with a charging connector467. In other embodiments, however, both charging pads can be configured for connection with the glasses909. Turning briefly toFIG.9, therein is shown a kit900consisting of the case100and the complementary glasses909according to the example embodiment, the glasses909being docked with case100by engagement of the glasses' charging port with the charging connector467provided on one of the support pads463. In some embodiments, connection between the glasses909and the case electronics, when the glasses909are docked, provides exclusively for a power supply connection to charge an onboard battery of the glasses909by use of the case battery419. In other embodiments, a docking connection between the case100and the glasses909can instead or in addition provide for data transfer between the glasses909and the case100, and/or between the glasses909and an external device connected to the glasses909via the case100. In such an example, the electronics incorporated in the case100can include a memory storage device configured to permit download and temporary storage of data (e.g., video clips) from the glasses909while docked. docked on the charging supports. The case100may in such case further include a data link, e.g., by wireless link or a USB port, to enable later download of stored content from the case memory to a separate device. Note that the some aspects of the glasses909and the case100may function consistent with the disclosure of Applicant's patent application Ser. No. 14/687,308, filed Apr. 15, 2015 and titled EYEWEAR HAVING SELECTIVELY EXPOSABLE FEATURE. A number of further components of the case100can be seen inFIGS.6-8, which for clarity of illustration and ready comprehension show exploded views respectively of the case100as a whole (FIG.6), of the top half113(FIG.7), and of the bottom half115(FIG.8). Selected components that are visible in these views but which have not previously been described include: top and bottom closure magnets707(FIGS.7and8); a lithium polymer cell battery pack809(FIG.8); a stainless steel battery cover818(FIG.8); a stainless steel battery cover grounding bracket827(FIG.8); and a printed circuit board (PCB)836that provides a computer processor and controlling circuitry for controlling various electronic functions of the battery419and the case100. Item176is a weight attached to the lip of the bottom half115to reduce the risk of the case100tipping backwards when open. In other words, the lip weight176keeps a bottom surface of the case100flat against a substantially horizontal support surface, when the case100is in the opened condition, as shown inFIG.9. In use, the glasses909can be docked in the holding space430such that it is in charging connection with the battery419, allowing charging of the onboard battery of the glasses909. Although the glasses909can be charged in the opened condition shown inFIG.9(in which a charge level of the glasses battery can be indicated via a mode indicator921forming part of the glasses909), charging of the glasses909can continue while the case100is closed for carrying. While the glasses909are thus docked and stowed in the case100, the protective foam cover107provides a measure of shock resistance not only to the glasses909contained inside, but also to the electronic components of the case100, such as the battery419, and the PCB836. As noted previously, the external foam cover107thus provides not only broader shock protection than is the case with conventional eyewear carry cases, but additionally promotes continuous charging connection of the glasses909with the internal charging connector467by damping external shocks or bumps to the substantially rigid frame408. A number of functionalities are provided by the case100while the glasses909are stowed therein. In this example embodiment, a single press of the exterior button139causes display of a charge indication of the onboard battery of the glasses909being charged within. Instead, or in addition, operation of the button139can serve in some embodiments to trigger indication of a charge level of the battery419of the case100. In this embodiment, the indicator142of the case100is configured automatically for display charge level of the battery419while the battery419is being charged by connection to an external power supply via the charge port209. A further function of the press button139in this example embodiment is that holding down of the button139for a predefined interval (e.g., 10 seconds) triggers electronic reset of the case100. Language Throughout this specification, plural instances may implement components, operations, or structures described as a single instance. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functionality presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter herein. Although an overview of the inventive subject matter has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope of embodiments of the present disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually or collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single disclosure or inventive concept if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. The embodiments illustrated herein are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed. Other embodiments may be used and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense. As used herein, the term “or” may be construed in either an inclusive or exclusive sense. Moreover, plural instances may be provided for resources, operations, or structures described herein as a single instance. Additionally, boundaries between various resources, operations, modules, engines, and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in a context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within a scope of various embodiments of the present disclosure. In general, structures and functionality presented as separate resources in the example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or resource. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single resource may be implemented as separate resources. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within a scope of embodiments of the present disclosure as represented by the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

11857046

DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1shows an apparatus10being a container for presenting and storing an object12, such as a personal ornament, wherein an actuatable member14is in a closed position according to an exemplary embodiment. The apparatus10includes a base16and a shell18where a bottom end20of the shell18is rotatably coupled to the base16such that the base16and shell18can be rotated relative to one another. The container10of this embodiment is substantially cylinder-shaped and the center axis22of the cylinder shape is also the axis of rotation of the base16and the shell18. The shell18further includes a top side24defining an aperture26around the center axis22and an actuatable member14includes a plurality of blades28that overlap with each other to form an iris diaphragm that in the closed position occludes the aperture26. FIG.2shows the apparatus10ofFIG.1with the actuatable member14in an open position. As illustrated, in the open position, the aperture blades28are retracted by the relative motion between the base16and the shell18such that the blades28are moved to not occlude the aperture26. In the open position illustrated inFIG.2, the container10is open and an object12such as a ring or other jewelry or personal ornament is presented via a cradle30visible through the aperture26. The cradle30of this embodiment includes a compartment formed by a slit32into a flexible foam material forming a top side34of the cradle30. The object12to be presented is inserted into the slit32and held secure by frictional forces of the flexible foam material of the cradle30. FIG.3shows an exploded view of the components forming the apparatus10ofFIG.1according to an exemplary embodiment. The components include the base16, a ball bearing36, an inner mechanism38having a cylindrical body40and upper annulus42, the cradle30, two cradle pivot pins44, one cradle lever pin46, a channel member48, a plurality of eight iris blades28forming the actuatable member14, and the shell18. FIG.4illustrates a side view of the apparatus10ofFIG.1. As shown, the shell18sits atop the base16. The base16in this embodiment includes a small indent35around the upper portion of the base16. This is included for firstly for aesthetics. It helps to visually break up the connection between the wood shell18and aluminum base16. Further, the indent35provides some ‘room for error’ because the wood shells18may be sanded by hand and may therefore rarely be exactly the same diameter as the base16. The little indent35allows for a slight variance in diameter between the shell18and the base16without that variance looking like an error. FIGS.5and6illustrate how the cradle30is pivotable between a presentation position where the top side34of the cradle30faces toward the aperture26and a storage position where the top side34of the cradle30does not face toward the aperture26. In particular,FIG.5illustrates a cross section of the apparatus10taken across a plane parallel to the plane indicated A-A inFIG.4with the cradle30pivoted in a presentation position, andFIG.6illustrates a cross section of the apparatus10taken across a plane parallel to the plane indicated A-A inFIG.4with the cradle30pivoted in a closed position. As shown inFIG.5, in the presentation position, the cradle30is rotated such that the top side34of the cradle30and the ring12attached thereto is presented to a user via the aperture26. The presentation position of the cradle shown inFIG.5corresponds to and occurs simultaneously with the open position of the actuatable member14shown inFIG.2. Alternatively, when the actuatable member14is in the closed position as illustrated inFIG.1, the cradle30is rotated ninety degrees into the storage position as shown inFIG.6. In this way, the ring12is held within an interior volume of the apparatus10and does not impede the aperture blades28from moving to occlude the aperture26. FIG.7illustrates a perspective view of a dual-hole side52of the cradle30that includes two pin holes54,56. A pivot hole54is provided on both the dual-side side52and a single-hole side58of the cradle30(see the single-hole side58of the cradle30having only the pivot hole54inFIG.3) and pivot pins44are inserted into the pivot holes54on either side52,58to thereby form a cradle axis of rotation60running through the line formed by the pivot pins44. Further, at least one side52,58of the cradle30has a lever pin hole56for accepting a lever pin46. The lever pin46extends parallel to the pivot pin44but is off the axis of rotation60such that lateral forces applied to the lever pin46act to pivot the cradle30around the cradle's axis of rotation60. FIG.8illustrates the inner mechanism38of the apparatus ofFIG.1according to an exemplary embodiment. The inner mechanism38includes a cylindrical body40having a bottom end62for affixing to an inner race64of the ball bearing36(seeFIG.3) and a top end68that includes an annulus42flaring radially from the top end68around the center axis22. The cylindrical body40has two pivot holes70for accepting and rotatably holding captive the pivot pins44of the cradle30. The cylindrical body40further includes a C-slot72being an arc that traverses a portion of a circle around the pivot hole70on at least one side of the inner mechanism38. The pivot pin44of the cradle30goes into the pivot hole70on the cylindrical body40, and the lever pin46of the cradle30on that same side passes through the C-slot72. In this embodiment, as illustrated inFIG.7, the pivot pins44are shorter than the lever pin46. The length of the pivot pin44is such that the pivot pin44passes into the pivot hole70on the cylindrical body40of the inner mechanism38but an outwards-extending end74of the pivot pin44(seeFIG.7) is at most flush with the outer sidewall of the cylindrical body40. In this embodiment, the pivot pin44does not extend past the outer sidewall of the cylindrical body40. In contrast, the lever pin46is longer than the pivot pin44such that the outwards-extending end76of the lever pin46both passes through the C-slot72and further extends outwards a distance past the outer sidewall of the cylindrical body40for engaging a channel78, described next. FIG.9illustrates a curved channel member48for defining a channel78according to an exemplary embodiment. An outside surface80of the curved channel member is mounted with adhesive to an inner sidewall of the shell18such that the channel78is fixed in position relative to the shell18. Since the channel member48is mounted to the shell18and the inner mechanism38is mounted to the base16, as relative motion around the center axis22occurs between the base16and shell18, the same relative motion occurs between the channel78and the inner mechanism38. The interplay between the lever pin46extending through the C-slot72of the inner mechanism38and forces exerted on said lever pin46by the channel78controls and drives the rotation of the cradle30between the storage position (FIG.6) and the presentation position (FIG.5). FIG.10illustrates a flattened cross-sectional view comparing a first cross section82through the C-slot72of the cylindrical body40and a second cross section84through the channel78illustrating the relative positions of the lever pin46in the C-slot72and the channel78while the cradle30is in the storage position according to an exemplary embodiment. The diagrams ofFIG.10and alsoFIG.11, described next, are flattened meaning the curvature of the cylindrical body40of the inner mechanism38and the channel78around the center axis22is removed. Both cross sections82,84are taken facing toward the center of axis22and the cradle axis of the rotation60passes lengthwise through the center of the pivot pin44. As shown inFIG.10, the channel78is formed by two portions: a first portion78awhere the channel substantially is flat (horizontal—0 degrees) and a second portion78bwhere the channel is angled upwards. The first portion78aof the channel78is much longer than the second portion78band acts to hold the lever pin46down such that the lever pin46is positioned at the bottom end86of the C-slot72. When the base16and shell18are rotated relative to one another such that the relative positions of the C-slot72and the channel78are as illustrated inFIG.10, the force exerted on the lever pin46by the channel78acts to rotate the cradle30such that it is in the storage position as illustrated inFIG.6. FIG.11illustrates a flattened cross-sectional view comparing the first cross section82through the C-slot72of the cylindrical body40and the second cross section84through the channel78illustrating the relative positions of the lever pin46in the C-slot72and the channel78while the cradle30is in the presentation position according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown inFIG.11, the second portion78bof the channel78acts to push the lever pin46upwards such that the lever pin46is positioned at the top end88of the C-slot72. When the base16and shell18are rotated relative to one another such that the relative positions of the C-slot72and the channel78are as illustrated inFIG.11, the force exerted on the lever pin46by the channel78acts to rotate the cradle30such that it is in the presentation position as illustrated inFIG.5. As illustrated, the channel78guides the lever pin46to traverse between different ends86,88of the C-slot72based on relative motion between the channel78and the C-slot72(i.e., relative motion between the shell18and the base16). In this embodiment, most of this relative motion will not actually result in a change to the angle of the cradle30because the lever pin48will remain within the first portion78aof the channel78and thereby stay at the bottom end86of the C-slot72. Only near the end of the relative motion just as the aperture blades28are approaching the fully opened position does the second portion78bof the channel78come into play to move the lever pin46to the top end88of the C-slot, thereby rotating the cradle30to the presentation position. In this embodiment, the first portion78aof the channel78is much longer than the second portion78b, and the second portion78bis only near the end of the channel78. This structure means that the cradle rotation only occurs when the iris diaphragm formed by the actuatable member14is generally opened. In this way, a ring12or other object mounted on the top side34of the cradle30will generally not impact or otherwise impede operation of the aperture blades28opening and closing. FIGS.12,13, and14respectfully illustrate a top view of the inner mechanism38, a side view of the channel72against the inner mechanism38, and a zoomed-in side view showing the lever pin46position within the C-slot72as controlled by the channel78while the actuatable member14is in a fully closed position and the cradle30is in the storage position. The relative motion between the base16and the shell18is such that the lever pin46is positioned in the first portion72aof the channel near a first end90of the channel78. At this relative position between the channel and the cylindrical body, the channel holds the lever pin to the bottom of the C-slot and the cradle is thereby pivoted to the storage position. As explained further below, at this position, the actuatable member moves the blades such that the iris diaphragm is in a fully closed position. FIGS.15,16, and17respectfully illustrate a top view of the inner mechanism38, a side view of the channel78against the inner mechanism38, and a zoomed-in side view showing the lever pin46position within the C-slot72as controlled by the channel72while the actuatable member14is in a partially opened position and the cradle30remains in the storage position. The relative motion between the base16and the shell18is such that the lever pin46is still positioned in the first portion of the channel78a—i.e., the lever pin46is moved to be adjacent to but not yet within the second portion78bof the channel78. At this relative position between the channel78and the cylindrical body40, the channel78still holds the lever pin48to the bottom of the C-slot72and the cradle30is thereby pivoted in the storage position. However, as explained below, the actuatable member14moves the blades28such that the iris diaphragm occluding the aperture26is almost fully opened. FIGS.18,19, and20respectfully illustrate a top view of the inner mechanism38, a side view of the channel78against the inner mechanism38, and a zoomed-in side view showing the lever pin46position within the C-slot72as controlled by the channel78while the actuatable member14is in a partially opened position and the cradle30is being rotated between the storage position and the presentation position. The relative motion between the base16and the shell18is such that the lever pin46is now positioned in the second portion78bof the channel72—i.e., the portion78bof the channel72that is angled upwards as seen inFIG.20. At this relative position between the channel78and the cylindrical body40, the angled channel78bpushes the lever pin46upwards in the C-slot72toward (but not yet at) the top end88of the C-slot72. As shown inFIG.19, the cradle30is thereby pivoted to be between the storage position and the presentation position. Again, at this relative position, the actuatable member14has moved the blades28such that the iris diaphragm is almost fully opened. A ring12or other object that may be mounted on the top side of the cradle30neither blocks nor is blocked by the aperture blades28. A user can also thereby see into the aperture26to observe the rotation of the cradle30occurring, which adds to the accentuation of the presentation of the object12. FIGS.21,22, and23respectfully illustrate a top view of the inner mechanism38, a side view of the channel78against the inner mechanism38, and a zoomed-in side view showing the lever pin46position within the C-slot72as controlled by the channel78while the actuatable member14is in the opened position and the cradle30is in the presentation position. The relative motion between the base16and the shell18is such that the lever pin46is now positioned near an end of the second portion78bof the channel78. At this relative position between the channel72and the cylindrical body40, the angled second portion78bof the channel78pushes the lever pin46to the top end88of the C-slot72. As shown inFIG.22, the cradle30is thereby pivoted fully to the presentation position. At this relative position, the actuatable member14has also moved the blades28such that the iris diaphragm is fully opened. The object12mounted on the top surface34of the cradle30is thereby presented to the user through the aperture26. FIGS.24to29show various perspective views of the interplay between the relative positions of the lever pin46, channel78, and pivot pin44of the cradle30in presentation and open positions according to an exemplary embodiment.FIGS.24-26show how the lever pin46is pivoted by the second channel portion78bsuch that the cradle30is rotated into in the presentation position andFIGS.27-30show how the lever pin46is pivoted by the first channel portion78asuch that the cradle30is rotated into the storage position. In particular,FIG.24illustrates a first perspective view of the lever pin46of the cradle30being driven by the second channel portion78bto be above the pivot pin44such that the cradle30is rotated to face upwards in the presentation position as seen from above the cradle30, andFIG.25illustrates a second perspective view of the lever pin46of the cradle30being driven by the second channel portion78bto be above the pivot pin44such that the cradle30is rotated to face upwards in the presentation position as seen from below the cradle30. As illustrated, moving the lever pin46by the second channel portion78bon the channel member48such that the lever pin46is positioned vertically above the pivot pin44results in the cradle30being rotated into the presentation position. In the presentation position, the top side34of the cradle30including the slit32for attaching an object12such as a ring faces toward the center of the opened iris aperture26formed by the aperture blades28. FIG.26illustrates a third perspective view of the lever pin46of the cradle30being driven by the channel78to be above the pivot pin44such that the cradle30is rotated to face upwards in the presentation position. As seen inFIG.26, the lever pin46is within the second, angled portion78bof the channel78such that the lever pin46is above the pivot44. FIG.27illustrates a perspective view of the lever pin46being pivoted by the channel78around the pivot pin44to thereby rotate the cradle30to be in the storage position.FIG.28andFIG.29show additional perspective views of the first channel portion78amoving the lever pin46relative to the pivot pin44thereby ensuring the cradle30is pivoted to the storage position. FIG.30shows a first perspective view of the shell18showing the underside92of the shell18. Likewise,FIG.31shows a second perspective view of the shell18showing the topside94of the shell18. For completeness,FIG.32illustrates a first side96of an aperture blade28including a protrusion98—although not illustrated, the aperture blade28flipped over generally looks the same; however, the protrusion98is on the other end100of the blade28. Each of the aperture blades28acts as an actuatable member14that moves between a closed position in which the blade28at least partially occludes the aperture26, and an open position in which the blade28does not occlude at least part of the aperture28. Together, a plurality of aperture blades28creates the iris diaphragm that opens and closes in accordance with the relative motion between the base16and shell18. Operation of the iris in some embodiments is similar to as described in the inventor's prior U.S. Pat. No. 10,315,836, granted on Jun. 11, 2019, and entitled “METHODS, USES, AND APPARATUS FOR PRESENTING AND STORING OBJECTS” (hereinafter “the '836 patent”), which is incorporated herein by reference. Briefly described, as shown inFIG.8, the inner mechanism38comprises an annulus42around the central axis22and extending from an end68of the cylindrical body opposite the base16. The annulus42encircles the aperture26and has a plurality of radial tracks102. An actuatable member14is formed by a plurality of aperture blades28, each with a first and second protrusions98. The first projection98of each of the aperture blades28is rotatably connected to the shell18at a point adjacent to the aperture (see connection points104on the underside92of the shell18inFIG.30) and the second projection98of each of the aperture blades28is translatable within a radial track102of the plurality of radial tracks104on the annulus42(see tracks102of annulus42inFIG.8). In this way, the plurality of aperture blades28define an iris diaphragm that has an iris opening when the relative motion between base16and shell18drives the blades28into the open position that is larger than any iris opening that occurs when the blades28are driven to the closed position. When the base16is rotated relative to the shell18in a first direction, relative positions of the actuatable member14and the shell18drive the aperture blades28to decreasingly occlude the aperture26. In other words, the iris diaphragm closes. When the base16is rotated relative to the shell18in a second direction, relative positions of the actuatable member14and the shell18drive the aperture blades28to increasingly occlude the aperture—i.e., the iris diaphragm opens. A plurality of eight aperture blades28is utilized in some embodiments to provide a good balance of tighter iris in the closed position and an interesting opening/closing effect. As shown inFIGS.30and31, the top side24of the shell18includes a chamfered edge106that defines the aperture26. In some embodiments, the shell18and/or base16is/are at least partially made of wood. In some embodiments, the shell18and/or base16is/are at least partially made of aluminum. The shell18and the base16are each independently rotationally symmetric about the central axis22. This is achieved in some embodiments by coupling the base16and the inner mechanism38to an inner race64of the ball bearing36, and further coupling the shell18to the outer race66of the ball bearing36(seeFIG.3). These couplings may be done by epoxy or other adhesive and thereby allow the base16and inner mechanism38pair to rotate relative to the outer shell18. According to an exemplary embodiment, a container10includes a base16and a shell18rotatably coupled to one another. The shell18defines an aperture26and a cradle30is rotatably mounted therein. The top34of the cradle30holds an object12and the cradle30is pivotable between presentation and storage positions. An actuatable member14is movable to open or occlude the aperture26. Rotation of the base16relative to the shell18, in a first direction, drives the actuatable member14towards an open position and pivots the cradle30towards the presentation position, and rotation in a second direction drives the actuatable member14towards a closed position and pivots the cradle30towards the storage position. A lever pin46on the cradle30extends through a C-slot72of an inner mechanism38rotating with the base16to a channel78on the shell. Rotation between the base16and shell18causes the channel78to drive the lever pin46to different ends86,88of the C-slot72to thereby pivot the cradle30. Exemplary benefits of some embodiments include a thinner container10than that provided by the above-mentioned '836 patent. In particular, whereas the '836 patent only raises and lowers a carriage between a presentation position and a storage position, containers10according to some embodiments disclosed herein instead pivot a cradle30between presentation and storage positions. Pivoting of a cradle30as disclosed here can allow for making the shell18and inner mechanisms38having vertical heights that are not as tall as are required for the up and down motion of carriage in the '836 patent. In this way, containers10as disclosed herein that only pivot the cradle30may be particularly beneficially to situations such as surprise proposals where the container10needs to stay concealed in a pocket until the moment of proposal. Although the invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various modifications, additions and alterations may be made to the invention by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although the above description has focused on a container10that only pivots the cradle30between the presentation and storage positions, other embodiments are also possible. For instance, in some embodiments, both the lifting and lowering motions of carriage of the '836 patent and the pivoting motion disclosed herein are simultaneously imparted to the cradle30.FIGS.33to38illustrate one embodiment for achieving this effect. In general, the first portion78aof the channel78is changed to be angled upwards before reaching a second portion78bof the channel78that abruptly changes directly of the lever pin46. To help explain the concept,FIGS.33and34respectfully illustrate a side view of the channel78against the inner mechanism38and a zoomed-in side view showing the relative pivot pin44and lever pin46positions controlled by the channel78while the actuatable member14is in a fully opened position and the cradle30is moved to the presentation position. As shown inFIG.33, the cradle30is both pivoted by the relative pivot pin44and lever pin46positions to be in the presentation position and is further raised upward by the first channel portion78ato be proximal to the aperture26in this presentation position. At this position, the actuatable member14has moved the blades28such that the iris diaphragm is fully opened. A ring12or other object that may be mounted on the top side34of the cradle30thereby neither blocks nor is blocked by the aperture blades28. A user can also thereby see into the aperture26to see both the rotation and the vertical movement of the cradle30occurring, which adds to the accentuation of the presentation of the object12. FIGS.35and36respectfully illustrate a side view of the channel78against the inner mechanism38and a zoomed-in side view showing the relative pivot pin44and lever pin46positions controlled by the channel78while the actuatable member14is in a partially opened position and the cradle30is pivoted between the presentation and storage positions. As shown inFIG.35, right as the relative motion between the base16and the shell18starts to occur in the direction required to close the aperture26, the cradle30is immediately pivoted by the relative pivot and lever pin44,46positions toward the storage position. At this position, the actuatable member14has just barely started to move the blades28from the open position such that the iris diaphragm is only beginning to close. FIGS.37and38respectfully illustrate a side view of the channel78against the inner mechanism38and a zoomed-in side view showing the relative pivot pin44and lever pin46positions controlled by the channel78while the actuatable member14is in a partially closed position and the cradle30is pivoted into the storage position. As shown inFIG.37, the cradle30is fully pivoted by the relative pivot and lever pin44,46positions toward the storage position and the cradle30is also being lowered down the first portion78aof the channel78to become more distal from the aperture26. At this position, the actuatable member14has partially closed the iris blades. Lastly,FIGS.39and40respectfully illustrate a side view of the channel78against the inner mechanism38and a zoomed-in side view showing the relative pivot pin44and lever pin46positions controlled by the channel78while the actuatable member14is in a fully closed position and the cradle30is pivoted into the storage position. As shown inFIG.39, the cradle remains fully pivoted by the relative pivot and lever pin44,46positions to the storage position and the cradle30is also lowered fully down the first portion78aof the channel78to be a maximum distance from the aperture26. At this position, the actuatable member14has fully closed the iris blades28. As illustrated, in some embodiments, the cradle30is both pivoted and translated in position proximate to the aperture26. The presentation position has the cradle30rotated such that its top side34(with object12mounting means thereon) faces toward the aperture26and further has the cradle30moved to be proximal to the aperture26. The storage position has the cradle30rotated such that its top side34does not face the aperture26and further has the cradle30moved to be distal to the aperture26. Although the C-slots72and/or channels78described above act to rotate the cradle30ninety degrees between the presentation and storage positions, other embodiments have different angles. For instance, the storage position of the cradle30may be rotated to be sixty degrees or even one-hundred and eighty degrees from the presentation position in other embodiments. Additional components may also be added such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), other lights, battery, and a switch. For instance, in some embodiments, the container10includes a light that is turned on and off by a switch that opens and closes based on the relative rotation of the base and shell. The light may be located within the interior volume50of the container10or may be within the cradle30itself, for example. In some embodiments, the switch is closed to complete an electrical circuit between the light and battery to thereby illuminate the cradle30and object12thereon while the lever pin46is traversing the second portion78bof the channel78. In this way, the light turns on so the user can see the pivot action of the cradle30and turns off otherwise to save batteries such as when the container10is in storage. Although the above examples have illustrated the container10holding a personal ornament12being an engagement ring, this is only one application of the container10. The size and dimensions of the container10can be adjusted as needed to accommodate any type of object12to be stored therein and presented upon opening the container10. Examples of objects12that may be stored and presented utilizing a container10as disclosed herein include rings, bracelets, brooches, jewels, pendants, watches, necklaces, and the like. Further, although the above examples have shown the container10being cylinder shaped, other embodiments are also possible where the container10has different shapes such as being square, octagonal, etc. Although the actuatable member14is described as being formed by a plurality of aperture blades28that form an overlapping iris, other types of designs may also be utilized such as non-overlapping irises where the blades28do not overlap, for example. Functions of single components may be separated into multiple components, or the functions of multiple components may be combined into a single component. For example, although the channel78is described above as being provided on a curved member48that is attached to the shell18utilizing an adhesive, in other embodiments the channel78is formed on an inside wall92of the shell18. For instance, the channel78may be milled into the side of the shell18or may be formed during manufacture of the shell18utilizing a plastic injection molding process. Although the object12to be stored and presented utilizing the container10is described to be attached to the top side34of the cradle30utilizing a slit32, other attachment means are also possible. For instance, means for removably attaching the object to the top side of the cradle may includes slits, groves, snaps, clips, magnets, spring-loaded locks, miniature shackles, etc. All combinations and permutations of the above described features and embodiments may be utilized in conjunction with the invention.

11857047

With reference toFIGS.1, and2ato2g, the piece of luggage1according to the invention comprises a cavity10and a wall, called a support wall100, against which an object O can be held in a storage position inside the piece of luggage1. The piece of luggage1is in particular a suitcase and more specifically an “briefcase”. The support wall100is rigid and flat. To hold an object O against the support wall100, the piece of luggage1according to the invention comprises a holding system comprising at least one strap20. According to the present embodiment illustrated byFIG.1, the holding system comprises two straps20. The straps20extend against the support wall100in the absence of stress. More specifically, the straps20extend from a first side of the support wall, to a second side of the support wall, opposite the first side. As illustrated inFIG.2a, when the straps20are not used to hold an object, they are then pressed against the support wall100. In other words, at rest the straps20assume a position pressed against the support wall100. To this end, the straps20may be at least partially elastic or the piece of luggage comprises a system for tensioning the straps. For example, the straps20can be made from an elastic material or have elastic strips. These elastic strips can be located at the ends of the straps20, below the support wall100so that the straps20, in their pressed position or in a position where they are fully extended, still have a visible strip made of a noble material, such as leather, which is inelastic or less elastic than the elastic strips. According to another example, a system for tensioning the straps20can be in the shape of springs pulling the ends of the straps20, or else the shape of rollers coupled to springs so that the rollers tend to return the straps in their position pressed against the support wall100. According to the principle of the invention and as illustrated byFIGS.1, and2ato2g, the holding system also comprises:at least one rail21;at least one tightening member22slidably mounted on the rail21. The rail21is carried by the support wall100. The holding system comprises in particular a rail21for each strap20. According to the present embodiment illustrated byFIG.1, the holding system comprises two straps20and two rails21. Each strap20extends to cover a rail21in the absence of stresses. In other words, the holding system comprises a rail21underlying each strap20coupled to the support wall100. The tightening member22is in turn slidably mounted on the rail21at least partially covering the strap20. With reference toFIG.4, the support wall100has a recess1000inside which the rail21is housed. As illustrated byFIG.4, when it is not subjected to external stresses and it is thus pressed against the support wall100, the strap20is then flush with the surface of the support wall100directly adjacent to the recess1000. More specifically, it is an upper face of the strap20which is flush with the surface of the directly adjacent support wall100. The strap(s)20thus do not protrude from the support wall100. Still according to the principle of the invention, the tightening member22is movable between:an unlocked state in which it can slide freely along the rail21;a locked state in which it is immobilized on the rail21. With reference toFIGS.2ato2g, for a strap20, the holding system comprises two tightening members22. With reference to the embodiment illustrated inFIG.6, the holding system comprises three tightening members22for the same strap20. According to the embodiments illustrated byFIGS.3to8b, each tightening member22comprises a bar220which covers the strap20. This bar220has in particular a width sufficient to extend to cover, that is to say above, the width of the strap20. Each tightening member22also comprises a base221which carries the bar220and which slides on the rail21. In the unlocked state of the tightening member22, the bar220is in a low position close to the rail21. In the locked state of the tightening member22, the bar220is in an upper position away from the rail21relative to the low position. The strap20can drive the bar220from its low position to its high position. Consequently, when the strap20assumes a position in which it moves away from the support wall100from the rail21, then it exerts a traction on the bar220so that the bar200rises from its low position to its high position. In other words, the low position of the bar220corresponds to a non-pulled state, and the high position of the bar220corresponds to a pulled state. According to this design, the switching of the bar220from its low position (non-pulled state) to its high position (pulled state) causes the tightening member22to switch from its unlocked state to its locked state, thus immobilizing the tightening member22along the rail21. Conversely, the switching of the bar220from its high position (pulled state) to its low position (non-pulled state) causes the tightening member22to switch from its locked state to its unlocked state, then releasing the tightening member22and allowing it to slide freely along the rail21. Consequently, as illustrated byFIGS.2ato2gand as explained precisely below, by placing an object O under the strap20, against the support wall100, and by bringing the tightening member22closer to the object O, then the strap20is stretched away from the rail21from the tightening member22(due to the presence of the object O), and exerts a traction on the bar220allowing it to be switched in its high position (pulled state) and held it in this position. The bar220thus constitutes an actuator allowing to switch the tightening member22from its unlocked state to its locked state, and from its locked state to its unlocked state. To switch the tightening member22from its locked state to its unlocked state while the strap tends to hold the bar220in its high position (pulled state), a user only needs to press the bar220to switch it to its low position. The pressure of the user on the bar220then counteracts the traction exerted by the strap. After the pressure of the user and the switching of the bar220in its low position, the user can slide the bar220freely along the rail21, of course by maintaining pressure on the bar22, so as to loosen the strap20around the object O. According to the embodiments illustrated byFIGS.4to8b, the base221has at least one wheel5. The or each wheel5is essentially underlying the bar220, or located in the immediate vicinity of the bar220. The or each wheel5is in contact with the rail in the low position (non-pulled state) of the bar220, thus allowing to facilitate the sliding of the base221along the rail, in particular if a pressure is exerted on the bar220to hold it in its low position (non-pulled state). FIGS.3to5illustrate a first embodiment of the invention. According to this first embodiment and with reference toFIG.5, the base221extends longitudinally parallel to the rail21and has along its length:a first end portion31forming a sliding connection with the rail21;a second end portion32, opposite the first end portion31, carrying the bar220, and being at least partially movable in height relative to the rail21;a central spacing portion30located between the first end portion31and the second end portion32. With reference toFIGS.4and5, the first end portion31has two surfaces opposite to each other:a “ventral surface”310;a “dorsal surface”311. The ventral surface310is in contact with a surface oriented towards the top of the rail21, and the dorsal surface311is in contact with a surface oriented towards the bottom of the rail21. According to the present embodiment and with reference toFIGS.3and4, the base221is split into two side portions221a,221bsymmetrical to each other relative to a longitudinal plane L passing through a central axis of the rail21, perpendicular to the support wall100. These two side portions221a,221bare located on either side of the bar220. The rail21has a support strip210for the strap20. This support strip210is housed between the two side portions221a,221bof the base221of the tightening member22. According to this embodiment, each of the two side portions221a,221bhas, at the first end portion31, a groove61. These grooves61are symmetrical to each other relative to the longitudinal plane L. In cooperation with these grooves61, the rail21also has tabs62which are complementary to the grooves61, each tab62entering inside one of the grooves61. The tabs62each form a sliding connection with one of the grooves61. In this embodiment, the rail21thus has a support strip210and two tabs62extending on either side of the support strip210. Each of the tabs62of the rail21then has:an upwardly oriented surface on which the ventral surface310of the first end portion31of the base221comes into contact, anda downwardly oriented surface of the rail21on which the dorsal surface311of the first end portion31of the base221comes into contact. With reference toFIG.5, the dorsal surface311and the ventral surface310each have an edge312a,312bintended to be brought into the blocking position on the rail21, and in particular on the tabs62of the rail21, in the high position (pulled state) of the bar220. These edges312a,312bare longitudinally offset from each other along the base and more specifically along the first end portion31. The edge312abelonging to the dorsal surface311is located between the second end portion32and the edge312bbelonging to the ventral surface310. According to this embodiment and as illustrated inFIG.3, if a user:positions an object O under the strap20;brings the tightening member22close to the object O, andreleases the pressure he exerts on the bar220, then the strap20pulls the bar220in its high position (pulled state). With reference toFIG.5, this traction braces the base221and causes a blocking of the edges312a,312bon the rail21. The central spacing portion30creates a leverage effect which increases the pressure exerted by the edges on the rail21, thereby increasing the blocking phenomenon. FIGS.6to8billustrate a second embodiment of the invention. With reference to these figures, the bar220′ is in the shape of a buckle2200through which the strap20is intended to be inserted. As illustrated inFIGS.7and8b, the tightening member22has friction surfaces40. According to the first variant embodiment illustrated byFIGS.6,7and8b, the friction surfaces40are notched and complementary to racks400belonging to the rail21′. In the high position (pulled state) of the bar220′, the friction surfaces40are remote from the rail21′, and in particular from the racks400. In contrast, in the low position (non-pulled state) of the bar220′, the friction surfaces40are applied against the rail21′, and in particular the notches of the friction surfaces40are anchored in the racks400. According to another variant embodiment not shown, the friction surfaces40can be made of a non-slip material. With reference toFIGS.6to8b, the base221of the tightening member22comprises:a carriage2210sliding on the rail21′;means for transmitting the movement of the bar220′ which is carried by the base221, which comprises two levers4mounted to be movable in rotation on the carriage2210. The buckle2200is movable relative to the carriage2210using levers4. The levers4have the friction surfaces40, and means for connection to the bar220′. These connection means are in the shape of axis41. These levers4allow to move the friction surfaces40under the effect of the movement of the buckle2200. More specifically, the base221, the levers4and the buckle2200together form a mechanism called a “butterfly mechanism” allowing the rotation of two opposite levers4during the vertical translation of the buckle2200. With reference to the embodiment illustrated byFIGS.6,8aand8b, and as for the embodiment described previously illustrated byFIGS.3and4, the rail21′ also has tabs62′ which are complementary to grooves61′. Unlike the previous embodiment described, the base221has two tabs62′ complementary to two grooves61′ belonging to the rail21′. As with the first embodiment, the grooves61′ are symmetrical to each other relative to a longitudinal plane L passing through a central axis of the rail21′ and perpendicular to the support wall100. The tabs62′ in particular belong to the carriage2210. As mentioned above, the base221has wheels5. With reference toFIGS.6and7, the wheels5are carried by the tabs62′. The wheels5are arranged so as to center the tabs62′ inside the grooves61′. According to this embodiment, when the user presses on the bar220′, the buckle2200is pressed on the carriage2210. This recess results in the switching of the bar220′ from its high position (FIG.8a) to its low position (FIG.8b), or in other words from its pulled state to its non-pulled state. This change in position of the bar220′ relative to the carriage2210is made possible thanks to the levers40which pivot about their axes41and which cause the switching of the friction surfaces40from their position applied against the rail21′ (FIG.8a) to their position remote from the rail21′ (FIG.8b). In other words, there is unspiking of the tightening member22from the racks400of the rail21′. Conversely, if the strap20pulls the bar220′, and thus the buckle2200, in its high position (pulled state), then the friction surfaces40spike into the racks400, thereby immobilizing the tightening member22in position along the rail21. With reference toFIGS.2ato2g, the operating principle of the holding system of a piece of luggage according to the invention is explained below. InFIG.2a, the strap20is pressed against the rail21, on the support wall100. The strap20then covers the rail21. Two tightening members22are located along the rail21. According toFIG.2b, a portion of the strap20is lifted to slide a first object O between this portion of the strap20and the support wall100. As shown inFIG.2c, the first object O is pressed against the support wall100by the portion of the strap20previously lifted. This first object O is not, however, yet perfectly held by the strap holding system20. To this end and as illustrated byFIG.2d, the tightening member22was slid in the direction of the object O. This tightening member22tightens the strap20around the object O by adapting the size of the strap20pressing the first object O on the support wall100. The tightening member22also decreases the distance between the portions of the strap which extend from the support wall100to surround the first object O. Holding the first object O is thus optimized. In order for the tightening member22to slide from the position illustrated inFIG.2dto that illustrated inFIG.2d, it must be in its unlocked state. As mentioned above, and according to the embodiments illustrated byFIGS.3to8b, a user must press the bar220,220′ to be able to switch the tightening member22,22′ in its unlocked state and to be able to slide it. Of course, the user must press the bar220,220′ while sliding it to prevent it from returning to its locked state when it is being translated along the rail21,21′. When the tightening member22is in its use position, as illustrated inFIG.2d, the user then releases the bar220which returns to its upper position under the effect of the traction exerted by the strap20. The tightening member22then switches into its locked state and is held in this state under the effect of the tension of the strap20. With reference toFIGS.2eto2g, the holding in position of a second object O is achieved in a similar manner to that of the first object O. Thus, a second portion of the strap20is spaced from the support wall100, the second object O is introduced under the strap20which is then released. The last tightening member22(located on the right in the figures) is finally slid to the second object O to tighten the strap20. The tension of the strap20also holds the bar220in its locked state, guaranteeing the correct holding of the second object O. According to the principle of the invention, the same movement thus allows to adjust the size of the strap20according to the shape of an object to be held in the piece of luggage1and to lock the strap in position around the object O. The first embodiment illustrated byFIGS.3,4and5also has the advantage that any movement of an object O held inside the piece of luggage1increases the bracing of the base221and therefore the fixing of the tightening member22. The first embodiment also has the advantages of being particularly discreet, compact and light, while being easy to use.

11857048

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT As illustrated byFIGS.1ato9, an opening/closing mechanism10(FIG.1b) according to the invention is incorporated into a briefcase and is coupled to an actuator17with the aim of moving an opening panel12with respect to a casing14. The opening panel forms the lid of the briefcase while the casing forms the case of the briefcase. The opening/closing mechanism10of the briefcase includes a fastening mechanism13including a fastening part13aconnected to the lid12. The fastening mechanism13is designed to cause the opening of the briefcase by a translation of the fastening part13afrom a closing plane of the case14as illustrated byFIGS.2and3to an opening plane parallel to the closing plane as illustrated byFIG.7a. The fastening part13aof the lid12is translated in elevation with respect to the case14from a position from which the lid is at least partly fitted into the case14to a position wherein it is disengaged from the case. Upon the opening of the briefcase, this translation movement is followed by a pivoting of the fastening part13a, and therefore of the lid12, about a virtual axis of pivot V orthogonal to the direction of translation as illustrated byFIGS.7ato7e, with an angle of pivot that can vary substantially within a range of 90° for example, or even beyond. Of course, upon closing, the order of the movements and of the movements in themselves of the lid-fastening mechanism13are reversed. Thus, starting from the open configuration of the briefcase as illustrated byFIG.7e, the lid-fastening part13ais first folded pivotably to be brought into a plane parallel to that of the case14(FIG.7a). The fastening part13ais then translated such that the lid of the briefcase is fitted, at least partially, into the case14in a closing position. For reasons of clarity, a detailed description of the different elements of the opening/closing mechanism incorporated into the briefcase will be given first, followed by a description of the kinematics of these elements during the opening of the lid12in translation then in rotation about the virtual axis of pivot V with reference to the different sequences of opening with respect to the case14as illustrated byFIGS.7ato7e. Description of the Elements of the Opening/Closing Mechanism With reference in particular toFIG.9, the actuator17includes a motor18, supported by a base frame20, as well as a worm screw21, one end of which is coupled to the motor18while the other of its ends is arranged in a bearing22mounted on the base frame20. The actuator17further includes an extension member25in the form of a carriage gripping the worm screw21such that a rotation of the worm screw21actuates the carriage25in a rectilinear direction transversal to the translation of the opening panel12and orthogonal to the virtual axis of pivot V. The guiding of the carriage25is performed by two rails and two ball pads (not illustrated) attached to the base frame20. The carriage25also includes a cylindrical opening receiving a stem26aof a linear sensor26arranged to give the electronic system the position of the carriage25. Such a design makes it possible to optimize the guiding and precision of the drive, also contributing to the reliability of the mechanism and to its resistance over time. Moreover, according to this preferred method of execution, the worm screw is driven directly by the motor, i.e. without a reduction gear, in order to have only a very low resistive torque of rotation of the screw implying a notable reduction in the noise generated by the actuator, and ease of use in the context of a manual actuation. In this way, reversibility is obtained regarding the use of the mechanism. In other words, the mechanism operates either by way of the motorization of the mechanism, or by manual driving which, of course, can be carried out without any effect on, or degradation of the subsequent motorized operation. It should be noted that the use of a worm screw of greater pitch and of a reduction gear providing an identical ratio may also be envisioned according to a variant of execution. For example, a worm screw with a pitch of 1 mm with a motor in direct contact is equivalent to a worm screw with a pitch of 3 mm coupled to a gear motor with a reduction ratio of 3. The important thing is to provide a constant ratio between the speed of the motor and the linear speed of the carriage25while also selecting a ratio, particularly with regard to the criteria of noise, electrical power consumption, weight and reversibility of the mechanism. As can be made out, in particular for example inFIGS.3and4, the actuator is coupled to a transmission, particularly including a transmission rod30arranged such as to connect the carriage25to a hinge part61rotationally actuatable about an axis of pivot A and forming an integral part of the hinge60(which will be described in detail below) linking the lid12to the case14of the briefcase. The transmission rod is similar to an angled rod30including a first and a second rectilinear portion30a,30bjoined by an angled portion in order to form an angle between the two rectilinear portions preferably located between 120° and 140° (FIG.3). The transmission rod30includes a first articulation31a, at one of its ends, coupled pivotably to the carriage,25, and a second articulation31b, at its other end, coupled pivotably to the hinge part61. The coupling of the transmission rod30at the level of the hinge part61is achieved by way of a coupling stem32(FIG.6) connected to an end of the rod30such that the axis of the stem32is perpendicular to a plane wherein the rod30moves. This stem32includes on a segment an engagement surface33which can for example take the form of a roller rotationally actuatable about the stem32. The specific form of the transmission rod30has been determined in order to reduce the bulk of the actuator while conserving the necessary track for the movement of the carriage25. Particularly with reference toFIGS.3to6, the opening/closing mechanism includes a system for guiding in translation and in rotation. This device comprises a fixed frame50on which is mounted a movable frame55such as to be able to be moved translationally with respect to the fixed frame50(FIG.9). For this purpose, two slide rails54a,54bare arranged on either side of the fixed frame50and are oriented at 90° with respect to one another in a plane perpendicular to a closing plane of the briefcase. The movable frame55, meanwhile, has at each of its lateral sides two sliders57a,57a′,57b,57b′ (FIG.8b) also oriented at 90° with respect to one another in the same plane. These four sliders are mounted translationally movable on the two slide rails54a,54bof the fixed frame50. The latter includes a guiding arrangement comprising a guiding path52as well as a first and a second guiding rail80,80′ arranged facing one another (FIG.6). The guiding rails80,80′ have a profile virtually identical to the guiding path52and are in fact strictly identical in their function except that the rails80,80′ contribute two additional functions, namely: i) the perfect control of the position of the lid12along a precise trajectory during the passing between the linear movement of the lid (in elevation) and the rotation thereof and ii) the perfect control of the position of the movable frame55during the opening of the lid which is in addition not affected by any external stress whatsoever that might be exerted on the lid12of the briefcase. The guiding path52includes a rectilinear portion52aextending perpendicularly to a plane of closing of the briefcase followed by an incurvated portion52bin the form of a semi-circle concentric with the axis of pivot A. This guiding track is intended to impose on the roller33of the coupling stem32, which is coupled to the transmission rod30and to the hinge piece61, a translational movement followed by a movement in a semi-circle during the opening of the fastening part13aof the lid12of the briefcase and conversely on closing. Like the guiding track52, each guiding rail80,80′ includes a vertical rectilinear portion81,81′ as well as a semi-circular incurvated portion87,87, in which the tangent of the lower part of the semi-circle is essentially perpendicular to the rectilinear portion81,81′. Moreover, the radius of curvature of the incurvated portion87,87′ is identical to the radius of curvature of the incurvated portion52bof the guiding track52of the fixed frame50. On the other hand, unlike the guiding track52, each guiding rail80,80′ includes a convex rounded portion84,84′ linking the rectilinear portion81,81′ to the incurvated portion87,87′. The translational and rotational guiding system moreover includes a coupling rod70pivotably coupled by one of its ends to the hinge part61and to the transmission rod30about a pivot point C by way of the coupling stem32. The coupling rod70is also coupled to the movable frame55by way of a rod support72, one end of which is mounted pivotably on the coupling rod70about a pivot point G. The coupling rod70further includes at its other end a circular opening inside which is arranged a guiding member intended to cooperate with the first and the second guiding rail80,80′ during the opening and the closing of the briefcase. As illustrated in particular inFIG.8b, the guiding member includes a bearing71mounted inside the circular opening of the coupling rod70and two pairs of rollers73,74,73′,74′ each mounted on a roller support75,75′ arranged on either side of the bearing. The roller supports75,75′ are connected together by a connecting stem76passing inside the internal cage of the bearing. It should be noted that anti-friction means other than ball or roller bearings may be envisioned. By referring toFIG.6in particular, the coupling rod70is arranged between the first and the second guiding rail80,80′ such that each pair of rollers73,74,73′,74′ of the guiding member cooperate with their respective guiding rail during the opening and the closing of the briefcase in order to ensure the pivoting of the lid12(FIG.1a) along a precise trajectory without any play. Given that the two guiding rails80,80′ are identical and that the rollers disposed on either side of the bearing71are arranged to cooperate in the same way with their respective rail, only the bearing surfaces of the guiding rail80and the interaction of the rollers73,74with the latter will be described below for the sake of brevity. The guiding rail80includes a first and a second surface each defining a guiding track against which the respective rollers of the guiding member of the coupling rod70come into contact. More specifically, as perFIG.2, the rectilinear portion includes a rectilinear bearing surface82and an opposing rectilinear bearing surface83, the rounded portion includes a convex bearing surface85and an opposing concave bearing surface86and the incurvated portion includes an upper bearing surface88and a lower bearing surface89. The interaxial length between the pairs of rollers73,74,73′,74′ (FIG.8b) is determined such that the rollers of each support75,75′ are in contact on either side of the thickness of the respective guiding rail. Moreover, each roller support includes an elastically deformable area in order to vary the interaxial length of the rollers, on the one hand, to take up the play between the guiding rail and the rollers during the movement of the latter along the rail, and on the other hand, to avoid any seizing of the mechanism. The roller supports are preferably made of steel including a series of recesses extending transversally in the direction linking the interaxial lengths of the rollers. Thus, the metal portion acts as a spring between the axes of the rollers. As can be seen more specifically inFIGS.6and8b, the movable frame55has an incurvated window having a curve identical to the semi-circle52bof the guiding path52of the fixed frame50. The coupling stem32connects the transmission rod30to the hinge piece61through this window56. As perFIGS.8aand8b, the hinge60therefore includes the hinge piece61as well as an actuating arm63of an expandable and collapsible parallelogram which will be described later. The hinge part61is provided with a central cut-out61alocated in a plane perpendicular to the axis of pivot A. The actuating arm63is mounted pivotably about a pivot point E (FIG.2) on an arm support64forming a single part with the movable frame55. The arm63and the support64pass through the central cut-out61aof the hinge part61while avoiding any friction with this part61when the latter pivots about its axis of pivot A. The hinge part61also has a cylindrical opening61bcrossed by a pivot62, the ends of which are arranged in two pivot supports58a,58blocated respectively on the movable frame55and on a cover59, which forms with the movable frame55a housing for the various elements of the hinge60. As illustrated particularly inFIG.6, the fastening mechanism13includes a link support15, which forms a single part with the hinge part61, and several links16a,16b,16ccoupled pivotably by one of their ends to the link support15and by the other of their ends to the fastening part13aof the lid12. One of the three links, in this case the link16a, is moreover coupled pivotably to the actuating arm63about a pivot point D. The fastening mechanism13of the cover forms the expandable and collapsible parallelogram. This is configured such as to modify the position of the fastening part13aof the lid12with respect to the case14of the briefcase when the lid starts to be rotated so that the movement of opening of the lid can be done in a rotation about the virtual axis of pivot V located as near as possible to the case14while avoiding any friction with it. Functional Description of the Opening/Closing Mechanism When the briefcase is found in a closed configuration as illustrated byFIGS.2and3, one of the sides of the carriage25is found near to the bearing22of the worm screw21. The first portion30aof the transmission rod30is aligned along an axis perpendicular to the closing plane of the briefcase while the parallelogram is in an expanded configuration. As perFIG.3, the roller33of the coupling stem32is found in abutment against the rectilinear portion52aof the guiding track52. Moreover, the coupling rod70is found against the bottom of the case14with the rollers73,74of the guiding member located on either side of the rectilinear portion81of the guiding rail80bearing against the rectilinear surface82,83such as to provide coupling without any play. Finally, the actuating arm63and the link16aactuating the collapsing of the parallelogram are retracted. In order to open the briefcase, the motor18is actuated such that the rotation of the worm screw21moves the carriage25in the direction of the motor18according to the opening sequence illustrated byFIG.7a. The movement of the carriage25, during this sequence, has the effect of drawing the movable frame55in elevation along the slide rails57a,57bby way of the transmission rod30, which pivots rotationally about the pivot point B. The translation of the movable frame55continues as the rod30is drawn by the carriage25until the roller33arrives at the top of the rectilinear portion52aof the guiding track52. During this sequence of elevation of the frame55, the guiding stem32as well as the rod support72drive the coupling rod70upward. The rollers73,74therefore move along their respective rectilinear surfaces82,83until they are found at the top of the rectilinear portion81in order to provide perfect control of the position of the movable frame55during its elevation with respect to the fixed frame. Moreover, the hinge part61being coupled pivotably to the movable frame55, the elevation of the latter also causes the elevation of the link support15. With reference toFIGS.7band7c, the carriage25continues to move in the direction of the motor18, drawing the coupling rod70and the hinge part61in a direction essentially along its longitudinal axis by way of the coupling stem32coupled to the transmission rod (FIG.6). During this opening sequence, the traction movement applied to the hinge part61begins its rotation about the axis of pivot A, which has the effect of inclining the link support15. Moreover, the movement of the coupling rod70tends to make the roller support75pivot such that the roller73moves in elevation along the convex surface85of the rounded portion84while the roller74is bearing against the concave surface86. This is accompanied by a movement in elevation of one end of the coupling rod70, which, by the effect of cooperation with the support72will also manifest as an elevation of the other end of the coupling rod70coupled in a rotary manner to the transmission rod30by way of the coupling stem. This makes it possible to ensure the perfect control of the position of the fastening part13aof the lid (and consequently the lid) when the fastening part13apasses from a translational movement to a rotational movement. During this critical phase, the roller33is forced to pass from the rectilinear portion52ato the semi-circular incurvated portion52bof the guiding path52(FIG.5). With reference toFIG.7d, the carriage25continues to move in the direction of the motor18, which causes the movement of the roller33of the transmission rod30along the semi-circular portion52bof the guiding path52(FIGS.3and4). During this sequence, the coupling rod70and the hinge part61are further drawn by the coupling stem32in the same direction as the carriage25. The hinge part61continues its rotation about the axis of pivot A, also increasing the angle of inclination of the link support15with respect to the case14of the briefcase. The movement of the roller33along the semi-circular portion52bis done coincidentally with the movement of the rollers73,74along the incurvated portion87respectively against the corresponding upper and lower bearing surfaces88,89of the guiding rail80in order to insure the fluid pivoting of the lid along a precise trajectory while avoiding any undesirable movement of the lid. Once the carriage25is found at the track end and the lid of the briefcase is entirely open, i.e. the fastening part13aof the lid is inclined by over 90° with respect to the case14as illustrated inFIG.7e, the rollers73,74of the guiding member is found at the other end of the incurvated portion87while the roller33is itself found at the other end of the incurvated portion52bof the guiding path52(FIG.4). The second rectilinear portion30bof the transmission rod30is arranged at this instant along an axis parallel to the bottom of the case14. The gradual opening of the fastening mechanism13of the lid with respect to the case14of the briefcase from a closed position wherein the lid is fitted into the case, to an open position wherein the lid forms an angle of at least 90° with the case14, is made possible owing to the expandable and collapsible parallelogram. The actuating arm23of the parallelogram makes it possible to bring it into a collapsed configuration in the open position of the briefcase. With reference toFIG.7a, the actuating arm63, the arm support64and the actuating link16aare retracted and will gradually unfold during the opening of the briefcase by their rotation with respect to one another about their respective pivot point D, E until a fully unfolded position is reached as illustrated inFIG.7e. The actuating link16ais arranged such as to fold against the link support15and the fastening part13aof the lid when the lid is approaching an angle of 90° with respect to the case14, at the same time driving the folding of the two other links16b,16c. It is self-evident that the mechanism that has just been described is completely reversible and hence the functional description of the mechanism during the closing of the lid of the briefcase is not described herein for reasons of brevity. Moreover the opening/closing mechanism that has been described is not exclusively adapted to a briefcase but to any other item including an opening panel and a casing. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS Opening/closing mechanism10Opening part12Mechanism13of fastening to the opening panelFastening part13aVirtual axis of pivot VLink support15Links16a,16b,16cActuating link16aCasing14CaseActuator17Motor18Base frame20Worm screw21Bearing22Extension member25CarriageLinear sensor26Stem26aTransmissionTransmission rod30Angled rodFirst rectilinear portion30aSecond rectilinear portion30bAngled portionFirst articulation31aPivot BSecond articulation31bPivot CCoupling stem32Engagement portionRoller33Coupling rod70Circular opening70aBearing71Ball bearingRod support72Pivot point FPivot point GGuiding memberFirst pair of rollers73,74First roller support75Second pair of rollers73,74′Second roller support75′Linking stem76of the roller supportsTranslational and rotational guiding systemFixed frame50Slide rails54a,54bGuiding arrangementGuiding path52Rectilinear portion52aIncurvated portion52bSemi-circular portionFirst guiding rail80Rectilinear portion81Rectilinear bearing surface82Opposing rectilinear bearing surface83Rounded portion84Convex bearing surface85Concave bearing surface86Incurvated portion87Upper bearing surface88Lower bearing surface89Second guiding rail80′Rectilinear portion81′Rounded portion84′Incurvated portion87′Movable frame55Guiding window56IncurvatedSemi-circleSliders57a,57a′,57b,57b′Pivot supports58a,58bCover59Hinge60Hinge part61Central cut-out61aCylindrical opening61bAxis of pivot APivot62Parallelogram-actuating memberActuating arm63Pivot point DPivot point EArm support64

11857049

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Referring toFIG.1, a tamper evident identification tag which allows for the association of a piece of luggage with an individual and which prevents tampering with the piece of luggage is generally designated by the reference numeral10. As hereinafter described, it is intended to interconnect tag10to a piece of furniture12,FIG.9. Referring toFIGS.1-8is formed from tag material constructed of a plurality of layers. As best seen inFIG.3, tag10includes a first outer transparent layer86formed from a generally clear or transparent material. Transparent layer86is defined by first and second spaced edges92and94, respectively, and first and second spaced ends96and98, respectively. A fold line99is transverse to first and second edges92and94, respectively, at location generally equidistant from first and second ends96and98, respectively. Fold line99is generally parallel to first and second ends96and98, respectively, and divides transparent layer86into first and second portions86aand86b, respectively. In the depicted embodiment, transparent layer86has a generally rectangular configuration. However, other configurations are possible without deviating from the scope of the present invention. With reference toFIGS.2-4, transparent layer86further includes an inner surface88and an outer surface90. It is contemplated for first portion88aof inner surface88associated with first portion86aof transparent layer86to have a surface area approximately equal to the surface area of second portion88bof inner surface88associated with second portion86bof transparent layer86. An aperture30aextends through first portion86aof transparent layer86, for reasons hereinafter described. It is contemplated for outer surface90of transparent layer86to be printable surface so as to allow desired information to be printed thereon. Adhesive100is provided on and is affixed to the entirety of inner surface88of the transparent layer86. Referring toFIGS.1-2and4, second, inner backing layer106is positioned over transparent layer86. Backing layer106includes first and second spaced edges116and118, respectively, and first and second spaced ends112and114, respectively. A scored or perforated line115is transverse to and first and second edges116and118, respectively, at a location generally equidistant from first and second ends112and114, respectively. Perforated line115is generally parallel to first and second ends112and114, respectively, and divides backing layer106into first and second portions106aand106b, respectively. Backing layer106further includes an inner surface108and an outer surface110. It is contemplated for a first portion108aof inner surface108of backing layer106associated with first portion106aof backing layer106to have a surface area approximately equal to the surface area of first portion88aof inner surface88of transparent layer86and for a second portion108bof inner surface108of backing layer106associated with second portion106bof backing layer106to have a surface area generally equal to the surface area of second portion88bof inner surface88of transparent layer86. A non-binding material such as silicone126is bonded to second portion108bof inner surface108of backing layer106, for reasons hereinafter described. In addition, an aperture30bextends through first portion106aof backing layer106, for reasons hereinafter described. As described, backing layer106has a generally rectangular configuration. However, other configurations are possible without deviating from the scope of the present invention. It is contemplated for outer surface110of backing layer106to be a printable surface so as to allow desired information to be printed thereon,FIG.5. Outer surface110of backing layer106has first and second portions110aand110b, respectively. It is contemplated to print any information on first portion110aof outer surface110of backing layer106, as required to associate piece of luggage12with an individual. By way of example, a barcode generally designated by the reference number26may be printed on first portion110aof outer surface110of backing layer106, as well as, other types of unique identifiers such as a matrix code or a quick response code24, a unique alphanumeric code28, and an image32of an individual associated with piece of luggage12. Likewise, barcode26, quick response code24, and a unique alphanumeric code28may be printed on second portion110bof outer surface110of backing layer106. First portion108aof inner surface108of backing layer106is aligned with and positioned against the adhesive100bonded to first portion88aof inner surface88of transparent layer86so as to bond first portion106aof backing layer106to first portion86aof transparent layer86. It is intended for the adhesive100to have sufficient adhesive characteristics such that once first portion106aof backing layer106is bonded to first portion86aof transparent layer86, first portion106aof backing layer106and first portion86aof transparent layer86cannot be separated without damaging tag10. Similarly, second portion108bof inner surface108of backing layer106, having silicone126bonded thereto, is aligned with and positioned against the adhesive100bonded to second portion88bof inner surface88of transparent layer86thereby releasably affixing second portion106bof backing layer106to second portion86bof transparent layer86. Silicone126or other non-binding material, e.g., wax or Teflon, prevents second portion106bof backing layer106from becoming permanently bonded to the adhesive layer100. As such, it can be appreciated that silicone126on second portion108bof inner surface108of backing layer106allows for second portion106bof backing layer106to be removed from second portion86bof transparent layer86, for reasons hereinafter described. As best seen inFIG.5, with backing layer106bonded to transparent layer86to each other as heretofore described, first edge116of backing layer106and first edge92of transparent layer86define first edge34of tag10; second edge118of backing layer106and second edge94of transparent layer86define second edge36of tag10; first end112of backing layer106and first end96of transparent layer86define first end38of tag10; and second end114of backing layer106and second end98of transparent layer86define second end40of tag10. In addition, perforated line115of backing layer106is aligned with fold line99of transparent layer86and aperture30bthrough first portion106aof backing layer106is axially aligned with aperture30athrough first portion86aof transparent layer86so as to define aperture30through tag10. Tab42projects from first end38of tag10. Tab42is defined by first and second spaced edges44and46, respectively, and first and second ends48and50, respectively. It is contemplated for first end48of tab42to be integrally formed with first end38of tag10. For example, tab42may be integral with transparent layer86, backing layer106or both. Referring toFIGS.1,3-4and6, in the depicted embodiment, tab42is defined by first, outer layer52and second, inner layer54bonded together by adhesive100. Outer layer52is defined by first and second spaced edges56and58, respectively, first end60integrally formed with first end96of transparent layer86, and a terminal second end62. Outer layer52further includes an inner surface61and an outer surface63. Adhesive100is provided on and is affixed to the entirety of inner surface61of outer layer52. Inner layer54is defined by first and second spaced edges64and66, respectively, first end68integrally formed with first end112of backing layer106, and a terminal second end70,FIG.1. Inner layer54further includes an inner surface72and an outer surface74. Inner surface72of inner layer54is aligned with and positioned against the adhesive100bonded to inner surface61of outer layer52so as to bond inner and outer layers54and52, respectively, of tab42. It is intended for the adhesive100to have sufficient adhesive characteristics such that once inner and outer layers54and52, respectively, of tab42are bonded together, inner and outer layers54and52, respectively, of tab42cannot be separated without damaging tab42. With outer layer52bonded to inner layer54to each other as heretofore described, first edge56of outer layer52and first edge64of inner layer54define first edge44of tab42; second edge58of outer layer52and second edge66of inner layer54define second edge46of tab42; first end60of outer layer52and first end68of inner layer54define first end48of tab42; and second end62of outer layer52and second end70of inner layer54define second end50of tab42. As is known, a piece of luggage includes an opening to provide access to the interior thereof. These openings can take on various configurations. For example, some pieces of luggage have a clamshell design wherein two “shells” are foldable between an open and closed configuration. Alternatively, some pieces of luggage utilize a flap which is movable between open and closed configurations. In most cases, these various types of luggage utilize a two way, head to head zipper to facilitate the opening and closing thereof. Two way, head to head zippers have sliders that are in contact with each other when the zipper is closed. To open the piece of luggage and gain access to the interior thereof, the two sliders are pulled away from each other and towards the stops located at both ends of the zipper tape. Hence, by preventing the two sliders of the zipper to be pulled away from each other, one can prevent access to the interior of a piece of luggage. By way of example, in operation, it is intended to interconnect tag10to piece of luggage12to prevent the two sliders73and74of two way, head to head zipper76of a closed piece of luggage12from being pulled away from each other in order to prevent access to the interior of piece of luggage12and keep the contents within the interior of piece of luggage12safe from theft and tampering. More specifically, with sliders73and74of zipper76in contact with each other, second end50of tab42of tag10is inserted through opening81athrough pull81of slider73and through opening83athrough pull83of slider74. Thereafter, tab42is folded back onto itself such that a first portion75of tab42defines loop77capturing sliders73and74thereon,FIGS.7-9; second portion79of tab42is positioned adjacent to second portion110aof outer surface110of backing layer106; and second end50of tab42of tag10is inserted through aperture30in tag10such that a third portion85of tab42projects from transparent layer86,FIG.8. It can be appreciated that by adjusting the length of third portion85of tab42projecting from transparent layer86of tag10, the length of loop77may be correspondingly adjusted, thereby allowing a user to maintain sliders73and74adjacent one another or limit the distance sliders73and74may be pulled away from each other. Once tab42is positioned in a user selected position, as heretofore described, second portion106bof backing layer106is removed from tag10so as to expose the adhesive100bonded to second portion88bof inner surface88of transparent layer86,FIG.6. Once second portion106bof backing layer106is separated from tag10, second portion86bof transparent layer86is folded along fold line99over first portion110aof outer surface110of first portion106aof backing layer106, in the direction shown by arrow128,FIG.7. Once second edge94of transparent layer86is aligned with first edge92of transparent layer86, the adhesive100bonded to second portion88bof inner surface88of transparent layer86is brought into contact with first portion110aof outer surface110of first portion106aof backing layer106such that second portion86bof transparent layer86becomes bonded to first portion106aof backing layer106by adhesive100,FIG.8. It is intended for the adhesive100to have sufficient adhesive characteristics such that once second portion86bof transparent layer86is bonded to first portion106aof backing layer106, first portion106aof backing layer106and first portion86aof transparent layer86cannot be separated without damaging tag10. With second portion86bof transparent layer86bonded to first portion106aof backing layer106, second portion79of tab42positioned on first portion110aof outer surface110of backing layer106is captured therebetween,FIGS.8-9. As a result, tag10cannot be removed from piece of luggage12without damaging either tag10, tab42or piece of luggage12. By interconnecting sliders73and74of zipper76with tab42of tag10, a user, such as a hotel guest or an airline passenger, may prevent access to the interior of piece of luggage12and keeping the contents within the interior of piece of luggage12safe from theft and tampering. It can be understood that the transparent nature of layer86allows for a user confirm tag10is correctly attached to piece of luggage12and to visually determine if tampering with tag10has occurred. In the event that an individual, such as a hotel guest, wishes to leave piece of luggage12with a third party storage service, such as the storage services provided by most hotels, the third party storage service may provide tag10to the individual. As described above, tag10may include barcode26, quick response code24, and unique alphanumeric code28printed on first portion110aof outer surface110of backing layer106. In addition, barcode26, quick response code24, and unique alphanumeric code28may be printed on second portion110bof outer surface110of backing layer106. After securing the interior of piece of luggage12with tag10supplied by the third party storage service, the individual may use second portion106bof backing layer106removed from tag10, as heretofore described, as a claim check to allow a user to claim the stored piece of luggage. More specifically, when the individual claims piece of luggage12, the attendant at the third party storage service can simply compare (either manually or electronically) the barcode26, quick response code24, and/or unique alphanumeric code28on tag10interconnected to piece of luggage12with barcode26, quick response code24, and/or unique alphanumeric code28printed on second portion110bof outer surface110of second portion106bof backing layer106(or in other words, the claim check) provided by an individual to confirm piece of luggage12belongs to the individual. The process insures that no one from the third party storage service can steal from or tamper with the contents of piece of luggage without damaging piece of luggage12or tag10. In the event an individual is a member of TSA's “PreCheck” program and would like for piece of luggage12to pass through TSA security checkpoints with minimal or no inspection, the individual may seal the contents of piece of luggage12, as heretofore described, with personally identifiable tag10. Personally identifiable tag10may include a unique barcode26, a quick response code24, and/or a unique alphanumeric code28associated with the individual's TSA's “PreCheck” account printed on first portion110aof outer surface110of backing layer106. In addition, image32of the individual may be printed on first portion110aof outer surface110of backing layer106. When passing through a security checkpoint, a TSA agent may simply electronically scan unique barcode26, quick response code24, and/or unique alphanumeric code28and compare previously stored information in TSA records for the TSA “PreCheck” member to confirm the individual has been cleared through TSA's “PreCheck” program to pass through the security checkpoint with minimal or no inspection. For further protection, the TSA agent can also compare the image of the individual on tag10with the individual requesting piece of luggage12to confirm the individual attempting to utilize personally identifiable tag10is, in fact, the individual cleared through TSA's “PreCheck” program. It can be appreciated that the above description of a tamper evident tag is merely exemplary of the present invention. Various modes of carrying out the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter, which is regarded as the invention.

11857050

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the drawings, and are not intended to limit the scope of the application. It should be understood that in the description of the present application, the orientations or positional relationships represented by the terms “front”, “back”, “left”, “right”, “upper”, “lower”, etc. are based on the orientation or the positional relationship shown in the drawings and is merely for the convenience of the description of the present application and the simplification of the description, and is not intended to indicate or imply that the device or component referred to has a specific orientation and is constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus cannot to be construed as limiting the present application. The terms “first” and “second” are used merely to simplify the description of the text to distinguish it from the like, and cannot be understood as relationship with particular order. Embodiment 1 Referring toFIG.1toFIG.5, a smart luggage case in the embodiment comprises a case body1, a tension bar2mounted on the case body1, two auxiliary wheels13installed at the bottom of the case body1, and two power wheel14which can be lifted up and down, two swinging devices3respectively mounted the two power wheels14, the driving mechanism4connected to the two swinging devices3and driving the same, and the control system15and the battery mounted on the case body1(not shown). Each of the power wheels14is connected to a swinging device3. The two swinging devices3are connected together to a driving mechanism4. Each of the power wheels14comprises a wheel141and a driving motor142externally connected to the axle. The control system15is signally connected to the two driving motors142and controls the rotation direction and speed of the two driving motors142. The auxiliary wheel13rotates following the power wheel14. The auxiliary wheel13is a universal wheel. In other embodiments, the power wheel14can also be a hub motor wheel. The control system15is also signally connected to the driving mechanism4and controls the driving mechanism4to drive the two swing devices3to swing. When the driving mechanism4drives the two swinging devices3to swing, the power wheels4can be lifted up and down with respect to the case body1. When the two power wheels14descend with respect to the case body1, the two power wheels14can abut against the ground and support the case body1together with the four auxiliary wheels13. The auxiliary wheel13driven by the power wheel14, and the smart luggage case at this time is in the electrically driving mode and the smart luggage is driven by the power wheel14. When the two power wheels14rise with respect to the case body1, the two power wheels14can be separated from the ground, and the smart luggage is supported on the ground by the four auxiliary wheels13, at this time the smart luggage case is in manual moving mode, and the smart luggage case is pushed or pulled to move by the user. The user use the driving mechanism4via the swinging device3to adjust the height of the power wheel14with respect to the ground, so that the smart luggage can be conveniently switched between the electric driving mode and the manual moving mode, thereby improving the user experience. In this embodiment, the case body1comprises a first body11and a second body12located below the first body11. The second body12is fixedly connected to the lower portion of the first body11. The tension bar2is mounted on the first body11, and the auxiliary wheel13and the power wheel14are both mounted on the second body12. The first body11has a first receiving space to store items. The first body11is provided with a cover16to facilitate access to items. The battery is detachably connected to the inner side of the cover16of the first body11, which is convenient for disassembly in security inspection and a smooth pass in the security check, and is convenient to separate the battery from the case body1for charging. The battery is a rechargeable battery or a dry battery. The battery is electrically connected to the power wheel14, the control system15, the driving mechanism4, and other electronic devices on the case body1to provide power. A USB interface is mounted on the wall of the first body11. The USB interface is wired to the battery to facilitate charging for a cell phone. In other embodiments, the battery can also be mounted on the outer wall of the case body1. The side wall of the first body11on which the tension bar2is mounted is recessed with a recess17which is located between the two rods of the tension bar2. A water cup holder171is mounted in the recess17, and the water cup holder171is foldably hidden in the recess17. The second body12has a second receiving space, and the two swinging devices3, the driving mechanism4and the control system15are all mounted in the second receiving space. The first body11and the second body12are provided with through holes18for connecting the wires to facilitate the wired connection of the electronic device mounted on the first body11to the control system15mounted on the second body12. In other embodiments, the electronic device mounted on the first body11can also be wirelessly connected to the control system15mounted on the second body12. The first body11and the second body12are independently arranged in a modular manner, so that the structure is simple and the assembly is convenient, and dust can be prevented from entering the first body11from the second body12, thereby ensuring the cleanliness of the storage items. In other embodiments, the case body1may not be divided into the first body11and the second body12, and only a partition plate needs to be disposed between the upper portion and the lower portion of the case body1. In this embodiment, the second receiving space of the second body12is divided into a front receiving space121and a rear receiving space122. The two swinging devices3and the driving mechanism4are mounted in the front receiving space121, and the control system15is mounted in the rear receiving space122. The bottom surface of the middle portion of the second body12is recessed with an intermediate receiving portion123for accommodating the two power wheels14. The intermediate receiving portion123is located between the front accommodating space121and the rear accommodating space122. The wall of the intermediate receiving portion123is provided with two openings124respectively which allow the swinging of the two swinging devices3. The two openings124correspond to the upper portions of the two power wheels14, respectively. The two swinging devices3can respectively penetrate through the two openings124and correspondingly connect the two power wheels14located at the intermediate receiving portion123. Four auxiliary wheels13are respectively installed at the four corners of the bottom of the second body12. The front and rear ends of the second body12are each provided with two auxiliary wheels13. Two power wheels14are located between the two auxiliary wheels13at the front end and the two auxiliary wheels13at the rear end. The two power wheels14are oppositely disposed, and the axes of the two power wheels14are located on the same axis. Referring toFIGS.5-7, in the present embodiment, the driving mechanism4comprises a electric motor41and a rotating shaft42connected to the output shaft of the electric motor. A first gear43is mounted on the electric motor output shaft, and a second gear44engaged with the first gear43is mounted on the rotating shaft42. The control system15controls the rotation of the electric motor41to drive the rotation of the rotating shaft42by the gear transmission. The diameter of the second gear44is larger than the diameter of the first gear43, so that the output speed of the electric motor41can be reduced. The front receiving space121is provided with a motor receiving groove124for mounting the electric motor41and a supporting base125for supporting the rotating shaft42. The electric motor41is received in the electric motor receiving groove124. A receiving groove cover126is provided at the opening of the receiving groove, so that the electric motor41can be fixedly mounted on the second body12. The support base125extends from the bottom wall of the case body1to the lower portion of the rotating shaft42, and the rotating shaft42is mounted on the supporting base125through a sleeve127. The sleeve127is fixedly connected to the support base125by screws. The rotating shaft42is parallel to the axle of the power wheel14. One end of the rotating shaft42is fixedly connected to one of the swinging devices3, and the other end of the rotating shaft42is fixedly connected to the second gear44and extends through the second gear44toward the other swinging device3, and then fixedly connected to the other swinging device3. The extension portion of the other end of the shaft42is also mounted with a sleeve127on the support base125. It should be noted that when the smart luggage case is only installed with one power wheel14, that is the driving mechanism4only needs to be connected with one swinging device3, then one end of the rotating shaft42needs to be fixedly connected to one swinging device3, and the other end of the rotating shaft42is fixedly connected to the second gear44. Referring toFIG.8toFIG.10, in the present embodiment, the swinging device3comprises a first swinging piece31, a second swinging piece32pivotally connected to the first swinging piece31, and a resilient member33connected between the first swinging piece31and the second swinging piece32and configured to drive the second swinging piece32to swing, relative to the first swinging piece31, to the lower portion of the case body1. The second swinging piece32extends through the opening124formed in the wall of the intermediate receiving portion123of the second body12and connects the power wheel14located at the intermediate receiving portion123. The first swinging piece31comprises a main body portion311that connects the driving mechanism4, a rotating shaft connecting portion312that is fixed to the main body portion311and connected to the rotating shaft42of the driving mechanism4, a hinge portion313fixed to the main body portion311and hinged to the second swinging piece32, and a first lug portion314projecting downward from the main body portion311and connecting the resilient member4. The rotating shaft42is fixedly connected to the rotating shaft connecting portion312by screws. The shaft connecting portion312and the power wheel14are respectively located at both sides of the hinge portion313. When the rotating shaft42of the driving mechanism4rotates, the first swinging piece31can swing around the rotating shaft42. When the control system15drives the first swinging piece31of the swinging device3to swing around the rotating shaft42by the driving mechanism4, the hinge portion313of the first swinging piece31can drive the power wheel14mounted on the second swinging piece32to follow the first swinging piece31to swing around the rotating shaft.42, and drive the power wheel14to ascend and descend with respect to the case body1. When the power wheel14is lowered with respect to the case body1, the power wheel14can protrude out of the intermediate receiving portion123of the second body12(as shown inFIG.11), and the power wheel14can abut against the ground and support the case body1together with the auxiliary wheel13. The auxiliary wheel13is driven by the power wheel14, and then the smart luggage case is in the electric driving mode, and the smart luggage case is driven by the power wheel14. When the power wheel14rises with respect to the case body1, the power The wheel14can be received in the intermediate receiving portion123of the second body12(as shown inFIG.12) and separated from the ground, and the smart luggage is supported on the ground by the auxiliary wheel13, then the smart luggage is in the manual moving mode, and smart luggage case is pushed or pulled to move by the user. The control system15drives the swinging device3to adjust the height of the power wheel14with respect to the ground by the driving mechanism4, so that the smart luggage can be conveniently switched between the electric driving mode and the manual moving mode, thereby improving the user experience. Referring toFIG.9, the first lug portion314protrudes from the lower end of the first swinging piece31, and the second swinging piece32is provided with the second lug portion321opposite to the first lug portion314. The second lug portion321is correspondingly protruded from the lower end of the second swinging piece32. Two ends of the resilient member33are connected to the first lug portion314and the second lug portion321respectively. The resilient member33is a tension spring. The tension spring is located below the pivotal joint of the first swinging piece31and the second swinging piece32. The second swinging piece32is pulled to swing toward the lower portion of the case body1with respect to the first swinging piece31by the pulling force of the tension spring. In other embodiments, the resilient member33can also be a compression spring. The compression spring is located above the pivotal joint of the first swinging piece31and the second swinging piece32. The second swinging piece32is urged to swing, relative to the first swinging piece31, to the lower portion of the case body1by the extension force of the compression spring. Then, the first lug portion314protrudes from the upper end of the first swinging piece31, and the second lug portion321protrudes from the upper end of the second swinging piece32. When the second swinging piece32wings with respect to the first swinging piece31by the force of the resilient member33, the power wheel14can be swung with respect to the first swinging piece31. The power wheel14can maintain a state of swinging to the lower portion of the case body1by the urging force of the resilient member33during the ascending or descending process, and can abut against the ground, then the ground exerts a counterforce to the power wheel14, and the counterforce can counteract part of the force of the resilient member33, so that the power wheel14mounted on the second swinging piece32is still in contact with the ground and a friction with the ground generated to push the smart luggage case to move. When the power wheel14is in contact with the ground, the ground can limit the swinging angle of the second swinging piece32with respect to the first swinging piece31. When the power wheel14is separated from the ground, the reaction force of the ground to the power wheel14is lost. At this time, the force from the resilient member33causes the second swinging piece32to further swing to the lower portion of the case body1, and the power wheel14follows the second swinging piece32to descend toward the lower portion of the case body1. It should be noted that when the smart luggage moves on the uneven ground, for embodiment, when the power wheel14is currently in the groove of the ground, the power wheel14loses the reaction force from the ground to the power wheel14, and at this time, the second swinging piece32further swings to the lower portion of the case body1by the force of the resilient member33, resulting the power wheel14to descend to the lower portion of the case body1and contact the bottom surface of the ground groove. A friction can be generated by the power wheel14with a convex surface of the ground and promote the movement of the smart luggage case. On the contrary, when the power wheel14is currently in the convex surface of the ground, the reaction force generated by the ground to the power wheel14can cause the second swinging piece32to swing, relative to the first swinging piece31, toward the upper portion of the case body1, that is to lift the power wheel14, and the power wheel14can still generate friction with the convex surface of the ground and push the smart luggage to move. The power wheel14can adjust the swinging angle of the second swinging piece32with respect to the first swinging piece31upward or downward to coordinate the power wheel14to keep contact with the ground according to the change of the reaction force of the ground with respect to the power wheel14in time, thereby improving the stability of the operation of the smart luggage case. The opening formed in the wall of the intermediate receiving portion123can provide an active space for a maximum swing amplitude when the second swinging piece32is swung up and down with respect to the first swinging piece31. The first swinging piece31is provided with a limitation member315for restricting the second swinging piece32from swinging, in relative to the first swinging piece31, toward the lower portion of the case body1. The limitation member315is located below the pivotal joint of the first swinging piece31and the second swinging piece32and is located above the tension spring. The limitation member315is a pin shaft, and the pin shaft is fixedly connected to the first swinging piece31. When the second swinging piece32swings, in relative to the first swinging piece31, toward the lower portion of the case body land abuts against the limitation member315, the limitation member315can restrict the second swinging piece32from swinging with respect to the first swinging piece31toward the lower portion of the case body1. The limitation member315can prevent the second swinging piece32from swinging without limit with respect to the first swinging piece31under the tensile force of the tension spring. By limiting the swinging angle of the second swinging piece32with respect to the first swinging piece31, the second swinging piece32can be avoided from touching the opening in the wall of the intermediate receiving portion123and further breaking the second body12, and the swinging angle of the power wheel14with respect to the first swinging piece31can be controlled to keep contact with the ground. The limitation member315can also be used to cause the power wheel14mounted on the second swinging piece32to be retracted into the intermediate receiving portion123of the second body12when the control system15drives the swinging device3through the driving mechanism4to drive the power wheel14to be lifted. at this time, the reaction force of the ground to the power wheel14is reduced due to the rise of the power wheel14, and the second swinging piece32drives the power wheel14to swing to the lower portion of the case body1with respect to the first swinging piece31by the urging force of the resilient member33and the second swinging piece32gradually approaches the limitation member315. When the second swinging piece32abuts against the limitation member315, the limitation member315limits the swinging angle of the second swinging piece32with respect to the first swinging piece31, and the control system15continues to drive the swinging device3through the driving mechanism4and causes the power wheel14to be lifted, so that the power wheel14can be quickly retracted into the intermediate receiving portion123of the second body12. In this embodiment, the swinging device3is provided with a fine adjustment member for restricting the relative swinging angle when the second swinging piece31is swinging to the lower portion of the case body1with respect to the first swinging piece32. the fine adjustment member comprises a bolt34threadedly connected to the first swinging piece31and configured to abut the second swinging piece32. The second swinging piece32is provided with a resistant block322located below the pivotal joint to allow the bolt34to abut thereto. The first swinging piece31is located below the rotating shaft connecting portion312and is provided with a screw hole316fitted to the bolt34. The resistant block322is located below the pivotal joint. The user can adjust the swinging angle of the second swinging piece32with respect to the first swinging piece31by manually screwing the screw depth of the bolt34with respect to the screw hole316. The fine adjustment member can cooperate with the limitation member315mounted on the first swinging piece31to collectively limit the swinging angle of the second swinging piece32toward the lower portion of the case body1with respect to the first swinging piece31. The user can further increase the screw depth of the bolt34with respect to the screw hole316to reduce the swinging angle of the second swinging piece32toward the lower portion of the case body1with respect to the first swinging piece31. In addition, when the smart assisting luggage cases are installed with two power wheels14, in order to eliminate the problem that the axial lines of the two power wheels14are not on the same axis due to the installation process, the user can manually adjust the one or two of the fine adjustment members on the swinging devices3such that the axial lines of the two power wheels14are located on the same axis, which makes the structure simple and the adjustment speed fast. In this embodiment, a first limitation switch35and a second limitation switch36both signally connected to the electric motor of the driving mechanism4are respectively disposed on two sides of the first lug portion314of the first swinging piece31. When the control system15drives the swinging device3by the driving mechanism4and drives the power wheel14to ascend or descend, the first lug portion314follows the first swinging piece31to rotate about the rotating shaft42of the driving mechanism4. When the first lug portion314touches is touched with the first limitation switch35or the second limitation switch36, the first limitation switch35or the second limitation switch36sends a signal to the electric motor41of the driving mechanism4, and controls the electric motor41of the driving mechanism4to stop rotating and the electric motor41is prevented from being damaged, and the service life of the driving mechanism4is improved. In other embodiments, the first limitation switch35and the second limitation switch36may also be disposed on both sides of the main body portion311of the first swinging piece31. In addition, the first limitation switch35and the second limitation switch36can be signally connected to the control system15and control the electric motor41of the driving mechanism4to stop rotating by the control system15. Referring toFIG.1andFIG.3, in this embodiment, the first body11of the case body1is further provided with an camera following module5and an ultra-wideband wireless communication following module. The camera following module5and the ultra-wideband wireless communication following module are connected by wire to the control system15mounted on the second body12. Compared with the wireless connection, the wired connection is not affected by the strength of the wireless communication signal, ensuring the reliability of signal transmission and increasing the speed of information transmission. The camera following module5is mounted on the inner wall of the front end of the first body11(as shown inFIG.3). The camera following module5comprises a camera and an image processing module. The camera is connected to the image processing module and transmits image information of the object acquired in real time to the image processing module. The image processing module is connected to the control system15via a camera following module5. The control system15controls the rotation of the two power wheels14according to an image recognition information from the image processing module, and the four auxiliary wheels13are driven to rotate by the two power wheels14. When the smart luggage case runs on the road, it can follow the user's movement through the visual following control mode, and the user's hands are liberated; and the smart luggage case can be turned when the two power wheels14are rotated at a differential speed. It should be noted that the target object may be a user who uses a smart luggage case, or may be another mobile device. The other mobile device may be another smart luggage case, which enables many smart luggage cases to follow the user movement in a queue. In this embodiment, the battery provides operating power to the camera following module5. When the camera following module5is assembled on the first body11of the case body1, the camera is located in the inner side of the case body1. The front side wall of the case body1is provided with a through hole for imaging of the camera. The position of the through hole corresponds to the position of the camera, and the camera located in the inner side of the case body1can take photograph through the through hole. The camera can also be embedded in the through hole and take photograph through the through hole. The side wall of the case body1is installed with a transparent base layer of the camera, and the camera can shoot through the transparent base layer. The transparent base layer can also prevent dust from covering the lens surface of the camera. The transparent base layer is made of glass, acrylic or resin optical material. The camera following module5can also be an intelligent electronic device, such as a cell phone, a tablet computer or a digital camera, which reduces the production cost of the smart luggage case and is convenient for the public. A fixing member for fixing the camera following module5is mounted on the case body1. The camera is connected to the image processing module. The camera is used to capture image information of the user's movement and feed back to the image processing module, which facilitates the movement and steering of the smart luggage case according to the user. The camera and image processing module of the smart luggage case are integrated in the camera following module5. When assembling the camera and image processing module of the smart luggage case, the worker only needs to assemble the camera following module5on the case body1to complete the assembly of the camera, therefore the assembly speed is fast, which is convenient for improving the installation convenience. And the signal lines of the camera and the image processing module are also integrated in the camera following module5, so that phenomenon of bumping the signal line connector can be avoided when luggage is used for storing items. The image processing module comprises a first recognition function module for identifying shape information of the followed target, and a second recognition function module for identifying color information within the shape of the followed target. The first recognition function module identifies the shape information of the object according to the image information captured by the camera; the second recognition function module identifies the color information within the shape. The first identification function module and the second identification function module are distinguished by functions, not by physical entities. In other words, the first identification function module and the second identification function module may be the same physical entity or two different physical entities. Before the smart luggage starts to follow the target, the camera collects image information of the target and sends it to the image processing module. The first recognition function module identifies the shape information of the target according to the image information captured by the camera and the shape information is regarded as a shape reference information; the second recognition function module identifies the color information in the shape and the color information is regarded as the color reference information. When the smart luggage moves, the camera collects shape information and color information of the target in real time, and sends the shape information collected in real time as shape comparison information to the image processing module, and simultaneously sends the color information collected in real time as color comparison information to the image processing module. The first recognition function module compares the shape comparison information with the shape reference information, and the second recognition function module compares the color comparison information with the color reference information. When the shape information and the color information are consistent, the control module controls the two power wheels14to rotate and follow the target. In the embodiment, the image processing module only recognizes the shape information and the color information in the shape, and does not recognize the background information acquired by the camera in real time or the information of the color varied with the light in the shape, so the time for the recognition operation can be reduced which is conducive to improve the follow-up sensitivity of the smart luggage case. The ultra-wideband wireless communication following module is mounted on the outer wall of the front end of the first body11. The ultra-wideband wireless communication following module comprises a receiver6and a microprocessor. The user wears a signal tag, such as an electronic wristband. The signal tag transmits a signal, and the receiver6receives the signal transmitted by the signal tag. The receiver6is mounted on the front side wall of the first body11(shown inFIG.3) and transmits the received signal to the microprocessor. The microprocessor calculates and processes the signal and transmits it to the control system. The control system controls the rotation of the two power wheels14according to the signal processing information, and the four auxiliary wheels13are driven to rotate by the two power wheels14, so that when the smart luggage case runs on the road, it can follow the user's movement through a ultra-wideband wireless signal following operation mode, which liberates the user's hands, and when the two power wheels14rotate at a differential speed, the smart luggage can be turned. It should be noted that the ultra-wideband wireless signal following operation mode can assist the above-mentioned visual following operation mode to realize the motion tracking control of the smart luggage case. In the following process of the smart luggage, two following means compensate for each other, avoiding the loss of the following signal of the smart luggage case, and further improving the operational stability of the smart luggage when it is automatically following the target. The above-mentioned visual following and wireless signal following can also be used independently. The battery mounted on the first body11supplies operating power to the microprocessor and receiver6. Specifically, the current from the battery via a POE interface is converted to 3.3V DC through a DC regulator to power the microprocessor and other devices. The microprocessor is a 32-bit ARM microcontroller from the CortexM3 core chip STM32F series. The SPI interface between the receiver6and the microprocessor is used for ultra-wideband wireless signal data communication. In this embodiment, a storage module is further provided, and the storage module is connected to the microprocessor through an SPI interface for data storage and processing of the system. UWB technology is a wireless technology with high transmission rate (up to 1000 Mbps), low transmission power, and strong penetration capability, and the wireless technology is based on an extremely narrow pulse: no carrier wave. It is these advantages that make it more accurate in indoor positioning field. the TDOA ranging positioning algorithm commonly used in UWB positioning algorithm, that is the arrival time difference algorithm, is less affected by external factors, has low positioning error, is insensitive to channel fading, has low probability of interception capability and less system complexity and It can provide centimeter-level positioning accuracy and other advantages, and the positioning accuracy reaches 1 centimeter during testing. The receiver6receives the signal from the signal tag through an antenna, processes the arrival time of the different signals, generates a time difference data packet, and transmits the data packet to the microprocessor, and the microprocessor calculates the position information according to the data in the data packet then the microprocessor can calculate the actual distance between the smart luggage and the user based on the location information. The storage module stores a distance setting threshold between the smart luggage and the user. The microprocessor compares the actual distance value with the distance setting threshold. When the actual distance value is greater than the distance setting threshold, the microprocessor controls the two power wheels14to accelerate to reach the distance setting threshold; when the actual distance value is less than the distance setting threshold, the microprocessor controls the two power wheels14to decelerate to reach the distance setting threshold. Embodiment 2 Referring toFIGS.13to16, the present embodiment is different from the embodiment 1 in the connection structure between the electric motor41of the driving mechanism4and the rotating shaft42. In this embodiment, the driving mechanism4, the swinging device3and the control system15are mounted in a receiving box (as shown inFIG.13, wherein the cover of the receiving box is not shown). The electric motor41is a gear motor. The geared motor is an integrated body of a gear unit and the electric motor which is conducive to save the space of the case body. The electric motor output shaft of the electric motor41is axially connected to the rotating shaft42through a coupling. The smart luggage case is provided with a power wheel14, which corresponds to the one side of the tension bar2. One end of the rotating shaft42is fixedly connected to the swinging device3, and extends through the first swinging piece31of the swinging device3toward the side wall of the case body, and is rotatably connected to the side wall of the case body1. The other end of the rotating shaft42is fixedly connected to the electric motor output shaft through a coupling. When the smart assisting luggage cases are installed with two power wheels14, the electric motor41can be a gear motor that has a bidirectional output shaft. The two motor output shafts are respectively connected to the two swinging devices through the two ends of the rotating shaft42. In this embodiment, the tension bar2is provided with a wireless controller that is connected to the control system and is used to control the power wheel14. In the prior art, the signal lines of the controller mounted on the tension bar are introduced into the control system of the case through the hollow portion of the tension bar. When the user uses the tension bar, the tension bar moves to the left and right sides of the case body, and the signal line is easy to be broken and its welding head is easy to fall off which causes the signal disappear. Compared with the wired communication of the signal line in the tension bar, the wireless communication is convenient to be equipped, and can keep the signal fluent and stable in operation. The wireless controller comprises a button area7, a touch sensing module connected to the button area7, a signal processing module connected to the touch sensing module, and a wireless communication module connected to the signal processing module. The wireless communication module signal is connected to the control system15installed in the case body1. The button area7comprises manipulations buttons for such as forward, backward, acceleration, and deceleration. The button area7is a flexible button. In other embodiments, the button area7can also be a liquid crystal touch screen. The user holds the tension bar and presses the corresponding control buttons by fingers. The touch sensing module receives the pressing information and transmits it to the signal processing module. The signal processing module calculates the pressing information and forms an electrical signal and sends it to the wireless communication module. The wireless communication module transmits the electrical signal to the control system15in accordance with the communication protocol, and the control system controls the movement of the smart luggage based on the electrical signal. It should be noted that when the user's finger leaves the button area7, the control system instantly controls the smart luggage case to stop moving, and prevents the smart luggage case from moving by itself and accidentally touching other objects. The wireless controller has a simple structure and is convenient to be operated. In this embodiment, the wireless communication module is an ultra-wideband wireless communication module, a Bluetooth wireless communication module, an ultrasonic wireless communication module, or an infrared wireless communication module. Ultra-wideband wireless communication technology adopts the arrival time difference algorithm, which is less affected by external factors, has wide bandwidth, high-speed data transmission, low transmission power consumption, and high security performance, etc., and can realize an ultra-wideband and high-speed data transfer in short distance. Bluetooth wireless communication is a short-range wireless communication technology that realizes signal transmission without the aid of the Internet. Ultrasonic wireless communication uses ultrasonic wave for signal transmission. Ultrasonic wave is a mechanical wave with a vibration frequency higher than that of sound waves. It is generated by the vibration of the transducer wafer under the excitation of voltage. It has the following features: high frequency, short wavelength and less diffraction phenomenon. especially good directionality, ability to be transmitted as a ray in one direction. Ultrasonic wave is good at penetrating liquids and solids, especially in sunlight opaque solids, the ultrasonic wave can penetrate depths of tens of meters. When an ultrasonic wave hits an impurity or an interface, it will produce a significant reflection to form a reflection echo, which can produce a Doppler effect when it hits a moving object. Infrared wireless communication uses infrared wave for signal transmission. The infrared ray is also called infrared light, which has the properties of reflection, refraction, scattering, interference, absorption and the like. Any substance, as long as it has a certain temperature (above absolute zero), can radiate infrared rays. Infrared has the advantages of high sensitivity and fast response. Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only for explaining the present application and are not intended to limit the technical solutions described in the present application. Therefore, although the present specification has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments described above, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be modified or equivalently substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. The specific embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the drawings, and are not intended to limit the scope of the application. Referring toFIG.17, the embodiment provides an assisting luggage case, comprising a case body101, a tension bar102mounted on the case body101for pulling or pushing the luggage case, a power wheel103mounted on the bottom of the case body, and a universal wheel104, a control system and a battery mounted on the case body, and a sensor for detecting the operation state of the assisting luggage case. The power wheel103is a hub motor wheel or a wheel driven by a gear motor. The universal wheel104is driven by the power wheel103. The battery is electrically connected to the power wheel, control system and sensor and provides operating power. A power switch is mounted on the case body to turn the power circuit on or off. The battery is a rechargeable battery or a dry battery. The assisting luggage can be provided with a spare battery. The battery is detachably mounted in the case body, which is convenient for replacing a spare battery. It can be disassembled at any time during aviation security inspection for passing the security check and for charging when the battery separated from the case body. The sensor is signally connected to the control system. The sensor is used to detect the operation parameters of the power wheel in the operating state and feedback the operation parameters to the control system. The operation parameters comprise one of the following parameters: a rotation speed of the power wheel of the assisting luggage case, an acceleration speed during the operation, and power, current, and voltage of the electric motor. The control system can drive the power wheel to rotate according to the variation of any one of the parameters to realize the movement of the assisting luggage case. In other embodiments, the control system can also drive the power wheel to rotate after analyzing and processing the varying amount of several operation parameters. The assisting luggage has two movement modes comprising a non-assisting movement mode and an assisting operation mode. Turning on the power switch will switch the luggage to the assisting operation mode. Turning off the power switch will switch the luggage to the non-assisting movement mode. Referring toFIG.17, in the present embodiment, four universal wheels104and one power wheel103are mounted at the bottom of the case body. The four universal wheels104are respectively mounted at four corners on the lower portion of the case body101, and the power wheels103are located between the four universal wheels104. The four universal wheels104are driven by the power wheel103. There can be two power wheels103, and the two power wheels are arranged laterally or vertically. When the assisting luggage cases perpendicular to the road surface, the power wheel103and the four universal wheels104are in contact with the road surface, and the user pushes the assisting luggage case through the tension bar. At this time, the power switch of the assisting luggage case can be turned on and the assisting luggage can be moved in the assisting operation mode, the control system drives the power wheel to rotate, a friction is generated by the power wheel and the road surface and the luggage is driven to move, and the universal wheel can follow the rotation of the power wheel. The power switch can be turned off and the assisting luggage case can be moved in a non-assisting moving mode, and the movement of the luggage case can be driven by the pushing force on the tension bar from the user. It should be noted that the non-assisting movement mode can be used when the original and spare power are exhausted. In the non-assisting movement mode, the assisting luggage can not only be perpendicular to the road surface, but also be inclined to the road surface. When the assisting luggage is inclined on the road surface, the two universal wheels installed at one side of the case contact the road surface and generate friction, and the power wheel and the two universal wheels at the other side of the case are separated from the road surface. The user pulls the assisting luggage through the tension bar, and the luggage can be moved by the pulling force exerted by the user on the tension bar. In the embodiment, when the assisting luggage is moved in the assisting operation mode on an uneven road, the power wheel among the four universal wheels is easily suspended in air and separated from the road surface, so that the frictional force cannot be generated. The power wheel is connected to the case body through an elastic telescopic mechanism (not shown), and the extension and compression of the elastic telescopic mechanism enable the power wheel to abut against the road surface in any road environment, thereby ensuring the operation of the assisting luggage in the assisting operation mode. The present application also provides another embodiment of a power wheel and a universal wheel mounted on the case body. Referring toFIG.18, two power wheels103and two universal wheels104are mounted at the bottom of the case body101. The two power wheels103and the two universal wheels104are respectively mounted on opposite sides of the bottom of the case. The two power wheels103are capable of contacting the road surface when the assisting luggage case is perpendicular to the road surface or inclined to the road surface. The assisting luggage is in the assisting operation mode when the power switch is turned on; the assisting luggage is in the non-assisting movement mode when the power switch is turned off. In the above embodiment, the user can realize the steering of the luggage in the assisting operation mode and the non-assisting movement mode by the change of the body posture. When the user pushes or pulls the assisting luggage through the tension bar, the steering of the assisting luggage case is realized by the arm twisting the tension bar. In the actual use of the luggage case, the user can also use the tension bar to directly apply force to the case through the palm of the hand. The method of twisting the luggage case by the palm can also realize the steering of the luggage case. In addition, it should be noted that when the assisting luggage case perpendicular to the road surface is in the assisting operation mode, the user can also ride on the case body and realize the steering of the assisting luggage case by twisting the case body via the waist. Referring toFIG.19, the present application provides a method for controlling the operation of the luggage case in the assisting operation mode, comprising the following steps: Step S1: The sensor detects the first operation parameter of the power wheel in the first operating state, and feeds back the first operation parameter to the control system. In this embodiment, the user turns on the power switch of the assisting luggage case, at this time, the user does not apply an external force to the assisting luggage case, and the assisting luggage case is in the first operating state, and the first operating state is the initial stationary state. After the assisting luggage case is operated, the first operating state can also be a moving state during operation. In this embodiment, the sensor is a Hall sensor. The Hall sensor is a magnetic field sensor fabricated based on the Hall effect. The Hall sensor is mounted on the stator inside the wheel of the hub motor. It should be noted that the hub motor in this embodiment is a brushless hub motor, and the brushless hub motor itself has a Hall sensor built therein, and the Hall sensor is mounted on the stator. The Hall sensor in the brushless hub motor in prior art is used to determines the relative position of the rotor to the stator to facilitate commutation. The operation control method utilizes the working principle of the Hall sensor, and can be used to detect various operation parameters of the power wheel in the first operating state, for embodiment: the speed of the power wheel, the acceleration speed during rotation, the power, current, and voltage of the electric motor in rotation. In this embodiment, the current detected by the Hall sensor is taken as an operation parameter. The first operation parameter of the power wheel of the assisting luggage case in the initial stationary state or the moving state during the operating state is detected by the Hall sensor as the first operation parameter. The Hall sensor feeds back the first operation parameter to the control system. In other embodiments, the sensor may also be a photoelectric sensor or a displacement sensor. Step S2: The user applies an external force to the assisting luggage case to promote the operating state of the luggage case to be switched to the second operating state. In this embodiment, when the assisting luggage moves on the road surface, the frictional force of the road surface with respect to the assisting luggage case is generated. The user applies force to the tension bar or the case body through the hand, and the force overcomes the friction force to cause the assisting luggage to be moved forward from the initial stationary state, and the force can further increase the moving speed of the assisting luggage, reduce the moving speed, and stop moving, move backwards. The force may be a positive assisting force in the forward direction or a reverse assisting force in the backward direction. When the force is positively assisted, the assisting luggage is moved forward from the initial stationary state or the moving speed of the assisting luggage is increased; when the force is reverse assisted, the moving speed of the assisting luggage is decreased, the assisting luggage is moved backward or stopped. The positive assisted and reverse assisted force are mainly generated by the user through hand manipulation according to the actual operating conditions. After the external force is applied to the assisting luggage case, the operating state is switched to the second operation state. When the user straddles the case body, the legs are supported on the road surface, and the used is supported by the feet pushing backward or forward against the ground, and the road surface correspondingly generates a reaction force acting on the luggage in the forward or backward direction. The two feet pushing backwards to the ground forms a positive forward assisted force, causing the assisting luggage to be moved forward from the initial stationary state or an increase in the speed of movement of the assisting luggage case. The feet pushing forwards to the ground forms a reverse backward assisted force, which causes the luggage case to be decelerated, moved backwards or stopped from moving. After the assisting luggage is applied with external force through the two feet pushing against the ground, its operating state is changed to the second operating state. The force exerted by the foot is similar to the force applied by the user's hand to the tension bar or the case body. There are pedals on the case body, and the feet can be stepped on the pedals when they do not need to be pushed against the ground, which increases the fun and experience of riding the luggage case. In other embodiments, the force applied to the assisting luggage can also be generated by external factors, such as: the free sliding of the assisting luggage on the slope due to gravity, or the touch to the assisting luggage by other things. The user can also use a stick to indirectly apply force to the luggage case. It should be explained that the technical feature names “first operating state” and “second operating state” do not refer to two specific operating status of the assisting luggage, but generally refer to the two operating states before and after an external forces are applied to the assisting luggage case from the beginning to the end during the entire operation process. Each “second operating state” is formed by applying an external force to the assisting luggage case on the basis of the “first operating state”, that is, between the “first operating state” and the “second operating state”, external force is applied to the assisting luggage case to form a relative relationship. It can be understood that during the entire operation from the beginning to the end of the assisting luggage, as long as the external force is continuously applied multiple times, a plurality of corresponding “first operating states” and “second operating states” are generated. Each time interval in which the external force is applied multiple times may be determined according to the actual operation of the assisting luggage, and the unit of time interval may be milliseconds or seconds. During the entire operation of the assisting luggage case, after each external force is applied on the basis of each current “second operating state”, the assisting luggage case will be changed to a new “second operating state”, the present “second operating state” is correspondingly converted to the new “first operating state” with respect to the new “second operating state”. In addition, the “first operating state” is in a “second operating state” with respect to the assisting luggage that changes after the first application of an external force for the first time, and then the “first operating state” is in an initial stationary state. The “first operating state” can also be in a moving state during operation. The “second operating state” exists not only in the process of the assisting luggage case moving forward, but also in the process of the assisting luggage case slowing down or retreating, and the “second operating state” may also be a stop state when the assisting luggage cases is finished running. Step S3: The sensor detects the second operation parameter of the power wheel in the second operating state, and feeds back the second operation parameter to the control system. In this embodiment, the assisting luggage case changes to the second operating state after an external force is applied. The second operation parameter of the power wheel of the assisting luggage case in the second operating state is detected by the Hall sensor as a second operation parameter. The Hall sensor feeds back the second operation parameter to the control system. During the entire operation of the assisting luggage from the beginning to the end, the Hall sensor continuously detects a plurality of second operating states after applying an external force and forms a plurality of corresponding second operation parameters. The control system continuously receives a plurality of second operation parameters and performs corresponding analysis and processing. Step S4: The control system compares the second operation parameter with the first operation parameter, and controls the assisting luggage operation according to a comparison value. In this embodiment, the first current value before the external force is applied and the corresponding second current value after the external force is applied during the entire operation from the start to the end of the assisting luggage are fed back to the control system, and the control system compares and analyzes the first current value with the second current value. Let the first current value be I1and the second current value be I2. Wherein, if I2>I1, the rotation speed of the power wheel in the second operating state is greater than that in the first operating state, and the external force enables the assisting luggage case moves with increasing speed; the control system increases the rotation speed of the power wheel to the rotation speed of the power wheel corresponding to I2according to a comparison value of I1with I2; if the I2>I1is detected after applying the external force again, the assisting luggage case will be accelerated. If I2<I1is detected after applying the external force again, the assisting luggage will be decelerated. If I2<I1, the rotational speed of the power wheel in the second operating state is less than that of the power wheel in the first operating state, the external force causes the assisting luggage to be decelerated; the control system reduces the rotational speed of the power wheel to the rotation speed of the power wheel corresponding to I2according to a comparison value of I1with I2. If I2<I1is detected after applying the external force again, the assisting luggage case will be further decelerated. If I2>I1is detected after applying an external force, the luggage case will be accelerated. It should be noted that, if the user does not apply an external force to the assisting luggage case when the assisting luggage moves at a constant speed, the assisting luggage case maintains a state of constant speed movement at the rotational speed of the power wheel corresponding to I2. When the assisting luggage case is accelerated or decelerated due to the friction from the road surface, the user can apply an external force (forward or reverse assisted force) again, so that the moving speed of the assisting luggage can be adapted to the walking speed of the user, which benefits the experience of the luggage case. In this embodiment, when the user exerts a positive assisted force, the assisting luggage case comprises one of the following states: I2>I1, and the assisting luggage case is accelerated forward; the assisting luggage case moves forward at a uniform speed with the power wheel speed corresponding to I2; I2<I1, the luggage move forward with decelerated speed; I2=0, the luggage is stopped from moving. When the user exerts a reverse assisted force, the assisting luggage case comprises one of the following states: I2>I1, and the assisting luggage case is accelerated backward; the assisting luggage case moves backward at a uniform speed with the power wheel speed corresponding to I2; I2<I1, the luggage move backward with decelerated speed; I2=0, the luggage is stopped from moving. When the assisting luggage case is in the first operating state (initial stationary state), I1=0. In this embodiment, the control system is set with a predetermined current value I0; the assisting luggage case is changed from the initial stationary state to the second operating state after applying an external force by an external factor; when I2≤I0, the assisting luggage case, at this time a displacement occurs due to the external force, but the control system does not drive the power wheel to rotate, and the assisting luggage case does not move forward or backward. The control system sets the predetermined current value I0, which can prevent the mis-operation behavior caused by the accidental contact to the luggage by external factors, and improve the safety of the assisting luggage case. It should be noted that the force caused by external force to the luggage case is generally small, which is insufficient to start the hub motor of the power wheel. In this embodiment, the second operating state comprises: a state of forward movement, forward acceleration, forward deceleration, backward movement, backward acceleration, backward deceleration, uniform speed movement, or stop moving. In the whole operating process of the assisting luggage case of the present application, the sensor respectively detects the first operating state and the second operating state before and after the external force is applied to the assisting luggage case at any time, correspondingly forming the first current The value I1and the second current value I2; the control system analyzes and compares the first current value I1and the second current value I2, and drives the power wheel of the assisting luggage case to rotate according to an analysis result. The operation control method is convenient to be operated and precise in control, which benefits the user experience. In this embodiment, the operation control method of the assisting luggage in the assisting operating mode is listed, and the operation control method is not only applicable to the assisting luggage case, but also be applied to other powered and pushed walking tools, such as, electric strollers, electric wheelchairs or electric shopping carts. It is only necessary to adjust the structure and software of the original transportation tool and install the corresponding control system and sensor. In another embodiment, the present application further provides a method for controlling the operation of the luggage, the difference is in that there is no need to provide a power switch on the case body, that is, the user does not need to turn on the power switch in step S1(the assisting luggage case is always on standby mode), it is only necessary to set the control system with an electric motor starting current threshold value Istartand a predetermined current value I0set to prevent the external factors from accidentally touching the assisting luggage, Istart>I0. When the user uses the assisting luggage case in this embodiment, and applies an external force to the assisting luggage case, the second operation parameter actually detected by the Hall sensor is less than or equal to the electric motor starting current threshold value Istart, and the assisting luggage case is in the non-assisting movement mode. The second operation parameter actually detected by the Hall sensor is greater than the electric motor starting current threshold value Istart, then the assisting luggage is in the assisting movement mode, which further improve the user experience. Even if a second operating state occurs due to the luggage case is mis-operated by the external factors, the force generated by the accidental impact to the luggage case is generally small, which is not enough to start the hub motor of the power wheel, and I0<Istart, It can further improve the operational safety of the luggage case. The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the present application but not to limit the technical solutions described in the present application; therefore, although the present specification has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that the present application may be modified or equivalently replaced, and all the technical solutions and improvements thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application are intended to be included in the scope of the claims.

11857051

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Disclosed herein are adjustable composition dispensers, cosmetic compositions, kits with adjustable composition dispensers, methods of use, and the like. Cosmetic compositions include, among other things, hair coloration packages/compositions, hair styling products, skin care application (cleansing, anti-acne) or foundation and concealer applications. Dynamic adjustment of the bristles and/or tines of the composition dispenser is carried out by axial linear travel through use of a double twist configuration. Axial linear travel provides contemporaneous rotation along the x-axis or horizontal/rotational plane transferring to linear travel along the perpendicular y-axis or vertical plane. This is carried out by a consumer in order to enable rotational and perpendicular movement to change the exposed length/surface area of the bristles or tines in order to fit the task required. The adjustable composition dispenser can be twisted up or down to create bristle or tine lengths that match the hair on the head or face for accurate, clean and precise dispersion. For example, when coloring or treating beard hair, facial hair, and/or short scalp hair, the composition dispenser can be adjusted so that the bristles or tines extending from the applicator are short in length, having a decreased application surface area, to accommodate the short hair length for improved application of the hair color composition or treatment. Conversely, when coloring or treating longer hair, for example scalp hair, the user can adjust the composition dispenser so that a greater amount of the bristles or tines are exposed, presenting longer and providing a greater surface area for interacting with the hair and applying the hair color or hair treatment composition. Thus, the subject composition dispenser allows the user to customize the applicator bristle length exposed for their unique application (i.e. hair and/or beard). In one aspect, an adjustable applicator/composition dispenser hair coloration package or kit is provided that comprises, among other things, a first container containing one or more alkalizing solution, optionally including alkalizing agents, hair treatment components such as oils, conditioners, dyes and/or pigments, a second container containing an oxidizing agent/developer adapted to be mixed in the first/second container before application, and an composition dispenser assembly with dynamically adjustable bristles or tines. Bristle or tine length is adjusted by the user to accommodate his/her hair length. After mixing the alkalizing agent and oxidizing agent/developer, the composition dispenser assembly is screwed on or mounted onto the top of the bottle for cleanly and accurately dispensing the hair color composition onto at least one hair length region, and preferably, to at least a second hair length region. For example, both the user's scalp hair and beard can be treated with the hair color composition through adjustment of the composition dispenser “dialed” to accommodate the different hair lengths and/or types (straight or curly, for non-limiting example). The subject adjustable composition dispenser assembly and/or the bottle container associated therewith, can be used, cleaned, and refilled and/or reused. As a result, in an embodiment, the kit includes a non-monodose package for permanent hair coloration. The length of protrusion exposed commemorates with the hair length, where the length of the exposed protrusion is of sufficient length to deposit the hair color composition onto the hair without clumping User adjusts length so as to provide sufficient protrusion for application of formula to separate hair in sections creating uniform space for delivery, allowing a user to have the dispensing orifice closer to the hair surface. For example, for longer hair, a greater amount of the protrusion element length is exposed, but for shorter hair, such as for beard, eyebrows, etc., a shorter length of protrusion element is exposed. The subject adjustable head assembly hair coloration package provides a wide opening for filling one or more coloration formula components. Preferably, the wide opening has a diameter ranging from about 1 inch to about 4 inches. After adding the oxidizing agent/developer and the alkalizing agent together, the adjustable head assembly is mounted on the package/bottle to seal the bottle. In an embodiment, the container/bottle's large opening is covered with a shipping cap or removable lidding (to cover a formula component, for example) before first use. The adjustable composition dispenser assembly can be twisted up or down to create bristle or tine lengths that match the hair on the head or face for accurate, clean and precise dispersion. In an embodiment, the applicator surfaces include plastic tines, bristles or bristle clusters, non-woven materials, open cell materials such as foams, or other applicator materials common to the cosmetic industry. In an embodiment, the package/or kit is designed to allow the user to remove the cap via threaded closure. Preferably, a stopping/orienting bump or tab feature is provided that engages with the bottle to “lock” the composition dispenser assembly in place when it is mounted on the bottle to ensure that the bottle does not accidentally open when the composition dispenser assembly is being twisted to adjust the bristle or tine length exposed or projecting from the composition dispenser assembly. This stopping/orienting bump or tab is disengaged when the consumer cleans, refills and therefore reuses the package. The subject composition dispenser and container/bottle is preferably re-useable; wherein re-usable hair color packages are provided for mixing in the assembly's bottle. Due to the re-usable aspect, the subject adjustable composition dispenser assembly and bottle are preferably composed of high quality materials. Ergonomic qualities also result due to the wider package/bottle top and composition dispenser assembly for ease of application, different grip and application angle, and effective application vectors/angles. The container/bottle and adjustable composition dispenser assembly are composed of materials chemically resistant to hair colorant ingredients. Preferably, the container/bottle and adjustable composition dispenser assembly is composed of olefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene. Alternatively, the container/bottle is composed of glass and/or metal (ex. formed steel or aluminum cans with coating or anodization). FIGS.1-7show views of a representative embodiment of an applicator with dynamically adjustable bristles and container in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure.FIG.1shows a schematic view of the assembly of the composition dispenser/applicator for fluidic communication with a formulation reservoir.FIG.2shows a top plan view of the composition dispenser ofFIG.1with the protrusion unit operably coupled to the length-adjustment element.FIG.3shows a top plan view of the assembled composition dispenser ofFIG.1on the formulation reservoir.FIG.4is an exploded view taken along cross-sectional M ofFIG.3.FIG.5is an exploded view taken along cross-section Z ofFIG.4.FIG.6is a side view taken along cross-section Y ofFIG.1.FIG.7shows a view of the assembled composition dispenser ofFIG.1being used. Referring toFIGS.1-7, composition dispenser assembly20with dynamically adjustable protrusions for delivery of a cosmetic composition is shown generally at10. The composition dispenser is appointed to be removably attached to and/or mounted on a formulation reservoir, or container, shown herein as a bottle50. The composition dispenser may be removed and/or replaced on different or new formulation reservoirs or bottles50. It can be independent of the formulation reservoir or can be part of a kit. In use, a user may remove a lid from the formulations reservoir or bottle50and mount the composition dispenser on the bottle50. Formulation reservoir, herein shown as a bottle50, is adapted to contain and/or preferably contains a cosmetic composition. Cosmetic compositions may include, for non-limiting example, a skin treatment composition, a hair treatment composition, or a hair coloring composition. The adjustable composition dispenser may be part of a hair coloration kit or package, appointed to be removable mounted on bottle50containing the hair color or treatment formulation. Adjustable composition dispenser comprises a protrusion unit30including one or more protrusion elements, herein shown as a bristle unit/bristle insert with a plurality of bristles or tines32, and at least one dispensing orifices33appointed for fluidic communication with the formulation reservoir, or bottle50. The protrusion unit30is operably coupled to a length-adjustment element formed by way of a twist top21in operable rotational movement with a threaded insert40. Length-adjustment element is configured to adjust an exposed protrusion length of the protrusion elements/bristles32along a direction perpendicular to a rotation plane of the length-adjust element. The length-adjustment element comprises twist top21and threaded insert40. Protrusion unit30having one or more protrusions, herein shown as a bristle unit/bristle insert with a plurality of bristles or tines32is received within the twist top21, and a threaded insert40. Protrusion unit30may comprise a plurality of bristles or tines32, as shown. Alternatively, the one or more protrusions may be composed of a cellular/centered or porous material for different applications and/or formulation delivery. The cellular, centered or porous material may be a pad or a plurality of pads or pad-like protrusions, and/or may be replaceable within the protrusion unit30. The cellular, centered or porous material forming the protrusion or protrusions have particular application in delivery of formulations for skin care, including serums, lotions, anti-acne treatments, and/or photo protection (UV and/or UVA). Alternatively, the protrusions may be micro dermic contacts, abrasion surface or micro-derm needles, rather than bristles for skin treatment. Further, the protrusion may be part of or integrated within the protrusion unit30, or may be separate, removable inserts that are replaceable. Threaded insert40comprises a top flange43, preferably flexible, with a central opening44, an outer threaded surface41an outer threaded surface forming a length-adjusting element41′ and an inner threaded surface42. The outer and inner threaded surfaces41and42respectively engage the twist top21and mating top of the formulation reservoir, shown herein as bottle top51of bottle50. Protrusion unit30is inserts or snaps into central opening44of the threaded insert40and locks into rotational place on the horizontal plane or x-axis shown at x-x inFIG.3, without allowing for vertical movement on the vertical plane perpendicular to the rotational plane, y-axis shown at y-y. Central opening44of top flange43includes an internal groove47, extending substantially perpendicular toward central opening44and preferably substantially around central opening44. Twist top21is formed having threaded collar22for axial linear travel extending toward a top central opening23forming a cavity24. Collar22of twist top21connects with outer threaded surface41of threaded insert40. Twist top21may include one or more projections, bristles or tines proximal or integrated local to top central opening23, but without obstructing top central opening23. Preferably, however twist top21and collar22does not include any bristles or tines or protrusions. Bristles or tines32, as shown, of protrusion insert/protrusion unit30pass through top central opening23of twist top21, while protrusion unit30is housed therein twist top21. Protrusion unit30is constructed herein as a bristle insert, but may instead have one or more cellular, centered and/or porous material portions for different cosmetic applications as aforementioned. Protrusion unit30is constructed having a proximal end31including one or more protrusions extending therefrom, shown as bristles or tines32, and at least one dispensing orifice33adapted for fluidic communication with formulation reservoir, shown as bottle50, and a distal end35, arranged to form a cavity36. Preferably, a plurality of orifices33, or small diameter apertures, are integrated in the top surface of proximal end31, preferably centrally arranged between the bristles or tines32. In an embodiment, bristles or tines32are formed as a plurality short stiff coarse hairs or filaments or prongs in clusters32′ having a length ranging from about 0.5 inches to about 4 inches. Proximal end31of protrusion unit30is shaped to align and be inserted and housed within top central opening23of twist top21so that the protrusions extend through the top central opening23. Preferably, proximal end31and visa vie protrusions or bristles32and top central opening23is formed as a parallelogram, elongated rectangle for ergonomic applications, or of a semi-circle or a plane figure with at least one flat side. Alternatively, proximal end31and visa vie protrusions or bristles32and top central opening23is circular, and protrusion unit is fixed on the threaded unit while the twist top21rotates during axial linear travel along the rotational x-axis and vertical movement on the y-axis perpendicular to the rotation plane/x-axis. Distal end35of protrusion unit30includes an insert collar37with a rim38. Insert collar37with rim38is inserted within central opening44of top flange43by way of groove47to secure the protrusion unit30within central opening44, while also preventing movement of the protrusion unit30on the vertical plane or y-axis/perpendicular to the rotational plan (horizontal plane x-axis/rotational plane x-x). The y-axis herein or vertical plane extends centrally through centerline (y-y) of the assembly20. A seal49(seeFIG.5) is preferably provided between groove47and insert collar37providing three points of contact to prevent liquid and/or gas from escaping from the assembly. Rim38of insert collar37engages and abuts a circumferential ledge48extending along the entire circumference of central opening44of top flange43. Threaded insert40is screwed onto bottle50, and locks in place. Protrusion unit30is snapped into the threaded insert40and is capable of twisting or rotational movement along the horizontal plane or y-axis, but is not capable of vertical or up and down movement on the vertical plane or x-axis. As a result, twist top21and protrusion insert30rotate together, but only twist top21is capable of movement on the vertical plane or y-axis, perpendicular to the rotation plane (x-axis), thereby adjusting the amount of protrusion or bristles32exposed from twist top21. Circumferential ledge48abuts rim38preventing rim38from movement upward/downward on the vertical plane. Conversely, circumferential ledge48abutting rim38allows rim38of protrusion insert30to rotate along circumferential ledge48as twist top21is turned. As twist top21is turned or rotated the twist top21is dynamically adjusted upward and downward on the vertical plane while the bristle insert30is prevented from upward and downward movement. As a result, the surface area of the protrusion/bristles or tines32projecting from twist top21increases and/or decreases, depending on the rotation of the twist top21. Threaded insert40further includes one or more lateral locking tabs46to lock the threaded insert on the bottle50, which includes mating grooves adapted to receive the tabs46. Tabs may be squeezed to release the threaded insert from the bottle50. Tabs46engage an internal lock tab to prevent the assembly head from inadvertently being removed from the bottle during rotation of the twist top21. Preferably, the protrusion unit30includes one or more small bump/s30′ operable to engage with one or more divet21′ located on the twist top21to lock the twist top into place at a select exposed protrusion length of the protrusion elements. (See,FIG.6). Preferably, a visual descriptor is provided local to the twist top indicating the exposed protrusion length of the protrusion elements. Small bumps30′ may be provided on the protrusion unit30to engage with divets/dimples21′ located on twist top21, fitting into the divets/dimples21′ to create a click or soft lock of twist top21into place and visa via lock the exposure length of the bristles for use. Visual descriptor may include a label or an emboss/deboss of symbols or measure lengths of 1 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, and/or images (hair, beard) proximal to the twist top21to define the bump position to the user. Twist top21is preferably composed of polypropylene (PP), while protrusion insert30, threaded insert40and/or bottle50are composed of engineered polyethylene (PE) resin. Bristles or tines32are preferably composed of a polyester or nylon material. Bottle50may include a shipping cap for removal when in use with the adjustable composition dispenser20. A kit or package may be provided with an adjustable composition dispenser mounted on a container containing an oxidizing agent with hair coloration agent, along with a developer bottle. In an embodiment, during operation, the dial on the applicator is adjusted to the user's ideal hair length—level 1 (for example, for beard application, eyebrow application, or the like). Next, the developer is added to the container, and the composition dispenser assembly is returned onto the container and the composition mixed and applied to the beard. The dial of the adjustable composition dispenser is then rotated or dialed to a larger bristle length, and the composition is applied to the scalp hair. The detailed description set forth above in connection with the appended drawings, where like numerals reference like elements, are intended as a description of various embodiments of the present disclosure and are not intended to represent the only embodiments. Each embodiment described in this disclosure is provided merely as an example or illustration and should not be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The illustrative examples provided herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Similarly, any steps described herein may be interchangeable with other steps, or combinations of steps, in order to achieve the same or substantially similar result. In the foregoing description, specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that the embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced without embodying all of the specific details. In some instances, well-known process steps have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure various aspects of the present disclosure. Further, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the present disclosure may employ any combination of features described herein. The present application may include references to directions, such as “forward,” “rearward,” “front,” “back,” “upward,” “downward,” “right hand,” “left hand,” “lateral,” “medial,” “in,” “out,” “extended,” “advanced,” “retracted,” “proximal,” “distal,” “central,” etc. These references, and other similar references in the present application, are only to assist in helping describe and understand the particular embodiment and are not intended to limit the present disclosure to these directions or locations. The present application may also reference quantities and numbers. Unless specifically stated, such quantities and numbers are not to be considered restrictive, but exemplary of the possible quantities or numbers associated with the present application. Also in this regard, the present application may use the term “plurality” to reference a quantity or number. In this regard, the term “plurality” is meant to be any number that is more than one, for example, two, three, four, five, etc. The term “about,” “approximately,” etc., means plus or minus 5% of the stated value. The principles, representative embodiments, and modes of operation of the present disclosure have been described in the foregoing description. However, aspects of the present disclosure, which are intended to be protected, are not to be construed as limited to the particular embodiments disclosed. Further, the embodiments described herein are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. It will be appreciated that variations and changes may be made by others, and equivalents employed, without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it is expressly intended that all such variations, changes, and equivalents fall within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as claimed.

11857052

The drawings included herewith are for illustrating various examples of articles, methods, and apparatuses of the teaching of the present specification and are not intended to limit the scope of what is taught in any way. DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Various apparatuses, methods and compositions are described below to provide an example of an embodiment of each claimed invention. No embodiment described below limits any claimed invention and any claimed invention may cover apparatuses and methods that differ from those described below. The claimed inventions are not limited to apparatuses, methods and compositions having all of the features of any one apparatus, method or composition described below or to features common to multiple or all of the apparatuses, methods or compositions described below. It is possible that an apparatus, method or composition described below is not an embodiment of any claimed invention. Any invention disclosed in an apparatus, method or composition described below that is not claimed in this document may be the subject matter of another protective instrument, for example, a continuing patent application, and the applicant(s), inventor(s) and/or owner(s) do not intend to abandon, disclaim, or dedicate to the public any such invention by its disclosure in this document. The terms “an embodiment,” “embodiment,” “embodiments,” “the embodiment,” “the embodiments,” “one or more embodiments,” “some embodiments,” and “one embodiment” mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the present invention(s),” unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “including,” “comprising” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to,” unless expressly specified otherwise. A listing of items does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a,” “an” and “the” mean “one or more,” unless expressly specified otherwise. As used herein and in the claims, two or more parts are said to be “coupled”, “connected”, “attached”, or “fastened” where the parts are joined or operate together either directly or indirectly (i.e., through one or more intermediate parts), so long as a link occurs. As used herein and in the claims, two or more parts are said to be “directly coupled”, “directly connected”, “directly attached”, or “directly fastened” where the parts are connected in physical contact with each other. None of the terms “coupled”, “connected”, “attached”, and “fastened” distinguish the manner in which two or more parts are joined together. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the example embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the example embodiments described herein may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the example embodiments described herein. Also, the description is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the example embodiments described herein. As used herein, the wording “and/or” is intended to represent an inclusive-or. That is, “X and/or Y” is intended to mean X or Y or both, for example. As a further example, “X, Y, and/or Z” is intended to mean X or Y or Z or any combination thereof. General Description of a Hair Dryer As exemplified inFIGS.1-4a hair dryer10has a main body12having a front end14, a rear end16, a top end18, a bottom end20and a handle22. It will be appreciated that main body12may be of any shape. As exemplified, handle22is provided on the bottom end20of the hair dryer10and is in the form of a pistol grip handle. A handle22on the bottom end20of the hair dryer10may position weight of the hair dryer10above the handle22, which may improve the ergonomics of the hair dryer10. A pistol grip handle may also improve the ergonomics of the hair dryer10. It will be appreciated that handle22may be of any shape and may be provided at any location of the hair dryer10. As exemplified inFIGS.120,121, the handle may be provided at about a longitudinal midpoint of the hair drier. This embodiment may be particularly used if the hair dryer uses both longitudinal opposed ends for different drying operations as discussed subsequently and/or if two motor and fan blade assemblies38are utilized. Hair dryer10may be powered using household current. Accordingly, a power cord24may be provided. Optionally, power cord24may be removably mounted to the hair dryer. Power cord24may be provided at any location on the hair dryer10. As exemplified, power cord24is provided at the lower end of handle22which may facilitate, for example, repositioning the main body12without tangling the power cord24, but it may be placed elsewhere. Alternately, or in addition, hair dryer10may be powered by one or more on board energy storage members. The on board portable energy storage members may be one or more primary batteries, rechargeable batteries, super-capacitors, fuel cells or hydrogen combustion engines or turbines and may be provided at any location in the hair dryer10. As exemplified inFIGS.4and8, handle22houses a plurality of batteries26. As exemplified inFIG.9, the batteries may be provided in a battery pack28, which may be removably mounted (e.g., slideably mounted) in the hair dryer, such as in handle22. As exemplified inFIGS.5-8and80-85, hair dryer10may be powered only by one or more on board energy storage members. The on board energy storage members may be rechargeable in situ (e.g., they may be recharged when power cord24is plugged into a household power outlet) or they may be removed from hair dryer10for recharging. It will be appreciated that hair dryer10may be provided with two or more battery packs28. Accordingly, a first battery pack28may be inserted, e.g., into handle22, and used to operate hair dryer10while a second battery pack28is held in reserve (e.g., it may be recharged in a recharging station). When the first battery pack is discharged or is replaced, the first battery pack28may be removed (and optionally placed in a charging station to be recharged) and the second battery pack28may be installed in hair dryer10. Accordingly, a self-powered hair dryer may be continuously operated by using different battery packs28. Power button30is provided to actuate hair dryer10. Power button30may be provided at any location. As exemplified inFIG.1, power button30is provided on handle22. Power button30may be of any type. As exemplified, power button30is a member that is pressed inwardly into handle22to actuate hair dryer. Power button30may be a rocker switch or a slidable switch. Power button30may have only on and off positions. Alternately, it may have different positions for different fan speeds (e.g., low and high or low, medium and high). Hair dryer10is provided with an air moving member. The air moving member may be any member that may be provided in a hair dryer to move air through the hair dryer. As exemplified herein the air moving member comprises a motor and fan assembly38. As exemplified inFIG.4, motor and fan assembly38comprises a motor40, and at least one air moving member or fan blade42,44. In some examples, the motor and fan assembly38includes a motor40and a first fan blade42(which is driven by a first axle46) and a second fan blade44(which is driven by an axle48). Alternately, as exemplified inFIG.8, motor and fan assembly38comprises a motor40and a first fan blade42(which is driven by a first axle46). As discussed subsequently, the fan blade42,44may be selected to provide suction, in which case it may be an impeller (e.g., first fan blade42), or the fan blade may be selected to provide air flow, in which case the fan blade may be a propeller (e.g., second fan blade44). Hair dryer10is provided with at least one air flow path31(see for exampleFIGS.11-15,21,22A,28,41-50and81) extending from an inlet port33to an outlet port35. It will be appreciated that the inlet port33and the outlet port35may be provided at any location and may direct air in and/or receive air from any direction. As discussed herein, in some embodiments, a hair dryer may be operational in at least two operating modes, a first mode wherein hair is dried by withdrawing liquid water from the hair (a first operating mode) and a subsequent mode wherein hair is dried using heat (a second operating mode). In such cases, two air flow paths may be provided, a primary air flow path and a secondary air flow path. For convenience, the primary air flow path is referred to by reference numeral32and has an air inlet34and an air outlet36and the secondary air flow path is referred to by reference numeral52and has an air inlet54and an air outlet56. It will be appreciated that any air inlet may have any feature discussed herein with respect to inlet33,34or54and that any air outlet may have any feature discussed herein with respect to air outlets35,36or56. As exemplified inFIGS.109,110and as discussed subsequently, in a first operating mode, front end14may be placed proximate or against the hair to draw water out of the hair and the rear end16may subsequently be directed at the hair to direct heated air at the hair. Accordingly, the front end14may be referred to as the suction inlet end and the rear end16may be referred to as the blow dry end. In this embodiment, the primary air flow path32essentially extends from the suction inlet end to the motor and fan assembly38(which can be considered the end or outlet of the primary air flow path32) and the secondary air flow path52essentially extends from the motor and fan assembly38(which can be considered the start or inlet of the secondary air flow path52) to the outlet at the blow dry end. Therefore, in this embodiment, the primary and secondary air flow paths are essentially a joined air flow path and can be considered a single air flow path31with a motor and fan assembly38provided in the air flow path31to drive air flow through the air flow path31. Similarly, as exemplified inFIGS.9and10, a redirecting member62may be used to convert the front end14from the suction inlet end to a blow dry end and, in the configuration ofFIG.10, the primary and secondary air flow paths32,52are essentially a single joined air flow path31. Similar to the embodiment ofFIGS.9and10, in the embodiment ofFIGS.99and100, the redirecting member62may be used to permit air to exit the rear end16of the hair dryer10in the first operating mode (FIG.99) and to direct heated air out the front end14of the hair dryer10in the second operating mode (FIG.100). In some embodiments, the primary and secondary air flow paths32,52may be separate and the inlet of the primary air flow path32may be at the same end of the hair dryer as the outlet of the secondary air flow path52(see for exampleFIG.110) or the inlet of the primary air flow path32may be at the longitudinally opposed end of the hair dryer as the outlet of the secondary air flow path52(see for exampleFIG.120). Air containing water that passes over a motor may damage the motor over time. Accordingly, when the air entering the air flow path has water in it (from drying hair), optionally some or all of the water may be removed as discussed subsequently. Alternately, or in addition, the air moving member and/or the air flow path may be configured to inhibit or prevent water passing over the motor. In some examples, water can pass through the hair dryer10(e.g., when motor40is not receiving a current) to clean the hair dryer10. Accordingly, a fluid pathway may extend through the hair dryer10from the inlet33to the outlet35. Cleaning the hair dryer10may reduce the buildup of debris (e.g., hair color products, shampoo, etc.). This may be used in particular in an embodiment exemplified inFIG.4wherein the motor40is exterior to the primary air flow path32. In some embodiments, a constant air flow volume per unit time through the hair dryer10is maintained for one or all modes of drying. The minimum cross-sectional area of a portion of the air flow path, optionally the primary air flow path32or the outlet35, may be adjusted so that the velocity of the air flow changes. Accordingly, the rate of drying at all air flow velocities may be the same. Dual Mode Hair Dryer In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may be operable in a first operating mode wherein water is removed from hair without or substantially without a phase change. For example, 50-80 wt. % or 60-70 wt. % of the water of the water in wet hair that is to be dried may be removed in the first operating mode. Subsequently, in a second operating mode, heat without suction may be used to further dry the hair. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that less power is required to remove water using sub-atmospheric pressure than to remove water by using heat to produce a phase change (from liquid water to gaseous water) in the water retained in hair. Further, the use of less heat or a lower temperature heat may reduce the damage to hair that occurs during the use of a conventional hair dryer. In the first operating mode, water may be removed by suction and/or high velocity air, which air may be at ambient temperature. Optionally, heat may be provided during the first mode, such as using waste heat produced by the motor and fan assembly and/or a supplemental heating element. In the second operating mode, heat may be applied to maintain the temperature of the hair below 75° C., 70° C., 60° C. or 50° C. The heat may remove 20-50 wt. % or 30-40 wt. % of the initial water present in the hair when wet from the hair. Drying Hair Using Suction In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may be operable in a first mode wherein water is removed from hair by using sub-atmospheric pressure (suction) alone or in combination with the application of heat and/or high velocity air. The heat may be provided at all times that suction is applied to the hair or only part of the time (e.g., suction may be provided for a first period of time and, subsequently, heat may be provided while suction is applied). After suction has removed the desired amount of water, the user may then blow dry the hair the rest of the way, using a lower velocity air flow that is optionally heated. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may be provided with a primary air flow path32extending from an inlet port34to an outlet port36. If this aspect is to be used by itself, and optionally in any embodiment using any combination of aspects, hair being dried is inhibited and optionally prevented, from entering into primary air flow path32. Accordingly, inlet port34may comprise a screen50. Screen50may be any porous member such as a stamped or molded screen, fine woven mesh, an open cell foam such as open cell polyurethane or any combination thereof. The openings of screen50may be any size that inhibits or prevents hair entering primary air flow path32. Accordingly, in a first mode of operation, motor and fan assembly38is actuated and draws air into inlet port34thereby creating sub-atmospheric pressure in front of inlet port34. When hair is placed in the proximity of inlet port34, the hair is drawn against screen50and air is drawn through the hair into primary air flow path32. This action draws (sucks) moisture from the hair and into primary air flow path32. Hair may be drawn against an inlet port to facilitate sucking moisture from the hair, and may substantially cover the inlet port to prevent the air from bypassing the hair. Optionally, the user may move the hair dryer10and/or the hair as the hair is drawn against the inlet port, and the hair dryer10may include one or more protrusions (e.g., a mechanical ridge) at the inlet port over which the hair passes. Protrusions at the inlet port may facilitate removing water from the hair. Once the air with entrained water enters primary air flow path32, the air may be exhausted to the ambient via an outlet port36(see for exampleFIG.4). In such a case, as discussed herein, first fan blade42may be a by-pass fan blade. Optionally, as exemplified inFIGS.18and19, a water separator60may be provided downstream and optionally immediately downstream or proximate inlet port34(e.g., adjacent screen50). It will be appreciated that, if a by-pass fan blade42is used, then water collection member60need not be provided. For example, once the air with entrained water enters primary air flow path32, it may be directed to secondary air flow path. In such a case, a water collection member60is optionally provided. It will be appreciated that, in any embodiment, screen50may be heated. As hair may be drawn against screen50during at use (e.g., by suction and/or by jets as discussed subsequently), heating screen50may assist is contact drying hair that is drawn along screen50during use of hair dryer10. For example, it may include a heating element, or a heating element may be placed proximate thereto so as to heat screen50. For example, as discussed herein, infrared heating element92may be used to heat screen50. It will be appreciated that, prior to the first mode of operation, a person may first towel dry their hair. Drying Hair Using a Jet of High-Velocity Air or Heated Air in Combination with Suction Drying In accordance with this aspect, instead of or in addition to using suction in the first mode of operation, the hair dryer10may be operable in a first mode wherein air water is removed from hair by a jet of high-velocity air. Accordingly, the hair dryer10may be used to direct a jet of air from an outlet port35,36,56of the hair dryer10to the hair. The jet of air may have a velocity of at least 70, 80, 90, 100 or 110 mph. Alternately, lower velocity air (e.g., having a velocity of 10-25 mph or 15-20 mph), which may be heated, may be used in combination with suction to assist in drying hair in the first mode of operation. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that air having a high velocity may be directed to or through the hair being dried. After the jet of air102, with or without suction, has removed the desired amount of water, the user may then blow dry the hair the rest of the way, using a lower velocity air flow that is optionally heated. If lower velocity air is used, some heated air may be provided during suction drying to enhance the rate of drying. A jet of air102may be directed from a hair dryer10towards the hair to drive water from the hair. In the example ofFIGS.26to28, the jet of air102is directed from outlet port36of hair dryer10. The jet of air102may have a velocity of 70 mph or more, 80 mph or more, 90 mph or more, 100 mph or more or 110 mph or more. For example, in the first mode of operating, hair may be dried by directing air at the hair wherein the air has a velocity of 80-120 mph, 85-120 mph, 90-120 mph or 90-110 mph. The jet of air102may carry sufficient kinetic energy to drive the water from the hair. The jet of air102may be generated, for example, by increasing the volumetric air flow through the hair dryer10compared to a blow drying mode and/or forcing the air flow through an opening having a small cross-sectional area to increase the velocity of the air. For example, the outlet port36may be constricted to increase the velocity of the air. The constriction in the outlet port36may be gradual to reduce back pressure within hair dryer10. The jet of air102may have a volumetric flow rate between 20 cfm and 80 cfm, and optionally a volumetric flow between 25 to 65 cfm or between 35 cfm and 55 cfm. In some embodiments, the volumetric flow rate may depend on hair type. For example, for fragile hair a volumetric flow rate of less than 20 cfm may be used, such as a volumetric flow rate of between 10 cfm and 20 cfm or between 14 cfm and 18 cfm. In use, the jet of air102may be moved along and/or across hair to direct the water in a preferred direction. For example, hair has a length from a root of the hair to a tip of the hair, and the jet of air102may be applied to the hair at a position adjacent the root, and then moved along the length of the hair towards the tip to drive the water along the length of the hair towards the tip. As discussed elsewhere herein, the hair dryer10may have an airflow with an output temperature that is kept constant or nearly constant. The jet of air102may have a temperature that is up to 75° C., 70° C., 60° C., 50° C. or 40° C. For example, the jet of air102may be unheated or heated only by waste heat from the motor40. Optionally, or in addition, a resistive heating member may be used to provide heat to the jet of air. Alternately, or in addition, an IR source may be used to direct heat at the hair during a portion or all of the first mode of operation. The temperature to which the air is heated may be controlled and kept below a threshold temperature, such as by increasing the volumetric air flow rate without providing additional energy to the heater, thereby reducing the amount of heat transferred to each portion of the air that flows over the heater and/or by adding bleed air that does not pass over the heater. A low and/or constant output temperature may facilitate holding the outlet port very close to hair. Advantageously, the jet of air102may be applied by holding the hair dryer10with the outlet port36adjacent the hair, such as within 3 inches of the hair, within 2 inches of the hair, within 1 inch of the hair, or against the hair. Often, when a hair dryer is held adjacent the hair, the hair quickly becomes very warm, such as more than 70° C. or 80° C. Accordingly, many hair dryers are directed towards hair from a distance, such as from 15 inches away from the hair. However, holding the hair dryer at a distance may be inefficient since much of the heated air flow may bypass the hair without being used to dry the hair. A jet of high-velocity air102may be applied at any point along the length of the hair. For example, the jet of air may be applied at or near the root of the hair. However, applying the jet of air to a portion of the hair that lies against the user's head may be uncomfortable. Accordingly, for example, the jet of air may be applied only on a free hanging portion of the hair that is not against the user's head. For example, the jet of air102may be applied to the portion of the hair that hangs below the user's chin. Free hanging hair may also be hair that the user has moved away from the user's head, such as by drawing the hair away from the head or by tilting their head or hanging their head upside down. The jet of high-velocity air102may be a concentrated flow of air. The jet of air102may be shaped to facilitate driving moisture in a chosen direction. For example, the jet may be a blade-shaped jet (see for example the concentrator attachment104ofFIG.27) to be passed over the hair with the long edge of the blade shape perpendicular to the direction of motion to limit the lateral movement of the water. Accordingly, the jet of air102may have a jet width and a jet depth, with the jet width greater than the jet depth. In the illustrated example ofFIGS.26to28, the outlet opening106is rectangular, however oval or other openings may also be used. The outlet port36may be formed in the body12or in a nozzle attachment104of the hair dryer10. In the illustrated example ofFIGS.26to28, the outlet port36is formed in the nozzle attachment104. Accordingly, when the nozzle attachment104is removed and optionally replaced with another nozzle attachment104, or to use the hair dryer10without a nozzle attachment104, a port on the replacement nozzle attachment or the body12may become the outlet port36. Accordingly, different shaped outlets may be provided by using an attachment or using an alternate attachment. Accordingly, the speed of the jet of air may be changed by using a different attachment. The outlet opening106used to produce a jet of high-velocity air102may have an opening width108between 1 inch and 6 inches, or between 2 inches and 5 inches or between 3 inches and 4 inches. The outlet opening106used to produce a jet of air102may have an opening height110of between 0.05 inches and 0.45 inches, or between 0.15 inches and 0.3 inches or between 0.2 inches and 0.25 inches. For example, a volumetric flow of 45 cfm to 50 cfm through an outlet opening106of 3 inches in width108and 0.2 inches in height110has been found by the inventors to be effective. Alternately, as exemplified inFIG.1, the jets may be part of the main body of the hair dryer, e.g., they may be integrally formed as part of the body12. As exemplified inFIG.1, the air outlet56comprises a plurality of outlets each of which may produce a jet of air. As shown therein, the outlet56comprises a plurality of narrow slots. Forming a narrow slot will produce an increase in the air flow velocity. As exemplified inFIG.1, the jets may be the outlet of the secondary air flow path52. Therefore, the secondary air flow path52may be used in the first mode of operation as a high velocity jet (which may be heated) and in the second mode of operation as heated air at a lower velocity that is suitable for blow drying, e.g., a velocity of up to 40 or 50 mph, such as to a velocity of 4 to 35 mph. To switch between blow drying and producing a jet of air102having a velocity of at least 70, 80, 90, 100 or 110 mph, a user may reconfigure the hair dryer10. For example, the user may change the rate of rotation of the motor40, such as to increase the rate of rotation of the motor to increase the velocity of the air generated. Alternately or in addition, the user may also change the size and/or shape and/or number of the outlet openings106thereby adjusting the cross-sectional flow area of the outlet56. To change the size and/or shape of the outlet opening106, the user may add and/or exchange a nozzle attachment104. For example, the user may replace a nozzle attachment104having a narrow outlet opening106with one having a larger, wider outlet opening106to decrease the velocity of the air. A hair dryer10may also have an outlet opening106of adjustable size. A user may change the area of the outlet opening106without replacing or adding a nozzle attachment104by changing the size of the outlet aperture, such as by using an adjustable iris. For example, hair dryer10ofFIGS.29to34has an outlet opening106that may be narrowed by moving blades114or an adjustable iris across the outlet opening106and widened by retracting the blades114from the outlet opening106. A handle or slider116and gear assembly118guides the movement of the blades and allows the user to adjust the positions of the blades114. Similarly, a user may adjust the position of a first plate having one or more apertures relative to a second plate to adjust the minimum cross-sectional area. As in the example ofFIGS.35to37, a user may position a first plate340with apertures342of the first plate340substantially aligned with apertures344of an adjacent second plate346(FIG.36) to maximize a cross sectional area of the air flow path31through the adjacent plates240,246(e.g., to maximize the cross-sectional area through the outlet opening106). Alternatively, a user may position the first plate340with apertures242substantially dis-aligned with the apertures344of the adjacent second plate246(FIG.37) to minimize the cross-sectional area of the air flow path31through the adjacent plates240,246(e.g., to minimize the cross-sectional area through the outlet opening106). The user may be prevented from fully closing the air flow path31, e.g., if each plate240,246has limited rotational movement within a corresponding track of the hair dryer10. An optional heating element, such as heating element70, which may be referred to as a heater and is exemplified as a cartridge heater280subsequently, may be positioned adjacent the outlet opening106used to produce a jet of air102. Accordingly, the jet of air102may optionally be heated. As exemplified inFIG.28, a heating element70may be provided upstream of an outlet port, such as outlet port36of primary air flow path32. Accordingly, heating element70may be used to heat air as it exits the outlet port36to provide heated air to hair. Optionally, if the hair dryer is a one sided hair dryer as exemplified inFIG.1, the outlets56may extend forwardly from an inlet34of the primary air flow path32of hair dryer10. Accordingly, outlets56may be provided on fingers94. Fingers94extend outwardly from inlet34of hair dryer10and may penetrate the hair of a person that is being dried, similar to the tines of a comb or the bristles of a brush. While the embodiment ofFIG.27exemplifies a jet of air that is directed away from the hair drier in an axial direction (in the direction of the axis of rotation of motor40), alternately, or in addition, one or more air jets may be directed laterally towards one or more laterally opposed air jets. As exemplified inFIG.1, outlets56are arranged in an annular band around inlet34. Accordingly, outlets56face inwardly towards opposed outlets56. For example, outlet56on finger94afaces directly towards outlet56on opposed finger94b. It will be appreciated that, in an alternate embodiment, two or more pairs of opposed jets may be provided. For example, two opposed rows of outlets may be provided wherein at least some, and optionally each, outlet in one row faces an outlet of the other row so as to form a plurality of pairs of opposed outlets. Each outlet of a pair of opposed outlets produces a jet that is directed at the opposed outlet. As exemplified inFIGS.38-40, teeth124are hollow, and the outlet ports of the hair dryer10are provided on the teeth124. The outlet ports36of the primary airflow path32are provided on the teeth124, and each outlet port36directs a jet of air102laterally. The air of the102may each have a velocity of at least 70, 80, 90, 100 or 110 mph when the air contacts the hair and may be directed at hair adjacent an opposed outlet port36. As such, the outlet ports36may be provided in lateral walls126of the hollow projections124and may direct the jets of air102laterally. The hollow projections124may have inner lateral walls128that face adjacent hollow projections124and outer lateral walls130that do not face adjacent hollow projections124. The outlet ports36may also be in the inner lateral walls128. Accordingly, the jets of air102may be directed into the spaces132between the hollow projections124, such as to reduce the chance of hair being blown away from the restraint member120. It will be appreciated that, alternately, or in addition, the jets of air may be provided during the first mode of operation. Accordingly, the jets of air may be directed laterally or towards the inlet of the dryer10. For example, in one embodiment, one or more air jets may be directed from outlet56towards inlet34(e.g., towards the suction source). Accordingly, for example, the outlets inFIG.8may face inwardly at an angle to the vertical so as to direct the jets laterally at an angle towards inlet34or directly towards inlet34. It will be appreciated that if the jets are sufficiently strong, the jets may drive the hair being dried against the screen50. In such a case, an air moving member that produces suction may not be required or such an air moving member (e.g., motor and fan blade assembly38) may act with the jets to draw the hair being dried against screen50. According to this embodiment, a combination of hair being drawn against screen50by suction and air, optionally hot air, being blown into the hair may enhance the rate of hair drying without having to excessively heat the hair. FIG.120exemplifies the use of lower velocity air that is used in combination with suction. As exemplified therein, an annular inlet port54is used in the first mode of operation to direct air, which may be heated by heating elements70, towards the hair being dried. The air may be heated to a temperature of up to 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 70° C. or 75° C. It will be appreciated that inlet port54need not be annular but may be a one or a plurality of ports, which may be positioned around air inlet34. As exemplified, inlet port54is vertically aligned with the inlet port54. However, the inlet port54may be positioned longitudinally forward of the inlet port34as exemplified inFIG.4, or longitudinally rearward of the inlet port34. It will be appreciated that the inlet port may be at the front end of the hair dryer as exemplified inFIG.120. Alternately, as exemplified inFIG.126, the inlet port54may be recessed rearwardly from the front end. As discussed subsequently, in the embodiment ofFIG.126, the front end of the hair dryer may have a removable module that comprises or consists of a water separator60. The inlet port54may be located rearward of some or all of the water separator60as exemplified inFIGS.126,127. This is advantageous, as an outer annular passage is not required around some or all of the water separator60. Accordingly, in the first mode of operation, air may exit the inlet port54and travel forwardly to assist in drying hair that is adjacent the screen50of the inlet port34. As shown inFIG.121, in the second mode of operation a motor40and fan blade44is used to move air through the secondary air flow path52. As discussed subsequently, in order to direct air out of inlet port54in the first mode of operation, fan blade44may be operated in reverse. It will be appreciated therefore that heat may also be provided at all times that suction is applied to the hair and/or that a jet of air is applied to the hair or only part of the time (e.g., suction may be provided for a first period of time and, subsequently, heat may be provided while suction is applied). Restraint Member In accordance with this aspect, a restraint member may be used to maintain the hair adjacent the hair dryer10. The restraint member may be used to maintain the hair adjacent the outlet opening of the hair dryer when a jet of air102with a velocity of, e.g., at least 70, 80, 90, 100 or 110 mph when the air contacts the hair, is directed from the outlet opening at the hair. Optionally, the restraint member may have one or more air outlets that produce the high velocity jet(s) of air. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. For example, if the jet of air102is applied to free hanging hair, a restraint member120may be used to maintain the hair adjacent the outlet port36of the hair dryer10. For example, a restraint member120may be positioned across the hair from the outlet port36(opposed to and facing) to prevent the hair from being blown away from the outlet port36during operation. The restraint member120may be, for example, a bush, a comb, or a hand of the user. If the hair dryer10is redirected to move the jet of air102, the restraint member120may be moved correspondingly. For example, the user may hold the hair dryer10adjacent the hair with one hand and position the other hand on the other side of the hair across from the hair dryer10, and then move the hair dryer10in downward sweeps from a position below the chin to the tips of the hair, with their hand mirroring the movement of the hair dryer10. The restraint member may be a separate from the hair dryer10, as with a user's hand or a separate comb or brush. However, the restraint member may also be attached to the hair dryer10and/or the restraint member may be part of the hair dryer10. For example, as exemplified inFIGS.1and38-40, the restraint member may include one or more hollow projections extending away from the hair dryer10to carry the air away from the hair dryer10. The hollow projections may be teeth of a brush or comb attachment120. Drying Using Heat In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may be operable in a second mode wherein water is removed from hair by directing heated heat, such as heated air and/or IR radiation at the hair being dried. This mode may be used by a user after the user has operated the hair dryer in the first mode of operation. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that less power is required to remove water using heat as some water has been removed, such as by using sub-atmospheric pressure and/or a jet of air. Further the use of less heat or a lower temperature of heat will reduce the damage to hair that occurs during the use of a conventional hair dryer. In accordance with this aspect, heated air may be supplied by air exiting the outlet port56of the secondary air flow path52(see for exampleFIGS.4,8and121) or air exiting the outlet port36of the primary air flow path32(see for exampleFIGS.18,19and23-25) or, as discussed subsequently, an IR heating element may direct heat at the hair being dried. If the hair dryer has a suction inlet34at one end of the hair dryer and a heated air outlet56at a longitudinally opposed end of a hair dryer as exemplified inFIGS.120,121, then a user may be able to switch from the first mode of operation to the second mode of operation by, e.g., flipping the hair dry from an orientation in which the inlet34faces the hair that is being dried to an orientation in which the outlet56faces the hair to be dried. Concurrently, the user may release an actuator that initiates the first mode of operation and the user may press an actuator that initiates the second mode of operation. Alternately, the hair drier may have an actuator with three positions, namely off, actuate the first mode of operation and actuate the second mode of operation. Alternately, the hair dryer may sense which end is directed to the hair being dried and, when the actuator is pressed, the hair dryer will actuate the appropriate mode of operation. As exemplified inFIG.48, one or more heating elements70may be upstream, downstream, or both upstream and downstream of an air moving unit. As exemplified inFIGS.4and8, one or more heating elements70may be provided in secondary air flow path. Heating element70may be any heating element70that can heat air flowing through secondary air flow path52and/or it may be an IR heating element. For example, heating element70may be a resistive heater and/or an infrared heating element. The heating element may be powered by an on board power supply e.g., batteries, to resistively heat the heating element or a combustible fuel (e.g., hydrogen or propane) to produce combustion that heats the heating element70or the air directly. Alternately, if hair dryer10is corded, heating element70may be a resistively heated member that is powered by household current. It will be appreciated that the heating element may be internal the secondary air flow path52, it may be external to the secondary air flow path52so as to heat the conduit through which the air flows, it may be internal primary air flow path32, optionally downstream of the motor40or it may be external the primary or secondary air flow path32,52so as to heat the conduit through which the air flows, optionally downstream of motor40. Optionally, an infrared heating element may heat an infrared-absorbing target190(e.g., an element that absorbs infrared radiation). In such a case the infrared-absorbing target190and optionally the infrared heating element may be provided in the air flow path. Optionally, if the secondary air flow path is annular or substantially annular (e.g., it extends around part or all of the outer perimeter of the inlet passage downstream from inlet port42), then the heating element70may be one or more elements extending circumferentially around the inlet passage and optionally the motor and fan assembly38as exemplified inFIGS.113-116. The heating elements may be a continuous annular or partially annular member, or it may comprise a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart heating Heating element70may be separately actuatable or it may be actuated when motor40is energized. Heating element70may also be operable to provided increased or decreased heat automatically in response to a temperature of the hair dryer10and/or hair and/or outlet temperature of air at an outlet35of the air flow path31, as described further elsewhere herein. For example, heating element70may be operable to provide increased heat automatically in response to a sensed decrease in the outlet temperature of air at the outlet35. Alternately, or in addition, the air may be heated by passing over motor38or otherwise cooling motor40. Accordingly, a separate heating element70may not be provided. Temperature Limit In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may be operated to limit the temperature of air used to dry hair and/or the temperature of hair dried by the hair dryer10. For example, once hair has been partially dried by using suction and/or a jet of air (the first drying mode), heated air, which may be at a lower temperature than conventional hair dryers, may be used to blow dry the partially dried hair. Alternately, or in addition, heat may be directed at the hair, such and by an IR heating element optionally with air being directed at the hair. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. In accordance with this aspect, the amount and delivery of heat may be adjusted to prevent hair being heated to more than 75° C., 70° C., 60° C. or 50° C. For example, one or more of the temperature of the heated air, the air flow rate and the amount of IR heat emitted may be adjusted. A hair dryer10may include a sensor operable to monitor at a location (e.g., at the air outlet port) a temperature of the air that is produced by the hair dryer and/or a temperature of a portion of the hair of the person at which the air and heat are directed. A controller may be operable to adjust an operating parameter of the hair dryer10when the sensor issues a signal indicative of the temperature of the air at the location and/or the temperature of the portion of the hair being outside a predetermined temperature range whereby, after issuance of the signal, the fan and motor assembly38continues to operate and the temperature of the air at the location and/or the temperature of the portion of the hair is adjusted to be within the predetermined range. Adjusting the operating parameter may include one or more of reducing power provided to the heater, increasing a velocity of the air flow passing over the heating element such as by increasing a speed of rotation of the fan, increasing a volume of the air flow exiting the air outlet port per second such as by adding bleed air which bypassing the heating element or increasing a cross-sectional flow area of at least one adjustable aperture in the air flow path. In the first operating mode, the predetermined temperature range may have a maximum temperature 75° C., 70° C., 60° C. or 50° C. In a second operating mode, the hair dryer10may be operable to periodically or selectively increase the temperature of the air at the location and/or the temperature of the hair up to 120° C., such as if a user needs to set a curl. Optionally, the hair dryer10may also include a signaling member (e.g., a light or speaker or vibration member). The signaling member may issue a signal (e.g., the light turns on or the speaker generates a noise of the handle22vibrates) to a user when the temperature of the air at the location in the airflow path and/or the temperature of the portion of the hair exceeds the predetermined temperature. For example, as exemplified inFIG.20, hair dryer10may have a sensor74(see also sensor168inFIG.54) to monitor the temperature of hair being dried. For example, a thermal sensor and/or thermal camera may be provided, e.g., adjacent outlet port56, to monitor the temperature of hair being dried. As or once the temperature reaches a predetermined or pre-set value, about 50° C., about 60° C., about 70° C. or about 75° C., sensor74may send a signal to control system76(e.g. a controller) which, e.g., reduces the temperature of the air being used to blow dry hair (e.g., reducing the power provided to heating element70) and/or reduce the velocity of the heated air being used to blow dry hair and/or increasing the velocity of the air being used to blow dry hair by adding bleed air. Alternately, or in addition, hair dryer10may have a sensor to monitor the temperature of air being used to blow dry hair. For example, a thermal sensor may be provided, e.g., in secondary air flow path52, to monitor the temperature of air in secondary air flow path52. As or once the temperature reaches a predetermined or pre-set value, about 50° C., about 60° C., about 70° C. or about 75° C., a sensor may send a signal to control system e.g. a controller) which, e.g., reduces the temperature of the air being used to blow dry hair (e.g., reducing the power provided to heating element70) and/or reduce the flow rate of the heated air being used to blow dry hair and/or increasing the velocity of the air being used to blow dry hair by adding bleed air. Multiple Air Flow Paths In accordance with this aspect, and as discussed previously, the hair dryer10includes more than one air flow path31, e.g., a primary air flow path32and a secondary air flow path52. Each air flow path may be used for a different operating mode of the hair dryer. For example, the first operating mode may be used to dry hair without water being subjected or substantially subjected to a phase change. Accordingly, the first operating mode may dry the hair by withdrawing water from the hair (drawing water out of the hair and into the hair dryer) and/or by directing a high velocity jet of air at or into the hair using the primary air flow path32. Subsequently, heat may be applied to the hair, such as by blowing heated air at the hair and/or blowing air while directing IR heat at the hair using the secondary air flow path52. The air flow rate in the primary air flow path32may be less than the air flow rate in the secondary air flow path52(e.g., a higher air flow rate may be needed for a blow drying mode than for a suction mode), as described further subsequently. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. As exemplified inFIGS.1-8,109,110,120and121, hair dryer10has a primary air flow path32that extends from an inlet port34to an outlet port36and a secondary air flow path52that extends from an inlet port54to an outlet port56. The primary air flow path32may be used in the first mode of operation to dry hair and the secondary air flow path52may be used in the subsequent second mode of operation to dry the hair using heat. In some uses, the hair dryer10may be used in a first mode for less than five minutes, such as one to 5 minutes, or 1-3 minutes. Accordingly, in the first mode, the hair dryer may be used for up to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 minutes. The hair dryer10may be used in a second mode for less than 15 minutes, such as 3 to 15 minutes, 3 to 10 minutes, or 3 to 8 minutes. Various configurations for the primary and secondary air flow paths32,52may be used. The primary air flow path32may extend from an exterior inlet port34. The secondary air flow path52may extend to an exterior outlet port56(see for exampleFIG.110). The primary and secondary air flow paths32,52may be isolated from each other as in the embodiment ofFIGS.1-4. Alternately as discussed previously, the secondary air flow path52may be an extension of the primary air flow path32so as to form a continuous joined air flow path31if some or all of the air in the primary air flow path is redirected to the front of the hair dryer10(see for example the embodiment ofFIGS.5-8). Since a greater volumetric air flow rate may be needed for blow drying than for suction and/or using high-velocity air to drive water from hair, the volumetric air flow rate in the primary air flow path32may be less than the volumetric air flow rate in the secondary air flow path52. The difference in volumetric air flow rates may be maintained by, e.g., the use of bypass valves, separate air flow paths, etc., such as disclosed elsewhere herein. Primary Air Flow Path In the first operating mode, a primary air flow path32may be provided for the air which is drawn into the hair dryer during the first mode of operation. Air may flow in a single direction through primary air flow path32e.g., from the front end14towards the rear end16so as to exit, e.g., midway along the length of the hair dryer as exemplified inFIG.4or to rear end16as exemplified inFIG.9. InFIG.4, reference numerals32point to arrows that show the air flowing through the primary air flow path. Accordingly, reference numeral32is used to designate the primary air flow path. Primary air flow path32may be of any design that draws air into the hair dryer, and which may subsequently exhaust the air through an outlet port36. It will be appreciated that outlet port36may be provided at any location and may direct air in any direction. The air travelling through the primary air flow path may be exhausted from hair dryer10in a direction such that the exhausted air is not directed back towards the hair being dried. Accordingly, outlet port36may direct air rearwardly and/or upwardly (see for exampleFIGS.4,9and18). Alternately, some or all of the air travelling through primary air flow path32may be directed back towards the hair being dried. In such a case, air from the primary air flow path32that is redirected at the hair being dried may form some or all of the air in a secondary air flow path52(see for exampleFIG.8). An air moving member (e.g., motor and fan assembly38) is provided to draw air into primary air flow path32. It will be appreciated that each of primary air flow path32and secondary air flow path52may have its own motor and fan assembly38provided therein (see for exampleFIGS.120,121). Alternately, two motor and fan assemblies38may be used to move air through a joined primary and secondary air flow path (see for exampleFIG.111). Alternately, a single motor and fan assembly38may be used to move air through each of the primary and secondary air flow paths (see for exampleFIG.8). Alternately, a single motor40and two fan blades42,22may be used to move air through each of the primary and secondary air flow paths (see for exampleFIGS.4and112). Water entrained in air drawn into the hair dryer during the first operating mode may damage the motor40. Accordingly, the air flow path32may be configured to reduce or prevent air drawn into the hair dryer during the first mode of operation travelling past motor40and/or to remove water from the air prior to the air traveling over the motor40. As exemplified inFIGS.4and20the air moving member is configured to inhibit or prevent water passing over the motor40. As exemplified inFIGS.4and20, first fan blade42may be a by-pass fan. Such a fan blade is configured to draw air through primary air flow path32without the air passing over motor40. Accordingly, motor40may be positioned exterior to primary air flow path32, e.g., motor40may be positioned in a motor housing that is sealed or essentially sealed from primary air flow path32. As exemplified inFIG.4, a bulkhead wall58is positioned in front of motor40and axle46extends from motor40through bulkhead wall58to first fan blade42. A bearing may be provided in the opening of bulkhead wall58through which axle46extends. Accordingly, in operation, motor40causes fan blade42to spin and draw air in through inlet port34, to and past fan blade42and out through outlet port36. As exemplified inFIGS.1-4, a single outlet port36may be provided, such as on the top end of the main body12. Alternately, as exemplified inFIG.20, two or more outlet ports36may be provided. Optionally the outlet ports direct air away from the hair being dried, such as rearward as exemplified inFIG.4. Alternately or in addition, as exemplified inFIG.8, some or all of the water is removed to reduce or prevent water being present in air that passes over the motor40. As exemplified inFIG.8, a water separator60, which is discussed subsequently, is provided in primary air flow path32upstream of motor40. Secondary Air Flow Path A secondary air flow path52may be provided for the second mode of operation (the blow dry mode). As the first and second operating modes differ, the air flow path for each mode may also differ. Air may flow in a single direction through secondary air flow path52e.g., from the rear end16or a rearward portion of hair dryer10to the front end14. As mentioned previously, some or all of the air travelling through the primary air flow path32may be directed back towards the hair being dried via the secondary air flow path52. Such an embodiment is exemplified inFIGS.9,10,99and100. InFIG.9, reference numerals52point to arrows that show the air flowing through the secondary air flow path. Accordingly, reference numeral52is used to designate the secondary air flow path. Secondary air flow path52may be of any design that exhausts air towards hair that is being dried. The air travelling through the secondary air flow path may be exhausted from hair dryer10in a direction such that the exhausted air is directed towards the hair being dried. It will be appreciated that inlet port54for secondary air flow path52may be provided at any location. Accordingly, for example, inlet port54may be a port on the exterior of hair dryer10or which draws air from the ambient into hair dryer10and into secondary air flow path52(see for exampleFIGS.120,121). It will be appreciated that if some or all of the air travelling through primary air flow path32is directed back towards the hair being dried through secondary air flow path52as exemplified inFIGS.9,10,99and100, then outlet port36of primary air flow path32may be inlet port which allows ambient air to enter the hair dryer for the secondary air flow path52and the inlet port54may be provided at an internal location in the hair dryer10. Accordingly, as exemplified inFIG.9, air enters hair dryer10through inlet port34provided at front end14and travels rearwardly through water collection member60to motor and fan assembly38and then through outlet port36(which doubles as inlet port54) and forwardly through secondary air flow path52to outlet ports56provided on front end14. Redirecting Member In accordance with this aspect and as discussed previously, primary and secondary air flow paths32,52may be connectable in air flow communication with each other so as to provide a continuous joined air flow path31for use in the second mode of operation. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the same end of the hair dryer may be used in each of the first and second operating modes instead of the user having to flip the hair dryer so different end faces the hair to be dried. For example, air may travel in a single direction through hair dryer10in the first operating mode (e.g., from front end14to or toward the rear end16, seeFIGS.9and99) and accordingly, the primary air flow path may have a low back pressure. Further, as exemplified inFIGS.8,10and100air may be redirected through hair dryer10when hair dryer10is in use in the second operating mode and therefore the same side of the hair dryer may be used for each operating mode. In the embodiment ofFIG.8, the air flow path is fixed and after air reaches the rear end of the primary air flow path32, the air is redirected forwardly by passing through an orifice in an internal sidewall into the secondary air flow path52. Alternately, as exemplified inFIGS.9,10,99and100a redirecting member62is provided to reconfigure the air flow path. In the configuration ofFIGS.9and99, the redirecting member is open, and air may exit primary air flow path32via outlet port36. In the configuration ofFIGS.10and100, the redirecting member62has been moved to close outlet port36. Accordingly, air travelling through primary air flow path32is directed through an internal inlet port54into secondary air flow path52. This embodiment is advantageous as a lower back pressure air flow path is provided for the first operating mode while the same end of the hair dryer is used for the first and second operating modes. Optionally, it will be appreciated that redirecting member62may concurrently open the exit of primary air flow path32and close the entrance to secondary air flow path52. As exemplified inFIGS.9,10,99and100redirecting member62is operable between a first open position in which an exit from primary air flow path32is open and the entrance (internal inlet port54) to secondary air flow path is closed and a second closed position in which the exterior outlet36from the primary air flow path32is closed and the entrance (internal inlet port54which functions as the internal outlet of the primary air flow path32) to the secondary air flow path52is opened. The redirecting member62,410may be any member that may be repositionable and/or reconfigurable to close off the primary air flow path32to cause some or all of the air to enter the secondary air flow path52. For example, the redirecting member62may be an iris, a valve, sliding shutters having upper and lower portions62a,62b(seeFIG.9) or the like. Alternate Fan Blade Design In accordance with this aspect, if an air moving member has two fan blades, then a first fan blade may be configured to provide relatively more suction than a second fan blade and the second fan blade may be configured to provide relatively more air flow than the first fan blade. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that each mode of operation may have a fan blade that is appropriate for that mode of operation. Accordingly, the fan blade used in the first mode of operation may be a fan blade which is selected based on the desired suction that is to be created. Similarly, the fan blade used in the second mode of operation may be a fan blade which is selected based on the desired air flow velocity that is to be created. As a result, when the hair dryer is operating in the first mode to draw air into the hair dryer, relatively more suction may be provided and when the hair dryer is being used in the second mode, relatively more air flow may be provided. It will be appreciated that each fan blade may be driven by the same motor (see for exampleFIGS.20and110) or each fan blade may be driven by a different motor (see for exampleFIG.120). FIG.20exemplifies an embodiment wherein two fan blades are provided, and which are driven by a common motor40and which are fixed in position with respect to a cowling surrounding the fan blade. As exemplified, the first fan blade42may be configured such that the fan blade is located proximate the cowling72of a motor and fan blade assembly air inlet. The second fan blade44may be configured such that the fan blade is located spaced from the cowling72. Increasing the spacing between a cowling and the fan blade may increase the volumetric air flow produced by the fan blade and reduce the suction produced by the fan blade. Decreasing the spacing between a cowling and the fan blade may increase the suction produced by the fan blade and reduce the volumetric air flow produced by the fan blade. It will be appreciated that fan blade44may have a cowling72and may be spaced from such a cowling44by a greater distance than fan blade42is spaced from cowling72. In the embodiment ofFIG.20, each fan blade is in a different air flow path. The first fan blade42is positioned in primary air flow path32close to cowling72and the second fan blade44is positioned in secondary air flow path52spaced from motor40at rear end16. Accordingly, the first fan blade42will produce more suction than the second fan blade44. The additional suction assists in drawing moisture from hair into inlet port34. Conversely, fan blade44will produce more air flow than fan blade42. The higher air flow is beneficial when the hair dryer is used to blow dry hair. Alternately, as discussed subsequently with respect toFIGS.16and17, the position of a fan blade with respect to the cowling72may be adjustable. Adjusting the distance between the fan blade and the cowling may be used to adjust a motor and fan blade assembly38from one that produces high suction (seeFIG.16) to one that produces higher airflow and lower suction (SeeFIG.17). Alternately, as discussed subsequently with respect toFIGS.120and121, an impeller may be provided in the primary air flow path32to provide suction and a propeller may be provided in the secondary air flow path52to provide air flow. Variable Suction Fan Blade (Variable Gap Between the Fan Blade and a Cowling) In accordance with this aspect, a motor and fan blade assembly may be reconfigurable to produce enhanced suction or enhanced air flow. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. In particular, this aspect may be used in conjunction with, or in lieu of, using different fan blade configurations as discussed previously. In accordance with this aspect, the fan blade is reconfigurable by adjusting the gap or spacing between an upstream face of a fan blade and a fan blade cowling. Increasing the gap would tend to increase the air flow produced by the fan blade whereas decreasing the gap would tend to increase the suction produced by the fan blade. The gap may be adjustable by manually moving fan blade42with respect to cowling72. Alternately, the fan blade may be moved by an electronically actuated member (e.g., a solenoid). As exemplified inFIGS.16and17, handle22is moveably (e.g., pivotally) mounted to main body12. Pivoting the handle adjusts the gap between the upstream face of fan blade42and fan blade cowling72. Accordingly, a mechanical linkage extending between handle22and cowling72and/or fan blade42may be provided. As the handle is pivoted, e.g., forwardly, from the high suction mode position ofFIG.16to the high air flow mode position ofFIG.17, the gap between the upstream face of fan blade42and fan blade cowling72is increased thereby adjusting motor and fan blade assembly38to produce higher air flow and lower suction. Conversely, as the handle22is pivoted, e.g., rearwardly, from the high air flow mode ofFIG.17to the high suction mode position ofFIG.16, the gap between the upstream face of fan blade42and fan blade cowling72is decreased thereby adjusting motor and fan blade assembly38to produce higher suction and lower air flow. In the embodiment ofFIGS.16and17, the redirecting member may be concurrently or separately moved to adjust the air flow path from a straight through air flow path wherein air travel only through the primary air flow path32, which may be used for suction drying (FIG.16) to one wherein the air is redirected to travel through the secondary air flow path52and exit the front of the hair dryer for, e.g., blow drying (FIG.17). Accordingly, when a user desires to change drying mode from the first mode to the second mode, the user may rotate the handle forwardly to produce higher air flow for blow drying. Dual Sided Hair Dryer In accordance with this aspect, one side of a hair dryer10(e.g., the front side) uses suction to draw moisture from wet hair in the first operating mode and the second (e.g., axially opposed side) blows air, optionally heated air, to further dry the wet hair in the second operating mode. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the air flow path through the hair dryer may be simplified. Once hair has been dried to a particular degree of dryness using suction wherein the suction inlet is at, e.g., the front side of the hair dryer10, a user may turn the hair dryer around and then use the other side (e.g., the rear side) to blow dry the wet hair. Accordingly, a redirecting member62is not required. Accordingly, the air flow path in each operating mode may be shorter and may therefore have a lower back pressure, thereby increasing the volume of air flow without changing the motor and fan blade assembly. For example,FIGS.13,14,15,18,19,21,22A,28,48,49,50,53,54and75are similar toFIG.8except that the secondary air flow path52is located at the end of the primary air flow path and a joined air flow path31that travels generally linearly through the hair dryer10is provided. As exemplified, air enters through inlet port33(which is the inlet port34of the primary air flow path32) provided at front end14of main body12and exists through outlet port35(which is the outlet port56of the secondary air flow path52) provided at rear end16of main body12. In the first operating mode, if suction is used, air may be drawn through hair into the inlet port33,34, water may be removed by optional water separator60and the air then exhausted through the outlet port35. In the second operating mode, heating elements70may be actuated. Air may be drawn in through inlet port33pass over the motor and fan assembly and then over the heating elements70to exit port35as heated air that is directed at the hair to be dried. As discussed subsequently, some air may be recirculated through a recirculation conduit366in the hair dryer to increase the exit temperature of the air (seeFIG.14), some air may be vented via a vent conduit352to increase the exit temperature of the air exiting the outlet port35(seeFIG.15), the water separator60may be bypassed in the second operating mode to increase the air flow through the hair dryer (seeFIGS.21and22A) and additional inlet and outlet ports and more than one heaters provided in different locations may be included to adjust the air flow rate and/or temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer (seeFIGS.48,49,50,53and54). One or more of these features may be used in any hair dryer. It will be appreciated that in embodiments which use a dual sided hair dryer that a separate power button may be provided for each mode of operation. For example, as exemplified inFIG.18, when the first side of hair dryer is in operation (e.g., in the first drying mode of operation) then power button30a, which faces forwardly, may actuate hair dryer10. Similarly, when the second side of hair dryer is in operation (e.g., in the second drying mode of operation) then power button30b, which faces rearwardly, may actuate hair dryer10. Single Sided Hair Dryer In accordance with this aspect, the same side of a hair dryer10(e.g., the front side) is used in each of the operating modes. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. Accordingly, in the first operating mode suction and/or high velocity air may be directed at the hair of a person and in the second operating mode, the same side (outlet port) of the hair dryer may be used to blow air, optionally heated air, to further dry the wet hair. For example,FIG.4exemplifies a hair dryer using two separate air flow paths wherein, in the first operating mode, air is drawn in through inlet34, water may be removed by water separator60and the air then exhausted through the outlet port36. In the second operating mode, heating element(s)70may be actuated. Air may be drawn in through inlet port54on the rear side of the hair drier, pass over the motor and fan assembly and then over the heating elements70to exit the front of the hair drier as heated air that is directed at the hair to be dried. Alternately, the same side of a hair dryer may be used to provide suction in a first operating mode and in the second operating mode wherein the primary air flow path32is used in the first mode of operation and a single joined air flow path31is used in the second mode of operation. For example, as exemplified inFIG.9, in the first mode of operation, air travels linearly through the hair dryer. Air is drawn into the hair dryer through inlet port34, passes through the water separator60and exits through outlet port36. In the second operating mode that is exemplified inFIG.10, after passing through the primary air flow path32, air is introduced to the secondary air flow path52by, e.g., a redirecting member62which partially or fully closes outlet port36. It will be appreciated that various valving or other means may be used to direct air into the secondary air flow path52. As discussed with respect to a dual sided hair dryer, a single sided hair dryer may incorporate recirculating some air through a recirculation conduit366in the hair dryer to increase the exit temperature of the air, venting some air via a vent conduit352to increase the exit temperature of the air exiting the outlet port35, bypassing a water separator60in the second operating mode to increase the air flow through the hair dryer and providing additional inlet and outlet ports and more than one heater in different locations to adjust the air flow rate and/or temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer. One or more of these features may be used in any hair dryer. Temperature Control In accordance with this aspect, air exiting an outlet of the hair dryer10and/or hair that the hair dryer10is directed at is maintained at a generally constant temperature, such as within 20% of a set point. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. A generally constant outlet temperature and/or hair temperature may protect hair from damage due to excess heat. Controlling the outlet temperature and/or hair temperature may allow the user to use a variety of orientations and methods of use without concern about the hair or a person's skin being overheated. For example, the user may bring the hair dryer10near to or abutting hair without the corresponding increase in back pressure and decrease in air flow rate causing a spike in the temperature of air exiting the hair dryer10. A generally constant outlet temperature may be between 40° C. and 75° C., between 50° C. and 70° C., between 55° C. and 65° C., and optionally about 60° C. A generally constant hair temperature may be between 25° C. and 75° C., between 35° C. and 60° C., between 40° C. and 55° C., and optionally about 60° C., 50° C., 45° C., or 40° C. For example, a hair dryer may have, e.g., three different output temperatures, such as high, medium, and low temperatures 60° C., 50° C. and 40° C. In some examples, a user may select a generally constant temperature to be maintained. For example, the user may be asked to choose between a high temperature and a low temperature or between high, medium, and low temperatures. In some examples, the user may be able to set a desired temperature as discussed elsewhere herein. Temperature Control by Fan Blade Matching In accordance with this aspect, air exiting an outlet of the hair dryer10and/or hair that the hair dryer10is directed at is maintained at a generally constant temperature by selecting one or more fan blade and one or more motor such that the air flow generated by the one or more fan blade balances the heat generated by the one or more motor over the operational range of the one or more motor in the hair dryer10to produce a generally constant heated air temperature over a substantial portion or substantially most of the rate or rotation of the motor. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the waste heat generated by as a byproduct of the use of, e.g., the motor and fan assembly38may be used to heat air. The generally constant outlet temperature and/or hair temperature may be maintained by adjusting the air flow through the air flow path31. The air flow may be adjusted such that changes in the amount of heat generated by the rate of rotation of the motor across the operational range of the motor may be balanced by changes in the amount of air flow. Balancing the air flow and the heat generation may result in a generally constant output temperature due to heat from the motor. The air flow may be adjusted by adjusting the rate of rotation of the fan blade. The fan blade42,44may be driven by the motor40and may have, e.g., the same rate of rotation as the motor over the operational range of the motor. A fan blade42,44may be selected that produces the air flow needed over the operational range of a motor40. A fan blade42,44may generate, e.g., an air flow volume per second for various rates of rotation, and the air flow generated by the fan blade for different rotational speeds of the fan blade may be an air flow profile of the fan blade42,44. Accordingly, the faster a fan blade rotates, the more air flow it will produce. However, these air flow profiles are typically not linear. A motor40may generate an amount of heat per second for various rates of rotation over an operational range of the motor40, and the amount of heat per second generated for different rotational speeds of the motor may be a heat generation profile of the motor40. Accordingly, the more power provided to a motor, the faster the motor will rotate and the more waste heat that will be generated. However, these heat generation profiles are typically not linear. The fan blade42,44and the motor40may be selected such that the air flow profile matches the heat generation profile so that, over most or all of the operating range of the hair dryer, the amount of air flow produced by the fan blade draws an amount of air that cools the motor such that the outlet temperature and/or the hair temperature may be maintained at a generally constant temperature (e.g., ±20° C. or less, ±15° C. or less, ±10° C. or less). In some examples, the rate of rotation of the motor may be adjusted using pulse width modulation of power provided to the motor. The use of pulse width modulation of power provided to the motor may also reduce the power consumption of the hair dryer10. Heat from the motor may be used instead of or in addition to the use of heating elements70. In some examples, a hair dryer10may not include a heating element70or may not user the heating element70for lower temperature settings such as 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., or 70° C. The use of heat from the motor and/or other components of the hair dryer10, such as the batteries, may be possible due to the low operational temperatures of the hair dryer10, and may be sufficient to warm the air flow to 40° C., to 50° C., to 60° C., or to 70° C. It will be appreciated that the waste heat generated as a byproduct of the use of, e.g., the motor and fan assembly38, may be supplemented by heat generated by a heating element to further warm air and/or hair. Temperature Control by Air Flow Control In accordance with this aspect, air exiting an outlet of the hair dryer10and/or hair that the hair dryer10is directed at may be maintained at a generally constant temperature or temperature range by controlling the air flow through the air flow path31. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. The selection of a fan blade is only one way of controlling the air flow through an air flow path. In some examples, the outlet temperature is also or alternatively maintained by alternative ways of controlling the air flow. Increasing the air flow without providing additional heat (e.g., maintaining a constant power to a heating element) will adjust the temperature of air exiting the hair dryer. Accordingly, maintaining a constant power to a heating element while the air flow is increased will result in the temperature of air exiting the hair dryer being reduced. The air flow may be adjusted in a variety of ways in addition to or in lieu of adjusting the rate of rotation of the motor and fan blade assembly. For example, one or more of the following may be used.The cross-sectional area of the air flow path31may be constricted, such as by using one or more irises to constrict the cross-sectional area of a portion of the air flow path31.The spacing between the fan blade42,44and the housing or cowling of the fan may be adjusted to change the air flow.A plurality of fan blades and/or motors may be provided and selectively operated to control the air flow.One or more valves may be provided and selectively operated to control the air flow.The pitch of the vanes of one or more fan blades may be adjusted to adjust the air flow.Recirculation of some of the air flow. Variable Cross-Sectional Area of the Air Flow Path In accordance with this aspect, an air flow path31has a variable cross-sectional area. The air flow path31may be constricted to reduce the cross-sectional area in a direction transverse to the direction of the flow of air through the air flow path31. When the cross-sectional area of the air flow path is reduced, the velocity of air exiting the hair dryer may be increased. In addition, the volume of air exiting the hair dryer may be reduced. Conversely increasing the cross-sectional area may reduce the velocity of the air flow and increase the volume of air flow. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that increasing the velocity of the air exiting the hair dryer reduces the contact time of the air with the heating element70and will reduce the temperature of the air reaching the hair. Accordingly, a high speed air flow may be produced at the outlet35. Similarly decreasing the velocity of air (by increasing the cross-sectional flow area) will increase the temperature of the air. A further advantage of this aspect is that the air flow may be shaped (e.g., to produce an air flow that has a generally rectangular shape in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow as exemplified inFIG.26). Accordingly, a patterned air flow may be produced at the outlet35. Accordingly, one or more jets of high velocity air may be produced using this aspect. A further advantage is that air flow may be controlled without adjusting the rate of rotation of the motor40. For example, decreasing the cross-sectional area of the air flow path31increases the backpressure within the hair dryer10. Increasing backpressure within the hair dryer10decreases the volume of air that passes through the hair dryer10per unit of time. Therefore, increasing the backpressure may allow a reduction in the volume of air passing through the hair dryer10per unit time without adjusting the motor40and/or fan blade42,44, such as without decreasing the rate of rotation of the motor40and/or changing the configuration of the fan blade assembly (e.g., the pitch of fan blade42,44and/or spacing of fan blade42,44from the cowling of the fan blade housing). For example, changing the rate of rotation of the motor40affects the amount of heat from the motor that is available to heat the air flow. Accordingly, in some embodiments to increase the temperature of the air it may be desired to decrease the velocity of air passing through the hair dryer10per unit of time without decreasing the rate of rotation of the motor40and/or independently of changes to the rate of rotation. The cross-sectional area of the air flow path31may be adjusted by constricting or unconstricting (opening) the air flow path31. For example, the air flow path may be constricted by adding attachments or closing adjustable apertures or irises. As exemplified inFIGS.26to28, the cross-sectional area of the air flow path31may be constricted by adding an attachment, such as attachment104, having a smaller cross-sectional area than the smallest cross-sectional area of the air flow path31. The attachment may be added at any point along the air flow path, such as an attachment added at the inlet end of the air flow path31or an attachment added at the outlet end of the air flow path31or both. As exemplified byFIGS.30to34, the cross-sectional area of an air flow path31may be constricted by closing an adjustable aperture142in the air flow path31. In the illustrated example, blades114are moved into or out of the air flow path31to adjust the size of the aperture142. In some examples, a variable iris or other adjustable aperture142may be used. As exemplified inFIG.48, multiple adjustable apertures142may be provided. For example, an adjustable aperture142may be provided upstream of a fan blade42,44to control the volume of air passing through the hair dryer10per unit time, and an adjustable aperture142may be provided downstream of a fan blade42,44to control the volume of air passing through the hair dryer10per unit time and/or the shape of an air flow exiting the hair dryer10. Adjustable apertures142may be provided at the inlet, midpoint, and/or end of an air flow path31. In the illustrated example ofFIG.48, three variable irises144are provided to form three adjustable apertures142. Similarly, the cross-sectional flow area may be adjusted by aligning the apertures342,344of the plates340,346ofFIGS.35to37as discussed elsewhere herein). Variable Gap Between the Fan Blade and a Cowling As discussed previously, a fan blade may be reconfigurable by adjusting the gap between an upstream face of a fan blade42,44and a fan blade cowling72. Increasing the gap would tend to increase the air flow produced by the fan blade whereas decreasing the gap would tend to decrease the air flow produced by the fan blade. Accordingly, the motor and fan blade assembly may be configured to produce air flow and not suction. In such a case, the amount of air flow may be adjusted by adjusting the position of the fan blade with respect to the cowling. Accordingly, when the outlet temperature of the air requires adjustment, the position of the fan blade with respect to the cowling may be adjusted to increase the volume of air flow and thereby reduce the temperature of the air exiting outlet port35. Alternately, the position of the fan blade with respect to the cowling may be adjusted to decrease the volume of air flow and thereby increase the temperature of the air exiting outlet port35. Multiple Motors and/or Fan Blades In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10includes more than one air moving member. For example, a motor and fan assembly may have two or more fan blades and/or two or more motor and fan blade assemblies may be provided. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the air flow through the hair dryer10may be adjustable by using different fan blades, which produce different air flows. Accordingly, multiple fan blades42,44may allow for multiple air flow volume levels (cfm) and/or suction level and/or velocity to be obtained by selectively operating and/or adjusting one or more fan blades42,44. For example, a fan blade the produces high suction but low volumetric air flow may be provided in the primary (suction) air flow path32and a fan blade that produces high air flow but low suction may be used in the secondary (blow dry) air flow path52. Both fan blades may be driven by the same motor (seeFIG.8) or different motors (seeFIG.120). Optionally, the rate of rotation of the motor may be adjusted depending upon the mode of operation. Accordingly, the rate of rotation may be higher in the first mode of operation than the second more of operation. Alternately, the rate of rotation may be lower in the first mode of operation than the second more of operation As exemplified inFIGS.120and121, two or more motor and fan blade assemblies may be utilized (e.g., one motor and fan blade assembly to produce a high level of suction and another motor and fan blade assembly to provide air flow for blow drying in the second mode of operation). For example, a fan blade that produces high suction but low air flow may be provided in the primary (suction) air flow path32and a fan blade that produces high air flow but low suction may be used in the secondary (blow dry) air flow path52wherein each fan blade is driven by a different motor. The rate of rotation of the motors may be the same of different. Accordingly, the rate of rotation may be higher in the first mode of operation than the second more of operation. Alternately, the rate of rotation may be lower in the first mode of operation than the second more of operation. Accordingly, for example, if supplemental air is provided as discussed subsequently using a bypass port, a first motor and fan blade assembly may be used to move air through one of the primary and secondary air flow paths and a second motor and fan blade assembly may be used to provide a secondary source of air. Accordingly, multiple fan blades42,44may enable multiple air flow directions or variations. Alternately, or in addition, two motor and fan blade assemblies38may be provided in a single air flow path (a primary or secondary air flow path) to adjust the air flow therethrough. Multiple motors and/or fan blades may allow the characteristics (e.g., volume per unit of time) of air flow through one portion of the hair dryer10(e.g., the water separator60) to be different (e.g., lower) from the characteristics of air flow in another portion (e.g., higher for air exiting the outlet56of the secondary air flow path52for blow drying). This may be in addition to or in alternative to having bypass openings, bleed outlets, and/or supplementary inlets. Characteristics (e.g., rate of rotation, pitch of fan blade vanes, etc.) of each motor and/or fan blade may be controlled independently. These characteristics may be controlled in response to sensed values received from a sensor, or in response to settings received from a user. For example, the speed of rotation of the motor driving the first fan blade(s)42in a suction operation may change in response to the proximity (e.g., measured by a proximity sensor as discussed elsewhere herein) of the hair of a user to the hair dryer10(e.g., motor speed may increase as the hair is drawn near to the suction inlet port). In another example, the speed of the motor driving the first fan blade(s)42in a suction operation may change in response to the conductively (e.g., measured by a sensor on the surface of the hair dryer10) of the user's hair (e.g., the conductively decreases as the hair dries, and the motor speed increases as the conductivity decreases). As exemplified inFIG.49, hair dryer10may have an air flow path31with one or more supplementary air flow branches or conduits210(which may be a vent outlets352or a supplementary inlet354). One or more of the optional vent outlets352and/or supplementary inlets354may be selectively openable, and may be, e.g., opened in one mode of operation and closed in another or opened or closed automatically in response to changes in temperature or usage of the hair dryer10, as described further elsewhere herein. For example, an inlet port may be opened to increase the air flow into the air flow path31, and an outlet port may be opened to decrease the air flow delivered to hair. One or more vent outlets352and/or supplementary inlets354may be governed by a valve140. Accordingly, one or more vent outlets352may form a bleed air flow path to selectively bleed air from the main air flow. For example, a bleed air flow path may be opened by opening a valve140to bleed air from the air flow path31to reduce the air flow (volume of air per unit of time—e.g., cfm) that is discharged towards the user. However, the air flow entering inlet33may be maintained at a sufficient level to cool the motor. Alternately, a supplementary inlet354may be opened at various positions along the air flow path31. For example, a supplementary inlet354may be opened downstream of the motor40to reduce the temperature of a mixed air flow exiting the hair dryer by allowing air that has not passed over the motor40or an energized heating element70to be drawn in and combined with air that has passed over the motor or an energized heating element70. As exemplified inFIG.49, a hair dryer may have two supplementary air flow branches210. Each supplementary air flow branch210may have a valve140which is operable to open and close the branch. One or more heating elements (exemplified as resistively heatable elements inFIG.49) may be provided in the air flow path from air inlet33to air outlet35. A main motor and fan blade assembly38is provided in the main air flow path (the motor axis is aligned in this example to intersect the air inlet33and the air out35). If additional air flow is required, then a valve140may be opened and additional air may be drawn into the main air flow path by the main suction motor and fan blade assembly38. If the heater rearward of the main motor and fan blade assembly38is energized, the provision of additional air will result in a higher flow rate of air through the hair dryer and out the air outlet35. As a result, the temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer will be reduced. Optionally, a secondary motor and fan blade assembly may be used to draw air through a supplementary air flow branch210. For example, as exemplified inFIG.50, the rearward supplementary air flow branch210has a secondary motor and fan blade assembly positioned to draw air from supplementary inlet354through the supplementary air flow branch210into the main air flow path. It will be appreciated that the supplementary air flow branch210may be located at various location and that more than one supplementary air flow branch210to introduce air into the hair dryer may be provided. It will be appreciated that the hair dryer may have multiple heating elements (such as the embodiment ofFIGS.49and50which has three resistively heatable elements). One or more of the heating elements may be energized at a time and the valves140may be opened or closed to alter the air flow path through the hair dryer such that more air or less air passes over one or more of the heating elements and therefore the amount of air that is heated, and the temperature of the heated air, may be varied. As exemplified inFIG.50, the forward most valve140is opened such that air exits the main air flow path through the forward most supplementary air flow branch210. In this example, the forward most resistively heatable element may be energized (and optionally it may be the only heating element that is energized). In such a case, only some of the air exiting the hair dryer and directed towards a person's hair passes over an energized heating element. Therefore, the air exiting the supplementary air flow branch210may mix with the heated air exiting air outlet35to produce a cooler air stream that is directed at a person's hair. It will be appreciated that, if the middle resistively heatable element were also energized, then all of the air would be heated by the middle resistively heatable element and some of the air heated by the forward most resistively heatable element. Accordingly, the temperature of the mixed air stream that reaches a person's hair may be increased. It will also be appreciated that, if the temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer through outlet35is too low, and if the forward most supplementary air flow branch210inFIG.50were directed away from the front outlet35as exemplified inFIG.15, then the forward most resistively heatable element may be energized and only part of the air flow produced by the main motor and fan blade assembly may pass over the heating element so as to produce a lower flow rate of hotter air. Accordingly, by using multiple motor and fan blade assemblies (which may be provided for each supplementary air flow branch210) and optionally opening and closing one or more supplementary air flow branches210, and energizing one or more heating elements to heat air in one or more portions of the main air flow path or a supplementary air flow branch210, the volume of air exiting the hair dryer and directed towards a person's hair, and the temperature of the air, may be increased or decreased. It will be appreciated that each motor40and/or fan blade42,44may be operable according to directions received from a user, or automatically in response to a temperature and/or operational mode or method of use of hair dryer10, as described further elsewhere herein. Valves to Adjust Air Flow In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10includes one or more valves to adjust the air flow path to increase or decrease the volumetric air flow exiting an air outlet of the hair dryer that directs air at the user. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. As discussed previously, a valve140may be operated in conjunction with a hair dryer to draw additional air into a hair dryer or to enable some of the air to exit the hair dryer (through an air flow branch210) other than through an air outlet35which is directed at the hair of a user. For example, in the embodiment ofFIG.15, a valve140may be opened to enable some air to exit the hair dryer via a vent outlet352which directs air away from the hair to be dried. It will be appreciated that vent outlet352may be considered a supplementary air flow branch210that directs air away from the hair being dried. Accordingly, by opening and closing one or more valves140, and energizing one or more heating elements to heat air in one or more portions of the main air flow path, the volume of air exiting the hair dryer and directed towards a person's hair, and the temperature of the air, may be increased or decreased. Variable Pitch Fan Blade In accordance with this aspect, one or more fan blades42,44are variable pitch fan blades. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. In accordance with this aspect, a fan blade42,44may be adjustable to, e.g., provide varying volumes of air flow, varying levels of air speed, or varying levels of pressure (suction). An advantage of this aspect is that a fan blade42,44may be used to produce a variable air flow. As exemplified inFIGS.51and52, a variable pitch fan blade includes vanes146with adjustable pitch. Accordingly, the pitch of the vanes may be increased or decreased to change the air flow (e.g., the volume of air passing through the hair dryer10per unit time) produced by the fan blade. The pitch of the vanes146may be controlled by, e.g., selecting a setting using a button communicatively coupled to the variable pitch fan blade. In some examples, the pitch of the vanes146may be controlled automatically in response to a temperature or operational setting or mode of use of the hair dryer10. For example, the pitch of the vanes146may be adjusted in response to a sensor output to, e.g., increase air flow to reduce the temperature of an infrared heating element of the hair dryer10and/or the temperature of hair adjacent the hair dryer10and/or the outlet temperature of air at the outlet35directed at the hair by producing increased air flow over a heating element. Recirculation Path In accordance with this aspect, air may be recirculated within the hair dryer10. Recirculating some of the air may reduce the air flow through the hair dryer (e.g., exiting air outlet35) and thereby increase the temperature of air exiting the hair dryer. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that one or more of the temperature, velocity, or volume of air used and/or produced at an outlet35of the hair dryer10may be adjusted without adjusting the number or configuration of one or more inlets and/or one or more outlets and/or without adjusting a fan speed or the amount of power provided to a heating element. A hair dryer10may include a recirculation air flow path350leading from a location downstream of the motor and fan assembly38and/or the fan blade42,44to a location upstream of the fan blade42,44, as in the example ofFIGS.11to15. Optionally, the location upstream of the fan blade42,44is downstream of any water collection member60. A valve356may control the passage of fluid through the recirculation air flow path350. When the valve356is open, the lower pressure upstream of the motor and fan assembly38may draw air flow from the downstream location through a recirculation conduit to the upstream side of the motor and fan blade assembly38. It will be appreciated that a duct or other conduit366may carry fluid between the upstream and downstream locations. Fluid flow through the duct may be governed by valve356. Accordingly, the upstream and downstream locations may be separated from one another by the length of the duct, which may be, e.g., up to the length of the hair dryer10. Optionally, valve356operates automatically in response to system conditions. For example, the valve356may automatically open and/or close in response to a predetermined difference in pressure between the upstream location (e.g., the fan inlet) and the downstream location (e.g., the fan outlet) or a temperature sensed at, e.g., air outlet35. Optionally, the hair dryer10may also or alternatively incorporate at least one vent outlet352or supplementary inlet354governed by a valve140, as described elsewhere herein, to further allow for air flow control. A difference in pressure between an exterior of the hair dryer10and an interior of the air flow path31downstream of the fan42,44may drive an air flow out through the vent outlet352. Optionally, the vent outlet352is directed away from the main outlet35and/or the rear end16(e.g., forwardly, as in the example ofFIG.14). Hair dryer10may include a baffle or conduit to direct fluid exiting through a vent outlet352. Temperature Control by Heating Element Control In accordance with this aspect, air exiting an outlet of the hair dryer10and/or hair that the hair dryer10is directed at is maintained at a generally constant temperature by adjusting the temperature of a heating element70. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. In some examples, the generally constant outlet temperature and/or hair temperature is maintained by adjusting the output of a heating element70. A sensor168(FIG.54) may be provided to sense the temperature of air at the outlet port35and/or to sense the temperature of a user's hair. The sensed temperature may be used to determine whether to increase, decrease, or maintain the temperature of the heating element70. The hair dryer10may be operable to anticipate a desired temperature, such as by lowering the temperature of a heating element70when the hair is near the desired temperature. For example, the hair dryer10may reduce the temperature of a heating element70when the hair is within 15° C., within 10° C., or within 5° C. of the desired temperature. It will be appreciated that alternately, or in addition to adjusting the output of a heating element70, the sensor168may be used to adjust any one or more other components of the hair dryer. For example, the sensor168may be used to adjust any one or more component that may adjust the air flow and/or temperature of air exiting the hair dryer outlet35. For example, it may adjust the rate of rotation of a motor40, the position of a valve140, the position of a fan blade42,44to a cowling72, a pitch of vanes146, the position of an iris, etc. Infrared Heating Element In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may include an infrared heating element. The infrared heating element may direct infrared radiation forwardly (e.g., during a first mode of operation) and/or rearwardly (e.g., in a second mode of operation wherein a two sided hair dryer is utilized) and/or internally to assist in drying hair and/or styling hair. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that heat produced by the IR radiation may enhance drying during the first and/or second mode of drying. For example, the IR radiation may be directed at the position of the hair of a user when the hair dryer10is in use and used to produce a jet of air or the hair dryer uses suction to dry hair. As IR radiation is not reliant on air flow to deliver the heat produced by an IR heater, the same amount of heat may be received by the hair regardless of the amount or velocity of air directed at the hair. Therefore, for example, energy may not be lost by heated air bypassing the target hair. It will be appreciated that, optionally, the hair of a person may be dried with or without air flow. Accordingly, the use of IR radiation may provide heat, or additional heat, to dry or style hair prior to, subsequent to or during the first and/or second operating mode. Alternately, or in addition, IR radiation may be directed at an infrared-absorbing target190, as described further elsewhere herein. The infrared-absorbing target190may be heated by IR radiation and then used to heat air passing over the infrared-absorbing target190. Optionally, the location at which the IR radiation is directed may be adjustable. For example, an infrared heating element may optionally be adjustable between heating a distal surface (the hair of a person) and heating an adjacent surface (an infrared-absorbing target190). Accordingly, the direction of IR radiation may be adjusted by adjusting a configuration and/or position of an infrared heating element and/or an infrared reflector, opening and closing one or more irises and/or rotating the infrared heating element. Infrared heating element92may be made of any material in the infrared heating arts, such as a nickel chrome element. Infrared heating element92may be of any shape and configuration and one or more infrared heating elements92may be provided. For example, the infrared heating element92may comprise a generally annular infrared heating element92(see for exampleFIG.25) or an elongated linear infrared heating element92(see for exampleFIGS.59-61) or, or a plurality of, e.g., point source infrared heating elements92. Infrared heating element92may be provided at any location internal or external to the hair dryer. As exemplified inFIG.25, infrared heating element92is provided at front end14and, optionally immediately downstream of and interior to inlet port33. Accordingly, air flow may pass through the center of the infrared heating element as air enters the hair dryer via inlet33. In this embodiment, the infrared heating element may be used during part or all of the time that the hair dryer is operated to use suction in the first operating mode. Infrared heating element92may be positioned proximate screen50and, e.g., forward of water collection member60if a water collection member is provided. Optionally, infrared heating element92may abut or be positioned adjacent the inner surface of screen50. In such a position, infrared heating element92may heat screen50such as by abutting the inside surface of the screen or being positioned close to the inner surface of the screen50. Accordingly, when hair is drawn or blown against screen50, the hair may be dried by contact heating with screen50. It will be appreciated that any IR radiation that travels past screen50may also dry hair positioned adjacent screen50. In operation, infrared heating element92may be automatically actuated when motor40is energized, it may be manually actuated by a user using a separate power control or it may be actuated if a sensor74detects, e.g., a particular degree of dryness or temperature of hair being dried and/or outlet temperature of air. The effectiveness of infrared heating generally decreases as the distance from the infrared heating element92increases. As hair is drawn against screen50, and as infrared heating element92may be positioned proximate but internal of screen50, then the infrared radiation may have a short distance to travel and, therefore, much or most of the energy input into the infrared heating element92may produce heat that is used to dry hair. It will be appreciated that the infrared heating element92may be exposed to water during use. Accordingly, the infrared heating element92may be provided in a water resistant or waterproof casing. In such a case, the casing may have a portion (a window178) that is transparent to IR radiation or the entire casing may be made from a material that is transparent to IR radiation. As exemplified inFIGS.59to64, the infrared heating element92may include a resistive member170, such as a wire, that extends through a body172, such as a quartz body. The resistive member may be heated by current passing therethrough to a temperature at which it emits IR radiation. A housing or casing176holds the infrared heating element92. As exemplified, a window178is provided through which radiation may exit. In this embodiment, housing176may be opaque to IR radiation. As the quartz body will emit radiation in all directions around the body, at least one reflector174is optionally used to direct the IR radiation through one or more windows178. It will be appreciated that the direction in which the IR radiation is directed may be adjusted by adjusting the position of window178(e.g., rotating the housing176about a longitudinal axis extending through the quartz body, or by opening or closing the window (such as by using an iris). It will be appreciated that an infrared heating element may also be used in a first mode of operating wherein high velocity air jets are directed at the hair of a person or in a second operating mode wherein air or heated air is used to dry or further dry the hair of a person. For example, in the embodiments ofFIGS.4,12,28,47and48an infrared heating element may be positioned exterior to the hair dryer and directed forwardly in the direction of air flow exiting the hair dryer. Alternately, or in addition, an infrared heating element may be positioned internal of the hair dryer exterior to or interior of the air flow path. For example, an annular, semi annular or a plurality of infrared heating elements may be positioned internal of the hair dryer and surround or partially surround the air flow conduit, e.g., immediately upstream of the air outlet. Alternately, or in addition, one or more infrared heating elements may be positioned in the air flow path similar to infrared-absorbing target190inFIG.65. Infrared Heating Element Reflector In accordance with this aspect, one or more reflectors174may be used to determine the location and/or the size of the focus area of the infrared heating element92. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. A reflector may be used to direct infrared radiation. For example, as exemplified inFIGS.59-61, a rear reflector180may be positioned on one side of a quartz body172of an infrared heating element92to direct radiation in a forward direction. This may increase the amount of radiation directed in the forward direction and/or protect components (e.g., a motor) positioned rearwardly of an infrared heating element92from being heated by the infrared heating element92. A reflector may be made of any material which is opaque or generally opaque to infrared radiations. Accordingly, the reflector may be made of aluminum or an aluminum coated member. Optionally, a forward reflector182may be positioned on a forward side of the IR element (e.g., opposite of the rear reflector180) to further focus the radiation from the infrared heating element92. For example, a combination of forward reflector182and rear reflector180may be positioned to control the propagation direction of radiation, such as to limit radiation to generally a single propagation direction. Focusing radiation on a focus area may reduce the heating of adjacent surfaces, reducing the unnecessary heat damage to the adjacent surfaces and also reducing the amount of on board power that is used to dry hair. Optionally, a reflector, such as a rear reflector, may be adjustable. For example, it may be rotatable so as to direct the infrared radiation in a different direction (e.g., to selectively direct the infrared radiation at the hair of a person or at an infrared target) and/or, as discussed subsequently, the focal point of the reflector may be adjusted (e.g., it may be translatable (e.g., forwardly and/or rearwardly to adjust the focal point of the infrared radiation to, e.g., target the IR radiation at the hair of a person) and/or reconfigurable (e.g., by adjusting the curvature of the reflector)). Adjustable Focus In accordance with this aspect, the focal point of the infrared radiation provided by an infrared heating element may be variable. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An infrared heating element may be focused on a focal point. The focus area may have a size and a location relative to the infrared heating element92, and may be spaced a distance from the infrared heating element92. The heat from an infrared heating element92may be directed out from a hair dryer10to be focused on hair in any operating mode of the hair dryer. For example, an infrared heating element92may have a circular focus area of about 1 inch in diameter spaced about 3 inches from the hair dryer, and the user may position the hair at this focus area to receive the focused radiation. For example, the user may position a curled portion of hair at the focus area to receive IR radiation to set a curl. The infrared heating element92may also deliver radiation if an object is too far or too near, but the optimal delivery location may be at the focus area. In accordance with this aspect, an infrared heating element may have one or more adjustable reflectors that may be moved or reconfigured to change the location of the focal point and/or the size of the focus area. Accordingly, as exemplified inFIGS.62to64, infrared heating element92may include an adjustable rear reflector180. The adjustable rear reflector180may be translated between at least a first (rearward) position (FIG.63) and a second (forward) position (FIG.64) to adjust the focus of the infrared heating element92. Optionally, the position of the reflector may be infinitely adjustable between the forward and rearward positions. Optionally, further reflectors may be used to maintain a size of the focus area, and moved together to change the location of the focus area, such as to bring the focus area nearer or farther from the hair dryer10. It will be appreciated that the position of the reflector (and therefore the focal point) may be automatically adjustable. For example, a distance sensor such as a small Lidar or ultrasonic sensor may optionally be used to determine or detect the distance of, e.g., front end14of hair dryer10to the hair of the user. The sensor may send a signal to an actuator to move the position and/or configuration of the reflector and/or the position or configuration of the IR heating element to position the focal point at the location of the hair being dried. Focus Location Indicator In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer is operable to indicate where the infrared radiation is focused. An advantage of this design is that a user may be able to position the hair relative to the hair dryer such that much, or most and optionally all of the IR radiation is directed that the hair being dried. Showing where the infrared radiation is focused may assist a user in accurately directing the infrared heating element at a desired surface and/or adjusting the focus to a desired setting This may be particularly useful is the hair dryer is used to set curls. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. Where the infrared heating element has a non-adjustable focus, a fixed indicator may be used. For example, a fixed projection or leg may extend out to the focus area to show where the focus area is. Accordingly, a user may hold a desired surface (e.g., part of the hair being dried) against or near the end of the fixed projection or leg to receive IR radiation at the desired surface. An infrared heating element92with a variable focus may be used with a variable indicator to show where the infrared heating element92is being focused. As exemplified inFIG.62, a pair of light sources184may direct beams of light186along paths that intersect at the focus point188. A user may have an object, such as hair, positioned in front of the hair dryer10, and use the proximity to each other of the dots produced by the beams186on a surface of the object to determine how close the object surface is to the focus point188of the infrared heating element92. The user may then be able to position the hair relative to the hair dryer such that the hair is positioned at the point at which the beams intersect. This focus location indicator may also be used if the infrared heating element has a non-adjustable focus. The orientation of a focus location indicator of the hair dryer10may be coupled to that of the focusing member. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.62to64, the projection angles of the pair of light sources184may be adjusted concurrently with the reflectors174of the infrared heating element92to provide an accurate indication of where the infrared heating element92is focused. For example, movement of the reflector174may move or adjust the focus location indicator (e.g., light sources184) such that the focus location indicator indicates the new focal point188. Similarly, reconfiguration of the reflector and/or movement and/or reconfiguration of the IR element may also move or adjust the focus location indicator. Infrared-Absorbing Target In accordance with this aspect, an infrared heating element may be focused on an infrared-absorbing target, that is optionally in the air flow path, to heat the infrared-absorbing target so that the infrared-absorbing target may heat an air flow in the air flow path. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that an infrared heating element92may be positioned outside the air flow stream and focused on an infrared-absorbing target within or thermally in communication with the airflow stream. Accordingly, the infrared heating element92may be exterior to the air flow stream to prevent the air flow stream from cooling the infrared heating element92. An infrared heating element will generate a quantity and/or type of infrared radiation as a function of the temperature of the infrared heating element. Air flow over the infrared heating element will cool the infrared heating element, which may reduce the amount of infrared radiation produced by the infrared heating element. Particularly where a short wave infrared heating element is used to heat a selected area of an object remote from the infrared heating element, air flow over the infrared heating element may affect the ability of the infrared heating element to heat the selected area. An example is shown inFIG.65, in which an infrared-absorbing target190is placed in the air flow stream. Infrared heating element92is focused on the infrared-absorbing target190to heat the infrared-absorbing target190. Since the infrared heating element92is outside the airflow stream, air flowing through the air flow stream does not pass over the infrared heating element92. It will be appreciated that the infrared-absorbing target190may be positioned inside the hair dryer, exterior to the hair dryer in the air flow path and/or in an accessory tool, which may be removably mounted to the hair dryer. Selecting the Direction of Infrared Radiation In accordance with this aspect, the infrared heating element may have two or more radiation paths that may be used concurrently and/or selectively. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that radiation from the infrared heating element may be selectively directed on either or both of an infrared-absorbing target in the air flow stream and hair, which may be adjacent the outlet. For example, a first infrared path may be provided that is directed towards an area in front of the hair dryer and a second infrared path may be provided that is directed towards an infrared absorbing target. A blocking member may reduce or prevent infrared radiation travelling in one or both directions. The blocking member may be selectively positionable in one or both of the radiation paths. Accordingly, the blocking member may be a shroud or cover that is opaque to IR radiation that may be moved (e.g., rotated or translated) in front of the infrared heating element so as to fully or partially block one of the radiation paths. Alternately, the blocking member may be an openable port (e.g., an openable iris) that is selectively openable to enable infrared radiation to travel along one or both of the radiation paths. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG.65, a cover192is positioned in front of the infrared heating element92. A first radiation path194extends from the infrared heating element92through a first radiation port196. A second radiation path198extends from the infrared heating element92through a second radiation port200. Each of first and second radiation paths194,198is independently selectively openable by opening and closing the respective ports196,200. The first radiation path194may be opened to direct infrared radiation towards hair which may be adjacent the outlet of the hair dryer. The second radiation path198may be opened to direct infrared radiation towards the infrared-absorbing target190. Variable Air Flow Over the Infrared Heating Element In accordance with this aspect, an infrared heating element is positioned in an air flow path to be cooled by an air flow, and the air flow over the infrared heating element is variable. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the temperature of an infrared heating element may be controlled by controlling the amount of air that flows over the infrared heating element. Increasing the temperature of the infrared heating element produces shorter wavelength radiation and increases the proportion of the input energy that is emitted as IR radiation and reducing the proportion of the input energy that produces convective heat. Reducing the temperature of the infrared heating element reduces the amount of infrared radiation and increases the amount of convective heat that is produced. Accordingly, for example, as air passes over an energized infrared heating element, the temperature of the infrared heating element may be reduced and the amount of infrared radiation emitted is reduced while the air passing over the infrared heating element is heated as the infrared heating element is cooled. Accordingly, increasing the amount of air flow over the infrared heater92will decrease the amount of infrared radiation and the temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer is increased. Similarly, decreasing the amount of air flow over the infrared heater92will increase the amount of infrared radiation and the temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer is decreased. As a result, if the air flow over a heating element is quickly (e.g., over 1 second) stopped, the temperature of the infrared heating element will increase quickly and enable the hair dryer to quickly (within 1-2 seconds or less) provide an intense amount of infrared radiation to, e.g., set a curl. The temperature of the infrared heating element in operation may be adjusted by adjusting the current to the infrared heating element and/or by adjusting the air flow over the infrared heating element. Increasing the air flow over an infrared heating element will cool the infrared heating element and thereby reduce the amount of infrared radiation that is emitted. Accordingly, if the infrared heating element is in a main air flow path, the amount of air flow produced by a motor and fan blade assembly38may be used to adjust the infrared heating element from producing infrared heat to convective heat. Similarly, if the infrared heating element is in a supplemental air flow path210, a valve may be opened or adjusted to enable air to flow over the infrared heating element or to enable additional flow over the infrared heating element to adjust the infrared heating element from producing infrared heat to convective heat. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG.66, the infrared heating element92is positioned downstream and adjacent an adjustable aperture142within the air flow path31. By closing or partially closing the adjustable aperture142, the air flow can be prevented from flowing over portions of the infrared heating element92of the air flow thereover reduced and the temperature of the infrared heating element92, or portions thereof, can be increased. For example, a variable iris144may be closed to close the adjustable aperture142. A variable air flow over an IR heating element may be used to adjust the output of the heating element70for different applications. For example, when blow drying, a user may decrease the temperature of an infrared heating element92so that the infrared heating element92heats air as it passes over the infrared heating element92. When curling hair, a user may increase the temperature of an infrared heating element92so that the infrared heating element92emits radiation that can be focused on the curl of hair to set the curl. Water Separation and Collection Member or Members In accordance with this aspect, some, a substantial portion or substantially all of water entering, e.g., an inlet port33, is removed by one or more water separators60(e.g., 20-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. % or 30-50 wt. %). This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that water may be removed from an air stream passing over motor40to reduce or prevent water damaging motor40. A further advantage is that, if some or all of the air is heated to use in drying hair, water has been removed from the air that is to be heated thereby reducing the power requirement to heat the air. Accordingly, if some or all of the air exiting the primary air flow path32is directed back towards the hair being dried and/or passes over motor40(see for exampleFIG.10), then the air may be treated to remove water therefrom prior to the air being directed back towards the hair being dried. Alternately or in addition, the air may be heated prior to the air being directed back towards the hair being dried. It will be appreciated that even if some or all of the exhausted air is not directed back towards the hair being dried, the air may still be treated to remove water therefrom prior to the air being exhausted from hair dryer10so as to reduce air with entrained water passing over motor40and/or exiting the hair dryer. Water separator60may be any member that removes some or all of the water in an air flow. The separated water may be retained in the water separator60or water separator60may separate water from the air stream and the separated water may be collected in a tank or container152(which may be referred to as a collecting member). The water separator may remove water from the air by trapping water as air passes through the water separator (e.g., the water separator may be an open cell foam), by changing the air flow pattern and collecting the separated water in a water collection member (e.g., by using a momentum separator such as a baffled air flow path, one or more cyclones or a separator that uses a spinning disc or the like to direct water radially, such as a Prandtl layer separator370as separator60and collecting the water in a container152to sequester the collected water) or the like. As exemplified inFIGS.22B and28, the water separator60may be a cyclone. It will be appreciated that the water separator60may comprise or consist of a single cyclone, a plurality of cyclones in parallel or a multi-stage cyclonic separator, wherein each cyclonic stage may comprise a single cyclone or a plurality of cyclones in parallel. Each cyclone has at least one cyclone air inlet60aand at least one cyclone air outlet60b. Optionally, the or each cyclone may have a single air inlet60aand/or a single air outlet60b. Optionally, one or more of the cyclones may have multiple air inlets60a(a multi-inlet cyclone, see for exampleFIG.22B) and one or more cyclone air outlets60b. For example, a water separator60may be a single cyclone having a plurality of air inlets and a single air outlet. One or more of the cyclones may be a cylindrical cyclone or a frusto conical cyclone. Any one or more of the cyclones may have a vortex finder that is cylindrical or frusto conical. The cyclone or cyclones may have any orientation. Each cyclone has a cyclone axis of rotation B. The portable handheld hair dryer has a hair dryer axis A extending from front end14to rear end16. In the orientation ofFIG.22B, the hair dryer axis is horizontal. The or each cyclone may have an axis of rotation that extends vertically (i.e., transverse) to the hair dryer axis or the cyclone axis of rotation may be generally parallel to the hair dryer axis (i.e., generally horizontal). Water may optionally accumulate in a lower region of the or each cyclone. Optionally, the or each cyclone may have a separated water outlet60cthat is in fluid flow communication with tank152, such as via a line150. Tank152may be removable for emptying and/or have an openable plug66(see for exampleFIG.19) to drain tank152while it is located in the hair dryer or removed therefrom. In order to inhibit or prevent water flowing from tank152to the cyclone, a reverse flow inhibiting member may be provided. The reverse flow inhibiting member may be a valve149, which may be a one way valve149, which may be provided in line150(see for exampleFIG.28). Alternately or in addition, the reverse flow inhibiting member may be a pump may be used to transfer water from the cyclone to the tank152. The valve149or other reverse flow inhibiting member may be provided adjacent the separator60or elsewhere along the line150(e.g., adjacent the tank152). As exemplified inFIG.136, tank152may be in the handle22. The line150may extend from the water separator60to the tank152in the handle22. Alternatively, or additionally, as exemplified inFIG.137, the tank152may be external to the hair dryer10. The line150may lead to a tank152outside the main body12. As exemplified inFIG.137, the line150may extend along the power cord24and the tank152may be provided adjacent (e.g., secured to) a power supply24a. It will be appreciated that line150may be of any length and need not parallel the power cord24. Accordingly, tank152may be positioned at any convenient location remote from the hair dryer. Alternately, separator60inFIG.28may be an open cell foam. If water separator60is open cell foam, then the water separator may also function as a water collection member. Water absorbed by the open cell foam may be removed by compressing the open cell foam, withdrawing the open cell foam for drying or replacement with a drier open cell foam (e.g., through an openable port provided on main body12and/or removing the front end14of the main body to expose the foam), or removing an end of the hair dryer that includes the water separator as in the embodiment ofFIGS.119-120or enabling air to flow through the open cell foam to evaporate water retained therein. Such air flow may occur during the drying of hair and/or subsequently when the hair is dried and, e.g., the hair dryer is placed in a stand or the like. A foam water separator60may be compressible while, e.g., located in the hair dryer, such as by a manual or a motor driven plate that moves, e.g., axially to the right to compress the foam, thereby removing water from the foam which may flow due to gravity or a pump into tank152via line150. Tank152may be drained (e.g., by removing a plug66, seeFIG.19) or removed to empty the water therefrom. It will be appreciated that the foam may be removed for drying (with or without having been compressed). As exemplified inFIG.53, a Prandtl separator370may be placed in the air flow path31, and arranged to separate water from an air flow passing thereover. Water separated from the air flow may be directed, e.g., by centrifugal force and/or gravity, to a collection member (tank152). For example, a Prandtl separator370may direct water into a tank152that may be located radially outward and/or below the Prandtl separator370. A Prandtl separator may have any structure known in the separator arts. For example, a Prandtl separator may include a continuous disc to direct fluid past the radially outer edge. A Prandtl separator may include a disc with one or more apertures therethrough to allow fluid to pass through the Prandtl separator disc. However, it will be appreciated that any separator that relies upon a rotating member to separate water from air may be used. The Prandtl separator370may be mechanically connected (e.g., via an axle) to a motor (e.g., motor40). However, the Prandtl separator370may also or alternatively be driven by air movement, e.g., air movement driven by the motor and fan assembly38. For example, the Prandtl separator370includes one or more plates372secured to the main body of the Prandtl separator370. Air flow over the plates372may cause rotation of the Prandtl separator370. Accordingly, the motor and fan assembly38may not be drivingly mechanically connected to the Prandtl separator. The air flow pattern may be adjusted by using a momentum separator, other than a cyclone or a Prandtl layer separator, such as by reducing the velocity of the air travelling through a container (e.g., the cross-sectional flow area of the container is greater than the cross-sectional flow area of inlet port34) and/or by passing the air through a baffled or a tortuous flow path. Alternately, as exemplified inFIG.124, separator60may be a momentum separator. As exemplified, the air inlet34is a conduit that has an inlet end34aand an outlet end34b. Optionally, the outlet end34bis narrower in a direction transverse to the direction of the air flow through the inlet34than the inlet end34a. The width W of the air inlet may decrease continually from the inlet end34ato the outlet end34b. The width W may decrease at a continuous rate or the width may decrease at a greater rate as the air travels inwardly through the inlet34. As exemplified, inlet34comprises a funnel shaped inlet480terminating at outlet end34b. The air entering the water separator60is directed towards a plate482. Plate482causes the incoming air flow stream to be redirected outwardly towards side walls484. Optionally the plate482is configured to inhibit air from being reflected backwards towards the outlet end34bof the inlet34. Optionally, plate482is concave. Plate482may be supported in position by any means. Optionally, one or more ribs488may be provided to support the plate482. The ribs may be mounted to any portion of the water separator60. Referring toFIG.124, the ribs are exemplified as being mounted to the front end38aof the motor and fan assembly38. As exemplified, the front end38ahas an inlet port490. A flange member492is provided on front end38a. A ring member494is secured around the flange492. Flange492therefore, secures the ring member494in position. A plurality of ribs488extend axially forwardly to a rear side of plate482thereby securing plate482in position. Optionally, four ribs488may be provided and the ribs may be equidistantly spaced apart (e.g., they may be angularly spaced 90° apart). The sidewall484may be cylindrical and therefore define an annular region486extending angularly around plate482. It will be appreciated that the region486between the plate and the sidewall484may be continuous so as to define an annular region or it may be one or more discrete regions. Accordingly, as air exits outlet end34b, the air is directed outwardly towards sidewall484and enters the annular region486. Motor and fan assembly38may then draw the air rearwardly past plate482. The air may travel inwardly between the ribs488and travel inwardly to the inlet490of the motor and fan assembly38. The rapid changes in direction of the air stream will cause water droplets entrained in the air stream to be de-entrained. The water droplets may then fall downwardly under the influence of gravity to the portion of the sidewall484that is the bottom. It will be appreciated that, depending upon the orientation of the hair dryer10, the portion of the sidewall484that is the bottom may vary and the water may flow angularly around the sidewall484as the orientation of the hair dryer10is changed. In order to inhibit separated water from exiting the water separator60through the outlet end34b, the inner surface496of the funnel shaped inlet480may be provided with a backward flow inhibitor498. As exemplified, backward flow inhibitor498is a flange or ring provided around the outlet end34b. Accordingly, if water were to flow along inner surface496, the water would encounter backward flow inhibitor498, which would inhibit or block the flow of water inwardly along the inner surface496to outlet end34b, thereby preventing or inhibiting water exiting the water separator through the outlet end34b. It will be appreciated the backward flow inhibitor498may be provide at any location along inner surface496and optionally is located at the inner end of the inner surface496at outlet end34b. The backward flow inhibitor498may be any shape. As exemplified, the backward flow inhibitor498may be a generally flat flange that extends radially outwardly. It will be appreciated that the backward flow inhibitor498may extend outwardly and forwardly or outwardly and rearwardly. Alternately or additionally, as exemplified inFIG.130, a momentum separator60may include an air flow path31in which air travels in a first direction that includes a rearward directional component and subsequently in a second direction that includes a forward directional component. The rapid change in direction of the air stream will cause water droplets entrained in the air stream to be de-entrained and fall onto the portion of the sidewall484that is, based on the orientation of the hair dryer, the bottom. The change in direction may be produced by the air flow encountering a redirecting wall (e.g., rear wall520of the water separator60) and/or by flow mechanics produced by, e.g., the positioning ai the air inlet(s) and air outlet(s) of the water separator60. In some examples, the first direction may be a generally rearward direction (i.e., generally parallel to the hair dryer axis A) or a rearward direction (i.e., parallel to the hair dryer axis A). Similarly, in some examples the second direction may be a generally forward direction (i.e., generally parallel to the hair dryer axis A) or a forward direction (i.e., parallel to the hair dryer axis A). Optionally, one or more screens may be provided in the air flow path in the water separator60to assist in separating water from the air flow and/or inhibiting re-entrainment of water that has been separated. As exemplified inFIGS.134and135, the water separator60may comprise a body having a sidewall484extending between an inlet end60eand a rear end60gand defining an interior volume60f. Front end60e(e.g., adjacent front body556having a front wall of the volume60f) is provided with at least one inlet conduit. As exemplified, front end60ehas a plurality of inlet conduits34extending rearwardly into volume60f. Rear end60gis provided with the air outlet of volume60f. As exemplified, the air outlet comprises conduit522which extends from the outlet60bof the volume60fto an outlet end522bof conduit522located at the rear end60gof the water separator60. In the embodiment ofFIGS.134and135, the hair dryer10has an air flow passage extending to the front end (as was exemplified in the embodiment ofFIG.8). Accordingly, an air flow passage52is radially outwardly of the water separator60(e.g., between sidewall484of the water separator60and the outer wall552of the hair dryer10). One or more support ribs554may extend between sidewall484and outer wall552to secure water separator60in position. As discussed in more detail subsequently, water separator60may have one or more screens532,534and536through which part or all of the air passes as the air travels through the water separator. Still referring toFIGS.134and135, motor and fan assembly38may be received in a motor housing rearward of the water separator60and may be secured in position by any means known in the art. As exemplified, retaining plate550is provided with a plurality of screw ports514which may be aligned with screw receiving mounts508and screws inserted therein to secure motor and fan assembly38in the hair dryer10. Water separator60is optionally removably mounted to the hair dryer10at a location forward of the motor and fan assembly38. As exemplified inFIG.131, the air may be directed in the first direction by the air inlet34. As exemplified, the air inlet34includes one or more conduits that extend rearwardly from a water separator air inlet end60einto a water separator volume60f(e.g., parallel to the hair dryer axis A). At the outlet end or ends34bof the air inlet conduit or conduits34, each conduit34comprises a water separator inlet port60adefining an entrance to the water separator volume60f. In order for the air to reverse or generally reverse direction as the air passes through the water separator, optionally the outlet60bfrom the volume60fis forward to the inlet60ato the volume60f. Accordingly, one or both of the inlet and the outlet to the water separator60may comprise one or more conduits. As exemplified, the air inlet comprises a plurality of inlet conduits34and the air outlet comprises a single centrally positioned outlet conduit522which is surrounded by the inlet conduits34. Each of the inlet conduit(s)34may extend from the hair dryer air inlet port33to a water separator inlet port60a. The inlet port or ports60aare spaced from the air inlet end60eby a distance that results in the air flow path including a forward directional component prior to passing through outlet60band exiting the separator volume60f. As exemplified inFIG.130, the air outlet or outlets60bof the separator60may be forward of the inlet port or ports60a, such that the air flow path31in the momentum separator60must include a forward directional component as the air moves from the inlet port or ports60ato the outlet60b(e.g., the sum of the distance between the front end60eand the inlet port or ports43cand the distance between the rear end60gand the outlet port or ports60bis greater than the distance between the front end60eand the rear end60g). Once the air enters the separator60through the inlet port or ports60a, the air may be directed towards a deflecting surface, and subsequently deflected and/or drawn (e.g., by the motor and fan assembly38) in the second direction which includes the forward directional component. As exemplified, the air entering the water separator volume60fis directed towards a rear wall520at the outlet end60gof the water separator60. The air may be subsequently deflected by the rear wall520and/or due to flow mechanics to travel in the second direction (a generally forward direction in the illustrated example) towards the air outlet or outlets60b. The air outlet or outlets60bmay be the entrance of one or more outlet conduits522. The outlet conduit or conduits522extend into the separator volume60ffrom the air outlet end60g, forward of the inlet(s)60a. The cross-sectional area of the inlet(s)60amay be larger or smaller than the cross-sectional area of the outlet(s)60b, however in some examples the cross-sectional area of the outlet(s)60bis at least equal to the cross-sectional area of the inlet(s)60a(e.g., the areas may be equal) to reduce backpressure. Optionally, as exemplified inFIG.130the inlet34may comprise a plurality of inlets conduits (e.g., spaced from one another) while the separator60comprises a single conduit522. The inlets60amay be radially spaced outward from the outlet60b, and the outlet60bmay be positioned such that the axis of the separator60passes though the outlet60b. It will be appreciated that the inlet(s)60aand outlet(s)60bmay be arranged in any pattern within the separator60. Optionally, as exemplified, the inlet conduits34may be equidistantly spaced conduits (e.g., in an annular pattern, such as four conduits angularly spaced 90° apart) and arranged about the axis of the separator60, with the outlet60barranged such that the axis of the separator60passes through the outlet60b. This may promote a balanced air flow within the separator volume60f, and the central position of the outlet60bmay direct the air flow to pass through to a centrally positioned motor and fan assembly38. Alternately, the inlet conduits may be arranged, e.g., in a semi-annular pattern (e.g., they may define an annular sector). As exemplified inFIG.132, the motor and fan assembly38may optionally direct the air flow out through outlet ports35. Optionally, the air flow path through the water separator60may be a primary air flow path with outlets36to an exterior of the hair dryer10, and a separate, secondary air flow path52may extend from an air inlet54to an air outlet54, as also shown inFIG.130. As exemplified inFIG.130, the inlet port or ports60aand the outlet or outlets60bmay each be spaced from at least one part of the sidewall484such that water separated from the air stream may accumulate against the sidewall484as a body of water without the body of water reaching the inlet60aor outlet60b. The distance between the sidewall484and the nearer of an inlet60aor an outlet60bmay determine the amount of water that can be retained by the separator60. While any number of inlet conduits34and/or outlet conduits522may be used, a plurality of inlet conduits34may allow the diameter of each conduit34to be reduced such that the minimum distance between the sidewall484and an inlet60ais increased and a greater volume of water can be held in the separator60(e.g., at least four conduits34). Optionally, the rear portion of volume60frearward of the inlet(s)60aand/or the forward portion of volume60fforward of the outlet(s)60b) is at least equal to the lower portion of the volume60fbelow the inlet(s)60aand outlet(s)60b(i.e., such that the water carrying capacity of the separator60is at least the same if tipped up or down). Optionally, a sensor or automated shut off (e.g., a conductive or capacitance sensor) may be triggered if the water level of the body of water reaches a threshold (e.g., if the water is detected entering and/or nearing an inlet60bor if the weight of the water reaches a threshold), and may cause the motor and fan assembly38to shut off (e.g., to reduce risk to a user). In some examples, the automated shut off is not needed, such as if the motor and fan assembly38is a low voltage assembly, or insulated (e.g., an insulator limits current between windings of a brushless motor or the motor operates with a ground-fault circuit interrupter), and/or the power supply is electrically isolated (e.g., on a brushed motor). In some examples, one angular section of sidewall484of the separator60has a greater separation between the sidewall484and the nearest inlet60aor outlet60bthan one or more other angular section. For example, the lower-most inlet60amay be spaced from the nearest sidewall484of the separator60(i.e., the sidewall484nearest to the handle22) by a larger distance than one or more other inlet60a. This may allow a greater volume of water to accumulate in the separator60if the separator60is in one predetermined orientation, particularly if the larger spacing is at the bottom side of the hair dryer10during normal operation of the hair dryer10(e.g., with an axis B of the separator60extending horizontally). Optionally, the inlet conduit or conduits34each have a circular cross-sectional shape, as exemplified inFIG.130. This may allow for a simplified construction and/or operation. However, in some examples, the inlet conduit or conduits34may have other cross-sectional shapes, such as an annular conduit or one or more segments of an annular conduit (i.e., having an arch-shaped cross section, e.g., an angular extent of 10 or 20°). Optionally, as exemplified inFIGS.131and133, the hair dryer10includes an inlet screen526covering the inlet33of the hair dryer10. Inlet screen526may prevent hair and/or debris (e.g., bits of fluff) from entering the hair dryer10. As exemplified inFIG.130, the inlet screen526may cover a recess or manifold528, and the inlet conduit(s)34may extend from the recess or manifold528to the inlet(s)60a. The recess or manifold may have a width or diameter equal to the spacing of the conduits34, to facilitate air flow into the conduits and/or allow for water to drain out of the manifold528into the separator60. One or more baffles524may be provided to assist in directing air flow into the conduits34. Alternately or additionally, separator60may include one or more screen530through which the air stream is forced to pass. The screen(s)530may be fine mesh screens. Forcing air through the screen(s)530may cause water droplets entrained in the air stream to be de-entrained and fall onto the portion of the sidewall484that is the bottom based on the orientation in which the hair dryer is being used at the time. Additionally, or alternatively, the screen(s)530may inhibit movement of the accumulated body of water in the water separator60(e.g., inhibit sloshing and/or inhibit water from moving back into the outlet(s)60a). The air stream may be forced through a plurality of stages of screens (e.g., the same air passes through screen material at least twice). As exemplified inFIGS.133to136, the screen(s)530may include one or a plurality of screens provided in the water separator air flow path31. An inlet port screen(s)532may be on the inlet port(s)60a. The inlet port screen(s)532may cover the inlet port(s)60a(e.g., such that air is forced through the screen532when entering the volume60f). It will be appreciated that screen532may be positioned internal of the conduit34. However, screen532is optionally provided exterior to the conduit, such as abutting the outlet60aof the inlet conduit34. The screen(s)530may also or alternatively include one or more interior screen(s) within the volume60f(i.e., between the inlet(s)60aand the outlet(s)60b). The interior screens may include a first interior screen534spaced from the inlet port screen532. The interior screens may also or alternatively include a second interior screen536spaced from the first interior screen564. Each of the first and second interior screens534,536is between the water separator inlet end60eand the water separator outlet end60g. Optionally, as exemplified inFIG.133, the outlet conduit522extends through one or both of the first and second interior screens534,536. As exemplified inFIGS.134and135, second interior screen536may be positioned rearward of first interior screen534. For example, second interior screen536may be positioned proximate rear end60gof the water separator60. Accordingly, some of the air may pass through second interior screen536prior to travelling forwardly to outlet60b. For example, at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% 80% or more of the air ay pass through second interior screen536prior to travelling forwardly to outlet60b. First interior screen534may be positioned at any location forward of second interior screen536such that at least some of the air passes through first interior screen534as the air travels to the outlet60b. Optionally, first interior screen534may be positioned such that all of the air passes through first interior screen534as the air travels to the outlet60b. Accordingly, as exemplified inFIG.136, first interior screen534is provided between second interior screen536and the outlet60b(the inlet to conduit522). As exemplified inFIGS.133and136, the second interior screen536may adjoin the port screen(s)532. Optionally, the second interior screen536and the port screen(s)532are formed of a common screen body. As exemplified, the screen530comprise a frame538on which a mesh is provided. the mesh of one or more of the screens532,534,536may have a mesh size between 10 mesh and 100 mesh, or between 40 mesh and 80 mesh, or about 60 mesh. The mesh size of each of the screens532,534,536may be the same or different. In some examples the mesh size of each stage of screens is at least as large as the preceding stage (e.g., the mesh size of interior screen534is at least as large as that of port screen532and the mesh size of interior screen536is at least as large as that of interior screen534). In some examples, the screen size of the port screen532is less than the screen size of the interior screen(s) (e.g., the port screen532has a mesh size of 20 and the interior screens534,536each have a mesh size of 60 or the first interior screen534has a mesh size of 40 and the second interior screen536has a mesh size of 60). It will be appreciated that the water separator60may be of any shape. As exemplified inFIG.124, the water separator60extends around a portion of the motor and fan assembly38. As exemplified inFIG.125, the rear end of the water separator60may have a recess506in which at least the forward portion of the motor and fan assembly38having the inlet38amay be removably receivable. The arm members500may define some or all of the recess506. For example, the rear end of the water separator60may have screw receiving mounts508having screw receiving openings510and the motor and fan assembly38may have flanges512having screw ports514. Accordingly, the flanges512may be aligned with the screw receiving mounts508and a screw inserted through screw ports514and then secured into screw receiving openings510so as to removably mount the motor and fan assembly38in the recess in the water separator60. Accordingly, the water separator60has an arm portion500(that is optionally annular) that surrounds the forward part of the motor and fan assembly38. The arm portion500provides an additional portion of the sidewall484on which separated water may be retained. It will be appreciated that the arm portion500may extend along part or all of the motor and fan assembly38. The arm portion500may be considered part of a tank152for the water separator. The water separator60may be emptied by any means discussed herein. Optionally, the water separator60may be openable. For example, the water separator60may have a forward portion502that is separable from a rearward portion504. The forward and rearward portions may be secured together by any means. For example, one or more latches may be provided. Alternately, a rotatable mount, such as a screw mount or a bayonet mount, may be used. Accordingly, a user may rotate the front portion502with respect to the rear portion504so as to open the water separator60. Water may then be emptied from the water separator. It will be appreciated that the water separator60may be opened while the water separator60is mounted in position in the hair dryer10or after the water separator60has been removed from the air dryer as discussed subsequently herein. If the water collection member is a tank152in which water is sequestered (see for exampleFIG.19), then tank152may be emptied by removing the tank152or removing a plug66so as to open a drainage port64when the tank152is on board the hair dryer or has been removed from the hair dryer. Optionally, the tank152may be heated to evaporate water (e.g., to reduce the amount of maintenance needed by a user). It will be appreciated that tank152may have an internal member that inhibits water exiting the tank152. For example, tank152may have one or more baffles. Alternately or in addition, tank152may have a foam member therein or a honeycomb structure. An advantage of this design is that the water in the tank will tend to remain in position as the hair dryer is moved. Accordingly, when the hair dryer is used at an angle, water will tend to remain in tank152and not flow back into the water separator60. Optionally, the foam may be removable from tank152for drying or replacement. Alternately or in addition, the foam may be compressible while in tank152so as to drain water from tank152. For example, a plate may be driven manually or by a motor that moves, e.g., axially to the right to compress the foam, thereby removing water from the tank152, such as through a drain when a plug66has been removed. It will be appreciated that a water separator60and a water collection member may be provided regardless of whether air in primary air flow path32is redirected to secondary air flow path52and/or if a by-pass fan is used. In some embodiments, the water separator and the water collection member60is between 10 and 40 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm or about 25 mm in thickness parallel to the direction of air flow through the water collection member60. For example, the water collection member60may be an open cell foam block 25 mm thick along a dimension parallel to the direction of air flow through the water collection member60. It will be appreciated that the water separator60and the water collection member152(if provided) may be of any shape. Optionally, as exemplified inFIG.122, the water separator60may be configured such that part or all of the water separator and/or the water collecting member152may surround part of all of a motor and fan assembly38. For example, as exemplified inFIG.122, portion60dof the water separator60is annular in shape and surrounds the motor and fan assembly38. It will be appreciated that portion60dmay extend axially to overlie only part of the motor and fan assembly38and/or may extend partway or all the way around the perimeter of the motor and fan assembly38. The water separator60and/or tank152may be made of any material. Optionally, the water separator60and/or tank152are made of a transparent material and the interior of the water separator60and/or tank152is visible from exterior to the hair dryer. Accordingly, for example, the outer wall of the main body12that overlies the water separator60and/or tank152may be transparent or may have a window (opening) and/or a transparent portion. Alternately, or in addition, part or all of the water separator60and/or tank152may form part of the outer surface of the hair dryer. See for exampleFIG.123. It will be appreciated that the water separator60and/or the tank152may be removable. For example, as in the embodiments ofFIGS.121-125, the end of the hair dryer10having the water separator60and/or the tank152may be removable. As exemplified inFIG.133, a rotatable mount540, such as a screw mount or a bayonet mount, may be used. Accordingly, a user may rotate the front portion542with respect to the rear portion544so as to remove the water separator60. The separator60may be sealed when removed (i.e., to prevent water from spilling out). Optionally, a foam filter546may be between the separator60and the motor and fan assembly38. The foam filter between the separator60and the motor and fan assembly38may be removeable (e.g., exposed) when the separator60is removed and/or may be removed from the rear portion of the hair dryer10with the water separator60(e.g., may be mounted to the removeable portion). Alternatively, or additionally, the foam may be in a compartment that can be accessed through a door, and the door may be openable when (e.g., only when) the separator60is removed from the rear portion of the hair dryer10. If part or all of the water separator60and/or tank152are transparent or part or all of the outer wall of the hair dryer10is transparent, then a user may notice when the water separator60and/or the tank152require emptying and then remove the water separator60and/or the tank152for emptying or cleaning or replacement. Minimizing Re-Entrainment In accordance with this aspect, the velocity of air through the water separator60may be reduced, eliminated and/or stabilized to reduce or prevent re-entrainment of water in the air flow. For example, when the hair dryer is used in the second operating mode, the water separator60may be bypassed or the velocity of the air flow therethrough may be reduced. Alternately, or in addition, the air flow through the hair dryer may be controlled to avoid surges in air flow during the first mode when suction is being used and the hair is moved away from the hair dryer air inlet. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the air flow velocity through the water separator60may be kept from becoming sufficiently high to re-entrain water or a significant amount of water that is in the water separator60and/or tank152. Water re-entrained in the air flow exiting the water separator may pass over and damage a component of the hair dryer (e.g., the motor40). Further, as the velocity of the air through the water separator increases, the moisture capture efficiency of the water separator may decrease. This relationship may be non-linear, with a small reduction in efficiency across a range of low velocities, and a rapid reduction in efficiency as the velocity increases above the range of low velocities. A change in velocity may result in an exponential change in re-entrainment (e.g., the re-entrainment rate of moisture may increase by a factor that is equal to the square of the factor by which the velocity increased). Accordingly, keeping the velocity lower may substantially increase the moisture capture efficiency of the water separator60. For example, the velocity of air through the water separator60during the suction mode may be kept within acceptable limits by maintaining the volume of air per unit time through the water separator at, e.g., less than 15 CFM or less than 10 CFM, e.g., between 2 CFM and 15 CFM, between 4 CFM and 10 CFM, or at about 6 CFM. Generally, as the hair dryer10is used in a suction mode to draw water from hair, the hair dryer10is held against or near the hair and the hair may partially obstruct the air inlet33. This obstruction reduces the air flow volume per unit time which therefore reduces the air flow velocity through the water separator. However, when a user removes the hair dryer10from the hair, the flow restriction created by the hair is removed and the volume of air per unit time passing through the water separator60, and therefore the air flow velocity, will increase. If a user is applying and removing the hair dryer10repeatedly, the air flow velocity will also fluctuate repeatedly. For example, the volume may change from, e.g., 5-15 CFM to 35 CFM or more repeatedly. Placing hair against the screen50may result in an effective inlet port cross-sectional area of the inlet port33that is, e.g., 50%, 40%, or 25% of the inlet port cross-sectional area. To control the air flow velocity through the water separator60, the air flow path used in the first mode of operation may be configured or reconfigurable to limit the air flow volume through the hair dryer10when hair is not placed against the screen50. Alternately, or in addition, the air moving member in the primary air flow path may be configured or operated to limit the air flow volume through the hair dryer10when hair is not placed against the screen50. In a first embodiment, the volumetric flow rate of air may be limited by providing a restrictor in the primary air flow path. The restrictor may be in the water separator, upstream of the water separator or downstream of the water separator. When hair is placed against the intake screen50, the hair will provide a restriction to air entering the hair dryer and the hair may thus limit the air flow through the water separator. When the hair is removed from the screen50, the restriction provided by the hair is removed and the volumetric flow rate of air into the hair dryer would increase. By providing a restrictor in the primary air flow path, the restrictor may limit the volumetric flow rate of air through the water separator to a desired maximum flow rate when hair is removed from screen50without adjusting the rate of rotation of the suction motor. The restrictor may be created by, e.g., a constriction of the air flow path, an obstruction in the air flow path, and/or an abrupt redirection in the direction of travel through the air flow path. The restrictor may operate as a bottleneck to limit the air flow at one or more locations and thereby limit the air flow through the water separator60. For example, the cross-sectional flow area in a direction transverse to a direction of a flow of air through a portion452of the primary air flow path32(hereinafter referred to as the “first portion cross-section flow area”) may be less than the cross-sectional flow area of the inlet port34(e.g., less than 100%, 75%, 50%, 40%, or 25% of the cross-sectional flow area of the inlet port34). The portion452of the primary air flow path32may be downstream of the water separator60, and may alternatively or additionally be upstream of the motor and fan assembly38and/or upstream of at least one supplementary inlet354introducing bleed air into the secondary air flow path52. The first portion cross-section flow area may be fixed or variable. Accordingly, the restrictor may be a port or plate having an orifice of a fixed (i.e., non-variable) diameter. Such a restrictor will provide an absolute limit to the volumetric air flow rate regardless of the amount of hair placed against inlet screen50. Alternately, the restrictor may have a variable diameter so as to adjust the volumetric flow rate as less hair is placed against the inlet screen50. If the first portion cross-section flow area is fixed, then the cross-sectional flow area in a direction transverse to a direction of flow of air through the first portion cross-section flow area may have a diameter or an equivalent diameter of, e.g., between 0.1 inches and 1 inch, between 0.1 inches and 0.5 inches, or about 0.25 inches. Similarly, if the first portion cross-section flow area is variable, then its smallest diameter or equivalent diameter may be the same as the fixed diameter or equivalent diameter as set out above. Accordingly, for a particular water separator, the maximum flow of air through the water separator when hair does not restrict the air flow into the hair dryer through the screen50may be limited by a flow restrictor. This first portion cross-section flow area may be provided by a portion of the primary air flow path32having a narrower diameter. Accordingly, a length some or all of a conduit may be narrowed. Alternately, or in addition, the primary air flow path32may be narrowed at a single location, such as by the diameter of the outlet port450from the water separator60, as shown inFIG.101. The outlet port may be narrowed so as to act as an orifice that limits the volumetric flow rate of air out of the water separator60. Alternately or in addition, as exemplified inFIGS.102to108, one or more obstruction members456may be added to the primary air flow path32to increase the backpressure in the primary air flow path. The obstruction member456may extend across the portion452of the primary air flow path32to create back pressure and the first portion cross-sectional flow area may be the flow path through and/or around the obstruction member456. The obstruction member456may be a separate member that is provided in the primary air flow path32, such as a plate458with an orifice as exemplified in inFIG.102. Alternately, or in addition, the restrictor may be one or more valves within the primary air flow path32which are operable to partially close, and thereby restrict, the air flow through the primary air flow path32. These valves may be adjusted to stabilize the volume of air flow per unit time passing through the water separator60(e.g., by closing or opening an iris valve144at some point along the air flow path31(see for exampleFIG.48andFIGS.102and103)). A suitable valve may be an obstruction member456that is or comprises an adjustable member that is moveable between a first configuration in which the first portion cross-section flow area has a first cross-sectional flow area and a second configuration in which the first portion cross-section flow area has a second cross-sectional flow area, wherein the second cross-sectional flow area is greater than the first cross-sectional flow area. The first and second configurations may be due to, e.g., a movement or a deformation of the obstruction member456. For example, the obstruction member456may be and/or include a deformable member and/or a member having a deformable portion460. As in the example embodiment ofFIGS.103and104, the obstruction member456may be and/or include a deformable portion460which deforms as the deformable portion transitions from the first configuration (FIG.103) to the second configuration (104). The deformable portion460may be in a relaxed or undeformed state in the first configuration or it may be partially deformed in the first configuration and further deformed in the second configuration. The deformable portion460, such as a diaphragm, may be made of or comprise a resilient material, such as an elastomeric material. Alternately, the deformable portion460may be a mechanical member made of a plurality of non-deformable members, which are biased (e.g., by a spring) to the first configuration. An example of such a deformable member is an openable iris144(see for exampleFIGS.105and106). The deformable portion460may move in response to, e.g., pressure differences due to the velocity of air. For example, at higher air velocities through the obstruction member456the difference in air pressure upstream and downstream of the deformable portion460may increase, causing the deformable portion460to move in the downstream direction towards the zone of lower pressure. When hair restricts flow into the hair dryer, a lower pressure zone is created on the downstream side of the deformable portion460and the pressure differential across the deformable portion460draws the elastomeric member inwardly in the flow direction thereby expanding the opening462in the deformable portion460. When hair is removed, more air may flow through the primary air flow path32and the pressure downstream of the deformable portion460may increase. As the pressure difference across the deformable portion460decreases, the deformable portion460may rebound to is neutral first configuration. Accordingly, the deformable portion460may comprise a diaphragm and the diaphragm may move from the first configuration to the second configuration in response to a pressure downstream of the diaphragm that is less than a pressure upstream of the diaphragm. The deformable portion460may be moved by an actuator (e.g., an arm member driven by a solenoid) that moves in response to signals from a sensor or from a user, or an actuator (e.g., an associated flow restrictor464) that moves in response to air flow through the primary air flow path32or the deformable portion460may move itself due to a pressure differential (e.g., a resilient diaphragm as discussed previously). As exemplified inFIGS.103and104, the deformable portion460may be an elastomeric member which has an opening462and an associated flow restrictor464, and the opening462may be moveable with respect to the flow restrictor464. In the first configuration (FIG.103), the opening462is in a first high flow position (no hair is located on screen50) and the air flow passage past the deformable portion460is created by the gap between the flow restrictor and the perimeter of the opening462. In the second configuration (FIG.104), the deformable portion460is in a high suction position (hair is placed on the screen50) and deformable portion460has deformed inwardly in the flow direction from the first high flow position (FIG.103). Due to the lower pressure zone created on the upstream side of the deformable portion460, the deformable portion460has moved inwardly and the gap between the flow restrictor and the perimeter of the opening462has increased to enable more air to pass through the opening462. When the hair is removed from the screen50, more air passes through opening462thereby reducing the pressure difference across the deformable portion460and the deformable portion460may rebound to is neutral first configuration. The deformable portion460is biased to the first high flow position (FIG.103) by, e.g., the resilience of the elastomeric member. It will be appreciated that other biasing members may be used. It will be appreciated that, in an alternate embodiment, a flow restrictor may not be provided and the air flow passage through the deformable portion460may be defined by the size of the opening462, which increases as the pressure difference across the deformable portion460increases. Additionally, or alternatively, the adjustable member may be an openable iris144(see for exampleFIGS.105and106). In the first configuration (FIG.105), the iris144is in a first high flow configuration and has an opening462having a first diameter465and, in the second configuration (FIG.106), the iris144is in a high suction configuration and has an opening462having a second diameter466wherein the second diameter466is larger than the first diameter465. The iris144may move between the different configurations based on the pressure difference across the iris144or an actuator that is drivingly connected to the iris and which is actuated by, e.g., signals from a sensor or from a user. As exemplified inFIGS.107and108, the flow restrictor464may move and the obstruction member456may have a fixed configuration, e.g., a non-deformable orifice plate. The flow restrictor464may be moveable with respect to the opening462between a first position (FIG.107) in which the first portion cross-section flow area has a first cross-sectional flow area and a second position (FIG.108) in which the first portion cross-section flow area has a second cross-sectional flow area that is greater than the first cross-sectional flow area. The flow restrictor464may be movable between the first and second positions based on a characteristic of air flow through the primary air flow path32or by an actuator (e.g., in response to signals from a sensor or from a user). As exemplified inFIGS.107and108, the flow restrictor464is moveable inwardly in the direction of flow from the second position (FIG.108) to the first position (FIG.107) based on air flow impinging upon the flow restrictor464. The flow restrictor464may be biased to the second position (FIG.108), e.g., by a biasing member468(e.g., a coil spring). Accordingly, when the screen50is not blocked by hair, the unrestricted air flow may drive the flow restrictor464forwardly, against the force of the biasing member468, to block or partially block the opening462in the orifice plate. When hair restricts flow into the hair dryer, the biasing member468moves the flow restrictor464outwardly towards the screen thereby increasing the gap between the flow restrictor464and the perimeter of the opening462. Additionally, or alternatively, bleed air may be admitted into the air flow path through a secondary inlet354to a secondary air flow path that may introduce air upstream of a water separator60(see for exampleFIGS.21,22A,49,109and110). Introducing bleed air will reduce the flow of air entering through screen50and thereby reduce the flow through the water separator60. The amount of air introduced via one or more supplementary inlets354may provide sufficient air flow to reduce the air flow through the water separator60to a level at which re-entrainment is minimized or eliminated when the hair dryer is moved away from the hair being dried by suction. The air flow into the secondary air flow path may be controlled by a bypass valve140which opens or partially opens secondary inlet354. As exemplified inFIGS.109,110, secondary inlet354may introduce air into the air flow path between the water separator60and the motor and fan assembly38(i.e., upstream of the separator60) to enable the water separator60to be bypassed by some or all of the air drawn through the motor and fan assembly38(e.g., to compensate for changes in the volume of air drawn by the motor and fan assembly38as a result of the application and removal of hair at the inlet port(s)33). Bypass valve140may be actuated based on, e.g., a proximity sensor that determines when the hair dryer is moved away from the hair being dried, a pressure sensor or a flow sensor that determines, e.g., when the flow through the water separator reaches a level at which water may be re-entrained. Alternately or in addition, the bypass valve140may open or partially open in response to changes in air flow volume per unit time and/or velocity so as to prevent the velocity of the air passing through the water separator from increasing to an undesired level. An advantage of such an embodiment is that surges of air through the water separator60may be reduced or essentially eliminated. Bypass valve140may open bypass inlet354when the hair dryer is used in the second operating mode and/or when the hair dryer uses suction in the first mode and the hair is removed from the inlet. By opening a valve140downstream of the water separator60, the flow of air drawn through the water separator60may be reduced as the suction motor will also draw air through the bypass inlet354It will be appreciated that valve140may fully or partially close an air outlet of the water separator60when the valve is moved to an open position to admit air through bypass inlet354(see for exampleFIG.22A). Accordingly, valve140may be used to maintain a generally constant rate of air flow though water separator60and, accordingly, surges of air through the water separator60that may re-entrain water may be reduced or essentially eliminated. The bypass opening(s) may be variably opened and closed in response to measurements by one or more velocity control sensors376(FIG.22A). Velocity control sensors376may be in or adjacent to the water separator60to provide information about the velocity of air within the water separator/collecting member. As exemplified inFIGS.21and22A, a velocity control sensor376may be in the air flow path upstream of the water separator60, in the water separator60, and/or downstream of the water separator60. Control circuitry may couple the velocity control sensor(s)376to the valve(s) to control the degree to which the bypass opening(s) are opened. The velocity control sensor(s)376may be a flow volume sensor or a direct velocity sensor. For example, the velocity control sensor376may be a venturi principle sensor. Another example of a velocity control sensor376is a rotationally mounted sensor blade bearing one or more magnets and shaped to rotate at a speed with a known relationship to the speed of air moving over the sensor blade; the frequency with which the one or more magnets pass a stationary point may be measured (e.g., by a reed switch and processor) to determine the speed of air moving over the sensor blade. The air velocity may also be measured indirectly. For example, the velocity control sensor376may measure the pressure within the air flow path31upstream of the water separator60. The pressure may decrease as the velocity of the air increases, and the degree to which the bypass opening(s) are opened may be adjusted in response. Alternately or in addition, hair dryer10may include a mechanical response valve that mechanically responds directly to air velocity and/or volumetric air flow to control the degree to which the bypass opening(s) are open. Such a mechanical response valve may progressively open one or more bypass openings as the velocity of air and/or the volume of air per unit of time through the water separator60increases, and progressively close the one or more bypass openings as the velocity through the water separator60decreases and/or the volume of air per unit of time through the water separator60decreases. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG.98, a mechanical response valve373is provided downstream of water separator60. A ball374is positioned in the air flow path32. Ball374responds to increased velocity by rising to block or partially block a first constricted neck375of the air flow path. When the first constricted neck375is blocked or partially blocked, a drop in pressure downstream of the first constricted neck375and downstream of a second constricted neck377that is leading to the bypass inlet354causes a blocking member378in the second constricted neck377to be raised out of the second constricted neck377to open the bypass inlet354. The mechanical response valve373depicted inFIG.98is merely an example of a possible mechanical response valve; a variety of other mechanical response valves may be used in other examples. It will be appreciated that ball374and/or blocking member378may be biased to the positions shown inFIG.98. Additionally, or alternatively, a characteristic of an air moving unit (e.g., a motor and fan assembly38) and/or an air moving member of the air moving unit (e.g., a fan blade42,44) of the hair dryer10may stabilize the velocity of air flow through the water separator60. For example, the motor40may respond to changes in air flow characteristics (e.g., velocity or pressure, such as sensed by sensors376) and/or user characteristics (e.g., proximity or conductivity of hair) to adjust operational characteristics of the motor40(e.g., the motor's rate of rotation) to stabilize the air velocity though the water separator60. Alternatively, or additionally, the fan blade42may respond to changes in air characteristics (e.g., velocity or pressure, such as sensed by sensors376) and/or user characteristics (e.g., proximity or conductivity of hair) to adjust operational characteristics of the fan blade42(e.g., the pitch of vanes of the fan blade) to stabilize the air velocity though the water separator60. Additionally, or alternatively, the structure of an air moving member (e.g., the first fan blade(s)42) may be adapted to draw air through the water separator60at the relatively constant volume of air per unit of time. For example, the fan blade may be structured to draw a relatively constant volume of air per unit of time across a wide range of pressure levels of the adjacent air (e.g., between 0 inches of mercury and 15 inches of mercury, between 0 inches of mercury and 10 inches of mercury, or between 0 inches of mercury and 6 inches of mercury). For example, a first fan blade42may be a pump-type fan, such as a vane pump. As discussed with respect toFIGS.4,20and109-112the hair dryer10may optionally have multiple air moving members (which may be referred to as fan blades and may be impellers and/or propellers) which are driven by one or motors40. An advantage of this design is the air moving unit in the primary air flow path32may be selected to produce a particular type of flow and the air moving unit in the secondary air flow path52may be selected to produce a different type of flow. For example, an impeller (which typically draws a fluid in axially and expels the fluid radially outwardly) is useable to produce pressure and may therefore be used to provide suction. Therefore, one or more impellers may be provided in the primary air flow path32to produce suction in the first mode of operation. In contrast, a propeller is used to convert rotational motion of the propeller into thrust and therefore the propeller draws fluid in axially and propels the fluid axially away. Therefore, one or more propellers may be provided in the secondary air flow path52to produce a high flow rate of air for blow drying in the second mode of operation. Using different air moving members may allow the characteristics of air flow through the water separator60to be different from the characteristics of air flow used for blow drying (e.g., volumetric flow rate of air or the suction force). This may be used in addition to or alternatively to having bypass openings, bleed outlets, and/or supplementary inlets. Accordingly, the air flow through the water separator60may be kept at a low velocity and/or volumetric flow rate of air (e.g., less than 15, 10 or 5 cfm) regardless of the characteristics of air flow elsewhere in the hair dryer10. If the secondary air flow path52is joined to the primary air flow path (i.e., the secondary air flow path52is downstream of the primary air flow path32as exemplified inFIGS.20and112), then a single motor40may drive an air moving member42for the primary air flow path32and an air moving member44for the secondary air flow path52. Optionally, as exemplified inFIG.112, bypass air may be introduced into the joined air flow path downstream of the water separator60(e.g., downstream of air moving unit42). Alternately, if the secondary air flow path52is separate to the primary air flow path (i.e., air in the primary air flow path32exits the hair dryer10instead of travelling into the secondary air flow path52as exemplified inFIGS.4and110), then a single motor40may drive an air moving member42for the primary air flow path32and an air moving member44for the secondary air flow path52. For example, in the configuration ofFIG.4, the air moving units42,44are axially spaced apart. In the configuration ofFIG.110, the primary and secondary air flow paths32,52are vertically spaced apart and, accordingly, the air moving member42,44are vertically spaced apart. As exemplified, a vertically extending drive shaft43extends between motor40and air moving unit44. Alternately, a first motor40may be provided for the air moving member (s) in the primary air flow path32and a second motor40may be provided for the air moving member (s) in the secondary air flow path52. As exemplified inFIG.109, a motor and fan assembly38is provided in each of the primary and the secondary air flow paths32,52. As with the configuration ofFIG.110, in the configuration ofFIG.109, the primary and secondary air flow paths32,52are vertically spaced apart. However, a vertically extending drive shaft43is not required as each air flow path has its own motor and fan assembly38. Alternately, if the secondary air flow path52is joined to the primary air flow path32, a motor and fan assembly may be provided in each of the primary and the secondary air flow paths32,52(see for exampleFIG.111). As in the configuration ofFIG.53, the primary and secondary air flow paths32,52are axially spaced apart. Optionally, as exemplified inFIG.111, bypass air may be introduced into the joined air flow path downstream of the water separator60(e.g., downstream of first motor and fan blade assembly38). FIGS.120and121exemplify a further embodiment wherein two motor and fan assemblies38are utilized and are axially spaced apart.FIG.120exemplifies the hair dryer10in the first mode of operation. In this mode, air is drawn into the hair dryer through screen50that is provided at air inlet34for the primary air flow path32. Suction is produced by the first suction motor and fan assembly38. The first suction motor and fan assembly38has an air moving member42. The first suction motor and fan assembly38may be a brushless DC motor which may optionally have an impeller (air moving member42). Accordingly, the first suction motor and fan assembly38will produce suction to draw air and water from hair placed against screen50. In operation, the first suction motor and fan assembly38will draw air into the water separator60and then out through air outlets36. As exemplified inFIG.1-4, one or more outlet port36may be provided on the sidewall of the hair dryer, optionally at about a mid-point along the length of the hair dryer. As discussed previously, the velocity of air through the water separator60may be reduced, eliminated and/or stabilized to reduce or prevent re-entrainment of water in the air flow. As exemplified, the air outlet of the water separator comprises an orifice that limits the volumetric air flow when hair is removed from screen50. The water separator60may optionally include a water collection tank152, Optionally, the screen end of the hair dryer10(optionally with the water separator60and optionally with a water collection tank152if one is provided) is removably mounted to the remainder of the body12(e.g., by a bayonet mount, screw mount or one or more latches). An advantage of this design is that the water separator60and a water collection tank152may be removed for emptying, cleaning and optionally replacement. FIG.121exemplifies the hair dryer10in the second mode of operation. In this mode, air enters the hair dryer through air inlet54and travels through a separate passage through the hair dryer to the air outlet56of the secondary air flow path52. As exemplified, the secondary air flow path may be a generally annular conduit55that extends generally axially to the second suction motor and fan assembly38. The second suction motor and air flow path38comprises a motor40and an air moving member44. The second suction motor and fan assembly38may be a brushed DC motor which may optionally have a propeller (air moving member44). One or more heating elements70may be provided at the end having air outlet56. As exemplified inFIGS.113-116, one or more heating elements70may be positioned around the motor40. Accordingly, the air passing through the secondary air flow path52may be hated before it exits the outlet port56. It will be appreciated that, in the second mode of operation, the first suction motor and fan assembly may be de-energized as it is not required to draw air through screen50. Accordingly, the power provided to the first suction motor and fan assembly38in the first mode of operation may be provided to the second suction motor and fan assembly38in the second mode of operation such that propeller44may operate at a higher rate of rotation. Optionally, an insulating member or heat shield57may be provided between heating element70and motor40and/or heating element70and body12. The heat shield will assist in limiting heat transfer from the heating element70to the motor and the body. Optionally, as exemplified inFIG.120, in the first mode of operation both suction motor and fan assemblies38may be operated. In such a case, the suction motor40of the second suction motor and fan assembly38may operate in reverse such that air moving member44(e.g., a propeller) drives air from outlet port56to inlet port54so as to provide blowing air52R for assistance in the suction mode of operation. Optionally, the motor40driving fan blade44may be run at partial power compared to the second mode of operation. For example, in the first mode of operation, motor40may be operated at 10-20 Watts (as compared to 60-80 Watts in the second mode of operation) such that propeller44operates at a slower rate in reverse. Optionally, heater(s)70may also be energized. Accordingly, heated air (e.g., 60-75° C.) may be blown out of air inlet54at, e.g., 10-20 CFM during the first mode of operation. Water Sequestration In accordance with this aspect, water collected by hair dryer10is sequestered from the air flow path31regardless of the orientation of the hair dryer10. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. As exemplified inFIG.4, hair dryer10may withdraw water from an air flow using, e.g., a water separator60. Water held in the water separator60may leave the water separator60if the air flow velocity through the hair dryer is rapidly accelerated and/or the hair dryer is held at an orientation other than an upright orientation. For example, water held in a tray on a bottom end20of hair dryer10may fall out of the tray if the hair dryer10is held upside down. In another example, water held in a foam member may leave the foam member if the foam member is rapidly accelerated, such as if the hair dryer10is swung about or dropped. As exemplified inFIGS.28and54, water removed by water separator60may be sequestered from the air flow path31regardless of the orientation of the hair dryer10. For example, the water may be pumped by pump148via a line150to a tank152isolated from the air flow path31. Alternately, water may flow through line150due to gravity. Line150may have an optional valve149to close the line150. For example, the valve may be a one way valve or a valve that is actuated when the hair dryer is oriented such that water may travel by gravity through the line150from tank152to the water separator60(e.g., a float valve). The tank may have an openable port for draining the tank and/or the tank may be removably mounted for emptying, by itself or concurrently with the water separator60. The tank152may be of any shape and provided at any location. As exemplified inFIGS.28and54, the tank152is located at a lower end of the hair dryer, such as inside handle22. Alternately, for example, the tank may partially or fully surround an operating component of the hair dryer. Accordingly, part of all of the portion60dof the water separator ofFIG.122may be the water tank152. An advantage of this aspect is that if the hair dryer10is rapidly accelerated and/or held upside down or sideways the water may be prevented from entering the air flow path31where it may damage the hair dryer10. Vibrating Teeth In accordance with this aspect, a hair dryer10includes teeth that may be attachable to the hair dryer, e.g., of a brush or comb member, or may be non-removably provided thereon, that vibrate. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the movement of the teeth may cause movement of the hair of a user if the hair is in contact with the teeth. Movement of the hair may facilitate water removal from the hair. This aspect may be used for example in conjunction with using suction to dry the hair. The hair dryer10may include a vibration subsystem, such as a vibration motor380coupled to a set of teeth382that are secured to the body12adjacent the outlet35, as in the example ofFIGS.48and49. The vibration motor380may be operable to vibrate the teeth382. The vibration motor380may be coupled to the power supply of the hair dryer10to receive power therefrom. Accordingly, a user may activate the vibration motor380to vibrate the teeth382when operating the hair dryer10in a blowing mode to cause movement of hair held against the outlet35. Alternatively, or additionally, teeth382and/or a vibration subsystem may be secured to the hair dryer10adjacent the inlet33, such as for use in a suction mode. The vibration motor may have an axle or rod that is moveable upwardly and downwardly (in the orientation ofFIG.48) so as to raise and lower the teeth. Alternately, the motor380may have a horizontally extending drive axle that is non-rotatably connected to an eccentrically mounted gear that is drivingly connected by, e.g., a rod, to raise and lower the teeth. It will be appreciated that other electromechanically controlled members may be used to raise and lower the teeth, translate the teeth side to side or sequentially rotate the teeth (e.g., 5-10°) clockwise and then counter clockwise. Optionally, vibrating brush teeth are provided on an accessory tool that may be mounted to the hair dryer10. For example, the vibration subassembly may be secured to a diffuser or concentrator accessory tool, and the accessory tool may include a power source (e.g., a battery) or may be automatically coupled to the power supply of the hair dryer10when the accessory tool is mounted to the hair dryer. Retractable Teeth In accordance with this aspect, a hair dryer10and/or accessory tool may have retractable teeth that may be attachable to the hair dryer or an accessory tool, e.g., of a brush or comb member, or may be non-removably provided thereto. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the teeth may be available for use in holding hair when needed. The teeth may be used to direct jets of air at the hair being dried in a first mode of operation and/or during the second mode of operation. The teeth may also be repositionable between two or more positions. For example, the teeth382may be repositionable between a fully extended position (FIG.48), a partially extended position, and a retracted position (FIG.49). Retractable teeth382may be moveable, e.g., drawn back into the hair dryer10, e.g., manually using a slider384to draw back a plate386to which the teeth are attached or by a motor, e.g., upon a user pressing a button or by the hair dryer being actuated in a mode of operation in which the teeth are used. Selective Directional Airflow In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10may include a diverting member to selectively limit the direction in which air can be blown out of the hair dryer outlet35. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that air may be blown only through the side of the hair dryer10that is used to engage or dry the hair. Accordingly, energy used to heat and/or move air is not wasted on air that is not directed towards the hair. FIGS.41-45exemplify an embodiment wherein the hair dryer includes a brush member. In the exemplified embodiment, the brush member is an integral part of the hair dryer. In other embodiments, the brush member may be an attachment that a user may attach to the air outlet side of the hair dryer when desired. As exemplified inFIGS.41and42, the hair dryer10is a curler brush dryer with outlets angularly spaced around the radially outer surface of a cylindrical head388. The curler brush hair dryer10is operable to direct air flow out of all or a subset of the outlets35. Air outlets35comprise hollow teeth that extend around all or a portion of the perimeter of cylindrical head388. Therefore, the air outlets are directed in a plurality of directions. A diverting member390is provided to select the direction or directions in which air is blown out. The diverting member390may be selectively positionable between the motor and fan assembly38and the outlets35to block some air outlets35while enabling air to exit other outlets35. For example, the diverting member390may close some of the outlets35, thereby limiting the sector of the outer surface (the radial extent A, seeFIG.41) through which air exits outlets35to a radial extent between 90° and 360°, between 90° and 150°, or between 15° and 100°. Accordingly, air may be directed only through the outlets35of the teeth382which contact the hair. As exemplified, diverting member390may be a cylindrical or partially cylindrical member interior of cylindrical head388that is rotatable to selectively cover some of the outlets35in the teeth382. Optionally, in the example is shown inFIGS.44and45the air inlet33is angularly or radially spaced around the outer surface of cylindrical head388from the air outlets35. Accordingly, in a first mode of operation, air may be drawn towards inlet33. Subsequently, the user may rotate the brush to use teeth382in the second mode of operation. Optionally, the air flow may be kept between 40° C. and 90° C., between 50° C. and 80° C., or between 40° C. and 60° C. Optionally, an infrared heater92is positioned to heat the air flow and/or adjacent hair. Optionally, bristles389may be added to assist in keeping hair adjacent outlets35, as in the example ofFIG.43. Balancing Suction and Blowing In accordance with this aspect, a hair dryer10has an air outlet adjacent an air inlet. The air outlet may assist in keeping hair retained on or adjacent an air inlet when the hair dryer is used in a suction mode of operation. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. For example, in the embodiment ofFIG.8, air may exit the hair dryer via outlets56while air is being drawn into the hair dryer via inlet34. Air outlets56may direct air laterally with respect to the direction of air flow into the air inlet34or inwardly towards air inlet34. Accordingly, the air exiting outlets56may assist in maintaining the hair on air inlet34. Similarly, in the embodiment ofFIGS.120and121, the motor40is run in reverse so that during the first mode of operation, air exits inlet54of the secondary air flow path52. The air flow velocity exiting inlet54may be relatively low as discussed subsequently so as to not to drive hair away from the inlet34. Alternately, or in addition, the air exiting inlet54may direct air laterally with respect to the direction of air flow into the air inlet34or inwardly towards air inlet34. Similarly,FIGS.46and47exemplify an alternate embodiment in the shape of a flat brush hair dryer10wherein the air inlet33is laterally spaced from the air outlets35. The force drawing hair towards the air inlet33and the force blowing hair from the air outlet35may be balanced to keep hair from being blown away by the force of air coming from the air outlet35. Handle Reconfiguration In accordance with this aspect, reconfiguring the handle of the hair dryer may convert or partially convert the hair dryer from one operating mode to the other when a condition is detected. Accordingly, the user may reconfigure the handle22of the hair dryer10between a first position which may be used for a first mode of operation of the hair dryer10and a second position, which may be used for a second mode of operation. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that reconfiguring the handle22of the hair dryer10between modes of use may facilitate ease of use in each mode. For example, if the handle is a pistol grip handle and the hair dryer is a dual sided hair dryer, the handle may be oriented upwardly and forwardly as exemplified inFIGS.8and16in the first mode of operation. In the second mode of operation, the handle may be rotated to a second position so as to extend upwardly and rearwardly (towards the air outlet for the second mode of operation). Therefore, in the second mode of operation, the handle may be ergonomically positioned (similar to the position shown inFIG.17), Reconfiguration may facilitate, e.g., flipping a dual sided hair dryer10around between modes of use (i.e., in the embodiment ofFIGS.120,121changing from an orientation in which inlet34faces the hair to be dried to an orientation in which outlet56faces that hair to be dried). For example, if the user flips a dual sided hair dryer around between modes of use, a handle configuration that was comfortable for the first mode of use may not be comfortable for the second mode of use. Accordingly, the handle22may be reconfigurable, and may be repositionable continuously or between a set of discreet positions. Optionally, reconfiguring the hair dryer10between modes of use may also or alternatively adjust an operational parameter of the hair dryer10, such as to transition the hair dryer10into the new mode of use. Accordingly, as exemplified inFIGS.16and17, reconfiguring the handle may change the air flow path from one used in the first mode of operation to one used in the second mode of operation. Alternately, or in addition, reconfiguring the handle may also actuate one or more heaters for the second mode of operation and/or open or close one or more air inlets and air outlets, e.g., operate by pass valve140, as the hair dryer is adjusted for the second mode of operation. In the embodiment ofFIGS.120,121, reconfiguring the handle may change motor40between driving air moving member44in reverse when handle44is oriented upwardly and towards inlet34and driving air moving member44forwardly when handle44is oriented upwardly and towards outlet56. The handle22may be attached to the body12of the hair dryer10at an attachment point330and may be repositionable about the attachment point330. As in the example ofFIGS.16and17, handle22may pivot about a pivot axis through the attachment point330, such as between at least one rearward position angled back towards the rear end16(FIG.16) and at least one forward position angled forward towards the front end14(FIG.17). Accordingly, altering the position of the hair dryer handle between a rearward position and a forward position may change the volume of air per unit of time flowing through the hair dryer10and/or the direction of air flowing through the hair dryer10. As exemplified inFIGS.16and17, reconfiguring the handle adjusts the redirecting member62. Therefore, in the first forward position, the hair dryer is used in the first mode of operation and the redirecting member62permits air to exit the rear of the hair dryer. In the rearward position shown inFIG.17, the handle has pivoted to extend upwardly and rearwardly and the redirecting member62has closed the rear air outlet36to cause the air to enter the air flow path52and exit the hair dryer in a forward direction. Concurrently, the fan blade42has been moved rearwardly to provide more air flow in the second mode of operation. In another example, the handle may rotate about a longitudinal axis332of the handle22(FIG.55). For example, the handle22may rotate 180° about the longitudinal axis so that a user holding the handle22can turn the body12by 180° without changing their grip on the handle. Optionally, as in the illustrated example ofFIG.55, the handle22may be a vertical handle, and the longitudinal axis332may be a generally vertical axis. Accordingly, rotating the handle22about the longitudinal axis332may not change an angle of the longitudinal axis332relative to an underside surface of the body12of the hair dryer10. It will be appreciated that any one or more components of the hair dryer which is required to be activated or configured for a particular operating mode, or to be deactivated or configured for a particular operating mode, may be controlled by reconfiguring the handle. Mode Sensor In accordance with this aspect, alternately or in addition to the handle adjusting the operating mode of the hair dryer, the hair dryer10may include a mode sensor that converts or partially converts the hair dryer from one operating mode to the other when a condition is detected. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. For example, the mode sensor may automatically energize a heating element when the hair dryer is used to blow dry hair (e.g., when hair dryer10is used in the second drying mode of operation). An advantage of this aspect is that less power may be used to dry hair as one or more heating elements may only be powered (e.g., resistively heated) when the hair dryer is used for blow drying with heated air. Alternately, if air is directed towards the hair in the first mode of operation as exemplified inFIG.120, one or more heating elements may only be powered at a lower power level. Accordingly, a cordless hair dryer may require a reduced amount of on board power (e.g., fewer batteries). In accordance with this aspect, a sensor may be provided to detect when hair dryer10is not being used in the first drying mode. Such an embodiment may particularly be used in embodiments that comprise a dual sided hair dryer or in a single sided hair dryer that uses suction in the first mode of operation. For example, a distance sensor such as a small Lidar or ultrasonic sensor may optionally be used to determine or detect the distance of, e.g., front end14of hair dryer10to the hair of the user. When the sensor detects that hair (a person's head) is not within a particular predetermined distance (and optionally the motor40is energized by a user, e.g., actuating power button30), then sensor may send a signal (e.g., by a wire) to a control system (e.g., a controller) to actuate a heating element70(see for exampleFIGS.18and14). Alternately, or in addition, a pressure sensor and/or a flow sensor may be used. For example, a pressure and/or a flow sensor may be provided in primary air flow path32(e.g., upstream of motor and fan blade assembly38). Once the pressure sensor measures a particular pressure, or an increase in pressure, which is indicative of hair being withdrawn from in front of screen50, then sensor74may send a signal (e.g., by a wire) to a control system (e.g., a controller) to actuate a heating element70(see for exampleFIGS.18and19). Similarly, once the flow sensor measures a particular flow, or an increase in flow, which is indicative of hair being withdrawn from in front of screen50, then sensor74may send a signal (e.g., by a wire) to a control system (e.g., a controller) to actuate a heating element70(see for exampleFIGS.18and19). As with reconfiguring the handle, it will be appreciated that any one or more components of the hair dryer which is required to be activated or configured for a particular operating more, or to be deactivated or configured for a particular operating mode, may be controlled by a signal issued by a mode sensor. Changing Modes Using a Toggle In accordance with this aspect, a user can switch between operating modes using a toggle. A toggle may be, e.g., a manual toggle on the hair dryer10, a soft toggle on a touchscreen of the hair dryer10, or a toggle presented by a mobile application running on a mobile device communicatively coupled to the hair dryer10. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that a user may choose when to change modes using an accessible toggle. The user may not need to reconfigure the hair dryer10or change how they are holding the hair dryer10. A toggle may also or alternatively reduce the need for a sensor or a reconfigurable aspect of the hair dryer10. Hair dryer10may include a button or slider forming a manual toggle for switching between modes. The toggle may reconfigure the hair dryer10. A handle or slider toggle (e.g., such as handle116ofFIGS.29to34) may be arranged to affect the configuration of a motor and fan assembly38. For example, a slider may be mechanically connected to one or both of the fan blade42,44and cowling72to adjust the spacing between the fan blade42,44and the housing or cowling72of the fan to change the air flow, as described further elsewhere herein. Alternately, or in addition, one or more inlet and outlet ports may be opened or closed. It will be appreciated that any one or more components of the hair dryer which is required to be activated or configured for a particular operating more, or to be deactivated or configured for a particular operating mode, may be controlled by one or more toggles. Changing Modes by Adding or Removing an Accessory Tool In accordance with this aspect, a user can switch between operating modes by adding and/or removing an accessory tool. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. Adding an accessory tool, e.g., a diffuser or a concentrator, to the hair dryer10may change the operating mode of the hair dryer10from the first mode to the second mode. For example, adding any accessory tool may change the hair dryer10into a second mode of operation. Accordingly, when a diffuser or concentrator accessory tool is attached to the hair dryer10, the hair dryer10may be in the second mode. In some embodiments, there may be an accessory tool that causes the hair dryer10to operate in the first mode when the accessory tool is attached. For example, when one of the accessory tools104that is shaped to form a jet of high-velocity air is attached the hair dryer10is in the first mode, and when the tool is removed the hair dryer10is in the second mode. Similarly, when a suction accessory is attached to the hair dryer10, the hair dryer10may be in the first mode, and when the suction accessory is detached the hair dryer10may be in the second mode. The attachment or removal of an accessory tool may move a manual toggle, which then adjusts the hair dryer. Alternately, or in addition, the hair dryer may have a sensor that detects the presence of an accessory tool and, when the tool is detected as being attached to the hair dryer, the hair dryer may be adjusted. For example, the sensor may be a reed switch, a button that is depressed when a tool is attached, the tool may have a conductive member that closes a circuit when attached to the hair dryer or the like. The hair dryer10may have an alternative way of switching between modes that is overridden by attaching an accessory tool that is associated with one or the other of the first mode or the second mode. It will be appreciated that any one or more components of the hair dryer which is required to be activated or configured for a particular operating more, or to be deactivated or configured for a particular operating mode, may be controlled by the attachment or removal of an accessory tool. Changing Modes by Adding or Removing the Water Separator In accordance with this aspect, a user can switch between operating modes by adding and/or removing the water separator60and/or tank152. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the user may remove the water separator60when finished with the first mode and so may not need to otherwise change the hair dryer10to enter the second mode. Further, removing the water separator60and/or tank152may enable the hair dryer to be used in the second mode of operation without concern that water in the separator60and/or tank152may damage the motor40. Removing the water separator60may include, e.g., removing a container from the hair dryer10or removing a foam member from the hair dryer10. The mode of the hair dryer10may optionally change back to the first mode when the water separator60is added back into the hair dryer10. It will be appreciated that any one or more components of the hair dryer which is required to be activated or configured for a particular operating mode, or to be deactivated or configured for a particular operating mode, may be controlled by adding or removing the water separator60and/or a tank152. For example, in the exemplary embodiments ofFIGS.120-122and123-125, the water separator60may be an end module that is removable and the hair dryer may be operable in the second mode of operation without the rear module attached. Accordingly, the hair dryer may be operated as a blow dry hair dryer with the end module containing the water separator and/or tank removed. When the end module is removed, the hair dryer may automatically shut off if it is being operated in the first mode of operation. Alternately, or in addition, the motor and fan assembly38for the primary air flow path may not be actuatable when the separator60and/or tank152(e.g., the end module is removed). It will be appreciated that the removable end module may comprise or consist of the water separator60together with the inlet34. Alternately, the motor and fan assembly38providing the suction may be removable subsequently to or concurrently with the water separator60. Bypassing the Water Collection Member In accordance with this aspect, the air flow path31partially or completely selectively bypasses the water separator60, such as in the second mode of operation. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the backpressure of the hair dryer10may be reduced when the water collection member60is bypassed. Accordingly, the volume of air per unit time that the hair dryer10can move may be increased if the water separator60is bypassed. This may be useful, e.g., in a blow drying mode of operation when a greater volume of air per unit of time may increase the drying rate of hair by carrying away more moisture. The water separator60may be, e.g., foam or a cyclone or a series of baffles or a tortuous path, that will result in backpressure. A bypass inlet354(e.g., a supplementary inlet354) may be provided at a location downstream of the water separator60, as in the example ofFIGS.21and22A. Optionally, the water separator60may be fluidly separated from the motor and fan assembly38and/or motor40when the bypass inlet354is opened to bypass the water collection member60. Fluidly separating the water separator60from the motor and fan assembly38and/or motor40may prevent water from damaging the motor and fan assembly38and/or motor40. Fluidly separating the water separator60from the motor and fan assembly38and/or motor40may prevent air from passing through the water separator60and past the motor40and/or other components of the hair dryer10, since this air may re-entrain water in the water separator60and/or tank152when passing through the water separator60. Optionally, a bypass valve140is selectively positionable between a first position closing the bypass inlet354(FIG.21) and a second (open) position fluidly separating the water collection member60from the motor and fan assembly42(FIG.22A). As in the illustrated example, the bypass valve140may pivot about a bypass valve axis364to move between the first and second positions. It will be appreciated that any valve may be used. Further, optionally, two valves may be used, a first valve to open bypass inlet354and a second to close the air outlet of the water separator60. The bypass valve140may automatically continuously or frequently adjust to stabilize and/or limit air flow volume per unit time through the water separator60, as discussed elsewhere herein. Any mode sensor may be used. For example, the bypass valve140may respond to a difference in sensed pressure and/or flow, such as only allowing air to flow through the water separator60when there is a high level of suction of a low level of flow (e.g., hair is obstructing the inlet33enough to reduce air flow volume). In some examples, when the water separator and/or tank152is full (e.g., a sensor senses that tank152is full) the bypass valve140may automatically open the bypass inlet354so that air flows through the bypass path285and concurrently fluidly separate the motor40and the water collection member60. The bypass valve140may also or alternatively respond to a sensed proximity of a user. For example, as the user's head is spaced from the hair dryer10, the bypass valve140may open to decrease the air flow volume per unit time through the water separator60. Opening the bypass inlet354may also fluidly separate the water separator60from the motor40or begin to inhibit air flow therebetween. In some examples, the bypass valve140may be manually opened. Opening the bypass valve140to open the bypass path285may also uncover the controls for the second mode of operation and/or active the controls for the second mode of operation and/or result in an automatic adjustment in fan speed. Alternately or additionally, the water separator60may be bypassed by being removed. A user may remove the water separator60when the user has completed operations in the first mode. The hair dryer10may then automatically operate in the second mode and/or may be operated in the second mode. For example, the water separator60may be a baffle chamber, and the entire chamber may be removable. Air Multiplier In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may include an air multiplier. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that enhanced air flow, e.g., during the second mode of operation, may be produced. The air flow multiplier may be any design that induces air to flow along a surface or through a channel, and may employ the Coanda effect and/or may use an air foil. As exemplified inFIG.23the outer surface of rear end16of main body12is shaped like an air foil. Accordingly, as air exits the air flow path31via outlet port35, air is induced to flow along outer surface78. The induced air flow merges with air exiting outlet port35so as to increase the volume of air that is available for blow drying. Optionally, an outer wall80may be provided outward of outer surface78so as to define a channel82through which the induced air flow travels. Channel82has an inlet84and an outlet86. As exemplified, outlet86is preferably adjacent outlet port35. Optionally, outer wall80may surround rear end16of main body12such that channel82is annular. It will be appreciated that channel82may surround part or all of rear end16and may comprise a single continuous annular or semi annular channel or it may comprise a plurality of partially annular channels which, in totality, may surround most or all of rear end16. Alternately, channel82may be provided internal of main body12by providing inner wall88positioned inward from outer surface78of rear end16(see for exampleFIG.24). In such an embodiment, inlet84may be a port on outer surface78. It will be appreciated that both an internal channel82and an external channel82may be provided, each of which may comprise one or more channels extending part or all of the way around primary air flow passage32. Optionally, the increased air flow may be heated by a heating element. For example, one or more heating elements90may be provided in one or more channels82. It will be appreciated that heating element90may be any heating element discussed herein and may be a resistively heated heating element. It will be appreciated that a sensor to inhibit or prevent overheating of the hair being dried may be provided on rear end16. Recommendation System In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10or a hair dryer system that includes the hair dryer10includes an advice or recommendation system that recommends one or more settings of the hair dryer based on user information. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the user may be provided with information regarding the settings of the hair dryer that are considered optimal based on characteristics of the user's hair, without removing control from the user. Therefore, the recommendations may be provided to the user without adjusting the settings of the hair dryer10directly or requiring control circuitry between the recommendation system and the settings control system. The user may adjust the settings of the hair dryer10to the recommended settings or to other settings to provide a more effective or more desirable hair dryer experience. A recommendation system216(FIGS.55to58) may be communicatively coupled to the hair dryer10whereby a user is able to provide at least one personal item of hair information. The user may also be able to receive, based on the at least one personal item of hair information, at least one hair dryer setting recommendation of a plurality of hair dryer setting recommendations, and to input at least one setting selection of the plurality of hair dryer setting recommendations to the hair dryer to adjust an operating parameter of the hair dryer. The setting selection may be the at least one hair dryer setting recommendation, or may be or include user-selected alternatives. The recommendation system216may generate a recommendation based on the at least one personal item of user information. The at least one personal item of user information may include a hair fragility level (e.g., durable, moderately durable, or fragile). Alternatively, or additionally, the at least one personal information may include substitute hair characteristics, such as a hair type (e.g., straight, wavy, curly, or kinky), a hair color (e.g., light blonde, medium blonde, dark blonde, red, light brown, medium brown, dark brown, or black), a hair coloring status (e.g., naturally or artificially colored), and/or another treatment status (e.g., permed, etc.). Substitute hair characteristics may be used as an alternative to the hair fragility levels, such as if a user does not know the fragility level of their hair. The fragility level may inform the choice of settings of the hair dryer and the operational parameters of the hair dryer. For example, more fragile hair may be less able to tolerate heat, and, accordingly, may be dried using lower temperatures. The substitute hair characteristics may be used by the recommendation system216to determine an estimated fragility level of the user's hair. The recommendation system216may be mounted on the hair dryer10and/or may be remotely located (e.g., a remote control for the hair dryer and/or on a user's mobile device such as a smart phone via, e.g., Bluetooth communication). For example, the recommendation system216may include one or more sensors and the user may provide the at least one personal item of hair information by bringing the one or more sensors and the hair into proximity (e.g., so that the sensors may sense the hair type and/or hair color). In another example, the recommendation system216may include one or more input members mounted on the hair dryer10, such as one or more touchscreens, one or more manual toggles (e.g., buttons), and/or one or more microphones to receive audible cues. Alternatively, or additionally, the recommendation system216may include a mobile device, such as a smartphone or headset. The mobile device may be operable to receive the at least one personal item of hair information (e.g., through a touchscreen of the mobile device or a microphone of a headset). The mobile device may also be operable to provide the at least one hair dryer setting recommendation (e.g., by displaying the recommendation or generating an audible cue). The user may also be able to provide a setting selection via the mobile device (e.g., through the touchscreen of the mobile device or the microphone of a headset). At least one processor270and at least one data storage device272may be used to assess which setting(s) are recommended based on the at least one personal item of hair information. As in the illustrated example ofFIG.76, the at least one processor270and at least one data storage device272may be onboard the hair dryer10. Alternatively, or additionally, at least one processor270and at least one data storage device272may be remote, such as in remote servers (e.g., cloud servers) or mobile devices (e.g., the user's mobile device), and, optionally, communicatively coupled to the hair dryer10. It will be appreciated that the recommendation system216may include a memory to remember information about one or more users. Accordingly, a first user may input data about their hair type. Similarly, a second user may input data about their hair type. Information from a user may be saved, such as in a profile or as a profile associated with the user. Therefore, when the hair dryer is to be used to dry the hair of the user, the user may indicate their profile instead of inputting hair information. For example, the first user may select a toggle (e.g., a first memory button) to adjust the operating parameters of the hair dryer10in accordance with the first user's profile, and the second user may select another toggle (e.g., a second memory button) to adjust the operating parameters of the hair dryer10in accordance with the second user's profile. Optionally, the user may indicate their profile by bringing a personal device into proximity with the hair dryer10, such as by bringing their mobile device (e.g., a smartphone or tablet) into proximity. The presence of the personal device may be sensed (e.g., via a radio transceiver) and used to inform the selection of a profile. The at least one personal item of hair information may inform or define the temperature and/or air flow of the hair dryer10in one or each operating mode. For example, temperature and airflow may be varied to provide optimal drying without overheating (e.g., maintaining the hair temperature at a temperature that is about 5° or 10° or 15° less than the temperature at which the user's hair may be damaged). The recommendation system216may advise a user of the recommended settings of the hair dryer (e.g., temperature setting, fan speed, inlets/outlets to open or close, etc.) based on the at least one personal item of hair information. In some operating modes, the recommendation system216may operate to provide user settings such that the air flow through the hair dryer is adjusted such that the temperature of the air at a particular location (e.g., at the air outlet of the hair dryer) is maintained in a desired range (e.g., at a temperature that is about 5° or 10° or 15° less than the temperature at which the user's hair may be damaged). In accordance with such an embodiment, the power provided to a heating element may not need to be varied. Instead, a user may need to only adjust the fan speed and/or open and/or close certain inlets and/or outlets so as to adjust the velocity of air as it travels over the heating element and/or add bypass dilution air. In other operating modes, the recommendation system216may operate to provide user settings such that the fan speed need not be adjusted. In accordance with such an embodiment, the power provided to a motor and fan assembly38may not need to be varied. The user may adjust the temperature of a heating element(s) and or open and/or close certain inlets and/or outlets. For example, the hair dryer may be in physical contact with the hair and/or scalp of the user, up to 6 inches away, up to 4 inches away, or up to 2 inches away. Optionally, an internal air flow sensor may automatically adjust the temperature (e.g., by actuating any component discussed herein) based upon the actual airflow which is created, e.g., by the use of attachments, proximity of the hair, or a combination thereof. The following table provides experimental results showing the hair temperature of hair of three example fragility levels over a range of air flow rates and hair dryer outlet temperatures at the air outlet of the air flow path: Hair Definition as Defined by UserDurableModerately DurableFragileHairAfter 3After 3After 3DryerHairminutesHairminutesHairminutesAirDryerDryDryerDryDryerDryFlowAirHairAirHairAirHairRateTemp.Temp.Temp.Temp.Temp.Temp.(cfm)(° C.)(° C.)(° C.)(° C.)(° C.)(° C.)20655560515043256554605050443070576552554535705670535544407557705260464575567052604650785775546045 It may be desirable to keep durable hair at a temperature below 75° C., below 70° C., below 60° C., or below 50° C. It may be desirable to keep moderately durable hair at a temperature below 65° C., below 55° C., or below 45° C. It may be desirable to keep fragile hair at a temperature below 60° C., below 50° C., or below 40° C. As indicated in the table above, higher temperatures may be used with higher air flow rates without overheating the hair. Based on the forgoing, it will be appreciated that the outlet temperature of air exiting the outlet port and/or the air flow rate may be selected based on the hair fragility level. In some examples, the range of airflow rates of the hair dryer10made available to the user may be varied based upon the fragility level of the hair. For example, the hair dryer10may be operable to produce 20 cfm to 50 cfm for durable hair, limit the range to 20 cfm to 40 cfm for moderately durable hair, and limit the range to 20 cfm to 35 cfm for fragile hair. In some examples, the range of airflow rates of the hair dryer10made available to the user may be varied based on the type of accessory attachment used with the hair dryer10. For example, if the user attaches an accessory attachment with a constricted air flow outlet, such as a concentrator, the range of air flow rates available may be restricted to air flow rates up to 20%, up to 40%, up to 60%, up to 80%, or up to 100% of the maximum airflow rates otherwise available. This air flow rate reduction may be cumulative with an air flow rate reduction based on the fragility level of the hair. It will be appreciated that the recommendation system216may have any type of recommendation system interface. Optional interfaces are discussed next. Manual Toggles In accordance with this aspect, the recommendation system216may include manual toggles to receive information from the user. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the user may easily locate and actuate the toggles to provide information. Manual toggles may provide a simple and/or cost effective way for the user to provide information. The hair dryer10may include a set of manual toggles250on the hair dryer10. As in the illustrated example ofFIG.55, the set of manual toggles250may be or include buttons252. The manual toggles250may include a set of information toggles254. Each information toggle254may correspond to an item of hair information, such as a hair color or hair type. The user may be able to indicate the at least one personal item of hair information by actuating one or more of the information toggles254. Labels such as words or pictures may be provided to assist the user in determining which toggle to press. The manual toggles250may also include a set of setting toggles256. Each setting toggle256may correspond to a hair dryer setting of the plurality of hair dryer settings. The user may be able to indicate the setting selection by actuating one or more of the setting toggles256. Again, labels such as words or pictures may be provided to assist the user in determining which toggle to press. The recommendation system216may also include a plurality of markers258. Each marker258may be associated with a setting toggle256. The setting toggle(s)256recommended by the recommendation system216may be indicated by the associated marker258. As in the illustrated example ofFIG.55, the markers258may be lights, such as LED lights, the markers258may be each arranged adjacent the associated setting toggle256, as in the example ofFIG.55. Alternatively, or additionally, the markers258may be arranged to illuminate the setting toggles256or to illuminate a light (e.g., LED) that illuminates a toggle. For example, a marker258may be arranged to shine on a setting toggle256to indicate that the illuminated setting toggle256corresponds to the recommended setting. As in the example ofFIG.56, the setting toggles256may be arranged by function. For example, setting toggles256associated with the heat settings of the hair dryer10(e.g., high, medium, and/or low) may be arranged adjacent one another and setting toggles256associated with the fan speed settings of the hair dryer10(e.g., high, medium, and/or low) may be arranged adjacent one another (e.g., in a row or column). As in the exemplary embodiment ofFIG.56, a first button220may be used to indicate that the user wishes to dry their hair quickly, a second button222may be used to indicate that the user wishes to curl their hair, and/or a third button224may be used to indicate that the user has delicate hair. Each button of the information toggle254may have a series of entries (e.g., slow, medium and fast for button220) and the user may have pressed button220repeatedly to cycle through to “fast”. It will be appreciated that additional buttons may be provided to provide further information about a user's hair type or the user's goal. Accordingly, for example, button220may compromise the buttons, one for each of slow, medium and fast. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG.56, the recommendation is a medium heat setting and a low fan setting, and the light adjacent the middle button of the temperature setting buttons is illuminated and the light adjacent the bottom button of the fan setting buttons is illuminated. The user may start with the recommended settings and may then change the settings if the recommended settings are not providing the desired result. It will be appreciated that recommendation system216may retain in memory any settings that the user uses (changes from the recommended settings). For example, the recommendation system216may automatically retain the settings for that particular user (e.g., user 1) or the user may set the recommendation system216to retain those settings. The recommendation system216may then use those changed settings as the recommended settings the next time the same user enters any user identification information (e.g., by pressing a “user 1” button). Touchscreen In accordance with this aspect, the recommendation system216may include a touchscreen to receive information from the user. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that a variety of picture and word cues can be provided to the user via the touchscreen. As the display of the touchscreen may be changed, more information may be provided than may be available via manual toggles and permanent pictures. For example, the user interface may have a number of menu items (e.g., heat, fan speed, hair type) and pressing a menu item may bring up a sub menu (e.g., for hair type, natural, coloured, permed, etc.). Accordingly, a touchscreen may be able to walk a user through an initial set up process to gather the at least one personal item of hair information and receive the setting selection and/or enable a user to quickly indicate a saved profile (e.g., user 1) to avoid being presented with the set up process in the future. A touchscreen may permit, for example, the recommendation system216to provide the option of a menu allowing the user to choose a previous personalized preset (e.g., a profile for user 1), which may be named or numbered, or set up a new user or guest user. The user may provide the at least one personal item of hair information via the touchscreen260. The touchscreen260may also provide the user with at least one hair dryer setting recommendation and receive a setting selection from the user. As in the illustrated example ofFIG.57, the touchscreen260may be provided on a top end18of the main body12of the hair dryer10. A touchscreen on the top end18may facility use of the touchscreen260since the user may not need to remember which side of the hair dryer the touchscreen is on or flip the hair dryer over to view the bottom side. The display of the touchscreen260may or may not be adjustable. For example, the display of the touchscreen260may be arranged to be viewed from the front end14in one mode of operation and then to be flipped to be read from the rear end16in another mode of operation. As in the example ofFIG.58, a touchscreen260may be used in connection with manual toggles. For example, the touchscreen260may recommend settings by, e.g., displaying arrows or other markings directing the user's attention to the button corresponding to the recommended setting. In the illustrated example, the recommendation is a medium heat setting and a low fan setting, and the touchscreen is displaying arrows directed to the middle button of the temperature setting buttons228and an air directed to the bottom button of the fan setting buttons230. Once the recommendation system216has provided a recommendation, the user may then decide whether or not to accept the recommendation. It will be appreciated that the recommendation system216may enable a user to enter the type of settings that they use. Alternately, the recommendation system may update a user's profile when the user overrides the recommended settings. Accordingly, when the first user uses the hair dryer subsequently, the recommendation system216may indicate the settings employed the last time the hair dryer was used and the first memory button was pressed. It will be appreciated that the recommendation system216may operate in the same way whether the system uses only manual toggles, a touch screen which permits a user to change settings or a combination of a touch screen read out display and manual toggles. It will further be appreciated that, regardless of the form of the recommendation system interface, selection of a setting (e.g., the temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer) may cause the hair dryer to adjust the operation of any one or more components as discussed herein such that the exit temperature of the air is as set. A Heater on an Accessory In accordance with this aspect, a heating element70, such as an infrared heating element92, is positioned on an accessory tool. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is an accessory tool104may be provided with a heating element70to provide an amount of radiation and/or a pattern of radiation that complements the type of accessory tool. For example, if the accessory tool is a diffuser, one or more infrared heating elements may be shaped to direct infrared radiation over a large area. Alternately, if the accessory tool is a concentrator, then a heating element or elements may be shaped to provide a column of radiation having a narrow width. Accordingly, for air exiting an accessory tool in a particular flow direction (which may be referred to as a forward flow direction), the cross-sectional area of infrared radiation emitted by an infrared heating element in a plane transverse to the forward flow direction may be the same or essentially the same as the cross-sectional flow area of the air emitted by the accessory tool in the forward flow direction. The hair dryer10to which the accessory tool104is to be mounted may not include a heating element70and/or may include a simplified heating element70, such as a heating element70that is not adjustable. Alternatively, any heating element70included in the hair dryer10to which the accessory tool is to be mounted may be deactivated when the accessory tool is mounted to the hair dryer10. Alternately, the heating element70may be adjustable to focus IR radiation at a particular location as discussed as discussed previously. As in the example ofFIGS.67to68, the accessory tool104may have an air flow path extending through an accessory body310from an inlet port312provided on a first side314to at least one outlet port316. The at least one outlet port316may be provided on a second side318, which may be opposite the first side314. A heating element70may be secured to the accessory body310and operable to be electrically connected to a power supply of the hair dryer10when the accessory tool104is mounted to the hair dryer10. For example, at least one accessory electrical contact320may be provided on the accessory tool104to mate with a hair dryer electrical contact322of the hair dryer10. Mating the accessory electrical contact320with the hair dryer electrical contact322may automatically form an electrical connection from the heating element70to the power supply of the hair dryer10as the accessory tool104is mounted to the hair dryer10. Mounting the accessory tool may automatically actuate the heating element70if electrical contact322is live. The heating element70secured to the accessory body310may be provided in the air flow path324or thermally connected to the air flow path324that extends through the accessory body310. For example, the heating element70may be operable to heat air flowing through the air flow path that extends through the accessory body310(e.g., the heating element70may be a resistively heatable element or an infrared heating element that heats a target190in the air flow path324or an infrared heating element positioned in or internal of the tool and surrounding part or all of the air flow path324). Alternatively, or additionally, one or more heating elements70may be secured to the accessory body310outside the air flow path324. For example, the heating element70may be arranged adjacent a contact surface at the outlet port316or arranged to heat air as it exits the outlet port316or arranged to heat hair adjacent the outlet port316. The heating element70carried by the attachment104emits heat in a radiation pattern202, which pattern may match the air flow pattern provided by the accessory104. For example, as exemplified inFIGS.67and68, the accessory104may be a concentrator accessory204having a single outlet316with a concentrator width326and a concentrator height327. The heating element70may have a narrow focus and is shaped to radiate only towards the outlet of the concentrator accessory204. Accordingly, for example, the heating element70may be shaped to provide a column of radiation having a column width equal to or less than the concentrator width326and a column height equal to or less than the concentrator height327. The heating element70may be an infrared heating element92received in the air flow path324, and the column of radiation may be directed towards and/or out through the single outlet port316. Alternately, as exemplified inFIG.69, the attachment104may be a blade accessory206with a single slot-shaped outlet port316and may include an elongated heating element70. The elongated heating element70on the slot-shaped accessory206may be shaped to radiate across the entire slot-shaped outlet316of the blade accessory206. Alternately, as exemplified inFIGS.70and71, the accessory104may be a diffuser accessory208and may include a large heating element70. The diffuser accessory208may include a plurality of outlet ports316over a wide area. The large heating element70on the diffuser accessory208may have a wide focus and may be shaped to radiate across the plurality of outlet ports316of the diffuser accessory208. In this embodiment, the diffuser ports may be transparent to infrared radiation. Alternately, the heating element may be exterior to outlet ports316. The heating element70may be an infrared heating element92, and may optionally be arranged to direct infrared radiation or heat to a location that is exterior to the outlet of the hair dryer, such as adjacent the outlet port. The infrared heating element92may be provided outside the air flow path324or may be provided in the air flow path and may be operable to direct infrared heat through the outlet port316(which may be transparent to IR radiation). The infrared heating element92may be focusable on an off board surface such as a surface of hair held against or adjacent the accessory. A focusable heating element70may be used, e.g., to set a curl. An accessory tool104may be removably secured to the hair dryer10in a variety of ways. Magnetic or mechanical members mounted on one or both of the hair dryer10and the accessory tool104may be used to removably secure the accessory tool104and hair dryer10together. For example, the hair dryer10may include at least one first magnetic member and the accessory tool104may also include at least one second magnetic member, and the first and second magnetic members may be arranged to be attracted to one another when the accessory tool104and the hair dryer10are in close proximity. Alternately, the accessory tool may be rotatable secured to the hair dryer (e.g., a bayonet mount) or a snap fit may be used. Optionally, the accessory tool may have the only heating element that is used in the second mode of operation and, optionally, the hair dryer may not have a heating element. Therefore, each accessory tool may have a heating element that is designed to emit heat (optionally infrared radiation) only to the part of the hair that receives air emitted by the accessory tool. An advantage of this design is that all or essentially all of the infrared radiation may be directed at the part of the hair which is being dried by the emitted air. Handle Projection In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10includes at least one handle projection to facilitate gripping of the hair dryer. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that the handle projection may facilitate a comfortable gripping position in one or more of the modes of operation of the hair dryer10. The handle projection may also prevent accidental toggling of buttons or switches or other toggles. As in the illustrated example ofFIGS.72to77, a hair dryer10may include a trigger guard projection286adjacent a trigger30of the hair dryer10(see for exampleFIG.75). The trigger guard projection286may extend out from a main body288of the handle22adjacent the trigger30to inhibit the trigger30from being accidentally depressed or otherwise actuated by the hand of the user, particularly when the user is holding the handle22with the trigger30directed towards the wrist of the user (FIG.72). As in the illustrated example ofFIGS.72to77, the trigger30may be positioned at an upper end of the handle22and the trigger guard projection286may be positioned below the trigger30. Accordingly, the user's hand may rest against an underside surface or seat provided on the trigger guard projection and/or may rest on an extended end of the trigger guard projection without actuating the trigger30. The hair dryer10may include an upper hand receiving projection290at an upper end of the handle22providing a downwardly directed concave surface292to receive a hand of the user. A hand receiving projection290with a concave surface292may improve the comfort of the user by providing a surface against which an upper portion of the user's hand may rest, rather than against the main body12of the hair dryer10directly. One or more handle projections may also be a tang to facilitate joining the handle and the main body12. For example, the upper hand receiving projection290may be a tang to facilitate joining the handle22and the main body12. Temperature Burst In accordance with this aspect, a hair dryer10is operable to change the temperature generated by the hair dryer10for a short period of time (e.g., less than 1 second, or less than 2 seconds, or less than 5 seconds, or less than 10 seconds). For example, the hair dryer10may be operable to generate a short burst of heat to be directed at hair or a short burst of cool air. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. A short burst of heat or a short burst of cool air may be used to style hair. For example, a short burst of heat may be provided to apply sufficient heat to set a curl of hair. A burst of heat may be provided via a burst of heated air. The hair dryer10may be operable to generate a short burst of air heated to more than, e.g., 60° C., more than 80° C., more than 100° C., or more than 120° C. For example, the hair dryer10may increase the amount of heat generated by a heating element70for a short period of time to heat the air flow by increasing the power provided to the heating element and/or adjusting the air flow being heated by the heating element. For example, the hair dryer may constrict the air flow path to decrease the volume of air passing through the air flow path per unit time and accordingly increase the temperature of the air as it passes though. Alternately, or in addition, a burst of heat may be provided via a burst of infrared radiation. The hair dryer10may be operable to generate a short burst of infrared radiation to heat the hair to more than, e.g., 60° C., more than 80° C., or more than 100° C. For example, the hair dryer10may block air flow over an infrared heating element92to cause the infrared heating element92to increase in temperature and generate more infrared radiation that can be directed out from the hair dryer10to heat a targeted surface. Alternately, or in addition, the amount of power provided to an infrared heating element may be increased. Alternatively, the hair dryer10may be operable to generate a short burst of cool air to facilitate rapidly cooling hair to reduce heat damage. A burst of cool air may reduce the amount of time the hair is at an elevated temperature, and may therefore reduce heat damage. For example, the hair dryer10may be operable to turn off or reduce the heat generated by a heating element70for a short period of time, or increase the volume of air flowing through the air flow path per unit time to decrease the temperature of the air flow. Optionally, a short burst of cool air may be provided immediately following a short burst of heat. One or more of a burst of heat or a burst of cool air may also be provided independently. A burst may be requested by the user via a variety of inputs. For example, an audible commands may be received by a microphone communicatively coupled to the hair dryer. In another example, a button on a touchscreen mounted to the hair dryer, or a hot or cool air burst button provided on the hair dryer or a touchscreen provided on a user's mobile device may be used to request a burst of heat or cold air. In some examples, a manual toggle such as a button is provided on the hair dryer10. A manual toggle may be readily accessible to a user while the user is operating the hair dryer10. As in the illustrated example ofFIG.74one or more burst buttons296may be provided on the hair dryer10. A first burst button298may provide a burst of heat and/or a burst of heat followed immediately by a burst of cool air. A second button300may provide a burst of cool air independently. It will be appreciated that, as discussed herein, any method of adjusting the air flow through the hair dryer as discussed herein may be used to provide a burst of heat or a burst of cool air. Cartridge Heaters In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10includes one or more waterproof cartridge heaters280. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. Further, the cartridge heater disclosed herein may be used in a hair dryer or any other appliance which may use a cartridge heater or in any other application wherein cartridge heaters are used. The design of heating elements in hair dryers and portable heaters typically employ Nichrome or other high temperature wires which are typically wound into a spiral over which air is passed by means of a fan or air mover. In these designs, the wire is exposed to the ambient. Such resistively heatable elements (wires) would efficiently conduct electricity through water which might come into contact with the wire. Therefore, the use of convention heating elements that use a bare wire is unsafe in situations wherein the resistively heatable element may come into contact with water. An advantage of this aspect is that the heating element may be waterproof and may therefore be located in the air flow path through which air having entrained water may flow. Accordingly, the heating element may be in the air flow path drawn into the hair dryer during a suction mode of operation. As exemplified inFIGS.78and88, a cartridge heater280comprises one or more high resistivity wires398positioned internal of a water resistant or waterproof outer shell394. Each cartridge heater280has power connections (e.g., wires)406,408extending outwardly from one end thereof. As exemplified, power connections406,408extend through an electrically insulated cap410and412to the electrically insulated power pins414and416which create an electrical circuit with the terminal ends of a resistively heatable element398. The high resistivity wire398may be made of a material resistant to oxidation corrosion at elevated temperatures, e.g., Nichrome or nickel. The high resistivity wires398are electrically insulated from the outer shell394by being positioned internal of an electrical insulating material (e.g., a tube400made of an insulating material). Alternately, or in addition, an electrical insulating material418may be provided internal of the tube400or between tube400and outer shell394. For example, a physically thin, e.g., 0.001 to 0.040″, layer of electrical insulation418such as mica or woven or non-woven glass fiber wrap may be provided to separate the resistively heatable element398from the heating element tube400. The tube400and/or insulating material418are thermally conducting materials. Outer shell394may be made of a corrosion resistant metal, e.g., aluminum, anodized aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, copper, zinc, thermally conductive plastic which may optionally be metal filled or other thermally conductive metals. In some embodiments, the shell394is an aluminum shell made as a single part by impact extrusion. Outer shell394may have a wall thickness which is 0.001 to 0.040″ thick, 0.002 to 0.020″ thick or 0.004 to 0.010″ thick. The outer shell394may be a single hollow tube that is integrally formed with one open end through which tube(s)400and wire(s)398are insertable. Alternately, as exemplified inFIG.78, the outer shell394may be cylindrical and may have a distal end cap396. The end cap396may be welded, swaged or chemically adhered to the outer shell394. The terminal end of the heating element may incorporate a cold region420. In the cold region420, a spirally wound resistance heating element398may terminate and a single wire may return to the end where the electrically insulated electrical connection416provides power. As exemplified inFIGS.96and97, the wiring in the cartridge heater may be configured as a U shape or a series of U shapes to minimize connections. Therefore, the electrical connections (the wires406,408) may extend out only the two terminal ends (power pins414,416) that are distal to the rounded “U” portion. Accordingly, a cold zone420may be created at the rounded “U” portion (i.e., the rounded “U” portion may not have any resistively heated wire therein or thermally connected thereto). Accordingly, the rounded “U” portion may be positioned proximate an operating component of the hair dryer without concern that the component may be overheated during use. As exemplified inFIG.96, the terminal end of the heating element incorporates a cold region420and a cap396. In the cold region420the spirally wound resistance heating element398aextends away from power connection406and wire398bextends from the cold end420to the electrical connection408to provide power. An insulating layer is optionally provided between wires398aand398b. In the embodiment ofFIG.97, the resistive wire has larger diameter windings so as to produce more heat. As exemplified inFIG.78, the high resistivity wire398may be positioned in a tube400made of an electrical insulating material (e.g., a ceramic tube or a tube made of PCV, Kapton, or a similar insulator) within the outer shell394. A filler402may be packed into the tube400around the wire398. For example, the filler402may be a thermally conductive material which thermally connects the high resistivity wire398to tube400. For example, magnesium oxide filler may be provided in a ceramic tube400using, e.g., vibration to increase the amount of magnesium oxide packed therein. If tubes400are spaced inwardly from the inner wall of outer shell394, then a thermally conductive material that extends between the outer surface of tube(s)400and the inner surface of outer shell394may be provided to thermally connect the tube(s)400to outer shell395. Alternately an electrical insulating material418may be provided between wires398and outer shell394, whether or not a tube400is provided. The cartridge heater280may be made using welding and/or chemical bonding to secure at least one component to at least one other component, and may be made for low temperature operations (e.g., less than 250° C. or less than 200° C.). For example, the cap396may be welded to the outer shell394. A seal403may be formed opposite the end cap396. The cartridge heater280may be connected to a power source via power connections (e.g., wires)406,408extending through seal403, which may be an electrically insulated cap410and412. Wires404may be connected to a power source of the hair dryer10, such as an on board power source or current controller. A current controller may be sealed to be watertight or leak resistant. The outer shell394may be any shape, e.g., a circular cylinder or an elliptical cylinder. Heat Sink In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10includes a heat sink received in the air flow path to transfer heat to an air flow. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. Further, the heat sink and the structure for mounting a heating element therein, such as a cartridge heater may be used in a hair dryer or any other appliance which may use a finned heating element or in any other application wherein finned heating elements are used. The heat sink may transfer heat to an air flow from one or more components of the hair dryer10. The heat sink may therefore also be referred to as a heat transfer member or heat exchange finned member. For example, the heat sink may be conductively coupled to a motor and/or a heating element70(e.g., one or more cartridge heaters280). The heat sink may be sized and shaped to heat air flowing over the heat sink to between, e.g., 30° C. and 80° C. or to between 40° C. and 75° C. or other temperature range set out herein (e.g., with an air flow rate between, e.g., 15 cfm to 50 cfm). In accordance with this aspect, a heating element70may include an internal electrically resistive element (e.g., wires398), a layer of electrical insulation418separating the resistive element from the outer shell394, and at least one cooling fin278, that is optionally mechanically affixed thereto. Optionally, as exemplified herein, a plurality of fins278are mechanically affixed to a heating element (e.g., cartridge heater280) or plurality of heating elements280. Optionally, the fins278are spaced apart to maximize the heat transfer while minimize the volumetric flow restriction to the air being passed through the fins78. In the following discussion, reference is made to cartridge heater280but it may apply to any heating element70. Standard wire heating elements may operate at very high temperatures and rely on the air flow to prevent them from overheating and melting. Accordingly, interruptions in air flow can cause damage to the resistive element or unwanted thermally induced oxidation which can shorten the life of the heating element. In accordance with this aspect, a heater, which may be a cartridge heater280, may be mechanically affixed to one or more cooling fins278. The cooling fins278may be used to efficiently conduct heat from a Nichrome wire or other resistive heating member to the cooling fins278. The use of cooling fins278may enable the heating element70to operate at a relatively low temperature, which extends its operating life and minimizes heat lost as infrared radiation. Optionally, the heating element280may have an outer shell394that is rounded or oval (see for exampleFIG.93) or pear shaped (see for exampleFIGS.94and95) to provide a large thermal contact surface between the heating element and the cooling fin278. Such shapes, in particular a pear shape, may reduce turbulence or eddy currents downstream of the heating element, thereby improving air flow through the flow path. As exemplified inFIG.93the cartridge heater280is elongated in the direction of flow D with two radiused ends280aand280b. This arrangement enables a larger amount of resistively heatable element (e.g., wire278) to be provided in the cartridge heater280and also creates a larger surface area in contact with the fin278for a single heating element while reducing the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the airflow direction D thereby reducing the associated airflow restriction. As exemplified inFIG.94the cartridge heater280is elongated in the direction of flow D with two different radiused ends280aand280b. In this embodiment, the upstream radiused end280ais narrower than the downstream radiused end280b. This embodiment reduces the cross-sectional area of the upstream radiused end280aperpendicular to the airflow direction D thereby reducing the associated airflow restriction. The wider downstream radiused end280binduces turbulence to assist heat transfer but increases the restriction to airflow. FIG.95exemplifies an embodiment wherein the wider radiused end280bis the upstream end and the narrower radiused end280ais the downstream end. This embodiment reduces turbulence which somewhat reduces heat transfer but also reduces the restriction to airflow. It will be appreciated that if the ends280a,280bhave different widths transverse to the direction of flow D, then the ends may have differing amounts of wires398. For example, in the embodiment ofFIG.95, the upstream end280bis wider and may have more resistively heatable element398so as to enhance the heat that is produced and therefore the amount of heat that may be transferred to the air flow. An advantage of this aspect is that, due to the cooler operating temperatures, the cartridge heater280may be sealed with, e.g., silicone, to waterproof the cartridge heater. A further advantage of this aspect is that fins278may provide a straightened airflow which minimizes turbulence and the resulting mechanical hair damage while creating a minimal restriction on the volumetric airflow and allowing the use of a less powerful motor and fan to achieve the desired airflow. As in the illustrated example ofFIGS.75to77, the heat sink276may be a finned heat sink with a plurality of fins278(FIG.77). Fins278may at least partially straighten air flow exiting the hair dryer10. For example, the fins278of the example ofFIG.12are parallel to one another to straighten or assist in straightening the air flow adjacent the outlet35. The fins278are also perpendicular to the plane of the outlet35to direct the air flow perpendicular to the outlet35. An advantage of a finned heat sink is that the heat sink may have a low thermal mass. The low thermal mass enables the heat sink to rapidly heat up when, e.g., a cartridge heater280is energized. Similarly, when cartridge heater280is de-energized, the heat sink will rapidly cool down. To this end, fins278may be thin, e.g., 0.01 to 0.05, 0.01 to 0.03 or about 0.015 inches thick. Optionally, the hair dryer10is operable to provide heat to the heat sink for a period of time (e.g., 0.5, 1, 2 or 5 seconds) prior to generating air flow over the heat sink and/or increasing the air flow volume per unit time slowly. This may provide the heat sink time to warm up such that the user immediately feels hot air exiting the hair dryer when the fan and motor assembly38are actuated. A heat sink276may be an immersive heat sink that can be immersed in water without electrical shorting. For example, the heat sink276may be used with cartridge heaters280, and the cartridge heaters280may be waterproof. As in the illustrated example ofFIGS.75and76, the heat sink276may include one or more cartridge holders282. Each cartridge holder282may be configured to hold a cartridge heater280, such as a 200 W-450 W cartridge heater. For example, four 250 W cartridge heaters280, each operating at between 500 W and 1500 W, may be received in four cartridge holders282of the heat sink276. For example, the heat sink may be a member having a plurality of fins and an opening into which a cartridge heater280may be inserted. Alternately, the cooling fins may be directly attached to cartridge heater280, or other heating member. As exemplified inFIGS.79,86and87, a plurality of fins278may be secured to a plurality of cartridge heaters280. Accordingly, fins278may optionally mechanically join the cartridge heaters280and fins278together as a self-supporting heating element70. Optionally, as exemplified, the plurality of cartridge heaters280may be arranged in parallel in a spaced apart relation. The fins may extend transverse thereto and may be arranged generally parallel to each other and spaced apart from each other. Fin278may be made of any heat conducting material and may be made of aluminum, copper, zinc or stainless steel, and is optionally made of aluminum. Fin278may be thin. For example, in the direction of the longitudinal axis of cartridge heater280(which is vertical as exemplified inFIG.79) fin278may have a wall thickness of, 0.003 to 0.010″, 0.005 to 0.025″, or 0.005 to 0.016″. Optionally, as discussed with respect toFIGS.90and91, fins278may be mounted to a cartridge heater280by openings (e.g., collars422) formed in fins278for reception of cartridge heater280therein. In accordance with this option, the cartridge heater280may be mechanically forced through the collars422such that the collar422is further mechanically formed and/or stretched around the cartridge heater280thereby creating a physical mechanical joint which is strong and which creates an elongated interface section between the cartridge heater280and the fin278, which increases the mechanical strength of the joint and reduces thermal resistance between the cartridge heater280and the fin278, thereby increasing the heat transfer between the cartridge heater280and the fin278. The geometry and size of the collar422that is formed in a fin287is selected relative to the diameter or shape of the cartridge heater280such that when the cartridge heater280is inserted into collar422, the collar422is deformed from its initially formed shape to its installed shape (and may therefore be referred to as a deformable portion) so as to provide a good metal-to-metal fit around each cartridge heater280, thereby enhancing the heat transfer from the cartridge heater280to the fins278through the fin collars422. The initially formed fin collar422may also have a height that is selected to provide a mechanical stop between the fins278thereby assisting in maintaining controlled fin spacing between adjacent fins when the heating members280are inserted into the collars422. For example, referring toFIG.79, the height of the collar422in the vertical direction results in a minimum fin spacing of H. It will be appreciated that the spacing H may optionally vary between the central area of the heating element280and the outside to create a more uniform flow based upon the pressure field characteristics of the air moving source which causes the airflow through the heating element280. FIG.90exemplifies a sectional view of the fin278prior to the insertion of the cartridge heater280into the collar422. The collar422may initially be formed by piercing the metal of fin278with, e.g., a punch and die to create a straight section424and a radiused section426. The length of the straight section424may be 0.001″ to 0.150″, 0.005 to 0.090″, or 0.030″ to 0.075″. Optionally, the collar (one or both of the radiused section and the straight section) may have a thickness in a direction transverse to the section that is from 2 to 10 times the thickness of the planar portion of the fin from which the collar422extends. Straight section424may narrow from the end nearest the fin278(root end424b) to the end of the straight section furthest from fin278(terminal end424a). The diameter of the terminal end424aof the straight section424may be 0.001 to 0.060″ smaller than the root end424bof the straight section424. The radial difference in these diameters is shown as427inFIG.90. An angle428is formed between the plane of the fin278and the straight section424. The diameter of the root end424bmay be the same diameter as the outer diameter of the cartridge heater280or up to 0.005″ larger to enable easy installation. The force of inserting the cartridge heater280into the collar422causes a drawing deformation of the region straight section424and may cause a slight elongation of straight section424to become straight section424′ inFIG.91and will tend to slightly change the radius of radiused section426to become radiused section426′ shown inFIG.91. The straight section424creates a strong thermal and mechanical joint with the outside of the cartridge heater280and the radiused section426will compensate for minor thermal expansion and mechanical vibration and impact to maintain the strength and integrity of the thermal and mechanical joint in straight section424. In the final thermal and mechanical joint shownFIG.91, the straight section424is essentially parallel to the walls of the cartridge heater280. If the outer walls of the cartridge heater280are not parallel, the joint will still follow the angle formed by the outside wall of the cartridge heater280. In some examples, the surface temperature of the heat sink267is kept below 250° C. or below 200° C. or below 140° C. In some examples, the hair dryer10includes a thermal switch to shut off or reduce the heat generated by a heating element if the heating element (e.g., the heat sink267) reaches 160° C., and optionally the hair dryer includes a fuse to protect from a short circuit. A thermal fuse may be set for, e.g., 175° C. Keeping the surface temperature below a predetermined maximum may assist in preserving the waterproofing of one or more components, such as the waterproofing of the cartridge heaters280. For example, a silicone seal may degrade at temperatures above 200° C. or at temperatures above 260° C. In some examples, the surface temperature of the heat sink276is kept at and/or below about, e.g., 175° C. For example, a heat capacity (i.e., thermal mass) of the heat sink276, a volume of air per unit time flowing over the heat sink276(e.g., an air flow volume between 15 cfm and 50 cfm), and the amount of heat introduced to the heat sink by components of the hair dryer10(e.g., by the cartridge heaters280) may be balanced to keep the heat sink276surface temperature at or below a desired temperature. In some examples, the temperature difference between the heat sink276and the air flow thereover may be between 10° C. and 40° C., or between 15° C. and 30° C. As in the illustrated example ofFIGS.75and76, the heating elements70may be infrared heating elements92included in cartridge heaters280. The heat sink276may have an opening (e.g., open centre284) for an infrared heating element92, whereby infrared radiation (e.g., heat) radiates out from the infrared heating element92through the opening of the heat sink276. The heating element70may be mounted to a wall436of an appliance, such as a hair dryer. The wall436may be made of a thermal insulating material57(see for exampleFIG.120) so as to inhibit heat transfer from the heating element70to another component of the appliance. Optionally, the wall436may be a header. The cartridge heater280may optionally be press fitted through openings438in header436. Wall436serves to physically separate the airflow from the region in which wires406,408are electrically connected to a source of power in the appliance. It will be appreciated that, alternately, fins278may be provided as a flow straightener in an appliance, such as a hair dryer. Fins278may be in contact with any source of heat and need not have a cartridge heater280extend therethrough (see for exampleFIGS.115and116) Alternately or in addition, one or more infrared heating elements may be positioned adjacent to or extending through fins278. Fins may have a substantially open flow volume. Therefore, infrared radiation produced by an infrared heating element may be able to pass substantially unimpeded through the open flow volume of fins278. An advantage of this design is that the fins278, if made of a material opaque to infrared radiation, such as aluminum, may reduce the dispersion of the infrared radiation to where it is not required and may assist in directing the infrared radiation towards the hair to be dried. For example, one or more of heating elements280inFIGS.86and87may be replaced by an infrared heating element. Alternately, an infrared heating element, such as infrared heating element440, may be provided at one side, optionally the downstream side, of heating element70. Accordingly, the fins278may optionally incorporate a feature to allow for the mounting of another infra-red heating element440. The infrared heating element440may be used to primarily heat the hair of the user directly rather than heating the air. Accordingly, infrared heating element may be provided on the downstream side of heating element440and face the outlet of the hair dryer. Heating element(s)70may be provided in any convenient form for heating. For example, the heating element70may be a cubically shaped assembly positioned adjacent an outlet56of a secondary air flow path. Alternatively, or additionally, the heating element70may be an annular heating element, e.g., encircling a motor and fan assembly38and/or motor40(FIGS.113to116). As exemplified inFIGS.113and114, the heating elements may be oriented so as to extend radially with respect to the motor40. As exemplified inFIGS.115and116, the heating elements may be oriented so as to extend generally axially (generally parallel and spaced radially outwardly from) the motor40. The arrangement of the heat sink278may determine the compactness of the design and whether the heat sink278can be arranged adjacent an element that can be expected emit heat. For example, arranging the heat sink278as an annular heating member around the motor40may reduce the size of the hair dryer10(e.g., the length of the hair dryer10from inlet to outlet) and/or promote transfer of heat from the motor to the heat sink278. Louvres on Fins In accordance with this aspect, the fins278include at least one louvre or other turbulence localized members. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. In accordance with this aspect, any portion of a fin278, such as the edges of the fins278, may optionally include turbulence localized members such as small indentations, dimples or cuts along their edges or throughout the fins278to enhance heat transfer by inducing localized turbulence. For example, as exemplified inFIG.92, the fins278may incorporate louvers279to as to induce controlled localized turbulence to enhance the rate of heat transfer between the fins278and the air. A louvre may increase the thermal transfer of heat from the fin278to the air flow. A fin278may include one or more louvres279, as in the illustrated example ofFIG.79. The louvres279may be formed in the fin, each opening through the fin278from a common first side281to a common second side283. Louvres may increase the heat transfer rate by at least 5%, at least 15% or at least 25%. Louvres may provide negligible change in mass to the heat sink while increasing the heat transfer rate. As exemplified, the louvers279are one or more louvre openings formed into the fins278wherein the louvre openings are elongated slot-like shapes. The louvre openings may be parallel to each other, but other geometric arrangements are possible. The louvre openings may be spaced apart and may be formed in small groups. FIG.92exemplifies a fin278having louvers279and collars422. As exemplified therein, the length430of the louvers279in a direction transverse to a direction of flow D therethrough may be 0.050″ to 2.000″, 0.100″ to 0.5″, or 0.150″ to 0.375″. The width432of the louvers278in the direction of flow D therethrough may be 0.020″ to 0.5″, 0.040″ to 0.250″, or 0.060″ to 0.175″. The height434to which the louvers279may be formed279may be 0.002″ to 0.5″, 0.010″ to 0.250″, or 0.005″ to 0.060″. Filter In accordance with this aspect, the hair dryer10includes at least one filter in the air flow path. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that air flowing through the hair dryer10may be filtered. Filtered air may be better for the motor and fan assembly38and/or the user. A filter media (e.g., a HEPA filter) may be received in the air flow path to filter air flowing through the air flow path, and may be received upstream of the motor and fan assembly38(e.g., at the air inlet33) or downstream of the motor and fan assembly38(e.g., at the air outlet35). As in the illustrated example ofFIGS.75and76a filter302that is provided in the air flow path31may be adjacent the water collection member60. The filter302may be upstream of the water collection member60(e.g., to filter fluid prior to the fluid entering at the water collection member60). Alternatively, or additionally, the filter302may be downstream of the water collection member60and upstream of the motor and fan assembly38(e.g., to filter air prior to passing over the motor40) or downstream of the motor40to filter air prior to exiting the hair dryer. In some examples, a plurality of filters302may be provided in the air flow path31. For example, a filter302may be provided upstream of the water collection member60and another filter302may be provided downstream of the water collection member60but upstream of the motor40and another filter302may be provided downstream of the motor40. Filters302may be of different types. For example, a filter upstream of the water collection member60may be a course filter to remove course debris from a fluid containing air, such as to remove debris drawn into the hair dryer10along with damp air drawn from the user's hair. A filter downstream of the water collection member60may be a fine filter to remove fine debris from air, such as a HEPA filter. Energy Storage Members In accordance with this aspect, one or more energy storage members (e.g., batteries and/or capacitors)26and/or energy storage packs (e.g., battery packs)28are provided and, optionally, some of or all of the energy storage members may be located in a handle of the hair dryer10. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. The use of energy storage members26may enable a cordless hair dryer. The energy storage members26may be in an energy storage pack (e.g., a battery pack)28wherein the energy storage members26and/or the energy storage pack28may be removable. For example, the battery pack may be removed through a first end154of the handle22(which may be a bottom end of a pistol grip handle22, wherein the handle22is secured to the hair dryer body12at the opposite top end of the handle22as exemplified inFIGS.80and81). Accordingly, the energy storage members26may be arranged in a linear or substantially linear pattern to facilitate removal of an energy storage pack28. An advantage of using removable energy storage member(s)26and/or energy storage pack(s)28is that the energy storage member(s)26and/or energy storage pack(s)28may be removed for recharging. Alternately it may be recharged while mounted in the hair dryer10. If the energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28is removable, then a user may have two or more energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28. Accordingly, when one energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28requires recharging, it may be removed and an alternate energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28inserted. Accordingly, generally continuous operation using on-board stored energy may be enabled. If multiple energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28are utilized, then each energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28may be the same or different. For example, one energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28may have more power available (e.g., more amp hours by having more batteries). Such an energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28may be selected for a person having, e.g., longer hair so as to provide a longer run time and/or to style (e.g., curl) the hair of a person so as to enable the use of more heat (e.g., a higher temperature of the air exiting the hair dryer and/or the amount of heat directed at the hair from an infrared heating element) while not reducing the run time and/or extending the run time. Energy storage members26may be a heavier or the heaviest component of hair dryer10. Accordingly, some or all of the energy storage members26may optionally be provided in the handle22of the hair dryer10. An advantage of this design is that a substantial amount of the weight of the hair dryer10may be located at or close to the hand of a user when the user is holding the hair dryer. Accordingly, the moment arm between the center of gravity of the hair dryer and the wrist of a user may be reduced thereby improving the ergonomics of the hair dryer. Another advantage of providing at least some of the energy storage members26in the handle is that the hair dryer10may have a more compact design without sacrificing energy storage capacity. Optionally, the energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28may be cooled by air flow passing through the energy storage members26or across the energy storage pack28. Optionally, as exemplified inFIGS.80and81, one or more energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28may be inserted at least part of the way into the main body12. In such an embodiment, the air flow path31may be arranged to pass around an energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28extending into the main body12, as illustrated. Air passing around the energy storage pack28and/or energy storage member26may facilitate cooling thereof and/or allow for a more compact or functional design. Alternatively, or additionally, the air flow path31may be arranged to pass above and/or to one side of the energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28. The one or more energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28may be inserted at any or multiple points along the air flow path31. As exemplified inFIGS.80and81, one or more energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28may be inserted at least part of the way into the main body12downstream of a motor and fan assembly38. Alternatively, or additionally, an energy storage member26and/or energy storage pack28may be inserted upstream of the motor and fan assembly38. In such an embodiment, some or all of the energy storage members may be cooled by air entering the air flow path prior to the air being heated by the motor40. Optionally, one or more energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28may be arranged to provide extra weight at the base and/or top of the handle22. As exemplified inFIGS.82to85, the handle22may include a greater density of energy storage members26per unit length at the first end154and/or at the second end156than in the middle portion158. It will be appreciated that, as exemplified inFIGS.84and85, the grip portion of the handle22may not include any energy storage members26. Alternately, as exemplified inFIGS.82and83, handle22may optionally include one or more energy storage members26extending through the handle22, including through the middle portion158as well as at the first end154and/or the second end156. Where the handle22is a pistol grip handle, the first end154may be a base or bottom end, and the second end156may be a top end. In some examples, the second end156is inserted part of the way into the housing body12. Arranging extra weight at the base and/or top ends may allow for a more comfortable (narrower) middle portion158. The middle portion158may be a gripping portion of the handle22, and may have a reduced diameter to more easily receive a hand of a user. Arranging extra weight at the first end154and second end156of the handle22may reduce the length of the handle22without reducing the number and/or capacity of energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28. In addition, such an embodiment may position the energy storage members26closer to the wrist of a user thereby reducing the torque experienced by a person when moving the hair dryer10. Energy Storage Cooling Air Flow Path In accordance with this aspect, one or more energy storage members26and/or energy storage packs28are cooled by a dedicated energy storage cooling air flow path. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. As exemplified inFIG.54, a dedicated energy storage cooling air flow path160may be isolated from the air flow path31. An advantage of this aspect is that the energy storage members26may be kept cool using an air flow, and the air flow path may be designed without regard to directing an inlet and/or outlet for application to hair. The dedicated energy storage cooling air flow path160may have a dedicated energy storage cooling path inlet162and a dedicated energy storage cooling path outlet164, and may optionally have an air moving member, such as a motor and fan assembly38, provided in the dedicated energy storage cooling air flow path160to draw air into and/or through the dedicated energy storage cooling air flow path160. Alternately, air exiting the energy storage cooling air flow path160may be introduced into the air flow path31. Illumination In accordance with this aspect, hair dryer10may include one or more illumination members. The illumination member or members may convey information as to whether, or which, heating elements are actuated and/or may convey information as to which drying mode is in operation. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that one or more illumination members (e.g., LEDs) may be used to convey information about the operating mode to a person using the hair dryer10. For example, a LED that emits a first color light (e.g., blue) may be actuated when a motor40is actuated but no heat is being produced. The LED may be deactivated when the hair dryer is off. If a heating element is actuated, then the color of light that is emitted may be adjusted or a second color light (e.g., red) may be concurrently emitted. For example, if a heating element70is energized to heat air flowing towards the hair being dried, then a second color of light may be emitted. Accordingly, blue and red light may be emitted, or only red light may be emitted. Alternately, if an infrared heating element or other heating element to heat screen50is provided, then when the heating element is actuated, the color of light that is emitted may be adjusted or a second color light (e.g., red) may be concurrently emitted. For example, if a heating element92is energized, then a second color of light may be emitted. Accordingly, blue and red light may be emitted, or only red light may be emitted. If a heating element70and a heating element92are each provided, then, for example, when the heating element92is actuated, a third color light (e.g., orange) may be concurrently emitted. For example, if a heating element92is energized, then blue and orange light may be emitted or only orange light may be emitted. For example, if a heating element70and a heating element92are each energized, then blue, red and orange light may be emitted or only, e.g., red and orange light may be emitted. In embodiments which use a dual sided hair dryer10, a light may be emitted (an LED actuated) to indicate the side of the hair dryer that is in use. For example, when a dual sided hair dryer is used in a first drying mode of operation, a light may be emitted, e.g., when power button30is actuated, illuminating a forward portion of the hair dryer10, such as front end14. Similarly, when a dual sided hair dryer is used in the second drying mode of operation, a light may be emitted, e.g., by actuating an alternate power button, illuminating a rearward portion of the hair dryer10, such as rear end16. External Power Supply In accordance with this aspect, a power source25may be provided exterior to the hair dryer, such as in power cord24(e.g., in the power cord as exemplified inFIG.77or as part of a plug that connects to the mains of a house). This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. Positioning the power supply exterior to the hair dryer is advantageous as the power supply is less likely to be exposed to water. Accordingly, for example, the power supply may be located four, six or eight feet down a power cord24from the hair dryer10, and may be sealed to be watertight or leak resistant. Sealing and/or removing the current controller may facilitate safe operation of the hair dryer10. Controllers In accordance with this aspect, the operations of one or more components of the hair dryer10are directed by electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, and/or thermomechanical communicative connections. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. An advantage of this aspect is that a variety of communicative connections may be made to a component of the hair dryer10to control the operations of the component. For example, a valve may be opened and/or closed by an electrical signal (e.g., a solenoid valve closing in response to an electrical signal). In another example, a mechanical connection may be used (e.g., a valve may be closed by a user moving a slider handle, as discussed further subsequently). A thermomechanical member may be used to control, e.g., a valve. For example, a metal strip (e.g., a bimetal strip such as a Nichrome strip) may be secured at one end to a valve and may selectively open or close the valve when current is applied to or removed from the metal strip and the temperature of the bimetal strip is accordingly increased or decreased, respectively. Optionally, a hydraulic or muscle wire connection may be used to control a component, e.g., a valve. Handle as Part of the Air Flow Path In accordance with this aspect, the handle may provide a portion of the air flow path. This aspect may be used by itself or in combination with one or more of the other aspects set out herein. As exemplified inFIGS.117to119, the body12of the hair dryer may comprise a head470, which is exemplified as being generally oval, which contains a heating element70, motor40and fan42,44. The water separator60and water collection member152are provided in the body12at an opposite end of handle22from the head470. As exemplified, the water collection member152may also be provided in the handle22. Or at the water separator end of the handle22. Optionally, the handle22may be secured to the head470via a swivel joint472to allow the hair dryer10to be folded into a compact form and/or to allow the dryer head470to be angled into different positions relative to the handle22. One or more tools474for suction styling (e.g., a comb) may be secured over the inlet33of the air flow path31for use in styling hair during a suction mode. While the above description describes features of example embodiments, it will be appreciated that some features and/or functions of the described embodiments are susceptible to modification without departing from the spirit and principles of operation of the described embodiments. For example, the various characteristics which are described by means of the represented embodiments or examples may be selectively combined with each other. Accordingly, what has been described above is intended to be illustrative of the claimed concept and non-limiting. It will be understood by persons skilled in the art that other variants and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims appended hereto. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments and examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

11857053

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying DRAWINGS, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. It is, of course, understood that this invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that the disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that other embodiments can be utilized and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The present invention is generally directed to an improved system, apparatus, device, system, kit and technique for drying human hair, particularly for evenly drying difficult-to-dry long hair. With reference now toFIG.1of the DRAWINGS, there is illustrated a representative configuration of a first embodiment of an improved hair drying apparatus practicing the principles of the present invention and generally designated by the reference numeral100, e.g., by a user in their own home. As shown, the hair dryer configuration100has a stand, generally designated by the reference numeral110, which is preferably comprised of a metallic material, as described in more detail hereinbelow. The reason for the stand110is to provide a measure of stability for the user operating the equipment as the user dries their hair. It should be understood that the user may be seated or standing, as per their preference in using the instant invention. The figure shown is only the torso for illustration. At one end of the stand110is a base portion, generally designated by the reference numeral115, such as a plurality of stabilizing feet. It should, of course, be understood that alternate means to secure the configuration100are envisioned whether on the grounds or elsewhere, some of which are described in more detail hereinbelow. It should be understood that the stand110should be adaptable to reflect the great variety of consumers. Accordingly, the height of the stand110is preferably adjustable, such as by using concentric cylindrical members, i.e., the stand has component slidable parts, which can be adjusted to either increase or decrease the height, e.g., using a spring or other trigger button, generally designated by the reference numeral120, by which the height and position of the configuration100can be maintained, as is understood in the art. For example, the user may press the button120and arrange the stand components to their likeness, at which point the button120is released and the stand configuration or position is locked in place, as is understood in the art. With further reference toFIG.1, toward the other end of the stand110is an angular adjustment member, generally designated by the reference numeral125, which can be easily manipulated to provide a variety of angles for attachments thereto, such as a blower described hereinbelow Thus, with the stand110height properly positioned for use with the user, the user, whether a hair dresser or the user alone at home, can tilt or otherwise adjust and modify the direction of the heated or unheated air flows, using the aforesaid angular adjustment member125, focusing the heated or unheated air flow for optimal effect for long hair, which is an advantage of the present invention. Of course, the hair dryer configuration100must have a blower, i.e., a device to drive heated or unheated air therethrough to dry the hair. It should be understood that further details about the airflow over the hair and the consistency of that flow are described in more detail across the many embodiments described in more detail herein, particularly regarding the even distribution of heat across the hair. An advantage of the instant invention is to provide adaptability of use, i.e., a user can modify an existing dryer, e.g., by using a kit described hereinbelow, or the blower and all attachments, including the stand, can be sold together, with the various components preconfigured to snap or otherwise connect together. The technique for one use of the hair dryer configuration100pursuant to the present invention is straightforward. As illustrated, a conventional blower or customized motor housing or hair dryer apparatus or blower, generally designated by the reference numeral130, is securely affixed to or near the aforementioned angular adjustment member125, such that the position or direction of the exiting heated or unheated air from the blower or hair dryer130selected by the user. In the configuration100, there is shown a blower connector, generally designated by the reference numeral127, which connects the blower130to the angular adjustment member125, which, as discussed, allows the user to adjust the position of the blower130vis-à-vis the long hair of the user. It should be understood that the blower130is preferably made of a stainless steel or a hard plastic material capable of handling the heat of operation. Where a conventional or professional hair dryer device130is used, such as shown with other embodiments herein, the device can be used as is, i.e., independently store bought (not customized) to force the air. In normal or conventional usage, a user would either manually manipulate the hair dryer130or perhaps affix or mount the dryer130to the stand110for stability, e.g., via the blower connector127, and move their head around the streaming hot air, which does not evenly dry the hair. It should be understood that the principles of the present invention can be employed in differing manners, as depicted in the various configurations illustrated and described herein. A first presently preferred configuration can be employed by users in varying circumstances, as depicted inFIG.1. Pursuant to the instant invention in this first embodiment, there is a hood or bonnet, generally designated by the reference numeral135, configured to receive a human head just as in beauty parlors, which is illustrated inFIG.1. As shown in this home embodiment, a home or other blower130attaches to the bonnet135, preferably at or near the top thereof, with the heated or unheated blown air filling the bonnet135and drying the hair of the human shown in the Figure, more particularly, as described hereinbelow, the heated or unheated air is driven into a heat distribution system. As discussed, further detail on the manner of dispersal of the heated or unheated air within the bonnet135, as well as attachments thereto, are discussed hereinbelow. Also shown are at least two tunnel dryer extension members, generally designated by the reference numerals140and150, respectfully, which are sufficiently sized to both interlock to each other and connect to the bonnet135, and receive the long hair of the user therein, as shown in the Figures, such asFIG.1. Additional details for this interconnection are illustrated inFIG.1A, which isolates the bonnet135and the tunnel dryer extenders140and150. As illustrated, the tunnel dryer extension140securely connects to the aforesaid bonnet135, whether threadably or otherwise interlocking together for use, as well as easily disconnected after use. An end of the tunnel140thus securely attaches to a connection to the bonnet135, particularly to an aperture or hole, generally designated by the reference numeral136, into the bonnet135, allowing a portion of the heated or unheated air from within the bonnet135to travel into the tunnel140, and over any hair disposed therein. As discussed further hereinbelow, in a preferred embodiment of the instant invention, the aforementioned aperture136would be behind the user depicted inFIG.1, with the user's long hair extending symmetrically backwards, i.e., behind the user depicted. With reference again toFIG.1, the present invention can be employed with the aforesaid stand110to secure the configuration100thereto. Here, a clasp or other connector means, generally designated by the reference numeral145, such as Velcro, securely connects the tunnel140, along with the bonnet135attached thereto as described, to the stand110. It should be understood that the aforementioned blower connection127may not be necessary (for support) in addition to the supports provided by the clasp145and other clasps discussed further hereinbelow. It should, of course, be understood that the present invention could comprise just one extension member140, perhaps quite elongated to receive long hair, instead of two, but having two extension members allows greater flexibility to the user. It should also be understood that three or more extension members could also be employed, although more than two could become too difficult, cumbersome or problematic to operate. For longer hair, a second tunnel dryer connector150, as shown, threadably or otherwise connects to an underside of the aforesaid tunnel140and receives the heated or unheated blown air flowing from the bonnet and135and tunnel140, with a possible connection on the other side thereof for perhaps a third tunnel or just otherwise open to allow the traversing air to exit or perhaps closed, as discussed further hereinbelow. As with the tunnel140, tunnel150is attachable to a clasp, generally designated by the reference numeral155, and the aforesaid stand110, thereby further securing the entire configuration100, providing a rather stable configuration for the user. Whereas in this embodiment, the passageway through tunnel140is somewhat curved to redirect the air and better dry the hair therein, the tunnel150is preferably substantially tubular, with the blown air passing through over the hair. As discussed in more detail hereinbelow, the blown air in a preferred embodiment is directed in a different manner to provide the even drying capability of the instant invention. As shown inFIG.1A, the tunnel extension members140and150may have ventilating holes, generally designated by the reference numeral162, which would help control the internal temperatures within the extension members140and150, and also protect the delicate long hair placed therein from temperature extremities. In a preferred embodiment, each tunnel extension member140and150is about 8 inches in length and about 10 inches in diameter. It should, of course, be understood that alternate dimensions are possible and within the scope of the present invention, e.g., lengths from about 4 to about 12 inches for each extension member, preferably about 6 inches to about 10 inches, more preferably about 7 to about 9 inches, and most preferably 8 inches. Diameter dimensions can vary also, e.g., from about 4 inches to about 16 inches, preferably about 6 inches to about 14 inches, more preferably about 8 inches to about 12 inches, and most preferably about 10 inches. The components should also be easily handled and easily connected and disconnected from each other, i.e., easily interlocked. Also, each extension member140and150can be made of stainless steel or hard plastic, so long as the plastic is able to withstand the requisite heat from the motor housing or hair dryer130. Further, the blower130can be powered by electricity, e.g., through a power cord or by use of batteries, as is understood in the art. It should be understood that the hair dryer or blower130and the preferred two extension members140and150interlock to secure the entire configuration for use, as illustrated and described. For example, each of these components can have threads along the end portions thereof, whereby the respective components threadably interlock by rotating them in place, as described and illustrated in more detail hereinbelow. It should, of course, be understood that other secure (but preferably easily disconnected) interlocking mechanisms are contemplated, e.g., latches, springs and other means whereby the components can securely and conveniently interlock. With reference again toFIG.1, there is shown the configuration100in operation, i.e., the aforementioned user, whose long hair is deployed, as shown, within the extension members140and150shown with the components shown transparent for ease of illustration. The hair dryer130blows air through the bonnet135and the two extension members, and across the aforesaid long hair, drying same substantially uniformly from the tips to the roots, providing the benefits of the instant invention. For even drying, the heat should be evenly distributed and applied, such as through a venting means, as described in more detail hereinbelow. The advantages of drying all the hair at once are not just timesaving. For example, and as understood in this art, with textured hair, faster drying reduces shrinkage and leaves the hair smoother. As discussed, it should be understood that in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the aforesaid aperture or hole136in the bonnet135should be at the back of the bonnet135and not preferably at the side, as shown for convenience of explanation and illustration. Thus, for symmetrical drying of long hair, the aforesaid extenders140and150may instead project outwards behind the user. Thus, the position of the stand110would be modified to provide support in this preferred configuration. With reference now toFIG.2of the DRAWINGS, there is illustrated a representative configuration of another improved hair drying apparatus for practicing the principles of the present invention, generally designated by the reference numeral200, which resembles the configuration100ofFIG.1but without the user depicted. In this embodiment, a different stand is shown, generally designated by the reference numeral210. Here the stand210has at one end a solid base member, generally designated by the reference numeral215, which has sufficient weight to anchor the entire configuration securely for use, as illustrated. The stand210here also differs in that it has two or more members, each connected to the other by a screw or other mechanism, as is understood in the art, whereby the stand210can be broken down to manageable sizes for storage or transport, e.g., shipping, as illustrated and described in more detail in connection withFIG.5. It should, of course, be understood that the user or consumer would want to adjust and control the temperature of the blown air, e.g., through the use of a control switch, generally designated by the reference numeral132/232inFIGS.1and2. A user can thus adjust the air temperature flowing onto and over their hair from unheated to medium heat to high heat, and intermediate levels therebetween, using the control switch132/232, i.e., the switch can have these settings, along with off, or the switch can be more analog, with settings of off and max with perhaps markings therebetween. Furthermore, the user may also want to control or adjust the amount of the air flow, e.g., through the use of a flow switch, generally designated by the reference numeral134/234also shown inFIGS.1and2. A user can thus adjust the airflow onto and over heir hair from low to medium to high, and intermediate levels therebetween, using the flow switch134/234, which, as described hereinabove, could also be an analog implementation. With reference now toFIG.3of the DRAWINGS, there is illustrated a cross-sectional view of the aforementioned extension members in an alternate embodiment of the present invention, showing a plurality of air flow channelers, generally designated by the reference numeral360within an exemplary extension member350. It should be understood that the aforementioned extension members140/240and150/250can screw on and off, with the aforementioned air flow channelers360therein preferably lining up. Also shown is an inner heat distribution means, generally designated by the reference numeral395, which is described in more detail hereinbelow in connection withFIG.7. By virtue of the inner heat distribution system or means395, all of the hair, i.e., from the scalp of the user in the bonnet335to the tips of their hair in connector350have the same or substantially the same heat exposure. The blown air, however, as described, also traverses the passages or airways unless blocked. In addition to the air flow channelers360serving as blown air directors for the ambient air within the passageways, the structure of the channelers360can be deployed to better secure the long hair in place during the operation of the configurations, e.g., the ends of the hair may be secured to prevent the blowback of the hair. The shape of these channelers360can thus be contoured to better capture the hair in the respective tunnel extension members140/240and150/250, where the hair is thicker in the extension member140/240closest the scalp of the user and thinner in the second or further tunnel extension member150/250in this embodiment. It should be understood that these factors may differ with the differing use. With reference now toFIG.4of the DRAWINGS, there is illustrated another representative configuration of the presently preferred embodiment of an improved hair drying apparatus practicing the principles of the present invention and generally designated by the reference numeral400, such as may be employed in a beauty salon or other establishment in another embodiment. As with the other embodiments, there is a stand410(partially shown), with a height adjuster420and an angle adjuster425, and a bonnet435, which can be a professional-style bonnet, as found in hair salons or even a portable bonnet, such as may be used by users in their own home. It should be understood that the hood or bonnet435in this embodiment generates the blown air, i.e., the blown air is not generated externally, such as by the blower130inFIG.1. The bonnet435in this embodiment is powered by electricity through a plug and cord, generally designated by the reference numeral465. It should, of course, be understood that, as with the other hair dryer or blower embodiments hereinabove, the devices135/235/435may instead be powered by batteries disposed within the devices or attachments thereto, as needed. As shown, a user, perhaps sitting in a chair adjacent the configuration400attached to a stand, inserts their head into the bonnet435, as in conventional devices in hair or beauty salons. Unlike salons, however, the present invention offers an improved air-drying technique not known in the prior art, i.e., the extension members with the drying tunnels for the long hair of the user, with simultaneous or substantially simultaneous drying by the aforesaid heat distribution system described hereinabove and hereinbelow. In this embodiment, the extenders440and450connect to the bonnet435, such as threadably or via springs, as described hereinabove, and the hair is disposed into the tunnel extenders440and450, as shown. It should be understood that the bonnet435and extension members440and450are portrayed inFIG.4as transparent in an aid to better describe the invention, but, of course, need not be so in products. It should, therefore, be understood that the blown airflow generated by the motors in the bonnet435, just as those created by the blower130, moves the air therein, helping to dry the user's hair within the bonnet435, i.e., near the scalp, and in escaping the bonnet435, the heated or unheated airflow flows through the extension members440and450in turn and across the hair deployed therein, evenly drying it, particularly by virtue of the heat distribution conduits of the instant invention. With further reference toFIG.4, there is again shown the stability aspect of the present invention, which provides more stability, such as with portable usages within the home or even within a salon. With the potential ungainliness of the configuration, e.g., the bonnet435with the two extension members440and450, as well as the earlier like configurations, the bonnet435and the extension members440and450are preferably secured to the stand410, which provides the requisite stability. Other means for stabilizing are, however, contemplated. In any event, extension member440is threadably or otherwise secured to the bonnet435, as described. The extension member440is also and separately secured to the stand410, such as via a clasp or connection, such as Velcro, generally designated by the reference numeral445. Likewise, extension member450is threadably or otherwise secured to the first extension member440, as shown, and also secured to the stand410, such as via another clasp or connection, generally designated by the reference numeral455. In this manner, the user can comfortably sit or otherwise rest while the configuration of the instant invention, secured in place, dries the full length of their hair with a safe and stable configuration. As described, the user in positioning themselves for the operation of the invention, would likely be seated and the stand110/210/410adjusted, as described, to best position the components vis-à-vis themselves and in a comfortable manner. In operation, the user could position themselves and secure the bonnet435over their head in a conventional manner, as shown. The user could then move their hair into and through one or both of the aforesaid extension members440and450already secured to the bonnet435, as described. Of course, the user could instead move their long hair through the aforesaid hole in the bonnet435(shown as hole536inFIG.5), i.e., with the first extension member440not secured thereto, then deploy their hair through the first extension member440, and then secure the first extension member440to the bonnet435as described, covering the hole; likewise with the second extension member450. With reference now toFIG.5of the DRAWINGS, there is illustrated the various components of the embodiments described hereinabove disassembled and in a kit format, generally designated by the reference numeral500, and perhaps all fitting within a bag or a box for convenience, e.g., a segmented stand510, such as stand210(not shown to scale), and a base515, where the disassembled stand component threadably or otherwise securely combine. As mentioned hereinabove, the stand510could be in two or more pieces or components that threadably connect, such as at a juncture, generally designated by the reference numeral522, whereby the full stand is thus assembled. Also shown is the aforesaid blower connection527, which connects to the angle adjuster525, as described hereinabove. The kit500also includes a hair dryer or motor housing530and simple bonnet535for the home, or a powered bonnet535, such as with beauty parlors. In other words, the bonnet535could be a professional device with the blower capability therein or the kit500could alternatively or also include a blower130. The kit500further includes at least two extension members540and550to handle most long hair. It should be understood that the stand510may instead fold instead of disassemble. As further shown inFIG.5, each of the aforementioned hair dryer or bonnet535and the two extension members540and550have respective threaded portions, e.g., threads within an opening536in the bonnet535, at an end544and a side portion543of the extension member540, and at an end552of the extension member550, respectively, by which the components can threadably interlock together, as illustrated and described in more detail hereinabove. Similarly, the aforementioned blower130can, at the air exit end, have threads that threadably engage the blower to the hood or bonnet535, e.g., at a hole537, whereby the blower130can be securely attached to the configuration for use. As also shown inFIG.5, it should be understood that the extension members may taper or otherwise not be cylindrical in shape, as also shown in the embodiment ofFIG.4. Thus, an alternate first extension member, generally designated by the reference numeral575, connects at one end to the aforesaid hole536in the bonnet535, e.g., via threadable connections. The other end of the first extension member575is smaller, i.e., the diameter tapers. The second extension member in this embodiment, generally designated by the reference numeral576, is sized at one end to threadably engage threads of the first extension member575in this embodiment, forming a tapering configuration. It should, of course, be understood that alternate configurations and shapes are contemplated. As discussed, very long hair may demand larger or more extenders, and the kit500preferably includes another such extender, generally designated by the reference numeral570, which may be longer than or shorter than the extender550. Thus, through threaded or other connections, an end554of the second extender550can threadably engage an end572of the third extender570. Likewise, further extenders, if necessary, can engage at end574of the third extender570. It should be understood that the aforesaid kit500, although configured for a home use, can also work in a professional beauty salon or other establishment. In other words, the bonnet535could be a traditional professional one, i.e., powered. To convert the present invention for this other use, for use in either the home or the salon in a traditional manner, a simple plug, generally designated by the reference numeral580, can be included in the kit500, whereby simply closing the aforesaid opening536for the extender540transforms the instant invention for standard operations. In other words, by using a solid, slide or clip-on attachment or plug580, which engages with the aforesaid opening536at the bottom of the hood or bonnet535, the airflow to the tunnel extenders540and550is cut off (since the extenders are not connected), whereby the bonnet535would then act as a regular bonnet dryer, providing a degree of versatility in using the invention. Similarly, the airflow through the tunnels can be interrupted by manipulation at the end of the aforesaid extenders540and550. For example, an additional shallow, perhaps bol-shaped, twist-on attachment with no air holes, e.g., a plug580, as described but configured for this use, can be used to close off the bottom or exit portion of the tunnel, e.g., at the terminus of the extender550shown, such as employing a plug580as described but configured to fit, e.g., threadably engaging at end554. An advantage here is that the user may want increased air turbulence inside the tunnel as opposed to streamlined airflows. With reference now toFIG.6of the DRAWINGS, there is illustrated an alternate configuration for the hood or bonnet, the embodiment generally designated by the reference numeral600. Whereas the previous embodiments, e.g.,FIGS.1,2and4, show the use of a stand110/210/410to provide support, the instant invention embodiment600has a different support configuration, i.e., it is wall or ceiling mounted. As shown, the embodiment600has a mounting plate or securement means, generally designated by the reference numeral605, which is firmly securable to a surface, for example, using screws, nails and other securement means to bolt the configuration600to the ceiling. The embodiment has a first arm, generally designated by the reference numeral685, and is connected to the aforesaid mounting plate605at one end thereof. At the other end of the first arm685is a swivel connector, generally designated by the reference numeral686, through which a wide range of arm motions become possible, such as in positioning the apparatus for use. A second arm, generally designated by the reference numeral687, is connected to the aforesaid swivel connector686at one end and at the other end to a cradle, generally designated by the reference numeral690. The second arm687has preferably has a wide range of motions and positions. It should also be understood that the configuration600, once in position, has the means to stay in the configured position, i.e., the user positions the components and just has to let go, where the components stay in that configuration. As shown inFIG.6, the cradle690has respective arms, generally designated by the reference numerals691and692, respectively, that straddle a hood or bonnet635, and connect thereto along either side, e.g., through clamps or other mechanisms. In this more professionally-configured system, there is a blower portion, generally designated by the reference numeral630, atop the bonnet635. As such, the aforementioned clamps691and692can instead connect to the blower part630, as shown. Also shown is a connector hole636to connect to the aforementioned tunnel extenders described hereinabove, e.g., threadably. In use, the user, usually seated, positions the bonnet635over their head, e.g., guiding the apparatus easily with their hands. The user then connects the first extender540and deploys their hair therethrough, and does the same with the second extender550. Once the hair is deployed, the user turns the device on, e.g., using a switch on the blower portion630, and the hair drying commences. As discussed, the present invention is directed to techniques to evenly dry long hair, such as deployed in the bonnets and extenders shown hereinabove in connection with the various embodiments. As another and preferred embodiment feature for use in all of these embodiments, Applicant wishes to point out that for even drying it is best to evenly distribute air and heat, if heat I used, to all of the hair at the same time. Since the air, heated 5 or otherwise, is generated by a blower, that blown air must be dispersed across the bonnets and extenders simultaneously or substantially simultaneously, e.g., using the aforementioned inner heat distribution system or means395, generally described hereinabove. Further details of this preferred technique are set forth hereinbelow. It should be understood throughout the embodiments described that all references to heated or unheated air are made with the understanding that the user may choose to use the blower or dryer with unheated air throughout the drying process or may begin drying with heated air and turn the heat down or off as the hair dries. With reference now toFIG.7of the DRAWINGS, there is illustrated the aforementioned cross-sectional view of an extension member, such as extension member350depicted inFIG.3, which is substantially tubular as shown. The aforesaid air flow channelers360in this embodiment are omitted here for simplicity. As also shown inFIG.3, the extension member350/750has an inner diameter, generally designated by the reference numeral351/751, which connects to the heat distribution system or conduits. With further reference toFIG.7, the inner diameter751is perforated throughout with a large number of discrete air holes, each generally designated by the reference numeral753, through which the heated or unheated air from the blower is ejected, i.e., there is a conduit or passageway from the blower and connected here. A representative spout of such ejected heated or unheated air being generally designated by the reference numeral796, but identical such spouts796occur all along the circumference of the inner diameter751, indeed all along the entire interior surface of the extension member750, thereby evenly distributing the heat, not along the circumference shown but also along the entire inner surface of the connector750, which is so constructed, evenly distributing the heat and air. It should be understood that the heated or unheated air conduit395/795seamlessly connects to similar conduits configured within the first extender340, and, in turn, to like conduits within the bonnet335. In other words, all of the interior surfaces of the extenders and the bonnet have these conduits with the aforesaid pinpricks or holes753to disperse the heated or unheated blown air. Thus, the inner heat distribution means395/795also comprises like air holes753along all surfaces of the first extender340, and the interlocking connectivity between the first and second extenders340and350, as discussed, not only aligns the channelers360but also the respective portions of the heat distribution means395/795. Likewise, the interior of the bonnet335substantially consists of a semispherical shape with the aforesaid holes753distributed evenly thereabout that surface, with the connectivity of the heat distribution means395of the bonnet connecting to the first (and second) extenders, as discussed, e.g., the aforesaid interlocking also interlocks the conduits. It should be understood that the aforesaid blower130/230injects the heated or unheated air directly into the heat distribution system or means395/795, and through the use of many discrete air holes753distributed all along the interior surfaces around the hair, the heat and the air flow would be distributed as evenly as possible, thereby satisfying the unmet need in the art. To further control the injection of the heated or unheated air from the heat distribution conduits395, a number of the air holes753may be directed, i.e., they are not merely uniform holes, but instead include an angular director for guiding respective the air flows. With reference now toFIG.8of the DRAWINGS, there is shown an exemplary configuration for insertion into a number of the air holes753, i.e., an angled director generally designated by the reference numeral897, creating an angled air hole, such as generally designated by the reference numeral797and depicted inFIG.7, along with a deflected, i.e., non-perpendicular, air spout therefrom, generally designated by the reference numeral798. In this fashion, i.e, through the use of a number of these angled directors897in respective holes753, the directed heat can be manipulated for particular uses. As discussed, the heat distribution system and conduits395/795shown interconnect to disperse the heat evenly. The terminal conduit, of course, should be closed. Thu, a plug580or like connector would seal off the conduits, thereby preventing bleed off of the heated or unheated air. Thus, in the configuration100shown inFIG.1, a plug580would attach to the terminal end of the second extender150, more particularly, the plug580would threadably or otherwise secure to the end part554of the second extender550(ofFIG.5), thereby plugging the leak in the conduit system. It should also be understood that that the aforesaid air holes or perforations753along the internal conduit surfaces could be uniform or otherwise configured, e.g., to maximize or equalize heat distribution. Further, with the use of the aforesaid angled directors897, finer degrees of control of the heat distribution can be obtained. It should be understood that one preferred configuration is that the components be in stainless steel, i.e., all of the components are made of stainless steel for aesthetics. Although more expensive and heavier, many consumers would prefer this configuration over plastic or other materials, which could degrade over time due to the heat. It should be understood that in all of the configurations described and depicted herein, the extension members are easily detachable and cleanable, e.g., using a dish washer to remove the oils or residues from leave-in hair products. The previous descriptions are of preferred embodiments for implementing the invention, and the scope of the invention should not necessarily be limited by these descriptions. It should be understood that all articles, references and citations recited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. The scope of the current invention is defined by the following claims.

11857054

In the following, a cutting comb100for trimming the hair tips of a person and thereby cutting potential split ends of the hair according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail based onFIGS.1to8. InFIGS.1,4,5,6and7a coordinate system201has also been drawn in order to enhance the understanding of the structure of the cutting comb100. FIG.1shows a perspective view of the assembled cutting comb100. The cutting comb100comprises a first comb body1and a second comb body2, which are configured to be movable relative to each other in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. More specifically, the second comb body2is arranged in a movable manner inside the first comb body1. To this end, the first comb body1is formed as a hollow body and comprises an inner space103(FIG.8), in which the second comb body2is positioned. Thus, the first comb body1and the second comb body2can be considered as an outer and an inner comb body, respectively. As can be seen fromFIG.8, the second comb body2is in particular slidably arranged in the first comb body1in the direction of the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. It is noted that the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100is parallel to the Y-axis of the coordinate system201. For moving the second comb body2relative to the first comb body1, a push handle23is provided on the second comb body2. The user of the cutting comb100pushes the push handle23in the direction of the Y-axis of the coordinate system201, i.e. upwards in this case, when holding the cutting comb100by a handle102, thereby causing the second comb body to be moved with respect to the first comb body1. The exact function of the cutting comb1will be explained later in more detail with regard toFIGS.7and8. Furthermore, the first comb body1comprises a plurality of first teeth10and the second comb body2comprises a plurality of second teeth20. In particular, the number of first teeth10equals the number of second teeth20. In the present embodiment, seven first teeth10and seven second teeth20are provided. Thus, many hairs can be trimmed at the same time, while the cutting comb100is still handy for the user. However, the number of the first teeth10and the second teeth20can vary and also be different from each other. Due to the hollow shape of the first comb body1, each of the first teeth10is hollow in order to accommodate/enclose a corresponding second tooth20, as can be seen fromFIG.1. In addition, the first teeth10and the second teeth are arranged at an angle to the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. The first teeth10extend from a first base body17of the cutting comb100and the second teeth20from a second base body27of the cutting comb100. Both the first base body17and the second base body27extend in the direction of the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. It is noted that the first base body17and the first teeth10correspond to the first comb body1, while the second base body27and the second teeth20correspond to the second comb body2. More specifically, the first teeth10and the second teeth20each extend vertically to the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. In other words, a longitudinal axis202of the first teeth10and a longitudinal axis203of the second teeth20(shown inFIGS.1and4, respectively) are vertical to the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. The longitudinal axis202of the first teeth10and the longitudinal axis203of the second teeth are parallel to the X-axis of the coordinate system201. Thus, it is apparent that the first teeth10are arranged parallel to each other. The second teeth20are also arranged parallel to each other. The longitudinal axis202of the first teeth10and the longitudinal axis of the second teeth20are parallel to each other, so that also the first teeth10and the second teeth20are arranged parallel to each other. Furthermore, it can be derived fromFIGS.2and3that the first comb body1is formed by two parts that are joined together.FIG.2shows a first part13of the first comb body10andFIG.3a second part14of the first comb body10. More particularly, the first part13and the second part14are identical to each other and symmetrical with respect to a plane comprising the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100and the longitudinal axis202of the first teeth10(a plane parallel to the XY-plane). Due to this construction of the first comb body1, each of the first teeth10is formed by a first part10aand a second part10b, as depicted inFIGS.2and3, respectively. The first teeth10are arranged such that a distance between two neighbouring first teeth10in the direction of the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100is the same for all the first teeth10. The same applies to the second teeth20. In order to facilitate the trimming of the hair tips, the cutting comb100comprises a plurality of first hair-dividing elements11, which are provided in an immovably fixed manner on first teeth10of the first comb body1. The hair-dividing elements11are preferably integrated with the corresponding first teeth10. All first hair-dividing elements11are identical to each other in the present embodiment. However, differently shaped and/or sized first hair-dividing elements11can be provided. Referring toFIGS.2and3, it can be seen that in particular all first teeth10except one (i.e. six first teeth10in this embodiment) each comprise a plurality of first hair-dividing elements11. The first tooth10of the first comb body1that does not have any first hair-dividing elements11is the one closest to the handle102of the cutting comb100. More specifically, each of the first part10aand the second part10bof each of the first teeth10of the first comb body1comprises a plurality of first hair-dividing elements11on its corresponding inner side. This means that the first hair-dividing elements11are directed to/face the second teeth20of the second comb body2. In other words, each of the first teeth10of the first comb body1comprises first hair-dividing elements11which are arranged on both of its inner sides with respect to a plane comprising the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100and the longitudinal axis202of the first teeth10(a plane parallel to the XY-plane). As depicted inFIG.3, the first hair-dividing elements11of the first part10bare equally distanced from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the first teeth10. Between neighbouring first hair-dividing elements11first channels12are formed. Due to the equal distance between all neighbouring first hair-dividing elements11as well as their identical construction, the first channels12are also identical to each other. Advantageously, the first hair-dividing elements11are formed as first projections. The first projections are more specifically formed as ribs or ridges. Each of the first projections extends vertically from the corresponding first tooth10. The first hair-dividing elements11preferably extend over a whole thickness of the corresponding second part10bof the first tooth10. The thickness is measured in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. Furthermore, the first hair-dividing elements12extend over a whole length of the corresponding second part10bof the corresponding first tooth10. Moreover, the first hair-dividing elements11each comprise at least one curved portion. This construction contributes to a better guiding of the hair. In the present embodiment, two curved portions15are preferably provided at a first end and at a second end of the corresponding hair-dividing element11(FIG.3). The middle part connecting the first end and the second end is preferably straight. Advantageously, the first hair-dividing elements11of the first part10aare arranged and formed in the same manner as the first hair-dividing elements11on the second part10b. Referring now toFIG.4, a perspective view of the second comb body2is shown. Similar to the first comb body1, the second comb2comprises a plurality of second hair-dividing elements21, which are provided in an immovably fixed manner on second teeth20of the second comb body2. The second hair-dividing elements21are preferably integrated with the corresponding second teeth20. All second hair-dividing elements21are identical to each other in the present embodiment. However, differently shaped and/or sized second hair-dividing elements21can be provided. In particular, all second teeth20except one (i.e. six second teeth20in this embodiment) each comprise a plurality of second hair-dividing elements21. The second tooth20of the second comb body2without any second hair-dividing elements is the one located the farthest away from the handle102of the cutting comb100. More specifically, second hair-dividing elements21are provided on both sides of each of the second teeth20. The second hair-dividing elements21are directed to/face the first parts10aand second parts10bof the first teeth10of the first comb body1and more specifically the first hair-dividing elements11. The second hair-dividing elements21on the sides of each of the second teeth20are preferably arranged symmetrically with respect to a plane comprising the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100and the longitudinal axis203of the second teeth20(a plane parallel to the XY-plane). As depicted inFIGS.4and6, the second hair-dividing elements21are advantageously equally distanced from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the second teeth20. Between neighbouring second hair-dividing teeth21, second channels22are formed. Due to the equal distance between all neighbouring second hair-dividing teeth21, the second channels22are also identical to each other. Similar to the first hair-dividing elements11, the second hair-dividing elements21are also formed as projections (second projections). The second projections are more specifically formed as ribs or ridges. Each of the second projections extends vertically from the corresponding second tooth20. In addition, the second hair-dividing elements21extend over a whole length of the corresponding second tooth20. Moreover, the second hair-dividing elements21each comprise at least one curved portion16(FIG.6). This construction contributes to a better guiding of the hair. As can be understood fromFIGS.7and8, the first hair-dividing elements11and the second hair-dividing elements21are arranged with an offset to each other in a direction in which the first teeth10and the second teeth20extend, i.e. in the direction of the longitudinal axis202of the first teeth10and of the longitudinal axis203of the second teeth20. Furthermore, the first hair-dividing elements11and the second hair-dividing elements21are arranged such that they overlap with each other in a direction in which the first hair-dividing elements11and the second hair-dividing elements21extend (parallel to the Z-axis of the coordinate system201). Thus, the first channels12and the second channels22overlap with each other, so that sub-channels are formed between neighbouring first hair-dividing elements11and second hair-dividing elements12. To carry out the trimming of the hairs, the cutting comb100comprises a plurality of cutting means3. The cutting means3are operated by an electric motor4, as shown inFIG.8. The electric motor4is positioned in the inner space103of the first comb body1, and more specifically on a receiving portion of the second comb body2. With regard to the position of the electric motor4in the cutting comb100as a whole, the electric motor4is arranged in the handle102of the cutting comb100. More specifically, a shaft6is provided between the electric motor4and the cutting means3, so that the cutting means3are operable by the shaft6which are in turn driveable by the electric motor4. Each of the cutting means3is provided on a second tooth20of the second comb body2. More specifically, all second teeth20except for one second tooth20each comprise one cutting means3. In other words, the cutting comb100has one less cutting means3than second teeth20. In the present embodiment, the tooth out of the second teeth20, on which no cutting means is provided, is the one being closest to the handle102in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100. This second tooth20comprises only a plurality of second hair-dividing elements21. On the other hand, the tooth out of the second teeth20that is in a position being farthest away from the handle102of the cutting comb100in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100is provided with cutting means3but no second hair-dividing elements. Each cutting means3of a second tooth20is provided on a side of the second tooth20facing a side of a neighbouring second tooth20. As can be seen fromFIGS.4and5, each cutting means3extends over the whole length of the corresponding second tooth20. Moreover, each cutting means3is arranged on the same corresponding side of the corresponding second tooth20. Furthermore, each cutting means3comprises a plurality of cutting blades30or knifes. More particularly, the cutting blades30or knifes are arranged next to each other to form a row of cutting blades30or knifes. It is apparent fromFIGS.5and6, that each cutting means3comprises two rows of cutting blades30or knifes that are symmetrical with respect to a plane comprising the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100and the longitudinal axis203of the second teeth10(a plane parallel to the XY-plane). Due to this, the cutting comb1can be used from both left-handed and right-handed users without any further adjustment. With reference toFIG.4, it becomes apparent that an angle31between the cutting blades30and a plane containing the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100and the longitudinal axis203of the second teeth20is in the range between zero degrees (exclusively) and ninety degrees (exclusively). In addition, the cutting means3can be configured such that the angle31is adjustable within the aforementioned angle range. According to another advantageous aspect of the present invention, the first teeth10and the second teeth20are configured to be heatable. To this end, the first teeth10and the second teeth20can each be provided with a heating element. The heat being produced by the heating elements is transferred to the hair, thereby shaping and softening the hair. This makes cutting of the hair tips easier. To further enhance this effect, the cutting3means are configured to be heatable in addition to the second teeth20. To this end, a heating element can be provided for each cutting means3such that the cutting means3can be directly heated. By doing so, heat generated by the heating elements can be directly transferred to the hair tips via the cutting means3. As a further measurement to enhance the cutting efficiency of the hair tips, the first teeth10and the second teeth20are made out of a material, preferably a metal, that in combination with the hair does not cause static electricity in the hair. Thus, it can be avoided that the different hairs fly away in different directions, what in turn results in a faster cutting of the hair tips. Referring back toFIGS.4and6, a top surface25of each second tooth20facing a cutting means3is formed flat. However, the second teeth20facing a cutting means3may each be provided with a hair-bending element26for bending the hair that is placeable between two neighbouring first teeth10. The hair-bending elements26are shown inFIG.6by a broken line. The hair-bending elements26are preferably formed as projections projecting from the top surfaces25of the second teeth20. The hair-bending elements26preferably extend over 50%, more preferably over 70%, more preferably over 90%, even more preferably over 100%, of the second tooth, in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the second tooth. The projections preferably have a cross-section in the form of a triangle. The cross-section is defined in a plane vertical to the longitudinal axis203of the second teeth20. Each of the projections preferably has a height204equal to ⅔ of a distance205between a lowest point of the cutting means3that the projection faces and the top surface25of the respective second tooth20from which the respective projection projects. In order to improve the directionality and positioning of the hair with respect to the cutting means3, the cutting comb100comprises means5being configured to create a pressure in the part of the inner space103of the first comb body1, especially close to where the second teeth20are arranged, that is lower than the atmospheric pressure. Due to this, hair is sucked towards the cutting means3. By doing so, the cutting of the hair is made easier and the efficiency of the cutting comb100is improved further. More specifically, the means5for creating the lower pressure than the atmospheric pressure comprises a fan that is preferably arranged on the axis of the electric motor4. The rotation of the fan is such that it creates conditions of pressure in the inner space103of the first comb body1being lower than the atmospheric pressure, so that the hairs are sucked towards the cutting means3. To this end, the second teeth20comprising a cutting means3are formed to be hollow. As can be seen fromFIG.6, each of the second teeth20comprising a cutting means3comprises two openings24, through which an inner space of each second tooth20communicates with the environment (atmosphere). The number of the openings24can however vary. The two openings24of a respective second tooth20are arranged each on one side of the cutting means3of the respective second tooth20. Further, with reference toFIG.8, the shaft6is designed to be hollow and to comprise a plurality of openings60, through which the inner space of the shaft6communicates with the inner spaces of the hollow second teeth20. The inner space of the shaft6also communicates with the inner space103of the first comb body1. Thus, the inner spaces of the hollow second teeth20communicate with the means5for creating a sub-atmospheric pressure in the inner space103of the first comb body1, so that air of the inner spaces of the hollow second teeth20can be drawn/sucked into the inner space103of the first comb body1. The air being drawn through into the inner space103of the first comb body1by the means5for creating a sub-atmospheric pressure in the inner space103can exit to the environment through an opening18of the first comb body1(FIG.8). The opening18is preferably formed close to the electric motor4, so that the streaming air can effect a cooling of the electric motor4. In the following, the use of the cutting comb100will be explained based onFIGS.7and8. FIG.7shows the cutting comb100in a first operational state. More concretely,FIG.7is a cross-sectional view of the cutting comb100in order to enable a better overview of the relative position of its elements to each other in the first operational state.FIG.8shows the cutting comb100in a second operational state. For a better overview, the first part13of the first comb body1has been removed inFIG.8. In order to use the cutting comb100, a user holding it by its handle103will enter the cutting comb100into the hair of person (or its hair). At this stage, the cutting comb100must be in the first operational state. In this state, the first teeth10and the second teeth20are aligned with each other. This means that each first tooth10is matched to a second tooth20. For example, the closest first tooth10to the handle102is matched to the closest second tooth20to the handle102, and the farthest first tooth10from the handle102is matched to the farthest second tooth20from the handle102. In this position, hair will have entered the spaces between neighbouring first teeth10and between neighbouring second teeth20. After that, the user will push the push handle23upwards in the direction of the longitudinal axis200of the cutting comb100in order to effect a movement of the second comb body2relative to the first comb body1and thus bring the cutting comb100into the second operational state (FIGS.8and9). In this state, each second tooth20will have moved by one first tooth10. In other words, not all first teeth10are matched to a second tooth20in this state. More specifically, the first tooth10that is closest to the handle102is not aligned with a second tooth20. In this state, the first tooth10closest to the handle102has an offset from the second tooth20closest to the handle102. This offset equals to the distance between neighbouring first teeth10or the distance between neighbouring second teeth20. Due to the movement of the second comb body2with respect to the first comb body1, hair500that has entered a space between two neighbouring first teeth10and two neighbouring second teeth10, when the cutting comb100is in the first operational state, is now lifted by the corresponding second tooth20up to the next first tooth10in the second operational state. By this, hair500gets bent, as can be seen inFIG.9. It is noted that, for the sake of a better understanding of the cutting operation of the cutting comb100, a simplified cross-sectional view of only a part of the cutting comb100is shown inFIG.9, in which some elements/features of the cutting comb100have been omitted. At the same time with bending the hair500due to the movement of the second comb body2relative to the first comb body1, hair500is divided into hair strands due to the second hair-dividing means21and the first hair-dividing means11. Thus, when the user moves the cutting comb100through the hair500by combing the hair500, the hair strands formed by the second hair-dividing means21and the first hair-dividing means11are moved through the spaces between neighbouring first teeth10in a way that their tips501are trimmed by the cutting means3, when the latter are activated. Consequently, any split ends of the hair500, which occur at the hair tips501, will be cut off. For activating the cutting means3, the electric motor4is first activated, e.g. by pressing a button or operating a switch. The cutting comb100as described above has a simple structure and provides for an efficient trimming of the hair of a person. The depicted and described features and further properties of the invention's embodiments can arbitrarily be isolated and recombined without leaving the gist of the present invention. In addition to the foregoing description of the present invention, for an additional disclosure explicit reference is taken to graphic representation ofFIGS.1to8. LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS 1first comb body2second comb body3cutting means4motor5means for causing a pressure in an inner space of the cutting comb lower than the atmospheric pressure/fan6shaft/rod10first tooth10afirst part of first tooth10bfirst part of second tooth11first hair-dividing element (first hair-guiding element)12first channel13first part of first comb body14second part of first comb body15curved/rounded portion16curved/rounded portion17first base body20second tooth21second hair-dividing element (second hair-guiding element)22second channel23push handle24opening25top surface26hair-bending element27second base body30blade/knife31angle60opening100cutting comb101head102handle103inner space of first comb body200longitudinal axis of the cutting comb201coordinate system202longitudinal axis of the first teeth203longitudinal axis of the second teeth204height205distance500hair501hair tips

11857055

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS A description of embodiments of the present invention will now be given with reference to the Figures. It is expected that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that evolve within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. The present invention relates to a fluid discharger and applicator device10for uniform discharge, distribution or application of the fluid for treating the skin or any surface. Referring toFIG.1AandFIG.1B, the fluid discharger and applicator device10comprises a handle11, a dispenser connector12and a dispenser member13. In one embodiment, the handle11of the fluid discharger and applicator device10is defined with a cavity15to store one or more fluids. The handle11is further defined with a dispenser end16configured to dispense the fluid stored within the cavity15. In an embodiment, the dispenser connector12of the fluid discharger and applicator device10is removably fastened to the dispenser end16of the handle11. In one embodiment, the dispenser connector12is configured to transfer the fluid extruded from the cavity15of the handle11on the dispenser member13, which is operably attached to the dispenser connector12. The dispenser member13of the fluid discharger and applicator device10is configured to apply the fluid on the skin of a user. In an embodiment, the handle11is a flask, a cartridge, a tube, a box or a plate, which defines the cavity15in it. In one embodiment, the fluid discharger and applicator device10comprising the handle11defined with the cavity15is refillable with the fluid. In an embodiment, the handle11is disposable, or reused. The handle11is retrofitted via the dispenser end16to the dispenser connector12integrated with the dispenser member13. In one embodiment, the handle11comprises at least one of a pliable plastic or a rubber material. In one embodiment, the dispenser connector12is removably fastened via a threaded connection, snap fit connection, or a friction type connection to the dispenser end of the handle11. In an embodiment, the dispenser member13is imbedded to a base17of the dispenser connector12. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13comprises one of a sponge-like material, a hydrophilic foam pad, a latex-free sponge material or a rubber-like material. In one embodiment, the fluid comprises at least one of a liquid, a pre-shave lotion, a gel, a moisturizer, a skin cream and a paste. In an embodiment, the dispenser member13is disposable, or reused. Referring toFIG.1AandFIG.1B, shows a perspective and exploded view of the fluid discharger and applicator device10with flask handle11according to an embodiment. The fluid discharger and applicator device10comprises flask handle11with the cavity15and the dispenser end16, attached to the dispenser connector11with the integrated dispenser member13. In one embodiment, the dispenser end16of the flask handle11is attached to the dispenser connector12by threaded connection. The dispenser end16of the flask handle11is twisted into the dispenser connector12. In an embodiment, the user applies pressure on the flask handle11to extrude the required amount of fluids such as pre-shave oil. In one embodiment, the user squeezes the flask handle11to extrude the required amount of fluids. In another embodiment, the user application of the pressure or squeeze on the flask handle11depends on the viscosity of the oil. In an embodiment, the fluid flows from the cavity15of the flask handle11through the dispenser connector12into the dispenser member13. The user could apply fluid on the skin by placing the dispenser member13on the skin. Referring toFIG.2AandFIG.2B, shows a perspective and exploded view of the fluid discharger and applicator device20with a cartridge handle21according to an embodiment. The fluid discharger and applicator device20comprises cartridge handle21with cavity15and dispenser end16, attached to the dispenser connector12with the integrated dispenser member13. In one embodiment, the dispenser end16of the cartridge handle21is attached to the dispenser connector12by snap-fit or friction type connection. The dispenser end16of the cartridge handle21is right-sized to clamp into the dispenser connector12. In an embodiment, the user applies pressure on the cartridge handle21to extrude the required amount of fluids such as pre-shave oil. In one embodiment, the user squeezes the cartridge handle21to extrude the required amount of fluids. In another embodiment, the user application of the pressure or squeeze on the cartridge handle21depends on the viscosity of the oil. In an embodiment, the fluid flows from the cavity15of the cartridge handle21through the dispenser connector12into the dispenser member13. The user could apply fluid on the skin by placing the dispenser member13on the skin. Referring toFIG.3AandFIG.3B, shows a perspective and exploded view of the fluid discharger and applicator device30with a with a cone-shaped dispenser member23according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the fluid discharger and applicator device30mentioned inFIGS.3A and3Bis similar to the fluid discharger and applicator device20with the cartridge handle21referred inFIG.2AandFIG.2B, except the dispenser member23. In an embodiment, the dispenser member23is a cone-shaped structure made of soft rubber-like material. In one embodiment, the dispenser member23is a spatula structure made of soft rubber-like material. In one embodiment, the fluid flows from the dispenser connector12through plurality of holes25inside the cone-shaped structure. The soft rubber material is used to bend while applying the fluid against the skin, and disperse the fluid flowing through the holes25on the skin. FIG.4shows a schematic view of the fluid discharger and applicator device40with tubular handle31in elliptical cross section according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13is fixed to the handle31, where the surface of the handle31may have a characteristic angled cut33at an end for firm holding by the user. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13is a sponge head. The width of the dispenser member13ranges from about 20 mm to 40 mm, and the length of the handle31ranges from about 90 mm to 100 mm. FIG.5shows a schematic view of the fluid discharger and applicator device50with the tubular handle31with a grip structure43according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13is fixed to the handle31, where the surface of the handle31may have a non-smooth surface for firm holding by the user. In another embodiment, the dispenser member is fixed to the handle31, where the surface of the handle may have a non-smooth bold and solid lined surface for firm holding by the user. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13is a sponge head. The width of the dispenser member13ranges from about 20 mm to 40 mm, and the length of the handle31ranges from about 90 mm to 100 mm. FIG.6shows a schematic view of the fluid discharger and applicator device60with a tubular handle31in circular cross section53according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13is fixed to the handle31, where the surface of the handle31may have a smooth surface for a smooth feel by the user. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13is a sponge head. The width of the dispenser member13ranges from about 20 mm to 40 mm, and the length of the handle31ranges from about 90 mm to 100 mm. FIG.7shows a schematic view of the fluid discharger and applicator device70with the tubular handle31with a groove structure63according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, the dispenser member13is fixed to the handle31, where the surface of the handle31may have a rough or groove surface for firm holding by the user. The width of the dispenser member13ranges from about 20 mm to 40 mm, and the length of the handle31ranges from about 90 mm to 100 mm.FIG.8Ashows a schematic view of the fluid discharger and applicator device80with a flat handle81according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, the dispenser member83is fixed to the handle, where the surface of the flat handle81may have an etched glass designed surface85for firm holding by the user. In one embodiment, the dispenser member83is a wedge shaped structure.FIG.8Bshows a schematic view of the fluid discharger and applicator device80with an open-able and closeable type flat handle81according to another embodiment. In an embodiment, the handle81is open-able and closeable type. The handle may be layered, where one layer82of the handle is removably fastened to the other layer85to enable opening and closing of the layers in the handle81. In an embodiment, the handle81is opened to refill with the fluids and closed while applying the fluid on the user's skin. In one embodiment, the dispenser member83is a wedge shaped structure for cosmetic application. Referring toFIG.9shows a perspective view of a holder90for hanging the fluid discharger and applicator device10according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the fluid discharger and applicator device10further comprises a holder to hang the device10in up-right position. The holder90is designed to prevent the flow of fluid due to gravity during a standby mode.FIG.9shows a perspective view of a holder90for hanging the fluid discharger and applicator device10with the flask handle11for an example. The design of the holder90could be customized in accordance to the other designs of the handle according to an embodiment. FIG.10shows an embodiment of a fluid discharger and applicator device100. The fluid discharger and applicator device100includes a handle105and an applicator102connected to the handle105. The applicator102includes an application head holding member104and an application head103. The application head holding member104is provided with a pressing part106. The pressing part106may be pressed into the applicator head holding member104, squeezing the applicator head103, and thereby pressing out the fluid in the applicator head103. In this embodiment, the application head holding member104is a housing including an open end. The end101of the housing opposite to the open end is connected to one end of the handle105. The housing includes an internal configuration adapted to the application head, so that the application head103can be at least partially retained in the housing, for example by being embedded in the housing. The application side is exposed a proper length from the open end for contacting, the user's skin, for example, so as to apply the fluid to be applied to the skin. In this embodiment, the pressing part106can be pressed, thereby squeezing out the fluid in the application head. In this embodiment, the pressing part106is made of flexible materials. The flexible materials may include a rubber material, for example. In this embodiment, the pressing part106is provided on the surrounding wall between the open end of the housing and the opposite end101opposite to the open end. The housing may be made of a rigid material, and the rigid material may be, for example, a hard plastic or metal material. In such embodiment, the pressing part106may be provided on a part of the application head holding member104opposite to the application side, and the pressing part106may be connected with the other part of the application head holding member104by any technique known to those skilled in the art. For example, it can be over-molded onto the application head holding member104for holding the applicator head103. When in use, a certain force can be applied by pressing or squeezing the pressing part106to apply the fluid to be applied to the skin of the user, for example. In this embodiment, there is an elastically fixed connection between the handle105and the applicator102, so that the fluid discharger and applicator device can be slightly bent during use to increase the comfort feeling of user. The handle105and applicator102can be integrally formed. The angle between the applicator102and the handle105along the longitudinal axis is between about 60 degrees and about 80 degrees, so that the application fluid or the ‘fluid’ or the ‘pre-shave oil’ can be applied to, for example, the skin of the user in an easy and comfortable manner. FIG.11shows a perspective view of a fluid discharger and applicator device with a pressing part made of flexible materials according to another embodiment. In this embodiment, the fluid discharger and applicator device110includes a handle115and an applicator112connected to the handle115. The applicator112includes an application head holding member114and an application head113. The application head holding member114is provided with a pressing part116. The pressing part116may be pressed so as to squeeze the applicator head113, and thereby pressing out the fluid in the applicator head113. The pressing part116is made of flexible materials as in the embodiment inFIG.10. The pressing part116is provided along the whole sounding wall of the application head holding member114. For example, the pressing part116made of rubber material is wrapped around application head holding member114. FIG.12Ashows a perspective view of a fluid discharger and applicator device with a pressing part comprising a notch and a pressing piece extending out from the notch according to another embodiment.FIG.12Bshows another perspective view of the fluid discharger and applicator inFIG.12A. In this embodiment, the fluid discharger and applicator device120includes a handle125and an applicator122connected to the handle125. The applicator122includes an application head holding member124and an application head123. The application head holding member124is provided with a pressing part126comprising a notch and a pressing piece. In this embodiment, the pressing part126and the housing is made of the same material, and the pressing piece includes a protrusion extending from the notch, so that the user can easily and accurately identify the position of the pressing piece, and make the pressing piece be pressed into the housing to squeeze the applicator head to apply the fluid to be applied to, for example, the skin of the user. FIG.13Ashows an exploded view of an embodiment of a fluid discharger and applicator device130, which more clearly shows the structure of the fluid discharger and applicator device130with a pressing part136.FIG.13Bshows an perspective view of the fluid discharger and applicator device ofFIG.13A. In this embodiment, the fluid discharger and applicator device130includes a handle135and an applicator132. The applicator132includes an application head holding member134and an application head133. A pressing part136is provided on the application head holding member134. The pressing part136may be pressed into the applicator head holding member134, thereby pressing the applicator head133to press out the fluid in the applicator head133. In this embodiment, a notch is provided on the portion of the application head holding member134opposite to the application side. The pressing part136is a planar pressing piece that matches the shape of the notch but has a slightly larger size. The planar pressing piece and the notch are correspondingly arranged between the side of the application head133opposite to the application side and the application head holding member134, and the pressing piece is exposed from the notch so that the pressing part136can be pressed from the notch to squeeze the application head133. Therefore, during use, a certain force can be applied to press or squeeze the pressing part136to apply the fluid to be applied to, for example, the skin of the user. FIG.14A-14Bshows a rectangular shaped elongated handle145of the fluid discharger and applicator device, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, as shown inFIG.14A, the rectangular shaped elongated handle145has a square or rectangular shaped cross section with an elongated cavity15within the handle145. In one instance, the cavity15is used to store the fluid such as the pre-shave oil for dispensing through the applicator.FIG.14Bshows the handle145with the cavity15being sealed with a closing member on top of the cavity15. In one instance, the closing member for sealing the top of the cavity15is detachable to fill the cavity15with the fluid or for cleaning purpose. In some other instances, the fluid is filled in the cavity15through an opening on a top or bottom portion or anywhere on the handle145. In a yet another instance, the cavity15is divided into one or more compartments for storing the fluid.FIG.14Cshows the elliptical shaped elongated handle145of the fluid discharger and applicator device. The elliptical shaped elongated handle145has an elliptical shaped cross section according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention. The handle145with the elliptical shaped cross section includes the cavity15, which is accessible through an opening on the handle145. In one instance, at least a portion of the handle145is transparent to allow the user to view a level of fluid left within the cavity15. Accordingly, various types of cross sections, such as circular, zigzag, etc., for the handle145can be formed to store desired amount of the fluid and to provide good, desired appearance to the fluid discharger and applicator device.FIG.14Dshows the fluid discharger and applicator device with the applicator142attached to the elliptical shaped elongated handle145shown inFIG.14C, according to an embodiment. The pre-shave oil or the fluid is stored within the cavity15of the elliptical shaped elongated handle145and is dispensed using the applicator142.FIG.14Eshows the fluid discharger and applicator device140with the applicator142attached to the rectangular shaped elongated handle145shown inFIGS.14A-14B, according to an embodiment. The pre-shave oil or the fluid is stored within the cavity15of the rectangular shaped elongated handle145and is dispensed using the applicator142. In one instance, the elliptical or rectangular shaped elongated handle145is provided with a button which is configured to be operable by a user by applying pressure to dispense the fluid from the cavity15. In a yet another instance, the cavity15within the elliptical or rectangular shaped elongated handle145can be filled with one or more readily available fluid cassettes to dispense the fluid through the applicator. FIG.16Gshows the fluid discharger and applicator device with its applicator152covered using a lid153, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In one instance, the lid153is detachably connected to the applicator152. The applicator152is provided with a pair of slots154as shown inFIG.16H. The lid153includes a pair of projections or engaging means as shown inFIG.16Ito detachably engage with the corresponding pair of slots154provided on the applicator152, thereby appropriately covering the applicator152. In a yet another instance, the applicator152is provided with a hinge on its top surface, the hinge is configured to receive the lid153. The lid153can be opened about the hinge as shown inFIG.16Jprior to use of the fluid discharger and applicator device and can be closed to cover the applicator152after use of the fluid discharger and applicator device, as shown inFIG.16K.FIG.15F-15Gshows the fluid discharger and applicator device150with its applicator152covered using a detachable lid153, according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention. The user can remove the lid153by pulling the lid153out of engagement from the applicator152prior to use of the fluid discharger and applicator device150. Further the user can cover the applicator152by placing the lid153over the applicator and pushing it to secure over the applicator152. In one instance, both the lid153and the applicator152are provided with complementary engaging mechanisms to secure the lid153over the applicator152. In one embodiment, the applicator162of the fluid discharger and applicator device is provided with a roller164as shown inFIG.16A. In one instance, the roller164is rotatably attached to the applicator162below the application head163. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the roller164is positioned in a recessed groove166on the applicator162, as shown inFIG.16B. In one instance, the roller164is rotatably fixed within the recessed groove166on the applicator162. In another instance, the roller164rotatably fixed within the recessed groove166on the applicator162is detachable. The roller164assists in application of a uniform layer of the fluid such as the pre-shave gel onto the skin of the user using the application head163. FIG.16C-16Eshows a first and second side perspective views and a front view of the fluid discharger and applicator device160, according to an embodiment. The applicator162of the fluid discharger and applicator device160is configured to operably receive the roller164within the recessed groove166below the application head163. In one instance, the handle165of the fluid discharger and applicator device160includes the cavity along the length of the handle165. The cavity within the handle165stores the pre-shave oil or gel or the fluid or the application fluid cassette and is dispensed through the opening on top of the handle165into the applicator162. In one instance, the handle165includes one or more openings which can be manually opened and closed to allow filling of the pre-shave oil or gel or the fluid. In one instance, the shell of the application head holding member is provided with a hole communicating with the fluid stored in the handle165in an end opposite to an open end exposed to the user. The channel provided within the handle165connects the cavity and the hole of the shell of the application head holding member, and the fluid or the fluid cassette is arranged so that the fluid is allowed to be pressed out and penetrated into the application head only when a pressure is applied at a corresponding portion of the handle165. In one embodiment, the handle165includes a button which when pressed by the user pushes the fluid from the cavity to the applicator162through the opening on top of the handle165. In a yet another embodiment, the user can press anywhere on the surface of the handle165, exterior to the cavity, to release the fluid from the cavity to the applicator162through the opening on top of the handle165. In one instance, the handle165with the cavity is permanently attached or fabricated to the applicator162. This allows easy transfer of the fluid from the cavity of the handle165to the applicator162through a continuous tubing or channel connecting the handle165and the applicator162. In a yet another instance, the handle165with the cavity is detachably connected to the applicator162. In such instances, both the handle165and the applicator162include holes, which get connected to form the continuous tubing or channel connecting the handle165and the applicator162when assembled. In one instance, a check valve is provided in the channel to control the flow of the fluid. The check valve gets opened when the user presses on the corresponding portion or the button of the handle165to dispense the fluid into the shell of the application head holding member. In certain instances, the exterior of the cavity, i.e. at the surface of the handle165, is transparent to enable the user to view a current level of the fluid stored in the handle165. FIG.16Fshows a front view of the fluid discharger and applicator device160shown inFIG.16Ewith the roller164attached to the applicator162, according to an embodiment. In certain instances, the applicator162is provided with the recessed groove166below the applicator head163to rotatably receive the roller164. The roller164assists in application of a uniform layer of the fluid such as the pre-shave gel onto the skin of the user using the application head163. In an alternate embodiment, the roller164rotatably attached to the applicator162is fed with the fluid through one or a pair of ends of the roller164operably engaged to the applicator162. The roller164is provided with a plurality of holes to dispense the fluid. This further helps in the application of a uniform layer of the fluid such as the pre-shave gel onto the skin of the user. In some instances, the roller164is attached with material similar to the applicator head163, i.e. capable of storing the fluid, for application of a uniform layer of the fluid such as the pre-shave gel onto the skin of the user. In one embodiment, the handle and the applicator can be connected by a detachable connection, such as a threaded connection or a snap-fit connection. In one embodiment, the handle may define a cavity therein, and the cavity is used to store the application fluid or the application fluid replacement device. The housing of the application head holding member is provided with an orifice in fluid communication with the cavity of the handle in the end opposite to the open end, and is used for conveying the fluid to be applied to the application head. In one embodiment, the handle may be provided with a channel connecting the cavity and the orifice of the housing of the applicator head holding member. The application fluid or application fluid replacement device is arranged such that only when a certain pressure is applied at the corresponding part on the handle, the application fluid can be pressed out, through the orifice or channel, and penetrated into the application head, readying for application to the skin. In one embodiment, a check valve or one-way valve may also be provided in the channel to prevent the fluid immersed in the applicator head from flowing back into the cavity of the handle. In one embodiment, the applicator head may be filled with application fluid in advance, and no application fluid is stored in the handle. In one embodiment, the fluid discharger and applicator device is a disposable device. The advantage of the fluid discharger and applicator device is capable of uniformly distributing or applying the fluid for treating the user's skin, or any surface. The device further efficiently utilizes the amount of fluid such as liquid, pre-shave lotion, gel, moisturizer, skin cream or paste to the user's skin. The device allows the low-viscosity fluids, which is applied for daily use in a convenient and hygienic way. The fluid discharger and applicator device assist for providing longevity, rejuvenating and younger looking skin. Further, the device could be used for any type of skin-based applications such as anti-aging skin care, etc. The foregoing descriptions comprise illustrative embodiments of the present invention. Having thus described exemplary embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted by those skilled in the art that the within disclosures are exemplary only, and that various other alternatives, adaptations, and modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention. Merely listing or numbering the steps of a method in a certain order does not constitute any limitation on the order of the steps of that method. Although specific terms may be employed herein, they are used only in generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments illustrated herein.

11857056

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION It has been found that the design of parts making up a dispensing package for controlled delivery of a viscous composition play an important role in enabling ease of applying the composition, preventing contact by hand. Specifically, when the composition is extruded through an orifice of the dispensing head above a predetermined height above the dispensing head, the extruded composition may separate from the remaining composition in the applicator and collapse onto the dispensing head. Collapsing of the extruded composition may result in an undesirable appearance on an exterior surface of the dispensing head. It has also been surprisingly found that providing a dispensing head designed with a plurality of dispensing orifices extending therethrough and having a first dispensing orifice axis inclined at an orifice acute angle relative to a plane extending along a center axis of the dispensing head so as to intersect the plane at a first point about a front surface of the dispensing head can help provide a controlled and stable extruded composition during dispensing. The present invention relates to a dispensing package and a method for controlled delivery of a viscous composition (hereinafter “composition”). The dispensing package is suitable for various uses, including but not limited to, dispensing a cream or soft solid type composition, such as pharmaceutical products, personal care products and cosmetic products. The following description referring to the figures is intended to provide non-limiting examples of the present invention. It should be understood that other embodiments are contemplated, including embodiments with additional, fewer or alternative features and different combinations of the features shown and/or described. In the following description, the dispensing package described is a consumer product, such as a personal care product, for dispensing a composition to a target surface to deliver a variety of benefits such as a therapeutic benefit or a cosmetic benefit. A personal care product may include but not limited to a cosmetic product, a therapeutic product or a deodorant product. However, it is contemplated that the dispensing package may be configured for use in a variety of applications to deliver compositions to the target surface and the dispensing package may include but is not limited to consumer products, such as, for example personal care products. In the following description, the composition described is a topical aromatic releasing composition containing petrolatum and one or more volatile aromatic compounds. All weights, measurements and concentrations herein are measured at 25° C. on the composition in its entirety, unless otherwise specified. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages of compositions referred to herein are weight percentages and all ratios are weight ratios. Unless otherwise indicated, all molecular weights are weight average molecular weights. Unless otherwise indicated, the content of all literature sources referred to within this text are incorporated herein in full by reference. Except where specific examples of actual measured values are presented, numerical values referred to herein should be considered to be qualified by the word “about”. Active and other ingredients useful herein may be categorized or described herein by their cosmetic and/or therapeutic benefit or their postulated mode of action. However, it is to be understood that the active and other ingredients useful herein can in some instances provide more than one cosmetic and/or therapeutic benefit or operate via more than one mode of action. Therefor classifications herein are made for the sake of convenience and are not intended to limit an ingredient to the particularly stated application or applications listed. Prior to describing the present invention in detail, the following terms are defined for clarity. Terms not defined should be given their ordinary meaning as understood by a skilled person in the relevant art. The term “dispensing orifice” as used herein refers to an opening in a dispensing head through which a composition is dispensed. The term “start dose” as used herein refers to an amount of a composition dispensed from a dispensing package according to the present invention at first use of the dispensing package. The term “dose” as used herein refers to an amount of a composition dispensed from a dispensing package according to the present invention at one time. The term “vertical orientation” as used herein, refers to a position of a dispensing package according to the present invention wherein the front surface of the dispensing head is facing the environment in an upward facing position. FIG.1is a perspective view of a dispensing package1for controlled delivery of a viscous composition (hereinafter “composition”). In the following description the components of the dispensing package are molded from thermoplastic polymers suitable for injection molding and chemically compatible with the composition as described hereinafter. However, it is contemplated that the components may be made of any material depending on the manufacturing techniques and chemistry of the composition contained in the dispensing package1. Referring toFIG.1, the dispensing package1comprises a dispensing applicator2. The dispensing applicator2comprises a container4containing a composition and a dispensing head6disposed about at least a portion of the container4to define an outer end8of the dispensing applicator2. A cap9can be attached to the dispensing head6to prevent dust and other contaminates from settling thereon. The cap9may be made of a transparent plastic material as shown inFIG.1or may be made of an opaque or translucent plastic material. However, the cap9may also be made of other materials capable of being shaped to cover the dispensing head6, the materials including but not limited to metal, wood, silicone materials, and combinations thereof. Further, a releasable adhesive seal5may be placed on the dispensing head6. The releasable adhesive seal5functions as a protective barrier to prevent the composition from being exposed to air prior to use of the dispensing package1. Specifically, the releasable adhesive seal5may be sized and shaped for covering dispensing orifices30described hereinafter with reference toFIGS.2A,2B,3and4. FIG.2Ais a top view of the dispensing head6ofFIG.1. The dispensing head6has a front surface20and a plurality of dispensing orifices30extending therethrough. The dispensing head6may comprise three dispensing orifices30spaced apart on the front surface20. At least one of the dispensing orifices30includes a front open end50having a front centroid52on the front surface20. The dispensing orifices30may be positioned on the front surface20and spaced apart with a front centroid-to-front centroid distance D from 4 mm to 12 mm, from 5 mm to 10 mm, from 6 mm to 8 mm, or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above. A Y-axis may be drawn through the front centroid52on the top view of the dispensing head6, and the dispensing orifices30may be positioned on the front surface20and spaced apart relative to a distance from the Y-axis. The dispensing head6may comprise a diameter53of 20 to 80 mm, from 30 to 60 mm, from 35 to 50 mm or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above. As shown inFIG.2A, each or at least one of the dispensing orifices30may comprise a wave shape. However, it is contemplated that the dispensing orifices30may be of any shape which provides for uniform application and distribution of the composition. Specifically, the front open end50of the dispensing orifice30may comprise two edges50A,50B spaced apart to define a gap comprising a width (W1shown inFIG.2B). The edges50A and50B may be substantially parallel to each other and each comprises a length. Each opposing end of the edges50A,50B are joined by a convex curve50C and a concave curve50D to form a tip31A,31B of the dispensing orifice30. FIG.2Bis a detailed view of the dispensing orifice30ofFIG.2A. The dispensing orifice30may comprise a dispensing orifice aspect ratio defined by a length (L1) defined between tip31A and31B to the width (W1) of the gap between the edges50A,50B. The dispensing orifice aspect ratio may be from 5:1 to 2:1, preferably 4:1 to 3:1, more preferably 4:1 or different combinations of the upper and lower limits described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above. At least one of the dispensing orifices30may comprise a width W1of from 1 to 8 mm, preferably 2 to 6 mm, more preferably from 3 to 5 mm, and a length L1of from 9 to 15 mm, preferably 10 to 13 mm, more preferably 11 to 12 mm or different combinations of the upper and lower limits described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above. FIG.3is a section view of the dispensing head6ofFIG.2Aat the section line B-B. The front surface20of the dispensing head6has a front surface centroid22and an opposing rear surface24having a rear surface centroid26. A center axis100is extending through the front surface centroid22and the rear surface centroid24and a plane200extending along the center axis100. The dispensing orifice30further comprises a rear open end54having a back centroid56on the rear surface24. The dispensing head6comprises a first dispensing orifice60, a second dispensing orifice70, and a third dispensing orifice80. The first dispensing orifice60comprises a first dispensing orifice axis600inclined at a first orifice acute angle α1(degrees) relative to the plane200, so as to intersect the plane200at a first point P1above the front surface20. A technical effect of the first dispensing orifice axis600is that it enables dispensing of the composition upon rotation of a gripping portion operatively coupled to the dispensing applicator2through the first dispensing orifice60in the form of a unitary composition structure of the composition. An advantage of having a unitary structure is that a dosing of the composition may be metered and thus controlled dispensing of the composition to suit different consumer needs and usage patterns. Referring toFIG.3, the first dispensing orifice60includes a first dispensing orifice wall having a first orifice side62A distal from and inclined at an acute angle relative to the center axis100, and a second orifice side62B opposite the first orifice side62A. The second orifice side62B is less inclined relative to the first orifice side62A and a technical effect of having the sides62A,62B inclined at different angles relative to the center axis100is to guide dispensing of the composition to converge at the first point P1as shown in the Example. Further, having the inclined orifice sides also improve moldability of the dispensing head6, i.e. ease of release of the dispensing head6from the molding tool. The second dispensing orifice70may comprise a second dispensing orifice axis700substantially parallel to the center axis100. The second dispensing orifice axis700may be adjacent to the center axis100, or along the center axis100. The second dispensing orifice70may comprise a second dispensing orifice wall having orifice sides72A,72B designed in an symmetric way to the first dispensing orifice wall relative to the center axis100so that the same technical effect is achieved to obtain the composition delivery and/or moldability improvement advantages. The third dispensing orifice80may comprise a third dispensing orifice axis800substantially inclined at a second orifice acute angle α2(degrees) relative to the plane200, so as to intersect the plane200at a first point (P1) above the front surface20. The third dispensing orifice80may comprise a third dispensing orifice wall having orifice sides82A,82B designed in an symmetric way to the first dispensing orifice wall relative to the center axis100so that the same technical effect is achieved to obtain the composition delivery and/or moldability improvement advantages. It will be appreciated that the unitary composition structure may be generated with any two of the first dispensing orifice60, the second dispensing orifice70and the third dispensing orifice80. The first orifice acute angle α1may be from 1 degree to 70 degrees, from 2 to 50 degrees, from 3 to 40 degrees, from 5 to 30 degrees, from 5 to 20 degrees, or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above relative to the plane200. The second orifice acute angle α2may be equal to or different from the first orifice acute angle α1. Specifically, the first and second orifice acute angles α1, α2may be configured such that the first dispensing orifice60is opposed to the third dispensing orifice80with the second dispensing orifice70intermediate the first and third dispensing orifices60,80to converge towards the center axis100to create the unitary composition structure14A. The front open ends50of the first, second and third dispensing orifices60,70,80may comprise a total orifice cross-sectional area SA1at the front surface20, and the front surface20has a remaining front surface area SA2. SA1may be less than or equal to SA2, SA1may be from 5% to 49%, from 10% to 40%, from 15% to 30%, of SA2or different combinations of the upper and lower percentages described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above. SA1may be from about 80 mm2 to about 150 mm2, from about 85 mm2 to about 110 mm2 or different combinations of the upper and lower areas described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above. Further, a front open end cross-sectional area SA3of the front open end50of the first dispensing orifice60may be less than or equal to a rear open end cross-sectional area SA4of the rear open end54of the first dispensing orifice60. The front end cross-section area SA3of the first dispensing orifice (60) may be less than the rear open end cross-sectional area SA4 The front open end cross-section area SA3may be from 10 mm2 to 100 mm2, or adapted to provide a desired dose per rotation of a gripping portion. Still further, a front open end cross-sectional area SA5of the second dispensing orifice70may be substantially equal to a front open end cross-sectional area SA3of the front open end50of the first dispensing orifice60. The cross-sectional areas described hereinbefore are not illustrated in the figures. However, it will be appreciated that the front and back centroids52,56and dimensions of above described features of the dispensing head6may be determined using conventional techniques including CAD (Computer Aided Design) software tools and standard measurement techniques and is described hereinafter under Test Methods, Feature Measurement Method and Example. The dispensing head6may be designed to be integral with the container4or it could be designed as a separate unitary component from the container4. FIG.4is a perspective view of a unitary dispensing head40according to the present invention. Specifically, the dispensing head40has substantially the same features as the dispensing head6ofFIG.2Aand differs in the design of the dispensing orifices and shape of the dispensing head. The dispenser head40may be configured to be fixedly attached to the container4if the dispensing package1is a single use disposable product. The dispensing head40may also be releasably attached to the container4. Having the dispensing head40manufactured as a separate component enables ease of flexibility in providing different product executions, such as for example if the container4containing the composition is sold as a refill for the dispensing package1. Specifically, the dispensing head40comprises a front surface41, a plurality of dispensing orifices30extending therethrough, and a side wall42extending from the front surface41for circumscribing at least a part of the container4ofFIG.1. The front surface41of the dispensing head40may be generally curved or flat or any shape configured for adapting to a profile of the target surface on which the composition is applied. Specifically, at least a front portion of the front surface41may be curved to define a curved front surface portion43having a curvature radius R from 10 mm to 100 mm, from 20 mm to 90 mm, from 30 mm to 80 mm, from 40 mm to 70 mm, or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above, relative to a center point below the front surface41. A front portion43having the specified curvature radius R provides a curved profile that enables a smoother touch by minimizing contact of edges of the dispensing orifices30against the skin of the consumer. Further, a dispensing head with a curved profile having the above curvature radius (R) also conforms well to any shape of a target surface of the human body to which the composition is applied and improves a feel experience upon contacting the dispensing head6to the target surface. The side wall42may comprise a ledge44for receiving a cap such as the cap9ofFIG.1. The cap may be engaged to the dispensing head40through a threaded portion (not shown) arranged to engage with dispensing head screw threads (not shown) circumferentially disposed about the side wall42. The cap may also be engaged by a full or partial snap bead circumferentially disposed about the side wall42, a friction fit, or other conventional means. The dispensing head40may comprise from four to eight dispensing orifices, wherein the dispensing orifices may be spaced apart, equally spaced apart, or radially spaced described hereinafter with respect toFIGS.5,6and7. Alternative Designs of Dispensing Orifices FIG.5is a perspective view of a dispensing head102with a plurality of an alternative design of dispensing orifices104for a dispensing package according to the present invention. The dispensing head102ofFIG.5comprises substantially the same features as the dispensing head6ofFIG.1and differs only in the shape of the dispensing head, the number and shape of the dispensing orifices and the angle of the dispensing orifice axis. Specifically, the dispensing head102comprises a plurality of dispensing orifices104radially spaced apart on a front surface106of the dispensing head102. The dispensing orifices104each have a substantially circular shape. FIG.6is a side section view of the dispensing head102at section line C-C. At least one of the dispensing orifices104may comprise a diameter Ø from 1 to 10 mm, from 2 to 8 mm, from 3 to 6 mm. FIG.7is a detailed view of Detail C in the side section view of the dispensing head102ofFIG.6. Referring toFIG.7, the dispensing head102comprises a first dispensing orifice108, a second dispensing orifice110, and a third dispensing orifice112. The first dispensing orifice108comprises a first dispensing orifice axis600inclined at a first orifice acute angle β1(degrees) relative to a plane comprising the center axis100, so as to intersect the plane at a first point (not shown) above a front surface106. A technical effect of the first dispensing orifice axis600is that it enables dispensing of the composition, upon rotation of a gripping portion of the dispensing package, through the first dispensing orifice108in the form of a unitary composition structure of the composition. An advantage of having a unitary structure is that a dosing of the composition may be metered and thus controlled dispensing of the composition to suit different consumer needs and usage patterns. The first dispensing orifice108may comprise a first dispensing orifice wall having orifice sides designed in a symmetric way to the first dispensing orifice wall relative to the center axis100so that the same technical effect is achieved to obtain the moldability improvement advantages. The second dispensing orifice110may comprise a second dispensing orifice axis700substantially parallel to the center axis100. The second dispensing orifice axis700may be adjacent to the center axis100, or along the center axis100. The second dispensing orifice110may comprise a second dispensing orifice wall having orifice sides designed in a symmetric way to the first dispensing orifice wall relative to the center axis100so that the same technical effect is achieved to obtain the moldability improvement advantages. The third dispensing orifice112may comprise a third dispensing orifice axis800substantially inclined at a second orifice acute angle α2(degrees) relative to the plane, so as to intersect the plane at a first point above the front surface20. The third dispensing orifice112may comprise a third dispensing orifice wall having orifice sides designed in a symmetric way to the first dispensing orifice wall relative to the center axis100so that the same technical effect is achieved to obtain the moldability improvement advantages. It will be appreciated that the unitary composition structure may be generated with any two of the first dispensing orifice108, the second dispensing orifice110and the third dispensing orifice112. The first orifice acute angle β1may be from 1 degree to 70 degrees, from 2 to 50 degrees, from 3 to 40 degrees, from 5 to 30 degrees, from 5 to 20 degrees, or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above relative to the plane. The second orifice acute angle β2may be equal to or different from the first orifice acute angle β1. Specifically, the first and second orifice acute angles β1, β2may be configured such that the first dispensing orifice108is opposed to the third dispensing orifice112with the second dispensing orifice110intermediate the first and third dispensing orifices108,112to converge towards the center axis100to create the unitary composition structure. It will be appreciated that the dimensions and shapes of the features of the dispensing orifices in the dispensing head described and shown hereinbefore are only examples of one or more configurations, and any variety of dimensions and shapes may define the dispensing orifice as long as the design of the dispensing orifice provides an inclined dispensing orifice which enables the composition to converge to a point above the front surface. Details of how the dispensing orifices30and the dispensing head6is implemented in a dispensing package1according to the present invention is described with reference toFIG.8.FIG.8is a side section view of the dispensing package1ofFIG.1taken at section A-A. The container4comprises an inner wall403defining an interior chamber12for containing a viscous composition14. The dispensing orifices30is in fluid communication with the composition14contained within the interior chamber12. The interior chamber12may comprise a volume from about 10 milliliters (ml) to about 200 ml, from 40 ml to about 150 ml, from about 60 ml to about 120 ml or different combinations of the upper and lower percentages described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above. The interior chamber12may comprise a head space, a cross-sectional area of 15 cm2 and an axial length of 50 mm for containing 50 ml or 50 grams of the composition14. The dispensing package1may comprise an elevator32, and an actuator system37for driving the elevator32towards the dispensing head6. The actuator system37comprises a feed screw38and a gripping portion39operably coupled to the feed screw38. It is contemplated that the feed screw38and the gripping portion39may be directly coupled or attached together through by known means such as a collar (not shown) which prevent separation or rotation of the feed screw38relative to the gripping portion39. The actuator assembly37is operably connected to the elevator32wherein rotation of the gripping portion39advances the elevator32towards the dispensing head6. The dispensing package1may further comprise a gasket for sealing a junction between the feed screw38and the elevator32. The container4has a centrally located hole402located at a base of the container4for receiving the feed screw38. The interior chamber12comprises a volume, wherein the volume of the interior chamber12may be defined as a product of its cross-sectional area and an effective distance between the elevator32and the rear surface24of the dispensing head6. The elevator32is axially movable within an interior chamber12of the container4in a direction parallel to the center axis100. The elevator32may have a cross-sectional area corresponding to the cross-sectional area of the interior chamber12. The elevator32further comprises an elevator platform and a coupling sleeve34centrally disposed in the elevator platform for coupling to the feed screw38. The elevator platform may comprise an elevator base321and an elevator top322spaced apart from the elevator base321to define a height of the elevator platform wherein the elevator top322has a surface upon which the composition14is disposed. The coupling sleeve34has a threaded section35for engaging the feed screw38and a non-threaded section36for connecting to the gripping portion39.FIG.3shows the elevator32in a ground position proximal to a container base401of the container4. A bottom of the interior chamber12is defined by a position of the elevator top322relative to the feed screw38as the elevator32moves toward the dispensing head6, and according a volume of the head space13changes. The elevator32may further comprise a peripheral wall323extending between the elevator top322and the elevator base321wherein the peripheral wall323is configured for engaging the inner wall403of the container4. The peripheral wall323may have an upper sealable end and a lower sealable end which bears against the inner wall403so as to create a seal between the interior chamber12and the container base401. As the elevator32is threadably connected to the feed screw38that is connected to the gripping portion39, the elevator32is movable relative to the inner wall403of the container4upon rotation of the gripping portion39to displace the composition14along the center axis100and through the dispensing orifices30of the dispensing head6. The dispensing package1may be sized and shaped to allow the dispensing package1to be portable for travel. The dispensing package1may be sized and shaped to fit comfortably in the palm of the hand. The dispensing package1may have an aspect ratio (applicator width W:applicator length L) of at least 1:5, preferably from 1:5 to 1:1, more preferably from 1:4 to 1:1, even more preferably from 1:3 to 1:2, even yet more preferably 1:3. The container4, the feed screw38and the elevator32may be molded from polypropylene or other suitable material compatible with the composition14. Specifically, the feed screw38and the elevator32may be molded from a polymer selected from the group consisting of: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, blend of polyphenylene ether and polystryrene, high density polyethylene, nylon, styrene acrylonitrile, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, polybutylene terephthalate, and mixtures thereof. Method The present invention also relates to a method of delivering a dose of the composition14on a target surface, the method comprising the steps of providing a dispensing package1according to the present invention and moving the elevator32of the dispensing package1to advance the composition14upstream from the rear surface24to the front surface20to enable controlled delivery of a composition14on a target surface. To explain the way the dispensing orifices30and the actuator system37work to provide a controlled delivery of a composition14according to the present invention, it is helpful to understand how the composition14and the elevator32are advanced in operation. The method of delivering a composition14according to the present invention is described with reference toFIGS.9A,9B and9Cwhich are schematic drawings illustrating the movement of the elevator32and the composition14thereon. InFIGS.9A,9B and9C, the dispensing package1is in a substantially vertical orientation. The interior chamber12of the container4is partially filled with the composition14with a headspace in the interior chamber.FIG.9Aillustrates a first step9A of the method in which the elevator32is in a “ground” position wherein the elevator base321is proximal to a container base401of the container4.FIG.9Billustrates a second step9B of the method in which the elevator32is moved axially within the interior chamber12in a direction Y1parallel to the center axis100andFIG.9Cillustrates a third step5C of the method in which the composition14is extruded through the dispensing orifices30into the atmosphere and above the front surface20of the dispensing head6. Referring toFIG.9A, the elevator top322may be shaped to conform to a shape of the rear surface24of the dispensing head6so that most of the composition14will be dispensed when the elevator32is advanced to the dispensing head6. In operation, as the user rotates the gripping portion39, there is a first axial displacement H1of the feed screw38and the elevator32as shown inFIG.9B. As a result of the axial displacement H1, the elevator32travels in an upward direction such that the elevator base321is distal to the container base401. The composition14is also carried by the elevator32towards the rear surface24of the dispensing head6. The gripping portion39may comprise a plurality of ridges (not shown) on the exterior of the gripping portion39wherein the ridges may be configured to provide a textured feel and increased friction during handling of the dispensing package1thereby improving a gripping action. For example, having an improved gripping action may facilitate users when rotating the gripping portion39to dispense the composition14on a target surface. Referring toFIG.9C, further rotation of the gripping portion39causes the elevator32to advance by a second axial displacement H2, wherein H2is greater than H1and H2is an effective distance enough to extrude at least a portion of the composition14through the dispensing orifices30into the atmosphere thereby forming an extruded portion140of the composition14. As the extruded portion140of the composition14is a self-supporting structure and does not collapse onto the front surface20of the dispensing head6, this minimizes mess between each use and enables a controlled delivery of the composition14to a target surface. In the Examples described hereinafter, results indicating the height of the extruded portion140of the composition14at each rotation demonstrate structural stability of the composition when dispensed using the dispensing applicator according to the present invention. Composition Active and other ingredients useful herein may be categorized or described herein by their cosmetic and/or therapeutic benefit or their postulated mode of action. However, it is to be understood that the active and other ingredients useful herein can in some instances provide more than one cosmetic and/or therapeutic benefit or operate via more than one mode of action. Therefore, classifications herein are made for the sake of convenience and are not intended to limit an ingredient to the particularly stated application or applications listed. The composition14may be a personal care composition adapted in any form suitable for consumer use for application to a target surface. The composition14may be formulated as a leave-on composition or a rinse-off composition. As used herein, “leave-on compositions” includes products that are intended to be applied to a bodily surface of a consumer such as the skin or hair and maintained on the surface for a prolonged time, preferably at least 5 minutes, more preferably at least 30 minutes, without being actively removed by washing, rinsing, wiping, rubbing or other forms of mechanical removal. As used herein, “rinse-off compositions” includes compositions that are intended to be applied to a bodily surface of a consumer, such as the skin or hair, and subsequently removed by washing, rinsing, wiping, rubbing or other forms of mechanical removal within less than 5 minutes of application. The composition14may be formulated as a lotion, a cream, a gel, an ointment, or a paste. The composition14may comprise a viscosity from at least 1 centistoke (cSt), from about 1 to 30 cSt, from about 3 to about 20 cSt, from about 3 to about 15 cSt or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above when measured at 100° C. Viscosity herein is measured on the composition using method ASTM D-445. The viscosity as described hereinbefore enables a more stable structure of the composition14when dispensed through the dispensing orifices30such as shown in the experimental data described hereinafter under EXAMPLES. The composition14may comprise:a) from 0.01% to 15% of an essential oil;b) from 0.01% to 10% of a terpene material;c) a carrier; andd) optionally from 0.0001% to 0.01% of an auxiliary fragrance material different from the essential oil. The carrier may be any material capable of carrying and delivering the fragrance materials herein in a stable and consumer-aesthetic form. Such carriers must also be suitable for application to the skin, hair, oral mucosa, preferably the skin (i.e. topical application), more preferably sensitive skin such as that of a baby. Suitable carriers include C2to C6monohydric alcohols, petrolatum, fluid silicone materials such as dimethicones, or mixtures thereof. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 99.9799%, from about 40% to about 95%, more preferably still from about 50% to about 93% or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above of a carrier by weight of the composition. Specifically, the carrier may be petrolatum and the composition may comprise from about 40% to about 95%, from 70% to about 90%, or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above of petrolatum by weight of the composition. The petrolatum may comprise a viscosity of 1 to 30 centistokes (cSt), from 2 to 20 cSt, from 3 to 15 cSt, from 5 to 10 cSt or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above when measured at 100° C. based on ASTM D-445. The composition14may comprise an essential oil selected from the group consisting of menthol, camphor, eucalyptol and mixtures thereof. The essential oil may be in an amount from about 0.1% to about 30%, from about 0.5% to about 20%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 1.5% to 10% or different combinations of the upper and lower percentages described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above, by weight of the composition. The essential oil may comprise eucalyptol. Eucalyptol is also known as 1,8-cineole, and is a terpene-like material isolated from and named for eucalyptus essential oil. Eucalyptol is widely found in essential oils and used in synthetic fragrances in varying amounts. It is thought to be an important component of eucalyptus oil and other essential oils, and responsible for a wide variety of activities and fragrances associated therewith. Eucalyptol generally has a chemical structure as set out below: The composition14may comprise from about 0.01% to about 15% of eucalyptol. Preferably the composition14may comprise from about 0.1% to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 8%, from about 0.5% to about 5% or different combinations of the upper and lower numerical values described above or combinations of any integer in the ranges listed above of eucalyptol by weight of the composition. Eucalyptol is commercially available extracted from natural sources such as eucalyptus oil. Suitable examples of commercially available sources include eucalyptol available from Symrise (UK), Frey and Lau (UK) or FDL (UK). The composition14may further comprise a terpene material. Said terpene material comprises α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, para-cymene or mixtures thereof. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the terpene material is useful herein, in combination with the allergenic fragrance material, for generating the characteristic fragrance notes, and providing effects such as relaxation, calming, muscle relaxation and analgesia associated with essential oils such as eucalyptus, rosemary and lavender. The composition14may comprise from about 0.01% to about 10%, from about 0.1% to about 6%, from about 0.5% to about 5%, from 0.5% to 4% of a terpene material by weight of the composition. The terpene material may be selected from the group consisting of α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, para-cymene and mixtures thereof. The above terpene materials correspond to the chemicals having the structure as set out in the table below. NameStructureα-pineneß-pineneα-phellandrenePara-cymene The composition14may comprise from about 0.0001% to about 0.01% of an auxiliary fragrance material. The auxiliary fragrance material may be selected from the group consisting of: amyl cinnamal, benzyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, citral, eugenol, hydroxy-citronellal, isoeugenol, amylcin-namyl alcohol, benzyl-salicylate, cinnamal, coumarin, geraniol, hydroxy-methylpentylcyclohexanecarboxaldehyde, anisyl alcohol, benzyl cinnamate, farnesol, 2(4-tert-butylbenzylpropionaldehyde), linalool, benzyl benzoate, citronellol, hexyl cinnam-aldehyde, limonene, methyl heptin carbonate, 3-methyl-4-(2,6,6-tri-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one, and mixtures thereof. The auxiliary fragrance material may comprise limonene, linalool, benzyl alcohol, geraniol or mixtures thereof. The terpene material and the auxiliary fragrance material may be formulated in the composition in ratios that enable the materials to act synergistically to provide fragrance and active benefits, whilst not generating a sensitivity-type response. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that both the auxiliary fragrance materials and terpene materials are essential to elicit the consumer response to essential oils, however, the combination herein allows the amount of auxiliary fragrance material present to be limited whilst still providing fragrance and active benefits. Preferably the ratio of terpene material to auxiliary fragrance material is from about 1:1 to about 1:10000, more preferably from about 1:10 to about 1:1000. The following examples are intended to more fully illustrate the present invention and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention since many variations thereof are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention. All parts, percentages and ratios used herein are expressed as percent weight unless otherwise specified. Examples Test equipment/materials and test composition are first described under Materials, then Test Methods are provided, and lastly results are discussed. Data is provided demonstrating the dispensing package of the present invention having improved delivery of a composition. Equipment and materials used in the Test Methods described hereinafter are listed in Table 1 below. The formulation of the test composition is provided in Table 2 below. Materials TABLE 1Equipment/MaterialsComponentExampleWeighing ScaleConventional Weighing ScaleCompositionTest CompositionWeight-37 gramsDispensing PackageAs shown in FIG. 8Dispensing HeadAs shown in FIGS. 2, 3Dispensing OrificeAs shown in FIGS. 2, 3 The test composition evaluated is an aromatic releasing ointment commercially available as Vicks® VapoRub™ Cough Suppressant Topical Analgesic Ointment from Procter & Gamble (Record ID 6404813 on Mintel website at the following link—https://www.gnpd.com/sinatra/recordpage/6404813/?utm_source=fed_search). The formulation example of the test composition is provided in Table 2 below. It will be appreciated other compositions suitable for use in the dispensing package may be formulated using techniques known to those skilled in the art and the following example is illustrative only, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. TABLE 2Test Composition% by weight ofIngredientChemical Namethe compositionCarrierPetrolatum70% to 90%Essential OilCamphor4.8%Essential OilEucalyptus oil1.2%Essential OilMenthol2.6%Other ingredients notUp to 100%disclosed by manufacturerTotal100%pH (1% solution)7 to 9Viscosity (Centistokes @ 1004 to 12degrees Celsius as determinedby ASTM D-445) Dispensing Efficacy Test Method This test method is used to evaluate a dispensing efficacy of a dispensing applicator according to the present invention. The test method is performed under the following test conditions: at an average temperature of 20° C. to 24° C. and an average % relative humidity of 30% to 60%. The steps for performing the test include:Step 1: The weight of the dispensing applicator and the composition individually is measured using a weighing scale.Step 2: The dispensing applicator is filled with 37 grams of the Test Composition.Step 3: The weight of the dispensing applicator containing the composition is measured using a weighing scale.Step 4: The gripping portion39of the dispensing applicator2is rotated five (5) times to advance the composition to the rear surface of the dispensing head (due to the head space of the interior chamber) to define a “ground” position of the elevator before a “start dose”. An exemplary “ground” position is illustrated inFIG.9B.Step 5: To dispense a single dose of the composition, the gripping portion39of the dispensing applicator2is rotated to axially advance the feed screw such that there is an extruded portion of the composition above the front surface defining an unitary composition structure. An exemplary extruded portion140is shown inFIG.9C.Step 6: The height of the unitary composition structure is measured by measuring a distance between the tip of the extruded portion140to the front surface20.Step 7: The unitary composition structure is wiped off to prepare for the next application.Step 8: The weight of the applicator and composition is measured at each rotation after the start dose.Step 9: Steps 5 to 8 are repeated until a minimum level of composition is dispensed.Step 10: The weight of remaining composition in the applicator is measured. Feature Measurement Method Dimensional features of the dispensing package and components may be measured using commercially available measurement systems. An exemplary measurement method for measurement of dimensional features of a physical component may comprise the following steps:Step 1: Scan the physical component with commercially available 3D scanning software;Step 2: Generate cad data based on the scanned physical component;Step 3: Convert the cad data into a CAD software readable format, e.g. Catia software readable format.Step 4: Measure dimensional features of the cad data in the CAD software. Example Table 3 shows a relation between each rotation, weight of the composition and a height of the extruded portion of the composition above the front surface at one time. TABLE 3Height of the unitaryWeight of thecompositionWeight ofunitaryAverage weightstructure relative toCompositioncompositionof unitarythe front surface asin thestructure ascompositionshown in FIG. 9Ccontainershown instructure perRotation(mm)(grams)FIG. 9C (grams)rotation (grams)069.70112.868.2461.45522.866.5451.7011.832.864.791.75542.862.9981.79252.861.2781.72062.859.4701.80872.857.7011.76982.855.9321.76992.854.0551.877102.852.2651.790112.850.4781.787122.848.6391.839132.846.8201.819142.845.0051.815152.843.1651.840162.841.3391.826172.839.5911.748182.837.7821.809192.835.9511.831202.835.6200.331Remaining2.900weight ofComposition inthe applicator(grams) The above results of the height of the composition show that dispensing the composition14using a dispensing applicator2with dispensing orifices30according to the present invention enables a stable unitary composition structure14A to be delivered to a target surface per rotation. The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.” Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.

11857057

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In order to make the above and other objects, features and advantages of the utility model more obvious and understandable, a detailed description is made below for the preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. The bottom in this application refers to a part of the whole container proximate to the bottom cover, and the top is opposite to the bottom. The lower end in this application refers to an end of the accommodating box proximate to the bottom cover, and the lower end is opposite to the upper end, “The plurality of” in this application means a valve of one, two and more than two. Embodiment 1 Referring toFIGS.1to26, this embodiment provides a replacement type container, which includes a replacement type component400, a base500, a bottom cover200and a rotating component300. An accommodating cavity is provided in the replacement component400, and a first clasp451is provided at a bottom of the replacement component400. A second clasp530corresponding to the first clasp451is provided on the base500, so that the first clasp451and the second clasp530can be snapped or separated by a relative rotation of the replacement component400and the base500. The bottom cover200is provided with a first through hole201and is snapped with a lower end of the replacement component400. The rotating component300includes a base310and a screw330. The screw330is fixed on the base310, and the base310is provided with a third clasp311for snapping with a hole edge of the first through hole201; and the screw330passes through the first through hole201and is connected with the base500so that a rotation of the screw330causes the base500to move so as to lift the replacement component400. As shown inFIGS.2to5, in this embodiment, the replacement type container further includes a top cover100, and the replacement component400is arranged in a cavity formed by snapping the top cover100and the bottom cover200, and the base310is arranged in a cavity formed by snapping the base500and the bottom cover200. An entire shape of the replacement type container of this embodiment is elliptic cylindrical, and a shape of the top cover100is an ellipsoid segment, that is, a shape of a part cut off from an ellipsoid like the “spherical segment shaped”. A shape of the replacement component400is set according to the shape of the whole container, and is also an elliptic cylindrical. When the replacement component400is rotated, the replacement component400and the bottom cover200are misaligned, as shown inFIG.11, which facilitate rotation. Moreover, the entire shape is jointly determined by shapes of the top cover100and the bottom cover200. After the whole container is covered with the top cover100, exposed parts are only the top cover100, the bottom cover200and the rotating bottom cover320, which is simple and elegant in appearance and convenient for storage. Furthermore, as shown inFIG.14andFIG.15, the replacement type container further includes a threaded pushing tube600which is threadedly matched with the screw330, a top of the threaded pushing tube600is detachably connected with the bottom of the replacement component400, and the threaded pushing tube600and the base500are respectively provided with a guide and a rail mutually matched with each other so that the screw330is connected with the base500, and a rotation of the screw330causes the base500to move, and the rotation of the screw330drives the threaded pushing tube600which is threadedly matched with the screw330to move, while the threaded pushing tube can only move in a preset rail direction under an action of the guide and the rail; in this embodiment, the guide and the rail are both arranged along an axial direction of the screw330, so that the threaded pushing tube600moves along the axial direction, thereby driving the base500to move along the axial direction, that is, to lift. The guide is a guide bar630attached to an outer wall of the cylindrical threaded pushing tube600, the guide bar is arranged along an axial direction of the threaded pushing tube600and extends from a lower end of the threaded pushing tube600. In this embodiment, the bottom of the replacement component400is also provided with a fourth clasp431and the top of the threaded pushing tube600is provided with a fifth clasp610corresponding to the fourth clasp431, so that the fourth clasp431and the fifth clasp610can be snapped or separated with each other by a relative rotation of the replacement component400and the threaded pushing tube600, and a provision of the fourth clasp431and the fifth clasp further stabilizes the installation of the replacement component400. The top of the threaded pushing tube600is provided with axially symmetrically distributed second notches620, and the second notches620are arranged between every adjacent fifth clasps, the second notch formed by recessing downward (towards the bottom cover200) an upper end of the threaded pushing tube600. In this embodiment, there are two second notches which are oppositely disposed and two fifth clasps which are also oppositely disposed. Rails distributed along the radial direction are also provided on an inner wall of the top of the threaded pushing tube600. The rails are located below the fifth clasps; a bottom of the bottom plate430is provided with a bulge432, and a lower end of the bulge432is provided with a fourth clasp431. After an extension portion of the fourth clasp431extends into the second notch and then rotates along the rail, the fourth clasp431is snapped with the fifth clasp. The fifth clasp in this embodiment is formed by extending an edge of the upper end of the threaded pushing tube600inward (toward a central axis of the threaded pushing tube600). An inner wall of the lower end of the threaded pushing tube600is also provided with threads640for threaded connection with the screw330. As shown inFIG.26, in this embodiment, there are four third clasps on the base310axially symmetrically distributed around the screw330, and there is a gap between adjacent third clasps. The first through hole201is a circular through hole, and each of the third clasps includes an extension portion and a snapping portion, the extension portion extends from the base310and radially along the circular through hole, and the snapping portion is formed by bending a top end of the extension portion outward (away from a central axis of the screw330). After the extension portion extends into the circular through hole, the snapping portion snaps a hole edge of the circular through hole. As shown mFIG.16toFIG.18, the rotating component300further includes a rotating bottom cover320. The rotating bottom cover320and the base310are respectively provided with a clasp314and a snapping groove322mutually matched with each other. The clasp and the snapping groove are respectively arranged at edges around the rotating bottom cover320and the base310, and a lower side of the base310is provided with a cylindrical rotating block312, and a bottom of the rotating block312is provided with a rotation preventing rib313matched with a rotation preventing rib321on an inner wall of the rotating bottom cover320so as to ensure that these two parts rotate synchronously. As shown inFIG.20andFIG.21, in this embodiment, a middle of the bottom cover200is recessed inwards (towards a direction to the top cover100) and the first through hole201is arranged at this recess, the rotary bottom cover320is snapped with the base310passing through the first through hole201, and the rotary bottom cover320is hidden in a recess202in the middle of the bottom cover200. In this embodiment, A bottommost end of the rotary bottom cover320can be flush with a bottommost end of the bottom cover200, which is convenient for the container to stand and place, and the recess can be a U-shaped recess, thus reserving a space for the rotary bottom cover320to rotate. A shape of the rotary bottom cover320is spherical segment shaped, and a diameter of the rotary bottom cover320is equal to a width of the bottom cover200. When viewed from the top, the rotary bottom cover320is shielded by the top cover100. The bottom of the replacement component400in this embodiment is shown inFIG.9, and the replacement component400includes an accommodating box450and a bottom plate430. The bottom of the accommodating box450is shown inFIG.22, which is provided with a first clasp451, and the first clasp451is connected with the inner wall of the accommodating box450by a reinforcing rib453. There are two first clasps451, and grooves452are arranged between every two first clasps451. The two first clasps451are oppositely disposed and the grooves are also oppositely disposed. The two first clasps451and the two grooves are respectively axially symmetrically distributed in a middle of the bottom of the accommodating box450. A top of the accommodating box450is defined with an opening, the bottom plate430is arranged at a bottom of the accommodating box450, the bottom of the accommodating box450is defined with a third through hole. The fourth clasp431of the bottom plate430passes through the third through hole and is snapped with the fifth clasp. The replacement component400further includes a lower cover440and an upper cover410. The lower cover440is snapped with a lower end of the accommodating box450, and the upper cover410is in interference fit with an upper end of the accommodating box450. When the replacement component400is installed, the lower cover440needs to be removed for installation, and the upper cover410can also be detachably connected with the upper end of the accommodating box450. As shown inFIG.12andFIG.13, in this embodiment, there are two second clasps530in the base500, and the base500is provided with axially symmetrically distributed first notches550and first notches550are arranged between every adjacent second clasps530, and a number of the first notches550is also two. The two second clasps530and the two first notches550are symmetrically distributed in a middle of an upper end of the base500. The base500is of an ellipse shape and plate-shaped, and its two ends in a direction of a major axis of the ellipse are recessed downward to snap with the bottom plate430, and a middle part of the base forms a boss510, and a middle of the boss is recessed downward to form a cylindrical groove520which protrudes from the other side of the base500(as shown inFIG.13), Two first notches550are formed by further recessing the cylindrical groove, and the second clasps530are all arranged on inner wall of the cylindrical groove. A cylindrical limiting post540is formed by, extending from a groove bottom of the cylindrical groove to both sides respectively, and a rail541matched with the guide bar of the threaded pushing tube600are provided on the limiting post. The inner wall of the cylindrical groove is also provided with rails distributed along a radial direction of the cylindrical groove, which are located below the second clasp530. The first clasps451are inserted from the first notches550and rotated along the rails below the second clasps530to be limited by the second clasps530. The rails are closely matched with the first clasps451, and the entire container is made of plastic material. In other embodiments, the entire container can also be made of other materials, which can be (or cannot be) pressed slightly when being snapped or disassembled, and with this slight deformation of the plastic, it is easy to screw in or out. The groove bottom of the cylindrical groove is also provided with an arc-shaped hole521to facilitate demoulding. The base500is provided with a second through hole, the screw330passes through the first through hole201and is connected with a bottom of the threaded pushing tube600, and the threaded pushing tube600passes through the second through hole and is connected with the bottom of the replacement component400. A diameter of the second through hole is smaller than that of the first through hole201. Positions of the first notches550corresponds to positions of the second notches, and positions of the second clasps530are in one-to-one correspondence with positions of the fifth clasps, so as to ensure that the disassembly and installation of the threaded pushing tube600and the replacement component keeps synchronized with the disassembly and installation of the replacement component400and the base500. Rotation angles for the replacement component400being snapped with the threaded pushing tube600and the base500respectively are the same, and rotation angles for the replacement component400being separated with the threaded pushing tube600and the base500respectively are the same. With this design, when rotated to a certain angle, the replacement component400is respectively snapped or separated with the threaded pushing tube600and the base500, thus improving efficiency. An assembly of the replacement type container in this embodiment can be made as follows: the rotary bottom cover320and the base310are snapped to form the rotating component300, and the accommodating box450, the bottom plate430and the upper cover410are combined to form the replacement type assembly400. The screw330of the rotating component300passes through the bottom cover200and is threadedly connected with the lower end of the threaded pushing tube600, and then the base500is snapped on the bottom cover200; and the threaded top pipe600passes through the base500and is rotationally snapped with the replacement component400, while the replacement component400and the support500are also rotationally snapped, and finally the top cover100is covered. A method of using the replacement type container provided in the embodiment is as follows: when the screw330is rotated, the base500connected with the screw330is driven to move, so that the replacement type component400snapped with the base500is driven to lift, and thus the user can access contents420in the replacement type component400. When the replacement component400is required to be replaced, it can be removed only by rotating the replacement component400so that the replacement component400and the base500rotate relatively to each other and the first clasp451and the second clasp530are separated with each other. When the replacement component400is installed, the first clasp451and the second clasp530can also be snapped with each other by rotating, thus finally realizing disassembly and installation of the base500and the replacement component400. When a rotating is made, the replacement type container is divided into two parts, one of which is the replacement component400(i.e., a part inFIG.9), and the other of which is a remaining part except the top cover100and the replacement component400(i.e., a part inFIG.10). When a rotating is made, these two parts rotate relatively to each other. Embodiment 2 Please refer toFIG.27toFIG.34, a top cover, a bottom cover and a rotating component in the second embodiment are the same as those in the first embodiment, and only differences are explained below. As shown inFIG.27,FIG.28andFIG.33, in order to facilitate a detachable connection between an accommodating box450′ and a lower cover440′ in the replacement component, the lower cover440′ and a ‘bottom of the accommodating box450’ are respectively provided with a claw441and a corresponding snapping rib454in this embodiment, there are two claws and two snapping ribs respectively, and the claws can be snapped and fixed with the snapping ribs. As shown inFIG.29toFIG.31andFIG.33, a bottom of the bottom plate430′ is provided with a fourth clasp431′, and a top of the threaded pushing tube is provided with a fifth clasp610′ corresponding to the fourth clasp431′. The fifth clasp extends upward (along an axial direction of the threaded pushing tube and toward a direction away from the threaded pushing tube) and outward (along a radial direction and toward a direction away from a central axis of the threaded pushing tube) from the top of the threaded pushing tube. That is, the fifth clasp is higher than the threaded pushing tube in the axial direction of the threaded pushing tube and thus a second notch620′ is firmed between adjacent fifth clasps, and the fifth clasp is wider than the threaded pushing tube in the radial direction of the threaded pushing tube. InFIG.30, a diameter of an inner wall of the fifth clasp is slightly smaller than that of an inner wall of the threaded pushing tube, and in other embodiments, the diameter of the inner wall of the fifth clasp can be equal to or larger than the diameter of the inner wall of the threaded pushing tube. The fourth clasp and the fifth clasp can be snapped or separated by a relative rotation of the replacement component and the threaded pushing tube. There are two second notches which are oppositely disposed and two fifth clasps which are also oppositely disposed. After an extension portion of the fourth clasp431′ extends into the second notch and then rotates along the rail, the fourth clasp431′ is snapped with the fifth clasp. An inner wall of a lower end of the threaded pushing tube is also provided with threads640′ for threaded connection with the screw. A guide in this embodiment is a guide bar630′ attached to an outer wall of the cylindrical threaded pushing tube, the guide bar is arranged along the axial direction of the threaded pushing tube and extends from the lower end of the threaded pushing tube to an upper end of the threaded pushing tube. In addition, a cylindrical limiting post540′ is formed by extending from a groove bottom of the cylindrical groove of the base to both sides respectively and a rail541′ matched with the guide bar of the threaded pushing tube are provided on the limiting post. The guide bar630′ moves along the rail541′. As shown inFIG.31toFIG.34, an end of the rail (proximate to the lower end of the threaded pushing tube) is provided with steps631, while a top end of a part of the limiting post540′ extends upward and is provided with two claws560, and the claws560and the steps631cooperate with each other for limiting. In a later period of use, when the top and bottom plates on the threaded pushing tube drives the replacement component to move upward and the threaded pushing tube has moved up to an end of a stroke, at this time, the two claws on the base will contact with the two steps on the threaded pushing tube, thus preventing the threaded pushing tube from continuing to moving upward and falling off the base. Unlike the embodiment in which the rail is arranged in a minor axis direction of the elliptical bottom plate, the rail is arranged in a major axis direction of the elliptical bottom plate in this embodiment. In this embodiment, the first clasps451′ and the fourth clasps431′ are all on a same line, and similarly, the first notches550′, the second notches620and the rails541′ are also on a same line, and an arrangement direction of the two first clasps is perpendicular to an arrangement direction of the two first notches550′, that is to say, when the replacement component is rotated by 90 degrees, the replacement component can be snapped or separated from the base while the replacement component can be snapped or separated from the threaded pushing tube. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that in the disclosure of the utility model, the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms upper“,” lower″, “front”, “rear”, “left”, “right”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “top”, “bottom”, “inner” and “outer” or the like are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, which are only for convenience of describing the utility model and for simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the indicated device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operate in a specific orientation; therefore the above-mentioned terms cannot be understood as limitations to the utility model. Although the utility model has been disclosed by the preferred embodiment in the above, it is not intended to limit the utility model and any person familiar with the art can make some changes and embellishments without departing from the spirit and scope of the utility model; therefore, the scope of protection of the utility model should be subject to the scope of protection as claimed in the claims.

11857058

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Hereinafter, examples of a cosmetic container will be described with reference to the drawings. In the following description, with reference to the drawings, the same reference numbers are assigned to the same components or to similar components having the same function, and overlapping description is omitted. FIG.1is a side view of an example cosmetic container.FIG.2is a side view of the cosmetic container, illustrating a state in which a cap is removed. With reference toFIGS.1and2, the example cosmetic container100contains a cosmetic M (cf.FIG.3AandFIG.3B), and includes an application body1with which a user may apply the cosmetic M to a surface. The application body1is made of, for example, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) or polyamide resin (PA). The application body1is provided to hold and apply the cosmetic M. The cosmetic M is contained inside a cap2of the cosmetic container100. The cosmetic container100is configured such that a container main body10including a sleeve12holds the application body1. The cosmetic container100is configured such that application can be immediately performed by the application body1in a state where the application body1of the container main body10is removed from the cap2. The cosmetic M is, for example, an eyeliner, an eyebrow liner, a lip gloss, a concealer, a beauty stick, or a nail pen. A soft cosmetic material (semisolid phase, soft phase, gel phase or the like) can be used as the cosmetic M. The cosmetic container100may have a substantially cylindrical shape, for example, extending in an axial direction D1in which an axis L extends. In the present disclosure, the “axis” refers to a center line of the cosmetic container extending along a longitudinal direction of the cosmetic container. The “axial direction” refers to a direction along the axis of the cosmetic container (for example, the longitudinal direction of the cosmetic container100). When viewed from the container main body10in the cosmetic container100, a direction in which the cap2is provided may be described as “front” or “forward”, and an opposite direction may be described as “rear” or “rearward”. Namely, a direction in the axial direction D1extending from the container main body10toward the cap2may be referred to a “forward” direction and a direction in the axial direction D1extending from the cap2toward the container main body10may be referred to a “rearward” direction. Additionally, the cap2may be considered to be positioned at a front side of the container main body10and the container main body10may be considered to be positioned at a rear side of the cap2. Such positions and directions are intended for the convenience of description, and do not limit the positions, the orientations and the like of components or portions described. FIG.3Ais a cross-sectional view of the cosmetic container100ofFIG.1taken along line III-III.FIG.3Bis a cross-sectional view illustrating a state where an amount of the cosmetic M contained in the cosmetic container100ofFIG.3Ahas decreased.FIG.4is a cross-sectional view of the cosmetic container100ofFIG.2taken along line IV-IV. With reference toFIGS.3A,3B and4, the cosmetic container100has a substantially cylindrical shape extending in the axial direction D1. The cosmetic container100includes the cap2and the container main body10that holds the application body1, in terms of exterior appearance. The cap2is made of, for example, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin (ABS resin). The material of the cap2is not limited to the ABS resin and may be, for example, polypropylene resin (PP resin). The cap2is a tubular member to be detachably mounted on the container main body10. A tail plug4is fitted into an end of the cap2in the axial direction D1via an O-ring3. The end of the cap2in the axial direction D1is closed by the tail plug4. The material of the O-ring3is, for example, NBR. A filling member5, a spring6(biasing device), a scraping member7having a tubular shape, and a stopper8are provided inside the cap2. The filling member5functions as an inner reservoir filled with the cosmetic M. The spring6urges the filling member5toward the container main body10(application body1). The scraping member7scrapes the cosmetic M inside the filling member5. The stopper8functions as a member to prevent the scraping member7from being removed from the filling member5. The tail plug4, the spring6, the filling member5, and the stopper8are arranged in this order rearwardly from the front end, inside the cap2. The scraping member7is movable in the axial direction D1inside the filling member5. FIG.5is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the cap2. The cap2exhibits a stepped cylindrical shape. The cap2includes a reduced diameter portion2bhaving a tubular shape that is located at an end opposite the tail plug4in the axial direction D1, and a tubular portion2cextending from the reduced diameter portion2balong the axial direction D1. The reduced diameter portion2bforms an inserting portion to be inserted into the container main body10. The reduced diameter portion2bincludes a male screw portion2dto be screwed to the container main body10, and a stepped portion2jthat is insertable into the container main body10, that are formed on an outer periphery of the reduced diameter portion2b. An inclined surface2fthat is reduced in diameter toward the tubular portion2c, and an annular protrusion portion2ghaving a tubular shape and protruding from the inclined surface2ftoward the tubular portion2care formed in an inner peripheral surface of the reduced diameter portion2b. The application body1may be inserted into the inside of the annular protrusion portion2galong the axial direction D1. The annular protrusion portion2gis, for example, a threshing portion that removes an excess of the cosmetic M adhering to the application body1, when the application body1is pulled out along the axial direction D1. An inner peripheral surface2hof the tubular portion2cis provided in on a front side of the annular protrusion portion2gof the reduced diameter portion2b. A recess2kextending along the axial direction D1, an annular protrusion and recess portion2mlocated toward a front end of the cap2, and an annular recess portion2plocated in front of the annular protrusion and recess portion2m, are formed in the inner peripheral surface2hof the tubular portion2c. The “annular protrusion and recess portion” refers to a portion in which a protrusion and a recess are arranged along the axial direction. With reference toFIGS.3A,3B and5, the recess2kis a portion with which the filling member5engages in a rotation direction, to prevent a rotation of the filling member5with respect to the cap2. The O-ring3abuts against the annular recess portion2p, and the tail plug4engages with the annular protrusion and recess portion2min the axial direction D1. The stepped portion2jenters the container main body10and the male screw portion2dof the reduced diameter portion2bis screwed to the container main body10, so that the cap2is mounted on the container main body10. The tail plug4is made of, for example, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin. The material of the tail plug4is not limited to the ABS resin, and may be, for example, polypropylene (PP) resin. The tail plug4includes a flange portion4bforming an end portion of the cosmetic container100in the axial direction D1, and a tubular portion4chaving a bottomed cylindrical shape and protruding from the flange portion4bin the axial direction D1. The tubular portion4cis an inserting portion to be inserted into the cap2. An annular protrusion4dand an annular recess4fare formed in an outer peripheral surface of the tubular portion4c. The annular recess4fis disposed between the flange portion4band the annular protrusion4din the axial direction D1. The O-ring3enters the annular recess4f, the O-ring3abuts against the annular recess portion2pof the cap2, and the annular protrusion4dengages with the annular protrusion and recess portion2mof the cap2in the axial direction D1, so that the tail plug4is mounted on the cap2. The spring6that biases the filling member5in the axial direction D1is interposed between a closed-end surface (or bottom surface)4gof the tubular portion4cof the tail plug4and the filling member5. The material of the spring6is, for example, NBR. FIG.6is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the filling member5.FIG.7is a perspective view of the filling member5. With reference toFIGS.6and7, the filling member5has a bottomed tubular shape, and the filling member5is filled with the cosmetic M. The filling member5has a stepped cylindrical shape including a tubular portion5band a large diameter portion5cthat are arranged along the axial direction D1. The tubular portion5bis connected to the large diameter portion5cvia a step5dextending along a radial direction D2of the filling member5and along a circumferential direction of the filling member5. The filling member5is made of, for example, PP resin. The tubular portion5bhas a cylindrical shape. A protrusion portion5fhaving a tubular shape and protruding from the large diameter portion5calong the axial direction D1is formed inside the tubular portion5b. The protrusion portion5fhas a truncated conical shape that decreases in diameter forwardly, namely the truncated conical shape is reduced in diameter as the truncated conical shape extends away from the large diameter portion5c. The inside of the protrusion portion5fis an insertion portion5ginto which the application body1may be inserted. The protrusion portion5fhas a shape conforming to an outer shape of the application body1, and protrudes away from the container main body10. The insertion portion5gand a front portion of the large diameter portion5c, namely a portion on an insertion portion5gside of the inside of the large diameter portion5c, form a filling region5hto be filled with the cosmetic M. The large diameter portion5chas a bottomed cylindrical shape. The application body1is oriented toward a closed end (or bottom portion)5jof the filling member5in the axial direction D1when the application body1is inserted in the filling member5. The bottom portion5jis provided with an increased diameter portion5khaving a diameter R2larger than a maximum diameter R1of the application body1(cf.FIG.4), and the insertion portion5gis provided inside the increased diameter portion5kin the radial direction D2. The increased diameter portion5krefers to a portion of the bottom portion5jwhere the diameter is increased to be greater than the maximum diameter R1of the application body1. Namely, the filling member5located inside the cap2forms the filling region5hto contain the cosmetic, and the filling region5hhas a diameter R2that is greater than a maximum diameter R1of the application body1. A protrusion5mextending from the step5din the axial direction D1is formed on an outer peripheral surface of the large diameter portion5c. An annular recess5pis formed at an open end (or rear end)5sof the large diameter portion5c. A through-hole5qpenetrating through the filling member5and a protrusion5rprotruding to the inside of the filling member5in the radial direction D2are formed in the annular recess5p. The filling member5includes, for example, two through-holes5qand two protrusions5r. The two through-holes5qand the two protrusions5reach face each other along the radial direction D2of the filling member5. With reference toFIGS.3A,3B,6and7, the tubular portion5bis inserted into the tubular portion4cin a state where the spring6is interposed between the step5dand the bottom surface4gof the tubular portion4c, and the protrusion5menters the recess2kof the cap2, so that the filling member5is mounted on the tail plug4and engages with the cap2in the rotation direction. The stopper8is inserted into the annular recess5pof the open end5sof the large diameter portion5cand a part of the stopper8enters the through-holes5q, so that the filling member5engages with the stopper8. The stopper8is made of, for example, PP resin. With reference toFIG.4, the stopper8has a tubular shape including a first flange portion8blocated at a first end in the axial direction D1, a second flange portion8clocated at a second end opposite the first end in the axial direction D1, and an inclined portion8dthat is reduced in diameter from the first flange portion8btoward the second flange portion8c. The first flange portion8babuts against the open end5sof the filling member5, the second flange portion8centers the through-holes5qof the filling member5, and the protrusions5rof the filling member5are fitted to an outer side of the inclined portion8dbetween the first flange portion8band the second flange portion8c, so that the stopper8fixedly engages with the filling member5. The stopper8engages with the filling member5in a state where the scraping member7is contained inside the filling member5, to prevent the removal of the scraping member7. The scraping member7includes a slider7bhaving a tubular shape that is movable in the axial direction D1and is rotatable around the axis L of the cosmetic container100inside the filling member5, and an elastic portion7cinterposed between the slider7band an inner surface5tof the filling member5. The elastic portion7cis in close contact with an outer surface of the slider7band with the inner surface5tof the filling member5, to prevent leakage of the cosmetic M with which the filling member5is filled. FIG.8is a cross-sectional view illustrating the slider7b.FIG.9is a rear view of the slider7bwhen viewed from the rear side in the axial direction D1. With reference toFIGS.8and9, the slider7bincludes a first increased diameter portion7dthat is gradually increased in diameter in the rearward direction of the axial direction D1, a second increased diameter portion7fthat is gradually increased in diameter in the forward direction of the axial direction D1, and a connecting tubular portion7gthat connects the first increased diameter portion7dand the second increased diameter portion7fto each other. The slider7bis made of, for example, stainless steel (SUS). A rear end of the first increased diameter portion7dof the slider7bin the axial direction D1is provided with a protrusion portion7hprotruding to the outside of the scraping member7in the radial direction D2. The protrusion portion7his a portion that slides on the inner surface5tof the filling member5. An inner surface of the connecting tubular portion7gforms a tubular hole7vof the scraping member7into which the application body1is inserted along the axial direction D1. Accordingly, the scraping member7forms the tubular hole7vin order to insert the application body1into the filling region5hof the filling member5. According to examples, the scraping member7extends at least partially into the filling member5to scrape the cosmetic M stored in the filling region5h. Ratchet teeth7j(second ratchet teeth) are formed in an inner surface7kof the first increased diameter portion7d. A shaft portion11of the container main body10which is described further below, engages the ratchet teeth7j. The scraping member7includes a plurality of the ratchet teeth7j. Each of the ratchet teeth7jhas an inclined surface7mthat protrudes obliquely from the inner surface7k, and an abutting surface7qextending substantially perpendicularly to the inner surface7kfrom a top7pof the inclined surface7m. The scraping member7includes, for example, eight ratchet teeth7j. For example, the eight ratchet teeth7jmay be disposed at equal intervals along a circumferential direction of the scraping member7. The second increased diameter portion7fincludes an inclined portion7rthat increases in diameter from the connecting tubular portion7g, and a tubular portion7slocated on an opposite side of the inclined portion7rto the connecting tubular portion7g. An outer surface of the tubular portion7sis a portion that slides on the inner surface5tof the filling member5. An inner surface of the inclined portion7ris an inclined surface7tthat is reduced in diameter rearwardly, namely as the inclined portion7rextends from the tubular portion7stoward the connecting tubular portion7g. Namely, with respect to the filling member5forming the open end5sto insert the application body1and the closed end5jopposite the open end5s, the inner surface of the scraping member7that forms the tubular hole7v, includes the inclined surface7twhich extends radially outwardly toward the closed end5jof the filling member5(cf.FIG.6). With reference toFIG.4, the elastic portion7cis a leakage prevention member having a tubular shape that is in close contact with the outer surface of the slider7band with the inner surface5tof the filling member5to suppress leakage of the cosmetic M to the outside of the filling member5. The elastic portion7cis separate from the slider7b. The elastic portion7cis made of, for example, NBR. The elastic portion7cis interposed between the protrusion portion7hof the first increased diameter portion7dof the slider7band the tubular portion7s. An outer surface of the elastic portion7cslides against the inner surface5tof the filling member5. In a state where the scraping member7is contained inside the filling member5, the inclined surface7tof the scraping member7is inclined radially inwardly and rearwardly, namely to the inside of the scraping member7in the radial direction D2as the inclined surface7textends away from the bottom portion5jof the filling member5. The tubular hole7vis located on a rear side of the inclined surface7t, and the application body1held by the container main body10is inserted into the tubular hole7vtoward the cosmetic M in the axial direction D1. The container main body10includes the shaft portion11that holds the application body1and that extends along the axial direction D1, the sleeve12having a bottomed tubular shape that holds the shaft portion11and that is mounted on the cap2, and a bushing13interposed between an outer surface11bof the shaft portion11and an inner surface12bof the sleeve12. The bushing13is in close contact with the outer surface11bof the shaft portion11and with the inner surface12bof the sleeve12to suppress the entry of the cosmetic M into the inside of the sleeve12. The bushing13is made of, for example, NBR. The sleeve12is made of, for example, PP resin. The sleeve12is gradually reduced in diameter rearwardly, namely as the sleeve12extends from a front end12ctoward a rear end12din the axial direction D1. A stepped portion12fformed on the inner surface12bof the sleeve12, is recessed outwardly in the radial direction D2, to provide an increased diameter hole portion12gextending from the stepped portion12ftoward the front end12cat a front end portion of the sleeve12. An annular protrusion and recess portion12hwith which the shaft portion11engages in the axial direction D1, and a recess12jand a female screw portion12klocated at the front end12cof the sleeve12are formed in the increased diameter hole portion12g. The shaft portion11engages with the annular protrusion and recess portion12hin the axial direction D1, so that the shaft portion11is mounted on the sleeve12. The stepped portion2jof the cap2enters the recess12jin the axial direction D1and the male screw portion2dof the cap2is screwed to the female screw portion12k, so that the cap2is mounted to the sleeve12. FIG.10is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the shaft portion11.FIG.11is a perspective view illustrating the shaft portion11. With reference toFIGS.10and11, the shaft portion11has a stepped cylindrical shape including a reduced diameter portion11cat a front portion in the axial direction D1and including an increased diameter portion11dat a rear portion in the axial direction D1. The shaft portion11is made of, for example, ABS resin. The increased diameter portion11dhas a bottomed cylindrical shape. An annular protrusion11fand a projection11gare formed on an outer surface of the increased diameter portion11d. The increased diameter portion11dincludes a plurality of the projections11g. Each of the projections11gextends from the annular protrusion11ftoward a rear end11hof the shaft portion11in the axial direction D1. The increased diameter portion11dincludes, for example, four projections11g. The four projections11gare disposed at equal intervals along a circumferential direction of the shaft portion11. A stepped portion11jprotruding from the reduced diameter portion11ctoward the increased diameter portion11d, is formed between the reduced diameter portion11cand the increased diameter portion11d. The reduced diameter portion11chas a bottomed cylindrical shape. A hole portion11kextending in the axial direction D1is formed inside the reduced diameter portion11c. The hole portion11kincludes a reduced diameter portion11pthat is reduced in diameter rearwardly, namely as the reduced diameter portion11pextends away from a front end11mof the shaft portion11. An annular protrusion11q, and ratchet teeth11r(first ratchet teeth) located at the front end11mof the shaft portion11are formed in an outer surface of the reduced diameter portion11c. The ratchet teeth11rform a ratchet mechanism R, together with the ratchet teeth7jof the scraping member7described above. A small diameter portion11sthat is further reduced in diameter relative to the reduced diameter portion11c, is formed at the front end11mof the shaft portion11. The ratchet teeth11rare formed in the small diameter portion11s. A stepped surface11vextending radially with respect to the axial direction D1is provided between the small diameter portion11sand the reduced diameter portion11c. FIG.12is an enlarged perspective view of a periphery of the ratchet teeth11rof the shaft portion11. With reference toFIG.12, the shaft portion11includes a plurality of the ratchet teeth11ron an outer surface11tof the small diameter portion11sand on the stepped surface11v. Each of the ratchet teeth11rhas an inclined surface11wthat protrudes obliquely from the stepped surface11v, and an abutting surface11ythat extends substantially perpendicularly from a top11xof the inclined surface11wtoward the stepped surface11v. For example, the plurality of ratchet teeth11rare disposed at equal intervals along the circumferential direction of the shaft portion11. With reference toFIG.4, the projections11genter recesses12mformed in the inner surface12bof the sleeve12, to cause the shaft portion11to engage with the sleeve12in the rotation direction, and the annular protrusion11fengages with the annular protrusion and recess portion12hof the sleeve12in the axial direction D1, so that the shaft portion11is mounted on the sleeve12. The bushing13is interposed between the stepped portion11jof the shaft portion11and the annular protrusion11q, and in this state, the bushing13is in close contact with the inner surface12bof the sleeve12. The application body1is pushed into the hole portion11kof the reduced diameter portion11cin the axial direction D1, so that the application body1is mounted on the shaft portion11. A method of using the above-described application body1will be described. In an initial state illustrated inFIG.3A, the application body1held by the container main body10is inserted into the cosmetic M with which the filling member5is filled. For example, an application body insertion hole M1is formed in the cosmetic M, and a shape of an inner surface of the application body insertion hole M1is a shape conforming to an outer surface of the application body1. The sleeve12may be rotated relative to the cap2in a first direction or an unscrewing direction (for example, counterclockwise), in a state where the application body1is inserted into the application body insertion hole M1, to unscrew the male screw portion2dfrom the female screw portion12k, so that the sleeve12is removed from the cap2. When the sleeve12rotates relative to the cap2in the unscrewing direction, the sleeve12, the bushing13, and the shaft portion11integrally rotate in the unscrewing direction. Then, the ratchet teeth11rof the shaft portion11that form the ratchet mechanism R repeatedly engage with and disengage from (mesh with and unmesh from) the ratchet teeth7jof the scraping member7. In the present disclosure, “meshing” includes not only a state where two teeth mesh with each other, but also a state where a protruding portion of a first component abuts against or contacts a protruding portion of a second component. Namely, when the ratchet teeth11rand the ratchet teeth7jrotate relative to each other in the unscrewing direction in a state where the ratchet teeth11rand the ratchet teeth7jengage with each other in the rotation direction, the inclined surfaces11wof the ratchet teeth11rabut against the inclined surfaces7mof the ratchet teeth7j, and in this state, the inclined surfaces11wslide against the inclined surfaces7mto run up the inclined surfaces7m. Then, after the inclined surfaces11wclimb over the inclined surfaces7m, the ratchet teeth11rand the ratchet teeth7jengage with each other in the rotation direction again. When the ratchet teeth11rand the ratchet teeth7jrepeat engagement and disengagement in such a manner, a clicking feeling or effect is provided to a user, and the scraping member7vibrates and scrapes the cosmetic M. When the sleeve12is removed from the cap2and the application body1is pulled out from the cosmetic M, a part of the cosmetic M moves to an inner surface of the scraping member7, together with the application body1. At this time, the cosmetic M that moves together with the application body1is guided inwardly in the radial direction D2via the inclined surface7tof the scraping member7, and is drawn toward an application body1so as to adhere to the application body1. Namely, the cosmetic M located radially away from the application body1, namely the cosmetic M located outside the application body1in the radial direction D2, is guided inwardly in the radial direction D2by the inclined surface7tto adhere to the outer surface of the application body1. With reference toFIGS.3A,3B and4, when the application body1to which the cosmetic M adheres is pulled out from the scraping member7, the application body1reaches the annular protrusion portion2gof the cap2through an inner surface of the stopper8, and an excess of the cosmetic M that adheres to the application body1is removed by the annular protrusion portion2g. Subsequently, the application body1to which the cosmetic M is adhered in a moderate quantity is pulled out from the cap2, and is ready for application by a user. After application by the application body1is completed, the application body1is inserted back into the cap2. At this time, the application body1passes through an inner surface of the cap2, through the inner surface of the stopper8, and through the tubular hole7vof the scraping member7to reach the cosmetic M with which the filling member5is filled, and the application body1is inserted into the application body insertion hole M1. Then, the female screw portion12kof the sleeve12reaches the male screw portion2dof the cap2. When the sleeve12is rotated relative to the cap2in a second direction or a screwing direction (for example, clockwise) that is opposite to the unscrewing direction described above, the female screw portion12kis screwed to the male screw portion2d, so that the sleeve12is mounted to the cap2. When the sleeve12is rotated relative to the cap2in the screwing direction or second direction, the sleeve12, the bushing13, and the shaft portion11integrally rotate in the second direction. Then, the ratchet teeth11rof the shaft portion11and the ratchet teeth7jof the scraping member7that form the ratchet mechanism R engage with each other in the rotation direction, and the scraping member7synchronously rotates in the second direction. Namely, when relative rotation in the second direction is performed, the abutting surfaces11yof the ratchet teeth11rabut against the abutting surfaces7qof the ratchet teeth7jin the rotation direction, and relative rotation of the scraping member7with respect to the shaft portion11is restricted, and the scraping member7rotates synchronously with the shaft portion11. Therefore, when the sleeve12rotates relative to the cap2in the second direction, the scraping member7rotates relative to the filling member5in the second direction, together with the sleeve12and the shaft portion11. When the scraping member7rotates relative to the filling member5, the scraping member7pushes the cosmetic M inside the filling member5, and scoops and scrapes the cosmetic M. For example, the scraping member7may rotate while a front end7wof the tubular portion7sof the scraping member7is pressed against the cosmetic M, so as to scoop the cosmetic M located radially away from the application body1, namely the cosmetic M located outside the application body1in the radial direction D2, in order to scrape the cosmetic M in the filling region5hof filling member5. When the application body1is pulled out from the cosmetic M the next time, the scraped cosmetic M is guided to the inclined surface7tof the scraping member7to adhere to the application body1. Therefore, the cosmetic M located radially away from the application body1(e.g., outside the application body1in the radial direction D2) is scooped and guided to the application body1, so that the cosmetic M located on the increased diameter portion5kalso more reliably adheres to the application body1in order to be applied. When the amount of the cosmetic M with which the filling member5is filled is reduced, the filling member5is pushed rearwardly (away from the tail plug4) by a biasing force of the spring6, and the stopper8approaches the annular protrusion portion2gof the cap2. As described above, in the example cosmetic container100, the scraping member7having a tubular shape may scrape the cosmetic M with which the filling member5is filled, so that the cosmetic M scraped by the scraping member7adheres to the application body1. The filling member5includes the bottom portion (or closed end)5jthat the application body1is oriented toward (or faces) in the axial direction D1, and the bottom portion5jis provided with the increased diameter portion5khaving the diameter R2(cf.FIG.6) larger than the maximum diameter R1of the application body1. Consequently, the filling member5includes the increased diameter portion5khaving a diameter larger than the maximum diameter R1of the application body1, so that the amount of the cosmetic M to be filled can be increased. Since the amount of the cosmetic M can be increased without increasing a length of the filling member5in the axial direction D1, the cosmetic container100is more convenient to carry and provides increased portability. The scraping member7is provided inside the filling member5. The scraping member7has the tubular hole7vinto which the application body1is inserted toward the cosmetic M. Therefore, the scraping member7scrapes the cosmetic M inside the filling member5, so that the cosmetic M scraped by the scraping member7can be more easily guided to the application body1inserted into the tubular hole7vof the scraping member7. Consequently, a greater quantity of the cosmetic M may adhere to the application body1, so that the residual amount of the filled cosmetic M can be reduced. The inclined surface7tthat is inclined radially inwardly and rearwardly, namely inclined inwardly in the radial direction D2as the inclined surface7textends away from the bottom portion5jof the filling member5is formed on an inner side of the scraping member7having a tubular shape. The inclined surface7tis inclined from an outer edge portion of the scraping member7in the radial direction D2toward the application body1inserted into the tubular hole7v. Consequently, when the application body1is pulled out from the cosmetic M and from the scraping member7and is used, the cosmetic M is guided toward the application body1along the inclined surface7t. Therefore, the scraped cosmetic M can be guided to the application body1along the inclined surface7twhile the filled cosmetic M is scraped by the scraping member7, so that a greater quantity of the cosmetic M may adhere to the application body1. Since a greater quantity of the cosmetic M with which the filling member5is filled may adhere to the application body1, the residual amount of the filled cosmetic M may be better reduced. The scraping member7is movable in the axial direction D1and is rotatable in the circumferential direction of the filling member5with respect to the filling member5. Since the scraping member7is movable in the axial direction D1and is rotatable in the circumferential direction with respect to the filling member5to scoop the filled cosmetic M, the cosmetic M can be more efficiently scraped. Therefore, a greater quantity of the cosmetic M may adhere to the application body1, so as to reduce the residual amount of the filled cosmetic M. The container main body10includes the shaft portion11that holds the application body1and that extends from the application body1in the axial direction D1, and the shaft portion11includes the ratchet teeth11r. The scraping member7includes the ratchet teeth7jwith which the ratchet teeth11rmesh. The ratchet teeth11rand the ratchet teeth7jform the ratchet mechanism R that allows relative rotation between the shaft portion11and the scraping member7in the first direction and that restricts relative rotation therebetween in the second direction that is opposite the first direction. The scraping member7is restricted from rotating relative to the shaft portion11by the ratchet mechanism R, and rotates synchronously with the shaft portion11to scrape the cosmetic M. Therefore, the ratchet teeth11rprovided in the shaft portion11that holds the application body1and the ratchet teeth7jprovided in the scraping member7form the ratchet mechanism R that allows relative rotation between the shaft portion11and the scraping member7in the first direction. Since the ratchet mechanism R allows relative rotation between the shaft portion11and the scraping member7in the first direction and restricts relative rotation between the shaft portion11and the scraping member7in the second direction, the shaft portion11and the scraping member7rotate synchronously in the second direction. Since the synchronous rotation allows the scraping member7to scoop the cosmetic M, the cosmetic M can be scraped with the rotation of the shaft portion11, so that a greater quantity of the cosmetic M may adhere to the application body1. The scraping member7includes the elastic portion7cthat is in contact with the inner surface5tof the filling member5. Since the scraping member7includes the elastic portion7cthat is in contact with the inner surface5tof the filling member5, a gap formed between the scraping member7and the inner surface5tof the filling member5can be blocked by the elastic portion7c, so that leakage of the cosmetic M can be reliably suppressed. The cosmetic container100includes the spring6that biases the filling member5toward the container main body10inside the cap2. By the way, a cosmetic container is known in which the container main body10that holds the application body1includes a biasing device for biasing the application body1to a filling member5side. However, in the cosmetic container, since the application body1is biased by the biasing device, when application is performed, the application body1may move and become unstable, and it may be more difficult to perform application of the cosmetic M. In the example cosmetic container100, when the spring6that biases the filling member5is provided inside the cap2, there is no need to provide the biasing device in the application body1, so that the application body1can be fixed to the container main body10. Therefore, the application body1can be stabilized, so that application can be performed with more ease. The bottom portion5jof the filling member5includes the protrusion portion5fhaving a shape along the outer shape of the application body1and protruding away from the container main body10. Consequently, the protrusion portion5fprovided in the bottom portion5jof the filling member5has a shape along the outer shape of the application body1. Therefore, the application body1is inserted into a portion inside the protrusion portion5f, so that a greater quantity of the cosmetic M inside the filling member5may adhere to the application body1and deformation of the application body1caused by the insertion of the application body1into the inside of the protrusion portion5fcan be suppressed. Cosmetic containers according to other examples will be described.FIG.13is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cosmetic container100A according to a modified example, taken along line III-III similarly toFIG.3A. Some of cosmetic containers according to the following examples have similar configurations as those of some of the cosmetic container100described above. Consequently, in the following description, description that overlaps the above-described example may be omitted. With reference toFIG.13, the cosmetic container100A does not include the above-described stopper8. In addition, the container main body10of the cosmetic container100A does not include the bushing13. The cosmetic container100A includes a filling member25that does not include the annular recess5pand the through-holes5q, instead of the filling member5. The cosmetic container100A includes a scraping member27that is different from the scraping member7described above, and the scraping member27does not include the elastic portion7cdescribed above. The scraping member27functions as a slider that is movable in the axial direction D1with respect to the filling member25. The scraping member27is rotatable in a circumferential direction of the filling member25with respect to the filling member25. The scraping member27has a tubular shape having a tubular hole27vinto which the application body1is inserted, and an outer peripheral surface of the scraping member27slides against an inner surface of the filling member25. The tubular hole27vhas a shape conforming to the outer surface of the application body1. An inner diameter of the tubular hole27vis increased as the tubular hole27vextends rearwardly, namely away from the cosmetic M. The scraping member27has an end surface27wthat is in contact with the cosmetic M. For example, the end surface27wextends orthogonally to the axial direction D1. As described above, in the cosmetic container100A, the scraping member27has the tubular hole27vinto which the application body1is inserted toward the cosmetic M, and the scraping member27scrapes the cosmetic M inside the filling member25. Therefore, similarly to the above-described example, the cosmetic M scraped by the scraping member27can be more easily guided to the application body1inserted into the tubular hole27vof the scraping member27, so that the residual amount of the filled cosmetic M can be reduced. Further, in the cosmetic container100A, the cosmetic M presses the scraping member27, together with the filling member25, by virtue of the biasing force of the spring6. Accordingly, a greater quantity of the cosmetic M may adhere to the application body1. FIG.14is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cosmetic container100B according to another example, taken along line III-III (cf.FIG.1). With reference toFIG.14, the cosmetic container100B includes a filling member35and a scraping member37that are different from the filling member25and the scraping member27of the cosmetic container100A, respectively. An increased diameter portion35khaving a diameter larger than the maximum diameter of the application body1is formed in a front portion (or bottom portion) of the filling member35. The increased diameter portion35kis inclined radially outwardly and forwardly, namely to be inclined away from the application body1(toward a tail plug4side) as the increased diameter portion35kextends outwardly in the radial direction D2. Namely, the increased diameter portion35kis inclined inwardly and rearwardly, namely to the inside of the filling member35in the radial direction D2as the increased diameter portion35kextends away from the tail plug4. The scraping member37has a tubular shape having a tubular hole37vinto which the application body1is inserted, and has an inclined surface37tthat is in contact with the cosmetic M. The inclined surface37tis inclined inwardly and rearwardly, namely inclined to the inside of the scraping member37in the radial direction D2as the inclined surface37textends away from the front portion of the filling member35. For example, the inclined surface37textends along the increased diameter portion35kof the filling member35, and may extend parallel to the increased diameter portion35k. In this case, since the cosmetic M presses the scraping member37, together with the filling member35, by virtue of the biasing force of the spring6, the efficiency of the adhesion of the cosmetic M to the application body1can be increased, so that the cosmetic M can be more reliably dispensed. As described above, in the cosmetic container100B, the inclined surface37tis formed in the scraping member37having a tubular shape. Since the inclined surface37tis inclined toward the application body1inserted into the tubular hole37v, when the application body1is pulled out from the cosmetic M and from the scraping member37and is used, the cosmetic M can be guided along the inclined surface37t. Therefore, similarly to the above-described cosmetic container100A, a greater quantity of the cosmetic M may adhere to the application body1, so that the residual amount of the cosmetic M of the filling member35can be more reliably reduced. FIG.15is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cosmetic container100C according to another example, taken along line III-III (cf.FIG.1). With reference toFIG.15, the cosmetic container100C includes a filling member45and a scraping member47that are different from the filling member35and the scraping member37, respectively, of the cosmetic container100B. An increased diameter portion45kis formed in a front portion (or bottom portion) of the filling member45. The increased diameter portion45kis inclined radially outwardly and rearwardly, namely inclined toward the application body1(container main body10side) as the increased diameter portion45kextends outwardly in the radial direction D2. The increased diameter portion45kis increased in thickness in the axial direction D1, as the increased diameter portion45kextends outwardly in the radial direction D2. The scraping member47has a tubular shape and has a tubular hole47vinto which the application body1is inserted. The scraping member47has an inclined surface47tthat is in contact with the cosmetic M, and the inclined surface47tis inclined outwardly and rearwardly, namely to the outside of the scraping member47in the radial direction D2as the inclined surface47textends away from the front portion of the filling member45. For example, the inclined surface47textends along the increased diameter portion45kof the filling member45, and may extend parallel to the increased diameter portion45k. As described above, in the cosmetic container100C, the scraping member47has the tubular hole47vinto which the application body1is inserted. Therefore, the cosmetic M scraped by the scraping member47can be more easily guided to the application body1inserted into the tubular hole47vof the scraping member47, so that similarly to the above-described example, the residual amount of the filled cosmetic M can be reduced. FIGS.16A and16Bare longitudinal cross-sectional views illustrating a cosmetic container200according to another example. Some configurations of the cosmetic container200are similar to configurations of the example cosmetic container100described above, the similar elements are denoted by the same reference signs as those of elements of the cosmetic container100, and overlapping description of the cosmetic container100may be omitted. The cosmetic container200is configured such that the container main body10including the sleeve12holds the application body1and application can be performed by the application body1in a state where the application body1of the container main body10is removed from the cap2. The tail plug4is fitted into the front end of the cap2in the axial direction D1. A filling member5A filled with the cosmetic M, the spring6that biases the filling member5A toward the container main body10(application body1), and a scraping member7A having a tubular shape that scrapes the cosmetic M inside the filling member5A are provided inside the cap2. The scraping member7A is movable in the axial direction D1and is rotatable around the axis L of the cosmetic container200inside the filling member5A. The scraping member7A is different from the scraping member7in that the scraping member7A does not include the elastic portion7cthat the scraping member7described above includes. For example, the scraping member7A includes only a configuration corresponding to the slider7bof the scraping member7described above. FIG.17is a cross-sectional view illustrating the scraping member7A.FIG.18Ais a rear view of the scraping member7A when viewed from the rear side in the axial direction D1.FIG.18Bis a front view of the scraping member7A when viewed from the front side in the axial direction D1. With reference toFIGS.17,18A and18B, the scraping member7A includes a protrusion portion17blocated at the rear end of the scraping member7A, that slides along an inner surface of the filling member5A. For example, the protrusion portion17bis formed on an outer side in the radial direction D2at an opening17slocated on the rear-end side in the axial direction D1. The protrusion portion17bincludes a first protrusion portion17cprotruding in the radial direction D2, and a second protrusion portion17dprotruding from an outer side of the first protrusion portion17cin the radial direction D2to the rear end of the scraping member7A in the axial direction D1. A sliding portion17hextends from the second protrusion portion17din the axial direction D1, the sliding portion17hincluding an inclined surface17fthat extends obliquely outwardly in the radial direction D2and a top surface17gextending in the axial direction D1at an outer edge portion of the inclined surface17fin the radial direction D2. The scraping member7A includes an annular recess17jextending along a circumferential direction D3of the scraping member7A, on a front side of the protrusion portion17b, in the axial direction D1. An O-ring can be fitted into the annular recess17j. The O-ring is fitted into the annular recess17j, so that leakage of the cosmetic M from the inner surface of the filling member5A can be more reliably suppressed. In some examples, no O-ring is fitted into the annular recess17j. The scraping member7A has a first inner surface17klocated at a rear portion of the scraping member7A, a second inner surface17mlocated at a front portion of the scraping member7A, and an inclined surface17pthat connects the first inner surface17kand the second inner surface17mto each other. For example, an inner diameter of the first inner surface17kis larger than an inner diameter of the second inner surface17m, and an inner diameter of the inclined surface17pis reduced as the inclined surface17pextends from the first inner surface17ktoward the second inner surface17m. A protrusion17qprotruding inwardly in the radial direction D2is formed on the second inner surface17m. The protrusion17qis provided to crush the cosmetic M inside the scraping member7A with the movement and rotation of the scraping member7A. The protrusion17qhas a linear shape extending in the axial direction D1and in some examples, may extend linearly along the axial direction D1. A length of the protrusion17qin the axial direction D1is longer than a width of the protrusion17q(namely, a length of the protrusion17qin the circumferential direction D3). The scraping member7A includes, for example, a plurality of the protrusions17q, and the plurality of protrusions17qare arranged along the circumferential direction D3. As an example, four protrusions17qare arranged at equal intervals along the circumferential direction D3. Ratchet teeth17r(second ratchet teeth) are formed in the first inner surface17k. A shaft portion11A of the container main body10described further below, engages with the ratchet teeth17r. The scraping member7A includes, for example, three ratchet teeth17r. However, the number of the ratchet teeth17rmay be 6, for example, and is not particularly limited. For example, the three ratchet teeth17rmay be disposed at equal intervals along the circumferential direction D3of the scraping member7A. For example, the ratchet teeth17rextend from the first inner surface17kto the inclined surface17palong the axial direction D1. Namely, a part of each of the ratchet teeth17rreaches the inclined surface17p. Each of the ratchet teeth17rincludes an inclined portion17vlocated on an opening17sside, and a linear portion17wextending from the inclined portion17vto a side opposite the opening17salong the axial direction D1. The inclined portion17vmay have, for example, the same shape as that of each of the ratchet teeth7jof the scraping member7described above. For example, the inclined portion17vmay include a first side17v1extending linearly from a tip (or rear-end tip)17x(e.g., on the opening17sside) of each of the ratchet teeth17rin the axial direction D1, and an inclined side17v2that is inclined with respect to the axial direction D1such that a width of each of the ratchet teeth17rfrom the tip17x(length in the circumferential direction D3) is increased. The linear portion17wis, for example, a straight portion extending linearly along the axial direction D1. For example, the linear portion17wmay include a second side17w1extending continuously from the first side17v1, a third side17w2extending from an end portion of the inclined side17v2opposite the tip17xin the axial direction D1, and a fourth side17w3that connects the second side17w1and the third side17w2to each other. The fourth side17w3connects an end portion of the second side17w1opposite the tip17xand an end portion of the third side17w2opposite the tip17xto each other. The second side17w1, the third side17w2, and the fourth side17w3form, for example, a rectangular shape. In this case, the second side17w1and the third side17w2extend parallel to each other, and the fourth side17w3extends along the circumferential direction D3. According to examples, the scraping member7A includes a plurality of the ratchet teeth17r, and the plurality of ratchet teeth17rare arranged along the circumferential direction D3. The ratchet teeth17reach have a protruding shape protruding inwardly in the radial direction D2. For example, a groove17ythat is recessed with respect to the ratchet teeth17ris formed between a pair of the ratchet teeth17rarranged along the circumferential direction D3. In some examples, a length L1of the linear portion17win the axial direction D1is longer than a length L2of the linear portion17win the circumferential direction D3. In some examples, the length L2of each of the ratchet teeth17r(linear portion17w) in the circumferential direction D3is shorter than a length L3of the groove17yin the circumferential direction D3. Namely, in a region along the circumferential direction D3on the scraping member7A, an area of a region occupied by the groove17yis wider than an area of a region occupied by the ratchet teeth17r. In the present example, the container main body10includes the shaft portion11A that is different from the shaft portion11described above.FIG.19Ais a perspective view illustrating the shaft portion11A. With reference toFIG.19A, the shaft portion11A has a stepped cylindrical shape including the reduced diameter portion11cat the front portion and including the increased diameter portion11dat the rear portion. The annular protrusion11fand the projection11gare formed on the outer surface of the increased diameter portion11d. A disposition of the annular protrusion11fand the projection11gin the shaft portion11A may be similar to the disposition of the annular protrusion11fand the projection11gin the shaft portion11described above. Ratchet teeth11z(first ratchet teeth) located at the front end11mof the shaft portion11A are formed in the outer surface of the reduced diameter portion11c. For example, the small diameter portion11sthat is further reduced in diameter relative to the reduced diameter portion11cis formed at the front end11mof the shaft portion11A, and the ratchet teeth11zare formed in the small diameter portion11s. For example, a shape of each of the ratchet teeth11zis the same as a shape of each of the ratchet teeth11rof the shaft portion11described above. In some examples, the number of the ratchet teeth11zis different from the number of the ratchet teeth11r. For example, the number of the ratchet teeth11zis 3, but may be 6 and can be appropriately changed depending on examples. As described above with reference toFIGS.16A,16B,17,18A and18B, in the cosmetic container200, each of the ratchet teeth17rof the scraping member7A includes the linear portion17wextending along the axial direction D1. The length L1of the linear portion17win the axial direction D1is longer than the length L2of the linear portion17win the circumferential direction D3of the scraping member7A. Various embodiments and modification examples of the cosmetic container according to the present disclosure have been described above. However, the cosmetic container according to the present disclosure is not limited to the above-described examples, and may be further modified without departing from the present disclosure. For example, the shapes, the sizes, the number, the materials, and the mode of disposition of the components forming the example cosmetic containers can be appropriately changed without departing from the present disclosure. For example, in the above-described examples, the scraping member7has been described in which the slider7band the elastic portion7care separate. However, the cosmetic container may include a scraping member in which a slider and an elastic portion are integrally formed into a single component, instead of the scraping member7. In addition, a scraping member of which a part serves as an elastic portion may be provided, or a scraping member of which the entirety serves as an elastic portion may be provided. Further, when there is no concern about leakage of the cosmetic M, the elastic portion can also be omitted. In the above-described examples, the scraping member7has been described which rotates relative to the shaft portion11when the sleeve12is opened and which rotates synchronously with the shaft portion11when the sleeve12is closed. However, the scraping member may rotate synchronously with the shaft portion when the sleeve is opened (e.g., unscrewed) and rotate relative to the shaft portion when the sleeve is closed (e.g., screwed). In such a manner, the timing of rotation of the scraping member can be appropriately changed. Further, the scraping member may not rotate with respect to the filling member or may not move in the axial direction. In the above-described examples, the cosmetic container100has been described in which the spring6biases the filling member5in the axial direction D1. However, the spring6that biases the filling member5in the axial direction D1may be omitted, and the biasing device for biasing the application body1in the axial direction D1may be provided in the container main body10. In such a manner, the configuration of the biasing device and the container main body can be appropriately changed. In the above-described examples, the filling member5has been described which includes the bottom portion5jin which the protrusion portion5fis formed. However, for example, the cosmetic container may include a filling member that does not include the protrusion portion5fat a bottom portion, and the shape and the size of the bottom portion of the filling member can be appropriately changed without departing from the present disclosure. The shape and the like of the filling member can also be appropriately changed. In the above-described examples, the scraping member7has been described which is provided inside the filling member5. However, the cosmetic container may include a scraping member of which a part is provided outside the filling member, and a disposition of the scraping member may be appropriately changed. In such a manner, the configurations of and the disposition of the filling member and the scraping member can be appropriately changed. In the above-described examples, the scraping member7A has been described which includes the ratchet teeth17reach including the inclined portion17vand the linear portion17w. However, the shape of each of the ratchet teeth of the scraping member is not limited to the above-described example. For example, with reference toFIG.20A, a scraping member7B may be provided which includes ratchet teeth27reach having a rectangular shape and not including the inclined portion17v. A length of each of the ratchet teeth27rin the axial direction D1is longer than a length of each of the ratchet teeth27rin the circumferential direction D3, and the ratchet teeth27rextend linearly in the axial direction D1. With reference toFIG.20B, a scraping member7C may be provided which includes ratchet teeth37r, with each ratchet tooth37rhaving a curved portion37sprotruding in the axial direction D1at a rear end of the ratchet tooth37r. For example, the curved portion37sis formed at the rear end (e.g., on the opening17sside) of the scraping member7C, to exhibit, for example, a circular arc shape. In such a manner, the shape and the size of each of the ratchet teeth can be appropriately changed. It is to be understood that not all aspects, advantages and features described herein may necessarily be achieved by, or included in, any one particular example. Indeed, having described and illustrated various examples herein, it should be apparent that other examples may be modified in arrangement and detail is omitted.

11857059

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Technical objects to be achieved by the present disclosure and embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent through preferable embodiments to be described below. Hereinafter, a compact container having an improved opening/closing structure for different cosmetic materials according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to accompanying drawings. FIG.2is a perspective view of a compact container according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.3is an exploded perspective view of a compact container according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.4is a cross-sectional view of a compact container according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A compact container having an improved opening/closing structure for different cosmetic materials according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a container body10formed with an axial rotation part32, a container body lid15for opening/closing the container body10, a content container20coupled inside the container body lid15to contain a first content, a content container lid40for opening/closing the content container30, a rotation dish40axially coupled to a lower portion of the container body10to be horizontally rotatable and to contain a second content and formed with an axial rotation hole52, and a rotation shaft50coupled to an axial rotation part32of the container body10while passing through the axial rotation hole52. As shown inFIG.3, the container body10has an open upper portion and a lower portion, and is coupled to the container body lid15at the inside thereof to be opened and closed by the rotation of the container body lid15. A button12is formed on a front surface of the container body10, and formed with a first locking hook122which is retracted by a user's pressing operation. A hinge insertion groove13into which a hinge coupling portion of the content container20and the content container lid25is inserted is formed on one side of the upper portion of the container body10. The container body lid15is coupled to one side of the container body10to open and close the container body10as shown inFIG.2. In the drawings of the compact container according to one aspect of the present disclosure, the container body lid15is hinged to the container body10to open and close the container body10through rotation, but the embodiment is not limited thereto, and the container body lid15may open and close the container body10in various schemes such as undercut coupling, screw coupling, or the like. As shown inFIG.4, a second locking hook152, which has a protrusion shape and is fastened to the first locking hook122of the container body10, is formed on one side of the container body lid15. In addition, a mirror154may be formed on an inner side surface of the container body lid15such that the user can easily apply makeup while illuminating the makeup area. The content container20is coupled to the inside of the container body10, and the first contents C1are contained therein. The first content C1is preferably a gel-type cosmetic material or an impregnation member impregnated with a gel-type cosmetic material. The content container20includes a bottom surface21, an inner wall22extending upward from the bottom surface21, and an outer wall23spaced apart from the inner wall22toward an outside by a predetermined interval and extending upward. When an impregnation member is embedded in the content container20, a fixing member24may be further coupled to the inner wall22to prevent separation of the impregnation member. The content container lid25for opening and closing the content container20is hinge coupled to one side of the content container20. When the content container20is coupled to the inside of the container body10, the hinge coupling portion is inserted into the hinge insertion groove13formed at one side of the container body10. A lid handle252protrudes outward on the opposite side of the hinge coupling portion of the content container lid25such that the user can easily grip the content container lid25, and a puff keeping space254capable of keeping a cosmetic tool such as a puff is formed in an upper portion of the content container lid25. In addition, a sealing protrusion wheel256is formed in the lower portion of the content container lid25. While the sealing protrusion wheel256is forcibly fitted to an inner periphery of the outer wall23of the content container20, the content container20is sealed. The rotation dish coupling member30is fixedly coupled to the lower portion of the container body10. As shown inFIG.3, a coupling position guide part31is formed on an upper inner periphery of the rotation dish coupling member30and is inserted into a coupling position guide groove11formed inside the container body10. An axial rotation part32inserted into an axial rotation hole42of the rotation dish40is formed on the lower surface of the rotation dish coupling member30. The axial rotation part32includes a fastening part322protruding to one side and a curved rotation part324formed at the opposite side of the fastening part322. A coupling hole33into which the rotation shaft50is inserted is formed in the center of the axial rotation part32, and a first locking protrusion wheel333coupled to the rotation shaft50is formed on the inner periphery of the coupling hole33. A locking groove34is formed adjacent to the axial rotation part32, and the locking groove34is fitted with a locking protrusion44of the rotation dish40. It is preferable that the locking groove34is formed in plural and located around the axial rotation part32. In addition, there is a forward/backward movement groove36formed on both sides of the axial rotation part32, and the locking protrusion44of the rotary dish40is inserted into the forward/backward movement groove36to guide the forward and backward movements of the rotation dish40. Therefore, preferably, the forward/backward movement groove36is longitudinally formed in the longitudinal direction of an axis ‘x’ connecting the axial rotation part32from the center of the rotation dish coupling member30. A front stopper protrusion362and a rear stopper protrusion364are formed inside the forward/backward movement groove36so that the locking protrusion44of the rotation dish40is restricted from unintentionally moving forward and backward in the forward/backward movement groove36of the rotation dish coupling member30. In addition, a first fixing protrusion37is formed on an outer periphery of the rotation dish coupling member30as shown inFIG.3. The rotation dish40is axially coupled to the bottom portion of the container body10to be horizontally rotatable, as shown inFIG.4. The second content C2is contained in the upper portion of the rotation dish40, and the second content C2is preferably a powder or solid type cosmetic material. In addition, as shown inFIG.3, a pallet48for mixing the first and second contents C1and C2may be formed adjacent to the second contents C2filled in the rotation dish40. An axial rotation hole42into which the axial rotation part32of the rotation dish coupling member30is inserted is formed at one side of the rotation dish40, and the axial rotation hole42includes a fastening groove422into which a coupling portion322of the axial rotation part32, and a rotation groove424formed at an opposite side of the fastening groove422. The axial rotation hole42is preferably formed longer than the axial rotation part32in the longitudinal direction of the axis ‘x’ connecting the axial rotation part32from the center of the rotation dish coupling member30. Thus, as the axial rotation part32moves forward or backward, the position of the axial rotation part32is changed in the direction of the fastening groove422or the rotation groove424inside the axial rotation hole42. A locking protrusion44is formed adjacent to the axial rotation hole42of the rotation dish40, and the locking protrusion44is fitted into the groove34and the front and rear moving groove36of the rotation dish coupling member30when the rotation dish40is rotated. As shown inFIG.3, a curved elastic slit46is formed adjacent to the locking protrusion44of the rotation dish40. The curved elastic slit46, which is a gap having a curved shape surrounding a portion of the locking protrusion44from the outside of the locking protrusion44, allows the locking protrusion44to be fitted into the locking groove34and the forward/backward moveable groove36of the rotation dish coupling member30while elastically moving up and down when the rotation dish40is rotated. In addition, a first fixing groove47and a second fixing groove49are formed on the outer periphery of the rotation dish40. The first fixing groove47of the rotation dish coupling member30is inserted into the first fixing groove47, and a second fixing protrusion79of a lower plate70is inserted into the second fixing groove49. Accordingly, the lower plate70does not spin on the rotation dish40with no traction does not rotate. In addition, before the rotation dish40is moved forward, the rotation plate40may be prevented from being rotated on the rotation dish coupling member30by the fastening of the first fixing groove47and the first fixing protrusion37, and the rotating dish40may be rotated only after the rotating dish40is moved forward and the fastening of the first fixing groove47and the first fixing protrusion37is released. A pallet48for mixing the first and second contents may be formed on the rotation dish40. The pallet48is preferably formed adjacent to the second content (C2) for ease of use. FIG.8is a partial perspective view of a compact container according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.4, the rotation shaft50passes through the axial rotation hole42of the rotation dish40and is coupled to the coupling hole33of the rotation dish coupling member30. The rotating shaft50serves as a shaft through which the rotation dish40is rotated. A second locking protrusion wheel53is formed on the upper outer periphery of the rotation shaft50to be undercut coupled to the first locking protrusion wheel333of the rotation dish coupling member30. The outer periphery of the rotation shaft50is formed with an elastic slit56in the form of a gap cut vertically. The elastic slit56is easily inserted into the coupling hole33of the rotation dish coupling member30while the rotation shaft50shrinks elastically inward when the rotation shaft50and the rotation dish coupling member30are coupled. In addition, a separation preventing member60is fitted in the center of the rotation shaft50, and the separation preventing member60prevents the rotation shaft50from being shrunk inward, so that the rotation shaft50is prevented from being separated from the container body10. The lower plate70is fixedly coupled to the lower portion of the rotation dish40and rotates horizontally together with the rotation dish40. A second fixing protrusion79is formed on the outer periphery of the lower plate70and is inserted into the second fixing groove49of the rotation dish40. As shown inFIG.3, the rotation shaft50may be coupled between the rotation dish40and the lower plate70, and as shown inFIG.8, the rotation shaft50may be integrated with the lower plate70. Hereinafter, a method of assembling the compact container having an improved opening/closing structure for different cosmetic materials configured as described above will be described. In order to assemble the compact container according to one aspect of the present disclosure, the container body lid15is hinge-coupled to one side of the container body10as shown inFIGS.3and4. Next, the first content C1is filled in the content container20, and after the content container lid25is hinge-coupled to one side of the content container20, the content container20is coupled to the central inside of the container body10. Next, the rotation dish coupling member30is fixedly coupled to the lower side of the container body10, and the coupling position guide portion31of the rotation dish coupling member30is inserted into the coupling position guide groove11of the container body10. Next, the rotation dish40is axially coupled to the lower portion of the rotation dish coupling member30to be horizontally rotatable. First, the second content C2is filled on the upper surface of the rotation dish40, and After the axial rotation part32of the rotation dish coupling member30passes through the axial rotation hole42of the rotation dish40, the rotation shaft50is coupled to the coupling hole33of the axial rotation part32passing through the axial rotation hole42. In this case, since the rotation shaft50is formed with the elastic slit56, while being elastically shrunk inward, the rotation shaft50is inserted into and coupled to the coupling hole33of the rotation dish coupling member30. Next, the lower plate80is coupled to the lower side of the rotation dish40. The first fixing protrusion37of the rotation dish coupling member30is inserted into the first fixing groove47of the rotation dish40, and the second fixing protrusion79of the lower plate70is inserted into the second fixing groove49of the rotation dish40. Lastly, by rotating the container body lid15hinge-coupled to one side of the container body10to close the container body10, the assembly of the compact container having an improved opening/closing structure for different cosmetic materials according to one aspect of the present disclosure is completed. A method of using a compact container having an improved opening/closing structure for different cosmetic materials assembled in the above manner will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG.5is a cross-sectional view showing a state of pulling a rotation dish of a compact container forward according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.6is a perspective view showing a state of horizontally rotating the rotary dish of a compact container according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.7is a perspective view showing a state in which the rotation dish of a compact container according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is rotated horizontally at 180 degrees. In order to use the compact container according to the present disclosure, the button12formed on one side of the container body10is first pressed to release the fastening of the container body10and the container body lid15, and the container body lid15is rotated to open the container body10as shown inFIG.2. Thereafter, the puff kept in the puff keeping space254of the content container lid25is grasped, and the first content C1contained in the content container20is exposed to the outside by lifting the content container lid25. Then, the first content C1is stuck with the puff and applied to the skin. Thereafter, when applying the second content C2contained in the rotation dish40to the skin, or mixing the first and second contents C1and C2to apply the mixture to the skin, the rotation dish40is pulled forward, thereby unfastening the axial rotation part32formed in the rotation dish coupling member30and the axial rotation hole42formed in the rotation dish40. Then, after the second content C2is exposed to the outside by rotating the rotation dish40horizontally, the second content C2is applied to the skin or mixed with the first content (C1) to be applied to the skin. Looking in detail at the open structure of the rotation dish40as described above, first, as shown inFIG.5, the user pulls the rotation dish40from the rotation dish coupling member30forward by a predetermined section. When the rotation dish40is pulled as described above, the fastening portion322of the axial rotation part32inserted into the fastening groove422of the axial rotation hole42is released from the fastening groove422while moving forward, and as the rotation part324of the axial rotation part32is continuously inserted into the rotation groove424of the axial rotation hole42, the rotation plate40is rotatable. In this case, as shown in the partially enlarged part ofFIG.5, while the locking protrusion44of the rotation dish40moves within the forward/backward movement groove36of the rotation dish coupling member30, the locking protrusion44moves sequentially over the rear stopper protrusion364and the front stopper protrusion362to be rotatably positioned, so that the rotation dish40does not move forward or backward arbitrarily unless the user intentionally pushes the rotation dish40backward. Thereafter, as shown inFIG.6, when the rotation dish40is rotated in any one direction, the rotation dish40is rotated from the rotation dish coupling member30. In this case, the locking protrusion44of the rotation dish40is resiliently moved up and down by the curved elastic slit46, and as shown in the partially enlarged portion ofFIG.6, is released from the forward/backward movement groove36of the rotation dish coupling member30to be elastically inserted into the adjacent locking groove34. Thereafter, when the rotation dish40is further rotated, while being elastically moved up and down by the curved elastic slit46, the locking protrusion44of the rotation dish40is sequentially inserted into the locking grooves34located in the rotation direction of the rotation dish40. Therefore, it is possible to adjust the rotation angle of the rotation dish40to be constant, and it is possible to transfer more improved rotational feeling to the user. Thereafter, as shown inFIG.7, when the rotation dish40is rotated at 180 degrees, the second content C2filled in the rotation dish40is completely exposed to the outside. In this case, the locking protrusion44of the rotation dish40is elastically inserted into the forward/backward movement groove36, as shown in the partial enlarged portion ofFIG.7. After the makeup is finished, the rotation dish40is rotated in the opposite direction to close, and the content container lid25and the container body lid15are sequentially closed, so that the use of the compact container having an improved opening/closing structure for different cosmetic materials according to one aspect of the present disclosure is completed. As described above, the compact container having an improved opening/closing structure for different cosmetic materials described in this disclosure is an illustrative purpose only, and the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Thus, it should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure and they will fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

11857060

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Description will now be given in detail according to exemplary embodiments disclosed herein, with reference to the accompanying drawings. For the sake of brief description with reference to the drawings, the same or equivalent components may be provided with the same reference numbers, and description thereof will not be repeated. In general, a suffix such as “module” and “unit” may be used to refer to elements or components. Use of such a suffix herein is merely intended to facilitate description of the specification, and the suffix itself is not intended to give any special meaning or function. In the present disclosure, that which is well-known to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art has generally been omitted for the sake of brevity. The accompanying drawings are used to help easily understand various technical features and it should be understood that the embodiments presented herein are not limited by the accompanying drawings. As such, the present disclosure should be construed to extend to any alterations, equivalents and substitutes in addition to those which are particularly set out in the accompanying drawings. It will be understood that although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are generally only used to distinguish one element from another. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected with” another element, the element can be connected with the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected with” another element, there are no intervening elements present. A singular representation may include a plural representation unless it represents a definitely different meaning from the context. Terms such as “include” or “has” are used herein and should be understood that they are intended to indicate an existence of several components, functions or steps, disclosed in the specification, and it is also understood that greater or fewer components, functions, or steps may likewise be utilized. Hereinafter, a cosmetic dispenser linked with an external device and a method for operating the same according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. First,FIG.1is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a cosmetic dispensing system according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring toFIG.1, the cosmetic dispensing system according to an embodiment of the present invention may include a server1, a mobile terminal10, and a cosmetic dispenser100. The server1, the mobile terminal10, and the cosmetic dispenser100can transmit and receive signals to and from each other through a communication network. The communication network may mean a set of resources constituting a communication path between the server1, the mobile terminal10, and the cosmetic dispenser100. The server1, the mobile terminal10, and the cosmetic dispenser100can transmit and receive signals to and from each other through any one of a mobile communication technology, a wireless Internet technology, a local area communication technology, and the like. Examples of the mobile communication technology include Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Code Division Multi Access (CDMA), Code Division Multi Access 2000 (CDMA2000), Enhanced Voice-Data Optimized or Enhanced Voice- Data Only (EV-DO), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE) Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A), and the like and the mobile communication technology is a technology that transmits and receives wireless signals through a mobile communication network constructed according to any one of technologies listed above. Examples of wireless Internet technology include Wireless LAN (WLAN), Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Direct, Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA), Wireless Broadband (WiBro), World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), and the like, and the wireless Internet technology is a technology that transmits and receives wireless signals according to at least one of the wireless Internet technologies listed above. Examples of the local area communication technology include Bluetooth™, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Infrared Data Association (IrDA), Ultra Wideband (UWB), ZigBee, Near Field Communication (NFC) Fidelity), Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi Direct, Wireless Universal Serial Bus (Wireless USB), and the like, the local area communication technologies listed above have different limited distances from each other which can transmit and receive wireless signals, and the local area communication technology is a technology that transmits and receives wireless signals using at least one of the local area communication technologies listed above. The server1, the mobile terminal10, and the cosmetic dispenser100can transmit and receive signals to each other using at least one or combining at least two of the mobile communication technology, the wireless Internet technology, and the local area communication technology, which are listed above. In addition, the techniques listed above are merely illustrative and the server1, the mobile terminal10, and the cosmetic dispenser100may use other radio signal transmission and reception techniques. Next, the server1, the mobile terminal10, and the cosmetic dispenser100will be described in detail, respectively. The server1may store cosmetic-related data. In particular, the server1may store data related to the cosmetic dispensing to provide customized cosmetics to the user. The cosmetic-related data may include a cosmetic dispensing method and may include all the cosmetic dispensing methods that vary according to user information/environmental information/cosmetic provision information/ready-made cosmetic information, or the like. User information/environmental information/cosmetic provision information/ready-made cosmetic information will be described below. Although the cosmetic dispensing method may include a cosmetic type to be dispensed, a cosmetic amount to be dispensed, and a cosmetic dispensing order, this is merely illustrative. The cosmetics referred in the present invention may include all finished products, semi-finished products, and cosmetic raw materials constituting the product. Therefore, the cosmetic dispensing method may include a mixing ratio of mixing a plurality of cosmetic raw materials and includes all cosmetic dispensing methods that can be manufactured using a plurality of cosmetics. According to one embodiment, the server1transmits cosmetic-related data to the cosmetic dispenser100and the cosmetic dispenser100can dispense cosmetics based on the cosmetic-related data received from the server1. According to another embodiment, the server1may receive information related to the cosmetic dispensing from the outside such as the mobile terminal10and the cosmetic dispenser100and may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on received information related to the cosmetic dispensing. The mobile terminal10may transmit information related to cosmetic dispensing to the server1. Specifically, the mobile terminal10can receive the user information by inputting and transmit the user information to the server1, and the server1may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on the user information received from the mobile terminal10. Here, the user information may include a skin condition, a face image, a schedule, stored alarm information thereof, and the like. In addition, the mobile terminal10may receive environmental information and transmit the received environmental information to the server1. The server1may receive the environmental information from the mobile terminal10or another external device and may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on the received environmental information. Here, the environmental information may include current temperature, humidity, fine dust concentration, ultraviolet ray index, and the like. The mobile terminal10may transmit and receive signals to and from the cosmetic dispenser100. For example, specifically, the mobile terminal10may transmit cosmetic dispensing request signal or the like to the cosmetic dispenser100. The mobile terminal10can receive cartridge remaining amount information and the like from the cosmetic dispenser100. However, this is merely illustrative and the mobile terminal10and the cosmetic dispenser100may transmit and receive various items of information necessary for dispensing cosmetics. Each configuration and detailed description of the mobile terminal10will be described below with reference toFIG.2. The cosmetic dispenser100may dispense cosmetics based on the cosmetic dispensing method. According to one embodiment, the cosmetic dispenser100may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method through an installed application and may dispense the cosmetics. According to another embodiment, the cosmetic dispenser100may receive the cosmetic dispensing method from the server1may dispense the cosmetics based on the received cosmetic dispensing method. However, this is illustrative and the cosmetic dispenser100may receive the cosmetic dispensing method from the mobile terminal10. The cosmetic dispenser100may receive an input instruction of cosmetic provision information. The cosmetic provision information may include cosmetic dispensing amount, use of the cosmetics, cosmetic raw materials to be used by the user, and the like. The cosmetic dispenser100may recognize the information on the ready-made cosmetics and may transmit the recognized ready-made cosmetic information to the outside. The cosmetic dispenser100may sense a remaining amount of the cartridge and transmit information on the sensed remaining amount of cartridge to the outside. Each configuration and detailed description of the cosmetic dispenser100will be described below with reference toFIG.3. As described above, the server1, the mobile terminal10, and the cosmetic dispenser100can transmit and receive cosmetic-related data to and from each other and the cosmetic dispenser100can manufacture cosmetics based thereon. Next, a configuration and a role of the mobile terminal10according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described specifically with reference toFIG.2. FIG.2is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a mobile terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention. The mobile terminal10may include a wireless communication unit11, an input unit12, a camera13, a display unit14, a memory15, a power supply unit16, and a control unit17. The components described above are merely illustrative for description of the mobile terminal according to the embodiment of the present invention and the mobile terminal10may have more or fewer components than the components described above. Hereinafter, each component of the mobile terminal10will be described more specifically. The wireless communication unit11may include at least one modules for enabling wireless communication between the mobile terminal10and another mobile terminal, between the mobile terminal100and an external server, between the mobile terminal100and an external device, or the like. Specifically, the wireless communication unit11may include at least one of a mobile communication module, a wireless Internet module, and a local area communication module, which are the same as described above. The wireless communication unit11may further include at least one of a broadcast reception module and a location information module in addition to the modules listed above. The wireless communication unit11can transmit and receive signals to and from at least one of the other mobile terminals, the server1, and the cosmetic dispenser100. Here, the server1may be a server for storing cosmetic-related data and the cosmetic dispenser100may be a device that can dispense cosmetics according to a cosmetic dispensing instruction. The wireless communication unit11may transmit the user information, the cosmetic dispensing instruction or the like to the server1or the cosmetic dispenser100and the wireless communication unit11may receive the cartridge remaining amount information from the cosmetic dispenser100. The transmission and reception information described above is merely illustrative and the wireless communication unit11can transmit and receive all information related to cosmetic dispensing to and from an external device. The input unit12may receive a data input signal or an input instruction. For example, the input unit12may receive various data input signals associated with the cosmetic dispensing. The input unit12may receive data through an image input unit for receiving an image signal, an audio input unit for receiving a voice signal, a mechanical key input device, a touch key input device, or the like. The data input signal or the input instruction received through the input unit12may be processed as a control instruction and transferred to other components such as the wireless communication unit11, the display unit14, the memory15, the control unit17, or the like. The camera13may receive an image signal input. The image signal includes still images such as photographs, videos, and the like. Accordingly, the camera13can receive an image signal input by imaging a picture, a video, or the like. For example, the camera13can image a face image of the user. The display unit14displays (outputs) information processed by the mobile terminal10. For example, the display unit14may display contents to be provided to the user or contents input through the input unit12on a screen. The display unit14may display screen information on an application program running on the mobile terminal10. The display unit14can display images being shot or taken through the camera13. The display unit14may display user information such as the skin condition of the user, environmental information such as the current ultraviolet ray index, information related to the cosmetic dispenser such as the remaining amount of the cartridge, or the like. The display unit14may have a mutual layer structure with the touch sensor or may be integrally formed with the touch sensor to realize a touch screen. The touch screen may function as the input unit12and provide an output interface between the mobile terminal10and the user, at the same time. The memory15stores data supporting various functions of the mobile terminal10. The memory15may store a plurality of application programs or applications running on the mobile terminal10, data for operation of the mobile terminal10, and instructions. At least some of these application programs may be downloaded from an external server via wireless communication. Alternatively, at least some of these application programs may exist on the mobile terminal10from the time of shipment for the basic functions (for example, incoming call, outgoing call, incoming message, and outgoing message functions) of the mobile terminal10. On the other hand, at least one of these application programs may be an application for cosmetic dispensing. The power supply unit16receives external power or internal power and supplies power to each component included in the mobile terminal10. The power supply unit16includes a battery, which may be a built-in battery or a replaceable battery. The control unit17controls the overall operation of the mobile terminal10. Specifically, the control unit17can control an operation of each component constituting the mobile terminal10or an operation related to the application program. The control unit17can provide or process information or functions suitable to the user by processing signals, data, information, or the like input or output through the components described above or driving an application program stored in the memory15. The control unit17may control at least some of the components described above or may operate at least two of the components in combination with each other. The mobile terminal10described herein may include a mobile phone, a smart phone, a computer, a notebook computer, a tablet PC, a wearable device, a digital TV, a digital signage, skin diagnostic devices, or the like. At least some of the components described above with reference toFIG.2may operate in cooperation with one another to implement an operation, control, or a control method of a mobile terminal according to various embodiments described below. Also, an operation, control, or a control method of the mobile terminal may be implemented on the mobile terminal by running at least one application program stored in the memory15. Next, a configuration and a role of the cosmetic dispenser100according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference toFIG.3. FIG.3is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a cosmetic dispenser according to an embodiment of the present invention. The cosmetic dispenser100according to the embodiment of the present invention may include an input unit110, a display unit120, a storage unit130, a sensing unit140, a camera145, a position detection unit147, cosmetic dispensing unit150, a first bi-directional communication unit160, and a second communication unit170. The components listed above are merely illustrative for description of the cosmetic dispenser according to the embodiment of the present invention and the cosmetic dispenser100may have more or fewer components than the components listed above. Hereinafter, each component of the cosmetic dispenser100will be described in more detail. The input unit110may receive a data input instruction related to cosmetic dispensing. Although the data relating to the cosmetic dispensing may include a dispensing amount, use, a dispensing time, cosmetic type, and cosmetic raw material, this is merely illustrative and may include all data available for cosmetic dispensing. The input unit110may receive a data input instruction related to a cartridge151(seeFIG.5) mounted on the cosmetic dispenser100. For example, the input unit110may receive an instruction for inputting information on the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151, information on the installation date of the cartridge151, and the like. Alternatively, the information listed above may be automatically sensed by a sensing unit140described below. The input unit110may include at least one of an image input unit, an audio input unit, a mechanical key input unit, a touch key input unit, a pupil recognition input unit, and the like. The display unit120may display data related to the cosmetic dispensing. Specifically, the display unit120may display a guidance screen for receiving a data input instruction related to the cosmetic dispensing. Alternatively, although the display unit120may display information input to the input unit110, information on the dispensed cosmetics, information related to the makeup method, and the like, this is merely illustrative. According to one embodiment, the display unit120may be implemented as a touch screen. In this case, the display unit120may perform a function as the input unit110together. According to another embodiment, the display unit120may be implemented as a mirror display. The display unit120may include a minor film and in this case, the display unit120may function as a minor and visually display information at the same time. More specifically, the display unit120may include a coating film, an upper polarizer, a liquid crystal display panel, a polarizer, and a back light and the minor film may be positioned on the upper polarizer. Accordingly, in a case where the user views the display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100, the user may receive the cosmetic-related information and check the face of the user, at the same time. In a case where the display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100is a mirror display, there is an advantage that the user can receive the cosmetic-related information, the makeup method, or the like while viewing the face of the user to easily receive beauty-related help. The storage unit130may include at least one of the cartridge information, the cosmetic-related data, and the makeup method. The cartridge information may include at least one of a cosmetic type, remaining amount information, cartridge mounting date information, number of mounted cartridges, and the like corresponding to at least one cartridge mounted on the cosmetic dispenser100. The cosmetic-related data may include a cosmetic dispensing method including at least one of the cosmetic type, the cosmetic dispensing order, and the like. More specifically, although the storage unit130may store the popular cosmetic dispensing method, the most recently used cosmetic dispensing method, the most frequently used cosmetic dispensing method, an expert-recommended cosmetic dispensing method, or the like, this is merely illustrative. The storage unit130may store a user-related cosmetic dispensing method similar to that listed above. The storage unit130may store data supporting various functions of the cosmetic dispenser100. The storage unit130may store a plurality of application programs running on the cosmetic dispenser100, data for operating the cosmetic dispenser100, and instructions. These application programs, data, and instructions may be downloaded from the outside or may exist in the cosmetic dispenser100from the time of shipment. The sensing unit140may sense the cartridge151(seeFIG.4) mounted on the cosmetic dispenser100. The sensing unit140may sense the number of cartridges mounted on the cosmetic dispenser100, the cosmetic type contained in the cartridges, the remaining amount of the cartridges, and the installation date of the cartridges. According to one embodiment, the sensing unit140may transmit a signal toward the cartridge151and then may receive the reflection signal corresponding to the transmission signal, and may sense the remaining amount of the cartridge based on the difference between the transmission time and the reception time. In this case, the sensing unit140may be positioned on an extension line of the direction in which the cosmetics are discharged from the plurality of cartridges150. For example, in a case where the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151are mounted so as to be discharged downward, the sensing unit140may be positioned at an upper portion or a lower portion of the cartridge151. In a case where the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151are mounted so as to be discharged in the lateral direction, the sensing unit140may be mounted in parallel to the cartridge151in the horizontal direction. According to another embodiment, the sensing unit140is implemented as a load cell and may sense the weight of the cartridge151thereon to sense the remaining amount of the cartridge. In this case, the sensing unit140may be mounted on the lower portion of the cartridge151. However, the method described above is merely illustrative and the sensing unit140can sense the remaining amount of the cartridge151in various manners. In addition, the sensing unit140may receive a bar code input signal, a radio frequency identification (RFID) input signal, or the like included in the cartridge151when the cartridge151is mounted and can sense the number of cartridges, the cosmetic type contained in the cartridge, the installation date of the cartridge, the manufacturing date (or expiration date) of the cosmetics contained in the cartridge, and the like. The cartridge related information listed above may be received through the input unit110in addition to the sensing unit140. The camera145may image the face of the user. Specifically, the camera145may image a no makeup face of the user or a makeup face of the user. The control unit180can acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on the face of the user imaged by the camera145. For example, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method from foundation makeup to color makeup in a case where the no makeup face of the user is imaged. In addition, the control unit180may acquire a makeup correction method or an additional cosmetic dispensing method in a case where a state of the makeup face of the user is imaged. The position detection unit147may acquire a current position of the user. Although the position detection unit147may include a Global Positioning System (GPS), this is merely illustrative and all devices that can acquire the current position of the user may be included therein. When the position detection unit147acquires the current position of the user, the control unit180may acquire weather information, surrounding information, and the like corresponding to the current position of the user. The control unit180may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on the weather information, the surrounding information, and the like corresponding to the acquired current position. The cosmetic dispensing unit150may dispense the cosmetics using at least one cosmetic raw material. The cosmetic dispensing unit150may include a cartridge151, a nozzle unit152, a mixer unit153, a discharging unit154, and a refrigerating unit155. The cartridge151may receive cosmetics. Here, the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151may include each of a finished product constituted as one product formed by a plurality of cosmetic raw materials, a semi-finished product of which some cosmetic raw materials are omitted, and cosmetic raw materials. In a case where the cosmetic dispenser100includes a plurality of cartridges151, each cartridge151may receive one of the finished product, the semi-finished product, or the cosmetic raw materials. The plurality of cartridges151may be configured for each cosmetic type. Specifically, the plurality of cartridges151may be foundation cosmetic cartridges. For example, the foundation cosmetic cartridges may include a skin (toner) cartridge, an essence (serum) cartridge, a lotion (emulsion) cartridge, an eye cream cartridge, a day/night cream cartridge, and a sunscreen cartridge. The control unit180may acquire the cosmetic type and the cosmetic amount to be dispensed from the foundation cosmetic cartridge based on the user information, the environmental information, or the like. For example, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method in which 5 g from the skin cartridge, 3 g from the essence cartridge, 5 g from of the lotion cartridge, and 7 g from the sunscreen cartridge are dispensed in order. On the other hand, the plurality of cartridges151may be color cosmetic cartridges. For example, the color cosmetic cartridges may include a makeup base cartridge, a foundation cartridge, a concealer cartridge, a powder compact cartridge, an eyebrow cartridge, an eye shadow cartridge, an eyeliner cartridge, a mascara cartridge, a blusher/highlighter cartridge, and a lipstick cartridge. The control unit180may acquire the cosmetic type and the cosmetic amount to be dispensed from the color cosmetic cartridge based on the user information, the environmental information, or the like. Alternatively, the plurality of cartridges151may include both the foundation cosmetic cartridge and the color cosmetic cartridge. In this case, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method which provides cosmetics from each of the foundation cosmetic cartridges and cosmetics in each of the color cosmetic cartridges. The cartridge151may be mounted on a cartridge supporting portion (not illustrated) and may be detached from the cartridge supporting portion. For example, when all the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151are consumed, the cartridge151may be detached from the cartridge supporting portion and a new cartridge151may be inserted into the cartridge supporting portion. Alternatively, when all of the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151are consumed, the cartridge151may be refilled with cosmetics. The cosmetics can be refilled both in a state where the cartridge151is mounted on the cartridge supporting portion or is separated therefrom. Cosmetic discharge hole (not illustrated) may be formed on the cartridge151and the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151may be discharged to the nozzle unit152through the cosmetic discharge hole (not illustrated). According to one embodiment, the nozzle unit152may be connected to the discharging unit154. Therefore, the cosmetics housed in the cartridge151may pass through the nozzle unit152and may be discharged to the outside through the discharging unit154. According to another embodiment, the nozzle unit152may be connected to the cartridge151and the mixer unit153. The nozzle unit152may be a passage through which the cosmetics move from the cartridge151to the mixer unit153. The cosmetics discharged from the cartridge151can be moved to the mixer unit153through the nozzle unit152. The mixer unit153may uniformly mix at least one cosmetic. The mixer unit153is provided with a vibration device (not illustrated) or the like and may discharge the cosmetic raw material contained in the mixer unit153. The discharging unit154can discharge the cosmetics that are moved from the cartridge151through the nozzle unit154to the outside. Alternatively, in a case where the cosmetic dispensing unit150includes the mixer unit154, the discharging unit154may discharge the cosmetics mixed in the mixer unit153to the outside of the cosmetic dispenser100. The discharging unit153may be implemented as a pump and discharge cosmetics to the outside of the cosmetic dispenser100. The refrigerating unit155may maintain a temperature of the cosmetics housed in the cartridge151at the set temperature. The refrigerating unit155may be configured to receive the cartridge151therein. Alternatively, the refrigerating unit155may be formed around the cartridge151. The components listed above are merely illustrative, and the cosmetic dispensing unit150may further include other components required for dispensing cosmetics, or some components may be omitted. The first bi-directional communication unit160may transmit and receive signals between the cosmetic dispenser100and an external server or an external device. In other words, the first bi-directional communication unit160may transmit and receive signals between the cosmetic dispenser100and the server1or transmit and receive signals between the cosmetic dispenser100and the mobile terminal10. For example, the first bi-directional communication unit160may transmit the input cosmetic provision information to the server1and may receive the environmental information such as weather and the cosmetic dispensing method from the server1. Alternatively, the first bi-directional communication unit160may transmit the remaining amount information on the cartridge to the mobile terminal10and may receive the user information such as a schedule and the cosmetic dispensing instruction from the mobile terminal10. However, this is merely illustrative and the first bi-directional communication unit160can transmit and receive various signals related to cosmetic dispensing to and from an external server or an external device. The first bi-directional communication unit160may transmit and receive signals to and from the outside using at least one of the mobile communication technology, the wireless Internet technology, and the local communication technology described above. The second communication unit170can receive information on the ready-made cosmetics. The ready-made cosmetics refer to commercial cosmetics manufactured already and sold in bulk and the ready-made cosmetics may include bar codes or RFID chips. The second communication unit170may be implemented as a bar code reader or a RFID reader and may recognize the ready-made cosmetics including a bar code or a RFID chip. When the second communication unit170recognizes the ready-made cosmetics, the information on the recognized ready-made cosmetics may be received. In this case, unlike the first bi-directional communication unit160, the second communication unit170can transmit and receive signals in a single direction. When the second communication unit170receives the information on the ready-made cosmetics, the control unit180may provide the cosmetics in consideration of the ready-made cosmetics based on the received ready-made cosmetic information and may display a use method of the ready-made cosmetics. A detailed description thereof will be described below. In addition, in a case where the second communication unit170recognizes the bar code or the RFID chip, the second communication unit170may receive the manufacturing date (or expiration date) of the ready-made cosmetics. The control unit180can inform the user of a replacement time of the cosmetics through the manufacturing date (or expiration date) of the received ready-made cosmetics. The control unit180may control the overall operation required for dispensing the cosmetics. The control unit180may control individual operations of each of the components constituting the cosmetic dispenser100or may control the operations to be combined with each other. The operation of each component described above is exemplary and each component can perform various operations related to cosmetic dispensing. The cosmetic dispenser100may be implemented as a stationary or a portable cosmetic dispenser. The stationary cosmetic dispenser100may mount a relatively large number of the cartridges151as compared with the portable cosmetic dispenser and thus the stationary cosmetic dispenser100has an advantage that various cosmetics can be provided therein. Since the portable cosmetic dispenser100is easy to carry, the portable cosmetic dispenser100has an advantage that cosmetics suitable for various situations may be manufactured and used immediately after going out. Next, the cosmetic dispenser implemented as a stationary cosmetic dispenser will be described with reference toFIG.4andFIG.5.FIG.4is an exemplary view of a stationary cosmetic dispenser according to a first embodiment of the present invention andFIG.5is an exemplary view of a stationary cosmetic dispenser according to a second embodiment of the present invention. First, with reference toFIG.4, the cosmetic dispenser100may include an input unit110, a display unit120, a storage unit130, a sensing unit140, cosmetic dispensing unit150, a first bi-directional communication unit160, a second communication unit170, and a control unit180. In the input unit110, the display unit120, the storage unit130, the sensing unit140, the cosmetic dispensing unit150, the first bi-directional communication unit160, the second communication unit170, and the control unit180, the same contents as those described inFIG.3will be omitted. The cosmetic dispenser100may be provided with a discharge space51in which the cosmetics are discharged. The user may be provided the cosmetics discharged from the discharge space S1to hands of the user or to the container. The discharge space S1may be formed between an upper body100aand a lower body100bof the cosmetic dispenser100. In other words, the cosmetic dispenser100includes the upper body100aand the lower body100band a discharge space S1may be formed between the upper body100aand the lower body100b. The upper body100aand the lower body100bmay be connected to each other. The cosmetic dispensing unit150may be positioned adjacent to the discharge space S1. More specifically, the cosmetic dispensing unit150may be mounted such that one surface thereof formed in the discharging unit154faces the discharge space S1. Accordingly, cosmetics may be discharged from the cosmetic dispensing unit150to the discharge space S1. The cosmetic dispensing unit150may include a plurality of cartridges151. Each of the plurality of cartridges151may include only foundation cosmetics or only color cosmetics. Alternatively, the cosmetic dispensing unit150may include both the cartridge151containing the foundation cosmetics and the cartridge151containing the color cosmetics. The cosmetics contained in the plurality of cartridges151may be discharged through one discharging unit154in order. In other words, the foundation cosmetics are discharged the makeup order and the color cosmetics can be discharged in the makeup order from the discharging unit154. With reference toFIG.4, the sensing unit140may be positioned above the cosmetic dispensing unit150, the sensing unit140, the first bi-directional communication unit160, the second communication unit170, the control unit180may be positioned in the lower body100a, and the input unit110and the storage unit130may be positioned in the lower body100b. However, this is merely illustrative and the shape of the cosmetic dispenser100illustrated inFIG.4and the position of each component included in the cosmetic dispenser100may be different from those illustrated inFIG.4. In other words, although it is described that the input unit110is positioned on an upper surface of the lower body100bas an example, the input unit110may be positioned in the upper body100a. The refrigeration unit (not illustrated) may be formed to accommodate a plurality of cartridges151therein. Meanwhile, the cosmetic dispenser100may include a plurality of cosmetic dispensing units150. With reference toFIG.5, the at least one cartridge151, the nozzle unit152, the mixer unit153, and the discharging unit154constitute a cosmetic dispensing unit set and the cosmetic dispenser100includes a plurality of cosmetic dispensing unit sets. In this case, each cosmetic dispensing unit set may be implemented as a foundation cosmetic dispensing unit and a color cosmetic dispensing unit. Next, the cosmetic dispenser which is implemented as a portable cosmetic dispenser will be described with reference toFIG.6.FIG.6is an exemplary view of a portable cosmetic dispenser according to an embodiment of the present invention. With reference toFIG.6, the portable cosmetic dispenser100may include an input unit110, a display unit120, cosmetic dispensing unit150, a first bi-directional communication unit160, a second communication unit170, and a control unit180. The portable cosmetic dispenser100may be smaller in size and may include fewer components than the stationary cosmetic dispenser100. However, the components listed above are merely illustrative and the portable cosmetic dispenser100may include more components. In addition, since the same components as those described above with reference toFIG.3are the same as those described above, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. There is an advantage that the portable cosmetic dispenser100has a light weight and easy portability and can manufacture required cosmetics and dispense the cosmetics to the user according to situations. The cosmetic dispensing unit150of the portable cosmetic dispenser100may be mounted such that one surface of the discharging unit154is formed on an outside surface of the cosmetic dispenser100. Accordingly, the cosmetics manufactured in the cosmetic dispensing unit150may be discharged to the outside of the cosmetic dispenser100and the user may be provided with the discharged cosmetics. The positional relationship between the input unit110, the display unit120, the cosmetic dispensing unit150, the first bi-directional communication unit160, the second communication unit170, and the control unit180of the portable cosmetic dispenser100illustrated inFIG.6and the shape of the cosmetic dispenser100are merely illustrative and may be different from those illustrated inFIG.6. Next, a method for operating the cosmetic dispensing system according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference toFIG.7toFIG.16. The cosmetic dispenser100described below may include both a stationary cosmetic dispenser and a portable cosmetic dispenser. FIG.7is a diagram illustrating a method for operating a cosmetic dispensing system according to an embodiment of the present invention. The server1may transmit data related to cosmetic dispensing to the cosmetic dispenser100(S101). The data relating to the cosmetic dispensing may refer to the data necessary to acquire the cosmetic dispensing method and may include cosmetic effects according to the cosmetic type, the makeup order, the cosmetic amount, and the like. The cosmetic dispenser100may receive data related to cosmetic dispensing from the server1. The server1can receive environmental information (S103). The server1can transmit the received environmental information to the cosmetic dispenser100(S105). The environmental information refers to information related to a current atmospheric state, weather, or the like and the environmental information may include current temperature, humidity, fine dust concentration, ultraviolet ray index, amount of cloud, and the like. The server1may receive the environmental information from outside such as a weather station. Alternatively, the mobile terminal10may receive the environmental information from the outside and transmit the environmental information to the server1, and the server1may also receive the environmental information from the mobile terminal10. The mobile terminal10can receive an input instruction of user information (S107). The mobile terminal10may transmit the received user information to the cosmetic dispenser100(S109). The user information may include a skin condition, a face image, a schedule of the user, an alarm, and the like. The mobile terminal10can image a skin or a face of the user through the camera13to acquire a skin condition or a face image. Alternatively, the mobile terminal10may receive a schedule input instruction or an alarm input instruction through the input unit12. Here, the schedule input instruction may mean an instruction for inputting at least one of date, time, place and job contents related to the scheduled work of the user and the alarm input instruction may mean an instruction for inputting at least one of time and job contents related to a daily or weekly repeated work such as a wake-up time of the user. With reference toFIG.8, information acquired as the mobile terminal10according to an embodiment of the present invention receives a schedule input instruction will be described.FIG.8is a view explaining an example of the user information received by a mobile terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention. The mobile terminal10may receive the schedule input instruction through the input unit12. Specifically, the input unit12of the mobile terminal10may receive an instruction for inputting at least one of a date, a time, a place and job contents associated with the scheduled job to the user. The display unit14of the mobile terminal10may display contents corresponding to the received schedule input instruction. The input unit12may receive a first schedule input instruction including Apr. 19, 10:00 and a customer meeting, receive a second schedule input instruction including Apr. 22, 12:30 and XX wedding, and a third schedule including Apr. 28, 19:00 and a friend gathering. The display unit14of the mobile terminal10may display contents corresponding to the first schedule input instruction, the second schedule input instruction, and the third schedule input instruction, which are received. In other words, as illustrated inFIG.8, the display unit14may display 04/19 10:00 customer meeting, 04/22 12:30 XX wedding, and 04/28 19:00 friend gathering. However, this is merely illustrative and the mobile terminal10may receive and display more schedule input instructions than the schedule illustrated inFIG.8. In addition, the schedule display method illustrated inFIG.8is merely illustrative and may be displayed in other manners. The mobile terminal10may receive various input instruction of the user information in addition to the schedule input instruction described above. Again,FIG.7will be described. The sensing unit140of the cosmetic dispenser100can sense the remaining amount of the cartridge151(S37). The sensing unit140of the cosmetic dispenser100may transmit a signal toward the cartridge151and receive a reflection signal corresponding to the transmission signal. The control unit180may calculate the difference between the time when the signal is transmitted to the cartridge151and the time when the reflected signal is received and may sense the remaining amount of the cartridge based on the calculated difference between the transmission time and the reception time. However, this is merely illustrative and the sensing unit140may be a weight measuring sensor that may measure the weight of each of the at least one cartridges151and may measure the weight of each of the cartridges151so that the remaining amount of the cartridges may be sensed. The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100may display the remaining amount of the sensed cartridge. Alternatively, the first bi-directional communication unit160of the cosmetic dispenser100may transmit the sensed remaining amount information on the cartridge to the mobile terminal10(S113). The mobile terminal10may display the remaining amount information on the cartridge (S115). A method for displaying the remaining amount information on the cartridge by the mobile terminal10will be described below with reference toFIG.14. As described above, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic dispenser100may sense the remaining amount of the cartridge and provide the user with a replacement time of the cosmetics (cartridge). Meanwhile, according to another embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic dispenser100can provide the user with cosmetic replacement period based on the cosmetic manufacturing date or the cosmetic expiration date. Specifically, the cosmetic dispenser100may acquire at least one of the installation date of the cartridge, the manufacturing date or the expiration date of the cosmetics contained in the cartridge, and the manufacturing date or the expiration date of the ready-made cosmetics through the sensing unit140or the second communication unit170. The control unit180may control to output cosmetic replacement alarm in a case where the installation date of the cartridge, the manufacturing date of the cosmetics contained in the cartridge, or the manufacturing date of the ready-made cosmetics exceeds a predetermined reference period. Alternatively, the control unit180may control to be output the cosmetic replacement alarm in a case where the current date is equal to or shorter than the expiration date of the cosmetics contained in the cartridge or the expiration date of the ready-made cosmetics. The control unit180may display a replacement alarm on the display unit120or may transmit a replacement alarm signal to the mobile terminal10. The cosmetic dispenser100can recognize the information on the ready-made cosmetics (S117). The ready-made cosmetics represent commercial cosmetics which are manufactured and sold by cosmetic companies or the like. The ready-made cosmetics may include bar codes or RFID tags. The cosmetic dispenser100may include a second communication unit170for recognizing the ready-made cosmetics. The second communication unit170may be a bar code recognition device or a RFID reader. Next, with reference toFIG.9, a method for recognizing the information on the ready-made cosmetics by the cosmetic dispenser100will be described.FIG.9is a view explaining a method for recognizing information on the ready-made cosmetics by the cosmetic dispenser according to an embodiment of the present invention. The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100may display a screen for recognizing the ready-made cosmetics. As illustrated inFIG.9, the display unit120may display a ready-made cosmetic recognition message1010, and the ready-made cosmetic recognition message1010may indicate the recognition timing and the recognizable position of the ready-made cosmetics. The recognizable position of the ready-made cosmetics may be positioned adjacent to the second communication unit170. The user may place the ready-made cosmetics1020on a position adjacent to the second communication unit170. The second communication unit170may recognize the bar code or the RFID tag built in the ready-made cosmetics1020and may receive the information on the ready-made cosmetics1020as result of the recognition thereof. In this manner, the user may recognize possessed cosmetics by the second communication unit170and acquire a method for using the possessed cosmetics. Again,FIG.7will be described. When the information on the ready-made cosmetics1020is received by the cosmetic dispenser100, the cosmetic dispenser100may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on at least one of the user information, the environmental information, the remaining amount information on the cartridge, and the ready-made cosmetic information (S119). In a case where the cosmetic dispenser100does not receive the information on the ready-made cosmetics1020, the cosmetic dispenser100may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on at least one of the user information, the environmental information and the remaining amount information on the cartridge (S121). The control unit180may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method based on at least one of the information on the skin condition, the face image of the user, the schedule, the alarm, the current temperature, the humidity, the fine dust concentration, the ultraviolet ray index, and the ready-made cosmetics. The cosmetic dispensing method may include the cosmetic type to be dispensed, the cosmetic amount to be dispensed, the cosmetic dispensing order, the cosmetic dispensing time, and the like. Specifically, when the control unit180receives the schedule information from the mobile terminal10, the control unit180may acquire different cosmetic dispensing methods from each other according to the schedule information. For example, the control unit180may receive ‘April 19, 10:00 customer meeting’ information, ‘April 22, 12:30 XX wedding’ information, and ‘April 28, 19:00 friend gathering’ information and the control unit180can acquire a cosmetic dispensing method that matches the date included in the received information and the schedule contents included in the received information. For example, the control unit180can recognize predetermined specific characters such as ‘meeting’, ‘wedding’, ‘gathering’, and the like. According to one embodiment, the control unit180may acquire a recognized specific character-mapped cosmetic dispensing method when a specific character is recognized. According to another embodiment, the control unit180may recommend a perfume or specific cosmetics to a schedule which is recognized by the specific character. Alternatively, when the control unit180receives the alarm information from the mobile terminal10, the control unit180can acquire a cosmetic dispensing method in which the cosmetics are manufactured according to the alarm time. Specifically, when the control unit180receives the ‘am T o'clock wake up’ information from the mobile terminal10, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method in which the cosmetics are manufactured after a predetermined time based on the received time. For example, when the control unit180receives the ‘am 7 o'clock wake up’ information from the mobile terminal10, a cosmetic provision method in which the control unit180controls the cosmetics to be manufactured at 8 o'clock after the predetermined time based on the received time, that is, 7 o'clock may be acquired. When the environmental information such as humidity and ultraviolet ray index is received, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method by adjusting the moisture content cosmetic raw materials and the sun block functional cosmetic raw materials according to the humidity, the ultraviolet ray index and the like. The control unit180may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method considering the remaining amount of the cartridge. Specifically, the control unit180may limit the cosmetic amount having the remaining amount of the cartridge less than the predetermined remaining amount to a predetermined usage amount or less. When the control unit180receives the information on the ready-made cosmetics, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method that may use the received ready-made cosmetics in combination with the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151. Alternatively, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method using only ready-made cosmetics in a case where the control unit180receives information on the ready-made cosmetics. However, this is merely illustrative and the mobile terminal10or the server1may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method. For example, the mobile terminal10may receive at least one of the user information, the environmental information, and cosmetic provision information to acquire a cosmetic dispensing method. The manner in which the server1acquires the cosmetic dispensing method will be described below inFIG.15. The display unit120may display the cosmetic dispensing method (S123). With reference toFIG.10atoFIG.10d, a method for displaying a cosmetic dispensing method according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. As illustrated inFIG.10a, the display unit120displays the user information901, the cartridge remaining amount information902, the environmental information903, the possessed cosmetic information904, and the cosmetic information905to be dispensed, a correction icon906, and a dispensing icon907. The user information901may be information received from the mobile terminal1, the cartridge information902may be the result information acquired by sensing the remaining amount of the cartridge, the environmental information903may be environmental information received from the server1, and the possessed cosmetic information904may be information on recognition result of the ready-made cosmetics. The cosmetic information905to be dispensed may include a cosmetic dispensing method acquired based on at least one of the user information, the environmental information, the remaining amount information on the cartridge, and information on ready-made cosmetics. Specifically, the cosmetic information905to be dispensed includes the cosmetic type, the cosmetic provision amount, and the cosmetic provision order. The cosmetic information905to be dispensed may include a check box905a. The check box905amay be a check box for selecting cosmetics to be corrected or selecting cosmetics to be dispensed. The correction icon906is an icon for correcting the cosmetics displayed in the cosmetic information905to be dispensed. The control unit180may display a screen for correcting the cosmetics selected by the check box905awhen the correction icon906is selected. The dispensing icon907is an icon for dispensing cosmetics according to the dispensing method displayed in the cosmetic information905to be dispensed. When the control unit180receives the instruction to select the dispensing icon907, the control unit180can dispense the cosmetics displayed in the check box905a. FIG.10ais an exemplary screen displaying a cosmetic dispensing method using only the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151. Therefore, the cosmetic information905to be dispensed illustrated inFIG.10adisplays the cosmetic information to be provided through the cartridge151. On the other hand, the cosmetic dispenser100may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method using both the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151and the possessed cosmetics. FIG.10bis an exemplary screen representing a cosmetic dispensing method using both the cosmetics contained in the cartridge151and the possessed cosmetics. Even in this case, the display unit120may display the user information901, the cartridge remaining amount information902, the environmental information903, the possessed cosmetic information904, and the cosmetic information905to be dispensed, the correction icon906, and the dispensing icon907, similar to those described inFIG.10a. The same contents as those described inFIG.10awill be omitted. The control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method using both the possessed cosmetics and the cosmetics dispensed through the cartridge151. In this case, as in the example illustrated inFIG.10b, the control unit180may recognize a specific cosmetics through recognition of the ready-made cosmetics1020, may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method including the use order of the recognized and specified cosmetics and may display the cosmetic information905to be dispensed. The cosmetic information905to be dispensed includes both the information on the possessed cosmetics and the cosmetics provided through the cartridge151. According to one embodiment, as illustrated inFIG.10b, the cartridge151may include both foundation cosmetics and color cosmetics. According to another embodiment, the cartridge151may include only the foundation cosmetics. For example, the color cosmetics may be difficult to provide through the cartridge151. In this case, as in the example illustrated inFIG.10c, the control unit180can display both cosmetic information905bwhich can be dispensed through the cartridge151and information905d using the possessed cosmetics. According to another embodiment, the control unit180may acquire a cosmetic dispensing method using only the possessed cosmetics by the control unit180. For example, the control unit180can acquire a cosmetic dispensing method including only the possessed cosmetics as a result of recognition of the possessed cosmetics. In this case, as in the example illustrated inFIG.10d, the display unit120may display the cosmetic information905to be dispensed, which includes only the possessed cosmetics. Although the cosmetic information905to be dispensed may display the possessed cosmetic type in accordance with the use order of the possessed cosmetics, since cosmetic information905to be dispensed described above is merely illustrative, cosmetic information905to be dispensed is not limited thereto. Again,FIG.7will be described. The control unit180may receive a cosmetic correction instruction to be dispensed (S125). The control unit180may receive an instruction to select the correction icon906illustrated inFIGS.10ato10d. When the control unit180receives the cosmetic correction instruction to be dispensed, the control unit180may correct the cosmetic dispensing method (S127). In a step of correcting the cosmetic dispensing method, the control unit180may receive an input instruction of cosmetic provision information for setting the cosmetic provision amount, the cosmetic use, the cosmetic type, and the like. The input instruction of the cosmetic provision information will be described below with reference toFIG.15. The control unit180can dispense cosmetics according to the corrected cosmetic dispensing method (S129). Alternatively, when the control unit180receives the cosmetic dispensing instruction in step5125, the control unit180may dispense the cosmetics according to the cosmetic dispensing method. The control unit180can receive an instruction to select the dispensing icon907illustrated inFIG.10atoFIG.10d. FIG.11is a view explaining a state where a cosmetic dispenser according to an embodiment of the present invention dispenses cosmetics manufactured according to the cosmetic dispensing method. The cosmetic dispensing unit150may control so that the cosmetics contained in each of at least one cartridge151are discharged from the discharging unit154to the outside through the nozzle unit152based on the cosmetic dispensing method. In a case where the cosmetic dispensing unit150includes the mixer unit153, the cosmetics contained in each of the at least one cartridges151may be controlled to be moved to the mixer unit153through the nozzle unit152, to be mixed in the mixer unit152, and to be discharged from the discharging unit154to the outside. The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100can display discharge timing when the cosmetics1100is discharged. Accordingly, the user may receive and use the cosmetics1100in accordance with the dispensing timing. Alternatively, a cosmetic container (not illustrated) may be disposed below the discharging unit154. The cosmetics1100discharged from the discharging unit154can be accommodated in the cosmetic container (not illustrated). The user can immediately use the cosmetics accommodated in the cosmetic container (not illustrated) or carry the cosmetic container when going out. The cosmetic dispenser100may display information on cosmetics dispensed while dispensing cosmetics. Here, the cosmetic information may include an ingredient ratio of the cosmetics to be dispensed, the cosmetics use method, the efficacy of the cosmetics, or the like. The cosmetic dispenser100may dispense at least one cosmetics based on the cosmetic dispensing method and may discharge the cosmetics in order in the case of a plurality of cosmetics. Again,FIG.7will be described. The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100may display cosmetic information corresponding to the cosmetics to be provided (S131). The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100may display information on each ingredient of the cosmetics, usage information on the cosmetics, the efficacy information on the cosmetics, and the like. Next,FIG.12is an exemplary view explaining a method for displaying information on cosmetics by the cosmetic dispenser according to an embodiment of the present invention. The cosmetic dispenser100may sequentially discharge first cosmetics, second cosmetics, and third cosmetics based on the cosmetic dispensing method. The first to third cosmetics may be finished products, semi-finished products or cosmetic raw materials. Although the first cosmetics may be cosmetics provided in the toner cartridge, the second cosmetics may be cosmetics provided in the lotion cartridge, and the third cosmetics may be cosmetics provided in the essence cartridge, it is merely illustrative. The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100may display the cosmetic information1210. According to one embodiment, as illustrated inFIG.12, the cosmetic information1210may include ingredient information on the first cosmetics, ingredient information on the second cosmetics, and ingredient information on the third cosmetics to be manufactured, respectively. The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100may display a recommended makeup method1220along with the cosmetic information1210. The recommended makeup method1220is a method for using the cosmetics to be dispensed and may include a cosmetic use position, a cosmetic use order, a cosmetic using amount, or the like. In the example ofFIG.12, the display unit120displays the use position and the use order of the first cosmetics, the second cosmetics, and the third cosmetics. According to this, the cosmetic dispenser100has the effect of providing cosmetics and guiding the cosmetic use method at the same time. Again,FIG.7will be described. In a case where the cosmetic dispenser100acquires a cosmetic dispensing method using the ready-made cosmetics, the information corresponding to the ready-made cosmetics may be displayed (S133). With reference toFIG.13atoFIG.13c, a method for displaying information corresponding to the ready-made cosmetics according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. First,FIG.13ais a view explaining a ready-made cosmetic information display method according to the first embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated inFIG.13a, the display unit120may display both the cosmetic information1310and the recommended makeup method1320. The cosmetic information1310may include the ingredient information on the first cosmetics the ingredient information on the third cosmetics, and the ingredient information on the second cosmetics as the possessed cosmetics which are dispensed through the cartridge151. Here, the possessed cosmetics may represent the cosmetics recognized in the information recognition step S21of the ready-made cosmetics. A recommended makeup method1320is a method for using the cosmetics to be dispensed along with the possessed cosmetics and may include the cosmetic using position, the cosmetic use order, the cosmetic using amount, and the like. In the example ofFIG.13a, the display unit120displays the use position of the first cosmetics dispensed, the use position of the second cosmetics which is the possessed cosmetics, and the use position and the use order of the third cosmetics. According to this, there is an advantage that the cosmetics necessary for the user are manufactured and provided and a use method for the cosmetics possessed by the user is provided at the same time. FIG.13bis a view explaining the ready-made cosmetic information display method according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The control unit180can acquire the cosmetic dispensing method using only the ready-made cosmetics. As illustrated inFIG.13b, the display unit120may display both the possessed cosmetics information1330and the recommended makeup method1340. The cosmetic information1330may include names of at least one cosmetic. In addition, although not illustrated inFIG.13b, the cosmetic information1330may include names of the cosmetics along with the recommended use cosmetic amount. The recommended makeup method1340may include a use position, a use method, and the like of each possessed cosmetics displayed on the possessed cosmetics1330. FIG.13cis a view explaining ready-made cosmetic information display method according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The control unit180may acquire the cosmetic dispensing method using only the ready-made cosmetics. In this case, as illustrated inFIG.13c, the display unit120may display the possessed cosmetics information1350along with the recommended cosmetic information1360. When the control unit180receives an instruction to select the cosmetics contained in the recommended cosmetic information1360, the control unit180may display a method for purchasing the selected cosmetics. For example, the display unit120may display a website where the selected cosmetics may be purchased. According to this, the cosmetic dispenser100has the advantage of being capable of using the possessed cosmetics and, at the same time, providing the user with the information on the recommended cosmetics which can be used together with the possessed cosmetics. On the other hand, in a case where it is difficult to provide the color cosmetics through the cartridge151, as illustrated inFIGS.13A to13C, there is an effect that all processes relating the use of the cosmetics from the display of the cosmetic provision method to the display of the makeup method by displaying the information on the ready-made cosmetics can get help. Next,FIG.14is an exemplary view explaining a method for outputting cartridge remaining amount information by a mobile terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated inFIG.14, the display unit14of the mobile terminal10may display remaining amount information1401of the first cartridge, remaining amount information1402of the second cartridge, remaining amount information1403of the third cartridge, remaining amount information1404of the fourth cartridge, remaining amount information1405of the fifth cartridge, and remaining amount information1406of the sixth cartridge. Each of the remaining amount information1401to1406of the first to sixth cartridges may include the ratio of the cosmetics contained in each cartridge to the capacity of the cartridge151. In addition, the display unit14of the mobile terminal10may display a cartridge replacement notification and the cartridge replacement notification may be displayed corresponding to the cartridge whose remaining amount of the cartridge is less than the predetermined reference remaining amount. The reference remaining amount of the cartridge replacement notification may be set by receiving the user input instruction through the input unit110or may be set to a default at the time of shipment of the cosmetic dispenser100. In a case of an example illustrated inFIG.14, the reference remaining amount of the cartridge replacement notification may be20% and the display unit14may display a replacement notification corresponding to the fifth cartridge1405which is less than the reference remaining amount. The method for outputting the cartridge replacement notification may be a method for displaying in a different manner from the remaining amount information on the other cartridges as illustrated inFIG.14. Alternatively, the control unit17of the mobile terminal17may output a replacement notification of a cartridge that is less than the reference remaining amount through sound or vibration. Accordingly, there is an advantage that the cosmetic dispenser100guides the user to replace the cartridge151before the cosmetics are exhausted by the cosmetic dispenser100sensing the remaining amount of the cartridge151and transmitting the remaining amount information on the cartridge to the mobile terminal10. In addition, in a case where the mobile terminal10outputs a cartridge replacement notification, an icon for accessing a site where the cartridge corresponding to the cartridge replacement notification may be purchased may be displayed. There is an advantage that the user can easily purchase a cartridge having insufficient remaining amount through the cartridge purchase icon (not illustrated). InFIGS.7to14, an embodiment of acquiring the cosmetic dispenser100for acquiring the cosmetic dispensing method is described. Next,FIG.15toFIG.16illustrate an embodiment in which the server1acquires the cosmetic dispensing method. However, the same or similar contents as those described with reference toFIG.7toFIG.14will be omitted. With reference to the diagram illustrated inFIG.15, the mobile terminal10may receive the input instruction of user information (S11). The server1can receive the environmental information (S13). The cosmetic manufacturing device100may receive the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information (S15). The cosmetic provision information means information inputted by the user to set cosmetics to be dispensed arbitrarily and may include the cosmetic amount to be dispensed, the use (or purpose) of the cosmetics, cosmetic raw materials to be included in the dispensed cosmetics, and the like. The cosmetic dispenser100may receive the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information through the input unit110and the display unit120may display the received cosmetic provision information. On the other hand, the cosmetic dispenser100may receive the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information in the cosmetic dispensing method correction step such as S127inFIG.7to correct the cosmetic dispensing method. Next, with reference toFIG.16, a method for receiving the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information by the cosmetic dispenser100will be described. The display unit120of the cosmetic dispenser100may display a screen for receiving the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information as illustrated inFIG.16. In other words, the display unit120may include a provision amount input item910, a use input item920, and cosmetic raw material selection item930, and the use input item920may include a use input item920afor foundation cosmetics and a use input item920bfor color cosmetics. The provision amount input item910is an item for setting the cosmetic amount to be provided and may include sub-items such as ‘one time’, ‘one day’ and ‘one week’ as illustrated inFIG.16. The ‘one time’ item may be an item to provide cosmetic amount for one time use, the ‘one day item’ may be an item to provide cosmetic amount for two to three time uses, and the ‘one week item’ may be an item to provide cosmetic amount for 15 to 20 time uses. However, these are merely illustrative and the provision amount input item910may include sub-items with quantified capacity such as ‘10 ml’, ‘50 ml’, ‘100 ml’, or the like. The use input item920is an item for setting a use or a purpose in which cosmetics to be provided is to be used and includes a use input item920afor foundation cosmetics including sub-items such as ‘for morning’, ‘for out-going’ and ‘for night’ and a use input item920bof color cosmetics including sub-items such as ‘for office’, ‘for date’ and ‘for party’. The cosmetic dispensing unit150may dispense a lot of cosmetics having a whitening function when the ‘for morning’ item is selected, dispense a lot of cosmetics having a sun block function when the ‘for outgoing use’ item is selected, and dispense a lot of cosmetics with high moisture content when the ‘for night use’ item is selected. However, these are merely illustrative. In addition, the cosmetic dispensing unit150may dispense red-based color cosmetics when the ‘for office’ item is selected, and dispense pink-based color cosmetics when the ‘for date’ item is selected, and dispense black-based color cosmetics when the ‘for party’ item is selected, but these are merely illustrative. In other words, as illustrated inFIG.16, the cosmetic dispensing unit150may distinguish the foundation cosmetics and the color cosmetics, dispense the cosmetics according to each selected sub-item or may dispense the cosmetics according to the selected sub-item without distinguishing the foundation cosmetics and the color cosmetics. The cosmetic dispensing unit150may manufacture cosmetics so as to include the selected cosmetic raw material through the cosmetic raw material selection item930. In the cosmetic raw material selection item930, the cosmetic raw materials contained in each of the cartridges151may be listed and at least one cosmetic raw material may be selected. Alternatively, the cosmetic raw material selection item930lists the cosmetic raw materials and the cosmetic types of the finished or semi-finished products and the control unit180may also receive an instruction to select the cosmetic type. According to one embodiment, the display unit121may be implemented as a touch screen to receive an input instruction of the cosmetic provision information. According to another embodiment, the display unit121may receive an input instruction of the cosmetic provision information through a pointer (not illustrated) operated by the input unit110. According to another embodiment, the display unit121may receive an input instruction of the cosmetic provision information through a voice instruction received by the input unit110. However, this is merely illustrative and the mobile terminal10may receive the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information, transmit the input instruction thereof to the cosmetic dispenser100, and the cosmetic dispenser100may receive the cosmetic provision information from the mobile terminal10. Accordingly, inFIG.15, although it is described that the mobile terminal10receives the input information on the user information, the server1receives the environmental information, and the cosmetic dispenser100receives the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information, this is merely illustrative and is not limited to the type of a device that receives each piece of information. In other words, each of the mobile terminal10, the server1, and the cosmetic dispenser100constituting the cosmetic provision system may receive at least one of the input instruction of the user information, the environmental information, and the cosmetic provision information. In addition, the order in which each device constituting the cosmetic provision system receives the input instruction of the user information, the environmental information, and the input instruction of the cosmetic provision information is not fixed and may vary depending on the communication state, the information input order of the user and the like. Further, the cosmetic provision system may receive at least one of the user information, the environmental information, and the cosmetic provision information without receiving all the user information, the environmental information, and the cosmetic provision information. The mobile terminal10may transmit the received user information to the server1(S17). The cosmetic dispenser100may transmit the received cosmetic provision information to the server1(S19). The server1may receive at least one of the user information, the environmental information, and the cosmetic provision information. On the other hand, the cosmetic dispenser100may recognize the information on the ready-made cosmetics (S21). When the cosmetic dispenser100recognizes the information on the ready-made cosmetics1020, the cosmetic dispenser100may transmit the recognized information on the ready-made cosmetics to the server1(S23). The server1may acquire cosmetic manufacturing method based on at least one of the received user information, the environmental information, the cosmetic provision information, and the information on ready-made cosmetics, which are received (S25). The server1may transmit the acquired cosmetic manufacturing method to the cosmetic dispenser100(S27). Alternatively, in a case where the cosmetic dispenser100may not recognize the information on the ready-made cosmetics (S21), the server1may acquire the cosmetic manufacturing method based on at least one of the user information, the environmental information and the cosmetic provision information, which are received (S27) and the acquired cosmetic manufacturing method may be transmitted to the cosmetic dispenser100(S31). The cosmetic dispensing unit150of the cosmetic dispenser100may provide cosmetics based on the received cosmetic dispensing method (S33). The cosmetic dispenser100may display the cosmetic information corresponding to the provided cosmetics (S35). The sensing unit140of the cosmetic dispenser100may sense the remaining amount of the cartridge151(S37). The first bi-directional communication unit160of the cosmetic dispenser100may transmit the remaining amount information on the sensed cartridge to the mobile terminal10(S39). The wireless communication unit11of the mobile terminal10may receive the remaining amount information on the cartridge from the cosmetic dispenser100and the display unit14may output an alarm based on the remaining amount information on the received cartridge (S41). As described above, the step of sensing the remaining amount of the cartridge and transmitting the cartridge remaining amount information may be performed after dispensing cosmetics as illustrated inFIG.15or may be performed before dispensing the cosmetics as illustrated inFIG.7. Alternatively, the control unit180may periodically control the remaining amount of the cartridge to transmit the remaining amount of the cartridge to the mobile terminal10. The present disclosure mentioned in the foregoing description may be implemented as code that can be written to a computer-readable recording medium and can thus be read by a computer. The computer-readable recording medium may be any type of recording device in which data can be stored in a computer-readable manner. Examples of the computer-readable recording medium include a hard disk drive (HDD), a solid state drive (SSD), a silicon disk drive (SDD), a ROM, a RAM, a CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, a floppy disk and optical data storage. In addition, the computer may include the control unit180of the terminal. Accordingly, the detailed description is intended to be illustrative, and not to limit the scope of the claims. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, not by the above description, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein.

11857061

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that mechanical, procedural, and other changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure(s). The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the disclosure(s) is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. As used herein, the terminology such as vertical, horizontal, top, bottom, front, back, end, sides and the like are referenced according to the views, pieces and figures presented. It should be understood, however, that the terms are used only for purposes of description, and are not intended to be used as limitations. Accordingly, orientation of an object or a combination of objects may change without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “one example,” or “an example” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearance of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” “one example,” or “an example” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, databases, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable combinations and/or sub-combinations in one or more embodiments or examples. In addition, it should be appreciated that the figures provided herewith are for explanation purposes to persons ordinarily skilled in the art and that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. All illustrations of the drawings are for the purpose of describing selected versions of the present disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Although the disclosure has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. System: With reference to the figures, a grooming system, a grooming debris collection system, a grooming debris disposal system, a portable hair trimming catcher system, and methods of use 10 are presented (also known as “grooming system”, or “trimming system”, or “hair trimmings system”, or “hair clippings catching system”, or simply “system”). Hair clippings catching system10is formed of any suitable size, shape and design and is configured to conveniently and easily catch hair trimmings. In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10is configured as a convenient, easy to set up and easy to tear down system for catching body grooming clippings, especially facial hair clippings which are cut and/or detached during the grooming process. More specifically, but without limitation, the present disclosure provides a system which is self supporting and catches hair clippings. In the arrangement shown, a number of various embodiments are depicted which catch debris efficiently, and/or catch and collect hair trimmings which fall during the grooming process. Said another way, the present disclosure provides a beard and/or facial hair trimming system. The present disclosure requires no additional elements for support or setup but is a standalone structure. In this way, the system can be easily set up by placing the head or around the neck and then simply unfolding. There is no additional setup needed or mirrors. In this way, the system moves with a user. Said another way, the system is free standing or self supporting and can be worn anywhere without additional hooks and the like. In the arrangement shown and the system provided, the system provides for direct trimmings disposal. In other words, this makes disposal easier, cleaner and faster. The hinged folding and/or rolling design makes setup very quick and easy. Furthermore, closing the system is also very quick and easy. Furthermore, the quick and easy opening and closing methods of the system herein provide for easy storage and easy transport (such as in a travel bag). In the arrangement presented, set up is easy and self supporting, disposal is easy and clean, and overall the system is self-supporting in a way that makes grooming far easier and more efficient, and more fun that those arrangements available in the art. Thus, the present disclosure solves a number of long felt needs in the art while providing an easy, clean method of hair trimming collection. In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10is formed of a flexible material which is lightweight. In one embodiment, and as depicted, the present disclosure is made from a smooth and easy to wipe fabric for ease of collecting hair clippings. In this way, the hair clippings can be collected, funneled through a collection channel (to be further discussed herein), and also easily wiped away from the material. Other materials for use in the system are also hereby contemplated for use. Other material may include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl chloride, other vinyls or a combination of vinyls, mesh fabric, sheath fabric, cloth, wooden materials, polymers, enhanced polymers, an organic fabric, a rubber, a combination of cushioned materials and polymers, a combination of metals, alloys, or other lightweight materials that are easy to maneuver and easy to use and safe, or any other material or combination thereof. Furthermore, various textile materials are also hereby contemplated for use which might include a canvas, linen material, leathers—hand crafted and the like—, suede and other higher end materials. Additionally, various polymer types which maintain their structural integrity while providing a lightweight structure are also hereby contemplated for use. Furthermore, a combination of these materials is hereby contemplated for use. In the arrangement shown as one example, a textile material is combined with a polymer to form a completely smooth system which provides for varying rigidity but also for a continuous smooth surface for easy cleaning and the like. Additionally, in the arrangement shown, as one example, system10is approximately rectangular and/or square in shape. However, various shapes as may be needed for efficient operation of various grooming methods and collection methods are hereby contemplated for use. Other shapes include, but are not limited to, circular shapes, triangular shapes, bowl like shapes for collection, trapezoidal like shapes which flare and/or take advantage of differentiation in collection methods, and the like. User: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10includes user12. User12is typically a user engaging with the hair trimming system10, who is trimming head hair, facial hair, or otherwise engaging in various body grooming, or the like. In the arrangement shown, as one example, a user12is an individual engaging in body grooming—whether this is hair grooming, facial hair trimming, or the like—and the user is engaging system10so that system10catches the hair and/or hair particles being clipped and/or detached. In this way, user12maintains clear surroundings, preventing hair trimmings from creating mess and/or causing lengthy clean up. In the arrangement shown, as one example, user12is able to engage with system10within a matter of mere seconds. Similarly, user12is able to clear and/or clean system10within a matter of seconds. Similarly, user12is able to collapse and/or store system10within a matter of seconds. While, generally speaking, one user is hereby contemplated for use, a plurality of users may employ and engage with system10. In one arrangement, one user may be wearing and or covered at least partially with the system10while a second and/or third user12is engaged with the first user in a way in which the second user can provide hair clipping and/or trimming for the first user12. Main Body: Back Cover: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a back cover20. Back cover20(also referred to as a “rear body”, a “back flaps”, or simply a “back”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to cover the upper back portion of a user12with a flap or plurality of flaps that prevent hair and/or other debris from landing on the surface of a user. Said another way, and in the arrangement shown, the back cover20is formed of a generally flat surface formed to lay over and/or cover a user to prevent debris from landing on the upper back and/or rear shoulders of a user12. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the back cover20is generally rectangular in shape. The back cover20in the arrangement shown consists of two separate panels or flaps which are generally flat and are formed to lay softly and/or with close engagement of a user12who is engaging with system10. In this arrangement, and as is shown, the two flaps are also connected to an attachment feature which secures the flaps and system10with close or tight tolerances with the back of the neck of a user12so that system10is secure and free of loose movements. Connection Features of the Back Cover: In the arrangement shown, as one example, back cover20may also include a plurality of connection features. Attachment features (also referred to as a “attachment system”, a “securement feature”, or simply “system securement feature”) are formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and are configured to securely attach the two flaps which make up the back cover20, in the arrangement shown. Furthermore, the connection feature is configured to provide close attachment to the back of the neck of a user12in such a way so that the remainder of system10is stable and remains in the desired position during use of system10. In the arrangement shown, as one example, a connection feature is formed of a hook and loop arrangement in which two straps extend horizontally from the two flaps so as to provide a means of connecting and/or securing the two flaps. Other connection features are also hereby contemplated for use. Other connection features include, but are not limited to, a draw string, a clip catch, a latch, a buckle, a button clip, a clasp, a hook and loop, and combination thereof, and the like. In the arrangement shown, as one example, back cover20is formed of two flaps which are connected, removably, by the connection feature. In this way, the two flaps fall and/or drape down the back of the user12independently with exception of the connection feature. However, other numbers of connections features and back cover20arrangements are hereby contemplated for use. In one example, and as shown in one embodiment, a back cover20may be formed of a single, continuous piece. In this arrangement, and as is shown, the back cover20is formed of a single piece which extends the lack of the back of a user12and is connected to the shoulders (to be further discussed herein). Furthermore, the single piece may be a continuous piece forming all of system10(along with skeletal and/or structural and other components making up the various features and functionalities). Similarly, the back cover may be formed of three separate components, four separate components, five separate components, six separate components, and the like. In this way, the back cover may also be configured to roll and/or fold out in a stabilized fashion such as the catch extends (to be further discussed herein). In the arrangement shown, as one example, back cover20includes a first shoulder cover21—extending a length from a first end22to a second end24, the first shoulder cover21having an interior surface26and an exterior surface28, the first shoulder cover21extending a length between opposing sides30and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like. Similarly, the first shoulder cover may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. In the arrangement shown, as one example, back cover20includes a second shoulder cover31—extending a length from a first end34to a second end36, the second shoulder cover31having an interior surface38and an exterior surface40, the second shoulder cover31extending a length between opposing sides42and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like. Similarly, the second shoulder cover21may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the second shoulder cover31and the first shoulder cover21may include a connection feature, attachments to the connection feature, and a plurality of attachment features connecting the first shoulder cover21and the second shoulder cover31to system10. Shoulder Covers: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a plurality of over shoulder covers60. Over should cover60(also referred to as a “shoulder body”, a “shoulder cover”, a “plurality of shoulder flaps”, or simply a “shoulder flap”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to provide support to system10as well as provide covering for the shoulders so as to deflect debris and/or hair clippings from hitting and/or collecting on the shoulders of a user. Additionally, shoulder cover60is formed and configured to stabilize and provide support for the rest of system10as a connection piece and/or integrated portion of system10. Said another way, and in the arrangement shown, the plurality of shoulder covers60are formed of a generally flat surface formed to lay over and/or cover a user to prevent debris from landing on the shoulders of a user, the front shoulders of a user, upper back of a user, and/or rear shoulders of a user. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of shoulder covers60is generally rectangular in shape. The shoulder cover60in the arrangement shown consists of two separate panels or flaps which are generally flat and are formed to lay softly on the shoulders of a user and/or with close engagement of a user who is engaging with system10. In this arrangement, and as is shown, the two panels and/or two covers60are also connected to an attachment feature on the front, which secures the shoulder cover60with the plurality of front covers90(to be further discussed herein) which secures the covers and system10with close or tight tolerances near the front of system10and/or with the neck of a user so that system10is secure and free of loose movements. Furthermore, the two panels and/or two covers60are also connected to a plurality of attachment features on the rear, which secures the shoulder cover60with the back covers20(to be further discussed herein) which secures the covers and system10with close or tight tolerances near the rear of system10and/or with the neck of a user so that system10is secure and free of loose movements. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of shoulder covers60are formed of two panels which are connected to the back cover20and the front cover90, in some embodiments, removably connected. In this way, the two panels fall and/or drape over the top of the shoulders of the user independently with exception of the attachment features located at the front and rear portions of the shoulder covers60. However, other numbers of attachment features and shoulder cover60arrangements are hereby contemplated for use. In one example, and as shown in one embodiment, a shoulder cover60may be formed of a single, continuous piece more circular, which encircles the neck, or the like. In this arrangement, and as one example of an embodiment of the disclosure, the shoulder cover60is formed of a single piece which extends around the back of a user and is connected to the back cover20and the front cover90(to be further discussed herein). Furthermore, the single piece may be a continuous piece forming all of system10(along with skeletal and/or structural and other components making up the various features and functionalities). Similarly, the shoulder covers60may be formed of three separate components, four separate components, five separate components, six separate components, and the like. In this way, the plurality of shoulder covers60may also be configured to roll and/or fold out in a stabilized fashion such as the catch extends (to be further discussed herein). In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of shoulder covers60includes a first shoulder cover61—extending a length from a first end62to a second end64, the first shoulder cover61having an interior surface66and an exterior surface68, the first shoulder cover61extending a length between opposing sides69and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like. Similarly, the first shoulder cover may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of shoulder covers60includes a second shoulder cover71—extending a length from a first end72to a second end74, the second shoulder cover71having an interior surface76and an exterior surface78, the second shoulder cover71extending a length between opposing sides79and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like. Similarly, the second shoulder cover71may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the second shoulder cover71and the first shoulder cover61may include a plurality of attachment features, and a plurality of attachment features connecting the second shoulder cover71and the first shoulder cover61to other portions of system10. Front Cover: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a front cover90. Front cover90(also referred to as a “front body”, a “front flap”, or simply a “front”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to provide support to system10as well as provide covering for the front of a user so as to deflect debris and/or hair clippings from hitting and/or collecting on the shoulders of a user. Additionally, the front cover90is configured to collect debris and/or collect hair trimmings, in addition to deflection and/or protection purposes. Additionally, the front cover90is formed and configured to stabilize and provide support for the rest of system10, and substantially the catch feature120(to be further discussed herein). Furthermore, the front body90is configured as a connection piece and/or integrated portion of system10. In this way, the front flap90connects the catch feature120to the plurality of shoulder covers60. Said another way, and in the arrangement shown, the front flap90is formed of a generally flat surface formed to lay over and/or cover a user to prevent debris from landing on the front of a user, and or the portion of a user which the front cover90is situated. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the front cover90is generally rectangular in shape. The front cover90, in the arrangement shown, consists of two separate panels or flaps, which are configured to form a single front cover90with an alley (to be further disclosed herein) which collects debris. Furthermore, the single panel or single surface which form the front cover90, is generally flat and formed to lay softly on the front of a user and/or with close engagement of a user who is engaging with system10. In this arrangement, and as is shown, the two panels and/or two front covers90are also connected to an attachment feature of the catch feature120(to be further discussed herein), which secures the front cover90to the catch feature and the rest of system10with close or tight tolerances near the front of system10and/or with the neck of a user so that system10is secure and free of loose movements. Furthermore, the two panels and/or two front covers90are also connected to a plurality of attachment features on the upper portion, which secures the front cover90with the shoulder covers60(to be further discussed herein) which secures the covers and system10with close or tight tolerances near the rear of system10and/or with the neck of a user so that system10is secure and free of loose movements. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of front covers90are formed of two panels which are connected to the shoulder cover60and the catch feature120, and in some embodiments, are removably connected. In this way, the front cover90falls and/or drapes over the front portion or front of the user, independently with exception of the attachment features located at the top and bottom portions of the front cover90. However, other numbers of attachment features and front cover90arrangements are hereby contemplated for use. In one example, and as shown in one embodiment, front cover90may be formed of a single, continuous piece, which covers the front portion, or the like. In this arrangement, and as one example of an embodiment of the disclosure, the front cover90is formed of a single piece. Furthermore, the single piece may be a continuous piece forming all of system10(along with skeletal and/or structural and other components making up the various features and functionalities). Similarly, the front cover90may be formed of three separate components, four separate components, five separate components, six separate components, and the like. In this way, the plurality of front covers90may also be configured to roll and/or fold out in a stabilized fashion such as the catch extends (to be further discussed herein). In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of shoulder covers60includes a first panel92—extending a length from a first end94to a second end95, the first panel92having an interior surface97and an exterior surface98, the first panel92extending a length between opposing sides96and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like. Similarly, the first panel92may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the first panel92and the second panel100may include a plurality of attachment features, and a plurality of attachment features connecting the first panel92and the second panel100to other portions of system10. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of shoulder covers60includes a second panel100—extending a length from a first end102to a second end103, the first panel100having an interior surface104and an exterior surface105, the second panel100extending a length between opposing sides104and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like. Similarly, the second panel100may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the second panel100and the first panel92may include a plurality of attachment features, and a plurality of attachment features connecting the second panel100and the first panel92to other portions of system10. Additionally, and in the arrangement shown, the first panel92and the second panel100may also include a disposal alley108which extends between the panels, for the length of the panels, in one embodiment. The disposal alley108is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured as a place for debris and/or hair clippings to collect. Additionally, the disposal alley108is configured to channel debris and/or hair clippings collected during cleaning of system10and/or at times of disposal of the waster. The disposal alley108to be further discussed herein. Suspension features: In the arrangement shown, front cover90includes suspension features. Suspension features are formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and are configured to support the catch feature120(to be further described herein). In this way, the suspension features allow for unfolding and/or setting up system10. The suspension feature, in one arrangement shown, is formed of suspension wire and/or string. Other suspension features are also, hereby, contemplated for use including, but not limited to, hinges, wheels, rotating opening features, oscillating features, clamps, clips, twisting features, or other cable or structural components that allow for a hinge like support for setup and closure. The suspension features to be further discussed herein. Attachment Features: In the arrangement shown, as one example, various components of system10are attached to other components. Various types of attachments may be used including but not limited to unitary construction, stitching, extrusion, and other attachments. Attachment features to be further discussed herein. Catch Feature: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a catch feature120. Catch feature120(also referred to as a “lower body”, a “foldout”, or simply a “catch”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to provide support to system10as well as catch debris and other hair clippings and the like. Additionally, the catch feature120is configured to collect debris and/or collect hair trimmings, in addition to deflection and/or protection purposes. Additionally, the catch feature120is formed and configured to stabilize and provide support for the rest of system10, and substantially the catch feature120(to be further discussed herein). Catch feature120is self supporting with the other features and components disclosed herein, and may be self supporting in a variety of methods as are disclosed herein. Said another way, and in the arrangement shown, the front flap90is formed of a generally flat surface formed to sit flat below where a user is engaging in body grooming and/or where a user is trimming facial hair. In this way, the catch feature120catches falling debris and/or hair trimmings and prevents these hair trimmings from falling on undesired surfaces and/or from landing on the front of a user, and or the portion of a user which the catch feature120is nearby. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the catch feature120is generally rectangular in shape. The catch feature120, in the arrangement shown, consists of a plurality of separate panels or flaps, which are configured to form a single catch feature120along with a plurality of disposal alleys (to be further disclosed herein) which collects debris and/or hair trimmings. Furthermore, the plurality of panels or plurality of surfaces which form the catch feature120, are generally flat but may also be bowl-like in shape or concave when viewed from the top, when the system is in an open position. In this arrangement, and as is shown, the plurality of panels and/or plurality of catch features120are also connected to an attachment feature of the front cover90, which serves to connect the catch feature and the rest of system10with close or tight tolerances near the front of system10. Additionally, the catch feature120may be connected and/or suspended from the front cover90by a plurality of suspension features. Furthermore, the plurality of catch panels and/or the catch feature120are also connected to a plurality of attachment features on the inner portion, which secures the catch feature120with the front cover90(to be further discussed herein) which secures the covers and system10with close or tight tolerances near the rear of system10. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of catch features120are formed of four panels which are connected to one another via intersecting disposal alleys (to be further discussed herein), and in some embodiments, are removably connected. In this way, the catch features120floats and/or drapes perpendicularly to a user12when the user12is standing. In this way, the front portion or front of the user12, independently with exception of the attachment features, located at the top and bottom portions of the catch feature120is protected and/or covered. However, other numbers of attachment features and catch feature120arrangements are hereby contemplated for use. In one example, and as shown in one embodiment, catch feature120may be formed of a single, continuous piece, which covers the front portion, or the like. In this arrangement, and as one example of an embodiment of the disclosure, the catch feature120is formed of a single piece. Furthermore, the single piece may be a continuous piece forming all of system10(along with skeletal and/or structural and other components making up the various features and functionalities). Similarly, the catch feature120may be formed of two separate components, three separate components, four separate components, five separate components, six separate components, seven separate components, eight separate components, nine separate components, or more, and the like. In this way, the catch feature120may also be configured to roll and/or fold out in a stabilized fashion such as the catch extending outward from the front cover90. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the catch feature120includes a first panel122—extending a length from a first end124to a second end126, the first panel122extending a length between opposing sides128and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like, the first panel122having a top surface130and a bottom surface132. Similarly, the first panel122may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the first panel122has a plurality of attachment features connecting the first panel122to other portions of system10including but not limited to the front cover90, other panels making up the catch feature120, the suspension features, other attachment features, a combination thereof, and the like. Additionally, the first panel122may also include attachment to and/or include a plurality of extension features, a plurality of disposal alleys, and a plurality of disposal traps, among other components, features, and the like. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the catch feature may120include a second panel142—extending a length from a first end144to a second end146, the second panel142extending a length between opposing sides148and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like, the second panel142having a top surface150and a bottom surface152. Similarly, the second panel142may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the second panel142a plurality of attachment features connecting the second panel142to other portions of system10including but not limited to the front cover90, other panels making up the catch feature120, the suspension features, other attachment features, a combination thereof, and the like. Additionally, the second panel142may also include attachment to and/or include a plurality of extension features, a plurality of disposal alleys, and a plurality of disposal traps, among other components, features, and the like. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the catch feature120may include a third panel162—extending a length from a first end164to a second end166, the third panel162extending a length between opposing sides168and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like, the third panel162having a top surface170and a bottom surface172. Similarly, the third panel162may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the third panel162a plurality of attachment features connecting the third panel162to other portions of system10including but not limited to the front cover90, other panels making up the catch feature120, the suspension features, other attachment features, a combination thereof, and the like. Additionally, the third panel162may also include attachment to and/or include a plurality of extension features, a plurality of disposal alleys, and a plurality of disposal traps, among other components, features, and the like. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the catch feature120includes a fourth panel182—extending a length from a first end184to a second end186, the fourth panel182extending a length between opposing sides188and possibly having a pocket for inserts and the like, the fourth panel182having a top surface190and a bottom surface192. Similarly, the fourth panel182may have a pocket feature for holding clippers, scissors, shaving cream, oils, and/or other tools or treatments which are commonly used in body grooming and/or facial trimming. Additionally, the fourth panel182a plurality of attachment features connecting the fourth panel182to other portions of system10including but not limited to the front cover90, other panels making up the catch feature120, the suspension features, other attachment features, a combination thereof, and the like. Additionally, the fourth panel182may also include attachment to and/or include a plurality of extension features, a plurality of disposal alleys, and a plurality of disposal traps, among other components, features, and the like. Suspension features: In the arrangement shown, front cover90and catch feature120includes suspension features. Suspension features are formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and are configured to support the catch feature120, when in association with the front cover90or other components herein, such as the shoulder cover60. In this way, the suspension features allow for unfolding and/or setting up system10. The suspension feature, in one arrangement shown, is formed of suspension wire and/or string. Other suspension features are also, hereby, contemplated for use including, but not limited to, hinges, wheels, rotating opening features, oscillating features, clamps, clips, twisting features, or other cable or structural components that allow for a hinge like support for setup and closure. The suspension features to be further discussed herein. Attachment Features: In the arrangement shown, as one example, various components of system10are attached to other components. Various types of attachments may be used including but not limited to unitary construction, stitching, extrusion, and other attachments. Attachment features to be further discussed herein. Suspension Catch Feature: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a plurality of suspension catch features200. Suspension catch features200(also referred to as a “suspension catch system”, a “triangle catch features”, or simply a “suspension catches”) are formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and are configured to provide for additional catching capabilities where the suspension feature is. As shown in one embodiment, and particularly with reference toFIG.31, the suspension catch feature200may be formed of a similar material as that of system10and is solid so as to be able to collect and/or catch debris and/or hair trimmings. This feature provides additional catching and/or collecting capabilities along the sides and/or outer edges of the catch feature120and system10. In the arrangement shown, as one example, suspension catch system200is formed of a flexible material which is lightweight. In one embodiment, and as depicted, the present disclosure is made from a smooth and easy to wipe fabric for ease of collecting hair clippings. In this way, the hair clippings can be collected, funneled through a collection channel (to be further discussed herein), and also easily wiped away from the material. Other materials for use in the system are also hereby contemplated for use. Other material may include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl chloride, other vinyls or a combination of vinyls, mesh fabric, sheath fabric, cloth, wooden materials, polymers, enhanced polymers, an organic fabric, a rubber, a combination of cushioned materials and polymers, a combination of metals, alloys, or other lightweight materials that are easy to maneuver and easy to use and safe, or any other material or combination thereof. Furthermore, various textile materials are also hereby contemplated for use which might include a canvas, linen material, leathers—hand crafted and the like—, suede and other higher end materials. Additionally, various polymer types which maintain their structural integrity while providing a lightweight structure are also hereby contemplated for use. Furthermore, a combination of these materials is hereby contemplated for use. In the arrangement shown as one example, a textile material is combined with a polymer to form a completely smooth system which provides for varying rigidity but also for a continuous smooth surface for easy cleaning and the like. Additionally, in the arrangement shown, as one example, suspension catch system200is approximately rectangular and/or square in shape, but may present as a triangle and/or two triangles for folding and other purposes, such as maximizing collection surface area. Additionally, various shapes as may be needed for efficient operation of various grooming methods and collection methods are hereby contemplated for use. Other shapes include, but are not limited to, circular shapes, triangular shapes, bowl like shapes for collection, trapezoidal like shapes which flare and/or take advantage of differentiation in collection methods, and the like. In the arrangement shown, suspension catch system200includes side attachment features202, and triangular shaped catchers204, among other components, features, and the like. Furthermore, suspension catch system200may also include additional structural components such as wire or rods, and the like. Flare Features (Alternative Embodiment): In an alternative embodiment, as one example, system10may include a plurality of pockets which are incorporated adjacent to the first panel and/or the second panel. In the arrangement shown, flare features210are shown. However, flare features, alternatively may not be added on, and/or flare features210may be replaced with pocket features for collecting debris. In an alternative embodiment shown, as one example, system10may also include a plurality of flare features210. Flare features210(also referred to as a “collection extension system”, a “collection extension device”, or simply a “flares”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to provide for additional catching capabilities where the suspension feature is. Said another way, the flare features are additional foldouts that can potentially be implemented to create a larger surface area for the collection of debris and/or hair trimmings that are being clipped. As shown in one embodiment, the collection extension device210may be formed of a similar material as that of system10and is solid so as to be able to collect and/or catch debris and/or hair trimmings. This feature provides additional catching and/or collecting capabilities along the sides and/or outer edges of the collection extension device and system10. In one arrangement, the flare features210are attached to the catch feature120and fold out or flare out. The flare features210, in this way, are formed of a plurality of panels which may be rectangular, square, or other various shapes. In the arrangement shown, as one example, flare features210are formed of a flexible material which is lightweight. In one embodiment, and as depicted, the present disclosure is made from a smooth and easy to wipe fabric for ease of collecting hair clippings. In this way, the hair clippings can be collected, funneled through a collection channel (to be further discussed herein), and also easily wiped away from the material. Other materials for use in the system are also hereby contemplated for use. Other material may include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl chloride, other vinyls or a combination of vinyls, mesh fabric, sheath fabric, cloth, wooden materials, polymers, enhanced polymers, an organic fabric, a rubber, a combination of cushioned materials and polymers, a combination of metals, alloys, or other lightweight materials that are easy to maneuver and easy to use and safe, or any other material or combination thereof. Furthermore, various textile materials are also hereby contemplated for use which might include a canvas, linen material, leathers—hand crafted and the like—, suede and other higher end materials. Additionally, various polymer types which maintain their structural integrity while providing a lightweight structure are also hereby contemplated for use. Furthermore, a combination of these materials is hereby contemplated for use. In the arrangement shown as one example, a textile material is combined with a polymer to form a completely smooth system which provides for varying rigidity but also for a continuous smooth surface for easy cleaning and the like. Additionally, in the arrangement shown, as one example, the flare features210are approximately rectangular and/or square in shape, but may present as a triangle and/or two triangles for folding and other purposes, such as maximizing collection surface area. Additionally, various shapes as may be needed for efficient operation of various grooming methods and collection methods are hereby contemplated for use. Other shapes include, but are not limited to, circular shapes, triangular shapes, bowl like shapes for collection, trapezoidal like shapes which flare and/or take advantage of differentiation in collection methods, and the like. In the arrangement shown, flare features210may include a first panel212extending a length from a first end214to a second end216, having a top surface218and a bottom surface220. Additionally, the flare feature210may also include attachment features224, support features and a lip feature, among other components, features, and the like. Additionally, flare features210may also include a second panel230extending a length from a first end232to a second end234, having a top surface236and a bottom surface238and a pair of tapered opposing sides240. Additionally, the second panel230may include various attachment features242, a support feature and a lip feature, among other components and features. Furthermore, flare features210may also include additional structural components such as wire or rods, and the like. Collection System: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a collection system300. Collection system300(also referred to as a “disposal system”, a “collection device”, or simply a “cup”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to collect and/or isolate debris and/or hair trimmings into an isolated area and/or container for easy cleaning. In the arrangement shown as one example, disposal collection system300is formed of a plurality of components which include, but are not limited to, the disposal alleys, the various directional shaped features of system10, the smooth surfaces of system10, and the like. Additionally, the disposal system includes alleys for diverting, containers for collecting, and various features which allow for easy cleaning of system10and disposal of waste. In the arrangement shown, as one example, disposal system300may include a disposal trap. Disposal trap is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design, and is configured to trap hair trimmings and the like in a particular location within system10for easy disposal. Additionally, and in alternative embodiments, disposal trap may also be a description for the disposal alleys which form portions of system10. Here, in the disposal alleys302, hair trimmings and the like can be folded and/or rolled into the interior surfaces of system10such that the hair trimmings and the like can be easily transported to the outdoors, to trash cans, to sinks and the like, for easy disposal. Additionally, and in the arrangement shown, as one example, disposal system300includes a disposal alley opening, and/or access and/or cover for easy opening to the interior from the exterior for additional means of disposing of the contents, debris and/or hair trimmings trapped within the interior. Other components of the disposal system300may include, but are not limited to, a disposal alley funnel and a disposal collection container. Both a removal and a non-removable disposal collection container are hereby contemplated for use with system10. These and other components, features, and functionality to clean system10and/or dispose of waste are hereby contemplated for use, including a wiper for gently cleaning hair and the like from the surfaces of system10. Support System: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a support system400. Support system400(also referred to as a “rod system”, a “skeleton system”, or simply “supports”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to provide support to system10as a skeletal-like structure of supports. This is one embodiment. In other embodiments, as are shown by some examples, support structures are not needed due to the materials used. Additionally, not all embodiments include a skeleton like support system. Other embodiments may have wired supports and the like, and/or may rely on physical forces from the neck support and the like. Plurality of Supports: In the arrangement shown, as one example, the support system400includes a plurality of supports (or “structure”, “bars”, or simply “supports”). Plurality of supports are formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and are configured to make up the main structure of the support system400. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of supports make up the structure of the support system400. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of supports are formed of approximately vertical and approximately horizontal bar-shaped, elongated structures that connect in a frame like pattern such that a stable frame is formed. In this way, the plurality of supports form the support system400of system10by a plurality of elongated bars and/or rods and connections. In the arrangement shown, as one example, the plurality of supports are made of individual bars and/or rods and/or plates or individual pieces which are then connected through permanent connection methods or by attaching with fasteners and or adhesives, welding, or any other connection means such as molded extrusion and the like. However, the support system400may also be formed of a single unitary construction through a single extrusion, single mould, or the like. In this way, a single, unitary piece is formed. In this way, the support system400may be stronger and easier to make and use. In the arrangement shown, as one example, a plurality of horizontal supports extend outwardly, and perpendicularly to the vertical supports. These horizontal supports may be ground supports which situate against the user12. In this way, user support are discussed further herein. In the arrangement shown, as one example, a plurality of vertical supports are connected by a plurality of horizontal supports to form part of the support system400. However, any other number of supports is hereby contemplated for use. Said another way, the support system400may have three vertical supports, four vertical supports, five vertical supports or more vertical supports as appropriate. Said another way, the system10may have a single horizontal support, two horizontal supports, three horizontal supports, four horizontal supports, or more horizontal supports. Additionally, and as contemplated earlier herein, the system may be a unitary construction with supports, but may also be a single unitary construction in which the supports are not elongated bars but singular panels of unitary construction and/or extrusion and the like which may be any one of the plurality of materials mentioned herein, or other materials. Cleaner System: In the arrangement shown, as one example, system10may also include a cleaning system500. Cleaning system500(also referred to as a “wiper system”, a “slip system”, or simply “wiper”) is formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to provide for easy and efficient cleaning of system10. In one arrangement, this system includes a unique wipe which collects the hair and other debris by attraction and by smoothly wiping the surfaces of system10. Alternative Embodiment In an alternative embodiment, system10may also include an adjustment feature250. Adjustment feature250(also known as “extension feature” or “elongation feature”) may be formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and is configured to add length and/or height to the catch feature120and/or the front cover90of system10. In this way, the height of the front cover90can be increased, as measured from the top of the shoulder covers60to the connection point of the catch feature120and the front cover90. Similarly, and in this way, the length of the catch feature120can be increased as measured in several directions. In this way, a user12can easily adjust the height of the front cover90and the length of the so that the catch feature120can be increased and/or decreased as is desired by a user based on the users preferences, size, shape, and/or operational circumstances. The adjustment feature250may be formed of a zipper which releases additional material, a telescoping rod, another telescoping feature, an extension rod, a folding feature, a hook and loop component, a loop and tie component, a combination thereof, or other features which can provide suitable extension. Alternative Embodiment In an alternative embodiment, system10is formed as a unitary construction. In this arrangement, the self supporting beard trimming catcher system10is formed as a singular pop out design. In this way, the system10is collapsible either through twisting, rolling, folding, or the like. Furthermore, in this way, the “pop out” design can swiftly cause the system10to pop open into place and also swiftly fold and/or twist into a closed position which is significantly smaller than an open position, for storage and the like. In the alternative embodiment, system10is formed as a collapsible and/or foldable system. In this way, the unitary construction of system10provides for a seamless motion of opening and closing. Similarly, in this way, a user can near instantly unfold and/or open system10by light hand pressure. Similarly, in this way, a user can nearly instantly fold and/or close and/or collapse the system10by light hand pressure. In this way, system10can be easily extended and/or closed. Similarly, this process can be repeated again and again as may be needed by a user. In this alternative embodiment, system10is formed of a plurality of elastic like structures and a stretched and/or material aligned between and/or extended within the structure formed from outer edges. In this way, the outer edges are configured of different sizes and shapes such that the system10unfolds and/or opens into a form which sits over the shoulders, lays over the upper chest of a user, and extends perpendicular from the body to configure the catch feature120(discussed herein). Said another way, in this alternative embodiment, system10is self-erecting once released from a closed and/or fastened position. In this way, system10is formed of a tensile, pop-open structure that has a tensile structure within a vinyl or plastic like material and/or other membrane like material that is placed into tension by the tensile structure system. Said another way, the tensile structure within system10forms the structure desired and described in shape within the system10herein, while stretching a membrane there between so the membrane can be used to catch beard trimmings and/or hair trimmings. In this way, the pop-open transition system provides and is configured to provide an easy-to-fold and easy-to-open transition. In the present alternative embodiment, system10is formed of a single membrane being extended to form a structure for use over the shoulders of a single person, and shaped to extend perpendicularly from a user so as to catch beard trimmings and the like. In this alternative embodiment, system10is formed and designed to fit over a user's shoulders and extends as a unitary construction downward over the chest of a user and then outward extending perpendicular to a user. In this alternative embodiment, system10may also include a plurality of fasteners260. Plurality of fasteners260are formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and are configured to trap and/or hold system10in place even as system10is trying to unfold and/or open and/or twist open via the extension structure system configured within system10. Said another way, the plurality of fasteners260provide a quick-release in a convenient location for a user so that a user can fold up system10and simply fasten system10into place until the next use is needed and/or for ease of transportation, storage, and the like. In the alternative embodiment, a suitable quick-release fastener260comprising a male and female stud or couple may be employed. Similarly, the plurality of fasteners260may be formed of a couple. Similarly, the plurality of fasteners260may be formed of a hook and loop structure which may include a strap and/or not include a strap. Similarly, the plurality of fasteners260may be tucking and/or folding of the main structure of system10such that the system10does not need additional components but folds and/or tucks into itself and/or an aperture created by folding. Alternative Embodiment In an alternative embodiment, system10is formed as a construction comprising a foldout system over the shoulders but a pop-out system to extend horizontally from the body of a user. In this arrangement, the self supporting beard trimming catcher system system10is formed as a multi-piece design which includes a secondary and/or separate pop-out design forming the catch feature120. In this way, the catch feature120is formed of a pop-out membrane while the remainder of the system is as described herein. In this way, the catch feature120is collapsible either through twisting, rolling, folding, or the like. Furthermore, in this way, the “pop out” design can swiftly cause the system10to pop open into place and also swiftly fold and/or twist into a closed position which is significantly smaller than an open position, for storage and the like. In the alternative embodiment, catch feature120is formed as a collapsible and/or foldable system. In this way, the unitary construction of catch feature120provides for a seamless motion of opening and closing, in concert with the remainder of system10, as described herein. Similarly, in this way, a user can near instantly unfold and/or open catch feature120by light hand pressure. Similarly, in this way, a user can nearly instantly fold and/or close and/or collapse the catch feature120by light hand pressure. In this way, catch feature120can be easily extended and/or closed. Similarly, this process can be repeated again and again as may be needed by a user. In this alternative embodiment, catch feature120is formed of a plurality of elastic like structures and a stretched and/or material aligned between and/or extended within the structure formed from outer edges. In this way, the outer edges are configured of different sizes and shapes such that the catch feature120unfolds and/or opens into a form which sits over the shoulders, lays over the upper chest of a user, and extends perpendicular from the body to configure the catch feature120(discussed herein). Said another way, in this alternative embodiment, catch feature120is self-erecting once released from a closed and/or fastened position. In this way, catch feature120is formed of a tensile, pop-open structure that has a tensile structure within a vinyl or plastic like material and/or other membrane like material that is placed into tension by the tensile structure system. Said another way, the tensile structure within catch feature120forms the structure desired and described in shape within the catch feature120herein, while stretching a membrane there between so the membrane can be used to catch beard trimmings and/or hair trimmings. In this way, the pop-open transition system provides and is configured to provide an easy-to-fold and easy-to-open transition. In the present alternative embodiment, catch feature120in concert with the rest of system10is formed of a single membrane and fold out system being extended to form a structure for use over the shoulders of a single person, and shaped to extend perpendicularly from a user so as to catch beard trimmings and the like. In this alternative embodiment, catch feature120in concert with the rest of system10is formed and designed to fit over a user's shoulders and extends as a unitary construction downward over the chest of a user and then outward extending perpendicular to a user. In this alternative embodiment, system10may also include a plurality of fasteners260. Plurality of fasteners260are formed of any suitable size, shape, and design and are configured to trap and/or hold system10in place even as system10is trying to unfold and/or open and/or twist open via the extension structure system configured within system10. Said another way, the plurality of fasteners260provide a quick-release in a convenient location for a user so that a user can fold up system10and simply fasten system10into place until the next use is needed and/or for ease of transportation, storage, and the like. In the alternative embodiment, a suitable quick-release fastener260comprising a male and female stud or couple may be employed. Similarly, the plurality of fasteners260may be formed of a couple. Similarly, the plurality of fasteners260may be formed of a hook and loop structure which may include a strap and/or not include a strap. Similarly, the plurality of fasteners260may be tucking and/or folding of the main structure of system10such that the system10does not need additional components but folds and/or tucks into itself and/or an aperture created by folding. While this alternative embodiment contemplates catch feature120as a pop-out structure in concert with other features of system10. System10may also be formed of a plurality of pop-out structures. In this way, back cover20may also be a pop-out feature, over shoulder feature60may also be a separate pop-out feature. In this way, front cover90may also be a pop-out feature. In this way, flare features210may also be pop-out features. Said another way, system10may be of a unitary construction or a non-unitary construction. In a unitary construction and as an alternative embodiment, system10is a single pop-out structure. Similarly, and as an alternative embodiment, any one or more of the structures of system10may be formed as a pop-out feature as part of the larger plurality of structures of system10. These and other embodiments are hereby contemplated for use. In Operation/Methods of Use: In the arrangement shown, as one example, a user can easily and efficiently employ the systems disclosed herein in various methods and uses to create a very clean and efficient hair trimming and body grooming environment. The system is a stand alone and self supportive system. These systems and the various uses are hereby contemplated for use. The disclosure herein also considered methods of using these systems and features. In one arrangement, and as is shown, in one example, the system causes debris to slide directly from the first panel and/or second panel and/or third panel and/or fourth panel directly into the disposal alley. The material coating is relatively smooth and when the catch feature is set up, the panels are angled due to the sizing of the framing and/or suspension features and/or material constraints. In this way, the angled panels, in concert with gravity, cause debris and/or most debris to slide into the disposal alley. In this way, the debris can be easily dumped from the disposal alley and/or grabbed in the disposal alley. In this way, there is no need for a wipe and/or other cleaning apparatus. Additionally, and in alternative embodiments the personal mobility system may be used with other systems, and may incorporate other systems therein. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other various modifications could be made to the systems without parting from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. All such modifications and changes fall within the scope of the claims and are intended to be covered thereby.

11857062

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment to be described below but may be implemented in various different embodiments. The embodiment is merely provided to disclose the present invention and completely inform those skilled in the art of the spirit of the present invention. With reference now to the drawings, and in particular toFIGS.1through3thereof, a towel combination embodying the principles and concepts of the present invention and generally designated by the reference numeral10will be described.FIGS.1thru3show the scrunches/towel combination. This embodiment consists of three elements: As depicted inFIG.2, the first element is a scrunches (20) comprised of an elastic member (28) surrounded by a gathered material (27). The elastic member (28) is made of a flexible stretchable material with a width range from one-quarter to one inch or another suitable size to fit various hand sizes. The width and length of the elastic member (28) is varied to support various hand sizes. The gathered material (28) can be absorbent or non-absorbent. The gathered material (28) can be made of polyester, terry cloth, silk, cotton, and any synthetic material. To allow for gathering upon the elastic member, the length of the gathered material is at least one and one-half times the length of the elastic member. In the preferred embodiment, it is non-absorbent and made of a fashionable polyester material. As depicted inFIG.1, the second element is a fastener (40) that can be a double-sided clip-on, hook and loop fastener such as Velcro R, snap, button, or other suitable fastener (400). Alternatively, the fastener (40) can be fixably attached or removable. As depicted inFIG.1, the third element is a conventional hand towel (35) that can be removably fastened to the scrunches. As depicted inFIG.2, the fourth element can be a plurality of loops (25) to support the entry of four fingers of the user's hand. In the preferred embodiment, four loops are attached to the outer peripheral edge of the scrunches (20). FIG.4depicts an alternative embodiment, wherein a plurality of loops (45) to support the entry of four fingers of the user's hand are attached directly to the towel (35). In the preferred embodiment, four loops are attached to the mid-section of the towel (35). The predetermined circumference of the elastic member is the normal circumference of a wrist which is approximately at least 4 to 5 inches. The circumference of the gathered material is at least one and one-half times the predetermined circumference of the elastic member. The width of the gathered material is at least one and one=half times the elastic member. The wrist and hand sizes range from small, medium to large. Although specific features of this invention are shown in some of the drawings and not others, this is for convenience only, as each feature may be combined with any and all of the other features within the scope of this invention.

11857063

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following description is not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. The embodiments herein are generally directed to a device, such as a small, battery-powered tag, puck, or other object of convenient size and shape, that can be physically and/or geographically located using wireless communications systems and techniques. For example, a tag may include an antenna that emits a wireless signal or beacon that is detectable by another electronic device such as a smartphone. Using the detected wireless signal (and using localization techniques such as time of flight, received signal strength indication, triangulation, etc.), the smartphone may be able to determine the position of the tag relative to the smartphone, and, using an absolute location of the smartphone from a GPS, the absolute location of the tag as well. The embodiments herein also relate to the overall network environment that includes (or is defined by) the tags, smartphones, computers, and other devices, and that facilitates the locating of tags as well as numerous other features and functions. Knowing the location of a tag enables a wide range of location-based use cases. For example, the tag may be used to track the location of a portable object such as a set of physical keys, a purse, backpack, article of clothing, or other suitable object or item of personal property. Thus, if the portable object becomes lost or misplaced, a user may be able to find the object using his or her smartphone, tablet, or other suitable device. A tag may also be used to trigger some action on a computing device (e.g., a smartphone) when the device is within a certain proximity and/or orientation relative to the tag. For example, a tag may be positioned in a lobby of a building so that when individuals enter the lobby, their smartphone may detect that it is within a threshold distance of that tag, which in turn causes a map of the building to automatically be displayed on the smartphone. Notably, the devices and techniques described herein allow distance, position, location, and/or orientation determinations with a high degree of accuracy. For example, a smartphone may be capable of determining the location of a tag to an accuracy within three feet, and even to within one foot or less. As described herein, a tag used for tracking physical objects may be a small, conveniently shaped device that can be attached to objects, such as keys, purses, or wallets, to help an owner find lost, misplaced, or stolen objects. The tag may feature a robust structural design that ensures reliable use through a variety of conditions and environments. For example, the tag may be waterproof or at least splash-proof, and may be capable of withstanding impacts, drop events, or other general trauma resulting from normal use of the tag. In part, the ruggedness of the tag may be facilitated by the absence of some types of components, such as glass covers, displays, openings in the housing, external moving parts, and the like. The tag may include a battery, sensors, a wireless communication system, and one or more output devices that can produce audible and/or haptic outputs. Localization functions may be provided by the wireless communication system, and in particular, by the tag sending wireless signals to other devices (e.g., smartphones, tablet computers, etc.) that analyze the wireless signals to determine the distance, position, location, and/or orientation of the tag with a high degree of accuracy. As used herein, localization refers to determining one or more spatial parameters of a tag or other wirelessly locatable device. Spatial parameters include parameters of an object that define an aspect of its distance, position, location, and/or orientation in absolute space or relative to another object. For example, spatial parameters may include parameters such as a distance between objects, a location in a particular geography (e.g., latitude and longitude coordinates), a unit vector pointing from one object to another object, an orientation (also referred to as an angular position or attitude) of an object in three-dimensional space, or the like. The output devices of a tag may also help a user find a lost tag by emitting sounds and/or haptic outputs. The tag may also include input devices that allow users to control or change the tag's operations. Further, the tag may have a shape and form factor that allows the tag to be easily attached to a user's property (or to a tag retainer or accessory). As described herein, the tag may operate in any of multiple modes. In a normal operational mode, for example, the tag may conserve power and establish momentary or intermittent communications with one or more other devices (e.g., by sending a wireless beacon signal). The communications may function to confirm the location and may exchange some information about the state or location of the tag. In this way, the tag can essentially periodically update other devices (e.g., a user's smartphone) with its location and/or status. In some cases, the intermittent communications from the tag may be one-way communications, such as sending a wireless signal for other devices to receive, but not receiving any information from the other devices. The tag may also operate in a lost mode. The lost mode may be triggered in response to an unexpected loss of communication between the tag and one or more other devices (e.g., the user's smartphone), which may indicate that the tag is no longer in the personal possession or immediate vicinity of the user. The lost mode may also be triggered by a user reporting the tag as lost to a host system or service. As described herein, when the tag is in a lost mode, the tag may be adapted to use third-party devices (e.g., devices of individuals other than the tag's owner) in order to relay information back to the user. When third-party devices are used to relay information between the tag and a user, the communications may use secured and/or encrypted communications to help ensure the privacy and security of the user. In some cases, third-party devices that are transiently located proximate to the tag may operate as a mesh network or ad-hoc network to relay information back to the user. The information sent to or otherwise made available to the user may include encrypted data that includes an estimated location of the tag and/or one or more of the third-party devices. The secured communications may be decrypted by the user in a way that maintains the anonymity of the various third-party devices, while also allowing the user to locate the tag using the location data generated by the third-party devices. While the foregoing examples primarily describe a tag communicating with a smartphone to allow the smartphone to determine the location of the tag, this is merely one example use case. More broadly, a tag's position, location, orientation, or other spatial parameter may be determinable by any device that is configured to communicate with the tag. Example devices include smartphones, tablets, laptop computers, wireless routers, desktop computing devices, home automation systems, or the like. In some cases, an environment, such as a user's home, may include multiple of these devices, and each device may communicate with the tag and determine the tag's location and/or maintain a record of the tag's location (or other spatial parameter such as orientation). Moreover, as described herein, these devices may update a server or other database with the tag's location. This may improve the ability to locate a lost tag, as a user may be able to determine the location of the tag by querying the server or database, even if the user is out of range of the tag. For example, if a user left her keys at home, a desktop computer at the user's home may have been periodically communicating with (or otherwise receiving signals from) a tag attached to the keys and updating a server with the location of the tag. The user can then simply request the current location of the tag from the server, even if she is miles away and unable to directly communicate with the tag with her smartphone. Further example use cases and device details are described herein. Outside of the user's home environment, other devices not associated with the user (e.g., other people's smartphones) may communicate with the tag (or otherwise receive signals from the tag) to securely and anonymously update the server with the location of the tag. For example, outside of the user's home environment there may be hundreds of thousands or even millions of devices that can securely and anonymously report the locations of tags. Any of these numerous devices that are close enough to a tag to receive signals or communicate with the tag (e.g., via Bluetooth) may securely and anonymously update the server with the tag's location. In this way, the multitude of devices that can communicate with or receive signals from a tag form a robust, multi-redundant device-location relay network that can continuously (and privately) monitor and update the locations of many individual tags. FIG.1depicts an example system that may be used to physically and/or geographically locate a tag100. The system may be facilitated in part by a cloud-based service or other host service with which multiple devices communicate to report and receive location information about other devices in the system. The operational links between devices (e.g., wirelessly locatable tags, phones, laptops, tablets, wireless headphones, etc.) and the cloud-based service may allow the system to provide robust localization of devices within the system. For example, devices in the system may be registered with the cloud-based service to allow the devices to communicate with the cloud-based service to both report and receive location data of tags and other devices in the system. Due to the communication and cooperation between and among the various devices inFIG.1to determine the location of tags and devices, the system shown inFIG.1may define and/or be referred to herein as a device-location relay network. Because the device-location relay network facilitates determining the locations of a user's devices, maintaining security and privacy of the user's location and other information is of the utmost importance. Accordingly, encryption and anonymization schemes may be used to secure data and prevent access to location data by devices or individuals that are not authorized to do so. In this way, location information may be securely handled by the device-location relay network without exposing location data or other potentially sensitive or private data associated with the various devices in the network. For example, devices, such as smartphones, may execute software that facilitates the sending and receiving of encrypted location reports to and from the cloud-based service, and allows users to see the locations of other devices in the network (if they are authorized to do so). The cloud-based service may also facilitate the passing of encryption keys (e.g., public keys) between various devices to allow users of those devices to securely share their (or their devices') location without the risk of unauthorized users (including the cloud-service itself) having access to location information of a user's device. Returning toFIG.1, the tag100may be configured to wirelessly communicate with devices102(e.g., mobile phones, laptop computers, desktop computers, wireless access points, digital assistants) when the tag is physically proximate to those devices (e.g., within a range of a wireless communication protocol such as ultra-wideband or Bluetooth). The devices102may determine the location (and/or other spatial parameter) of the tag100and display and/or report the location (and/or other spatial parameter) of the tag to a remote service. One or more of the devices102may be associated with the owner of the tag. For example, one or more of the devices102may be the tag owner's phone, digital assistant, laptop or desktop computer, tablet computer, or the like. In such cases, the devices102associated with the same user or owner as the tag100may directly display the location of the tag100to a user. In other cases, such as where the tag100(or an object to which the tag is attached) is lost or misplaced outside of the user's home, the devices102may be or include other devices that are not owned or controlled by the user. For example, such devices may include any device that receives signals from the tag or establishes some form of wireless communication with the tag, and can also communicate with a server104(or any device associated with a network-accessible service) to report an encrypted, anonymized report that includes the location of the tag. Such devices may include phones, tablet computers, watches, or laptop computers of individuals who have no relationship to the tag's owner. As used herein, an “owner” of a tag refers to an individual or entity that controls, manages, supervises, operates, leases, owns, or otherwise exercises authority over a tag, and is not necessarily limited to an individual with legal ownership of the tag. The tag itself may not be able to communicate directly to the server104to report its location, and indeed, it may not even be aware of its location, as it may lack a GPS or other system for independently determining its own absolute location. Devices that communicate with the tag100, however, may be able to communicate to the server104to report the location of the tag100. For example, devices such as phones, computers, and tablets may communicate with or otherwise detect the presence of a tag, and those devices may report, on an anonymous basis, the tag's location (and optionally an identifier of the tag and any other information, such as the time) to the server104(e.g., via a network101). In addition to devices102reporting the locations of tags, the devices102themselves may act as tags and report their own locations to the server104, and may report the locations of other devices102to the server104as well. WhileFIG.1shows a few devices102and a single tag100, this figure may represent only a small segment of a significantly larger network of tags and devices. Indeed, due to the ubiquity of mobile phones, tablet computers, and the like, the overall device-location relay network may be a dense, ad hoc or mesh-style network that can be used to track the location of many tags and devices. For example, in an urban environment, there may be hundreds of thousands or even millions of devices that can securely and anonymously report the positions and/or locations of tags. In this way, the devices and tags form a robust, multi-redundant device-location relay network that can continuously (and privately) monitor and update the locations of very many devices. In some cases, the devices use their own locations as estimated locations of the tag. For example, if the device is able to connect to the tag via Bluetooth, it may be assumed that the tag is within about 30 feet of the device (or another distance, depending on the parameters of the Bluetooth communication). Thus, for example, the device may report the tag's location as an area centered about the user's device and having a radius that corresponds to the estimated range of the wireless communication protocol used to communicate to the tag. In other cases, the device may determine or estimate the location of the tag with greater accuracy. For example, the device may use time of flight (TOF), angle of arrival (AOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA) received signal strength indication (RSSI), triangulation, synthetic aperture, and/or any other suitable technique, to determine a location of the tag relative to the user's device. These localization techniques may use ultra-wideband signals from the tag, which may allow the device to locate the tag with a high degree of accuracy (e.g., to within one foot of the tag's actual location). Techniques for determining the spatial parameters of a tag, such as a distance between a tag and another device, a position of the tag relative to another device, a location of the tag, and an orientation of the tag, are described in greater detail with respect toFIGS.2D-2E. The location reports sent from the devices that detect the presence of a tag may be encrypted using a public-private key encryption scheme (shown, for example, inFIGS.2A-2C) to ensure that only the owner of a tag can ultimately see the location of the tag. For example, if a tag is lost, devices that happen to be nearby the tag—even if the devices are not associated with the owner of the tag—may detect the tag and receive a public key from the tag (FIG.2B). A device that detects the tag may query the server104to determine if that particular tag has been reported lost. If so (or if the tag and/or device are configured to send encrypted location reports even if the device is not reported as lost), the device may determine a location of the tag, encrypt the location of the tag (and optionally other information) using the public key, and submit the encrypted location report to the server104(FIG.2B). The device may also send information to the tag, such as a message indicating that the tag has been reported as lost. This may cause the tag to change one or more aspects of its operation or to trigger one of multiple operational modes. For example, upon detecting that the tag has been reported lost, the tag may change the frequency that it sends out a beacon (described below), change a message associated with its near-field wireless communications antenna, enter a power-saving mode, or alter some other function or operation of the tag. An owner of the lost tag may query the server104, using the public key, for any location reports encrypted using that public key (e.g., via a network103, which may be the same network as the network101or a different network). If there are location reports associated with the public key, the owner may receive the encrypted location reports and use a private key to decrypt the location reports to determine the location (or estimated location) of the tag (FIG.2C). The owner may then travel to the location and attempt to locate the tag and any object to which the tag is attached or associated (e.g., a backpack, laptop computer, coat, purse, etc.). The tag may communicate with nearby devices by sending a periodic wireless beacon signal. The wireless beacon signal, which may be transmitted using a Bluetooth communication protocol, ultra-wideband communication protocol, or any other suitable protocol, may be detectable by any device that is monitoring that protocol (e.g., receiving communications via that protocol). The wireless beacon signal, also referred to herein simply as a “beacon signal” or “beacon,” may be transmitted at any suitable frequency, and the particular frequency may depend at least in part on a mode of the tag. For example, when the tag is in an initialization mode or pairing mode, the beacon may be transmitted at a first frequency; when the tag is in a lost mode (e.g., it has been reported to the device-location relay network as being lost, and that status has been provided to the tag), the beacon may be transmitted at a second frequency; and when the tag is in a normal or non-lost mode, the beacon may be transmitted at a third frequency. In some cases, the first frequency is greater than the second frequency, and the second frequency is greater than the third frequency. In other cases, the first and second frequencies are substantially equal, but are greater than the third frequency. As one specific example, the first frequency may be one beacon signal per second (or more frequent), the second frequency may be between one beacon signal per minute and one beacon signal per second, and the third frequency may be one beacon signal per minute (or less frequent). As used herein, a beacon signal may correspond to an advertising packet of a suitable communications protocol, or any other suitable wireless data transmission packet or signal. The beacon may include the public key of the tag and optionally other information such as a tag identifier, a last reported location, a time since a last direct connection to another device, or the like. In some cases, the beacon and the optional additional information are sent to other devices using separate communications channels, protocols, or the like. For example, a tag may send a beacon signal using an ultra-wideband radio and send other information, such as the public key, via Bluetooth. Of course, other assignments of information types to different communications channels or protocols are also possible. The wireless beacon signal may be configured to cause a device to send a location report to the remote server. For example, a tag may transmit a wireless beacon signal to an external device, such as a mobile phone, tablet or laptop computer, or the like. The tag may also transmit a public encryption key to the device. The public encryption key may be included in the beacon signal, or provided to the device from the tag via a different message or communication protocol. In response to receiving the beacon signal, the device may determine a location of the wireless module based at least in part the wireless beacon signal (using localization techniques such as those described herein). The device may prepare an encrypted location report using the public encryption key, where the encrypted location report includes the location of the wireless module, and wirelessly transmit the encrypted location report to a remote server (e.g., the server104). In this way, the tag can cause location reports to be generated on an ongoing basis, such that an accurate, up-to-date location of the tag is available to the tag's owner. The public-private key encryption scheme may include other techniques to help anonymize the tag and prevent efforts to track individuals or objects. For example, the key pairs may iterate according to an algorithm, such that a tag does not always have the same public key (thus reducing the ability to track a tag by its public key). Alternatively or additionally, the tag may store multiple public keys that can all be decrypted by the same private key, and it can periodically change to a new one of the multiple public keys. As described above, the tag may also include various systems that allow it to be more easily located once the owner is nearby (e.g., within a wireless communication range that allows the tag and another device to communicate, such as 300 feet, 100 feet, 30 feet). For example, the tag may include a speaker or other audible-output system. The owner of the tag may wirelessly command the tag (e.g., via Bluetooth and/or ultra-wideband protocols) to produce an audible output, which the owner can then use to find the tag. As another example, the tag may include an ultra-wideband (UWB) radio, and an owner's device may also include one or more UWB radios. The owner's device may be able to use a UWB localization signal emitted by the tag to estimate a position and/or location of the tag and/or guide the owner to the tag. For example, a user interface on the owner's device may display an arrow or other indicator that points the user towards the location of the tag. The arrow or other indicator may be a live view that continuously updates based on the position of the tag relative to the device, as well as the orientation of the device relative to the tag.FIGS.140-141B, below, illustrate example user interfaces that visually direct a user to a tag. Even if the tag is not lost, the device-location relay network may be used to provide other location services. For example, location reports for a tag may be provided by devices in proximity to the tag even when the tag is not lost. In a user's home, for example, the user's computer, phone, digital assistant, or any other suitable device(s) may periodically provide, to the server104, location reports of the user's tag(s). Such reports may be used to allow a user to track the locations of his or her objects over time, identify patterns or habits, and the like. Similar location information and/or location reports may also be provided for other devices associated with the user (e.g., the user's laptop computer, phone, etc.). In this way, locations of many of a user's devices may be accessible to the user. Localization of user's devices, such as phones, laptops, etc., may be achieved in various ways. For example, a tag may simply be attached to such devices, thus leveraging the tag's localization functionality to track the location of the device to which it is attached. Alternatively or additionally, devices may include built-in hardware that provides the same or similar functionality as the tags described herein. Thus, even without an attached external tag, a lost laptop, for example, may use the same or similar systems and leverage the device-location relay network to allow the laptop to be located in the same manner as the tags described herein. Example devices that may include the components and/or provide the functionality of the tags described herein (but without the same physical structure as the tags) include, without limitation, laptop computers, desktop computers, phones (e.g., mobile phones, conventional cordless phones), tablet computers, watches, headphones, wearable electronic devices, computer storage devices (e.g., USB drives, portable hard drives, memory cards, etc.), cameras, remote controls, toys, wireless car keys/key fobs, watches, flashlights, first aid equipment (e.g., automatic electronic defibrillators), cars, motorcycles, smart home devices, head-mounted displays, and computer peripherals (e.g., mice, trackpads, keyboards). Tags may also be configured to interact with devices, such as mobile phones, to cause those devices to take certain actions. For example, a tag may send an instruction, request, or other suitable communication to a device, and in response to receiving the instruction, request, or communication, the device may take an action such as displaying a message on an associated display, sending an encrypted location report, or the like. Tags may trigger remote devices to take various types of actions, and various types of conditions or events may cause the actions to be triggered. In some cases, a determination that a tag is within a threshold distance of a device causes the device to take a certain action. For example, a tag and/or device (e.g., a mobile phone) may cooperate to determine a distance between the tag and device, as described herein. If the distance satisfies a threshold (e.g., if the device is within a threshold distance of the tag), the tag may cause the device to take an action. The particular action that is to be taken by the device may be specified by the tag. For example, in response to the determination that the distance threshold is satisfied, the tag may instruct the device to display a graphical object on the device's screen. As another example, in response to the determination that the distance threshold is satisfied, the tag may instruct the device to send or relay a message to another device or system. Specifically, the tag may instruct the device to send a location report to a server (e.g., the server104), or to cause a message to be sent to the owner of the tag (e.g., a message indicating that the tag has been found and/or providing a location of the tag). The tag may cause devices to take other kinds of actions as well, as described herein. Instructions sent by a tag to a device may be acted upon by the device, or they may be ignored by the device. For example, a device's owner may opt-in or opt-out of some or all instructions that originate from tags. Other settings, user preferences, or other criteria may also be used to determine whether a device will respond to or take any actions based on instructions received from a tag. In this way, users can select the degree to which their devices respond to instructions from various tags. In some cases, a user may opt out of all tag-related communications. In cases where the tag triggers a graphical object to be displayed on a device's screen, the tag may send the content of the graphical object to the device via one of the tag's available wireless communications systems. More particularly, the tag may store a message in its onboard memory, and when a condition or event is satisfied (e.g., the tag and device are within a threshold distance), the tag may send the message to the device. Upon receiving the message from the tag, the device may display the message on a screen of the device. As a specific example, for a tag that is associated with an object such as a suitcase, the tag may store a message with the request “You are near my suitcase—please return it to the airport lost-and-found for a reward.” The tag may also instruct the device to prompt the device's user to take a photograph of the lost item (or the location where the tag is estimated to be), and request permission from the device's user to send the photograph to the tag's owner (e.g., via the device-location relay network). The tag may also send instructions to the device to cause the device show the location of the item or to display an option to initiate an augmented reality application to assist the user of the device in locating the lost item. As another example, for a tag that is associated with a more static type of object such as a painting in a museum, the tag may store (and send to the device when appropriate) the message “You are near the Mona Lisa—click here for directions to the world's most famous painting.” The particular content of the message may be customized by an owner or operator of the tag. In other cases, the content of messages may be stored on the device, and the tag may send an identifier of the message to be displayed on the device. For example, the device may store a “lost item” message saying “You are near a lost item—please report to the nearest lost and found,” and the tag may send an instruction indicating that the device should display the “lost item” message. Devices may store multiple messages, and the instructions from the tag may include a unique identifier of the message to be displayed. Tags may be configured to trigger actions on remote devices based on various different conditions or events. In the examples above, the tags cause devices to take actions (e.g., display graphical information, send location reports) based on a device being within a certain proximity of the tag. Other example conditions or events include, for example, a device being beyond a certain distance from a tag, a tag being moved from a stationary position, a battery level of the tag, or the like. Further, the particular actions or events that a tag triggers on other devices, as well as the conditions that cause those actions to be triggered, may depend on a mode of operation or a status of the tag. For example, a tag that is in a “not lost” state or condition may not cause nearby devices to display any information (though they may cause nearby devices to send encrypted location reports). Thus, in response to a determination that the tag is in a first mode (e.g., a “not lost) mode, the tag may not cause an external device to display a message (and may cause it to send encrypted location reports). If that tag is transitioned to a “lost” state or mode, however, the tag may attempt to trigger nearby devices to display a particular message (sent by the tag) to assist in the tag being returned. Thus, in response to a determination that the tag is in a second mode (e.g., a “lost” mode), the tag may cause the external device to display a message and/or perform other possible actions, as described above. Alternatively or additionally, when the tag is in the lost mode it may more frequently instruct remote devices to send location reports. The tag may also be configured to trigger actions on only a subset of devices in its wireless range. For example, a tag may only trigger actions for devices within a certain distance threshold, which may be smaller than the wireless range of the tag. In this way, the tag may instruct actions only on the select few devices that happen to get close enough to the tag to be helpful. As another example, the tag may be limited to a certain number of actions for a given time window. More specifically, a tag may be limited to causing a “lost” message to appear on one device per minute. As yet another example, the tag may be configured to only trigger events on certain types of devices or devices having certain authority. More specifically, a tag may be configured to trigger “lost” messages to appear only on devices that are verifiably controlled by a trusted source (e.g., police, airport employees, friends or relatives of the tag owner, or the like). In some modes of operation, a tag may be configured to trigger certain actions on all device with which it can communicate (e.g., a broadcast). The owner or operator of a tag may select exactly what actions a tag should trigger on nearby devices, as well as the particular conditions that will cause the tag to trigger such actions. The owner or operator may also tie certain actions and conditions to particular modes of the tag (e.g., a “lost” mode, a “not lost” mode, a “lost but do not broadcast location or status” mode, a “low battery” mode). The tag may therefore be highly customizable by the tag's owner, allowing the tag to perform a variety of possible functions and interact with other devices in various user-selectable ways. Due to the sensitive nature of location information of a user's possessions, the instant system may use sophisticated encryption and privacy schemes to ensure that unauthorized individuals cannot track the location of another person's property.FIGS.2A-2Cdepict an example public-private key encryption system that may be used to ensure the privacy of a user's location data in the context of a device-location relay network. As shown inFIG.2A, the tag100and a user's smartphone106may execute an initialization process in which a public-private key pair is generated or otherwise accessed or obtained. A public key200(represented as a lock) may be shared with the tag100, and the user's smartphone106may store a private key202. Turning toFIG.2B, and as described above, when the tag100is deployed to track the location of an object (e.g., a user's keys), the tag100may communicate with other devices102to allow the other devices102to send encrypted location reports to the server104. More particularly, when the tag100and another device102are in sufficiently close proximity for wireless communications (e.g., via Bluetooth and/or UWB), the tag100may communicate the public key200to the nearby device102. As shown inFIG.2B, three devices102-1,102-2, and102-3may be close enough to the tag to communicate with the tag100(e.g., because a person carrying them walked or travelled nearby the tag100). When the device102-1communicates with the tag100, the tag100may provide the device102-1with the public key200. The device102-1may determine or estimate the location of the tag100using the device's own location (e.g., from a GPS onboard the device102-1) and optionally one or more localization techniques that determine a position of the tag100relative to the device102-1(e.g., a distance, azimuth, and elevation from the device102-1to the tag100). The device102-1then uses the public key200to encrypt the location of the tag100, optionally along with other information (e.g., a tag identifier, a time, etc.), into an encrypted location report204-1. The encrypted location report204-1is then provided to the server104via the network101. The devices102-2and102-3(as well as additional devices now shown inFIG.2B) may likewise encrypt location reports204-2,204-3, using the public key200received from the tag100, and send them to the server104. (If the tag100is in a location where wireless communication services are unavailable, the device102may store the encrypted location reports and upload them to the server104once service becomes available.) Because the location reports204are encrypted using the public key200of a public-private key pair, only an individual or device who possesses the private key202can decrypt the location reports204, thus helping to maintain the security and privacy of the location of the user's property. Further, the devices102may be configured to perform the reporting functions without alerting a user of the devices102that it is occurring. Thus, the device102of a person walking past a lost object may send a location report for the lost object without its owner ever knowing that a lost object is nearby. Also, while the devices102may be described herein as not associated with the owner of the tag100, the same encryption and location reporting techniques may be used even where some or all of the devices102are owned or controlled by the owner of the tag100. For example,FIG.2Bmay represent a user's home environment, and the devices102may be devices within the user's home. For example, the device102-1may be the user's desktop computer, the device102-2may be a home automation system, and the device102-3may be a laptop computer. These devices may transmit encrypted location reports204to the server104so that the user can access the reports to find a lost object in his or her home (or to perform other location-based functions). FIG.2Cillustrates how an authorized device (e.g., the device106) may access the location of the tag100from the encrypted location reports204. In particular, the device106may, at the command of a user or automatically based on a triggering event or periodic update, query the server104for location reports for the tag100. This query may include sending the public key200from the device106to the server104. Notably, the public key200may not be capable of decrypting the location reports, but can be used to identify which location reports were encrypted using the public key200. In response to a query from the device106, and optionally after authenticating that the device106is authorized to receive the location reports, the server104provides the encrypted location reports204to the device106. The device may then use the private key202to decrypt the location reports204and read the reported locations of the tag100(e.g., location A, location B, location C). The device106may show the reported locations on a map, and may provide directions to the reported locations from the user's current location. Further, if and when the device106is within range of a wireless communication protocol such as UWB, the device106may display a direction indicating interface that leads the user directly to the tag100(e.g., with a direction indicating arrow overlaid on an image of the real-world environment). An example direction-indicating interface is described herein. Other techniques may also be used to facilitate a user accessing location reports from the server104. For example, in some cases, the device106may request and/or receive encrypted information from the server104, which may include the encrypted location reports204, as well as other encrypted location reports (e.g., of other tags), or other encrypted information. Notably, the user will not be able to decrypt location reports or information that was not originally encrypted using the user's public key, so any encrypted location reports that are not decryptable by the user's private key remain encrypted and may be discarded by the device106. In cases where the device106receives more data than just its location reports204, the device106and/or the server104may select the particular information that is sent to the device106in various ways. For example, the server104may send all of the encrypted location reports that are stored thereon, and any that are not encrypted using the public key200may be discarded by the device106. In other cases, the server104selects a subset of its encrypted location reports to send to the device106. For example, the subset may correspond to location reports that were created in a certain time window (e.g., the server104may send all encrypted location reports that were sent within 1 hour of when the tag100was last in direct peer-to-peer communications with the device106), or the subset may correspond to location reports that were created in certain geographic regions associated with location reports (e.g., the server104may send all encrypted location reports that were created in a state or city where the tag100was last in direct peer-to-peer communications with the device106). Other criteria or combinations of criteria are also contemplated. As described herein, localization of a wirelessly locatable tag may include the tag sending a signal to another device (e.g., a smartphone), allowing the other device to determine spatial parameters of the tag. Spatial parameters may include distances, orientations, positions, and/or locations. As used herein, “distance” may refer to a measurement of how far apart two points (e.g., electronic devices, other objects, reference points, etc.) are from one another, and may refer to the length of the shortest possible path through space between the two points. As used herein, the term “orientation” may refer to an attitude or angular position of an electronic device (e.g., a tag) relative to another electronic device (e.g., another tag or a smartphone), other point of interest, or reference frame. Orientation may be designated in terms of a rotation about one or more axes required to rotate from a current placement to a reference placement. Example measures of orientation may include Euler angles, Tait-Bryan angles (e.g., yaw, pitch, and roll), orientation vectors, orientation matrices, and the like. As used herein, “position” or “relative position” of an electronic device may refer to the positional relationship of the electronic device in relation to another device, object, or reference point, and may be expressed as the distance between two objects, in combination with a direction vector indicating a direction from one object to another object. As used herein, “location” may refer to a geographical point where an electronic device, other object, or point of interest is positioned, such as a point on the Earth's surface or elsewhere, and may be designated in terms of a geographic coordinate system (e.g., latitude and longitude) or in terms of a position relative to another geographical point or point of interest. Broadly, wireless signals (e.g., radio frequency signals) sent between two or more electronic devices, may be analyzed to determine spatial parameters. As used herein, “spatial parameters” may refer to information about the placement of an electronic device in the space it occupies. Spatial parameters for an electronic device may include, but are not limited to, any combination of a distance between the electronic device and a point of interest (e.g., another device, an object, a reference point, etc.), an orientation of the electronic device, and a location of the electronic device. As used herein, “localization” may refer to determining one or more spatial parameters of an electronic device. The wireless signals used to determine spatial parameters of electronic devices may include ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. As used herein “UWB signals” may refer to signals transmitted over a large portion of the radio spectrum (e.g., having a bandwidth greater than 500 MHz or greater than 20% of a center carrier frequency). Using UWB signals to perform localization may be referred to herein as “UWB localization.” Electronic devices, such as the wirelessly locatable tags described herein (or other devices that incorporate the functionality of the tags described herein), may be configured as transmitting devices configured to transmit UWB signals, receiving devices configured to detect UWB signals, or both. Each device may include one or more antennas for transmitting and/or detecting UWB signals. A UWB signal transmitted by a transmitting device propagates in all directions or in one or more directions from a transmitting device, and the transmitted signal may be detected by one or more receiving devices. UWB signals used to determine spatial parameters of electronic devices may be sent as pulses. As used herein, a “pulse,” may refer to a rapid, transient change in the amplitude of a signal from a baseline value to a higher or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value. Turning toFIG.2D, as noted above, UWB signals (which may also be referred to herein as beacon signals) may be used to determine a distance D between two electronic devices. In particular, UWB signals may be used to determine a distance between a receiving device (e.g., a smartphone) and a transmitting device210(e.g., a tag100as described herein). As noted above, a distance between a receiving device and a transmitting device may refer to a measurement of how far apart the receiving device and the transmitting device are from one another, and may refer to the length of the shortest possible path through space between the receiving device and the transmitting device. The receiving device206a(or a device operably coupled to a receiving device) may analyze a UWB signal pulse detected by an antenna208of the receiving device206ato determine the distance D between the receiving device206aand a transmitting device210that transmitted the UWB signal pulse. In particular, the receiving device206amay determine a time of flight (TOF) of the UWB signal pulse and multiply the TOF by the propagation speed of the signal pulse (e.g., the speed of light) to determine or estimate the distance D between the transmitting device210and the receiving device206a. As used herein, a UWB signal pulse may be a beacon signal or a portion of a beacon signal. The TOF may be determined by calculating the difference between the transmission time (i.e., the time the signal was transmitted) and the time the signal was detected (also called the time of arrival (TOA)). The transmission time may be included in the detected UWB signal pulse, sent as part of a separate transmission, or known as a result of a previously performed synchronization process between the transmitting device210and the receiving device206a. Using UWB signals for determining distance may provide numerous advantages, including increased precision in determining TOA and/or TOF. As one example, UWB signals may have shorter wavelengths than other signals, which may reduce the time range in which the signals can be detected. This reduces errors in determining TOA and TOF, which results in more accurate distance estimation. A single signal may be detected by multiple receiving devices and/or multiple antennas of a single receiving device (e.g., a smartphone), and the signal may be used as described above to determine distances between the transmitting device210and each receiving device or antennas. Additionally, multiple signals from different transmitting devices (e.g., tags) may be detected by a single receiving device, and the signals may be used as described above to determine distances between the receiving device and each transmitting device. As noted above, UWB signals may be used to determine an orientation of an electronic device relative to a point of interest (e.g., an electronic device, an object, a reference point, etc.). Turning toFIG.2E, UWB signals may be used to determine an orientation of a receiving device206b(e.g., a smartphone) relative to a transmitting device210(e.g., tags100). As used herein, the term “orientation” may refer to an attitude or angular position of an electronic device relative to another electronic device, other point of interest, or reference frame. Orientation may be designated in terms of a rotation about one or more axes required to rotate from a current placement to a reference placement. Example measures of orientation may include Euler angles, Tait-Bryan angles (e.g., yaw, pitch, and roll), orientation vectors, orientation matrices, and the like. The orientation of an electronic device relative to a point of interest may also be thought of as a direction to the point of interest with respect to the electronic device. The receiving device206b(or a device operably coupled to a receiving device) may analyze a UWB signal pulse detected by multiple antennas of the receiving device206bto determine an orientation of the receiving device206brelative to a transmitting device210(e.g., a tag100) that transmitted the UWB signal pulse. As noted above, receiving devices may include multiple antennas. As one example, as shown inFIG.2E, the receiving device206bmay include three or more antennas e.g., antennas208a,208b,208cpositioned on or within the receiving device206b. The receiving device206bmay determine distances d1, d2, d3between each antenna and a transmitting device210as set forth above. Differences between the distances d1, d2, d3may indicate the orientation of the receiving device206brelative to a transmitting device. Using the determined distances d1, d2, d3and known separation distances s1, s2, s3between the antennas, a vector V extending from the receiving device206bto the transmitting device210may be determined. The vector V may be expressed in terms of a distance between the receiving device206and the transmitting device210and a direction of the vector V relative to a reference vector of the receiving device206b(e.g., a vector normal to a plane shared by the three antennas or any other vector that is fixed with respect to the three antennas). The direction of the vector V may describe the orientation of the receiving device206arelative to the transmitting device210. In some cases, the orientation of the receiving device206brelative to the transmitting device210(or vice versa) may be determined independently of determining the distances d1, d2, d3. The receiving device206bmay determine a direction from the receiving device206bto the transmitting device210(or from the transmitting device210to the receiving device206b) by determining a time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the same UWB signal pulse to the three separate antennas208a,208b,208cof the receiving device206b. The TDOA for a UWB signal pulse may be determined as the pairwise time difference between the time of arrival of the signal at a first antenna (e.g., antenna208a) and the time of arrival of the signal at a second antenna (e.g., antenna208b). One or more pairwise time differences may be determined, and may be used to determine a direction from the receiving device206bto the transmitting device210, which, as noted above, may describe the orientation of the receiving device206brelative to the transmitting device210. Other methods for determining direction and orientation may also be used, including triangulation, phase difference of arrival (PDOA), and hybrid TDOA/PDOA methods. The distance between the receiving device206band the transmitting device210and the relative orientation of the receiving device206bmay define a position of the receiving206bdevice relative to the transmitting device210. As used herein, “position” or “relative position” of an electronic device may refer to the positional relationship of the electronic device in relation to another device, object, or reference point, and may be expressed as the distance between two objects, in combination with a direction vector indicating a direction from one object to another object (e.g., a distance between a receiving device206band a transmitting device210and a direction vector indicating the direction from the receiving device206bto the transmitting device210). For example, the vector V ofFIG.2Emay represent a relative position of the transmitting device210and the receiving device206b. In various embodiments, information about electronic device(s) (e.g., the spatial parameters discussed above) determined using UWB localization may be combined with other information from a variety of sources to determine spatial parameters. An electronic device may include and/or be operably coupled to one or more sensors or devices for determining spatial parameters or data that may be used to determine spatial parameters. Examples of sensors and devices include magnetometers, gyroscopes, accelerometers, optical sensors, cameras, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, and the like. As one example, an electronic device (e.g., a smartphone) may include or be operably coupled to a GPS receiver configured to determine a location of the electronic device. As noted above, as used herein, “location” may refer to a geographical point where an electronic device is positioned, such as a point on the Earth's surface or elsewhere, and may be designated in terms of a geographic coordinate system (e.g., latitude and longitude) or in terms of a position relative to another geographical point or point of interest. The position of a transmitting device (e.g., tag) relative to a receiving device may be determined using UWB localization as discussed above. A location of the transmitting device may be determined using a location of the receiving device determined using GPS and the position of the transmitting device relative to the receiving device determined using UWB localization. As another example, an electronic device may include or be operably coupled to a magnetometer or an accelerometer that may be used to determine an orientation of the electronic device relative to the earth. For example, a magnetometer may be used to determine an orientation of the electronic device relative to magnetic north or another known source of magnetic flux. Similarly, an accelerometer may be used to determine an orientation of the electronic device relative to the direction of gravitational acceleration (e.g., inward with respect to the earth's surface). A direction from the receiving device to the transmitting device relative to the receiving device may be determined using UWB localization as discussed above. The direction from the receiving device to the transmitting device relative to the earth or another known point of interest may be determined by combining the orientation of the electronic device relative to earth determined using a magnetometer or accelerometer with the direction from the receiving device to the transmitting device relative to the receiving device determined using UWB localization. In some cases, the same antenna(s) are used for transmitting and detecting UWB signals. In some cases, the antenna(s) used for transmitting UWB signals are different from the antenna(s) used for detecting UWB signals. The antenna(s) may be operably coupled to one or more transmitters, receivers, processing units, or the like that may be used to generate transmitted signals and/or process detected signals. A location of the transmitting device210may also be determined by a receiving device206cby determining the distance between the receiving device206cand the transmitting device210when the receiving device206cis at multiple different locations. This process triangulates the location of the transmitting device210without using multiple onboard antennas and TDOA analysis of a pulse from the transmitting device210.FIG.2Fillustrates how the location of the transmitting device210is determined using this technique (which may be referred to as synthetic aperture). As described above, the transmitting device210may emit a pulse (e.g., a UWB signal pulse) that is detectable by an antenna208d, and the receiving device206cmay analyze the pulse (e.g., using TOF) to determine the distance from the receiving device206cto the transmitting device210. As shown inFIG.2F, in order to determine the location of the transmitting device, the receiving device206cmay determine multiple distances (e.g., distances d4, d5, and d6) to the transmitting device210when the receiving device206cis at multiple locations (e.g., L1, L2, and L3). Because the location of the receiving device206cat locations L1, L2, and L3is known (as determined by an onboard GPS, accelerometer(s), and/or other positioning systems) and the distances between the receiving device206cand the transmitting device210are also known, the receiving device206ccan determine, using triangulation, the location L4of the transmitting device210. Further, using an onboard magnetometer, accelerometer, and/or other systems, the receiving device206ccan determine its orientation relative to the determined location of the transmitting device210. The orientation of the receiving device206crelative to the transmitting device210together with the location of the transmitting device210provides a full complement of spatial parameters of the transmitting device210to facilitate the functionalities described herein. With reference to the process described inFIG.2F, the transmitting device's location may be determined once the receiving device206cdetermines at least three distance measurements between the receiving device206cand the transmitting device210. In some cases, once the location of the transmitting device210is established using at least three distance measurements, the receiving device206cmay perform more distance measurements at additional locations of the receiving device206c. These subsequent measurements may be used to refine and/or update the determined location of the transmitting device210, or otherwise to improve the accuracy of the location determination. As noted above, a wirelessly locatable tag may take the form of a small device that can be easily attached to objects such as keys, backpacks, purses, and the like. Broadly, the tag may have a small size (e.g., having a diameter less than about 3 inches, less than about 2 inches, less than about 1 inch) that is rugged, water resistant (e.g., IP66, IP67, or IP68, according to international ingress protection standards), and portable. The tag may also have acoustic and haptic output systems, and optionally an input system (e.g., a button-like input). The tag may also include a battery that can be easily and conveniently replaced, and may be sealed against water, dust, and other contaminants. FIGS.3A-3Cdepict an example wirelessly locatable tag300in accordance with the ideas described herein. The tag300may be an embodiment of the tag100, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the tag100(or any other wirelessly locatable tag or device described herein). For brevity such details may not be repeated here. FIG.3Adepicts a top view of the tag300,FIG.3Bdepicts a side view of the tag300ofFIG.3A, andFIG.3Cdepicts a side exploded view of the tag300. As shown inFIG.3C, the tag300may include main body portion302, a removable bottom housing member304, and a removable and/or replaceable battery306. The bottom housing member304, which may also be referred to as a battery door or battery cover, may be removed by pressing on the bottom housing member304and twisting it relative to the main body portion302, thereby disengaging one or more latches, clips, arms, or other mechanisms that hold the bottom housing member304to the main body portion302. Various configurations of housing members and engagement mechanisms may be used to allow access to a battery cavity of the tag300so that a battery can be removed and replaced, while also ensuring that the battery cavity remains safely secured and sealed against ingress of debris, water, or other contaminants. Additional example configurations for securing housing members are described herein. Together, the top and bottom housing members may define (or at least partially define) a housing of a tag (which may also be referred to as an enclosure). The tag300may also define a housing gap301that facilitates attaching and retaining the tag300directly to other objects, such as backpacks, wallets, and purses, and/or to dedicated accessories that are adapted to receive the tag300. The housing gap301may be a gap or channel defined between the main body portion302and the bottom housing member (battery door)304. The housing gap301may extend around a complete circumference of the tag300, or it may extend only partially around the tag300. Where a tag has a shape other than a circular shape, such as a square shape, those tags may have a housing gap similar in appearance and/or function to the housing gap301to facilitate attachment to accessories. Housing gaps may also be formed between housing members other than the main body portion and bottom housing member, as described herein. In some cases, a housing gap may be defined by a single housing member (e.g., a groove or recess formed into a main body portion). Accessories for attaching to a tag, and for attaching the tag to other objects, may include, for example, straps, key fobs, lanyards, belts, luggage tags, and the like. Some example accessories are described herein with respect toFIGS.69A-128. FIG.4depicts a cross-sectional view of an example wirelessly locatable tag400. The tag400may be an embodiment of the tag100or the tag300, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the tag100(or any other wirelessly locatable tag or device described herein). An example of the various hardware elements that may be included in the tag400is described below with respect toFIG.144. For brevity such details may not be repeated here. The tag400includes a top housing member402, an audio system404, an antenna assembly406, a circuit board408, a frame member410, a battery416, and a bottom housing member412(which may also be referred to as a battery door). The top housing member402, audio system404, antenna assembly406, circuit board408, and frame member410may all be part of or define a main body portion, such as the main body portion302(FIGS.3A-3C). The top housing member402may define a top exterior surface of the tag400and an interior surface opposite the top exterior surface. The top housing member402may also define some or all of a side exterior surface of the tag400, where the side exterior surface extends around a periphery of the top exterior surface (as shown in greater detail with respect toFIGS.3A-3B). The bottom housing member412, which may also operate as and be referred to as a battery door, may define a bottom exterior surface of the tag400. As shown, the bottom housing member412also defines part of the exterior side surface. The top and bottom housing members402,412may engage one another to define substantially the entire exterior surface of the tag400, and may define a substantially waterproof seal between the top and bottom housing members402,412. The top and bottom housing members402,412may also define an interior volume of the tag400. The audio system404may be configured to produce audio outputs that can be used to help a user locate the tag400. For example, when a user is attempting to locate a lost tag400(and thus locate any object attached to or associated with the lost tag), the user may use a smartphone to wirelessly command the tag400to produce an audible sound such as a beeping or other audible tone (e.g., constant tone, song, etc.). The user can then attempt to find the tag400by listening for the audible sound. The audio system404may be any suitable component or system for producing sound, such as a voice coil speaker, a piezoelectric speaker, or the like. Example audio systems are described herein. In some cases, the audio system404produces audio outputs by moving a portion of the top housing member402like a diaphragm or cone of a speaker. For example, the audio system404or a portion thereof may be attached to the inside surface of the top housing member402to directly apply forces on the top housing member402that cause the top housing member402to flex, deform, or otherwise move to produce audio output. To facilitate movement of the top housing member402, the top housing member402may have a movable area or portion that is not fixed to other components of the tag400or is not otherwise immobilized. The movable area may be configured to allow or facilitate audio output in the range of about 100 Hz to about 10000 Hz. The audio system404may also be configured to produce haptic or tactile outputs by moving the movable area of the top housing member402. More particularly, because the audio system404can move the top housing member402to produce audio, the audio system404may be operated to produce a haptic or tactile output that a user can feel with his or her hand or other body part. In some cases, haptic or tactile responses may be different from audible outputs, though haptic outputs may also be audible, and audible outputs may be accompanied by tactilely detectable vibrations. The antenna assembly406of the tag400may have one or more antennas attached to or otherwise integrated with an antenna frame of the antenna assembly406. For example, the antenna assembly406may include separate (and/or shared) antennas for near-field wireless communications protocols (e.g., ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 18092, ISO/IEC 21481), UWB protocols, Bluetooth (e.g., IEEE 802.15), WiFi (e.g., IEEE 802.11), cellular protocols, or the like. In some cases, some or all of the antennas are integral to the antenna frame of the antenna assembly406(e.g., a single, monolithic antenna frame component). For example, antennas may be insert molded with the material of the antenna frame of the antenna assembly406such that the antennas are at least partially embedded in the material of the antenna frame. In other cases, antenna material (e.g., metal) may be formed and/or applied using laser direct structuring, whereby a laser beam is directed onto the material of the antenna frame to form a region that is then metallized using a plating (e.g., electroplating) or other deposition operation. Other techniques for attaching or forming antennas onto the antenna assembly406may also be used. The antenna frame of the antenna assembly406may be formed of or include a glass-fiber reinforced polymer or any other suitable material. The circuit board408may include a substrate and may include processors, memory, and other circuit elements that generally perform the electrical and/or computational functions of the tag400. The circuit board408may also include conductors and/or electrical interconnects that electrically couple the various electrical components of the tag400. The circuit board408may also include or be coupled to a battery connector that contacts a battery or other power source for the tag400. The circuit board408may be attached to the antenna assembly406and/or the frame member410of the tag400. The frame member410may act as a support structure to which other components of the tag400are attached. For example, the top housing member402, the antenna assembly406, the audio system404, the circuit board408, and the bottom housing member412may all be secured to the frame member410. Accordingly, loads imparted to the device via these components may be fully or partially transferred to the frame member410. The frame member410may also define a battery recess that is configured to receive, support, and align the battery416inside the housing of the tag400. The frame member410may be formed of or include a tough, rigid material such as a polymer, fiber-reinforced polymer, metal, ceramic, or the like. The particular configurations, positions, shapes, and integration details of the components inFIG.4represent one example embodiment of a tag. It will be understood that other embodiments of tags may have configurations, positions, shapes, and integration details that differ from what is shown inFIG.4while still providing the same or similar functions as the tag400. FIG.5Adepicts an example wirelessly locatable tag500, andFIG.5Bdepicts a cross-sectional view of the tag500as viewed along line A-A inFIG.5A. The tag500may be an embodiment of the tag100, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the tag100(or any other wirelessly locatable tag or device described herein). An example of the various hardware elements that may be included in the tag500is described below with respect toFIG.144. For brevity such details may not be repeated here. As shown inFIG.5B, the tag500includes a top housing member502(also referred to herein as an upper housing member) and a bottom housing member516(also referred to herein as a lower housing member), which together may form at least part of an enclosure of the tag. The top and bottom housing members502,516may enclose or house components of the tag500, as described herein. The top housing member502may define a top exterior surface501of the tag500. The top exterior surface501of the tag500may be an unbroken, seamless surface. For example, the entire top exterior surface501of the tag500may be defined by a single, unitary piece of material (uninterrupted by displays, buttons, openings, additional housing components, or the like). Accordingly, the top housing member502may define an entirety of the top exterior surface of the tag500, and may be defined by a unitary structure (e.g., a unitary or single-piece polymer structure). The top housing member502may also define a peripheral side wall519defining a peripheral side surface of the tag500. Further, as described herein, a portion of the top housing member502that defines the top exterior surface501may act as a diaphragm of an audio system that produces audible and/or haptic outputs. For example, an audio system may move a portion of the top housing member502so that the moved portion of the top housing member502produces the pressure waves that correspond to the audible output. As noted above, the motion of the top housing member502may also be used to produce haptic outputs. In some cases, substantially the entire exterior of the tag500may be defined by two components, the top housing member502and the bottom housing member516. In such cases, the tag500may lack features such as displays (and associated housing components such as transparent covers), speaker/microphone openings, buttons, lenses, light sources, and the like. While some tag embodiments may include such components, embodiments that lack them may have better environmental sealing and energy efficiency, may be cheaper to manufacture, and may be simpler to use as compared to devices that include such features or components. The top exterior surface501may also define some or all of a side exterior surface503that extends around a periphery of the top exterior surface501. The side exterior surface503may have any suitable shape or profile, such as a continuously curved profile (in cross-section), or a curved portion.FIGS.5A-5Billustrate an embodiment in which at least a portion of the top exterior surface501is curved (e.g., the portion that is proximate an edge where the top exterior surface501meets the side exterior surface503).FIGS.5A-5Billustrate an embodiment in which the side exterior surface503has a cross-sectional shape with a flat side. The bottom housing member516may define a bottom exterior surface505of the tag500. The bottom housing member516may be removable from the remainder of the tag500to facilitate removal and replacement of a battery514. The bottom housing member516may also be referred to as a battery door. The battery514may be any suitable type of battery, such as a button cell battery. The tag500may also include an antenna assembly508. The antenna assembly508may have one or more antennas attached to or otherwise integrated therewith. For example, the antenna assembly508may include separate (and/or shared) antennas for near-field wireless communications protocols, UWB protocols, Bluetooth, WiFi, cellular protocols, or the like. In some cases, some or all of the antennas are integral to the antenna frame of the antenna assembly. Additional details of antenna assemblies and associated antennas are described herein. The antenna assembly508may act as a structural support for at least a portion of the top housing member502. For example, a support portion511of the antenna assembly508(which may be considered a portion or surface of a peripheral support flange523) may contact a portion of an interior surface of the top housing member502. In some cases, the support portion511of the antenna assembly508may be attached to the bottom or inner surface of the top housing member502using adhesive, fasteners, mechanical features, or any other suitable mechanism. In other cases, the support portion511contacts but is not bonded to the top housing member502. The support portion511may extend completely around the antenna assembly508, defining a continuous, ring-shaped support portion511that defines an upper-most (e.g., top) surface of the antenna assembly508. In other implementations the support portion511may include multiple non-continuous segments that extend from the antenna assembly508to contact the top housing member502. At least a portion of the top housing member502may be set apart from the antenna assembly508by a gap, such as the gap509. The gap509may be defined in part by the support portion511. More specifically, the gap509may be defined at least in part by a portion of the antenna assembly508that is recessed relative to the top surface of the support portion511. The gap509may allow the portion of the top housing member502to be moved to produce haptic and audio outputs without the antenna assembly508interfering with the audible or haptic output. In some cases, the size of the gap is greater than a maximum target deflection of the top housing member502during audible and/or haptic outputs. Thus, for example, if the tag500is configured to produce audio and/or haptic outputs having a certain characteristic (e.g., a maximum or target amplitude, volume, frequency, or other property), the size of the gap509may be selected to be greater than the deflection of the top housing member502that results from those audible and/or haptic outputs. In some cases, the maximum size of the gap509(e.g., the distance between the topmost surface of the antenna assembly508and the bottom surface of the top housing member502) may be less than or equal to about 500 microns, 400 microns, 300 microns, 200 microns, 100 microns, 50 microns. The antenna assembly508may also act as a structural support for the tag500and the components within the tag500. More particularly, the antenna assembly508may be formed of materials, have a particular shape, and interact with other structural components to define a main load-bearing structure of the tag500. For example, the tag500may include components that may be sensitive to loads, deflection, movement, shock, or the like. Such components may include a circuit board510, solder joints between the circuit board510and other components (e.g., antennas, battery contacts, speakers and/or audio systems, sensors, haptic actuators, or the like). Such components may be relatively delicate, and may not be structurally capable of withstanding direct applications of forces from normal use of the tag500(including, for example, drops, impacts, or the like that may occur during normal use). In order to protect these components, they may be coupled to and/or protected by the antenna assembly508, alone or in conjunction with other components of the device. For example, as shown inFIG.5B, the circuit board510may be mounted to or otherwise in contact with the antenna assembly508, and may be mounted such that it does not contact either the top or bottom housing members502,516, thereby isolating the circuit board510from direct force application via the top or bottom housing members502,516(e.g., from the tag500being dropped, squeezed, impacted, or the like). The circuit board510may be mounted to the antenna assembly508using an adhesive (e.g., temperature sensitive adhesive, heat sensitive adhesive), fasteners, clips, heat stakes, rivets, or any other suitable mechanism or technique. The antenna assembly508(e.g., a peripheral support flange523of the antenna assembly508) contacts a frame member512at an interface521and defines a recessed region or cavity on one side of the antenna assembly508in which the circuit board510may be positioned. The peripheral support flange523may at least partially surround an outer periphery of the circuit board510, as shown inFIG.5B. The recessed region or cavity of the antenna assembly508(which may be surround or defined at least in part by the peripheral support flange523) may be referred to herein as a circuit board cavity. The peripheral support flange523, through the interface521, defines a load path from the antenna assembly508to the frame member512. In this way, forces applied to the tag500may be directed through the antenna assembly508and the frame member512and not applied to the circuit board510. More broadly, the antenna assembly508(and in particular the top wall of the antenna assembly508and the peripheral support flange523) may form a protective support and/or partial shell around the circuit board510. As one specific example, if a force is applied to the top exterior surface501of the tag500(e.g., while the bottom exterior surface505is on a table or other surface), the force may be directed through the top housing member502, through the antenna assembly508(e.g., the peripheral support flange523), through the frame member512, and into the bottom housing member516. In this way, the force may be directed around the circuit board510to reduce or eliminate any deflection or deformation of the circuit board510or its components or connections. Further, the peripheral support flange523may be attached to the frame member512at the interface521(as well as at other interfaces), thereby defining an at least partially enclosed volume in which the circuit board510(among other possible components) is positioned. Such interfaces may be sealed with sealing members, adhesives, glue, O-rings, or other components, thereby sealing the at least partially enclosed volume along those interfaces. FIG.5Balso depicts an audio system that includes a coil504coupled to a top housing member502. The coil504may be proximate a magnet assembly506. When a signal is applied to the coil504(which is in a magnetic field produced by the magnet assembly506), Lorentz forces may be produced which, in turn, cause the top housing member502to move, oscillate, vibrate, or otherwise produce an audible and optionally tactile output. In some cases, the top housing member502locally deflects or deforms to produce the audible and/or tactile output. Appropriate clearances may be provided between the top housing member502and an antenna assembly508to allow the top housing member502to move a distance and in a manner that is sufficient to produce the target audio and/or tactile output, as described above. Other types of audio systems may be used instead of or in addition to the audio system shown inFIGS.5A-5B, such as piezoelectric elements, a ported speaker module, or the like. The tag500may also include a hard-stop520, or travel limiting member, that limits deflection of the top housing member502. The hard-stop520may reduce the perception of flexibility of the top housing member502by limiting the distance that the top housing member502can move when pressed by a user. In particular, while movement of the top housing member502may be necessary for producing audible and haptic outputs, and optionally to detect inputs, the flexibility of the top housing member502that is necessary to facilitate such outputs and inputs may decrease the physical sensation of quality and structural integrity of the tag500as a whole. By limiting the distance that the top housing member502can move towards the antenna assembly508below a threshold, users may not tactilely perceive the flexibility of the top housing member502to the extent that they would if the top housing member502were not so limited. Accordingly, the maximum distance of the gap between the topmost surface of the hard-stop520and the bottom surface of the top housing member502may be less than or equal to about 500 microns, 400 microns, 300 microns, 200 microns, 100 microns, or 50 microns. This distance may be sufficient to allow the audio system (which includes and/or is defined by the coil504and the magnet assembly506) to produce audible and/or haptic outputs, as well as to allow the detection of inputs, while also providing a tactile sensation that the top housing member502is rigid or substantially non-movable. In some cases, the audio system may act as an input system (e.g., a button) in addition to acting as an audible and haptic output system. For example, deflections of the top housing member502(above the coil504and magnet assembly506) may result in movement of the coil504in the magnetic field of the magnet assembly506, thereby causing a detectable current to flow in the coil. This may be used to trigger the tag500to take some action (e.g., enter an initialization mode, cease an audio output, enter a “found” mode, etc.). In some cases, a separate sensor or switch (e.g., a force sensor, a dome switch) may be used to detect inputs to the device. For example, a sensor or switch may detect deflection or deformation of the top housing member502as a result of a user pressing on or squeezing the tag. The gap between the hard-stop520and the bottom surface of the top housing member502may be sufficient to facilitate the detection of an input force applied to the top housing member502. Where a dome switch or other type of mechanical or electromechanical switch component is used (instead of or in addition to using an audio system as an input system), it may be positioned between the top housing member502and an underlying frame member, or in any suitable gap (between any two components) that can be reduced in size by a user to provide an input. Wirelessly locatable tags may also use other types of input devices or systems to detect user inputs. For example, tags may include accelerometers or other motion-sensing systems. In such cases, users can move or manipulate the tags in certain ways to provide inputs to the tags, such as shaking the tag, tapping the tag, sliding the tag, or the like. The tag may be configured to respond to individual instances of such motions (e.g., a single tap or a single shake), or to particular patterns of motions (e.g., multiple taps within a predetermined time window, a tap followed by a shake followed by another tap). As another example, the tag may include movable components or members (other than or in addition to a deformable top housing member, as described above) that can be manipulated (e.g., pushed, squeezed, pressed) by a user to provide an input. For example, the tag may include a mechanical button that can be pressed to provide an input. As another example, a battery door may be movable such that a user can push the battery door like a button. The battery door may be biased in an undepressed position by a spring member, and a sensor may determine when the battery door is depressed. The biasing and sensing functions may be provided by any suitable mechanisms. For example, dome switches (e.g., tactile dome switches) may be used to provide both biasing and sensing functions to the battery door. In other cases, a spring may act as a biasing member, and sensing functions may be provided by optical sensors, capacitive sensors, Hall effect sensors, or the like. The biasing force that maintains the battery door in an undepressed position may be provided by a compliant member that also biases a battery into a battery cavity of a tag, such as the compliant member518(described herein). Tags may also include force sensors that detect an input upon detecting a force, applied to an exterior surface of the tag, that satisfies a threshold force. For example, a force sensor may be positioned between two components (e.g., a top housing member and a frame member, a bottom housing member and a battery, etc.), and a squeezing or pressing force applied to the tag may deform the tag and thus the force sensor. When the tag detects a threshold level of force, it may register the force as an input to the tag. Upon detecting an input to the tag, via the input described herein or any other suitable input mechanism, the tag may perform some action. For example, upon detecting an input, the tag may enter an initialization mode or begin an initialization process. As another example, upon detecting an input, the tag may change from a “lost” operating mode to a “found” operating mode (which may include changing a beacon frequency, as described herein, causing a message to be sent to a host service updating a status of the tag to “found”, or the like). As yet another example, upon detecting the input, the tag may produce an output that provides some information about the device (e.g., an audible tone or visual output indicating information such as a battery charge state). As yet another example, upon detecting the input, the tag may produce an audio output (or if the tag has a display, a graphical output) providing instructions on how the tag is to be handled if found (e.g., “please call owner at this number” or “please contact police”). Other types of actions in response to detecting an input are also contemplated. As noted above, the tag500includes a circuit board510. The circuit board510may include a substrate (e.g., a printed circuit board substrate) with electrical components coupled thereto. Example electrical components include, for example, processors, memory, sensors (e.g., temperature sensors, accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, optical sensors, microphones, pressure sensors, barometric sensors, or the like), conductive elements (e.g., conductive traces), and the like. A battery connector may be conductively coupled to the circuit board510and configured to conductively couple to a battery of the tag500to provide electrical power to the electronic components of the tag500. The bottom housing member516may be removable from the top housing member502to facilitate removal and replacement of the battery514. The bottom housing member516may be removably coupled to the tag via a latching or other engagement system that prevents or inhibits unintentional removal of the bottom housing member516. For example, in order to ensure that the battery514does not unintentionally fall out of the tag500and is not easily accessible to children, the bottom housing member516may require a press-and-twist motion, as described with respect toFIGS.3A-3C. Various example mechanisms for securing the bottom housing member516(also referred to as a battery door) to the tag500are described herein with reference toFIGS.12A-12C and14A-25C. The bottom housing member516may be removably coupled to the tag500by engaging with latching features of the top housing member502, a frame member512, or any other suitable component(s) of the tag500. The tag500may also include a compliant member518between the bottom housing member516and the battery514to bias the battery514into the battery cavity of the tag500and against the battery connector that electrically couples the battery514to the electrical components of the tag500. The compliant member518may be or may include a spring (e.g., a leaf spring, a coil spring), a polymer (e.g., a foam or elastomer pad), or any other suitable compliant member that biases the battery towards the tag500. The compliant member518may also help latch or otherwise bias the bottom housing member516in a locked or engaged state (e.g., by forcing the latch member against or otherwise into engagement with an engagement feature). For example, as described herein, the bottom housing member516and the frame member512may include complementary engagement features, and the compliant member518may bias the engagement features against and/or into engagement with each other in a manner that prevents or limits removal of the bottom housing member516(at least without manipulating the bottom housing member516in a specific manner. FIG.6depicts an exploded view of the tag500, showing another view of the components of the tag500and their arrangement. As shown inFIG.6, the frame member512may include latch members600that engage the antenna assembly508to retain the frame member512to the antenna assembly508. In some cases, the latch members600are positioned on the antenna assembly508and engage the frame member512. The bottom housing member516may also include latch members602that engage the frame member512to removably couple the bottom housing member516to the frame member512. The configurations and locations of the latch members600and602inFIG.6are merely examples, and other configurations and locations are also contemplated. FIG.7depicts a detail view of a portion of the wirelessly locatable tag500, corresponding to detail A-A inFIG.5B.FIG.7shows interfaces between the top housing member502, the bottom housing member516, and the frame member512. A first sealing member702may seal a joint or interface between the top housing member502and the frame member512. A second sealing member708may seal a joint or interface between the bottom housing member516and the frame member512. The first and second sealing members702,708may be defined by different segments of a single piece of material that is co-molded or insert molded onto the frame member512. In such cases, the first and second sealing members702,708may be connected by a bridge segment that extends from the first sealing member702to the second sealing member708. The bridge segment may be positioned in a channel along an interior side of the frame member512such that the bridge segment is not exposed along the exterior of the tag500. In other example implementations, the first and second sealing members702,708may be separate from one another (e.g., not joined by a bridge segment). The first and second sealing members702,708may form a substantially waterproof seal between the components with which they interface. The first and second sealing members702,708may be formed from or include any suitable material, such as a compliant polymer material (e.g., an elastomer or foam). As noted, the first and second sealing members702,708may be molded against the frame member512such that both the first and second sealing members702,708bond to or are otherwise affixed to the frame member512. In other cases, the first and second sealing members702,708are molded or formed separately from the frame member512and then attached to the frame member512using an adhesive, ultrasonic welding, or any other suitable technique. The top housing member502and the frame member512may be configured to remain attached to one another during normal operations (e.g., they may not be removably coupled, and detaching them from one another may damage the top housing member502, the frame member512, or both). Accordingly, the first sealing member702need not be configured to allow motion between the top housing member502and the frame member512. By contrast, the bottom housing member516may be configured to be detached from the frame member512to provide access to the battery cavity (e.g., for replacing the battery). Accordingly, the second sealing member708may include a projecting portion706that is configured to contact and slide along a surface of the bottom housing member516when the bottom housing member516is attached to and detached from the frame member512. The projecting portion706may have a triangular cross section that tapers or narrows along the length of the projecting portion706towards the free end. This shape may reduce the amount of force required to compress the second sealing member708(as compared to other shapes, such as circular cross-sectional shapes), thereby forming a waterproof seal while producing less force on the bottom housing member516during attachment and detachment than a differently shaped sealing member (e.g., one with a circular cross-section). The tag500may also include a barometric vent to allow air to pass into and out of the tag500to allow pressure equalization between the ambient environment and the internal volume within the tag500(and to allow an optional barometric sensor or pressure sensor within the tag500to be exposed to the ambient pressure conditions exterior to the tag500). The barometric vent may include or be defined by a passage704(or opening) that fluidly couples the external or ambient environment around the tag500to the internal volume of the tag500, as well as a waterproof, air-permeable membrane712to prevent water ingress through the barometric vent while still allowing air to pass through to allow pressure equalization. The air-permeable membrane712may be positioned between a surface of the bottom housing member516and a flange portion714of the compliant member518. The flange portion714may help to hold the membrane712in position and prevent it from moving or detaching when air or water pressure is applied to the membrane712. The flange portion714may define an opening710that aligns with the passage704or is otherwise configured to allow air to pass through to facilitate pressure equalization. As shown, the flange portion714is an integral part of the compliant member518(which may be a unitary metal member), though in other implementations the flange portion714may be replaced with another bracket, backing, plate, or other component. The barometric vent may also include other components such as screens, additional membranes, fasteners, adhesives, and the like. The barometric vent fluidly couples the ambient environment of the tag500with the battery cavity of the tag500. The battery cavity may be fluidly coupled to the rest of the internal volume of the tag500such that the barometric vent is sufficient to allow pressure equalization between the ambient environment and the entire (or substantially entire) internal volume of the tag500. In some cases, the frame member512defines openings for contacts of a battery connector to extend into the battery cavity from another area of the internal volume, and these openings may also allow air flow between the battery cavity and other internal areas of the tag500. In this way, only one barometric vent is necessary to allow pressure equalization to the entire tag500. As described elsewhere herein, the bottom housing member516may define a flange or lip716that extends circumferentially around the bottom housing member516and defines one side of a housing gap718. (The frame member512may define an opposite side of the housing gap718). The flange or lip716, and the housing gap718more generally, may be used to attach the tag500to an accessory, as described herein with respect toFIGS.69A-128, for example. FIG.8Adepicts the antenna assembly508of the tag500. The antenna assembly508may include one or more antennas804,806,808embedded in or otherwise attached to an antenna frame802. The antenna frame802may be a polymer (e.g., a liquid crystal polymer, fiber-reinforced polymer) or any other suitable material, and the antennas804,806,808may be metal (or another suitable conductive material). In some cases, the antenna assembly508may be formed using insert molding techniques. For example, the antennas may be formed and then inserted into a mold, after which the polymer for the antenna frame802may be injected into the mold to at least partially encapsulate and interlock with (or otherwise retain) the antennas to the antenna frame802. As another example, the antennas may be conductive tapes or films that are adhered or otherwise attached to the antenna frame802. As another example, the antennas may be formed using laser direct structuring (LDS). In one example LDS process, the polymer material of the antenna frame802may be doped with a metallic material (or other suitable dopant), and a laser may be applied to the component to form regions where the metallic material or dopant is exposed or otherwise activated. These regions may then be metallized using a plating process in which the plating metal adheres to and/or grows on the laser-treated regions. In this way, the shapes of the antennas can be defined by the laser process, and the resulting antennas may be easily plated on the antenna frame802in the target shape and configuration. In other cases, the antennas may be formed and/or integrated with the antenna frame802in other ways. For example, antennas may be plated on the antenna frame802, attached to the antenna frame802using an adhesive, fastener, or any other suitable attachment technique. Further, the laser process may remove some of the material of the antenna frame802, thus forming recesses (which may be microscopic in size) in which the antenna material is deposited or grown. Depositing or growing the material of the antennas in the recesses may result in the antennas being at least partially embedded in the material of the antenna frame802. The antenna assembly508may include any number of antennas. As shown, the antenna assembly508includes a near-field wireless communications antenna804, a UWB antenna806, and a Bluetooth antenna808. Each antenna may be tuned to communicate at certain frequencies and/or otherwise comply with applicable communications protocols and/or standards. More generally, an antenna assembly may include multiple antennas, with each antenna configured to communicate via a different wireless communications protocol. For example, a first antenna may communicate (including by transmitting a wireless signal) via a first wireless protocol, a second antenna may communicate (including by transmitting a wireless signal) via a second wireless protocol, and a third antenna may communicate (including by transmitting a wireless signal) via a third wireless protocol. More or fewer antennas may also be embedded in or otherwise attached to an antenna frame. The near-field wireless communications antenna804may be configured for any suitable type or protocol of near-field wireless communications, including but not limited to near-field communications (NFC) protocols, radio frequency identification (RFID) protocols, or any other suitable type or protocol. The near-field wireless communications antenna804may be a loop antenna, and may include a flat coil of conductive material. The coil may include four turns of coil, or any other suitable number of turns. In some cases, the near-field wireless communications antenna804is configured to cause nearby devices to display information. For example, a person may bring a phone, watch, tablet computer, or other device nearby the tag500(either intentionally or unintentionally), thereby establishing a communication link between the tag500and the person's device. The communication link may cause the person's device to display various types of information or take other actions. For example, the person's device may receive information, via the near-field wireless communications antenna804, stating whether or not the tag500has been reported lost, information about how to handle the tag500(or object to which the tag is attached), information about how to contact the owner of the tag500, or the like. The near-field wireless communications antenna804may also be used to initiate an initialization process between the tag500and another device. Other information may be communicated, or actions triggered, via the near-field wireless communications antenna804. The UWB antenna806may be configured to communicate using an ultra-wideband protocol, and may be part of a UWB radio system of the tag500. The UWB antenna806may be configured to communicate in a frequency range from about 6.25 GHz to about 8.25 GHz. The UWB antenna806may be configured as an inverted-F antenna. The tag500may include a feed line812and a ground line810electrically coupled to the UWB antenna806to allow radio circuitry associated with the UWB antenna806to send and receive electromagnetic signals via the UWB antenna806. The ground line810may be conductively coupled to an electrical ground plane of the tag. The dimensions of the UWB antenna806and the locations of the feed and ground lines812,810may determine the tuning of the antenna, such as the frequency range over which the antenna may communicate, as well as the bandwidth of the antenna. The feed and ground lines812,810may be attached to vias that extend through the antenna frame802of the antenna assembly508and are conductively coupled to the circuit board510to conductively couple the UWB antenna806to radio circuitry on the circuit board510. In some cases, a greater the height of the UWB antenna806corresponds to a greater bandwidth. Accordingly, the UWB antenna806may have a height that is 90% or greater of the height of a peripheral side surface of the antenna assembly508. The height may be 95% or greater, 98% or greater, or 100% of the height of the peripheral side surface of the antenna assembly508. Other heights are also contemplated. The Bluetooth antenna808may be configured to facilitate communications using a Bluetooth protocol, such as Bluetooth Low Energy or any other suitable Bluetooth protocol or standard. The Bluetooth antenna808may be configured as an inverted-F antenna, and may include feed and ground lines similar to those described with respect to the UWB antenna806. (The feed and ground lines of the Bluetooth antenna808may be connected to the circuit board510using vias similar to those described with respect to the UWB antenna806. The Bluetooth antenna808and the UWB antenna806may be used for different functions. For example, the Bluetooth antenna808may be used primarily for communicating information between a tag and another device (e.g., a smartphone), while the UWB antenna806may be used primarily for sending localization signals to another device. Localization signals may be used to determine spatial parameters of a tag. Of course, the antennas806,808may be used for different functions or combinations of functions. For example, the UWB antenna806may be used to communicate data or other information or signals to other devices instead of or in addition to the Bluetooth antenna808. The UWB antenna806and the Bluetooth antenna808may be positioned on an outer peripheral side surface of the antenna assembly508. This positioning of the antennas helps maximize the distance between the radiating structures of the antennas and other conductive components within the tag500. For example, capacitive coupling between the antennas and conductive components on the circuit board510, the battery514, or other metal or conductive objects may negatively impact the operation of the antennas. Accordingly, positioning the antennas on the outer peripheral side surface of the antenna assembly508(which may be circular) maximizes the distance between the antennas and other conductive components, thereby providing superior antenna performance. Positioning the antennas on the outer peripheral side surface may also position the antennas past the outer perimeter of the battery514, thereby mitigating shielding and/or blocking effects of the battery514. Further, the UWB antenna806and the Bluetooth antenna808may be positioned on opposite sides of the antenna frame802(e.g., antipodally positioned about the substantially circular or cylindrical outer peripheral side). This configuration provides the maximum possible distance between the antennas with them both being on the same carrier. This arrangement may help mitigate interference or other deleterious effects that may occur if the antennas are close together. Further, the UWB antenna806and the Bluetooth antenna808may have different lengths. For example, each antenna may be configured to communicate via a different frequency or set of frequencies, and the length of the antennas may at least partially define the frequencies with which the antennas communicate. Accordingly, the UWB antenna806may have a different length (e.g., longer or shorter than) the Bluetooth antenna808. The UWB antenna806and the Bluetooth antenna808may be positioned on opposite sides of the antenna frame802(e.g., antipodally positioned about the substantially circular or cylindrical outer peripheral side). This configuration provides the maximum possible distance between the antennas with them both being on the same carrier. This arrangement may help mitigate interference or other deleterious effects that may occur if the antennas are close together. The antennas804,806,808may each be conductively coupled to circuitry on the circuit board510to facilitate communications via the antennas804,806,808. As used herein, an antenna and the communication circuitry associated with that antenna may be referred to as a radio. FIG.8Bdepicts another example antenna assembly820that may be used as an alternative to the antenna assembly508described above. The antenna assembly820may be the same as or similar to the antenna assembly508except that the UWB antenna and the Bluetooth antennas may have a different configuration. Accordingly, the antenna assembly820may include an antenna frame822and a near-field wireless communication antenna824, which may be the same as or similar to the corresponding components of the antenna assembly508. Whereas the UWB antenna806included a single radiating element, the UWB antenna826may include a first antenna element828and a second antenna element830that is set apart from the first antenna element828. A feed line834and a ground line832may be conductively coupled to the first antenna element828, and the ground line832may be conductively coupled to the second antenna element830(via a conductor that is at least partially embedded in the antenna frame822, as shown, or via another conductor). The second antenna element830may not be directly conductively coupled to the feed line834. The second antenna element830may act as a parasitic element that can amplify or enhance the effectiveness of the first antenna element828, and may provide greater bandwidth than a single-antenna-element configuration. The Bluetooth antenna833may include the two-element configuration of the UWB antenna826, or it may have the same single-radiator configuration of the Bluetooth antenna808. In all other ways, including the composition of the antennas and antenna frame, and the techniques for forming the antennas and integrating them with the antenna frame, the antenna assembly820may be the same as or similar to the antenna assembly508described above with respect toFIG.8A. WhileFIGS.8A-8Billustrate two example antenna assemblies, antennas may be integrated with tags in other ways instead of or in addition to those described with respect toFIGS.8A-8B.FIG.8C, for example, illustrates an example top housing member840(which may be an embodiment of the top housing member502) in which antennas842,844, and846are attached to the interior walls of the top housing member840. The antennas842844may be UWB and Bluetooth antennas, respectively, and may be positioned on the interior surface of the outer peripheral wall of the top housing member840. The antenna846may be a near-field wireless communication antenna, and may be positioned on the interior surface of the top wall of the top housing member840. The antennas may be formed using the same techniques and materials described with respect to the other antenna assemblies described herein (e.g., laser direct sintering, insert molding, adhering conductors to the housing member, etc.). The antennas842,844, and846may be conductively coupled to circuitry on the circuit board510using wires, solder joints, vias, or the like. FIGS.8D-8Eillustrate another example antenna configuration for a tag850. In particular, as shown inFIG.8D, the tag850includes a top housing member852that includes a central member854, which may be formed of a nonconductive material such as a polymer, and conductive elements856defining portions of the outer peripheral wall of the tag850. The outer peripheral wall of the tag850may also be defined at least in part by nonconductive elements858that are positioned between the conductive elements856. The conductive elements856may be set apart from one another by gaps, and the nonconductive elements858may be positioned within the gaps. The nonconductive elements858may also mechanically secure the conductive elements856together by engaging (e.g., interlocking) with the conductive elements856. FIG.8Eillustrates the inside of the top housing member852, showing how both the conductive elements856and the nonconductive elements858may define part of the internal surfaces of the top housing member852. As shown, the width of the nonconductive elements858may be greater on the inside of the top housing member852than on the outside. The increased internal size may result from the nonconductive elements858engaging with retention features, undercuts, openings, grooves, threads, or other features of the conductive elements856. The conductive elements856may be used as antenna elements for the tag850. The electrical isolation provided by the nonconductive elements858between the conductive elements856may facilitate tuning of the size and radiating characteristics of the conductive elements856. The conductive elements856may be conductively coupled to circuitry on the circuit board510using wires, solder joints, vias, or the like, to allow the conductive elements856to operate as antennas. As described above, antennas of an antenna assembly may be conductively (and mechanically) coupled to a circuit board or other electronic component using vias. For example, the ground line810and feed line812shown inFIG.8Amay be formed in part by vias that extend through the antenna frame and are conductively coupled to a circuit board. The vias in the antenna frames may allow the antenna frame to be surface mounted to the circuit board. More particularly, the vias of the antenna frame may be soldered directly to the circuit board, thus providing both a conductive coupling between circuit elements on the circuit board (e.g., radio circuitry) and components on the antenna frame (e.g., antennas), and also providing a mechanical attachment between the antenna frame and circuit board. FIG.8Fillustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the antenna assembly508ofFIG.8A, viewed along line8F-8F inFIG.8A.FIG.8Fillustrates an example configuration of a via for conductively and mechanically coupling the circuit board510to the antenna assembly508. The antenna frame822defines an opening861that extends from a top surface of the antenna frame822to a bottom surface of the antenna frame822. The opening861may be tapered from a larger opening size (e.g., diameter) at the top surface865to a smaller opening size (e.g., diameter) at the bottom surface863of the antenna frame822. In some cases, the opening861may be a frustoconical opening (e.g., an opening defined by a frustoconical wall), with the smaller end of the frustoconical opening along the bottom surface863of the antenna frame822. A surface867of the frustoconical opening (e.g., the surface of a frustoconical wall) is coated with a conductive material862. The conductive material862may be or may include a metal or other conductive material, and may be formed using an LDS process, as described above. In some cases, the conductive materials of the vias, the antennas, and the conductive traces that join the antennas to the conductive materials of the vias (e.g., conductive trace860) are all formed using the same LDS operations. For example, the surfaces of the antenna frame822that are to be metallized (e.g., the antenna806, the trace860, the surface867of the opening861) may be treated with a laser to expose a dopant in the antenna frame822and/or to form a distinct surface texture on the antenna frame822at the locations where metallization is to occur. The antenna frame822is then plated (e.g., electroplated) or otherwise processed so that the laser-treated areas of the antenna frame822are coated with a conductive material (e.g., a metal layer). In this way, a continuous metal layer may define the antenna806, trace860, and the conductive coating or material on the surface of the opening861. To conductively couple the antenna to the circuit board, the via may be soldered to a conductive trace866of the circuit board510. This may be achieved by soldering a solder ball864in the frustoconical opening861of the via, which defines a reliable conductive path from the conductive material862to the conductive trace866. Additionally, the tapered configuration of the opening861, as well as the mechanical bond between the solder ball864and the conductive trace866and the solder ball864and the conductive material862, results in the solder ball864mechanically interlocking the circuit board510with the antenna frame822. For example, the process of soldering the solder ball864to the conductive trace866and to the conductive material862forms a bond (e.g., a metal fusion bond) between those materials, and the resulting tapered shape of the solder ball864essentially defines an undercut that captures or traps the narrower end of the opening861between the solder ball864and the surface of the circuit board510. This interlocking structure, along with the metal-to-metal bonds, forms a structural attachment between the antenna frame822and circuit board. Further, the tapered configuration of the opening861results in an advantageous stress profile on the conductive material862. For example, if a tag experiences a force that stresses the antenna frame-circuit board interface, the forces that are imparted to the conductive material862may be primarily compression and/or shear forces, rather than tensile forces (where tensile forces correspond to forces that lift the conductive material away from the antenna frame822). Thus, a force that tends to pull the circuit board510away from the antenna frame822(e.g., downwards) results in the conductive material862being compressed between the solder ball864and the underlying surface of the antenna frame822(which tends to force the conductive material862against the underlying surface of the antenna frame822, rather than pulling it away from the antenna frame822). FIG.9depicts a partial exploded view of a portion of an example wirelessly locatable tag500, showing how a battery connector900may conductively couple the battery514to the circuitry of the device (e.g., via the circuit board510). The battery connector900may include multiple deflectable arms (three, as shown), portions of which extend through openings902,904, and906in the frame member512to contact the positive and negative terminals of the battery514. The deflectable arms may define battery contacts of the tag (e.g., conductive members that conductively couple to positive and/or negative terminals of a battery). The battery connector900may be mounted on and conductively coupled to the circuit board510to provide power from the battery514to the electronics of the tag500. In some cases, at least a portion of each of two of the three deflectable arms may extend through the openings902,904to contact one of the terminals of the battery (e.g., the positive terminal910, which may be or may be defined at least in part by a curved or cylindrical surface of the battery), and the third deflectable arm extends through the opening906to contact the other terminal of the battery (e.g., the negative terminal908, which may be or may be defined at least in part by a planar surface of the battery). By contacting one of the battery terminals with two deflectable arms, the tag500is able to detect whether the battery is present in the battery cavity by detecting whether there is continuity between those two deflectable arms. When the battery is not present, the device may be shut down, and any residual voltage stored in capacitors or other circuit elements may be discharged so that the tag500ceases to function as soon as the battery is no longer detected in the tag500. The openings902,904, and906may also fluidly couple the battery cavity to the other portions of the internal volume of the tag500, such as the portions that are above the frame member512(based on the orientation shown inFIG.9). FIG.10Aillustrates the opposite side of the circuit board510(compared toFIG.9), showing the battery connector900attached to the circuit board510. Also shown are electrical components1000, which represent processors, memory, sensors, and/or other electrical components and/or circuit elements that may be coupled to the circuit board510. FIG.10Bis a detail view of the area10B-10B inFIG.10A, showing additional details of the battery connector900and its components. The battery connector900includes a body1002, first and second deflectable arms1004,1006extending from the body1002and configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery514, and a third deflectable arm1008configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery514. The deflectable arms may be electrically coupled to the circuit board510via conductors that are embedded in the body1002and soldered or otherwise conductively coupled to the circuit board510. The deflectable arms may be biased in a direction that forces them into contact with the battery514when the battery514is within the battery cavity of the tag500. This biasing may help ensure that the deflectable arms are forced into contact with the battery514to maintain a positive conductive contact with the battery514. The direction that the deflectable arms move and/or are biased is based at least partly on the orientation of the deflectable arms relative to the battery. For example, as is evident from the location of opening906(FIG.9), the third deflectable arm1008contacts the battery514from above the battery514(relative to the orientation shown inFIG.9). Accordingly, the third deflectable arm1008is configured to deflect along a direction indicated by arrow1016inFIG.10B(e.g., towards and away from the circuit board510). A cut-out1001in the circuit board510provides clearance so that the third deflectable arm1008can deflect without interference by the circuit board510. By contrast, the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006contact the battery514along the side of the battery514, or at least along a surface that is not parallel to the circuit board510. Accordingly, the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006are configured to deflect along directions indicated by the arrows1014. As the battery514is being inserted into the battery cavity of the tag500, however, the battery514may apply a force to the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006tending to push the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006towards the circuit board510. The circuit board510may include friction pads1010and1012that are positioned below portions of the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006, respectively. The friction pads1010,1012may be formed of metal (e.g., copper, gold), or any other suitable material that allows the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006to slide along the circuit board510while providing a relatively low coefficient of friction between the circuit board510and the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006. The friction pads1010,1012may also protect the circuit board's substrate and the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006from wear due to sliding of the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006along the surface. During installation of the battery514, the battery may contact the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006in a manner that pushes them towards the circuit board510. By providing the friction pads1010,1012on the circuit board510and configuring the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006so that they are proximate the friction pads1010,1012(and also configuring the ends of the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006to have a rounded shape), the deflection of the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006in the direction towards the circuit board510is limited by the contact between the arms and the friction pads. Limiting deflection in this direction allows the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006to begin deflecting along the directions1014,1016, thereby allowing the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006to move out of the way of the battery514and provide the biasing force in the appropriate direction to maintain the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006in contact with the battery514. FIG.10Cshows a bottom side view of the battery connector900. The battery connector900includes solder pads that are soldered to the circuit board510to conductively couple the deflectable arms1004,1006,1008to conductive traces on the circuit board. More specifically, the battery connector900includes a first solder pad1018that is conductively coupled to the first deflectable arm1004, a second solder pad1020that is conductively coupled to the second deflectable arm1006, and a third solder pad1022that is conductively coupled to the third deflectable arm1008. In some cases, the solder pads and their respective deflectable arms are unitary metal structures (e.g., the solder pad and the deflectable arm are a single piece of metal, such as stamped metal). In other cases, the solder pads and their respective deflectable arms are separate components that are attached via welding, soldering, or another operation. The battery connector900may be formed by insert molding. For example, the deflectable arms1004,1006,1008and the solder pads1018,1020,1022(or the unitary metal structures that define the deflectable arms and the solder pads) may be inserted into a mold, and an insulating, polymer material may be introduced into the mold, thereby at least partially encapsulating the deflectable arms1004,1006,1008and the solder pads1018,1020,1022. Other techniques for forming the battery connector900are also contemplated. FIG.10Dillustrates a partial cross-sectional view of another example configuration for a battery connector. In particular, whereas the deflectable arms of the battery connector900extend into the battery cavity through openings in the main frame member512(so that the deflectable arms can conductively couple to the battery514by directly contacting the battery514), in another configuration conductive plugs may be positioned in the openings in the main frame member, and the deflectable arms may conductively contact the conductive plugs to ultimately conductively couple the deflectable arms to the battery.FIG.10Dillustrates such a configuration. In particular, the tag includes a conductive plug1026positioned in the opening906in the main frame member512and extending into the battery cavity defined by the main frame member512. The conductive plug1026may be formed of metal, and may be configured to physically contact and conductively couple to the battery514. The conductive plug1026may be biased into the battery cavity by a deflectable arm1024(which may be similar to the third deflectable arm1008except that it does not extend into the battery cavity). The biasing force applied by the deflectable arm1024may be opposed by the force applied on the conductive plug1026by the battery514, thereby causing the conductive plug1026to move upwards (relative to the orientation inFIG.10D). The biasing force applied by the deflectable arm1024also maintains an intimate physical connection between the battery514and the conductive plug1026. Further, the biasing force applied by the deflectable arm1024retains the conductive plug1026in place by capturing the conductive plug1026between the deflectable arm1024and the main frame member512. The conductive plug1026may be configured to self-align in the opening906. For example, the conductive plug1026may have a rounded protrusion, and the opening906may be a circular hole, such that the rounded protrusion self-aligns in a substantially concentric position (with respect to the circular hole). This self-aligning property of the conductive plug1026may also help accommodate for misalignments between the deflectable arms1004,1006,1008and the openings902,904,906in the main frame member512. For example, misalignments between the deflectable arms and the openings can be tolerated because the deflectable arms merely need to contact the conductive plugs to provide a biasing force and conductive connection. More particularly, because the conductive plugs are not fixed to the deflectable arms, as long as a deflectable arm conductively couples to and provides sufficient biasing and/or retention force on the conductive plug, the contact point between the deflectable arm and the conductive plug can vary. Accordingly, because the conductive plugs can self-align in the openings and misalignments between the deflectable arms and the conductive plugs are accommodated by the non-fixed arm/plug interface, assembly tolerances relating to the positioning of the battery connector and the position of the circuit board and main frame member may be relaxed. WhileFIG.10Dillustrates one deflectable arm and conductive plug, the same or a similar configuration may be used for any and all battery contacts. For example, conductive plugs may be positioned in the openings902,904, and deflectable arms similar to the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006may contact and bias those conductive plugs into the battery cavity. Indeed, any of the battery contacts shown or described herein may be portions of deflectable arms that extend into the battery cavity, or they may be conductive plugs that extend into the battery cavity, with deflectable arms biasing and retaining the conductive plugs as described above. WhileFIGS.9-10Cdepict one example battery connector and arrangement of deflectable arms (including where the deflectable arms contact the battery514), this is merely one example configuration, and other configurations may also be used with the tag500, or any other tag shown and described herein.FIGS.11A-11Dillustrate alternative arrangements of deflectable arms or other types of battery contacts that may be used to provide an electrical connection to the battery514. Each of these alternative arrangements may use a battery connector that is similar to the battery connector900. In some cases, each battery contact shown inFIGS.11A-11Dcorresponds to an end of a deflectable arm similar to those of the battery connector900. In some cases, instead of having all of the deflectable arms coupled to the same body (as is the case with the battery connector900), one or more of the deflectable arms that define the battery contacts inFIGS.11A-11Dare coupled to separate bodies. WhileFIGS.11A-11Ddiscuss the position of battery contacts, it will be understood that the battery contacts may be the ends of deflectable arms similar to those described with respect to the battery connector900. Further, battery contact configurations other than those shown inFIGS.9-11Dmay also be used to conductively couple a battery to the circuitry of a tag. FIG.11Ashows an example tag1100in which first and second battery contacts1102,1104are positioned along a side wall of a battery cavity1101, and a third battery contact1106is positioned at a center of the battery cavity1101. The first and second battery contacts1102,1104are configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery, and the third battery contact1106is configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery. FIG.11Bshows an example tag1110in which two battery contacts are configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and one is configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery (in contrast to the battery connector900and the configuration inFIG.11A, in which two battery contacts contact the positive terminal and one battery contact contacts the negative terminal). In particular, first and second battery contacts1112,1114are positioned on a bottom surface of a battery cavity1111(relative to the orientation shown inFIG.11B), and a third battery contact1116is positioned along a side wall of the battery cavity1111. The first and second battery contacts1112,1114have elongated arcuate shapes, which may be symmetrical about a center of the circular battery cavity1111. The first and second battery contacts1112,1114are configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and the third battery contact1116is configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery. Also, the tag1110may be configured to detect the presence of the battery by detecting continuity between the first and second battery contacts1112,1114. For example, if there is continuity between the first and second battery contacts1112,1114, that may indicate that a battery is present in the battery cavity1111(regardless of whether the charge state of the battery). FIG.11Cshows another example tag1120in which two battery contacts are configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and one is configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery. In particular, first and second battery contacts1122,1124are positioned on a bottom surface of a battery cavity1121(relative to the orientation shown inFIG.11C), and a third battery contact1126is positioned along a side wall of the battery cavity1121. The first and second battery contacts1122,1124have rounded (e.g., circular) shapes, in contrast to the arcuate shapes of the contacts inFIG.11B. The first and second battery contacts1122,1124are configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and the third battery contact1126is configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery. Also, the tag1120may be configured to detect the presence of the battery by detecting continuity between the first and second battery contacts1122,1124. FIG.11Dshows another example tag1130in which two battery contacts are configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and one is configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery. In particular, first and second battery contacts1132,1134are positioned on a bottom surface of a battery cavity1131(relative to the orientation shown inFIG.11D), and a third battery contact1136is positioned along a side wall of the battery cavity1131. The first and second battery contacts1132,1134have elongated arcuate shapes, which may be symmetrical about a center of the circular battery cavity1131. In this example, the third battery contact1136also has an elongated arcuate shape that conforms to the circular shape of the side wall of the battery cavity1131. In some cases, the battery door of a tag may also act as one of the battery contacts. For example, the battery door (e.g., the bottom housing member516) may be formed of or include metal or another conductive material, and at least one terminal of the battery may be conductively coupled to the battery door. The battery door may, in turn, be conductively coupled to the circuit board. In this manner, at least one terminal of the battery (e.g., the positive terminal) may be conductively coupled to the circuit board via a conductive path that includes the battery door. FIG.12Ais a partial exploded view of the tag500, illustrating features of the bottom housing member516(or battery door516) and how the battery door516engages the rest of the tag500and how the battery514is retained in the tag500and biased towards the battery contacts of the tag500. The bottom housing member516may include latching members1200and the frame member512may define latching channels1202that are configured to engage the latching members1200to secure the bottom housing member516to the tag500. The latching members1200and channels1202may be configured so that in order to remove the bottom housing member516, the user must manipulate the bottom housing member516in multiple different directions (e.g., by both pressing on and turning the bottom housing member516). This may help prevent unintended opening of the battery cavity, and may help prevent children from removing the button cell battery (which may pose choking or other hazards if removed from the tag500). FIG.12Billustrates a detail view of how a latching member1200engages a latching channel1202when the bottom housing member516is being attached to the tag500. In particular, the bottom housing member516is aligned with the tag500(e.g., with the frame member512of the tag) such that the latching members1200are aligned with openings1203of the latching channels1202. (For simplicity, the following description refers only to a single latching member and channel, but the tag500may include any suitable number of latching member/channel pairs, such as two, three, four, five, or more pairs.) The bottom housing member516is then pushed downwards, following the path1208, until the latching member1200passes a retention protrusion1204. The operation of pushing the latching member1200past the retention protrusion1204may include overcoming a spring force, provided by the compliant member518, that tends to bias the bottom housing member516in an upwards direction, relative to the orientation shown inFIG.12B. After passing the retention protrusion1204, and while maintaining a downward force on the bottom housing member516to overcome the biasing force, the user may twist or rotate the bottom housing member516to cause the latching member1200to continue along the path1208and move towards a recess1206. Once the latching member1200is aligned with the recess1206, such as because the latching member1200reaches the end of the latching channel1202, the user may release the downward force on the bottom housing member516, thereby causing the compliant member518to bias the bottom housing member516upwards and forcing the latching member1200into the recess1206. Because the retention protrusion1204and the blind end of the latching channel1202block movement of the latching member1200in the horizontal direction (corresponding to a rotation or twisting of the bottom housing member516), combined with the biasing force from the compliant member518tending to force the latching member1200into the recess1206(or with another surface of the latching channel1202), the bottom housing member516may be securely retained to the tag500and may resist inadvertent or accidental opening. In order to detach the bottom housing member516from the tag, the operation described with respect toFIG.12Bmay be reversed, as shown indicated by the path1210inFIG.12C. Initially, a user applies a downward force to the bottom housing member516to move the latching member1200out of the recess1206and below the retention protrusion1204. Once the latching member1200is clear of the retention protrusion1204, and while maintaining the downward force on the bottom housing member516, the bottom housing member516is rotated or twisted to move the latching member1200horizontally until it is aligned with the opening1203of the latching channel1202, at which time the bottom housing member516may be forced upwards by the biasing force of the compliant member518and/or by the user pulling the bottom housing member516away from the tag500. The tag500may also include detents or other mechanisms to provide haptic or tactile sensations to a user during attachment and/or detachment of the bottom housing member516. For example, the tag500may include a ball detent that engages a recess in the bottom housing member516when the bottom housing member516is rotated or twisted during attachment and/or detachment. As the ball detent engages the recess, the user may feel a clicking or other tactile sensation, indicating that the bottom housing member516is moving or has reached a particular position (e.g., a fully closed position). The detent (or other mechanism) may be attached to the bottom housing member516to engage a recess in the main frame member512, or it may be attached to the main frame member512to engage a recess in the bottom housing member516. Other configurations are also possible. Further, detents or other mechanisms may be provided for any moving or detachable components of tags described herein, and may be provided solely for the tactile indication that they provide during manipulation of the components, or for other additional functions (e.g., to removably retain a battery door, housing member, or other component in a particular position). The compliant member518may provide a biasing force that both helps bias the bottom housing member516into an engaged or locked configuration (as described with respect toFIGS.12A-12C), and bias the battery514towards the battery contacts of the battery connector900.FIG.13Aillustrates the compliant member518. The compliant member518defines a base1301that may be attached to an inner surface of the bottom housing member516(e.g., via adhesive, welding, soldering, fasteners, or any other suitable attachment technique). The compliant member518may also define spring arms1300that extend from the base1301and are configured to contact the battery514. The base1301and spring arms1300may be defined by a single unitary piece of material. The material may be any suitable material, including but not limited to metal (e.g., stainless steel), a polymer, or the like. As described above, the compliant member518also defines a flange portion714, which may also be defined by the same single piece of material that defines the base1301and spring arms1300. The flange portion714may be configured to help retain a membrane and/or other components near an opening that allows pressure equalization. The flange portion714may also define an opening710that aligns with the pressure equalization opening. FIG.13Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag500, illustrating the operation of the compliant member518. As shown, the bottom housing member516is attached to the frame member512, a state that results in the compliant member518being compressed or otherwise in a state that produces a biasing force. More particularly, the spring arms1300are pressed against the battery514, causing the compliant member518to produce a force (indicated by arrow1302) tending to push the battery514towards the frame member512and push the bottom housing member516away from the frame member512. This ultimately forces the battery514into contact with the deflectable arms of the battery connector900and helps maintain the secure engagement of the latching members1200with the latching channels1202(FIGS.12A-12C). The presence of the compliant member518may also facilitate the use of battery connectors that do not deflect. For example, any of the battery contacts and/or deflectable arms described above for conductively coupling to a battery may be configured to not deflect when a battery is inserted into the battery cavity. In such cases, the compliance of the compliant member518both biases the battery514against the non-deflecting battery contacts to ensure conductive coupling, and also provides clearance to the battery to accommodate for any canting or misalignment of the battery due to the non-deflecting battery contacts. WhileFIG.13Ashows one example configuration of a compliant member for biasing the bottom housing member516and the battery514, other types of compliant members may also be used.FIG.13Cillustrates one such alternative example compliant member1310. The compliant member1310, which may be formed from a single piece of metal, polymer, or the like, defines a base1312and three curved spring arms1314, each extending along a circular path inside the perimeter of the base1312and extending from the base1312. Other configurations of unitary metal compliant members are also contemplated. Further, other components, mechanisms, or systems may be used instead of or in addition to unitary metal compliant members, including but not limited to coil springs, elastomers, foams, leaf springs, or the like. As noted above, button cell or other small form-factor batteries may be potentially hazardous to people or pets due to their small size and possibility of being ingested. To avoid the batteries from accidentally falling out of the tags, the tags may be configured so that their battery doors require more than a simple, single motion (e.g., twisting) to remove them.FIGS.12A-12C, for example, illustrate one configuration that requires a user to both press and twist the battery door (e.g., the bottom housing member516) in order to open it. Other mechanisms may also be used to securely retain a battery door to a tag in a manner that prevents or limits accidental opening and satisfies applicable laws or regulations for device safety.FIGS.14A-25Cillustrate several example configurations of such retention mechanisms. FIGS.14A-16Dillustrate various aspects of an example mechanism for securely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) to a tag.FIG.14Aillustrates a portion of a frame member1400that defines a channel1402and a spring member1404that extends into the channel1402and/or defines part of the channel. The frame member1400may be an embodiment of the frame member512, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the frame member512(and may be integrated with the tag500or any other tag described herein). For brevity such details may not be repeated here. FIG.14Billustrates a portion of a bottom housing member1406that is configured to mate with the frame member1400inFIG.14A. The bottom housing member1406may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the bottom housing member516. For brevity such details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member1406includes a pin1408that is configured to engage with the frame member1400via the channel1402and/or the spring member1404to retain the bottom housing member1406to the frame member1400. FIGS.15A-15Billustrate a schematic view of the frame member1400and the bottom housing member1406, showing how the pin1408engages the channel1402and the spring member1404when the bottom housing member1406is being attached to the frame member1400. As shown inFIG.15A, the bottom housing member1406is positioned relative to the frame member1400such that the pin1408enters the channel1402, along the path1502. More particularly, the bottom housing member1406may be moved vertically (relative to the orientation inFIG.15A) to position the pin1408in the channel1402. This manipulation may require overcoming a biasing force (acting in an upward direction) imparted to the bottom housing member1406by a spring or other mechanism (such as the compliant member518,FIG.5B). After positioning the pin1408in the channel1402as shown inFIG.15A, rotating or twisting the bottom housing member1406causes the pin1408to move through the channel1402along the path1506to a blind end1504(FIG.15A) of the channel1402. This manipulation results in the pin1408contacting a retention feature1508of the spring member1404, resulting in the spring member1404deflecting downwards to accommodate the pin1408. The retention feature1508may also contact the pin1408to retain the pin1408in the blind end1504of the channel1402. The action of sliding the pin1408over the retention feature1508may also produce a tactile click-like feeling that is detectable by the user when twisting the bottom housing member1406into the closed configuration. This tactile sensation may indicate to the user that the bottom housing member1406has reached a fully closed and secured position, and that the user can cease turning the bottom housing member1406. FIGS.16A-16Dillustrate a schematic view of the frame member1400and the bottom housing member1406, showing how the pin1408disengages from the channel1402and the spring member1404when the bottom housing member1406is being detached from the frame member1400. As shown inFIG.16A, the bottom housing member1406is positioned relative to the frame member1400such that the pin1408is securely maintained in the blind end1504of the channel1402. In order to detach the bottom housing member1406, a user may twist or rotate the bottom housing member1406, causing the pin1408to slide along the path1600inFIG.16B. This motion causes the pin1408to contact the retention feature1508, which in turn causes the spring member1404to deflect downwards. Because the spring member1404is biased upwards, the contact between the pin1408and the retention feature1508produces a resistance to rotation of the bottom housing member1406which, when overcome, pushes the spring member1404downwards. This interaction between the pin1408and the retention feature1508provides several benefits, including producing an increased resistance that the user must overcome in order to detach the bottom housing member1406, and also potentially producing a tactile click or detent sensation that indicates to the user that the bottom housing member1406has been moved out of a securely locked condition. Once the pin1408has been moved out of the blind end1504of the channel1402and as the bottom housing member1406continues to be rotated, the biasing force (indicated by arrow1604) between the frame member1400and the bottom housing member1406forces the bottom housing member1406and thus the pin1408upwards and into a recess1602. The biasing force may be produced by a compliant member between the battery and the bottom housing member1406, as described above. The recess1602defines a lip that prevents or inhibits further rotation of the bottom housing member1406. In order to continue detaching the bottom housing member1406, the user must press on the bottom housing member1406to provide a downward force1606that overcomes the biasing force to push the bottom housing member1406, and thus the pin1408, downwards and out of the recess1602(as indicated by path1608inFIG.16C). Once the pin1408is clear of the lip of the recess1602, as shown inFIG.16C, the user may continue to rotate the bottom housing member1406until the pin1408clears the top wall of the channel and is able to be removed from the channel, as indicated by path1610inFIG.16D. More specifically, once the pin1408is positioned as shown inFIG.16D, the bottom housing member1406can be simply lifted away from the frame member1400to access the battery. FIGS.17A-19Eillustrate various aspects of another example mechanism for securely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) to a tag.FIG.17Aillustrates a portion of a frame member1700that defines a channel1702and a spring member1704that extends into the channel1702and/or defines part of the channel. The frame member1700may be an embodiment of the frame member512, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the frame member512(and may be integrated with the tag500or any other tag described herein). For brevity such details may not be repeated here. FIG.17Billustrates a portion of a bottom housing member1706that is configured to mate with the frame member1700inFIG.17A. The bottom housing member1706may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the bottom housing member516. For brevity such details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member1706includes a pin1708that is configured to engage with the frame member1700via the channel1702and/or the spring member1704to retain the bottom housing member1706to the frame member1700. FIG.17Cshows the spring member1704removed from the frame member1700. The spring member1704defines two at least partially independently actuatable retention features1712,1714. The first retention feature1712may be at least partially within an opening in a base1710, and the second retention feature1714may be formed at an end of the base1710. The spring member1704may be a unitary component formed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material. Accordingly, the retention features and the base may be formed from the same piece of material. FIGS.18A-18Billustrate a schematic view of the frame member1700and the bottom housing member1706, showing how the pin1708engages the channel1702and the spring member1704when the bottom housing member1706is being attached to the frame member1700. As shown inFIG.18A, the bottom housing member1706is positioned relative to the frame member1700such that the pin1708enters the channel1702, along the path1800. More particularly, the bottom housing member1706may be moved vertically (relative to the orientation inFIG.18A) to position the pin1708in the channel1702. This manipulation may require overcoming a biasing force (acting in an upward direction) imparted to the bottom housing member1706by a spring or other mechanism (such as the compliant member518,FIG.5B). After positioning the pin1708in the channel1702as shown inFIG.18A, rotating or twisting the bottom housing member1706causes the pin1708to move through the channel1702along the path1802to a blind end1803(FIG.18A) of the channel1702. This manipulation results in the pin1708contacting both the first and second retention features1712,1714of the spring member1704, resulting in the both the first and second retention features1712,1714deflecting downwards as the pin1708contacts them and passes them (as indicated by arrows1804,1806). The second retention feature1714may also contact the pin1708to retain the pin1708in the blind end1803of the channel1702. The action of sliding the pin1708over the retention features1712,1714may also produce a tactile click-like feeling that is detectable by the user when twisting the bottom housing member1706into the closed configuration. FIGS.19A-19Dillustrate a schematic view of the frame member1700and the bottom housing member1706, showing how the pin1708disengages from the channel1702and the spring member1704when the bottom housing member1706is being detached from the frame member1700. As shown inFIG.19A, the bottom housing member1706is positioned relative to the frame member1700such that the pin1708is securely maintained in the blind end1803of the channel1702. In order to detach the bottom housing member1706, a user may twist or rotate the bottom housing member1706, causing the pin1708to slide along the path1900inFIG.19B. This motion causes the pin1708to contact the second retention feature1714, which in turn causes the second retention feature1714to deflect downwards. Because the second retention feature1714is biased upwards, the contact between the pin1708and the second retention feature1714produces a resistance to rotation of the bottom housing member1706which, when overcome, pushes the second retention feature1714downwards. This interaction between the pin1708and the second retention feature1714provides several benefits, including producing an increased resistance that the user must overcome in order to detach the bottom housing member1706, and also potentially producing a tactile click or detent sensation that indicates to the user that the bottom housing member1706has been moved out of a securely locked condition. Once the pin1708has been moved past the second retention feature1714, it may come into contact with a surface of the first retention feature1712that prevents further rotation of the bottom housing member1706, as shown inFIG.19B. Due to the biasing force (indicated by arrow1906) between the frame member1700and the bottom housing member1706, the bottom housing member1706and thus the pin1708may be forced upwards along the path1902and into a recess1904. The biasing force may be produced by a compliant member between the battery and the bottom housing member1706, as described above. When the pin1708is in the position shown inFIG.19C, the first retention feature1712may still be overlapping the pin1708, thereby inhibiting further rotational movement. The user may continue to rotate the bottom housing member1706to move the pin along the path1908(FIG.19D). This rotation results in the pin1708(e.g., a chamfered or angled surface of the pin1708) contacting the first retention feature1712and forcing the first retention feature1712downward. Like other manipulations resulting in an interaction between a pin and a spring member, this may produce a tactile output that indicates to a user that a particular manipulation has been successfully completed. After the bottom housing member1706, and thus the pin1708, has been rotated to move the pin1708past the second retention feature1712, further rotation of the pin1708may be inhibited by lip of the recess1904. In order to continue detaching the bottom housing member1706, the user must press on the bottom housing member1706to provide a downward force1912that overcomes the biasing force to push the bottom housing member1706, and thus the pin1708, downwards and out of the recess1904(as indicated by path1910inFIG.19E). Once the pin1708is clear of the lip of the recess1904, as shown inFIG.19D, the user may continue to rotate the bottom housing member1706until the pin1708clears the top wall of the channel and is able to be removed from the channel, as indicated by path1910. FIGS.20A-22Dillustrate various aspects of another example mechanism for securely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) to a tag.FIG.20Aillustrates a portion of a frame member2000that defines a latching region2002and a spring member2004that extends into the latching region2002and/or defines part of the latching region. The frame member2000may be an embodiment of the frame member512, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the frame member512(and may be integrated with the tag500or any other tag described herein). For brevity such details may not be repeated here. FIG.20Billustrates a portion of a bottom housing member2006that is configured to mate with the frame member2000inFIG.20A. The bottom housing member2006may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the bottom housing member516. For brevity such details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member2006includes a latch2008that is configured to engage with the frame member2000via the latching region2002and/or the spring member2004to retain the bottom housing member2006to the frame member2000. FIG.20Cshows the spring member2004removed from the frame member2000. The spring member2004defines a first retention feature2012and a second retention feature2014. The spring member2004may also define a base portion2010that is secured to the frame member2000. The spring member2004may be configured to deflect or move in multiple directions during attachment and detachment of the bottom housing member2006. For example, as described herein, an interaction between the latch2008and the second retention feature2014during attachment of the bottom housing member2006may cause the spring member2004to deflect along a direction indicated by arrow2018, while an interaction between the latch2008and the second retention feature2014during detachment of the bottom housing member2006may cause the spring member2004to deflect along a direction indicated by arrow2016. The spring member2004may be a unitary component formed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material. FIGS.21A-21Cillustrate a schematic view of the frame member2000and the bottom housing member2006, showing how the latch2008engages the frame member2000and the spring member2004when the bottom housing member2006is being attached to the frame member2000. As shown inFIG.21A, the bottom housing member2006is positioned relative to the frame member2000such that the latch2008enters the latching region2002, along the path2100. More particularly, the bottom housing member2006may be moved vertically (relative to the orientation inFIG.21A) to position the latch2008in the latching region2002and into an engagement with the spring member2004. This manipulation may require overcoming a biasing force (acting in an upward direction) imparted to the bottom housing member2006by a spring or other mechanism (such as the compliant member518,FIG.5B). FIG.21Billustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the latch2008and the spring member2004, showing how the latch2008and the spring member2004interact as the bottom housing member2006is attached to the frame member2000. In particular, as the bottom housing member2006is moved vertically downwards (arrow2101inFIG.21B), the latch2008(e.g., a chamfered or otherwise contoured surface of the latch2008) pushes against the top of the second retention feature2014of the spring member2004. This interaction forces the spring member2004to deflect away from the latch2008along a direction indicated by arrow2102. Once the end of the latch2008passes the second retention feature2014, the biasing force of the spring member2004forces the spring member2004back towards the latch2008such that the latch2008overlaps the second retention feature2014to retain the latch2008below the second retention feature2014. Similar to other interactions with retention features, pushing the latch2008past the second retention feature2014requires an increased force from the user and may result in a click or other tactile sensation, thus indicating to the user that the bottom housing member2006has become engaged. After engaging the latch2008and the second retention feature2014as shown inFIGS.21A and21B, further rotating or twisting of the bottom housing member2006, indicated by arrow2104) causes the latch2008to move out of engagement with the second retention feature2014, slide over the first retention feature2012(resulting in another deflection of the spring member2004along the direction2102inFIG.21B), and end up positioned at a blind end of the latching region2002and below a third retention feature2106. The third retention feature2106may prevent or inhibit upwards movement of the latch2008, while the first retention feature2012may remain in contact with the latch2008to retain the latch2008in the position shown inFIG.21C. The action of sliding the latch2008over the first retention feature2012, may also produce a tactile click-like feeling that is detectable by the user when twisting the bottom housing member2006into the closed configuration. FIGS.22A-22Dillustrate a schematic view of the frame member2000and the bottom housing member2006, showing how the latch2008disengages from the latching region2002and the spring member2004when the bottom housing member2006is being detached from the frame member2000. As shown inFIG.22A, the bottom housing member2006is positioned relative to the frame member2000such that the latch2008is securely maintained in the blind end of the latching region2002and below the third retention feature2106. In order to detach the bottom housing member2006, a user may twist or rotate the bottom housing member2006, causing the latch2008to slide along the path2200inFIG.22B. This motion causes the latch2008to contact the first retention feature2012, which in turn causes the spring member2004to deflect outwards (e.g., along the direction2102inFIG.21B). Because the first retention feature2012is biased towards the latch2008, the contact between the latch2008and the first retention feature2012produces a resistance to rotation of the bottom housing member2006and potentially produces a tactile click or detent sensation that indicates to the user that the bottom housing member2006has been moved out of a securely locked condition. Once the latch2008has been moved past the first retention feature2012, it may return to the position shown inFIGS.21A-21B, wherein the latch2008is below and overlaps the second retention feature2014. To continue detaching the bottom housing member2006, the user pulls the bottom housing member2006upwards, along the direction2202, which causes the latch2008to pull the second retention feature2014upwards, thereby deflecting the spring member2004along the direction2016(FIG.20C). Once the spring member2004is deflected, rotating the bottom housing member2006along direction2204(e.g., in the direction opposite that indicated inFIG.22B) causes the latch2008to slide over the first retention feature2012once again, thereby disengaging the latch2008from the spring member2004and allowing the bottom housing member2006to be removed. The final engagement between the latch2008and the first retention feature2012may provide a final tactile indication that the bottom housing member2006has been detached. The mechanism shown and described with respect toFIGS.20A-22Dmay include hard-stops formed in the frame member2000and/or the spring member2004to help guide a user through the attachment and detachment operation. For example, at each position of the bottom housing member2006, there may be only one direction in which the bottom housing member2006may be moved. Accordingly, the user can determine how to attach and detach the bottom housing member2006with a few simple motions. More particularly, the attachment operation may include a push and a twist, and the detachment operation may include a twist (in a first direction), followed by a pull, followed by another twist (in a second, opposite direction), followed by a final pull. FIGS.23A-23Eillustrate various aspects of another example mechanism for securely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) to a tag.FIG.23Aillustrates a portion of a frame member2300that defines a latching region2302and a spring member2304that extends into the latching region2302. The spring member2304may be biased to protrude into the latching region2302, as depicted inFIG.23A, and may be configured to retract away from the latching region2302along the direction2305. The frame member2300may be an embodiment of the frame member512, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the frame member512(and may be integrated with the tag500or any other tag described herein). For brevity such details may not be repeated here. FIG.23Billustrates a portion of a bottom housing member2306that is configured to mate with the frame member2300inFIG.23A. The bottom housing member2306may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of the bottom housing member516. For brevity such details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member2306includes a cam latch2308that is configured to engage with the frame member2300via the latching region2302and/or the spring member2304to retain the bottom housing member2306to the frame member2300. The cam latch2308may define various surfaces and/or features that engage or otherwise interact with the spring member2304to facilitate attachment and detachment of the bottom housing member2306. FIG.23Cshows the spring member2304removed from the frame member2300. The spring member2304includes the portion that protrudes into the latching region2302, as well as a base2310that is secured to the frame member2300. The spring member2304may be a unitary component formed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material. FIG.23Dillustrates the cam latch2308, showing the path that the spring member2304(e.g., the portion of the spring member2304that protrudes into the latching region) would follow along the cam latch2308as the bottom housing member2306is attached to the frame member2300. In particular, as the bottom housing member2306is initially engaged with the frame member2300, the spring member2304moves along the path2312and slides over a first cam surface2314. After clearing the first cam surface2314, the bottom housing member2306is rotated such that the spring member2304moves along path2316, sliding over the first retention feature2318and into a blind end2320of the cam latch2308. At this stage, the first retention feature2318and the biasing force of the spring member2304retain the spring member2304in the blind end2320, thereby retaining the bottom housing member2306in a closed configuration. FIG.23Eillustrates the cam latch2308, showing the path that the spring member2304would follow along the cam latch2308as the bottom housing member2306is detached from the frame member2300. In particular, the bottom housing member2306is rotated so that the spring member2304slides over the first retention feature2318along path2322. Once clear of the first retention feature2318, the bottom housing member2306is pulled axially away from the frame member2300, moving the spring member2304along the path2324and against a hard-stop defined by the underside of the first cam surface2314. The bottom housing member2306is then rotated to move the spring member2304along the path2326, and then finally pulled axially to slide the spring member along the path2328and over a second cam surface2330, thereby detaching the bottom housing member2306from the frame member2300. The interactions and engagements between the features of the cam latch2308(e.g., the cam surfaces and retention feature) and the spring member2304may each require an overcoming force to be applied to the bottom housing member2306, and may produce tactile sensations or feedback that are detectable by a user. These forces and feedbacks may help retain the bottom housing member2306in desired positions, and also provide useful physical information to the user. FIGS.24A-24Cillustrate another example spring member and cam latch that may be used with the frame member2300and the bottom housing member2306described above.FIG.24Aillustrates a spring member2404that includes a portion that protrudes into the latching region2302(FIG.23A), as well as a base2405that is configured to be secured to the frame member2300. The spring member2404may be a unitary component formed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material. FIG.24Billustrates an example cam latch2408, which may be used in place of the cam latch2308and which may be configured to interface with the spring member2404(or another spring member such as the spring member2304).FIG.24Bshows the path that the spring member2404(e.g., the portion of the spring member2404that protrudes into the latching region) would follow along the cam latch2408as the bottom housing member2306is attached to the frame member2300. In particular, as the bottom housing member2306is initially engaged with the frame member2300, the spring member2404moves along the path2412and slides over a first cam surface2410. After clearing the first cam surface2410, the bottom housing member2306is rotated such that the spring member2404moves along path2414, sliding over a first retention feature2416and into a blind end2418of the cam latch2408. At this stage, the first retention feature2416and the biasing force of the spring member2404retain the spring member2404in the blind end2418, thereby retaining the bottom housing member2306in a closed configuration. FIG.24Cillustrates the cam latch2408, showing the path that the spring member2404would follow along the cam latch2408as the bottom housing member2306is detached from the frame member2300. In particular, the bottom housing member2306is rotated so that the spring member2404slides over the first retention feature2416along path2420. Once clear of the first retention feature2416, the bottom housing member2306is pulled axially away from the frame member2300, moving the spring member2404along the path2422. The bottom housing member2306is then rotated to move the spring member2404along the path2424, and then finally pulled axially to slide the spring member along a second cam surface2425, following the path2426, thereby detaching the bottom housing member2306from the frame member2300. The interactions and engagements between the features of the cam latch2408(e.g., the cam surfaces and retention feature) and the spring member2404may each require an overcoming force to be applied to the bottom housing member2306, and may produce tactile sensations or feedback that are detectable by a user. These forces and feedbacks may help retain the bottom housing member2306in desired positions, and also provide useful physical information to the user. FIGS.25A-25Cillustrate another example spring member and cam latch that may be used with the frame member2300and the bottom housing member2306described above.FIG.25Aillustrates a spring member2504that includes a portion that protrudes into the latching region2302(FIG.23A), as well as a base2505that is configured to be secured to the frame member2300. The spring member2504may be a unitary component formed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material. FIG.25Billustrates an example cam latch2508, which may be used in place of the cam latch2308or the cam latch2408and which may be configured to interface with the spring member2504(or another spring member such as the spring member2304).FIG.25Bshows the path that the spring member2504(e.g., the portion of the spring member2504that protrudes into the latching region) would follow along the cam latch2508as the bottom housing member2306is attached to the frame member2300. In particular, as the bottom housing member2306is initially engaged with the frame member2300, the spring member2504moves along the path2512and slides over a first cam surface2510. After clearing the first cam surface2510, the spring member2504is retained in a retaining area2514of the cam latch2508. At this stage, the overhanging portion of the first cam surface2510and the biasing force of the spring member2504(as well as a second cam surface2516) retain the spring member2504in the retaining area2514, thereby retaining the bottom housing member2306in a closed configuration. FIG.25Cillustrates the cam latch2508, showing the path that the spring member2504would follow along the cam latch2508as the bottom housing member2306is detached from the frame member2300. In particular, the bottom housing member2306is rotated so that the spring member2504slides along the second cam surface2516along path2518. The bottom housing member2306is then pulled axially away from the frame member2300, moving the spring member2504along the path2520, thereby detaching the bottom housing member2306from the frame member2300. The interactions and engagements between the features of the cam latch2508(e.g., the cam surfaces and retention feature) and the spring member2504may each require an overcoming force to be applied to the bottom housing member2306, and may produce tactile sensations or feedback that are detectable by a user. These forces and feedbacks may help retain the bottom housing member2306in desired positions, and also provide useful physical information to the user. As noted above, wirelessly locatable tags may include audio systems that are configured to produce audio outputs. Audio outputs from a wirelessly locatable tag may be used to help a user locate the tag. For example, when a user is attempting to locate a lost tag, the user may use a smartphone to wirelessly command the tag to produce an audible sound such as a beeping or other audible tone (e.g., constant tone, song, etc.). More particularly, the smartphone may send an audio request signal to the tag, which may in turn cause the tag to produce an audible output with an audio system. FIGS.26A-26Bdepict partial cross-sectional views of the tag500, showing an example configuration of an audio system, as well as illustrating various operational modes of the audio system. As shown inFIG.26A, the audio system of the tag500may include a coil504coupled to a top housing member502. The coil504may include multiple turns of a conductor (e.g., a metal wire) at least partially embedded in a matrix or potting material, such as an epoxy, resin, or other suitable material. The coil504may be attached to the inner surface of the top housing member502using any suitable method, such as with an adhesive2600(as shown), ultrasonic welding, or the like. In some cases, a bobbin or other base structure for the coil504may be formed as a unitary structure with the top housing member502. For example, a single-piece molded or 3D-printed top housing member502may include an integrated bobbin around which a conductor is wound to produce the coil504. As another example, conductors forming the coil may be plated onto a bobbin that is integrally formed with the top housing member502(e.g., using laser direct structuring or another suitable plating or metallization technique). Other techniques for forming a coil and/or integrating a coil with a top housing member502are also contemplated. The coil504may be proximate a magnet assembly506. The magnet assembly506may be any suitable material and may be formed of a single piece of magnetic material, or it may be formed of or include multiple components attached to one another, as shown with respect toFIG.27A. The tag500may also include a hard-stop520that limits deflection of the top housing member502. As described herein, the gap between the top of the hard-stop520and the inner surface of the top housing member502may be equal to or less than a threshold distance, such as about 500 microns, 400 microns, 300 microns, 200 microns, 100 microns, or 50 microns. The tag500may use the coil504to move a portion of the top housing member502to cause the top housing member502to act as a diaphragm to produce audible outputs. For example, when an audio output is required, an appropriate signal is applied to the coil504(which is in a magnetic field produced by the magnet assembly506), thereby producing Lorentz forces that act on the coil504(indicated by arrows2602). The Lorentz forces on the coil504cause the top housing member502to move, oscillate, vibrate, or otherwise move (indicated by arrows2604) to produce an audible and optionally tactile output. In some cases, the top housing member502locally deflects or deforms to produce the audible and/or tactile output. For example, the central portion of the top housing member502may deflect or deform to produce the audible and/or tactile outputs, while other portions of the top housing member502(e.g., a peripheral portion that is coupled to the antenna assembly508) remains substantially stationary and/or otherwise does not contribute to the production of sound waves. The audio system, as well as the portion of the top housing member502that deflects or deforms to produce audio and/or tactile outputs, may be configured to permit or facilitate the production of audio within a target frequency range. For example, the audio system may be configured to produce sound within a range of about 1 kHz to 4 kHz, 1 kHz to 3 kHz, or any other suitable range. This range may be beneficial due to the relative sensitivity of human hearing to different frequencies, as well as the ability to perceive the location of a sound. For example, human ears are more sensitive to sounds between about 1 kHz to 4 kHz. Also, based at least in part on the distance between a human's ears, humans can more easily perceive the location of a sound that is at or below 3 kHz (as the location may be perceived without requiring head movement). Accordingly, a range of about 1 kHz to 3 kHz is within a typical range of peak hearing sensitivity and enables simple auditory localization of the tag (e.g., without requiring head movement to perceive the sound's location). Audible outputs (or ultrasonic outputs, which may be produced by the audio system instead of or in addition to audible outputs) may also be detected by one or multiple microphones on another device (e.g., a smartphone, earbuds, etc.), and that device may use beamforming or other direction-finding techniques to determine or estimate the position of the tag based on the detected audible sounds. In some cases, multiple devices, each with one or more microphone, cooperate to estimate the position of a tag (e.g., by comparing their own position estimates or otherwise cooperating to produce one position estimate). The materials and dimensions of the top housing member502may also be configured to facilitate the use of the top housing member502as an audio-producing diaphragm. For example, the materials and dimensions may be selected so that the top housing member502is sufficiently flexible to allow the top housing member502to be deflected and/or deformed by the force produced by the coil504. In some cases, the top housing member502may be formed of or include a polymer material, such as a polymer, reinforced polymer, carbon fiber, or the like. The top housing member502may have a thickness of about 300 microns, 400 microns, 450 microns, 500 microns, 550 microns, or any other suitable thickness. In some cases, a portion of the top housing member502that deforms or bends to produce the audible and/or tactile output has a thickness between about 300 and 550 microns, while other portions of the top housing member502have different thicknesses (e.g., are thicker or thinner). Other thicknesses and dimension are also possible. In embodiments where the audio system of the tag500uses the top housing member502as a diaphragm to produce audible and/or tactile outputs, the tag500may use the components of the audio system to detect inputs applied to the top housing member502.FIG.26Billustrates the tag500as a finger2606is applying an input force on the top housing member502. This input may correspond to a press or squeeze of the tag500, and may result in the top housing member502deforming such that the inner or bottom surface of the top housing member502moves downward, towards the magnet assembly506, as indicated by arrow2608. The movement of the top housing member502results in the coil504moving downward as well, as indicated by arrow2610. Because the coil504is moving while it is in the magnetic field produced by the magnet assembly506, a current may be produced in the coil504due to the electromagnetic interaction between a conductor moving in the presence of magnetic flux. This current may be detected by the tag500and may indicate that an input has been detected. When the tag500detects a current indicative of a threshold amount of motion of the top housing member502, the tag500may take one or more actions. For example, the tag500may initiate a pairing mode (optionally including changing the operation of one or more radios of the tag to facilitate communication with other devices), turn the tag500on or off, change a mode of operation of the tag500, cause information to be sent via one or more of the tag's wireless communications systems (e.g., to a remote service, to a mobile phone, etc.), activate or deactivate an audio or tactile output, or the like. The current produced in the coil504as a result of a deflection of the top housing member502may also be used to provide power to the tag500for tag operations and/or to charge the battery514. The power may be harvested each time an input is provided, or it may be harvested when certain conditions are met (e.g., when a certain number or frequency of deflections is detected, when the battery is below a threshold charge level, etc.). In some cases, a tag without a battery (or with a fully discharged or dead battery) may be temporarily powered by the user deflecting the top housing member one or more times (e.g., using a number and frequency of deflections that is sufficient to at least momentarily power the tag). If certain conditions are satisfied, the tag may perform one or more actions in response to a repeated deflection. For example, if the battery is dead or missing and a sufficient power threshold is reached from repeated deflections of the top housing member, the tag may send a location report (as described with respect toFIGS.2A-2C), along with an indication that the tag is out of power. As noted above, tags may use other types of input systems or devices may be used to detect inputs to the tag, in addition to or instead of detecting current produced in a coil of an audio system. For example, a dome switch, tactile dome switch, or other electromechanical switching system may be positioned between the top housing member502and the magnet assembly506(or any other underlying component). When the top housing member502is deflected by a user, as shown inFIG.26B, the dome switch or electromechanical switching component may be actuated and the corresponding input detected. In some cases, the magnet assembly506may define an opening, and the dome switch or other electromechanical switching system may be positioned in the opening. In such cases, the dome switch or other electromechanical switching system may be attached to the circuit board510, the main frame member512, or another underlying component. Another type of switching mechanism that may be included in a tag includes conductive contacts attached to the top housing member502and an underlying component. For example, a first conductive contact, such as a metal sheet, foil, or other component, may be attached to the interior surface of the top housing member502(e.g., at a center of the top housing member502, such as aligned with the central opening of the hard-stop520), and one or more second conductive contacts may be positioned below the first conductive contact. When the top housing member502is deflected, as shown inFIG.26B, the first conductive contact may contact the one or more second conductive contacts, and the tag may detect the resulting contact, for example, by detecting a change in conductivity between the conductive contacts. As a specific example, the tag may include two second conductive contacts, and the first conductive contact may be configured to conductively couple the two second conductive contacts when the top housing member502is depressed. The tag may detect the input by detecting continuity between the two second conductive contacts. Other arrangements of conductive contacts are also contemplated. Other techniques for detecting deflection of the top housing member502are also contemplated, including but not limited to capacitive sensors, force sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and optical sensors. Further, other types of input systems may be provided in addition to or in place of input systems that detect deflection of the top housing member502. For example, the tag may include buttons, switches, accelerometers (e.g., for detecting shake or tap inputs), or the like. FIG.27Ais an exploded view of a portion of the tag500. In particular,FIG.27Ashows the coil504and an exploded view of the magnet assembly506according to one example implementation. The magnet assembly506includes a top plate2700, an under yoke2702(e.g., a metal yoke), and a magnet2704. The top plate2700and the under yoke2702may be formed of or include a metal material such as steel. The top plate2700and the under yoke2702may cooperate to direct magnetic flux produced by the magnet2704along a desired area, and to help reduce leakage flux outside of the tag500. Minimizing or otherwise reducing the amount and/or strength of leakage flux (e.g., magnetic flux from the magnet2704that extends outside of the housing of the tag500) may help prevent the magnetic flux from interfering with or damaging other objects or devices such as credit cards, magnetometers in other devices, or the like. FIG.27Billustrates a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of the tag500, showing example magnetic flux lines in relation to the magnet assembly506and the top housing member502. The magnet2704may produce magnetic flux, while the top plate2700and the under yoke2702guide or focus the magnetic flux. For example, the top plate2700and the under yoke2702may be configured to concentrate flux in the gap2708where the coil504is positioned. By concentrating flux in the gap2708, the amount of flux2706leaking out beyond the exterior of the tag500may be maintained at an acceptable level (e.g., below a threshold level for demagnetizing credit cards). The physical design of the tag500may also contribute to the management of leakage flux. For example, the top housing member502and the magnet assembly506may be configured so that the distance from the magnet assembly506(e.g., the top of the magnet assembly) to the exterior surface of the top housing member502(e.g., the portion of the exterior surface of the top housing member502that is nearest the magnet assembly506) is equal to or greater than a threshold distance. For example, in some cases, the threshold distance is about 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, or any other suitable distance. FIGS.26A-27Billustrate an example coil504in which conductors (e.g., wires) are at least partially embedded in a potting material, and the potted conductor is attached to the top housing member502.FIGS.28A-28Dillustrate other example coil configurations that may be used with a wirelessly locatable tag as described herein.FIG.28Aillustrates an example coil2800that includes a bobbin2802and a conductive coil2804. The bobbin2802may be a ring-like structure about which the conductive coil2804is wound. The bobbin2802may be formed from or include a metal (e.g., an aluminum or other metal sheet or foil), polymer, or any other suitable material. The conductive coil2804may include a plurality of turns of a conductor such as a wire (e.g., copper wire). FIG.28Bis a partial cross-sectional view of a tag, showing how the coil2800may be integrated with the components of the tag. In particular, the bobbin2802of the coil is attached to the interior or bottom surface of the top housing member2806(which may be an embodiment of the top housing member502). The bobbin2802may be attached to the top housing member2806using an adhesive2810, such as an epoxy, or other suitable adhesive or attachment mechanism or technique. The coil2800is positioned on the top housing member2806such that the conductive coil2804is in a magnetic flux field produced by a magnet assembly2808(which may be an embodiment of the magnet assembly506). FIG.28Cis a partial cross-sectional view of a tag, showing another example of how the coil2800may be integrated with the components of the tag. InFIG.28C, the bobbin2802is attached to the top housing member2806using the adhesive2810, as shown inFIG.28B, but also includes a shroud2812extending from the top housing member2806to the magnet assembly2808(or to another component inside the tag). The shroud2812may be formed of or include a flexible material, such as a polyester or other polymer film, and may be configured to deform when the tag produces audible and/or tactile outputs by moving the top housing member2806with the coil2800. The shroud2812may be configured to protect the coil2800from debris or other contaminants that may affect the physical and/or electrical operation of the coil2800. FIG.28Dis a partial cross-sectional view of a tag, showing how another coil2814may be integrated with the components of the tag. The coil2814inFIG.28Dincludes a bobbin2816and conductive coil2817, which are similar to the bobbin2802and conductive coil2804, except that the bobbin2816includes a mounting flange portion2818that extends at an angle relative to the portion of the bobbin that is attached to the conductive coil2817. The mounting flange portion2818may provide a larger contact area between the bobbin2816and the top housing member2806as compared to the bobbin2802. The mounting flange portion2818may be secured to the top housing member2806via an adhesive2820, which may be an epoxy, an adhesive film, a pressure, heat, or temperature sensitive adhesive, or any other suitable adhesive. In some cases a shroud, such as the shroud2812, may be included in the implementation shown inFIG.28D. As described above, audible and/or tactile outputs from a tag may be produced with an audio system that uses an electromagnetic coil and a magnet (a system that may be similar to a voice coil motor) to deflect or deform the top housing member of the tag. This is merely one example audio system that may be used to produce such outputs, however, and other audio systems may be used instead of or in place of the coil and magnet arrangements described herein.FIGS.29A-30illustrate other example audio systems that may be used to produce audible and/or tactile outputs. FIGS.29A-29Billustrate examples in which piezoelectric elements are used to deflect and/or deform a top housing member of a tag to produce audible and/or tactile outputs, using a portion of the top housing member as a speaker diaphragm.FIG.29Aillustrates a portion of an example top housing member2900, which may be an embodiment of the top housing member502. A piezoelectric element2902is attached to the inner or bottom surface of the top housing member2900(e.g., using an adhesive or any other suitable fastening technique). The piezoelectric element2902may be a piezoelectric unimorph or bimorph. In order to cause the top housing member2900to deform or deflect, the tag may apply an electrical signal or current to the piezoelectric element2902, thereby causing the piezoelectric element2902to bend (indicated by arrows2904). Due to a secure attachment between the piezoelectric element2902and the top housing member2900, the bending of the piezoelectric element2902may cause the top housing member2900to deflect or deform (indicated by arrows2906) in a manner that produces audible and/or tactile outputs. FIG.29Aillustrates an example in which a single piezoelectric element2902is attached to a center of the top housing member2900, though this is merely one example implementation of an audio system that uses a piezoelectric element.FIG.29Billustrates an example in which multiple separate piezoelectric elements2910are attached to the inner or bottom surface of the top housing member2900. In particular, the piezoelectric elements2910are positioned in a corner where the top wall of the top housing member2900joins the side wall of the top housing member2900. A tag using this arrangement may use two more piezoelectric elements2910spaced about the periphery of the top housing member2900. In the case where two piezoelectric elements2910are used, they may be positioned opposite one another (e.g., with the two piezoelectric elements defining a line through a center of the shape defined by the top housing member2900). The piezoelectric elements2910may be unimorph or bimorph piezoelectric elements. In order to cause the top housing member2900to deform or deflect, the tag may apply an electrical signal or current to the piezoelectric elements2910, thereby causing the piezoelectric elements2910to bend (indicated by arrows2912). Due to a secure attachment between the piezoelectric elements2910and the top housing member2900, the bending of the piezoelectric elements2910may cause the top housing member2900to deflect or deform (indicated by arrows2914) in a manner that produces audible and/or tactile outputs. The piezoelectric elements2910may be mounted remote from the portion of the top housing member that moves the greatest amount during an audible or tactile output, and may use the structure of the top housing member2900to amplify the amount of deflection of the piezoelectric elements2910. For example, by positioning the piezoelectric elements2910in the corners of the top housing member2900as shown inFIG.29B, small deflections of the piezoelectric elements2910may produce larger deflections at the center of the top housing member2900. The piezoelectric elements2902,2910may be conductively connected to one or more electronic components and/or circuit elements. The electronic components and/or circuit elements may be positioned on a circuit board (e.g., the circuit board510), and may be configured to provide electrical signals to the piezoelectric elements that cause them to deform in a manner that produces an audible and/or tactile output from the top housing member2900. FIG.30illustrates another example configuration of an audio system for a tag. In particular,FIG.30illustrates an example top housing member3000(which may be an embodiment of the top housing member502) with an audio system3001positioned below the top housing member3000. The audio system3001may be configured to direct sound through one or more openings3006that extend through the top housing member3000. The audio system3001may include an enclosure3002that defines an internal volume3008. A speaker3004may be coupled to the enclosure3002or otherwise configured to direct sound into the internal volume3008. The internal volume3008may have an opening that is aligned with or otherwise communicates with the openings3006in the top housing member3000. Accordingly, sound from the speaker3004may be directed through the internal volume3008and out of the openings3006(as indicated by arrow3010). The enclosure3002may be attached to the top housing member3000(e.g., via adhesive, fasteners, ultrasonic welding, etc.), or it may be attached to another component of a tag (e.g., an antenna assembly) and positioned such that it communicates audio through the openings in a top housing member. In tags that include an audio system with a speaker within an enclosure, the tag may employ screens, membranes, water ejection systems, or other systems or techniques to prevent the ingress of water, dust, or other contaminants into the audio system and/or the tag as a whole. For tags in which the top housing member is deflected and/or deformed in order to produce audible and/or tactile outputs, the top housing member may be configured to be sufficiently flexible so that it can be deflected and/or deformed by a voice coil motor, piezoelectric element, or other actuator. In some cases, the top housing member may be a unitary structure formed of a single piece of material. In other cases, it may include multiple components or segments that together define the top housing member.FIGS.31A-34Cillustrate several different example top housing members that may be used with wirelessly locatable tags as described herein. The top housing members inFIGS.31A-34Cmay be embodiments of the top housing member502, or any other top housing member described herein. FIGS.31A-31Cillustrate an example top housing member3100that may be formed of a single piece of material. The top housing member3100may be formed from a polymer material such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or any other suitable polymer material (including fiber reinforced polymer materials). In other cases, the top housing member3100may be formed of metal. FIG.31Ashows the outer surface of the top housing member3100, which may define an exterior surface of the tag. As shown, the outer surface of the top housing member3100is substantially featureless (e.g., devoid of seams, gaps, grooves, discontinuities, displays, buttons, or other features). In other implementations, however, the outer surface may define or include such features. FIG.31Bshows an underside view of the top housing member3100. The top housing member3100may define reinforcing ribs3102, which may be integrally formed with the rest of the top housing member3100. For example, the top housing member3100may be molded as a single piece with the reinforcing ribs3102. The top housing member3100may also define a coil attachment region3104where a coil (e.g., the coil504) of an audio system may be attached to the top housing member3100. The coil attachment region3104may be a substantially featureless surface, or it may include grooves, cavities, attachment elements, or other features. FIG.31Cis a cross-sectional view of the top housing member3100, viewed along line31C-31C inFIG.31A. As shown, the top housing member3100may not have a uniform thickness. For example, in some cases a central portion of the top housing member3100(e.g., at and/or around the coil attachment region3104) may be thinner than a sidewall portion of the top housing member3100. This may provide increased flexibility at the area of the top housing member3100that needs to deflect and/or deform to produce audible and/or tactile outputs. FIGS.32A-32Cillustrate an example top housing member3200that may include multiple components.FIG.32Ashows the outer surface of the top housing member3200, which may define an exterior surface of the tag. The top housing member3200may include a peripheral member3202, a central member3204, and a compliant member3206. The peripheral member3202may define a peripheral wall and a top wall, with the top wall defining an opening in which the central member3204may be at least partially positioned. The peripheral wall of the peripheral member3202may define a peripheral side wall (and thus the exterior peripheral side surface) of the tag. The compliant member3206may be formed from a more flexible material than the peripheral member3202and the central member3204. For example, the peripheral member3202(which may define a side wall of the top housing member3200) and the central member3204(which may define a top outer surface of the top housing member3200) may be formed from a first polymer material such as an ABS, PMMA, and the compliant member3206may be formed from a second polymer material that is more flexible than the first polymer material, such as silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), or the like. The compliant member3206may be configured to allow the central member3204to move more freely relative to the peripheral member3202than would occur if the central and peripheral members were a unitary structure (such as the top housing member3100). FIG.32Bshows an underside view of the top housing member3200. The top housing member3200may define reinforcing ribs3208, which may be integrally formed with the peripheral member3202. The central member3204may define a coil attachment region3210, which may be similar to the coil attachment region3104, described above. FIG.32Cis a cross-sectional view of the top housing member3200, viewed along line32C-32C inFIG.32A. As shown, the portion of the compliant member3206that is visible on the outer surface of the top housing member3200may only be a part of the compliant member3206. More particularly, the compliant member3206may extend along a portion of the inner or bottom surface of the central member3204, and may mechanically couple the central member3204to the peripheral member3202. The compliant member3206may define an opening that exposes the coil attachment region3210so that the coil can be attached directly to the central member3204, thereby directly transferring force to the central member3204. In some cases, the part of the compliant member3206that is exposed adjacent the outer surfaces of the central and peripheral members are flush with the central and peripheral members, as illustrated inFIG.32C. In other cases, the part of the compliant member3206that is exposed may be recessed or proud relative to the peripheral and central members.FIG.33C, for example, illustrates an embodiment in which a compliant member is recessed relative to the central and peripheral members. The top housing member3200may be formed by a co-injection molding or insert molding technique, where the central and peripheral members are formed first (and optionally inserted into a second mold after they are formed), and then the material of the compliant member3206is injected into the mold and against the central and peripheral members. This may cause the compliant member to be formed into the target shape, as well as to secure the material of the compliant member to the central and peripheral members (e.g., via chemical and/or adhesive bonding between the materials, and/or via mechanical interlocking between the components). The decreased stiffness of the compliant member3206relative to the central and peripheral members may increase the amount of movement of the central member that is achieved for a given coil force, as compared to a single-piece top housing member. This, in turn, may improve the efficiency of the tag with respect to producing audible and/or tactile outputs. Further, the lower force requirement may allow the use of smaller coils, magnets, piezoelectric elements, or other force-producing elements of an audio system. Additionally, embodiments of top housing members that use separate central and peripheral members may employ a different mode of deformation or deflection than single-piece housing members. That is, the central member3204itself deforms less than the central region of a single-piece top housing member, and instead moves more vertically (e.g., like a plate moving along a vertical path). Stated another way, whereas a single-piece top housing member may be deformed in a bulge-like shape to produce audible and/or tactile outputs, the central member3204of the top housing member3200may remain substantially undeformed while it is moved vertically up and down (e.g., in a largely or entirely translational movement) to produce such outputs. In cases where the central member of the top housing member is separate from the peripheral member, the central member may be thicker and/or stiffer than a central member of a single-piece top housing member. FIGS.33A-33Cillustrate another example top housing member3300that may include multiple components.FIG.33Ashows the outer surface of the top housing member3300, which may define an exterior surface of the tag. The top housing member3300may define a peripheral member3302, a central member3304, and a compliant member3306. The peripheral member3302may define a peripheral wall and a top wall, with the top wall defining an opening in which the central member3304may be at least partially positioned. The peripheral wall of the peripheral member3302may define a peripheral side wall (and thus the exterior peripheral side surface) of the tag. The compliant member3306may be formed from a more flexible material than the peripheral member3302and the central member3304. For example, the peripheral member3302(which may define a side wall of the top housing member3300) and the central member3304(which may define a top outer surface of the top housing member3300) may be formed from a first polymer material such as an ABS, PMMA, and the compliant member3306may be formed from a second polymer material that is more flexible than the first polymer material, such as silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), or the like. The compliant member3306may be configured to allow the central member3304to move more freely relative to the peripheral member3302than would occur if the central and peripheral members were a unitary structure (such as the top housing member3100). FIG.33Bshows an underside view of the top housing member3300. The top housing member3300may define reinforcing ribs3308, which may be integrally formed with the peripheral member3302. The central member3304may define a coil attachment region3310, which may be similar to the coil attachment region3104, described above. FIG.33Cis a cross-sectional view of the top housing member3300, viewed along line33C-33C inFIG.33A. As shown, the portion of the compliant member3306that is visible on the outer surface of the top housing member3300may only be a part of the compliant member3306. More particularly, the compliant member3306may extend along a portion of the inner or bottom surface of the central member3304, and may mechanically couple the central member3304to the peripheral member3302. The compliant member3306may define an opening that exposes the coil attachment region3310so that the coil can be attached directly to the central member3304, thereby directly transferring force to the central member3304. The part of the compliant member3306that is exposed may be recessed relative to the peripheral and central members. The top housing member3300may be formed by a co-injection molding or insert molding technique, as described above with respect to the top housing member3200. Further, like the top housing member3200, the top housing member3300may be configured to produce audible and/or tactile outputs using substantially linear movement (with no or only nominal deformation) of the central member3304, rather than a bending or deformation mode (as is the case with the unitary top housing member3100). In some cases, the central member3304may translate relative to the peripheral member3302to produce the audible output. FIGS.34A-34Cillustrate another example top housing member3400that may include multiple components.FIG.34Ashows the outer surface of the top housing member3400, which may define an exterior surface of the tag. The top housing member3400may define a peripheral member3402, and a compliant member3406. The compliant member3406defines a central region of the top housing member3400, which is part of the exterior surface of the top housing member3400and thus part of the exterior surface of the device that uses the top housing member3400. The compliant member3406may be formed of similar materials as the compliant members3206,3306(e.g., silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), or the like). FIG.34Bshows an underside view of the top housing member3400. The top housing member3400may define reinforcing ribs3408, which may be integrally formed with the peripheral member3402. The top housing member3400may also include a central member3404that is below the compliant member3406. The central member3404may be formed from a more rigid material than the compliant member (and may be the same material as the peripheral member3402). The central member3404may define a coil attachment region3410, which may be similar to the coil attachment region3104, described above. By providing the central member3404below the compliant member3406, and leaving the central member3404exposed on the interior side of the top housing member3400, the coil can attach directly to the relatively central member3404and use the stiffness of the central member3404to more efficiently translate the movement of the coil into vertical motion of the central member of the top housing member3400(as compared, for example, to a top housing member3400without the central member). The vertical motion may correspond to a translation of the central member3404relative to the peripheral member3402. FIG.34Cis a cross-sectional view of the top housing member3400, viewed along line34C-34C inFIG.34A. As shown, the compliant member3406defines substantially all of the top exterior surface of the top housing member3400, and the central member3404does not define any part of the exterior of the top housing member3400. The top housing member3400may be formed by a co-injection molding or insert molding technique, as described above with respect to the top housing member3200. Further, like the top housing member3200, the top housing member3400may be configured to produce audible and/or tactile outputs using substantially linear movement (with no or only nominal deformation) of the central member3404(and the overlying part of the compliant member3406), rather than a bending or deformation mode (as is the case with the unitary top housing member3100). The wirelessly locatable tags described above are described with respect to one example form factor and configuration. For example,FIGS.3A-34Cillustrate example wirelessly locatable tags that have a generally round, puck-shaped design, with a battery door (e.g., bottom housing member) that can be detached from the rest of the tag to allow the battery to be swapped. However, the same or similar systems and functions described with respect to the generally puck-shaped configurations may be incorporated into tags having other form factors.FIGS.35A-58Cillustrate several example wirelessly locatable tags having various different form factors, battery cavity access systems, housing components, and the like. FIG.35Aillustrates an example tag3500that uses a battery access mechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide access to a battery cavity. The tag3500includes a body portion3502and a peripheral portion3504. The body portion3502has a generally round, puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion3504extends around the periphery of the body portion3502. The body portion3502may define the top and bottom surfaces of the tag3500, while the peripheral portion3504defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag3500. The peripheral portion3504may be manipulated relative to the body portion3502to cause a battery cavity to be exposed. For example, a user may rotate the peripheral portion3504about the body portion3502while holding the body portion3502stationary (as indicated by arrow3506). As shown inFIG.35B, this manipulation may cause the body portion3502to move axially out from the inner area of the peripheral portion3504(as indicated by arrow3508), thereby exposing a battery cavity3512to allow a battery3510to be removed and/or replaced.FIG.35Cshows the battery3510being removed from the battery cavity3512. The tag3500may be closed by rotating the peripheral portion3504about the body portion3502(while holding the body portion3502stationary) in the direction opposite that which is used to open the tag3500. When the tag3500is closed, the peripheral portion3504may help retain the battery3510in the battery cavity3512. FIGS.35D-35Eare partial cross-sectional views of the tag3500, viewed along line35D-35D inFIG.35A. These cross-sections are simplified for clarity, and do not show all components of the tag3500.FIG.35Dshows the tag3500in a closed configuration, whileFIG.35Eshows the tag3500in an open configuration (corresponding to the configuration shown inFIG.35C). The top and bottom surfaces of the body portion3502may stay the same distance apart when the body portion3502is extended as shown inFIG.35E. Thus, for example, when the peripheral portion3504is twisted to cause the body portion3502to extend axially and expose the battery cavity3512, a recess3514is formed due to the movement of the body portion3502. FIG.36Ais an exploded view of a portion of tag3609, illustrating details of a mechanism that facilitates the opening and closing of the tag3609in a manner similar to that of the tag3500shown inFIGS.35A-35E. The mechanism shown inFIGS.36A-36Bcauses the body portion to expand or extend such that the bottom surface of the body portion remains in place relative to the peripheral portion, and only the top surface moves upwards to expose the battery cavity. The tag3609includes an upper body portion3603, which defines a battery cavity3607, and a lower body portion3604. Together, the upper and lower body portions3603,3604may define some or all of a body portion of the tag3609. The upper body portion3603may define a top exterior surface of the tag3609while the lower body portion3604defines a bottom exterior surface of the tag3609. The lower body portion3604may include and/or support device components3610. The device components3610may include circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. Indeed, the device components3610may include any of the components that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The upper body portion3603includes guide pins3601extending from a peripheral side of the upper body portion3603. The guide pins3601may engage first guide slots3602of a guide ring3600. The first guide slots3602may extend through the guide ring3600(as shown), or they may be blind channels. The guide ring3600may be attached to the peripheral portion3605such that the peripheral portion3605and the guide ring3600rotate together when a rotational force is applied to the peripheral portion3605(while the body portion is held stationary). The guide ring3600may be attached to the peripheral portion3605in any suitable way, such as with adhesives, clips, fasteners, springs, mechanical interlocks, or the like. The lower body portion3604may define second guide slots3606that also engage the guide pins3601of the upper body portion3603. Whereas the first guide slots3602are oriented at a slant relative to the axis of the tag3609, the second guide slots3606are parallel to the axis. When assembled, the interaction between the guide pins3601, the first guide slots3602, and the second guide slots3606cause the upper body portion3603to move axially, relative to the peripheral portion3605and the lower body portion3604, when the peripheral portion3605is rotated about the body portion. For example, the rotational movement of the guide ring3600(caused by rotational movement of the peripheral portion3605) forces the guide pins3601to slide within the first guide slots3602, while the second guide slots3606prevent the upper body portion3603from rotating. The combined effect of the interactions between the guide pins3601and the first and second guide slots3602,3606causes the upper body portion3603to move axially upward (relative to the orientation inFIG.36A), thereby exposing the battery cavity3607. In some cases, the first and/or second guide slots3602,3606may include bumps, catches, protrusions, or other features that provide a tactile indication that the tag is fully open or fully closed. Such features may also help retain the tag in a fully open or closed position.FIG.36Bshows a partial cross-sectional view of the tag3609, illustrating how the lower body portion3604remains substantially flush with (or otherwise does not move relative to) the bottom edge of the peripheral portion3605when the upper body portion3603is extended axially upwards to expose the battery cavity3607. The tag3609may include conductors that conductively couple a battery contact (that connects to the battery terminals of the battery) to the device components3610. The conductors may be flexible to accommodate the motion between the upper body portion3603and the rest of the tag3609. In other cases, sliding electrical contacts, which may be similar to slip rings, may be used to conductively couple the battery connector to device components on a different structure of the tag3609. A similar battery connector structure may be used for the tag3500as well. FIGS.37A-37Cillustrate another example tag3700that uses a battery access mechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide access to a battery cavity. The tag3700includes a body portion3702and a peripheral portion3704. The body portion3702has a generally round, puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion3704extends around the periphery of the body portion3702. The body portion3702may define the top and bottom surfaces of the tag3700, while the peripheral portion3704defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag3700. The peripheral portion3704may be manipulated relative to the body portion3702to cause a battery cavity to be exposed. For example, a user may push the body portion3702upward relative to the peripheral portion3704, as illustrated by the arrows3706. This may be achieved by a user pushing on the body portion3702from the bottom (e.g., with a thumb), while pulling down on the peripheral portion3704. As shown inFIG.37B, this manipulation may cause the body portion3702to move axially upwards relative to the peripheral portion3704, thereby revealing the battery cavity3710.FIG.37Cshows the battery3712being removed from the battery cavity. Like the tag3500, the peripheral portion3704may help retain the battery3712in the battery cavity3710when the tag3700is closed. The tag3700may include guide mechanisms or features (e.g., guide pins and guide slots that engage the guide pins) to constrain the movement of the body portion3702relative to the peripheral portion3704. For example, the guide mechanisms or features may guide the body portion3702so that it moves linearly relative to the peripheral portion3704and does not rotate relative to the peripheral portion3704. The guide mechanisms or features may also limit the axial travel of the body portion3702relative to the peripheral portion3704and prevent them from separating from one another. Further, the guide mechanisms or features may include detents, latches, catches, or other features that tactilely indicate when the body portion3702is in a fully open or fully closed position, and also retain the body portion3702in a fully open or fully closed position. FIGS.38A-38Cillustrate another example tag3800that uses a battery access mechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide access to a battery cavity. The tag3800includes a body portion3802and a peripheral portion3804. The body portion3802has a generally round, puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion3804extends around the periphery of the body portion3802. The body portion3802may define the top and bottom surfaces of the tag3800, while the peripheral portion3804defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag3800. The peripheral portion3804may be manipulated relative to the body portion3802to cause a battery cavity to be exposed. For example, a user may pivot the peripheral portion3804relative to the body portion3802, as illustrated by the arrows3806. This may be achieved by a user grasping the peripheral portion3804and twisting the peripheral portion3804about a diametrical axis of the body portion3802, while holding the body portion3802stationary (or any equivalent manipulations). As shown inFIG.38B, this manipulation may cause the peripheral portion3804to pivot relative to the body portion3802, thereby revealing the battery cavity3810.FIG.38Cshows the battery3812being removed from the battery cavity. Like the tag3500, the peripheral portion3804may help retain the battery3812in the battery cavity3810when the tag3800is closed. The tag3800may include a pivoting mechanism that pivotally couples the peripheral portion3804to the body portion3802. The pivoting mechanism may include, for example, a complementary set of pins and receptacles (on the peripheral portion3804and body portion3802) that engage to pivotally couple the components together. The tag3800may also include travel limiting features (such as lips, flanges, pins and slots, latches, catches, or other interacting structures) that limit the amount and/or direction that the peripheral portion3804can pivot about the body portion3802. The tag3800may also include detents, latches, catches, or other features that tactilely indicate when the peripheral portion3804is in a fully open or fully closed position, relative to the body portion3802, and also retain the peripheral portion3804in a fully open or fully closed position. FIGS.39A-39Cillustrate another example tag3900that uses a battery access mechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide access to a battery cavity. The tag3900includes a body portion3902and a peripheral portion3904. The body portion3902has a generally round, puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion3904extends around the periphery of the body portion3902. The body portion3902may define the top and bottom surfaces of the tag3900, while the peripheral portion3904defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag3900. The peripheral portion3904may be formed from a compliant material that is attached to the body portion3902along a seam3903, as shown inFIG.39B. The peripheral portion3904may have a bistable configuration. In a first stable position (FIG.39A) the peripheral portion3904covers the sides of the body portion3902and covers the battery cavity3910(FIG.39B), thereby retaining the battery3912(FIG.39B) in the battery cavity. In a second stable configuration, the peripheral portion3904is deflected or deformed downward and, while still attached to the body portion3902at the seam3903(and without requiring an applied force to maintain the peripheral portion3904in the second stable configuration), the battery cavity3910is exposed to allow the battery3912to be removed and/or replaced. In some cases, instead of being bistable, the peripheral portion3904may be biased towards the closed configuration (FIG.39A), and the user must hold the peripheral portion3904in the open configuration while replacing the battery. The peripheral portion3904may be moved to the second configuration by a user applying a rolling or peeling force on the peripheral portion3904.FIGS.39A-39Bshow an example rolling force, indicated by arrows3906, that may be applied to the peripheral portion3904to expose the battery cavity3910. In order to close the tag3900, a user may apply a force to the peripheral portion3904in an opposite direction (if the peripheral portion3904is bistable), or simply cease holding the peripheral portion3904open (if the peripheral portion3904is biased to the closed configuration). The peripheral portion3904may be formed from or include a polymer material, such as an elastomeric material. The material and the shape of the peripheral portion3904may cooperate to produce the bistable (or non-bistable) configurations described above. The peripheral portion3904may be attached to the body portion3902(at the seam3903) in any suitable way. For example, the peripheral portion3904may be mechanically engaged with the body portion3902. In some cases, the peripheral portion3904and the body portion3902may be insert molded or co-molded to form a mechanical interlock (and optionally chemical or adhesive bond) that attaches the peripheral portion3904to the body portion3902. FIGS.40A-40Cillustrate another example tag4000that uses yet another housing configuration to provide access to a battery cavity. The tag4000includes a first body portion4002and a second body portion4004. The first and second body portions4002,4004may be substantially similar in shape and size. The first body portion4002may define a top surface and about half of a peripheral side surface of the tag4000, while the second body portion4004may define a bottom surface and the other half of the peripheral side surface of the tag4000. The first and second body portions4002,4004may be separated from one another to reveal a battery cavity4010(FIG.40C) and allow the battery4012to be swapped. Both the first and the second body portions4002,4004may define part of the battery cavity4010. The first and second body portions4002,4004may be separated by a press-and-twist interaction, whereby the user must apply an axial force (represented by arrows4006) prior to and/or while applying a twisting force (represented by arrow4008). The user may then separate the first and second body portions4002,4004, as shown inFIG.40B. The tag4000may include features such as latches, cam latches, springs, channels, protrusions, or the like to releasably engage the first and second body portions4002,4004and allow them to be separated as shown inFIGS.40A-40B. Some examples of such features and/or mechanisms are described above with respect toFIGS.12A-12C and14A-25C. Accordingly, for brevity, their details may not be repeated here. Wirelessly locatable tags may have form factors other than round, puck-shaped tags as shown in various figures of the instant application. Even where other form factors are used, similar features, functions, mechanisms, and systems may be included in the tags.FIGS.41A-41Cillustrate an example wirelessly locatable tag4100that has a generally lozenge-shaped appearance, as compared to the circular, puck-shaped tags described elsewhere herein. The tag4100may include a first housing member4102and a second housing member4104. The second housing member4104may be removable from the remainder of the tag4100, and may be removed (e.g., by pulling the second housing member4104along the direction4106) to expose a battery cavity and battery to facilitate battery replacement.FIG.41Billustrates the tag4100with the second housing member4104detached from the tag4100and exposing the battery cavity4110. The tag4100may include a frame member4114. The frame member may at least partially define the battery cavity4110, and may support other tag components such as a circuit board, antennas, an audio system, and the like. The tag4100may also include a latch mechanism4116that releasably retains the second housing member4104to the frame member4114. The latch mechanism4116may include an outwardly-biased latching feature that engages a recess, cavity, or other feature in the second housing member4104to retain the second housing member4104to the frame member4114, while also permitting the second housing member4104to be removed by a user. The latch mechanism4116may include a locking mechanism or component such that a user cannot detach the second housing member4104simply by pulling on it. For example, the tag4100may include a button that must be pushed in order to allow the latch mechanism4116to release the second housing member4104. FIG.41Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag4100, viewed along line41C-41C inFIG.41A.FIG.41Cshows the battery4112in the battery cavity4110defined by the frame member4114.FIG.41Cfurther illustrates how the latch mechanism4116may engage a recess or other feature in the second housing member4104. The latch mechanism4116and the second housing member4104may be configured so that the latch mechanism4116deflects downward in response to the second housing member4104being attached to the tag. For example, the top of the latch mechanism4116may be rounded, chamfered, or otherwise define an interface surface that, when contacted by the second housing member4104, forces the latch mechanism4116to deflect in a way that permits the second housing member4104to be fully attached. FIG.41Calso illustrates a circuit board4122and an audio system4120in an area that is at least partially covered by the first housing member4102. The circuit board4122may include circuit elements, processors, memory, conductors, sensors, antennas, or any other components. Such components may also be positioned elsewhere in or on the tag4100. For example, antennas may be integrated with the frame member4114in a manner similar to the antenna assembly508, described above. The audio system4120may operate similar to other audio systems described herein. For example, a coil may be attached to an interior surface of the first housing member4102, and a magnet may provide a magnetic field to allow the coil to operate as a speaker. By passing a signal (e.g., current) through the coil, a portion of the first housing member4102can move in a manner similar to a speaker diaphragm. Further, the audio system4120may be used to produce tactile outputs that a user can feel when touching the first housing member4102. Of course, other types of audio systems and/or tactile output generators may be used instead of or in addition to the audio system4120. FIGS.42A-42Billustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag4200that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag4200includes a first housing member4202that defines all or substantially all of a top surface and part of the peripheral surface of the tag4200. The tag4200also includes a second housing member4204that defines part of (e.g., approximately half of) a bottom surface of the tag4200and part of the peripheral surface of the tag4200. The second housing member4204may not be intended to be removed by a user of the tag4200. The tag4200may also include a third housing member4206, which may also define part of (e.g., approximately half of) the bottom surface of the tag4200and part of the peripheral surface of the tag4200. The third housing member4206may be removable to provide access to a battery cavity. For example,FIG.42Aillustrates the third housing member4206removed from the rest of the tag4200. The third housing member4206may define at least part of a battery cavity4210for a battery4212. Features of the third housing member4206may engage corresponding features of the first and/or second housing members4202,4204, or any other component of the tag4200(e.g., a frame member), to retain the third housing member4206to the tag4200while also allowing it to be removed for battery replacement. Such features may include clips, latches, detents, or the like. The third housing member4206may be removed from the tag4200by prying with a fingernail, tool, or other implement inserted in a gap between the third housing member4206and another part of the tag4200. In other respects, such as the component set and the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.), the tag4200may be substantially similar to the tag4100. Further, the tag4200may include any of the components and/or provide any of the features of any tag described herein. FIGS.43A-43Cillustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag4300that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag4300includes a first housing member4302that defines all or substantially all of a top surface and part of the peripheral surface of the tag4300. The tag4300also includes a second housing member4304that defines substantially all or part of a bottom surface of the tag4300and part of the peripheral surface of the tag4300. The second housing member4304may be removable from the first housing member4302and may define one or more battery cavities. The second housing member4304may act as a battery tray for the tag4300. The second housing member4304may be slidably engaged with the tag4300. For example, the second housing member4304may engage rails or slots of the first housing member4302(or defined by any other component of the tag4300). The second housing member4304may be removed by pulling the second housing member4304outwardly (e.g., in a direction parallel to the long axis of the lozenge-shaped tag4300). The tag4300may include retention features (e.g., clips, latches, locking mechanisms, etc.) that retain the second housing member4304in a closed configuration during use, and help prevent accidental removal of the second housing member4304. FIG.43Billustrates the tag4300with the second housing member4304removed from the tag4300. The second housing member4304defines two battery cavities4310for receiving two batteries4312. FIG.43Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag4300, viewed along line43C-43C inFIG.43A.FIG.43Cshows the batteries4312in the battery cavities4310defined by the second housing member4304.FIG.43Calso illustrates a circuit board4316and an audio system4314, both of which may be mounted on a frame member4315. The frame member, circuit board, and audio system may all have the same or similar components and may provide the same or similar functions to the other frame members, circuit boards, and audio systems described herein, and for brevity their details may not be repeated here. In other respects, such as the component set and the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.), the tag4300may be substantially similar to other tags described herein. FIGS.44A-44Cillustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag4400that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag4400includes a first housing member4402that defines part of a top surface, part of a bottom surface, and part of the peripheral surface of the tag4400. The tag4400also includes a second housing member4404that defines the remaining parts of the top surface, bottom surface, and peripheral surface of the tag4400. The second housing member4404may be removable from the first housing member4402and may define a battery cavity. FIG.44Bshows the tag4400with the second housing member4404detached from the first housing member4402. The second housing member4404may define a battery cavity4410for receiving the battery4412. The first housing member4402may define a ledge4406that engages the second housing member4404to releasably retain the first and second housing members together. The ledge4406may include latches, catches, protrusions, channels, recesses, or other features that engage corresponding features on the second housing member4404to hold the first and second housing members together, while also allowing them to be separated by a user to access the battery cavity4410to remove and/or replace the battery. Such features may be integral with the ledge4406and the second housing member4404, or they may be separate components attached to the ledge4406and/or the second housing member4404. FIG.44Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag4400, viewed along line44C-44C inFIG.44A.FIG.44Cshows the battery4412in the battery cavity4410defined by the second housing member4404.FIG.44Cshows how a protrusion defined by or otherwise attached to the ledge4406may engage a corresponding recess along an interior surface of the second housing member4404. The protrusion and recess may retain the first and second housing members4402,4404together, while allowing them to be detached if a user applies a sufficient force to overcome the retention force produced by the protrusion and recess (e.g., by pulling them apart). FIG.44Calso illustrates a circuit board4416and an audio system4414within an internal cavity defined by the first housing member4402. The tag4400may also include battery connectors4418,4420(FIG.44B) that contact the positive and negative terminals of the battery and provide power from the battery to the circuit board4416and/or other electrical components of the tag4400. The circuit board and audio system may all have the same or similar components and may provide the same or similar functions to the other circuit boards and audio systems described herein, and for brevity, their details may not be repeated here. In other respects, such as the component set and the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.), the tag4400may be substantially similar to other tags described herein. FIGS.45A-45Billustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag4500that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag4500includes a removable housing member4506that can be removed from the rest of the tag4500to provide access to a battery cavity4510. The tag4500may include other housing members, such as a first housing member4502, a second housing member4504, and a third housing member4505, which may be configured as non-user-removable housing members. In some cases, more or fewer housing members may be used. For example, a single housing member may be used instead of the separate first and second housing members. FIG.45Bshows the tag4500with the second housing member4504detached from the tag4500. The tag4500may include a frame member4508, and the battery cavity4512may be defined in the frame member4508. The first, second, and third housing members4502,4504, and4505may be attached to the frame member4508, such as via clips, adhesives, ultrasonic welding, or the like. The removable housing member4506may be releasably retained to the frame member4508via clips, latches, detents, channels, recesses, or any other suitable retention feature that retains the removable housing member4506to the frame (or other component of the tag4500) while allowing it to be detached if a user applies a sufficient force to overcome the retention force provided by the features. In other respects, such as the component set and the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.), the tag4500may be substantially similar to other tags described herein. FIGS.46A-46Billustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag4600that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag4600includes a first housing member4602that defines all or substantially all of a top surface and a bottom surface, and part of the peripheral surface of the tag4600. The tag4600also includes a second housing member4604that defines a remaining the remaining parts of the peripheral surface of the tag4600. The second housing member4604may be removable from the first housing member4602and may define a battery cavity. In some cases, more or fewer housing members may be used. For example, multiple separate housing members may be used instead of the unitary first housing member4602. FIG.46Bshows the tag4600with the second housing member4604detached from the first housing member4602. The second housing member4604may define a battery cavity4610for receiving the battery4612. The tag4600may also include a battery cover4614that may be removably coupled to the second housing member4604. The battery cover4614may be retained to the second housing member4604via clips, threads, or any other suitable features. The battery cover4614may help prevent accidental release of the battery4612. The second housing member4604may be releasably retained to the first housing member4602(or any other suitable component of the tag4600) via clips, latches, detents, channels, recesses, or any other suitable retention feature that retains the second housing member4604to the tag4600) while allowing it to be detached if a user applies a sufficient force to overcome the retention force provided by the features. In other respects, such as the component set and the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.), the tag4600may be substantially similar to other tags described herein. FIGS.47A-47Cillustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag4700that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag4700includes a body portion4702and a battery holder4704. The battery holder4704may be movable relative to the body portion4702to reveal a battery cavity.FIG.47Billustrates the tag4700with the battery holder4704extended, revealing the battery cavity4710so that a battery4712may be replaced. The body portion4702may include a first housing member4705, which may define part of a bottom surface and some or all of the peripheral surface of the tag4700, and a second housing member4703, which may define part of a top surface of the tag4700. The battery holder4704may also define part of the top surface and part of the bottom surface of the tag4700. More particularly, the top and bottom surfaces of the battery holder4704may define part of the exterior top and bottom surfaces of the tag4700itself. In this way, the battery holder4704may be manipulated by a user via direct contact with the surfaces of the battery holder4704. The battery holder4704may be opened by manipulating the battery holder in a manner similar to that described with respect to the tag3500(FIGS.35A-B). For example, while the user holds the body portion4702, the user may apply a twisting or rotational motion to the battery holder4704(as indicated by arrow4701). This manipulation causes the battery holder4704to raise up relative to the body portion4702, thereby exposing the battery cavity4710. FIG.47Cillustrates a partial exploded view of the tag4700. The first housing member4705defines a first cavity4707and a second cavity4717. The first cavity4707may contain device components such as circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, antenna assemblies, processors, and the like. As noted for other tags, the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.) may be substantially similar to other tags described herein. The second housing member4703is coupled to the first housing member4705to define the exterior surfaces of the body portion4702and to at least partially enclose the first cavity4707. (Other configurations of housing members may be used instead of the first and second housing members, such as more or fewer housing members.) The battery holder4704is positioned in the second cavity4717. The first housing member4705may define a first opening4711and the second housing member4703may define a second opening4709. The battery holder4704may be accessible through the first and second openings4711,4709. More particularly, the exterior surfaces of the battery holder4704may be within the first and second openings4711,4709such that a user can pinch the surfaces of the battery holder4704to apply the necessary manipulation to extend or retract the battery holder4704. The battery holder4704and the body portion4702may include features that engage one another to cause the battery holder4704to extend upwards when twisted relative to the body portion4702. For example, in the example implementation shown inFIG.47C, the battery holder4704defines guide pins4714, and the first housing member4705defines guide slots4716that engage the guide pins4714. The guide slots4716are angled so that a twisting motion applied to the battery holder4704will extend or retract the battery holder4704as the guide pins4714slide along the guide slots4716. The tag4700may include seals to prevent ingress of liquid, dust, or other contaminants into the tag4700when the battery holder4704is in the retracted configuration.FIGS.48A-48Bare partial cross-sectional views of the tag4700, viewed along line48A-48A inFIG.47A, showing the battery holder4704in a retracted state (FIG.48A) and in an extended state (FIG.48B).FIG.48Ashows example configurations for sealing the interface between the battery holder4704and the body portion4702of the tag4700. With reference toFIG.48A, the interfaces between the battery holder4704and the first housing member4705(at the first opening4711) and between the battery holder4704and the second housing member4703(at the second opening4709) may be sealed using compliant seals. In the example shown, a first sealing member4814may be attached to a first interface surface4816of the battery holder4704. In the retracted configuration, the first sealing member4814may contact a first sealing surface4812of the first housing member4705. Similarly, a second sealing member4808may be attached to a second interface surface4806of the battery holder4704. In the retracted configuration, the second sealing member4808may contact a second sealing surface4810of the second housing member4703(which may be a surface of a ledge defined along the wall of the second opening4709). When the battery holder4704is in the retracted position, the first and second sealing members4808,4814may be forced against their respective sealing surfaces, thereby inhibiting ingress of liquids, dust, or other contaminants. The first and second sealing members4808,4814may be formed of any suitable material, such as a compliant polymer material (e.g., an elastomer, silicone, or the like). They may be attached to their respective interface surfaces via adhesive or any other suitable attachment technique (e.g., co-molding, mechanical interlocking, etc.). While the first and second sealing members4808,4814are shown attached to the battery holder4704, they may instead be attached to the sealing surfaces of the housing members. Further, other configurations of interface surfaces, sealing surfaces, and sealing members are also contemplated. In some cases, the guide slots4716may include bumps, catches, protrusions, or other features that provide a tactile indication that the battery holder4704is fully extended or fully retracted. Such features may also help retain the battery holder4704in the fully extended or retracted positions. In some cases, when the battery holder4704is in a fully retracted position (and retained in said position via the bumps, catches, protrusions, or other features), the sealing members may be compressed between their respective sealing and interface surfaces, thereby forming a positive seal against contaminants. FIGS.49A-49Billustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag4900. The tag4900has a generally circular, puck-shaped form factor, similar to other tags described herein. The tag4900may include a first housing member4902and a second housing member4904that define substantially all of the exterior surfaces of the tag4900. For example, the first housing member4902may define all of a top surface and a portion (e.g., approximately half) of a peripheral side surface of the tag4900, while the second housing member4904may define all of a bottom surface and a portion (e.g., approximately half) of the peripheral side surface of the tag4900. From the outside, the first and second housing members4902,4904may appear substantially identical to one another, thereby defining a substantially symmetrical shape. FIG.49Bis a partial exploded view of the tag4900, showing the first and second housing members4902,4904detached from one another. The tag4900may also include a sealing member4906configured to contact the first and second housing members4902,4904to inhibit ingress of liquids or other contaminants. The tag4900may include device components4908. The device components4908may include frames (e.g., frame members, antenna assemblies) circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. Indeed, the device components4908may include any of the components that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The tag4900may also include a battery4912to provide power for the electronic components. The first and second housing members4902,4904may be attached together via interlocking features defined by the first and second housing members4902,4904. For example, as shown inFIG.49B, the first housing member4902may define openings4909(or recesses or other suitable features) on a flange that mates with the second housing member4904. Correspondingly, the second housing member4904defines clips4905that engage the openings4909to retain the first and second housing members4902,4904together. The first and second housing members4902,4904may be separable by a user by prying or otherwise pulling the first and second housing members4902,4904apart (e.g., with a fingernail or other tool or implement). The openings and clips may be unitary with the first and second housing members (e.g., formed as a single piece), or they may be separate components that are attached to the first and second housing members. For example, rings that define the openings and clips may be attached to the first and second housing members. Where separate components are attached together, the components may be formed of a different material than the housing members. For example, where the housing members are polymer, rings (or other components) defining the openings and clips may be formed from metal, a different polymer material, or the like. In some cases, the openings and clips may be distributed on the housing members differently. For example, each housing member may define some openings and some clips. Retention features other than clips and openings may be used instead of or in addition to openings and clips. FIGS.50A-50Billustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag5000. The tag5000has a generally circular, puck-shaped form factor, similar to other tags described herein. The tag5000may include a body portion5002and a battery tray5004that define substantially all of the exterior surfaces of the tag5000. For example, the body portion5002may define all of a top surface, all of a bottom surface, and a portion of a peripheral side surface of the tag5000, while the battery tray5004may define a remaining portion of the peripheral side surface of the tag5000. The battery tray5004may be openable relative to the body portion5002to expose a battery cavity and facilitate battery replacement. The battery tray5004and the body portion5002may include complementary slots, slides, channels, rails, or other features that engage one another to guide the battery tray5004along a linear path into the body portion5002. The battery tray5004may be fully separable from the body portion5002, or it may be captive to the body portion5002so that it remains attached to the body portion5002even when in an open or extended position. The battery tray5004may be opened by a user pulling outwardly on the battery tray5004while holding the body portion5002. FIG.50Bis a partial exploded view of the tag5000, showing the battery tray5004removed from the body portion5002. The battery tray5004may define a battery cavity5010for receiving a battery5012therein. The body portion5002may include a first housing member5006and a second housing member5008, which together may define an opening5009that receives the battery tray5004. The tag5000may include device components5016. The device components5016may include frames (e.g., frame members, antenna assemblies) circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. Indeed, the device components5016may include any of the components that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The tag5000may also include an audio system5014, which may be any of the audio systems described herein (including, for example, an audio system that uses a portion of the second housing member5008as the diaphragm for producing audible output). FIGS.51A-51Cillustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag5100. The tag5100has a generally circular, puck-shaped form factor, similar to other tags described herein. Whereas other puck-shaped tags may stack the audio system, circuit board and battery along a central (e.g., axial) axis of the puck, the audio system of the tag5100is positioned next to (e.g., in a generally planar arrangement with) other device components. The tag5100may include a top housing member5102, which may define a top surface and a peripheral side surface of the tag5100, and a bottom housing member (or battery door)5104. The bottom housing member5104may be removably coupled to the top housing member5102, or another component of the tag5100, using any of the attachment techniques described herein, such as those described with respect toFIGS.12A-12C and14A-25C. As described herein, the tag5100may include any suitable type of audio system. As shown, the tag5100includes an audio system, within the housing, that includes a speaker that produces audio outputs. Sound from the speaker exits the tag5100through speaker openings5106that extend through the top housing member5102. FIG.51Bshows the tag5100with the bottom housing member5104removed from the top housing member5102, with the battery5112removed. The bottom housing member5104may include latch members5108that engage complementary features on the tag5100. The bottom housing member5104may also include a compliant member that biases the battery5112into the tag5100and into engagement with battery connectors, as described above. FIG.51Cis a partial exploded view of the tag5100. The tag5100may include a cover5120and a peripheral member5122to which the cover5120is attached. The cover5120and the peripheral member5122may define some or all of the top housing member5102. The cover5120may define the speaker openings5106of the top housing member5102. The tag5100also includes an audio system5124, which may be positioned below the speaker openings5106and may include a speaker as described above. In some cases, the audio system5124includes a coil and magnet to move the top housing member as a diaphragm, similar to the other audio systems described herein. The tag5100also includes a circuit board5126. The circuit board5126may include device components such as circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. The circuit board5126may have a shape that conforms to or otherwise allows the circuit board to be positioned next to the audio system5124. For example, the circuit board5126may define a clearance area5125, and the audio system5124may be nested or otherwise positioned in the clearance area5125. The tag5100may also include a frame member5128. The frame member5128may define a battery cavity5129that receives the battery5112. The frame member5128may also support other components of the tag5100. For example, the circuit board5126, antennas, and the audio system5124may be attached to the frame member5128. Further, the top and bottom housing members5102,5104may be attached to the frame member5128. The frame member5128may perform some or all of the functions of the frame member512and/or antenna assembly508of the tag500(described above). As shown inFIG.51C, the audio system5124, battery5112, and circuit board5126are all positioned roughly in the same lateral plane. Stated another way, at least some portion of each component may lie in a single plane that is generally parallel to the top surface of the cover5120. This configuration may produce a tag with a larger diameter, but a smaller axial height, than tags in which the audio system, battery, and circuit board are stacked along the axis (e.g., as shown inFIG.5B). FIGS.52A-52Cdepict an additional example embodiment of a wirelessly locatable tag5200, showing another form factor for the tag.FIG.52Aillustrates a perspective view of the tag5200, which has a generally cylindrical shape. The tag5200includes a body portion5202and a battery cover5204that may be removably coupled to the body portion5202. The body portion5202may house device components, such as circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, antenna assemblies, processors, and the like. As noted for other tags, the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.) may be substantially similar to other tags described herein. The tag5200may include an audio system that includes a speaker that produces audio outputs. Sound from the speaker exits the tag5200through speaker openings5206in the body portion5202. FIG.52Bdepicts an exploded view of the tag5200, illustrating various combinations of batteries and battery covers that may be used with the body portion5202. These components may be interchangeable, allowing a user to select aspects of the tag's appearance and function. As shown inFIG.52B, a single battery5212may be used with the battery cover5204, corresponding to the overall appearance ofFIG.52A. In another application, a larger battery cover5214may be used, along with two batteries5212, thus providing increased battery life for the tag5200. In another application, a battery cover5216may include an attachment feature5217, shown inFIG.52Bas a loop. The attachment feature5217may be used to attach the tag5200to other objects, such as a key ring or split ring, lanyard, clip, strap, or the like. In another application, a battery cover5218may include a charging port5220and may be configured for use with a rechargeable battery5222. The battery cover5218may optionally include charging and/or other battery control circuitry so that the user can choose to use either rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries with the same body portion5202. FIG.52Cillustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the tag5200, viewed along line52C-52C inFIG.52A. The tag5200may include a frame member5230in the body portion5202. The frame member5230may serve as a mounting structure for other components of the tag5200, such as a circuit board5226, an audio system5224(which may include a speaker and which directs sound out of the speaker openings5206), or the like. In some cases, one or more antennas are mounted to the frame member5230in a manner similar to the antenna assembly508described above. The circuit board5226may include a substrate and may include processors, memory, and other circuit elements that generally perform the electrical and/or computational functions of the tag5200. The circuit board5226may also include conductors and/or electrical interconnects that electrically couple the various electrical components of the tag5200. The circuit board5226may also include or be coupled to the battery5212. The battery cover5204may be releasably retained to the main body5202in any suitable way. For example, the battery cover5204may thread onto the main body5202, or it may be retained using friction and/or an interference fit. The battery cover5204and/or the body5202may include locking or latching mechanisms to inhibit accidental removal of the battery cover5204. More particularly, the battery cover5204may include latches, catches, or other features that must be released or disengaged (e.g., by squeezing, applying a tool, or the like) before the battery cover5204can be removed by pulling or twisting. The tag5200may include a sealing member5228configured to inhibit ingress of liquid, dust, or other contaminants into the tag5200. In some cases, the tag5200may have the same or substantially the same overall size and shape as a battery, such as an “AA” or “AAA” size battery (or any other size or form factor of battery). In such cases, the tag5200may be used in place of a conventional battery to allow convenient location tracking of many different battery-operated devices. Accordingly, a device like a remote control, flashlight, camera, or the like, may be made wirelessly locatable without having to attach an external component, modify the device, or otherwise change the functionality or usability of the device. Where the tag5200is configured to replace a battery, the tag5200(or a different but similarly shaped tag) may define a positive terminal and a negative terminal on exterior locations that correspond to the locations of positive and negative terminals of an “AA” or other sized battery (e.g., at locations5203,5205inFIG.52A). The tag5200may be configured to pass current from the negative terminal5205to the positive terminal5203of the tag5200such that the tag5200does not disrupt the power circuit of the device and allows the device to operate normally (using the power provided from other batteries of the device), albeit with reduced battery capacity. In some cases the battery5212of the tag5200may provide power to the components of the tag5200, while also providing power through the external terminals5203,5205of the tag5200, thereby allowing the tag5200to provide power to the device in which it is installed, while also providing wireless tracking functionality for the device. FIGS.53A-53Cillustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag5300having another form factor. In particular, the tag5300has a generally flat, rectangular-prism shaped exterior housing. The tag5300includes a first housing member5302that defines all or substantially all of a top surface and part of the peripheral surface of the tag5300. The tag5300also includes a second housing member5304that defines part of (e.g., approximately half of) a bottom surface of the tag5300and part of the peripheral surface of the tag5300. The second housing member5304may not be intended to be removed by a user of the tag5300. The tag5300may also include a third housing member5306, which may also define part of (e.g., approximately half of) the bottom surface of the tag5300and part of the peripheral surface of the tag5300. FIG.53Bshows a partial cross-sectional view of the tag5300, viewed along line53B-53B inFIG.53A, showing an example arrangement of components within the tag5300. The tag5300may include a battery5312, an audio system5314, and device components5310. The device components5310may include circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. Indeed, the device components5310may include any of the components that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The audio system5314may operate similar to other audio systems described herein. For example, a coil may be attached to an interior surface of the first housing member5302, and a magnet may provide a magnetic field to allow the coil to operate as a speaker. By passing a signal (e.g., current) through the coil, a portion of the first housing member5302can move in a manner similar to a speaker diaphragm. Further, the audio system may be used to produce tactile outputs that a user can feel when touching the first housing member5302. Of course, other types of audio systems and/or tactile output generators may be used instead of or in addition to the audio system5314. The third housing member5306may be removable to provide access to a battery cavity.FIG.53Cillustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the tag5300with the third housing member5306removed from the rest of the tag5300. The third housing member5306may define at least part of a battery cavity for a battery5312. Features of the third housing member5306may engage corresponding features of the first and/or second housing members5302,5304, or any other component of the tag5300(e.g., a frame member), to retain the third housing member5306to the tag5300while also allowing it to be removed for battery replacement. Such features may include clips, latches, detents, or the like. The third housing member5306may be removed from the tag5300by prying with a fingernail, tool, or other implement inserted in a gap between the third housing member5306and another part of the tag5300. In other respects, such as the component set and the function and arrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.), the tag5300may be substantially similar to other tags described herein, and the tag5300may include any of the components and/or provide any of the features of any tag described herein. FIGS.54A-54Billustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag5400having a generally flat, rectangular-prism shaped exterior housing. The tag5400includes a first housing member5402and a second housing member5404, which may be removably coupled to the first housing member5402. The tag5400is similar to the tag5300, but has a different arrangement of components within the housing.FIG.54Billustrates the tag5400with the first housing member5402detached from the second housing member5404. The tag5400includes two batteries5412, an audio system5414, and device components5410. The device components5410and audio system5414may be the same as or similar to the corresponding components in the tag5300, and for brevity their details may not be repeated here. Due to the extra battery, the tag5400may have increased battery life as compared to single-battery tags. FIGS.55A-55Billustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag5500having a generally flat, rectangular-prism shaped exterior housing. The tag5500includes a first housing member5502and a second housing member5504, which may be removably coupled to the first housing member5502. The tag5500may be configured to use a conventional speaker or other audio-producing component, and may therefore include speaker openings5506that extend through the first housing member5502. FIG.55Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag5500, viewed along line55B-55B inFIG.55A. The tag5500includes a battery5512and device components5510, which may be the same as or similar to the corresponding components in other tags described herein, and for brevity their details may not be repeated here. The tag5500also includes a speaker5508(or other suitable audio-producing component) that produces audio outputs, which in turn pass through the speaker openings5506to be perceived by a user. As described elsewhere herein, the functionality of a wirelessly locatable tag may be incorporated into other types of devices and/or integrated with other components, accessories, features, or the like. In one such example, as shown inFIGS.56A-56B, a wirelessly locatable tag may be incorporated into a device that includes a built-in attachment cord or strap. The tag5600may include a body portion5602and a cord portion5604. The body portion5602may include some or all of the components that provide the functionality of a wirelessly locatable tag, such as circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or any other components that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The cord portion5604may be a flexible rope, cable, or other member that can be attached to another object. In some cases, electronic components of the tag5600are housed in or incorporated in the cord portion5604. For example, an antenna (e.g., a flexible conductor such as a wire or metallized thread) may be incorporated in the cord portion5605. Flexible conductors incorporated into a cord portion may be used for other operations or features as well, such as carrying signals, detecting contact with other objects or people, or the like. The body portion5602may define a first portion5606and a second portion5608, which can be separate from one another to allow the loop to be opened and the tag5600to be attached to another object.FIG.56Bshows the tag5600in an open configuration, in which the first portion5606is separated from the second portion5608. The first and/or second portions5606,5608may include retention features5616that releasably retain the first and second portions together. The retention features5616may include, for example, clips, latches, magnets, or the like. The body portion5602may be separable by simply pulling the first and second portions5606,5608apart, though in other cases a user must perform other manipulations, such as unlocking or unlatching a retention feature, twisting, prying, using a tool, or the like. The tag5600may include sensors or other systems that detect whether the tag5600is in an open (FIG.56B) or closed (FIG.56A) configuration. Such sensors may include for example Hall effect sensors, accelerometers (which detect a characteristic motion caused by the tag being opened or closed), microphones (which detect a characteristic sound caused by the tag being opened or closed), optical sensors, or the like. The tag5600may perform different actions based on whether the tag5600is open or closed. For example, the tag5600may power down or transition to a low-power mode (e.g., deactivating one or more systems or processes) when the tag5600is open, and power up or transition to a normal operating mode when the tag5600is closed. As another example, upon detecting that the tag5600has been opened or closed, the tag5600may send, via a cloud-based service, a message indicating the change in the tag's status. An owner or other authorized individual may receive a message from the cloud-based service that provides information about the tag, such as its location, when it was opened, where it was when it was opened, the time when it was opened, or the like. The tag5600may include input and/or output components accessible on the outside of the tag5600. For example, the tag5600includes optional buttons5612with which a user may interact to control aspects of the tag5600. For example, the buttons5612may control operations such as turning the tag5600on or off, causing the tag to enter a pairing mode, causing the tag to send a “lost” message, or the like. The buttons5612may include moving parts and mechanical actuating components (e.g., dome switches). In some cases, the buttons5612may be defined by touch-sensitive input regions (e.g., capacitive touch-sensing regions). The tag5600may also include output components, such as a display5614, which may include or use any suitable display technology such as LED, LCD, OLED, E ink, or the like. The display5614may display various types of information. For example, the display5614may display status information about the tag5600, including battery charge level, an owner's name, the status of the tag (e.g., if it has been reported lost), or the like. In some cases, the display5614may display different information if the tag is reported lost. For example, upon receiving an indication that the tag has been reported to be lost, the display5614may begin displaying a message indicating that it has been reported lost and providing instructions on how the user wants the lost item to be handled (e.g., do not move from this location, return to owner, call owner, etc.). The tag5600may also include indicator lights5610. The indicator lights5610may be LEDs or any other suitable light sources. The indicator lights5610may indicate a status of the device, such as a power state, battery charge level, operating mode, lost/not lost status, or the like. In some cases, the indicator lights5610may be activated in response to the tag5600being reported lost. For example, the indicator lights may flash (or remain steadily illuminated) to alert nearby people to the presence of the tag and its status as being lost. The indicator lights5610may be used for other purposes as well. FIG.57depicts another example tag5700having a similar configuration as the tag5600but having a different approach to opening and closing the loop of the cord. In particular, the tag5700includes a body portion5702, which may be the same as or substantially similar to the body portion5602, except that the body portion5702may not be separable. Instead, the cord portion5704is removably coupled to the body portion5702at least at one end of the cord portion5704, thereby allowing the tag5700to be attached to other objects by forming a loop with the cord portion5704. The cord portion5704may include a connector5708that mates with a connector5706of the body portion5702. The connectors5708,5706may include retention features such as clips, latches, magnets, or the like. The tag5700may detect whether the cord portion5704is attached to or detached from the body portion5702, and cause the tag5700to operate in a certain way based on the determination, as described above. The tag5700may include sensors to determine when the cord portion is attached or detached. Such sensors may include for example Hall effect sensors, accelerometers (which detect a characteristic motion caused by the cord portion being attached or detached), microphones (which detect a characteristic sound caused by the cord portion being attached or detached), optical sensors, or the like. FIGS.58A-58Cillustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag5800, showing yet another form factor for a tag that provides some or all of the tag functionality described herein. In particular, the tag5800has a generally rectangular shape with a small thickness dimension, allowing the tag5800to fit into small places like a credit card slot in a wallet, or a side pocket of a purse, or the like. In some cases, the tag5800has a thickness dimension (e.g., the height of the tag5800as viewed inFIG.58B) that is less than about 5.0 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 2.0 mm, or about 1.0 mm. FIG.58Ashows a top view of the tag5800. Some internal components of the tag5800are shown in phantom lines. For example, the tag5800may include a battery5812, a wireless charging coil5810, and device components5814. The device components5814may include some or all of the components that provide the functionality of a wirelessly locatable tag, such as circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or any other components that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. FIG.58Bshows a partial cross-sectional view of the tag5800, viewed along line58B-58B inFIG.58A.FIG.58Bshows an example arrangement of the components of the tag5800. The tag5800may include a housing5801(FIG.58A) that defines the exterior surfaces of the tag5800and defines an internal volume of the tag. The housing5801may include a bottom housing member5802, which may define the bottom surface and some or all of the peripheral side surface of the tag5800, and a top housing member5804, which may define the top surface of the tag5800. Other configurations of housing members are also contemplated. The battery5812may be stacked above the wireless charging coil5810. The battery5812may be charged by placing the tag5800on a suitable wireless charger, which may have a transmitting coil configured to inductively couple to the charging coil5810and provide wireless power to the coil5810that is then used to charge the battery. The device components5814may include control circuits that control the power being provided to the battery5812from the charging coil5810. FIG.58Cillustrates another example wirelessly locatable tag5820. The tag5820may be substantially identical to the tag5800, except that instead of a wireless charging coil5810, the tag5820includes charging contacts5830that provide power to the battery5832and/or other electronic components of the tag5820. The charging contacts5830may include exposed electrically conductive members (e.g., copper pads) that are exposed along or otherwise define part of the bottom exterior surface of the tag5820. The tag5820may be charged by placing the charging contacts5830in contact with corresponding contacts of a battery charger. The tag5820may also include first and second housing members5824,5822, and device components5834, each of which may be the same as or similar to the corresponding components of the tag5800. Further, the tags5800,5820may include audio systems to provide audible and/or tactile outputs. The audio systems may include piezoelectric elements or other materials or components that can be implemented in a low-profile housing such as that shown inFIGS.58A-58C. The housing members of the various tags described herein (e.g., the components of the tags that define the exterior surfaces of the tags and/or the body portions of the tags) may be formed from any suitable material. For example, the housing members may be formed from or include polymers, metals, composites (e.g., fiber-reinforced polymers), or the like. Similarly, any of the frames, frame members, antenna assemblies, of the tags described herein may be formed from materials such as polymers, composites (e.g., fiber-reinforced polymers), or the like. Tag components such as frames, housing members, circuit boards, or the like, may be coupled to one another in various ways, including but not limited to ultrasonic welds, adhesives, heat stakes, rivets, mechanically interlocked features, laser welds, melt bonds, or the like. While the various example tags described herein may focus on a particular set of components and features, the tags may include or provide more, fewer, or different components and features. For example, tags as described herein may include displays that can provide graphical outputs including text, images, or the like. Such displays may be incorporated in the tags so that they can be seen by a user. The displays may include any suitable display technology, including LED, LCD, OLED, E ink, or the like. Displays may also incorporate touch and/or force sensing systems that detect touch- and or force-based inputs applied to the display. Inputs applied to a touch- and/or force-sensitive display may control operational aspects of a tag, such as by changing operating modes, changing settings, inputting data, and the like. Tags may also include other visual output systems, such as indicator lights, which also provide visual output to a user (e.g., indicating an operating mode of the tag, a power state, whether the tag has been reported as lost, etc.). As noted above, various different types of audio systems are contemplated for use with the wirelessly locatable tags described herein. For example, one type of audio system may use a wall of a housing member that defines an exterior surface of the tag as a sound-producing element or diaphragm. Another type of audio system may include a speaker that produces sound which then passes through openings in the housing. Yet another type of audio system is a piezoelectric element that can either move a portion of a housing member (as a diaphragm) or move a separate diaphragm or member to produce sound. It will be understood that tags that are described as using one type of audio system may additionally or instead use another type of audio system. In order to begin using the tags described herein, an initialization or pairing process may be performed, in which the tag communicates with another device, such as a smartphone, laptop, desktop, or tablet computer, or the like. The initialization process may be used to associate a particular tag with a particular user or user account in the device-location relay network. The initialization process may also be used to establish a trusted communication link between the tag and a particular device. This trusted communication link may allow the device to interact with the tag in ways that are not accessible to other (e.g., untrusted) devices. For example, a tag that has been paired with a user's smartphone may allow that smartphone to control the operation of the tag, change its mode of operation, or the like, while other devices (e.g., devices with which the tag has not been paired) may be unable to perform these actions. In some cases, an initialization mode may be entered by providing an input to a tag. For example, a tag may include a button, switch, or other input mechanism that a user can manipulate (e.g., push) to cause the tag to enter an initialization mode. When the input is detected by the tag, the tag may enter the initialization mode in which the tag may perform certain actions. For example, as described above, the tag may begin sending a beacon signal or change (e.g., increase) the frequency at which it is sending a beacon signal. The beacon signal may be a wireless communication via a Bluetooth protocol, a UWB protocol, or the like, and may be detectable by another device such as a smartphone or computer. Once an initialization process is complete, the tag may enter a “normal” operating mode, which may include changing (e.g., decreasing) the frequency of its beacon signal. In some cases, tags may not have input devices, or they may be configured so that its input devices do not function to activate an initialization mode. In such cases, other techniques may be used to cause the device to enter an initialization mode. For example, a tag may be configured to enter an initialization mode in response to the onset of power being provided to the tag from a battery or other power source. In such cases, upon power being provided to the tag, the tag may activate an initialization mode for a duration, such as one minute, five minutes, or any other suitable duration. After this duration expires, the user can reactivate the initialization mode, if required, by removing and reinserting the battery (or otherwise interrupting the power supply to the tag). Where tags are provided or sold with the batteries in place, such as in one of the battery cavities of the tags described above, the tag may include an insulating material between the battery and a contact of a battery connector. Upon removal of the insulating material (which a user may simply pull out of the tag using a provided pull-tab or handle), power is supplied to the tag and the initialization mode is activated. Other techniques for causing tags to activate an initialization mode are also contemplated. For example, a tag may include a battery door that can be moved between two positions. In a first position, the battery door may be securely retained to the tag but configured so that power does not flow from the battery to the tag's circuitry, and in a second position, the battery door may also be securely retained to the tag but configured so that power does flow to the tag's circuitry. The user can simply move the battery door from the first position to the second position, which will cause power to be provided to the tag's circuitry and thus activate the initialization mode. The flow of power from the battery may be interrupted by an internal switching mechanism, by physically separating the battery from a battery contact, or any other suitable technique. In some cases, the tag may include a sensor to determine the position of the battery door. For example, the tag may include a Hall effect sensor, optical sensor, capacitive sensor, or the like. Upon sensing that the battery door has been moved to the second position, the tag may activate the initialization mode. As yet another example, a tag may be provided with a battery tray or door partially or fully detached from the rest of the tag. Attaching or inserting the battery tray or door may cause the tag to begin receiving power and thus enter the initialization mode. As another example, a tag may include an accelerometer, and upon detecting an acceleration or motion characteristic of a particular type of input (e.g., a tap, a particular pattern of taps, a shake, or the like), the tag may activate the initialization mode. As yet another example, if the tag includes an audio system that can be used to detect deformations of the housing (such as the audio systems described with respect toFIG.26B), the tag may activate the initialization mode in response to detecting a particular input via the audio system (e.g., a single press, a single press having a particular duration, a particular pattern of presses). The tag may include sensors that determine when the tag has been removed from packaging, and activate an initialization mode upon detecting that it has been removed from the packaging. For example, the tag may include a light sensor that detects when it is removed from an opaque packaging. As another example, it may include an oxygen sensor that detects when it is removed from a sealed packaging. As yet another example, it may include a Hall effect sensor, capacitive sensor, magnetic sensor, or other suitable sensor that detects when a conductive or magnetic component of a packaging (e.g., a strip of metal attached to a box lid) is moved away from the tag. As yet another example, tag packaging may include a spring-loading mechanism that imparts a characteristic motion to the tag when the packaging is opened. An accelerometer in the tag may detect the characteristic motion and trigger the initialization mode upon detecting the motion. As yet another example, tag packaging may include or define a Faraday cage, and the tag may activate an initialization mode upon detecting wireless signals (which may occur once the tag is removed from the Faraday cage). When initializing a tag, a smartphone (or other device such as a tablet computer) communicates with the tag, as described above. The tag may be configured to activate or trigger an initialization mode on the smartphone. For example, as described herein, wirelessly locatable tags may include NFC antennas. The smartphone may include an NFC reader that can detect when it is within a certain distance of the NFC antenna of the tag (e.g., three inches, or any other suitable distance), and in response to detecting that it is within that distance, trigger an initialization mode or initialization process. This may include launching an application on the smartphone or displaying graphical objects (e.g., a graphical user interface) that guides a user through the initialization process. In some cases, the tag itself may detect when an NFC reader of another device communicates with the tag via NFC, and upon detecting a communication with the other device, the tag may activate its initialization mode. Thus, the initialization mode of the tag may be activated by the action of bringing the tag and other device into close proximity (e.g., within NFC communication range, such as about three inches or less). In such cases, prior to bringing a smartphone into NFC range of the tag, the user may activate an application or otherwise cause his or her smartphone to enter a mode in which the phone's NFC reader will communicate with the tag. In this manner, initialization of the tag may be simplified and streamlined, as the user can simply request the initialization mode on a phone, tap the phone on the tag, and the initialization process will begin. Tags described herein use batteries to provide power to the electrical components. The batteries may be non-rechargeable batteries, which can be replaced when they are exhausted, or they may be rechargeable batteries, which can be recharged and reused multiple times. Battery replacement, either of rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries, may be facilitated by the housing designs, described herein, that provide access to a battery cavity to allow the batteries to be removed by a user. In implementations where rechargeable batteries are used, tags may be provided with non-removable batteries, and the tags may include charging components that allow the batteries to be recharged while they remain housed in the tags. Various types of charging components may be incorporated into wirelessly locatable tags to facilitate the charging of rechargeable batteries.FIGS.59-60illustrate two example wirelessly locatable tags using different charging components.FIG.59shows a wirelessly locatable tag5900that is configured for wireless charging. More particularly, the tag5900may be configured to be placed on or proximate to a wireless charger5902. The wireless charger5902may include an output coil that is configured to inductively couple to a charging coil in the tag5900. Via electromagnetic interaction with the output coil, the charging coil in the tag provides (wireless) power to battery charging circuitry in the tag5900, thereby charging the battery (and optionally providing power directly to circuitry of the tag5900). In particular, the output coil may produce a magnetic field, which in turn induces a current in the charging coil of the tag, and the induced current may be used to recharge the tag's battery. The housings of the tag5900and the charger5902may be configured to limit or minimize shielding of or interference with the inductive coupling between the charging and the output coil. For example, the tag5900and the charger5902may be configured so that the portions of the housing that are between the output and charging coils are substantially nonconductive, such as a polymer material. The charger5902and tag5900may also include an alignment system to help a user properly align the tag5900relative to the charger5902to facilitate wireless charging. Such alignment systems may include magnets, complementary protrusions/recesses (or other complementary physical features), visual alignment indicators, or the like. While the charger5902is shown as a circular puck-style charger, this is merely one example embodiment of an external charging device, and the concepts discussed herein may apply equally or by analogy to other external charging devices, including charging mats, docks, electronic devices with built-in wireless charging functionality (e.g., alarm clocks, another electronic device such as a mobile phone or tablet computer), differently shaped chargers, or the like. FIG.60shows a wirelessly locatable tag6000with a charging port6002configured to receive power cable6004. The power cable6004supplies electrical power to the tag6000, which is used to charge the battery and optionally provide power to the tag6000while the battery is charging. In some cases, tags may include both a charging port and wireless charging systems, thereby allowing a user to use either wired or wireless charging. In some cases, it may be desirable to operate a wirelessly locatable tag indefinitely, without having to replace or recharge a battery. This may be particularly useful in cases where tags are used in static installations to help users locate certain objects (e.g., fire extinguishers, defibrillators), to automatically trigger users' devices to take certain actions (e.g., triggering a user interface object to appear on a user's phone when a user approaches a location such as a painting, retail display, or the like), or any other instance where tags are stationary and/or it is desired to provide continuous power or otherwise obviate the need to replace batteries (e.g., in a vehicle). To accommodate these and other use cases, mounting bases may be provided that attach to tags in place of the batteries (and optionally in place of a battery door). The mounting bases may securely support the tags and also provide electrical power to the tags instead of a battery. FIGS.61A-65Billustrate an example mounting base system that may be used to hold and provide power to wirelessly locatable tags.FIG.61Aillustrates an example tag6102, which may be an embodiment of the tag500, described above. The tag6102is shown with a bottom housing member (or battery door)6104and battery removed. The bottom housing member6104includes latch members6106that engage corresponding features of the tag6102(e.g., channels or recesses) to releasably retain the bottom housing member6104to the tag6102. FIG.61Aalso shows a mounting base6108to which the tag6102may be coupled in place of the bottom housing member6104and the battery.FIG.61Bshows the tag6102coupled to the mounting base6108. The mounting base6108includes latch members6110, which may have a shape that is the same as or substantially similar to the latch members6106of the bottom housing member6104. For example, the latch members6110may be configured to engage the same features of the tag6102that the latch members6106engage to retain the bottom housing member6104to the tag6102. In this way, the tag6102may be attached to and detached from the mounting base6108in substantially the same manner as the bottom housing member6104and without requiring a different set of attachment features in the tag6102for each of the bottom housing member and the mounting base. The mounting base6108may also include a contact block6112that is disposed in the battery cavity of the tag6102when the tag6102is attached to the mounting base6108. The contact block6112may have a shape that is the same as or similar to at least a portion of the battery that is designed to fit in the tag6102. In this way, the contact block6112may extend into the battery cavity of the tag6102and engage the battery connector of the tag6102in a manner that is the same as or similar to the type of battery that powers the tag6102. The mounting base6108may include or be attached to a cable6109, which may provide power (e.g., an input current) to the tag6102through the mounting base6108, and more particularly, through conductive members that are integrated with the contact block and engage with the battery connector of the tag6102. The contact block6112may be formed of a polymer or other insulating or substantially non-conductive material. The non-conductive material allows the mounting base6108to support conductive members (described with respect toFIG.62) that provide electrical current to the tag6102, without shorting the conductive members together. FIG.62shows additional details of the mounting base6108. The mounting base6108includes the contact block6112. The mounting base6108may also include first and second conductive members6202,6204. The first conductive members6202may be positioned in a location that generally corresponds to the negative terminal of a button cell battery. Accordingly, due to the position of the first conductive members6202, when the tag6102is mounted on the mounting base6108, the first conductive members6202may conductively couple to the deflectable arm of the battery connector that is configured to contact the negative terminal of the button cell battery (e.g., the third deflectable arm1008,FIG.10B). Similarly, the second conductive members6204may be positioned more towards the periphery of the contact block6112, at a location that generally corresponds to the positive terminal of the button cell battery. The second conductive members6204may thus conductively couple to the deflectable arms of the battery connector that is configured to contact the positive terminal of the button cell battery (e.g., the first and second deflectable arms1004,1006,FIG.10B). The first and second conductive members6202,6204may provide electrical power to the tag6102to power the tag in the absence of the battery. The power provided may mimic the power provided by a battery. For example, the mounting base6108may provide 1.5 volt direct current to the tag6102via the first and second conductive members6202,6204. In some cases, the power delivered through the cable6109is 1.5 volt direct current, in which case the current may be provided directly from the cable6109to the first and second conductive members6202,6204. More generally, the power delivered through the cable6109may be supplied from a DC power supply that provides the same or similar DC power that would otherwise be provided by the battery or batteries that power the tag. In other cases, the cable6109delivers electrical power with different characteristics to the mounting base6108(e.g., 120 volt alternating current, 5 volts direct current, etc.). In such cases, the mounting base6108may include one or more power conversion systems to convert incoming power to a voltage or current suitable to operate the tag6102(e.g., an ac-to-dc converter). Such systems may include, for example, air core or magnetic core transformers, switched-mode power supplies (e.g., boost converters, buck converters, boost-buck converters, or other chopper circuits), analog voltage regulation circuits (e.g., voltage regulators, voltage reducers, clamp circuits, voltage divider circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, compensation networks, rectifier circuits, inverter circuits, and the like), or the like. The cable6109may be permanently attached to the mounting base6108(as shown), or it may be removable. For example, the mounting base6108may include a port for receiving the plug of a USB cable or other suitable power cable. The power cable6109may be configured to plug into a power supply. For example, the power cable6109may be configured to plug into a residential AC power supply. In some cases, instead of or in addition to the power cable6109, a plug (e.g., a two- or three-prong plug) may be integrated with the mounting base. In such cases, when the mounting base6108is plugged into an outlet, the mounting base may be mechanically supported in place by the physical plug/outlet connection. The first and second conductive members6202,6204are arranged so that at least one of the first conductive members6202and at least one of the second conductive members6204contacts the battery connector of the tag6102regardless of the radial position of the tag6102relative to the mounting base6108when they are attached. In the example shown, the tag6102can be attached to the mounting base6108in three different orientations, due to the three latch members and three corresponding engagement features of the tag6102. The first and second conductive members6202,6204are arranged in three pairs so that power is supplied to the battery connector regardless of which orientation the tag6102is in. Other configurations of first and second conductive members6202,6204are also contemplated to ensure that power is provided regardless of tag orientation. Further, the orientation, position, shape, or other aspect of the first and second conductive members6202,6204may be designed in conjunction with the particular battery connector configuration of the tag6102. Thus, while the arrangement of the first and second conductive members6202,6204are configured to mate with the battery connector900(FIG.9), different arrangements may be used to mate with different battery connectors (e.g., those shown inFIGS.11A-11D). FIG.63is an exploded view of the mounting base6108. The mounting base may include the contact block6112and its associated first and second conductive members6202,6204. The mounting base6108may include a housing6312to which the other components of the mounting base6108may be coupled. The housing6312may define the latch members6110(e.g., the latch members6110and the housing6312may be a single unitary piece of material), or they may be separate members that are attached to the housing6312. The housing6312may define an opening6311through which the end of the cable6109may extend. The cable6109may include a strain relief structure6309that helps prevent damage to the cable6109(and/or termination points of the wires inside the housing6312) due to bending or twisting relative to the housing6312. The cable6109may include conductors6310that carry electrical power to the mounting base6108and that are terminated on a circuit board6306. Where the cable6109includes other conductors that are not used for carrying power to the mounting base6108(e.g., wires for data transfer), those conductors may be terminated to the circuit board but not used (e.g., they may be grounded), or they may be terminated to communications circuitry to allow communications between the mounting base6108and other devices. The cable6109may include other components such as chokes, filters, or the like. The cable6109may have a plug or connector at a free end, such as a USB connector, a wall plug, or the like. In some cases, instead of a flexible cable such as the cable6109, a power connector (e.g., a plug for a wall outlet) may be incorporated directly with the housing of the housing6312of the mounting base6108. For example, a plug for a wall outlet may extend from a surface of the housing6312. With such a system, a user can plug mounting bases directly into wall outlets and attach tags directly to those bases, thereby providing convenient power and mounting locations for the tags. In some cases, a tag may be programmed, controlled, or communicated with through the mounting base6108via the cable6109. Further, mounting bases may include additional components or circuitry that supplements that of an attached tag. For example, the mounting base6108may include communications systems (wired or wireless) that the tag lacks, or communications systems with a longer wireless range than the tag itself. In such cases, the tag may communicate with other devices (e.g., phones, computers, other tags) through the communications circuitry of the mounting base. The circuit board6306may include other electronic components, such as processors, memory, power control circuitry, communications circuitry, or any other components that facilitate operation of the mounting base6108and/or an attached tag. The housing6312may also define a barometric vent6313. The barometric vent6313may be an opening that fluidly couples an interior volume of the mounting base6108to the exterior environment. As shown, the barometric vent6313fluidly couples the interior volume of the mounting base to the opening6311. The opening6311may be fluidly coupled with the exterior environment even when the cable6109extends through the opening6311. The barometric vent6313facilitates the equalization of pressure between the interior volume of the mounting base6108, as well as the interior volume of an attached tag, and the exterior environment. The barometric vent6313may include other components such as screens, waterproof and air-permeable membranes, and the like. Further, the barometric vent6313may be positioned elsewhere on the housing6312, such as through a bottom wall or side wall of the housing6312. The contact block6112may be attached to the housing6312and the circuit board6306via adhesive layers6302,6304, respectively. The adhesive layers (as well as the circuit board6306) may include openings, gaps, or discontinuities, or otherwise be configured so that air can pass between an attached tag and the interior volume of the housing6312, thereby facilitating pressure equalization throughout the assembly. FIG.64shows an exploded view of a portion of the mounting base6108, showing the contact block6112and the first and second conductive members6202,6204. The first and second conductive members6202,6204may be positioned in openings, recesses, cavities, or other features in the contact block6112, and may be conductively coupled to the circuit board6306(FIG.63) so that electrical power can be supplied to an attached tag through the first and second conductive members6202,6204. The first and second conductive members6202,6204may be secured to the contact block6112via adhesives, fasteners, or the like. In some cases, the first and second conductive members6202,6204are insert molded with the contact block6112, thereby securing the first and second conductive members6202,6204to the contact block6112and forming an integrated assembly. The first and/or second conductive members6202,6204may be deflectable and/or deformable, and may be biased towards the battery connector of a tag to facilitate intimate contact between the first and/or second conductive members6202,6204and the battery connector to ensure electrical conductivity between the deflectable arms and the conductive members.FIGS.65A-65Billustrate partial cross-sectional views of the mounting base6108with the tag6102coupled to the mounting base6108such that the first and second conductive members6202,6204contact the deflectable arms of a battery connector. For ease of illustration and understanding, some components of the mounting base6108and the tag6102are omitted or modified. Further, while the tag6102may be an embodiment of the tag500, some of the components (e.g., the battery connector, the first and second conductive members6202,6204) may be modified for clarity and/or to aid in illustration and explanation. It will be understood that the features, functions, and/or principles shown and described with respect to the tag6102inFIGS.65A-65Bapply equally to the tag500and its specific components and configurations. FIG.65Aillustrates a partial cross-sectional view through a portion of the mounting base6108and tag6102where a first conductive member6202contacts a first deflectable arm6508of a battery connector6506of the tag6102. The battery connector6506may be an embodiment of the battery connector900(FIG.9), and may be attached to a circuit board6504, which may be an embodiment of the circuit board510(FIG.5B). At least a portion of the first deflectable arm6508may extend through an opening in a frame member6502of the tag, which may be an embodiment of the frame member512(FIG.5B), to allow the first deflectable arm6508to contact the first conductive member6202. The first deflectable arm6508may be biased downwards, while the first conductive member6202may be biased upwards. When the tag6102is coupled to the mounting base6108, the first deflectable arm6508may be deflected upwards by the first conductive member6202. In some cases, the first conductive member6202may be deflected downwards by the first deflectable arm6508(and/or it may be deflected downwards by a surface of the tag, such as a surface of the frame member6502). The biasing forces of the first deflectable arm6508and the first conductive member6202thus force the first deflectable arm6508and first conductive member6202into contact with one another. Additionally, the first conductive member6202may contact the bottom surface of the frame member6502, thereby forcing the tag6102generally upwards relative to the mounting base6108. This upward force on the tag6102may help retain the tag6102to the mounting base6108. For example, as described above, a biasing force between the bottom housing member and the main body portion of a tag may provide a force that maintains the latch members of the bottom housing member in a secure engagement with the engagement features (e.g., recesses) of the tag. When the battery door is attached to the tag, this biasing force may be provided by a compliant member, such as the compliant member518(FIG.5B). Accordingly, the first conductive member6202may provide a similar biasing force against the tag6102to maintain the engagement between the latch members6110and the tag6102. FIG.65Billustrates a partial cross-sectional view through a portion of the mounting base6108and tag6102where a second conductive member6204contacts a second deflectable arm6510of a battery connector6506of the tag6102. At least a portion of the second deflectable arm6510may extend through an opening in a frame member6502of the tag to allow the second deflectable arm6510to contact the second conductive member6204. The second deflectable arm6510may be biased towards the battery cavity (e.g., to the right inFIG.65B). The second conductive member6204may be static (e.g., not deflectable and/or not biased in any particular direction), or it may be biased towards the second deflectable arm6510(e.g., to the left inFIG.65B). The biasing force of the second deflectable arm6510may facilitate intimate contact between the second deflectable arm6510and the second conductive member6204to ensure electrical conductivity between the second deflectable arm6510and the second conductive member6204. The mounting base6108uses latch members6110to couple to the tag6102. As noted, the latch members6110may be configured substantially the same as the latch members of the battery door used for the tag6102. Thus, the operation of coupling the tag6102to the mounting base6108may be the same as or similar to the operation of coupling the battery door to the tag6102. Where the tag6102is an embodiment of the tag500, this may include pressing the tag6102and the mounting base6108together axially, and then twisting the tag6102relative to the mounting base6108to engage the latch members6110with a recess or undercut region that traps the latch members6110to retain the tag6102to the mounting base6108. Other types of fastening mechanisms may be used instead of or in addition to the latch members6110. For example,FIGS.66-67illustrate several other examples of mounting bases that use different techniques to couple to a tag. FIG.66illustrates an example mounting base6600that is configured to semi-permanently attach to a tag, such as the tag6102. In particular, instead of latch members that are configured to operate substantially identically to the latch members of the tag's battery door, the mounting base6600is configured so that the tag cannot be detached without breaking or risking breaking the tag and/or the mounting base6600. To accomplish this, the mounting base6600may include latch members6604and blocking features6602proximate the latch members6604. The latch members6604may be configured to engage a channel, ledge, recess, or other feature of the tag such that the tag is axially retained to the mounting base6600. The blocking features6602may also engage the tag to prevent or inhibit rotational movement of the tag. In this way, it may be difficult or impossible to rotate the tag relative to the mounting base6600in a way that will non-destructively disengage the latch members6604from the tag. Further, the latch members6604may not be accessible to a user to allow the user to disengage the latch members6604from the tag. Accordingly, the tag may be securely retained to the mounting base6600. This may be useful in instances where the tags are to be used with the mounting base6600indefinitely, and/or are installed in static locations or displays. For example, the mounting base6600may be used to secure a tag to or near a fire extinguisher, emergency exit, exhibit (e.g., in a museum), retail display, or the like. The mounting base6600may provide power to the battery using a contact block as described with respect to other mounting bases described herein. FIG.67illustrates an example mounting base6710that is configured to attach to a tag using a threaded attachment system. In particular, a tag, which is otherwise similar to the tag6102, may include a threaded interface (e.g., a threaded recess) that may be used to attach a battery door with a corresponding threaded feature. Accordingly, the mounting base6710may include or define a threaded feature6714(e.g., a threaded cylinder) that is configured to engage the corresponding threaded feature of a wirelessly locatable tag. The mounting base6710may include latching features, such as pawls, that semi-permanently retain the tag to the mounting base. For example, one or more pawls of the mounting base6710may engage the tag when the tag is threaded onto the mounting base6710, thereby inhibiting the tag from being un-threaded from the mounting base6710(without risking damage to the tag and/or the mounting base). Such features may be implemented for applications where the tag is not meant to be removed from the mounting base6710such as permanent installations in buildings, museums, retail displays, or the like. The mounting base6710may provide power to the battery using a contact block as described with respect to other mounting bases described herein. While example mounting bases are described as engaging with the same features that are used to attach a battery door to the tag, this is not necessarily required. Rather, in some cases a battery door and a mounting base may attach to a tag using different mounting features or techniques. For example, a battery door may attach to a tag using an engagement between a latch member and a recess, while a mounting base may attach to the same tag using a threaded feature of the tag. FIG.68illustrates an example contact block6800that is configured to engage the battery connector of a tag to provide power to the battery connector. The contact block6800may be used as an alternative to the contact block6112, and may be incorporated into any suitable mounting base, such as the mounting bases described herein. The contact block6800includes a first conductive member6802positioned on a top surface of the contact block6800and configured to engage a deflectable arm of a battery connector (e.g., the deflectable arm6508,FIG.65A). The first conductive member6802may have a disk-like shape, and may define all or substantially all of the top surface of the contact block6800. Because the first conductive member6802has a continuous surface around the top of the contact block6800, the first conductive member6802will contact the battery connector regardless of the rotational position of the tag relative to the contact block6800. The contact block6800may also include second conductive members6804, which may be configured substantially the same as other second conductive members described herein (e.g., the second conductive members6204). In some cases, instead of multiple discontinuous second conductive members6804, a single second conductive member6804may extend annularly around the periphery of the contact block6800, thereby ensuring that a portion of the second conductive member6804will contact the battery connector of the tag regardless of the rotational position of the tag relative to the contact block6800. The contact block6800may also include a biasing member6806that is configured to apply a biasing force on the tag. As described above, a biasing force from a contact block may force latch members of a contact block into engagement with corresponding features of a tag. The biasing member6806may be a spring, foam, elastomer, or any other suitable material or component that can apply the requisite biasing force to the tag. The foregoing example mounting bases describe some example features and/or mechanisms for attaching to tags. Of course, other configurations are also contemplated. For example, the features or members that are described as being on a mounting base may be provided on a tag instead, and the tag's features may instead be on the corresponding mounting base. Further, where tags use other types of mechanisms to retain a battery door or other housing member, a mounting base may use the same type of mechanism to attach to that tag. One advantage of the size and form factor of the tags described herein is that they can be securely attached to numerous types of accessories using numerous attachment techniques and components. For example, accessories may be provided that allow the tag to be attached to a key ring (also referred to herein as a split ring), a wallet, a briefcase, a purse, an article of clothing, luggage, a notebook or tablet computer, a pet's collar, or any other item that a user desires to track with a wirelessly locatable tag, as described herein. FIGS.69A-128illustrate various example accessories and attachment techniques that may be used with the tags described herein.FIGS.69A-69C, for example, illustrate an example tag retainer6900for holding a tag, such as the tag300(FIG.3) or any other tag embodiment described herein. The tag retainer6900may also be referred to as a holder, tag holder, tag accessory, or simply accessory. The tag retainer6900may include a tag receptacle portion6902and an attachment portion6904(which may be or may resemble a strap and may be referred to herein as a strap or a fastening strap). The tag receptacle portion6902is configured to receive and hold the tag300securely, and the attachment portion6904is configured to attach the tag retainer6900to another object. The tag receptacle portion6902may also be referred to as a pocket, recess, or tag retaining feature. As shown inFIGS.69A-69B, the attachment portion6904is attached to a split ring6906, though this is merely one example object to which it could be attached. For example, the attachment portion6904may be attached to a luggage or purse handle, a pet collar, or any other suitable object. The tag retainer6900may define an opening6910, defined along less than a complete circumference of the tag receptacle portion6902, that allows the tag300to be placed in and removed from the tag retainer6900. The tag retainer6900also includes a fastener6908that is configured to releasably secure the opening6910in a closed position. The fastener6908may also be configured to secure the attachment portion6904in a closed or looped position (as shown inFIGS.69A-69C) to couple the attachment portion6904(fastening strap) to another object, such as the split ring6906. The fastener6908may permanently secure the end of the attachment portion6904to the base of the attachment portion6904(thereby permanently forming the loop in the attachment portion6904), or it may releasably secure the end of the attachment portion6904to the base of the attachment portion6904such that the loop can be selectively opened or closed (so the attachment portion6904can be easily attached to or detached from an object such as the split ring6906, a suitcase or briefcase, or the like). The fastener6908may be a snap, clip, button, or any other suitable fastener. In some cases, the fastener6908includes multiple snap elements to allow the opening6910in the tag receptacle portion6902to be fastened and unfastened independently of the loop formed in the attachment portion6904. Stated another way, the loop in the attachment portion6904may be fastened and unfastened (e.g., to allow the tag retainer6900to be attached to or detached from other objects) while the opening6910remains fastened closed. The tag receptacle portion6902may define a circular cavity in which the tag300is placed. The circular cavity may have a size and shape that generally corresponds to that of the tag300, such that the surface of the tag receptacle portion6902that defines the cavity (e.g., the inner surface of the receptacle portion) touches and/or is in intimate contact with the exterior surfaces of the tag300when the tag300is in the cavity. This may help prevent movement of the tag300within the cavity and help secure the tag300in the cavity. Thus, for example, the size and shape of the cavity may be the same as or substantially the same as the size and shape of the tag300. The tag receptacle portion6902may have one or more openings6912that allow a user to see into the tag receptacle portion6902and easily determine if the tag300is or is not currently in the tag receptacle portion6902. The openings6912may also allow speakers, microphones, environmental sensors, and/or other inputs and/or outputs of the tag300to access the outside environment. For example, at least one of the openings6912may be aligned with a portion of a tag housing that acts as a speaker diaphragm. In this manner, the surface of the housing that moves to produce audible and/or tactile outputs may be exposed and/or un-occluded so that audible and/or tactile outputs are not inhibited. The openings6912may be specifically configured in view of the tag300(or any tag for which the retainer6900is designed) to have sizes and/or shapes that are smaller than the tag300, such that the tag300cannot fall out of the tag retainer690through the openings6912. For example, the openings6912may be circular openings with a diameter that is less than the largest diameter of a circular tag. In some cases, the diameters (or the largest dimension) of the openings6912are less than about 3 inches, less than about 2 inches, or less than about 1 inch. Other embodiments may be completely enclosed or otherwise not provide visual access to the inside of the tag receptacle portion6902. The tag retainer6900may be formed from or include any suitable materials. For example, the tag retainer6900may be formed from leather, polymer (e.g., silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)), fabric or cloth, or the like. If the tag retainer6900is formed of polymer, it may be formed as a single unitary polymer part (with the exception of the fastener6908). The tag retainer6900may also be formed by joining multiple different layers, materials, and/or parts together. For example, the tag receptacle portion6902may include a first layer that defines a first portion of the tag receptacle portion6902(and optionally including the attachment portion6904), and a second portion that defines a second portion of the tag receptacle portion6902. The first layer may correspond to the material on the left side of the vertical seam shown inFIGS.69A and69B(e.g., the seam that defines and/or corresponds to the opening6910), while the second layer may correspond to the material on the right side of the vertical seam. The first and second layers of the tag retainer6900may each include one layer of material, or they may each be formed of multiple sublayers of materials, with the sublayers being attached to one another (e.g., laminated) using adhesives, ultrasonic welding, laser welding, stitching, insert molding, or any other suitable technique. The first and second layers may be sewn, stitched, adhered, or otherwise coupled together around part of the circumference of the tag receptacle portion6902to join the first and second layers while also defining the opening6910that allows the tag300to be inserted into and removed from the tag receptacle portion6902. For example, the first layer may be adjacent the second layer along an interface region (e.g., the surfaces of the first and second layers that face and/or abut one another when the tag retainer6900is assembled and closed). The second layer may be attached to the first layer along a first segment of the interface region (e.g., around the bottom portion of the tag retainer, as illustrated inFIGS.69B-69Cby the absence of a seam or line between the left and right portions), and may be unattached to the first layer along a second segment of the interface region, thereby defining the opening6910between the first layer and the second layer. FIGS.69D-69Gillustrate another example tag retainer6920that is similar to the tag retainer6900, but secures the tag retainer in a closed configuration using a strap interlaced with a tab, instead of a fastener such as a snap. The tag retainer6920may otherwise be substantially similar to the tag retainer6900. The details of the tag retainer6900apply equally or by analogy to the tag retainer6920, and may not be repeated here to avoid redundancy. The tag retainer6920may include a tag receptacle portion6922and an attachment portion or strap6926. The tag receptacle portion6922is configured to receive and hold the tag300securely, and the strap6926is configured to attach the tag retainer6920to another object. As shown inFIGS.69D and69G, the strap6926is attached to a split ring6934(which passes through a loop6932at a terminal end of the strap6926), though this is merely one example object to which it could be attached. For example, the strap6926may be attached to a luggage or purse handle, a pet collar, or any other suitable object. The strap6926extends from the tag receptacle portion6922proximate the first opening6929. The tag retainer6920may define an opening6929, defined along less than a complete circumference of the tag receptacle portion6922, that allows the tag300to be placed in and removed from the tag retainer6920. The tag retainer6920also includes a tab6928extending from the tag receptacle portion6922proximate the first opening6929. The tab6928defines a strap opening6930, that is configured to receive the strap6926therethrough (e.g., the strap6926is configured to extend through the opening6930) to retain the first opening6929in a closed configuration. The strap6926is also configured to be removed from the strap opening6930to allow the first opening6929to expand to accept the tag300. The split ring6934may be removed from the strap6926to facilitate passing the strap6926through the opening6930and/or removing the strap6926from the opening6930. When attached to the strap6926, the size of the split ring6934may prevent the strap6926from being removed from the opening6930, thereby maintaining the opening6929in a closed configuration. For example, a dimension of the split ring6934(e.g., a diameter) is larger than a dimension of the opening6930(e.g., a largest linear dimension of the opening), thereby preventing the terminal end of the strap6926from passing through the opening6930when the split ring6934is attached to the loop6932of the strap6926.FIG.69Eshows the tag retainer6920with the opening6929in an open configuration to receive the tag300. In this configuration, the strap6926is not extended through the opening6930.FIG.69Fshows the tag retainer6920with the opening6929in a closed configuration, after the strap6926has been passed through the opening6930.FIG.69Gshows the tag retainer6920after the split ring6934has been attached to the strap6926(through the loop6932). In the configuration ofFIG.69G, the opening6929may be retained in a closed configuration by the interference of the split ring6934with the opening6930. By retaining the opening6929closed, inadvertent opening of the tag receptacle portion6922and release of the tag300may be prevented or inhibited. The tag receptacle portion6922may define a circular cavity in which the tag300is placed. The circular cavity may have a size and shape that generally corresponds to that of the tag300, such that the surface of the tag receptacle portion6922that defines the cavity (e.g., the inner surface of the tag receptacle portion6922) touches and/or is in intimate contact with the exterior surfaces of the tag300when the tag300is in the cavity. This may help prevent movement of the tag300within the cavity and help secure the tag300in the cavity. Thus, for example, the size and shape of the cavity may be the same as or substantially the same as the size and shape of the tag300. The tag receptacle portion6922may have one or more openings6924that allow a user to see into the tag receptacle portion6922and easily determine if the tag300is or is not currently in the tag receptacle portion6922. The openings6924may also allow speakers, microphones, environmental sensors, and/or other inputs and/or outputs of the tag300to access the outside environment. For example, at least one of the openings6924may be aligned with a portion of a tag housing that acts as a speaker diaphragm. In this manner, the surface of the housing that moves to produce audible and/or tactile outputs may be exposed and/or un-occluded so that audible and/or tactile outputs are not inhibited. Other embodiments may be completely enclosed or otherwise not provide visual access to the inside of the tag receptacle portion6922. FIGS.70A-70Dillustrate an example tag retainer7000, which is similar to the tag retainer6900but has a different attachment portion. In particular, while the attachment portion6904of the tag retainer6900is configured to be releasably secured in a loop by a mechanical fastener6908, the tag retainer7000includes an attachment portion7004that defines an opening7006that allows the attachment portion7004to define a loop with itself. For example,FIG.70Dillustrates how the attachment portion7004can be formed into a loop using the opening7006by passing the tag receptacle portion7002through the opening7006. The attachment portion7004may be used to fasten the tag retainer7000to any suitable object such as a key ring, purse, luggage handle, or the like. The tag retainer7000may otherwise be similar in construction and use to the tag retainer6900. For example,FIG.70Cshows how the tag retainer7000may be opened (at opening7010) to allow the tag300to be placed in and/or removed from the tag receptacle portion7002. Further, the tag retainer7000may define openings (e.g., circular openings) that allow speakers, microphones, environmental sensors, and/or other inputs and/or outputs of the tag300to access the outside environment. The tag retainer7000may include a fastener7008that is configured to releasably secure the opening7010in a closed position (as shown inFIGS.70B and70D). The fastener7008may be a snap, button, or any other suitable fastening mechanism. In some cases, the tag retainer7000may selectively retain its opening7010in the closed configuration using an arrangement as shown inFIGS.69D-69G(e.g., a tab with an opening configured to receive the strap or attachment portion7004). Other details of the tag retainer7000may be the same as or similar to those of the tag retainer6900, and for brevity may not be repeated here. FIGS.71A-71Cillustrate an example tag retainer7100.FIG.71Aillustrates a top perspective view of the tag retainer7100, andFIG.71Billustrates a bottom view of the tag retainer7100. The tag retainer7100may act as a protective shell for a tag, and may also facilitate the attachment of the tag to other components. The tag retainer7100may be formed from a flexible and/or compliant material so that the tag retainer7100can be stretched or otherwise deformed to allow the tag300to be inserted into and removed from the tag retainer7100. For example, the tag retainer7100may be formed from or include silicone, TPU, or another suitable polymer or other material. The tag retainer7100may be formed from a unitary piece of a single material. The tag retainer7100may include a tag receptacle portion7102and a gripping portion7104(which may be used to grip the tag retainer and/or attach the tag retainer to another object). The tag receptacle portion7102may define a first opening7106along a first side of the tag receptacle portion7102and a second opening7108along a second side of the tag receptacle portion7102. The first opening7106may be sized and configured so that a battery door of the tag300extends into the first opening7106when the tag300is positioned in the tag retainer7100, and may be smaller than the second opening7108. As shown inFIG.71C, which is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer7100, viewed along line71C-71C inFIG.71A, the thickness of the material that defines the perimeter of the tag receptacle portion7102may be substantially equal to the distance that the battery door extends above the surface of the main body portion of the tag300. Accordingly, an exterior surface of the tag receptacle portion7102proximate the first opening7106may be substantially flush with the surface of the battery door. The second opening7108may be sized and configured to allow the tag300to be placed in and removed from the tag retainer7100. The second opening7108may be at least partially defined by or proximate to a tag retention feature7110that contacts the tag300and retains the tag300in the tag retainer7100. The tag retention feature7110may be or resemble a lip, flange, protrusion, or other feature. The tag retention feature7110may extend around the entire circumference of the second opening7108. The tag300may be inserted into and removed from the tag retainer7100by deforming or stretching the second opening7108so that the tag300can be fit into the tag retainer7100. The first and second openings7106,7108may be configured to allow speakers, microphones, environmental sensors, and/or other inputs and/or outputs of the tag300to access the outside environment when the tag300is placed in the tag retainer7100. The tag retainer7100may also define a flange7103that extends at least partially (and optionally completely) around the outer periphery of the tag retainer7100. The flange7103may allow the tag retainer7100to be attached to other objects. For example, the flange7103may be sewn, adhered, bonded, or otherwise attached to another object such as an article of clothing, a purse, a wallet, or the like. The gripping portion7104may be considered an extension of or enlarged portion of the flange7103. The tag retainer7100may also define a vent similar to the vent7204(FIGS.72A-72C) to allow sound waves, which may be produced by moving the housing member of the tag300, to escape a volume defined between space between the tag300and a surface to which it is attached. FIGS.72A-72Cillustrate an example tag retainer7200.FIG.72Aillustrates a top perspective view of the tag retainer7200, andFIG.72Billustrates a bottom view of the tag retainer7200.FIG.72Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer7200, viewed along line72C-72C inFIG.72A. The tag retainer7200may be similar in size and construction to the tag retainer7100(but without the grip portion). For example, the tag retainer7200may be formed from or include silicone, TPU, or another suitable polymer or other material. The tag retainer7200may be formed from a unitary piece of a single material. The tag retainer7200defines a first opening7202that at least partially receives a battery door of the tag300(similar to the first opening7106of the tag retainer7100) and a second opening7206that allows the tag300to be inserted into and removed from the tag retainer7200. Similar to the tag retainer7100, the second opening7206may be at least partially defined by or proximate to a tag retention feature7208(e.g., a lip, flange, protrusion) that contacts the tag300and retains the tag300in the tag retainer7200. The tag retainer7200may be adapted to be adhered to other components along a bottom surface7210of the tag retainer7200. For example, an adhesive layer may be applied to the bottom surface7210to allow the tag retainer7200to be adhered to another object after the tag300is inserted into the tag retainer7200. In some cases the adhesive may include a tear-away backing so that the tag retainer7200may be sold with the adhesive attached. A user can then simply place a tag300into the tag retainer7200, remove the backing, and adhere the tag retainer7200to an object (e.g., a computer, luggage, a mobile phone, etc.). The tag retainer7200may define a vent7204along the bottom surface7210. The vent7204may fluidly couple the external environment around the tag retainer7200to the space defined between an outer surface7211of the tag300and the surface on which the tag retainer7200is mounted. This may allow sound produced by the tag300to be transmitted more effectively to the outside environment. More particularly, as described above, the tag300may include an audio system that produces audible output, optionally using the outer surface7211of the tag300as a speaker diaphragm. The vent7204may allow air pressure waves to exit the otherwise enclosed space between the tag300and the surface to which it is attached, so that the sounds can be more easily heard (e.g., the vent7204reduces the sound attenuation as compared to an un-vented tag retainer7200). The size and shape of the tag retainer7200may be configured so that the volume defined between the outer surface7211of the tag300and a surface to which the tag retainer7200is attached operates as a Helmholtz resonator, or is otherwise tuned to provide satisfactory acoustic performance. As noted above, the size and shape of the tags described herein may allow the tags to be secured to accessories in various different ways. For example, the tag retainers6900and7000contact the tag on multiple sides to partially (or fully) enclose the tag. The tag retainers7100,7200have circumferential tag retention features (e.g., a circular lip around an opening) that retain a tag in the tag retainers. However, numerous other techniques for retaining a tag are also contemplated. As used herein, the structures and/or components used to retain a tag to an accessory or another object may be referred to as “tag retainers.” Thus, the tag retention features7110and7208may be examples of tag retainers.FIGS.73A-128show numerous examples of tag retainers. For simplicity,FIGS.73A-128show examples of tag retainers in the context of one example accessory (an accessory with an elongated segment for forming a loop around a key ring, as one example), though it will be understood that any of the tag retainers shown in FIGS.73A-128may be used with other types of accessories as well. For example, a tag retainer that is used in a keychain accessory may instead be incorporated with a luggage-attachment accessory. FIG.73Adepicts an example tag retainer7300that includes a body7302and one or more retention flanges7304secured to the body7302, where the retention flanges7304have a greater stiffness than the body7302. The retention flanges7304may be configured to extend at least partially into a gap or channel between a battery door and a main body portion of a tag to retain the tag to an accessory. The increased stiffness of the retention flanges7304relative to the body7302helps increase the strength and security of the attachment. As used herein, the gap between the battery door and the main body portion of a tag may be referred to as a “housing gap.” Further, a housing gap of a tag need not be defined by a battery door and a main body portion, and instead may be defined between other components of a tag (e.g., two housing members, neither of which operate as a battery door). When installing a tag into the tag retainer7300, the body7302may be configured to stretch to allow an opening of the body7302to be enlarged to accommodate the tag, and then return to an un-stretched (or less stretched) configuration to bias the retention flanges7304into the housing gap. The retention flanges7304may be snapped into and out of position in the housing gap when inserting and removing the tag300. FIG.73Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer7300ofFIG.73A, viewed along line73B-73B inFIG.73A, showing how the tag300may be installed and retained in the tag retainer7300. As shown, the tag300defines a gap7306between part of a battery door and a main body portion of the tag300(e.g., a housing gap). The retention flanges7304are configured so that a portion of the retention flanges7304extend into the housing gap7306to retain the tag300in the tag retainer7300. The retention flanges7304may be attached to the body7302in any suitable way. For example, the retention flanges7304may be inserted into a mold, and then material for the body7302may be injected into the mold to at least partially encapsulate the retention flanges7304and retain the retention flanges7304to the body7302. The retention flanges7304may also be adhered to the body7302or secured in any other suitable way. FIGS.74A-74Fillustrate an example tag retainer7400that includes a spring member7404embedded in a body7402. The body7402may be formed from a compliant, flexible material or materials (such as silicone, TPU, or another suitable polymer), and the spring member7404may be formed from a material having a higher stiffness, such as a metal (e.g., spring steel) or less flexible polymer. The body7402and the spring member7404may cooperate to engage a housing gap of a tag. In particular, as shown inFIG.74A, the body7402is biased into a housing gap of a tag by the spring member7404. To more clearly illustrate how the tag retainer7400engages the tag300,FIG.74Aillustrates a sectional view of the tag300, showing the tag300without an upper portion of the battery door. (The section line7403of the tag300is shown inFIG.74C.) In order to attach or detach the tag300from the tag retainer7400, the tag retainer7400is manipulated so that the spring member7404and the body7402can expand. For example, a force applied to the body7402(indicated by arrows7407) may force engagement ends7410of the spring member7404against the tag300, thereby allowing the engagement ends7410to spread apart, ultimately enlarging the opening in the body7402to allow the tag300to be more easily removed from or inserted into the opening. FIGS.74C-74Fare partial cross-sectional views of the tag retainer7400and the tag300ofFIG.74A, viewed along line74C-74C inFIG.74A, illustrating an example process for disengaging the tag300from the tag retainer7400. InFIG.74C, the tag300is positioned in an opening of the tag retainer7400such that the a portion of the body7402of the tag retainer7400is positioned in a housing gap, thereby retaining the tag300to the tag retainer7400. The spring member7404biases the body7402into the housing gap, as described above. InFIG.74D, a force is applied to the tag retainer7400(and/or the tag300), as indicated by arrows7409. (This operation corresponds toFIG.74B.) The force may be applied by grasping the tag300and/or the tag retainer7400in hand and applying a force that tends to move the tag300towards the engagement ends7410of the spring member7404. This operation expands the size of the opening and introduces a gap7412between a flap7408of the body7402and the tag300. InFIG.74E, the tag retainer7400is angled to disengage the flap7408of the body7402from the housing gap. When the flap7408is removed from the housing gap, the rest of the body7402may be easily disengaged from the housing gap to fully remove the tag300from the tag retainer7400, as shown inFIG.74F. The tag300may be coupled to the tag retainer7400by reversing these steps. Notably, the force that is required to easily detach the tag300from the tag retainer7400is in an opposite direction than the types of accidental forces that may be imparted to the tag300during use. For example, if the tag retainer7400is coupled to a purse via a strap7411, if the tag300were to snag on another object such as a piece of clothing, the force would tend to pull the tag300away from the strap, which is in the opposite direction to the force that is used to decouple the tag300. Forces in this direction may actually serve to further tighten or secure the tag300to the tag retainer7400. In this way, the tag retainer7400may allow the tag300to be attached and detached easily, while reducing the risk of accidental detachment due to snags and the like. In some cases the tag retainer7400may have a stiffening element (or the body7402may be formed from a sufficiently stiff material) so that the force applied to the body7402may be effectively transferred to the engagement ends7410of the spring element. For example, a strap or handle portion of the body7402may be formed from or include a metal, plastic, or other material that is stiffer than the portion of the body7402that defines the opening and engages the tag300. The engagement ends7410of the spring member7404may define curved regions that are nearer to the tag300than other portions of the spring member7404. These curved regions may result in a primary body/tag interface at location7406(FIGS.74A-74B) during the coupling and decoupling operations. By focusing the force at this location7406, a sufficiently large portion of the force applied by a user may be transferred to the spring member7404to cause it (and thus the opening) to expand. The spring member7404may be at least partially embedded in the body7402. For example, the spring member7404and the body7402may be insert molded to produce the tag retainer7400. FIGS.75A-75Cillustrate a tag retainer7500similar to the tag retainer7400but with a different spring member configuration. The tag retainer7500may include a body7502, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and a spring member7504, which may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member7504may define extension ends7506that extend away from the opening in the body7502and optionally into a handle portion7513of the body7502. The extension ends7506may help increase the stiffness of the body7502so that a force applied to the tag retainer7500and/or the tag300to couple or decouple the tag300may be transferred efficiently to the tag/body interface. FIGS.75B-75Care partial cross-sectional views of the tag retainer7500and the tag300ofFIG.75A, viewed along line75B-75B inFIG.75A, illustrating a process of attaching the tag300to the tag retainer7500. As shown inFIG.75B, a first side of the body7502is engaged with the tag300, and a force (indicated by arrow7507) is applied to the body7502tending to pivot the body7502into engagement with the housing gap. The force may cause the spring member7504, and thus the opening size, to expand to allow the body7502to stretch over the battery door of the tag300and engage the housing gap.FIG.75Cshows the tag retainer7500fully engaged with the housing gap. The tag retainers7400and7500each include an example spring member, though alternative types of spring members may be used in their place. For example, a c-clip may be used, and the c-clip may include holes for engaging an opening tool. In such cases, a tag may be coupled by forcing the c-clip open using a tool, inserting the tag into the opening, and removing the tool to allow the c-clip to force the tag retainer to engage the tag. FIGS.76A-76Cillustrate a tag retainer7600with a closed-ring spring member7604embedded in a body7602. In contrast to the spring members in the tag retainers7400and7500, which each define two free ends, the closed-ring spring member7604defines a continuous, closed ring shape. The body7602, and in particular the body material and the size and shape of the opening7601may be configured so that the tag can be inserted into and removed from the opening7601without the closed-ring spring member7604significantly flexing or expanding. Instead, the opening7601is slightly larger than the size of the part of the tag that the opening7601surrounds. FIGS.76B-76Care partial cross-sectional views of the tag retainer7600ofFIG.76A, viewed along line76B-76B inFIG.76A, illustrating a process of attaching the tag300to the tag retainer7600. As shown inFIG.76B, a first side of the body7602is engaged with the tag300(at location7606) such that the body7602contacts the tag300at that location, or is otherwise sufficiently close to the tag to allow the other end of the body7602to pass over the tag300at location7609(as indicated by arrow7607). The body7602may have sufficient compliance so that it can stretch slightly when the tag300is being inserted. Once the tag300is in the opening of the tag retainer7600, a portion of the body7602and the closed-ring spring member7604may be positioned in the housing gap under the overhang of the battery door, though there may remain a space7608between the body7602and the tag300, resulting from the larger diameter of the opening7601to accommodate the greater stiffness (e.g., lower deformability) of the tag retainer7600due to the closed-ring spring member7604. FIGS.77A-77Billustrate a tag retainer7700with another type of spring member7704embedded in a body7702. In particular, the free ends of the spring member7704are crossed over one another to define manipulation ends7705. A force can be applied to the manipulation ends7705by a user, as indicated by arrows7707inFIG.77B, to cause the opening of the tag retainer7700to expand. This expansion produces additional space7706between the body7702and the tag300to allow the tag300to be attached and/or detached from the tag retainer7700. When the force is removed, the spring member7704returns to its smaller state, thereby biasing the opening to its un-expanded state to help maintain the tag retainer7700in the housing gap and thus keep the tag300secured to the tag retainer7700. FIGS.78A-78Billustrate a tag retainer7800with another type of spring member7804embedded in a body7802. The spring member7804may be a circular coil spring that can be expanded when a radial force is applied to the spring member7804. Thus, for example, a force can be applied to the tag300tending to pull the tag300radially outward with respect to the circular spring member7804, thereby causing the opening of the tag retainer7800to expand (as shown inFIG.78B). This expansion produces additional space7806between the body7802and the tag300to allow the tag300to be attached and/or detached from the tag retainer7800. When the force is removed, the spring member7804returns to its smaller state, thereby biasing the opening to its un-expanded state to help maintain the tag retainer7800in the housing gap and thus keep the tag300secured to the tag retainer7800. The spring member7804may be a conventional coil spring wrapped about the opening. In other cases, the spring member7804resembles a flattened coil spring (e.g., the height of the spring member is less than a diameter of the coil loops). FIGS.79A-79Billustrate another example tag retainer7900. The tag retainer7900includes a body7902that is formed into a circular end that defines an opening7901for receiving a tag therein. The body7902may be formed from a stiff core with a soft-touch outer coating. For example, the body7902may include a metal internal core with a polymer outer coating, jacket, or layer. Or the body7902may be formed from two plastics having different stiffnesses (e.g., a stiffer internal core and a less stiff outer coating). Alternatively, the body7902may be formed of a single piece of plastic. The internal core (or the single piece of plastic) may provide a spring-like force to the body7902so that the body7902can be forced into a configuration where the opening7901defines a closed loop (e.g., to attach to a tag), and the spring force can bias the body7902into a latched or secured configuration. The internal core may extend through at least the part of the body7902that defines the opening7901, and optionally through at least part of the clip feature7904. The body7902includes or defines a clip feature7904that can be engaged and disengaged with a retaining portion7906of the body7902to selectively open or close the circular end. For example,FIG.79Bshows the tag retainer7900with the clip feature7904disengaged from the retaining portion7906of the body7902. This shape may correspond to the shape of the body7902when no forces are applied to the body7902(e.g., the body7902is in an unstressed or undeflected state). The opening7901in this state may be sufficiently large for the tag300to be easily inserted into the opening7901.FIG.79Cshows the tag retainer7900with the clip feature7904engaged with the retaining portion7906of the body7902, thereby forming a closed loop that retains the tag retainer7900to the tag300. In this state, the opening7901may be smaller so that the body7902is retained in the housing gap of the tag300. Further, the spring force produced by the body7902tends to force the clip feature7904away from the retaining portion7906, thereby forcing the clip feature7904into secure engagement with the retaining portion7906(e.g., due to the hook-like shape of the clip feature7904). Detaching the tag300from the tag retainer7900may be achieved by pulling on the clip feature7904so that it can be unhooked from the retaining portion7906and allowed to return to its undeflected state (shown inFIG.79B) and the tag300can be removed. FIGS.80A-80Cillustrate another example tag retainer8000. Similar to the tag retainer7900, the tag retainer8000may rely on a body8002that is relatively stiff so that the body can engage a housing gap of a tag to secure the tag to the tag retainer8000. In particular, the body8002may define an opening8001that is biased in an open loop shape, and can be retained in a closed-loop shape via a retention mechanism. To act as a retention mechanism, the tag retainer8000includes a clip end8004and a post8006. The clip end8004is configured to engage the post8006to retain the opening8001in a closed loop configuration.FIG.80Ashows the tag retainer8000in an un-clipped, open loop state, whileFIG.80Bshows the tag retainer8000in a closed loop state and engaging a housing gap of the tag300. FIG.80Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer8000, viewed along line80C-80C inFIG.80B, showing the clip end8004engaged with the post8006to maintain the opening8001in a closed state and retain the tag300. The clip end8004may include or define recesses8012with undercuts. The post8006may extend at least partially into the recesses8012such that a flange8010or lip element of the post8006engages the undercut of the recesses8012to retain the clip end8004to the post8006. In some cases, the clip end8004and the post8006may use magnetic attraction to help retain the clip end8004to the post8006. For example, the post8006may be formed from or include a magnet, and the clip end8004may include ferromagnetic elements8008(e.g., steel inserts) that are attracted to the magnetic post8006. Other configurations and positions of magnets, ferromagnetic materials, etc., are also contemplated. The magnetic attraction between the clip end8004and the post8006may provide several functions. For example, it may help snap the clip end8004and the post8006into an engaged position, thereby simplifying the attachment process. Additionally, it may retain the clip end8004and the post8006together during use, and may help maintain the engagement between the flange of the post8006and the undercuts of the recesses8012(which may provide greater security against decoupling than the magnetic attraction alone). FIGS.81A-81Billustrate an example tag retainer8100in which a body8102forms a loop around a tag, and is secured by a post and hole fastening system. In particular, the tag retainer8100includes a post8106and the body8102defines an opening8104configured to receive the post8106. When the post8106is inserted into the opening8104, the body8102defines a loop that surrounds the tag300(FIG.81B) in the housing gap of the tag300. The post8106may define a free end that is larger than the opening8104and a shaft that is smaller than the free end. The free end may deform the opening8104when the post is pushed into the opening8104, and the opening8104may undeform after the post8106is inserted, thus causing the opening8104and the shaft of the post8106to engage, with the free end serving as a retention feature that retains the post8106in the opening8104(and thus retains the tag retainer8100in a loop that holds the tag300). FIGS.82A-82Billustrate an example tag retainer8200in which a loop is secured around a tag with a slider.FIG.82Ashows the tag retainer8200, which may include a cord8202formed into a loop8201and wrapped around the tag300. To secure the tag retainer8200to the tag300, a user may slide the slider8204towards the tag300, thereby tightening the loop8201around the tag300(and within the housing gap), as shown inFIG.82B. The tightened loop8201in the housing gap provides sufficient engagement with the tag300to retain the tag300to the tag retainer8200. The slider8204may be configured so that friction between holes in the slider8204and the cord8202(which may extend through the holes) is sufficient to prevent accidental movement of the slider8204, thereby maintaining the loop8201in a tightened state. In other cases the slider8204may include a locking mechanism, such as a cam lock, clamp, cord lock, releasable ratcheting mechanism (e.g., similar to a zip tie), or the like, to help prevent the slider8204from moving unintentionally. FIGS.83A-83Billustrate an example tag retainer8300in which a loop is secured around a tag with a slider. The tag retainer8300is similar to the tag retainer8200, except that instead of a single cord with two free ends defining the loop, the tag retainer8300includes a body8302that defines a closed loop opening8306. A slider8304may operate similarly to the slider8204. For example, the slider8304may be slid away from the opening8306to increase the size of the opening8306and allow the tag300to be positioned in the opening8306(FIG.83A). The slider8304may then be slid towards the tag300to reduce the size of the opening8306and capture the tag300in the opening8306(e.g., by tightening the opening8306into the housing gap), as shown inFIG.83B. The slider8304may use friction, ratchet mechanisms, clamps, cams, or other devices or techniques to prevent or limit unintended loosening. FIG.84Aillustrates another example tag retainer8400. The tag retainer8400includes a body8402with two interconnected ratchet cords8404,8406at least partially embedded in the body8402. The interconnected ratchet cords8404,8406each include a ratchet mechanism8408,8410, respectively. Thus, the ratchet cord8404may include the ratchet mechanism8408, and may extend through and engage with the ratchet mechanism8410. Similarly, the ratchet cord8406may include the ratchet mechanism8410, and may extend through and engage with the ratchet mechanism8408. The ratchet mechanisms8408,8410may be configured to allow a corresponding ratchet cord to move therethrough in one direction, but restrain motion in another direction (similar to the operation of a zip tie). This ratcheting operation may be exploited to allow the tag retainer8400to be tightened by pulling on opposite sides of the tag retainer8400, as indicated by arrows8412. This force may cause both ratchet cords8404,8406to tighten around the tag300, and the ratchet mechanisms8408,8410lock the cords into the tightened state. The ratchet cords8404,8406may be semi-permanently retained in the tightened position by the ratchet mechanisms8408,8410, such that they cannot be decoupled without damaging the ratchet mechanisms8408,8410, the tag300, and/or some other portion of the tag retainer8400. In other cases, the ratchet mechanisms8408,8410may be selectively releasable, such that a user can release the ratchet mechanisms8408,8410with a button, latch, lever, or other mechanism and detach the tag300from the tag retainer8400. The ratchet cords8404,8406may be formed from a polymer, metal, or any other suitable material, and may be at least partially embedded in the material of the body8402(which may be a polymer such as TPU, silicone, etc.). FIG.84Billustrates another example tag retainer8420that uses a ratchet mechanism to attach the tag retainer8420to the tag300. Whereas the tag retainer8400included two ratchet cords, the tag retainer8420includes a single ratchet cord8422that is looped about a portion of the tag300. For example, the ratchet cord8422may fit at least partially in and/or engage a housing gap of a tag, and a ratchet mechanism8424may releasably secure the ratchet cord8422in a closed, tightly looped configuration that retains the ratchet cord8422to the tag300. The ratchet cord8422may be tightened by pulling the ratchet cord8422along the direction8426while holding the tag300stationary. Releasing the ratchet cord8422may be achieved by actuating a button, latch, lever, or other mechanism of the ratchet mechanism8424, by using a tool, or by any other suitable manipulation of the ratchet cord8422or ratchet mechanism8424. The ratchet cord8422may be formed from a polymer, metal, or any other suitable material, and may be at least partially embedded in another material (which may be a polymer such as TPU, silicone, etc.). FIGS.85A-91Billustrate various example spring members for attaching to wirelessly locatable tags. These spring members all attach to a tag in a similar manner, namely by engaging the housing gap with a biasing force that maintains the tag retainer in the housing gap (and thus engaged with the undercuts and/or flanges defined by the housing gap). The spring members inFIGS.85A-91Bmay be used to attach directly to tags. When used to attach directly to tags, the spring members may be configured to attach to straps, cords, cables, ropes, clips, or other components so that the tag can be attached to something else (e.g., keys, a purse, luggage, a backpack, etc.). The spring members inFIGS.85A-91Bmay also be used as the spring members inside the bodies of other tag retainers. For example, the spring member7404in the tag retainer7400(FIG.74A) may be replaced with any of the spring members inFIGS.85A-91B. FIG.85Ashows an example spring member8500engaged with the tag300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member8500defines engagement regions8504, which are biased into the housing gap to attach the spring member8500to the tag300, and manipulation regions8502. The spring member8500may be formed from a round (in cross-section) wire formed from metal (e.g., spring steel, stainless steel, etc.), a polymer material, or the like. The manipulation regions8502(also referred to herein as manipulators) are portions of the spring member8500that when pressed, pulled, or otherwise manipulated, allows the spring member8500to be easily decoupled from the tag300. For example, as shown inFIG.85B, when opposing forces8506are applied to the manipulators8502(such as when a user pinches or squeezes the spring member8500), the engagement regions8504spread out to define or increase a gap8508between the tag300and the engagement regions8504. This increased gap may be sufficiently large that the flange or lip of the battery door of the tag300can pass through the opening defined by the spring member8500to allow the tag300to be attached to and/or detached from the spring member8500. FIG.86Ashows another example spring member8600engaged with the tag300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member8600defines engagement regions8604, which are biased into the housing gap to attach the spring member8600to the tag300, and manipulation regions8602. The spring member8600operates similar to the spring member8500. For example, forces8606applied to the manipulation regions8602cause the spring member8600to deform and define a gap8608(FIG.86B) that allows the tag300to be attached and/or detached. Whereas the spring member8500may be formed from a circular wire (in cross-section), the spring member8600may be formed from a wire or ribbon with an elongated (e.g., rectangular) cross-sectional shape. The non-circular cross-sectional shape may be exploited to provide advantageous physical and/or mechanical properties to the spring member8600. For example, the spring member8600may be configured so the wider dimension is parallel with the radial dimension of the spring member8600. This orientation may provide a greater stiffness or resistance to deformation in the engagement regions8604as compared to the manipulation regions8602. The manipulation regions8602, on the other hand, may have the cross-section rotated by about 90 degrees, thus allowing the forces8606to deform the manipulation regions8602while limiting deformation of the engagement regions8604.FIGS.86C and86Dare partial cross-sectional views of the spring member8600, viewed along lines86C-86C and86D-86D, respectively, inFIG.86A.FIGS.86C and86Dillustrate the orientations of the cross-sectional shape of the spring member8600at the engagement regions8604and manipulation regions8602, respectively. The spring member8600may be formed from an elongate (in cross-section) ribbon formed from metal (e.g., spring steel, stainless steel, etc.), a polymer material, or the like. The elongate ribbon may have a substantially rectangular cross-section. FIGS.87A-87Cshow another example spring member8700engaged with the tag300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member8700defines engagement regions8704, at least portions of which are biased into the housing gap to attach the spring member8700to the tag300, and manipulation regions8702. The spring member8700operates similar to the spring member8500. For example, forces8706applied to the manipulation regions8702cause the spring member8700to deform and define a gap8708(FIG.87B) that allows the tag300to be attached and/or detached. The manipulation regions8702may define coiled springs, as shown inFIG.87C. The coiled springs may provide the biasing force to maintain the engagement regions8704in engagement with the housing gap, while also defining manipulators8702that effectively direct forces to expand the engagement regions8704. The coiled springs may require relatively less actuation force than a spring member of similar cross-sectional shape but without the coiled springs. FIGS.88A-88Bshow another example spring member8800engaged with the tag300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member8800defines engagement regions8804, at least portions of which are biased into the housing gap to attach the spring member8800to the tag300, and manipulation regions8802. The spring member8800defines a hexagonal shape, with the engagement regions8804each defined by at least part of two respective sides (and the apex between those sides). The spring member8800operates similar to the spring member8500. For example, forces8806applied to the manipulation regions8802cause the spring member8800to deform and define a gap8808(FIG.88B) that allows the tag300to be attached and/or detached. FIGS.89A-89Bshow another example spring member8900engaged with the tag300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member8900defines engagement regions8904, at least portions of which are biased into the housing gap to attach the spring member8900to the tag300, and manipulation regions8902. The spring member8900defines an oblong shape, with the engagement regions8904each defined by a respective curved region having a first radius, and the manipulation regions8902each defined by a respective curved region having a second radius that is smaller than the first radius. The spring member8900operates similar to the spring member8500. For example, forces8906applied to the manipulation regions8902cause the spring member8900to deform and define a gap8908(FIG.89B) that allows the tag300to be attached and/or detached. FIGS.90A-90Bshow another example spring member9000engaged with the tag300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member9000defines engagement regions9004, at least portions of which are biased into the housing gap to attach the spring member9000to the tag300, and first and second manipulation regions9002,9003. The manipulation regions9002,9003have different shapes and may be positioned differently with respect to the tag300when the spring member9000is attached to the tag300. For example, when the spring member9000is attached to the tag, the first manipulation region9002extends beyond the housing gap (e.g., it is proud of the housing gap and defines a loop where straps, cords, cables, strings, or other components may be attached to couple the spring member9000to another object). The second manipulation region9003, by contrast, may remain within the housing gap (e.g., the second manipulation region9003may not extend past the flanges, lips, overhangs, or the like, that define the housing gap). In some cases, the second manipulation region9003may act as another engagement region, and may contact the tag300within the housing gap, when the spring member9000is not being attached to and/or detached from the tag300. The spring member9000operates similar to the spring member8500. For example, forces9006applied to the first and second manipulation regions9002,9003cause the spring member9000to deform and define a gap9008(FIG.90B) that allows the tag300to be attached and/or detached. Because the second manipulation region9003may be within the housing gap, the user may apply the opposing forces9006in various ways. As a first example, the user may press a fingernail, a coin, an edge of a credit card, a small tool, or some other implement against the second manipulation region9003(within the housing gap) while pushing the first manipulation region9002with a finger. This may allow the application of the opposing forces9006that expand the opening of the spring member9000and create the gap9008. As another example, a user may first apply a force9006to the first manipulation region9002, which may partially deform the spring member9000and force the second manipulation region9003out of the housing gap, at which time it will be accessible to a user to press against to more fully deform the spring member9000to produce the gap9008and allow the tag300to be attached and/or detached. FIGS.91A-91Bshow another example spring member9100engaged with the tag300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member9100defines engagement regions9104, at least portions of which are biased into the housing gap to attach the spring member9100to the tag300, and first and second manipulation regions9102,9103. The overall shape of the spring member9100may be similar to that of the spring member9000, except that the second manipulation region9103may include a tab-like protrusion that extends beyond the housing gap such that a user can contact the second manipulation region9103without having to extend a tool or object into the housing gap (and without having to first deform the spring member9100by applying a force to the first manipulation region9102). The tab-like protrusion of the second manipulation region9103may be integral with the remainder of the spring member9100. For example, the spring member9100may be formed from a single (e.g., monolithic) metal structure. In other implementations, the tab-like protrusion may be a separate component that is attached to or otherwise integrated with the remainder of the spring member9100. In order to deform the spring member9100so that a tag300can be attached and/or detached, forces9106applied to the first and second manipulation regions9102,9103cause the spring member9100to deform and define a gap9108(FIG.91B) that allows the tag300to be attached and/or detached. The tab-like protrusion of the second manipulation region9103may be sufficiently stiff to transmit the force9106to the remainder of the spring member9100without breaking or otherwise bending in a manner that would prevent or negatively affect the transfer of force to the remainder of the spring member9100. The spring members shown and described with respect toFIGS.85A-91Bmay be formed in any suitable manner. For example, they may be formed by shaping (e.g., bending) metal wires or rods into the configurations shown. In such cases, the free ends of the metal used to form a spring member may be affixed to one another (e.g., by welding, brazing, adhesives, mechanical fasteners, etc.), or they may remain un-affixed (e.g., a seam or gap may remain between the free ends). As other examples, the spring members may be cast or molded. Where the spring members are formed from polymer materials and/or composites, they may be molded (e.g., injection molded), formed via additive manufacturing processes (e.g., 3D printing), or via any other suitable technique. Other methods of forming the spring members and other materials and/or combinations of materials are also contemplated. As noted above, the spring members shown and described with respect toFIGS.85A-91Bmay be used as stand-alone components to help couple wirelessly locatable tags to other objects, or they may be integrated with other components of tag retainers. In the former cases, users may, for example, put clips, split rings (e.g., key rings), ropes, zip ties, or other components through or around the loops or other accessible areas of the spring members. In the latter cases, the spring members may be provided inside the bodies of other tag retainers, or may include carrying straps attached thereto.FIGS.92A-93depict two example tag retainers that may use spring members such as those shown and described with respect toFIGS.85A-91B. FIG.92Aillustrates a portion of a tag retainer9200(which may be similar to the tag retainer7400inFIG.74A). The tag retainer9200includes the spring member8500(FIG.85A) at least partially embedded in a body9202. The body9202may be a polymer (e.g., TPU, silicone), a cloth or fabric, leather, or any other suitable material or combination of materials. The spring member8500may provide the biasing force that retains the portion of the body9202that defines the opening9204in a housing gap when the tag retainer9200is attached to a tag. The body9202may define or be coupled to a strap9206, which, as described above, may be any suitable type of strap or member that can be used to attach the tag retainer9200to another object. FIG.92Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer9200ofFIG.92A, viewed along line92B-92B inFIG.92A.FIG.92Billustrates how the spring member8500may be embedded in the material of the body9202. In this case, the body9202may be a polymer material that is molded around the spring member8500(which may be inserted into a mold prior to the polymer material being injected). FIG.93illustrates a portion of a tag retainer9300that includes the spring member9000(FIG.90A) and a strap member9302attached to the manipulation region9002of the spring member9000. The strap member9302may be attached to the spring member9000in any suitable way. As one example, it may be attached via insert molding in which the strap member9302encapsulates a portion of the spring member9000. Alternatively, it may be attached using stitches (e.g., sewn), snaps, buttons, staples, glue, hook-and-loop fasteners, or the like. FIGS.94A-94Billustrate another example tag retainer9400for attaching to a tag. The tag retainer9400may include a body9402, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and a spring member9404, which may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member9404may be configured to bias the body9402into the housing gap of a tag, as described with respect to other spring members. The spring member9404and the body9402may cooperate to define a pull tab9406that is used to help expand the opening of the tag retainer9400to facilitate attachment and detachment of the tag300, as described with respect toFIG.94B. The spring member9404may define engagement ends9405that are separated by a gap9408. The body9402and the spring member9404may be configured to help prevent accidental detachment of the tag300from the tag retainer9400. For example, when a force9410is applied to the tag300while the tag300is attached to the tag retainer9400, the force may be transferred through the tag retainer to the object to which it is connected (as represented by arrow9412). The force9410may correspond to the tag300snagging or catching on another object, such as may occur during normal everyday use of the tag retainer9400. Because the force9410is being applied to the tag retainer9400through the tag300(at interface9411), the opening in the body9402resists expansion and thus helps retain the tag300in place despite the force. On the other hand, the tag300may be attached to and detached from the tag retainer9400by applying a force to the pull tab9406.FIG.94Billustrates the tag retainer9400when a force9414is applied to the pull tab9406(and an opposite side of the tag retainer9400). Because the force is applied to the pull tab9406, the tag300engages the engagement ends9405of the spring member9404resulting in the gap9408expanding and a gap9416being produced proximate the pull tab9406. This gap9416facilitates removal of the tag300from the tag retainer9400. Because applying a force to the pull tab9406requires a more deliberate and purposeful action by a user (as compared, for example, to a tag300becoming snagged on a passing object), the tag retainer9400helps keep the tag300attached during normal use, while providing an easy and straightforward way to attach and detach the tag300when desired. FIGS.95A-95Billustrate another example tag retainer9500for attaching to a tag. The tag retainer9500may include a body9502, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and spring members9504,9506, which may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring members9504,9506may be configured to bias the body9502into the housing gap of a tag, as described with respect to other spring members. The spring members9504,9506may have semi-circular shapes and may be positioned on opposite sides of the opening in the body9502. The spring members9504,9506may also increase the stiffness of portions of the tag retainer9500that extend into the housing gap, thereby decreasing the likelihood that the tag300will simply deform or fold the body9502out of the way and allow the tag300to unexpectedly detach from the tag retainer9500. The body9502may define a pull tab9508. The pull tab9508may lack any spring members. As shown inFIG.95B, a user may grasp the pull tab9508to apply a force9510to the pull tab9508, thereby deforming the body9502(and optionally one or both of the spring members9504,9506) and introducing or increasing the size of a gap9512between the tag300and the body9502, thereby facilitating attachment or detachment of the tag300. FIGS.96A-96Billustrate another example tag retainer9600for attaching to a tag. The tag retainer9600may include a body9602, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and a spring member9604which may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member9604may be configured to bias the body9602into the housing gap of a tag, as described with respect to other spring members. The spring member9604may define two spring arms9606that can be selectively secured together (or released) using a clip mechanism9608.FIG.96Ashows the tag retainer9600with the clip mechanism9608in a closed configuration in which the spring arms9606are secured together. This may retain the tag retainer9600in a tightened or secure state in which the tag300is securely attached to the tag retainer9600.FIG.96Bshows the tag retainer9600with the clip mechanism9608in an open configuration. When the clip mechanism9608is open, the spring member9604returns to a relaxed state in which the spring arms9606pull away from one another, thereby generally expanding the spring member9604and expanding the opening in which the tag300is received. This expansion facilitates the attachment and/or detachment of the tag retainer9600and the tag300. The clip mechanism9608may be opened, for example, by rotating or twisting the clip mechanism9608(or a portion or component of the clip mechanism9608), as illustrated by arrow9605. Other types and/or configurations of clip mechanisms may be opened and/or closed using other types of manipulations. FIG.97illustrates another example tag retainer9700for attaching to a tag. The tag retainer9700may include a body9702, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and a spring member9704which may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member9704may be configured to bias the body9702into the housing gap of a tag, as described with respect to other spring members. The spring member9704may have an octagonal shape with eight substantially linear sides, which each extend into the housing gap of the tag300to help retain the tag300to the tag retainer9700. In some cases, the spring member9704may define uncoupled ends to allow the spring member9704to expand in order to facilitate attachment and detachment of the tag300. In some cases, the ends of the spring member9704are connected (e.g., welded), and the spring member9704deforms (e.g., one or more of the straight sides deflects) during attachment and/or detachment of the tag300. FIGS.98A-98Billustrate another example tag retainer9800for attaching to a tag. The tag retainer9800may include a body9802, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and a spring member9804which may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body9802(e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member9804may be configured to bias the body9802into the housing gap of a tag, as described with respect to other spring members. The tag retainer9800may also include a stiffener9810along a portion of the opening for the tag, which may help maintain the shape of the tag retainer9800during manipulations of the spring member9804(for attaching/detaching the tag300) and may provide additional stiffness to the portion of the body9802that extends into the housing gap. The spring member9804may define engagement regions9805and an actuation region9806. The engagement regions9805may be biased towards the tag300and engage the tag300in the housing gap. The actuation region9806may be defined by a curved portion of the spring member9804, and may include or be coupled to a manipulation tab9808(which may be integral with the spring member9804or may be a separate component that is attached to the spring member9804). The manipulation tab9808may be exposed or otherwise accessible to a user, and may be used to apply a force to the actuation region9806to expand the spring member9804to facilitate attachment and detachment of the tag300. For example, the undeformed or unstressed configuration of the spring member9804may be shown inFIG.98A. In this configuration, the spring member9804is biased into engagement with the tag300(e.g., in the housing gap) and retains the tag300to the tag retainer9800. In order to conveniently attach or detach the tag300, a user may grasp the manipulation tab9808and apply a force away from the tag300(while optionally grasping the tag300). The force, represented by arrow9812inFIG.98B, deforms the spring member9804, including by pulling the engagement regions9805(and the nearby portions of the body9802) away from the tag300and producing a gap9814that facilitates attachment and detachment of the tag300. FIGS.99A-99Cillustrate an example tag cover9900for attaching to a tag. The tag cover9900may be configured to protect the tag from impacts, scratches, or other damage. The tag cover9900may also change the size and/or friction characteristics of the tag300. For example, the tag cover9900may have a higher coefficient of friction than the tag itself, and may make the tag300easier to handle, less likely to slip out of the user's hand, or the like. The tag cover9900may include an engagement flange9904that defines a first opening, and a sidewall9906that defines a second opening. The engagement flange9904may be configured to extend into a housing gap of the tag300, as shown inFIGS.99B and99C(which are partial cross-sectional views of the tag and tag cover ofFIG.99A, viewed along line99B-99B inFIG.99A). The sidewall9906may have two stable configurations when the tag cover9900is attached to the tag300(e.g., it may be bistable).FIG.99Bshows the tag cover9900in a first configuration, where the sidewall9906is extended upward, away from the tag300. This configuration may facilitate attachment and detachment of the tag cover9900, as the sidewall may be moved out of the way of the engagement flange9904so that the engagement flange9904can be inserted into or removed from the housing gap of the tag300.FIG.99Cshows the tag cover9900in a second configuration, where the sidewall9906is positioned against the tag300. This configuration may correspond to the normal use configuration of the tag cover9900, as the sidewall9906is at least partially covering, and optionally in direct contact with, the outer peripheral side of the tag300. FIGS.100A-100Dillustrate another example tag retainer10010(FIG.100B) for attaching to a tag10000(FIG.100A). The tag10000and tag retainer10010may include complementary mating features that allow the tag retainer10010to securely attach to the tag10000. In particular, with reference toFIG.100A, the tag10000may include a battery door10001(similar to the bottom housing member304, or battery door, of the tag300inFIG.3) that defines engagement features10002. The engagement features10002may each define undercut slots10004, which may be open on one end and blocked at the opposite end. With reference toFIG.100B, the tag retainer10010may include a body, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials). The corresponding engagement features10012may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The tag retainer10010defines an opening10011that is configured to receive at least part of the tag10000therein, and corresponding engagement features10012that are complementary to the engagement features10002of the tag10000. The corresponding engagement features10012may be tabs, clips, flanges, protrusions, or other suitable features. In the illustrated example, the engagement features10002of the tag10000define slots, and the corresponding engagement features10012define tabs with a shape and size to be received in the slots, though this is merely one example set of complementary engagement features, and others are also contemplated. FIG.100Cillustrates the tag retainer10010being attached to the tag10000. The tag retainer10010is positioned so that the corresponding engagement features10012are positioned between the engagement features10002of the tag10000, thereby aligning the corresponding engagement features10012with the slots defined by the engagement features10002. The tag retainer10010is rotated, as illustrated by arrow10014, to slide the corresponding engagement features10012into the engagement features10002. Once the engagement features10002,10012are engaged, the tag retainer10010is attached to the tag10000, as shown inFIG.100D. The engagement features10002,10012may include clips, latches, detents, undercuts, and/or other features that help maintain the features10002,10012in secure engagement. Such features may, for example, require a greater force to initially disengage the engagement features10002,10012, followed by a lower force requirement to fully slide the engagement features10002,10012completely apart. FIGS.101A-101Cillustrate another example tag retainer10100for attaching to a tag. The tag retainer10100may include a body10102, which may define an opening10104. The body10102may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and may include other components or materials such as spring members, stiffeners, etc. The opening10104may be an opening to a partially enclosed pocket that receives a portion of a tag. FIG.101Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer10100ofFIG.101A, viewed along line101B-101B inFIG.101A. The opening10104may be defined by a wall (e.g., a circular wall)10106that is configured to engage a tag via a housing gap. FIG.101Cis another partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer10100ofFIG.101A, viewed along line101B-101B inFIG.101A, showing the tag retainer10100attached to the tag300. As shown, the partially enclosed pocket has a size (e.g., a diameter, volume, etc.) that is substantially equal to the outer part of the battery door of the tag300, and the battery door is substantially contained and/or enclosed in the pocket. The wall10106extends into the housing gap of the tag300to retain the tag300to the tag retainer10100. The stiffness of the material of the wall10106(including any stiffeners within or attached to the body10102) may bias the wall10106into the housing gap to provide a secure attachment. By attaching to the battery door, the main body portion302of the tag300is exposed and uncovered. As the main body portion302, and more particularly the top housing member of the tag, may define a diaphragm-like member to produce audio outputs, attaching the tag retainer10100to the tag300in a manner that exposes the top housing member may help avoid degrading or muting the audio output. WhileFIGS.101A-101Cillustrate a tag retainer that attaches to a battery door of a tag,FIG.101Dillustrates an example tag retainer that attaches to the tag300in place of the battery door304.FIG.101Dillustrates the tag300with the bottom housing member or battery door304removed from the main body portion302. A tag retainer10110may include or define a strap10112or attachment portion that is used to attach the tag retainer10110to another object. The tag retainer10110may also include a flange10114and latching members10116. The flange10114may resemble a similar structure of the battery door304, and the latching members10116may have substantially the same size, shape, and overall configuration of the latching members of the battery door304. The latching members10116may be configured to engage the tag300in the same or similar manner to the latching members of the battery door304. In this manner, the main body portion302may be interchangeably attached to the battery door304or the tag retainer10110using the same engagement features of the main body portion302. FIGS.102A-102Cillustrate another example tag retainer10200for attaching to a tag. The tag retainer10200may include a body10202, which may define an opening10204. The body10202may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), and may include other components or materials such as spring members, stiffeners, etc. The opening10204may be an opening to a partially enclosed pocket that receives a portion of a tag. FIG.102Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer10200ofFIG.102A, viewed along line102B-102B inFIG.102A. The opening10204may be defined by a wall (e.g., a circular wall)10206that is configured to engage a tag via a housing gap. FIG.102Cis another partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer10200ofFIG.102A, viewed along line102B-102B inFIG.102A, showing the tag retainer10200attached to the tag300. Whereas the tag retainer10100is configured to attach to the tag300via the battery door, the tag retainer10200is configured to attach to the tag300by wrapping around the main body portion302of the tag300. Thus, the partially enclosed pocket has a size (e.g., a diameter, volume, etc.) that is substantially equal to the outer part of the main body portion302of the tag300, and the outer part of the main body portion302is substantially contained and/or enclosed in the pocket. The wall10206may extend into the housing gap of the tag300to retain the tag300to the tag retainer10200. The stiffness of the material of the wall10206(including any stiffeners within or attached to the body10202) may bias the wall10206into the housing gap to provide a secure attachment. In other cases, the wall10206does not extend into the housing gap, but instead securely attaches to the tag300due to the wall10206extending over a portion of the tag300and trapping the tag300in the pocket of the tag retainer10200. FIGS.103A-103Billustrate another example tag10300with a configuration for facilitating attachment to and detachment from a tag retainer. In particular, the tag10300includes a main body portion10302(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300) and a battery door10304(similar to the bottom housing member304, or battery door, of the tag300). The battery door10304is configured to slide, translate, or otherwise move relative to the main body portion10302. For example,FIG.103Aillustrates the tag10300with the battery door10304in an undeflected position relative to the main body portion10302. In this position, the battery door10304may be substantially centered over a shaft10306of the main body portion10302. Accordingly, the battery door10304may overhang the shaft10306to define the housing gap of the tag10300.FIG.103Billustrates the tag10300with the battery door10304in a deflected position. In this position, at least one side of the battery door10304may be substantially flush with a side of the shaft10306. The battery door10304may slide, translate, or otherwise move only a fixed distance relative to the main body portion10302, and may use any suitable mechanism to facilitate the motion (e.g., friction guides, bearings, bushings, etc.). Further, while the battery door10304and the shaft10306are shown as having circular shapes, other shapes are also contemplated, including oblong shapes, ovals, rectangles, ellipses, or the like. FIGS.104A-104Dillustrate steps of an example process for attaching the tag10300to a tag retainer10400(which may resemble the tag retainer7600,FIG.76A, or other tag retainers described herein). The tag retainer10400may be less compliant than other tag retainers, as the movement of the battery door10304can facilitate attachment and detachment while reducing the need for the tag retainer10400to deflect or deform. As shown inFIG.104A, the tag retainer10400may be engaged with the tag10300at a first location10404while the battery door10304is in an undeflected position. After engaging at the location10404, the user may slide the battery door10304into a deflected position (arrow10401), which reduces the overhang of the battery door10304relative to the shaft10306at a second location10406. This allows the tag retainer10400to more easily slide over the battery door10304and into the housing gap, as indicated by arrow10402.FIG.104Bshows the tag retainer10400in place in the housing gap. Sliding the battery door10304back towards the undeflected position (arrow10408,FIG.104C) captures the tag retainer10400in the housing gap and retains the tag retainer10400to the tag10300(as shown inFIG.104D). FIGS.105A-105Dillustrate another example tag10500with a configuration for facilitating attachment to and detachment from a tag retainer. In particular, the tag10500includes a main body portion10502(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300), and a battery door10504that includes a bistable retraction mechanism that can be actuated to form (or remove) a housing gap.FIG.105Ashows the battery door10504in an extended configuration. In this configuration, the battery door10504does not define an undercut or lip, and thus does not define a housing gap. Rather, the extended battery door10504has substantially straight sides such that a tag retainer can be slid over the extended battery door10504without requiring the tag retainer to deform or deflect.FIG.105Bshows the battery door10504in a retracted configuration. In this configuration, the battery door10504is compressed to define a housing gap10505that can trap a tag retainer therein. The battery door10504may include a bistable retraction mechanism and a compliant cover. The bistable retraction mechanism may operate similar to a retractable pen. For example, pressing the battery door10504when the bistable retraction mechanism is retracted (FIG.105B) will result in the bistable retraction mechanism extending (FIG.105A), and vice versa. The compliant cover may enclose internal components of the bistable retraction mechanism, such as cams, arms, plates, springs, and the like. The compliant cover may be a fabric, polymer (e.g., silicone, TPU, etc.), leather, mechanically linked rigid plates, or the like. FIGS.105C-105Dillustrate how the tag10500may be attached to a tag retainer10506. As shown inFIG.105A, the battery door10504may be extended so that the opening of the tag retainer10506may be passed over the extended battery door10504to rest against a surface of the tag10500(e.g., the main body portion10502). Once the tag retainer10506is in place, a force may be applied to the battery door10504, as illustrated by arrow10508, to force the battery door10504into a retracted position.FIG.105Dshows the battery door10504in the retracted configuration, with the tag retainer10506captured in the housing gap10505(e.g., between the battery door10504and the main body portion10502). Detaching the tag retainer10506from the tag10500may be accomplished by reversing these operations. FIGS.106A-106Billustrate another technique for attaching the tag300to a tag retainer10600. The tag retainer10600defines an opening10602that is configured to receive a portion of the tag300. More particularly, the battery door304of the tag300is separated from the main body portion302, and the tag retainer10600is positioned between the battery door304and the main body portion302such that a portion of the tag300is in the opening10602and such that a portion of the tag retainer10600is captured between the battery door304and the main body portion302(e.g., in the housing gap of the tag300).FIG.106Ashows an exploded view of the tag300in position to be attached to the retainer10600, andFIG.106Bshows the tag300attached to the tag retainer10600, with the battery door304attached to the main body portion302and the tag retainer10600captured in the housing gap. The tag retainer10600may be any suitable tag retainer, such as those described herein. Because the tag retainer10600(and in particular the opening10602) does not need to expand or deform to facilitate attachment to the tag, the tag retainer10600may be more rigid or stiff than other tag retainers described herein. This stiffness may be accomplished by forming the tag retainer10600from stiffer materials (e.g., polycarbonate, metals, ABS, etc.), or incorporating stiff materials in the tag retainer10600. For example, a closed-ring spring member, such as that shown inFIGS.76A-76C, may be incorporated into the tag retainer10600around the opening10602and encapsulated by a compliant material that forms the rest of the tag retainer10600. In comparison to the tag retainer7600, however, the opening10602(and the diameter of the closed-ring spring member) may be smaller than the opening7601due to the fact that the opening10602does not need to fit over the battery door to attach the tag to the tag retainer. For example, the opening10602may have a diameter that is substantially the same size as the smallest-diameter surface of the housing gap, with only a small amount of clearance to allow for opening10602to accept the portion of the tag therein. FIGS.107A-107Billustrate another example tag10700with a configuration for facilitating attachment to and detachment from a tag retainer. In particular, the tag10700includes a main body portion10702(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300), and a battery door that includes a bistable flange10704that can be manipulated to form (or remove) a housing gap.FIG.107Ashows the bistable flange10704in an extended configuration. In this configuration, the bistable flange10704does not define an undercut or lip, and thus does not define a housing gap. Rather, the extended bistable flange10704has substantially straight sides such that a tag retainer can be slid over the extended bistable flange10704without requiring the tag retainer to deform or deflect.FIG.107Bshows the bistable flange10704in a retracted configuration. In this configuration, the bistable flange10704has been forced into a retracted configuration to define a housing gap10705that can trap a tag retainer therein. FIGS.108A-108Billustrate how the tag10700may be attached to a tag retainer10800. As shown inFIG.108A, the bistable flange10704may be extended so that the opening of the tag retainer10800may be passed over the extended bistable flange10704to rest against a surface of the tag10700(e.g., the main body portion10702). Once the tag retainer10800is in place, a force may be applied to the bistable flange10704, as illustrated by arrows10802, to force the bistable flange10704into a retracted position.FIG.108Bshows the bistable flange10704in the retracted configuration, with the tag retainer10800captured in the housing gap10705(e.g., between the bistable flange10704and the main body portion10702). Detaching the tag retainer10800from the tag10700may be accomplished by reversing these operations. The bistable flange10704may be formed from or include any suitable material. For example, the bistable flange10704may be formed from a polymer material such as a silicone, TPU, or the like. The bistable flange10704may be a single piece of material, or it may include multiple components. For example, the bistable flange10704may include an internal bistable member (e.g., a metal having a shape and/or material that produces a bistable configuration) with a compliant outer sheathing material (e.g., silicone, TPU, etc.). Other configurations are also contemplated. FIGS.109A-109Dillustrate another example tag10900(FIG.109A), and corresponding tag retainer10910(FIG.109B) for attaching to the tag10900. With reference toFIG.109A, the tag10900includes a main body portion10902(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300), and a battery door10904. The tag10900may define channels10906, which may be formed in the battery door10904, that are configured to receive latch members10916of the tag retainer10910(FIG.109B). The channels10906may include or define ramp segments10920, which may be used to guide the latch members10916of a tag retainer out of the channels10906when decoupling the tag retainer10910from the tag10900. The tag10900may also include optional magnetic components10908(e.g., magnets) that are configured to magnetically attract to the latch members10916to help draw the latch members10916into the channels10906and retain them in the channels10906. The tag10900may also include optional repelling magnetic components10922(e.g., magnets having an opposite polarity to the magnets10908) that are configured to repel the latch members10916out of the channels10906when the tag retainer10910is rotated (such that the latch members10916slide along the ramp segments10920). The combination of the ramp segments10920and the repelling magnetic components10922may provide an impetus that causes the latch members10916to retract back into a retracted position in the tag retainer10910. The tag retainer10910, shown inFIG.109B, includes a body10912(similar to the bodies of other tag retainers described herein) that defines an opening10914configured to receive at least a portion of the tag10900(e.g., the battery door10904). The tag retainer10910may include latch members10916that can be retracted into and/or extended out from the tag retainer10910to engage the channels10906of the tag10900, as illustrated by arrows10918. The latch members10916may define ramped or contoured portions10926that facilitate a smooth engagement between the latch members10916and the ramp segments10920of the channels10906when the tag retainer10910is rotated (which causes the latch members10916to slide along the ramp segments10920). The latch members10916may be spring-loaded so that they are biased in an outward or protruding position, or they may be unbiased. In other cases, they are biased in a retracted position, and are drawn into the channels10906due to a magnetic attraction between the latch members10916and the magnetic components10908in the tag retainer10910. The latch members10916may be formed or include magnetic materials (e.g., a ferromagnetic material, if the magnetic components10908are permanent magnets) to facilitate the latch members10916being pulled into and retained in the channels10906. The tag retainer10910may also include magnetic components10924(e.g., magnets) that are configured to bias the latch members10916into the body of the tag retainer10910or retain the latch members10916in the withdrawn or retracted position. The strength of the magnetic attraction between the latch members10916and the magnet components10924may be less than that of the attraction between the latch members10916and the magnetic components10908in the tag. In this way, the latch members10916may be securely retained in the channels10906by the magnetic components10908until the latch members10916are forced out of the channels10906(e.g., by the ramp segments10920and/or repelling magnetic components10922), at which time the weaker magnetic attraction from the magnetic components10924may overcome the reduced magnetic attraction from the magnetic components10908, thereby drawing the latch members10916back into the tag retainer10910and retaining them in the retracted position. To attach the tag10900to the tag retainer10910, the tag retainer19010may be positioned so that the latch members10916are aligned with the channels10906. In this alignment, the magnetic attraction between the latch members10916and the magnetic components10908may overcome the attraction between the latch members10916and the magnetic components10924, thereby drawing the latch members10916into the channels to retain the tag10900to the tag retainer10910. FIG.109Cshows the tag10900attached to the tag retainer10910. As shown, the latch members10916have extended into the channels10906, thereby attaching the tag10900to the tag retainer10910. Due to the optional spring biasing and/or the optional magnetic attraction, the latch members10916may be drawn into the channels10906as soon as the battery door10904is inserted into the opening10914of the tag retainer10910and the latch members10916are aligned with the channels10906. FIG.109Dshows how the latch members10916may be retracted into the tag retainer10910to detach the tag10900from the tag retainer10910. For example, the tag retainer10910may be rotated relative to the tag10900(as indicated by arrow10928inFIG.109C), which causes the latch members10916to slide along and be ejected by the ramp segments10920(and optionally repelled by the repelling magnetic components10922and further retracted by the magnetic components10924). FIG.110Aillustrates another example tag11000. The tag11000includes a main body portion11002(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300), and a battery door11004. The tag11000includes one or more accessory retention mechanisms11006integrated with the battery door11004. The accessory retention mechanisms11006may be configured to help retain the tag11000to an accessory such as a tag retainer. FIG.110Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag11000ofFIG.110A, viewed along line110B-110B inFIG.110A.FIG.110Bshows an example configuration of the accessory retention mechanisms11006. In particular, the accessory retention mechanisms11006may include a plunger11008that is accessible to the user from the outer or exterior surface of the tag11000, and one or more spring members11012biasing the plunger11008upwards. The accessory retention mechanisms11006may be situated within (and captive in) an opening11010in the battery door11004, and the opening may be configured to receive therein a retention member of an accessory to help hold the accessory in place and attached to the tag11000. FIGS.111A-111Billustrate partial cross-sectional views of the tag11000in use with an accessory11100, which may be a tag retainer similar to others described herein. The accessory11100may include a retention member11102that is biased, by a spring member11104, in a proud or protruding configuration (relative to adjacent portions of the accessory11100).FIG.111Bshows the accessory11100attached to the tag11000. In this configuration, the retention member11102is extended into the opening11010such that the retention member11102engages the opening11010and retains the accessory11100to the tag11000. In order to detach the accessory11100from the tag11000, a user may apply a force to the plunger11008of the accessory retention mechanism11006(indicated by arrow11106,FIG.111B), thereby forcing the plunger11008against the retention member11102in a manner that overcomes the biasing force of the retention member11102and pushes the retention member11102out of the opening11110. In this configuration, as shown inFIG.111B, the accessory11100may be easily slid out of the housing gap11015to detach the accessory11100from the tag11000. The accessory11100may have an enclosed (e.g., circular) opening, similar to the tag retainer7600, for example. Because the accessory retention mechanisms11006can retain an accessory to the tag without the accessory fully encircling the housing gap, the accessory11100does not necessarily require a continuous opening. For example, the accessory11100may be a straight strap-like accessory with a free end that is narrower than the width (e.g., diameter) of the tag11000and that extends into the housing gap11015only at a location proximate the accessory retention mechanism11006. In some cases, an additional mechanism or retention feature is positioned on the tag11000on the opposite side of the accessory11100to retain the accessory11100from the underside as well. FIG.112Aillustrates another example tag11200. The tag11200includes a main body portion11202(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300), and a battery door11204. The tag11200includes an accessory biasing mechanism11206integrated with the tag11200. The accessory biasing mechanisms11206may be configured to help retain the tag11200to an accessory such as a tag retainer, and may help prevent the tag11200from moving (e.g., spinning, rattling) when attached to an accessory such as a tag retainer. The accessory biasing mechanism11206may be positioned in a housing gap11210(FIG.112B), and may be configured to push against an accessory that is engaged with the housing gap11210. The tag11200may include a spring member11208that biases the accessory biasing mechanism11206in a protruding configuration, as shown inFIG.112B(which is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag11200ofFIG.112A, viewed along line112B-112B inFIG.112A). FIGS.67A-67Billustrate the interaction of an accessory11300(which may be a tag retainer similar to the tag retainer7600, or other tag retainers described herein) with the tag11200and the accessory biasing mechanism11206. In particular, as the accessory11300is being attached to the tag11200, the accessory may engage the tag11200by entering the housing gap at one side11302of the tag. Force from the accessory pushing against the accessory biasing mechanism11206may result in deflection of the accessory biasing mechanism11206into a recess in the tag11200(and may result in the accessory biasing mechanism11206being flush with adjacent portions of the tag11200). The accessory11300may then be engaged with a second side11306of the tag by extending the accessory11300over the battery door11204and into the housing gap (indicated by arrow11304).FIG.113Bshows the tag11200with the accessory11300attached and retained in the housing gap11210. The accessory biasing mechanism11206, forced outward by the spring member11208, applies a force to the accessory11300. This force may provide several advantages. For example, it may increase the engagement force between the accessory11300and the tag11200at the side opposite the accessory biasing mechanism11206(e.g., at the second side11306). Further, it may increase the frictional force between the tag11200and the accessory11300, thereby preventing or limiting rotation, rattling, or other motion of the tag11200relative to the accessory11300. FIG.114Aillustrates another example tag retainer11400that may be attached to a tag. The tag retainer11400may include a body11402, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials). The tag retainer11400defines an opening11404for receiving a tag (e.g., the tag300). The tag retainer11400may also include a latch member11406that extends into the opening11404and is biased outward by a spring member11408. The latch member11406may be configured to be forced against a tag (e.g., the housing gap of a tag) to help retain the tag to the tag retainer11400. FIG.114Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer11400ofFIG.114A, viewed along line114B-114B inFIG.114A, showing the tag retainer11400attached to the tag300. As shown, the latch member11406is forced, by the spring member11408, against a surface of the tag300within the housing gap. The force from the latch member11406may provide several advantages, similar to the accessory biasing mechanism described above. For example, the force from the latch member11406may increase the engagement force between the tag retainer11400and the tag300at the side opposite the latch member11406, and it may increase the frictional force between the tag300and the tag retainer11400, thereby preventing or limiting rotation, rattling, or other motion of the tag300relative to the tag retainer11400. The latch member11406and the tag300may have complementary shapes that allow the latch member11406to slide over the battery door of the tag300so that the tag300and the tag retainer11400can be attached and detached by a user. For example, if the tag retainer11400is pulled upwards (relative to the orientation shown inFIG.114B), an interaction between the latch member11406and the tag300may force the latch member11406into its opening in the tag retainer11400to allow the tag retainer11400to be detached. The opposite operation may occur when the tag retainer11400is being attached to the tag300. FIG.115Aillustrates an example tag11500that uses a threaded feature to attach to a tag retainer. The tag11500includes a main body portion11502(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300), and a battery door that includes a threaded feature11504. The threaded feature11504may be formed of metal, a polymer, or any other suitable material. In some cases, the threaded feature11504and the battery door are formed from the same unitary piece of material. FIG.115Billustrates an example tag retainer11510configured to attach to the tag11500by engaging the threaded feature11504of the tag11500. The tag retainer11510may define an opening11512with threads that are configured to engage the threaded feature11504of the tag11500.FIG.115Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag11500attached to the tag retainer11510. In particular, the tag11500may be attached to or detached from the tag retainer11510by screwing or unscrewing the tag11500from the tag retainer11510. As shown inFIG.115C, the tag retainer11510may include an insert11514that defines the threads. The insert11514may be formed of metal, a polymer, or any other suitable material or combination of materials. In some cases, the insert11514is stiffer than a material that surrounds the insert11514and/or defines the body of the tag retainer11510. In other cases, the entire tag retainer11510is formed of a single piece of material and the threads are formed directly into the single piece of material. FIG.115Dillustrates an example tag11520and tag retainer11522that uses a similar threaded coupling configuration as the tag11500and tag retainer11510. Whereas the tag retainer11510provided an enclosed recess that covered the tag11500(e.g., the battery door of the tag11500), the tag retainer11510defines a through-hole that exposes the battery door of the tag11520when the tag11520is threaded into the threaded opening11524of the tag retainer11522. In other respects, the tag11520and tag retainer11522may similar to the tag11500and tag retainer11510, and for brevity those details may not be repeated here. FIG.116Aillustrates an example tag11600that uses spring-loaded retention features to attach to an accessory such as a tag retainer. The tag11600includes a main body portion11602(similar to the main body portion302of the tag300), and a battery door11604. The battery door11604, or any other suitable portion of the tag11600, includes spring-loaded retention features11606. As shown, the spring-loaded retention features11606are arranged about the periphery of a shaft-like portion of the battery door11604. FIG.116Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag11600ofFIG.116Awhen attached to an accessory11610, such as a tag retainer. The accessory11610may define one or more recesses11612that are configured to receive the spring-loaded retention features11606. The recesses11612may be defined by a single continuous channel extending around the circumference of the opening of the accessory11610. In other examples, there may be discrete recesses11612, each configured to receive one of the spring-loaded retention features11606. The recesses11612may be defined by an insert or other member that is attached to or otherwise integrated with another portion of the accessory (as shown). In other example implementations, the accessory is formed of a single piece of material and the recesses are defined in the single piece of material. The tag11600may be attached to the accessory11610by aligning the tag11600with the opening in the accessory11610and pressing the tag11600and accessory11610together until the spring-loaded retention features11606slide or roll over the edge of the opening and into the recesses11612in the accessory11610. The tag11600may be detached by reversing these operations, whereupon the spring-loaded retention features11606slide or roll out of the recesses11612to detach the tag11600. FIGS.116A-116Bshow an example in which spring-loaded retention features are positioned on the tag and the recesses are positioned on the accessory. In other implementations, however, these positions may be reversed. For example, the spring-loaded retention features may be integrated with the accessory and the tag may define the recesses that engage the spring-loaded retention features to retain the tag and accessory together. In yet other examples, the tag and the accessory each include both recesses and spring-loaded retention features. FIG.117Aillustrates an example tag11700having a different form factor than other tags described herein. In particular, the tag11700defines a body11702(which may include and/or be defined by any number of different housing components). The body11702defines two parallel channels11704on opposite sides of the body11702. As shown, the channels11704extend along a diametrical dimension of the tag11700, though other positions and/or orientations of the channels11704are also possible. In some cases, the channels11704are straight (as shown), while in other cases they may be curved or have any other suitable shape. The tag11700may be configured to attach to a tag retainer11710via the channels11704, as shown inFIG.117B. FIG.117Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag11700and tag retainer11710ofFIG.117B, viewed along line117C-117C inFIG.117B. The tag retainer11710includes two arms11712that extend around at least part of the tag11700so that engagement ends11714of the arms11712extend into and engage the channels11704. The arms11712may be biased towards one another (e.g., with a spring member inside the tag retainer11710) to force the engagement ends11714into the channels11704and help retain the tag11700to the tag retainer11710. FIGS.118A-118Cillustrate an example tag retainer11800. The tag retainer11800may include a body11802, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials), a cord retainer11806, and a cord11808. The body11802may define an opening11804for receiving at least a portion of a tag (e.g., the tag300). The cord11808is configured to wrap around a portion of a tag to retain the tag to the tag retainer11800. FIG.118Billustrates the tag retainer11800attached to the tag300. In particular, the tag300is positioned in the opening11804, and the cord11808is wrapped around the tag300(e.g., in a housing gap of the tag300). The cord11808may also be wrapped around and secured to the cord retainer11806.FIG.118Cis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer11800ofFIG.118Bwith the tag300attached thereto, viewed along line118C-118C inFIG.118B.FIG.118Cillustrates how the cord11808wraps around the tag300(in the housing gap) and the cord retainer11806to retain the tag300to the tag retainer11800. In particular, the size and/or location of the cord11808around the tag300and relative to the opening11804prevents the tag300from detaching by passing back through the opening11804(e.g., in a downward direction as oriented inFIG.118C). The cord retainer11806may have a clip, fastener, or other mechanism to which the free end of the cord11808may be secured after the cord11808is wrapped around the tag300. The cord11808may be secured to the cord retainer11806in other ways instead of or in addition to the clip, fastener, or other mechanism. For example, the cord retainer11806may have a flange that defines an undercut region, and the cord11808may have a size and length such that the cord11808is compressed in the undercut region when the cord11808is wrapped around the tag300(e.g., similar to an envelope closure mechanism). As another example, the cord11808may be securely tied and/or knotted to the cord retainer11806. FIGS.119A-119Billustrate another example tag retainer11900. The tag retainer11900includes a cord11902that is configured to wrap at least partially around a tag in a housing gap, and a retaining ring11904that is configured to capture and retain the cord11902in the housing gap. The retaining ring11904may define an opening11906through which the cord11902may pass to assist in retaining the cord11902to the retaining ring11904. The free ends of the cord11902may be used to attach the tag to other objects, such as by tying the free ends to the object. FIG.119Bis a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer11900ofFIG.119A, shown attached to the tag300. The cord11902may be wrapped at least partially around the tag300in the housing gap of the tag300. The retaining ring11904may be installed in the housing gap such that it forces the cord11902against the tag300and retains the cord11902in the housing gap. The retaining ring11904and the cord11902may be sized such that when they are both in the housing gap, they are pressed together and against the tag300. The resulting friction between the tag300, the cord11902, and the retaining ring11904hold the cord11902and retaining ring11904in place. While the position of the retaining ring11904in the housing gap helps prevent the cord11902from slipping over the top of the battery door of the tag300, the opening11906in the retaining ring11904helps prevent the cord11902from unwinding from around the tag300. Without passing the cord11902through the opening11906, for example, a pulling or tugging motion on the cord11902could pull the cord11902out of the housing gap despite the presence of the retaining ring11904in the housing gap. With the cord11902situated in the opening11906, pulling or tugging forces on the free ends of the cord11902will not tend to pull the cord out of the housing gap. Structures or techniques other than the opening11906may also be used to prevent pulling forces from detaching the cord. FIGS.120A-120Billustrate another example tag retainer12000. The tag retainer12000may include a body12002, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials). The body12002may define an opening12003for receiving the tag300, and a cord12006that passes through cord openings12004in the body12002. In order to attach the tag300to the tag retainer12000, the cord12006may be untied so that the opening12003can be expanded and the tag300can be inserted into the opening12003. To secure the tag300, the cord12006may be tied together or otherwise secured, as shown inFIG.120B, to reduce the size of the opening12003and hold the body12002in the housing gap of the tag300. The tag300may be removed by untying or otherwise freeing the cord12006to allow the opening12003to expand for easy removal of the tag300. FIGS.121A-121Billustrate another example tag retainer12100, which is similar to the tag retainer12000except that it uses a latching mechanism to retain the free ends of the body together. In particular the tag retainer12100includes a body12102, which may be formed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material (including combinations of materials). The body12102, and in particular arms12104of the body12102, define an opening12103for receiving the tag300. The free ends of the arms12104define complementary latching features12106. As shown inFIG.121B, which is an end view of the tag retainer12100, viewed along line121B-121B inFIG.121A, the latching features12106may be engaged with one another to prevent the arms12104from separating, thereby holding the arms12104together and in place in a housing gap of a tag. One or both of the arms12104may be biased in a position that forces the latching features12106into secure engagement. For example, the right-hand arm12104-1(FIG.121B) may be biased upwards and to the right, as indicated by arrows12108,12110, respectively, relative to the left-hand arm12104-2. This biasing configuration forces the latching mechanisms into secure engagement, thereby maintaining the arms12104in a closed and latched configuration to help retain the tag to the tag retainer12100. Many of the example tag retainers described herein are shown as having bodies with substantially uniform thicknesses (e.g., flat, plate- or sheet-like configurations). This is merely one possible configuration for the bodies, and in some cases the bodies may have different shapes and configurations, including shapes that have different thicknesses at different parts of the bodies.FIG.122is a partial cross-sectional view of an example tag retainer12200attached to the tag300, illustrating an example of a tag retainer with a body having a varying thickness. In particular, the tag retainer12200defines an area12202of increased thickness proximate the opening that receives the tag300(with the greater thickness relative to another area of the tag retainer, such as a handle, strap, or the like). The area of increased thickness is configured to reduce the size of and/or access to the joint between the tag retainer12200and the tag300, thereby reducing the likelihood of the tag300becoming detached due to snagging or other accidental contact. In some cases, the size and/or shape of the increased thickness region is configured so that the transition between the exterior surface of the tag retainer12200and the exterior surface of the tag300is a continuous curve or line (without substantial gaps, discontinuities, seams, or other areas that may snag on clothes or other objects). As shown inFIG.122, for example, the increased thickness region defines smooth, continuous curved transitions at the top and bottom interfaces12204,12206between the tag300and the tag retainer12200. WhileFIG.122shows one example tag retainer with an area of increased thickness (to reduce the possibility of accidental detachment of the tag retainer), the same and/or similar configuration may be applied to any other tag retainer described herein. In some cases, the area of increased thickness also results in the tag retainer being stiffer around the opening that receives the tag, which may further increase the strength and/or security of the attachment between the tag and the tag retainer. The tag retainers shown in the figures are often depicted with a strap or elongated attachment portion (e.g., the attachment portion7004,FIG.70A, the strap7411,FIG.74A). This is merely one example configuration for the tag retainers, however. In some cases, a tag retainer may not include a strap or strap-like feature, and in some cases includes another type of structure to facilitate attachment of the tag retainer to another object. For example, instead of a strap, a tag retainer may have a flat, circular flange to allow the tag retainer to be adhered, sewn, fused (e.g., via laser or ultrasonic welding), or otherwise attached to another object. Further, straps may have configurations other than those shown. For example, straps may have circular or other generally non-flat configurations, and may resemble strings, cords, cables, or the like. Thus, for each of the tag retainers shown herein, it will be understood that the mechanism for attaching the tag retainer to the tag (e.g., the particular configurations of springs, body materials, stiffeners, clips, cords, and the like) may be incorporated in any type of object to facilitate tag attachment. For example, the portion of the body10202(FIGS.102A-102C) that defines the opening10204(and receives a tag) may be incorporated directly into the material of a purse, backpack, suitcase, briefcase, or the like. In such cases, a distinct strap or other attachment feature need not be provided. As noted above, various tag retainers described herein may be used to attach a wirelessly locatable tag to another object, such as bags, purses, keys, and so forth. In some cases, tag retainers may be provided with clips that facilitate simple and convenient attachment to such objects.FIGS.123A-123Cillustrate one such example clip12300. For example, the clip12300may be attached to the attachment portion6904of the tag retainer6900(FIGS.69A-69C) by looping the attachment portion6904through the central opening of the clip12300. The clip12300may be formed of a unitary piece of material, such as a single piece of metal. The clip12300may define an outer portion12302and an inner portion12304. The outer and inner portions12302,12304may be defined by forming a slit12306into the material of the clip12300. The slit12306may be formed in any suitable manner, such as electrical discharge machining (EDM), plasma cutting, laser cutting, conventional machining or milling, or the like. The slit12306may define a small gap, such as equal to or less than about 200 microns, 100 microns, 50 microns, or 10 microns. The clip12300may be formed of any suitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, an alloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like. The inner portion12304may be configured to bend or flex relative to the outer portion12302in response to an opening force being applied to the inner portion12304. For example,FIG.123Cillustrates an opening force12308being applied to an actuation region12310of the inner portion12304. The opening force12308causes the inner portion12304to flex or bend to define a gap between the inner and outer portions12304,12302that allows the clip12300to be attached to other objects (e.g., loops on bags, holes in keys, etc.). The inner portion12304may be biased towards a closed position (shown inFIGS.123A and123B), such that when the opening force12308is removed, the inner portion12304returns to the closed position, thereby retaining the clip12300to other objects (and/or retaining the objects to the clip12300). FIGS.124A-124Billustrate another example clip12400. The clip12400is similar to the clip12300in material, function, and manufacturing, but includes an opening12408for attaching to a tag retainer. For example, the attachment portion6904of the tag retainer6900(FIGS.69A-69C) may be looped through the opening12408to attach the clip12400to the tag retainer6900. The clip12400may define an outer portion12402and an inner portion12404. The outer and inner portions12402,12404may be defined by forming a slit12406into the material of the clip12400. The slit12406may be formed in any suitable manner, such as electrical discharge machining (EDM), plasma cutting, laser cutting, conventional machining or milling, or the like. The slit12406may define a small gap, such as equal to or less than about 200 microns, 100 microns, 50 microns, or 10 microns. The inner portion12404may be configured to bend or flex relative to the outer portion12402in response to an opening force being applied to the inner portion12404. For example,FIG.124Billustrates an opening force12410being applied to the inner portion12404, causing the inner portion12404to flex or bend to define a gap between the inner and outer portions12404,12402that allows the clip12400to be attached to other objects (e.g., loops on bags, holes in keys, etc.). The inner portion12404may be biased towards a closed position (shown inFIG.124A), such that when the opening force12410is removed, the inner portion12404returns to the closed position, thereby retaining the clip12400to other objects (and/or retaining the objects to the clip12400). FIGS.125A-125Billustrate another example clip12500. The clip12500is similar to the clip12400in material, function, and manufacturing, and includes an opening12510for attaching to a tag retainer. For example, the attachment portion6904of the tag retainer6900(FIGS.69A-69C) may be looped through the opening12510to attach the clip12500to the tag retainer6900. The clip12500may define an outer portion12502and an inner portion12504. The outer and inner portions12502,12504may be defined by forming a slit12506into the material of the clip12500. The slit12506may be formed in any suitable manner, such as electrical discharge machining (EDM), plasma cutting, laser cutting, conventional machining or milling, or the like. The slit12506may define a small gap, such as equal to or less than about 200 microns, 100 microns, 50 microns, or 10 microns. The inner portion12504may be configured to bend or flex relative to the outer portion12502in response to an opening force being applied to the inner portion12504. The inner portion12504may be biased towards a closed position (shown inFIG.125A), such that when an opening force is removed, the inner portion12504returns to the closed position, thereby retaining the clip12500to other objects (and/or retaining the objects to the clip12500). The clip12500may also define a lateral guide feature that inhibits the inner portion12504from deflecting laterally with respect to adjacent portions of the clip12500. For example,FIG.125Bis a detail view of the clip12500, showing the area125B-125B inFIG.125A. The clip12500may include a lateral guide12512that allows the inner portion12504to move inward, along the direction indicated by arrows12514, while inhibiting out-of-plane motion along the direction indicated by arrows12516. As shown, the lateral guide12512is defined by a rail protruding from an end of the inner portion12504and a corresponding groove formed in the surface of the clip12500opposite the rail. In other examples, the inner portion12504may include the groove and the rail may protrude from the location where the groove is shown inFIG.125B. FIGS.126A-126Cillustrate perspective, front, and side views, respectively, of an example clip12600for attaching to a tag retainer. The clip12600may be formed of a unitary piece of material, such as a single piece of metal. The clip12600may define an opening12606for attaching to a tag retainer. For example, the attachment portion6904of the tag retainer6900(FIGS.69A-69C) may be looped through the opening12606to attach the clip12600to the tag retainer6900. The clip12600may define a first ring member12602and a second ring member12604, which may be biased against each other. The first and second ring members12602,12604may operate in a manner similar to a split ring or key ring. For example, objects such as keys, straps, fobs, or the like may be attached to the clip12600by spreading the first and second ring members12602,12604apart (e.g., at one of the ends12608,12610) and threading the object along one of the ring members until it becomes linked to the clip12600. The clip12600may be formed of any suitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, an alloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like. FIGS.127A-127Cillustrate perspective, front, and side views, respectively, of an example clip12700for attaching to a tag retainer. The clip12700may be similar in materials and function to the clip12600, but instead of being a unitary piece of material, the clip12700may be formed by joining two members together. For example, a first member12702may be joined to a second member12704along a base region12712. The first member12702may define a first opening12708and the second member12704may define a second opening12710to allow the clip12700to operate in a manner similar to a split ring or key ring, as described above with respect to the clip12600. The clip12700may be formed of any suitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, an alloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like. The first and second members12702,12704may be attached to one another in any suitable manner, such as via welding, soldering, brazing, adhering (e.g., with an epoxy or other adhesive), or the like. The clip12700may define an opening12706for attaching to a tag retainer. For example, the attachment portion6904of the tag retainer6900(FIGS.69A-69C) may be looped through the opening12706to attach the clip12700to the tag retainer6900. FIG.128illustrates a perspective view of an example ring12800for attaching to a tag retainer. The ring12800may be a unitary structure that defines a first opening12804and a second opening12806. The second opening12806may be configured for attaching to a tag retainer. For example, the attachment portion6904of the tag retainer6900(FIGS.69A-69C) may be looped through the second opening12806to attach the ring12800to the tag retainer6900. The first opening12804may be used to attach the ring12800to another object. For example, a strap, clip, carabiner, zip tie, rope, Velcro strap, or any other suitable member or object may be inserted through the first opening12804to attach the ring12800to another object. The ring12800may be formed of any suitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, an alloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like. As described herein, the wirelessly locatable tag may be attached to and/or held in one of a variety of accessories or tag retainers. For example, as described above with respect toFIGS.69A-128, a lanyard, key fob, luggage tag, belt, band, or other accessory may be adapted to hold or secure the wirelessly locatable tag and facilitate attachment to another object or article. Also, as previously described with respect to some embodiments, an accessory like a lanyard may include one or more snaps or other fasteners that may be engaged to secure, retain, or couple to the wirelessly locatable tag. One or more fasteners like a snap or button may also be used to secure the lanyard or accessory to another object like a piece of luggage, article of clothing, or other personal item. For purposes of the following description, the term “snap” may be used to refer a snap assembly or snap module, which may be formed from two or more subassemblies or modules. For purposes of the following description, the term “wireless tag” may be used to refer to a wirelessly locatable tag or tag, which has been described in detail with respect to various other embodiments, herein. FIGS.129A-129Cdepict an example accessory that may include a snap or other type of fastener. In particular,FIGS.129A-129Cdepict a lanyard12900(also referred to as a tag retainer or holder) that is configured to hold a wireless tag12950. The wireless tag12950may be similar to the other wirelessly locatable tags or tags described with respect to other embodiments and examples provided herein. As previously described, it may be beneficial to attach the wireless tag12950to an article like a piece of luggage, a backpack, a satchel, or other personal item. The lanyard12900includes an attachment feature or attachment portion, specifically an attachment ring12904, that may be made from a metal material and may be configured to be attached to a strap or other element of the personal item. The lanyard12900also includes a pocket12906(also referred to as a recess, retaining portion, or tag receptacle portion) or other tag-retaining feature that is configured to hold the wireless tag12950securely in the lanyard12900, which may allow for wireless tracking of the personal item attached to the lanyard12900and wireless tag12950. As shown inFIG.129C, the wireless tag12950may also be removed from the lanyard12900by releasing the snap12902, which allows the pocket12906to be opened. As described in more detail below, the snap12902, also referred to as a snap assembly, may be formed from two assemblies or modules (e.g., male and female assemblies) that are configured to engage each other when pressed together by the user's fingers. When the snap12902is closed or engaged, the snap12902secures elements of the lanyard12900together, thereby closing the pocket12906. As described herein, the elements that are secured together or attached by the snap12902may be referred to generically as a first element12910and a second element12912. In the present example, the first element12910and the second element12912correspond to different straps or regions of the lanyard12900that are secured together by the snap12902. As shown inFIG.129C, the snap12902may be separated by hand, which allows for the separation of the first element12910from the second element12912and allows for the pocket12906to be opened and allows the wireless tag12950to be removed. FIGS.130A-130H,131A-131H,132A-132C, and133A-133Bdepict example fasteners that may be used for an accessory of the wireless tag (e.g., a lanyard), as described herein. In particular, the following embodiments are directed to a mechanical snap fastener that is adapted to attach two elements together using a mechanical engagement between two snap assemblies or modules. As described herein, a snap fastener may be generally referred to as a “snap” and may include two mating snap assemblies or modules, which may be referred to separately as a male module/assembly and a female module/assembly. The female and male modules/assemblies of the snap are configured to couple to one another in order to form a mechanical interlock that is secure enough to remain engaged during ordinary use. The female and male assemblies/modules of the snap may also be disengaged by hand or without the use of special tools. In the embodiment depicted inFIGS.130A-130C, the snap13000, also referred to as a snap assembly, is used to couple together two accessory elements generally referred to as a first element13010and a second element13012. In some cases, the first element13010is a first portion of a strap and the second element13012is a second portion of the same strap or another strap of the accessory. In some cases, the first element13010and second element13012are separate pieces of different components that are coupled together by the snap13000. In other cases, the first element13010and the second element13012are different portions of a common component that are coupled together by the snap13000. Example first and second elements are also described above with respect to the lanyard12900ofFIGS.129A-129Chaving a first element12910and a second element12912. The first element13010and the second element13012may form part of an accessory that may be generally referred to as a “soft good.” The soft good may be formed at least in part from a pliable or soft material that forms part of the lanyard, key fob, luggage tag, belt, band, or other accessory. The soft good may be formed from a textile, including a woven fabric or other type of cloth made from a network or matrix of fibers, whether natural or synthetic. The soft good may also be formed from a natural or synthetic sheet of a pliable material including, for example, natural rubber, urethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, silicone, fluoroelastomer, or a variety of other polymers. In some cases, the soft good may be formed from a composite material that includes multiple different materials and may also include non-pliable or rigid materials. The soft good may, for example, include one or more metal components that define clasps, rings, buckles, or other mechanical elements. In some implementations, the first element13010and the second element13012of the soft good are made from a laminate material having multiple layers that are bonded together. The outer layers may be formed from a softer material to provide comfort or a particular tactile feel and inner layers may have a higher tensile or compressive strength to improve the durability of the soft good. The inner layers may be formed from a high-strength material having a lower modulus of elasticity than the outer layers and may facilitate capture and retention of the snap13000. The snap13000ofFIGS.130A-130Cis configured to provide a reliable and consistent mechanical engagement between two elements of the accessory using a mechanism that is both low profile or thin and also configured to be substantially rattle free. The design described with respect to the following embodiments may be contrasted with some traditional snap configurations, which may require significantly more space and may also include elements that may rattle or produce other potentially undesirable sounds. Traditional snaps may also not provide the desired mechanical interconnect and/or the desired tactile feel of the snap configurations that are described herein. As described in more detail below, the snap13000may include a compression ring13002that provides a retention force to maintain engagement of the snap13000when closed. The design and/or integration of the compression ring13002may be configured to reduce potentially undesirable noise like rattles and mechanical chatter. In the present embodiment, the compression ring13002is at least partially constrained by one or more compliant members13004. The compliant member13004may help locate the compression ring13002while also helping to prevent rattling or other potentially undesirable acoustic effects. The compliant member13004may also be used to reduce or prevent the ingress or collection of debris or other foreign matter from accumulating in the snap13000. Additionally or alternatively, the compression ring13002may also be twisted or have a non-planar shape that helps to reduce potentially undesirable noise. An example of a twisted or non-planar shape is described below with respect toFIGS.130F-130H. The compression ring13002may be a metal ring having a generally circular shape and a round wire profile. The compression ring13002, in this example, is an open-section wire loop formed from a wire member that is bent into a circular shape and having a gap between opposing ends. In some cases, the compression ring13002is formed from a spring steel or high-carbon steel and is formed into circular shape having an open end or section that allows for expansion and/or compression of the compression ring13002. For purposes of the following embodiments, the term “compression rings” may be used to refer to the compression ring13002as it is configured to exert an outward compressive force or retention force on mating components or surfaces. However, the term “compression ring” may also be used to refer to a ring that is configured to exert an inward compressive force, retention force, or other type of force to help maintain engagement of two assemblies of the snap. Elements referred to generally as compression rings may also be referred to as expansion rings, retaining rings, or simply as rings. FIGS.130A-130Cdepict one example embodiment of a snap13000that is configured as a low-profile fastener that is substantially rattle free. As shown inFIGS.130A-130B, the snap13000includes a male assembly13020having a compression ring13002and a compliant member13004. As shown inFIGS.130A-130B, the compression ring13002is trapped or held within groove13022that is formed into the male portion or protrusion component13024. The groove13022may also be referred to as a recess, pocket, or retaining feature and generally includes at least one wall or surface that is configured to physically constrain the compression ring13002. In this case, the groove13022is defined by three walls that generally trap or constrain the compression ring13002. The three walls include an inner wall that extends between two opposing sidewalls. While the groove13022is depicted as having a substantially rectangular profile, the groove13022may also have a curved or rounded profile, V profile, or other type of profile shape. The groove13022may extend around the circumference of the male portion or protrusion component13024, and may be referred to as a circumferential groove. The compression ring13002is configured to engage with a mating feature on the female assembly or module13030. In the example ofFIGS.130A-130C, the compression ring13002is configured to engage with a tapered or ramped surface13032defined along an inner bore of the female assembly13030. In general, the ramped surface13032is angled in a manner to draw the compression ring13002(and the male assembly13020) inward or toward the female assembly13030to help maintain the engagement between the male assembly13020and the female assembly13030. In this example, the tapered or ramped surface13032has a draft angle that generally extends outward in a direction that is opposite to the mating male assembly13020. While the direction of the draft angle may change depending on the implementation, the tapered or ramped surface13032is generally configured to exert a force on the mating assembly that draws the two assemblies of the snap13000together. As drawn inFIGS.130A and130C, the ramped surface13032is configured to draw the compression ring13002(and the male assembly13020) downward, which pulls the first element13010toward the second element13012and maintains engagement between the two elements. The angle of the ramped surface13032may be specially configured, along with the spring force of the compression ring13002, to provide the desired mechanical engagement between the two assemblies of the snap while also allowing the male and female assemblies13020,13030to be disengaged by hand, as necessary. The angle of the tapered or ramped surface13032may range from 0.5 degrees to 2 degrees. In some cases, the angle of the ramped surface13032ranges from 0.5 to 5 degrees. In some cases, the angle of the ramped surface13032ranges from 1 to 5 degrees. In some implementations, a detent feature like a local depression or groove is used instead of or in addition to the ramped surface13032in order to help retain the engagement with the compression ring13002. As shown inFIGS.130A-130B, a compliant member13004is positioned at least partially within the groove13022with the compression ring13002. In this particular implementation, the compliant member13004is positioned along the inner wall between the compression ring13002and the inner wall of the groove13022. In this position, the compliant member13004is able to bias the compression ring13002in an outward direction with respect to the groove13022. This may help maintain consistent or uniform engagement between the compression ring13002and the mating surface or surfaces of the female assembly13030which, in this case, is the ramped surface13032. As shown inFIGS.130A-130B, the compliant member13004may also locally deflect along an interface that contacts the compression ring13002to form a localized depression or groove in the compliant member13004. The localized deflection of the compliant member13004helps to seat the compression ring13002and may help maintain the position of the compression ring13002within the groove13022, which may help provide reliable or consistent insertion of the male assembly13020with the female assembly13030. In particular, the compliant member13004may help center the compression ring13002with respect to the other components of the snap13000, which may assist with reliable and consistent operation of the snap13000. For example, the compression ring13002may help to maintain alignment of a central axis of the compression ring13002with respect to a central axis of the mating female assembly13030. In the example snap13000ofFIGS.130A-130C, the compression ring13002provides the mechanical lead-in or guide as the male assembly13020is initially inserted into the female assembly13030. In general, the larger the diameter of the compression ring13002, the greater the lead-in and the easier it is to align the male and female assemblies13020,13030. However, maintaining the location of the compression ring13002using the compliant member13004allows for a smaller diameter compression ring13002in order to achieve the same lead-in or alignment. Using a smaller diameter compression ring13002may result in a lower profile or thinner snap13000and a more compact design. In this example, the diameter of the wire of the compression ring13002ranges from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some cases, the diameter of the compression ring13002ranges from 0.6 mm to 1.2 mm. In some cases, the diameter of the compression ring13002ranges from 0.6 mm to 1.0 mm. In some cases, the diameter of the compression ring13002ranges from 0.3 mm to 3 mm. The compliant member13004may be formed from a compliant or deformable material that is soft enough to be locally deformed by the compression ring13002but also stiff enough to provide structural support and help constrain the compression ring13002within the groove13022. The compliant member13004may be formed from an elastic material. In some implementations, the compliant member13004may be formed from a natural rubber or a synthetic or partially synthetic elastomer including, for example, silicone, neoprene Nitrile rubber, Butyl rubber, Poron, ethylene propylene (EPM) rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), fluorosilicone rubber, or other similar materials. In some cases, the compliant member13004is formed from multiple materials or has a composite construction that may include one or more polymers and/or one or more other materials. FIGS.130D and130Edepict alternative arrangements of a compliant member with respect to a compression ring. InFIG.130D, a compliant member13004dis positioned along the rear or inner wall and one side wall of the groove13022d. In this example, the compliant member13004dis able to exert a force (e.g., a biasing force) that is outward and upward, as drawn inFIG.130D. Stated another way, the compliant member13004dis configured to provide a biasing force that tends to push the compression ring13002doutward from the groove13022dand also toward an opposing wall or side wall of the groove13022d. The compliant member13004dand the resulting exerted force may function in a similar manner as previously described to help constrain the compression ring13002dwithin the groove13022d. Specifically, the compliant member13004dmay provide a biasing force that reduces potentially undesirable noise (e.g., a rattle). Additionally, because the biasing force has a component that is transverse to a central axis of the snap13000, the biasing force provided by the compliant member13004dmay tend to center the compression ring13002dwithin the snap13000(e.g., maintain alignment of the central axis of the compression ring13002dwith respect to a central axis of the snap13000. InFIG.130E, a compliant member13004eis positioned along one side wall of the groove13022e. In this example, the compliant member13004eis able to exert a (biasing) force that is substantially parallel with a central axis of the compression ring13002e(e.g., in an upward direction, as drawn inFIG.130E). Stated another way, the compliant member13004eis configured to provide a biasing force that tends to push the compression ring13002etoward an opposing wall or side wall of the groove13022e. The compliant member13004eand the resulting exerted force may function in a similar manner as previously described to help constrain the compression ring13002ewithin the groove13022e. Similar to the previous example, the compliant member13004emay apply a biasing force on the compression ring130002eto reduce potentially undesirable rattles or noise. However, because the biasing force provided by the compliant member13004eis substantially parallel to a central axis of the snap, the compliant member13004emay not provide a biasing force component that tends to center the compression ring13002ewithin the snap. The configurations and locations of the compliant members described in each of these embodiments are provided by way of example and are not exhaustive of all the configurations and mounting scenarios that may be used. The snap13000includes various components and elements that are used to couple the snap13000to the accessory. As shown inFIGS.130A-130B, male assembly13020includes an outer flange13025and an inner flange13026that are configured to engage and capture a respective portion of the first element13010. The outer flange13025and the inner flange13026secure the male assembly13020within a respective hole formed in the first element13010. One or both the outer flange13025or the inner flange13026may include one or more engagement features that may include one or more ribs, teeth, grooves, or protruding features that are configured to mechanically engage material of the first element13010. The engagement features may be configured to extend into the material of the first element13010in order to provide a bite or anchor for the male assembly13020. As described previously, the first element13010may be formed from a laminate material and may include one or more internal layers that have an improved tensile and/or compressive strength or a reduced elastic modulus, which may help maintain engagement with the outer flange13025and the inner flange13026of the male assembly13020. In some cases, the inner materials form a bottom surface of the recess formed in the first element13020, which may engage the one or more engagement features of the outer flange13025and/or the inner flange13026. The design of the flanges (13025,13026,13035,13036) and/or the material of the first element13010and the second element13012may result in a snap13000that is substantially smaller than some traditional designs. In some examples, the amount of overlap between the flanges (13025,13026,13035,13036) of the respective portions of the first element13010and the second element13012may be approximately half of a traditional overlap. In some cases, the overlap is less than 3 mm. In some cases, the overlap is less than 2.5 mm. In some cases, the overlap is less than 2 mm. In some cases, the overlap is approximately 1.5 mm or less. As shown inFIGS.130A-130B, the outer flange13025may be formed by an outer component13027that also defines an outer or exterior surface of the snap13000. The inner flange13026is formed as part of an inner component13028that forms an inner surface of the male assembly13020. The outer component13027may be directly coupled to the inner component13028using an adhesive, weld, press fit, threaded connection, or other structurally coupling technique. In some cases, one or more intermediate elements or components is used to couple the outer component13027to the inner component13028. In this example, the protrusion component13024is attached to the outer component13027using a press or interference fit. The protrusion component13024may also be attached to the outer component13027using an adhesive, weld, threaded connection, or other attachment technique. In this example, the protrusion component13024and the outer component13027cooperate to define the groove13022. In alternative embodiments, the groove13022may be formed entirely within either the protrusion component13024or the outer component13027. Similarly, as shown inFIGS.130A and130C, the female assembly13030is formed from multiple components. Specifically, the female assembly13030includes an outer flange13035and an inner flange13036that are configured to engage and capture a respective portion of the second element13012. Similar to the previous example described above, the outer flange13035and/or the inner flange13036may have one or more engagement features (e.g., ribs, teeth, grooves, protruding features) that help mechanically engage the respective flange with the second element13012. The outer flange13035and the inner flange13036secure the female assembly13030within a respective hole formed in the second element13012. As shown inFIGS.130A and130C, the outer flange13035may be formed by an outer component13037that also defines an outer or exterior surface of the snap13000. The inner flange13036is formed as part of an inner component13038that forms an inner surface of the female assembly13030. The outer component13037may be directly coupled to the inner component13038using an adhesive, weld, press fit, threaded connection, or other structurally coupling technique. In some cases, one or more intermediate elements or components is used to couple the outer component13037to the inner component13038. In this example, the inner component13038and the outer component13037cooperate to define a bore or opening that receives the protrusion component13024of the male assembly13020. The inner component13038also defines the ramped surface13032that is configured to engage the compression ring13002. The inner component13038also includes a chamfer13039or lead-in feature formed along the inner surface as a lead-in to the bore or opening that receives the male assembly13020. The chamfer13039is configured to engage with the leading edge of the male assembly13020, which may also include a similar chamfer or lead-in to facilitate alignment of the two assemblies13020,13030when being snapped together or coupled. The chamfer13039may also be configured to engage with the compression ring13002and compress the compression ring13002inward while the two assemblies13020,13030are being snapped together or coupled. As shown inFIGS.130A-130C, an outer surface of the protrusion component13024is exposed along an exterior surface of the snap13000. That is, protrusion component13024is configured to extend through the bore or opening defined by the female assembly13030to define an exterior surface of the snap13000. Also as shown inFIG.130A, the exposed or exterior surface of the protrusion component13024is substantially aligned with an exposed or exterior surface of the outer component13037of the female assembly13030. In this example, the exposed or exterior surface of the protrusion component13024may also be described as being flush with an exposed or exterior surface of the outer component13037of the female assembly13030. In some implementations, the protrusion component13024and the outer component13037of the female assembly13030cooperate to define a curved or non-planar profile. The snap13000is also configured so that an inner surface of the first element13010contacts and seats against an inner surface of the second element13012when the male assembly13020is engaged with the female assembly13030. As shown inFIG.130A, the male assembly13020is separated from the female assembly13030by a small gap or space. This prevents contact between the two assemblies, which may also reduce rattling or other potentially undesirable effects during use. By seating the inner surfaces of the first and second elements13010,13012, the snap13000may snap together with a muted or softened feel (rather than a hard or sharp click). The small gap or space between the male assembly13020and the female assembly13030may also reduce wear between the two components and also help preserve any surface finish or surface treatment on the respective components. The various components of the snap13000may be formed from a variety of materials. In some implementations, the inner components13028,13038and the outer components13027,13037are formed from a metal material. The metal material may be a stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum, titanium, or other metal or metal alloy. In some implementations, the outer components13027,13037or exposed surfaces of the outer components13027,13037are polished to provide a smooth finish along the exterior of the snap13100. In some cases, one or more of the components are formed from a polymer or other synthetic material. For example, one or more of the components may be partially or fully over molded with a plastic material to improve the appearance and or tactile feel of the snap13000. In some cases, one or more of the components are formed entirely from a plastic material. FIGS.130F-130Hdepict another example snap13050, also referred to as a snap assembly, that may be substantially rattle free. Many of the components and elements of the example snap13050are similar to the example snap13000described above, and a description of such similar elements are omitted to reduce redundancy and improve clarity. Similar to the previous example, the snap13050includes a male assembly13070that is inserted into and engaged with a female assembly13080. Also similar to the previous example, the male assembly13070includes a groove13082that retains or captures a compression ring13052. In the examples ofFIGS.130F-130H, the compression ring13052is twisted or bent to define a non-flat or non-planar shape. Specifically, as shown inFIGS.130G-130Hthe compression ring13052is an open-section ring or wire loop having opposing ends. The ends may be set apart by a gap and the ends of the ring, in this example, are displaced to define an offset Di. The compression ring13052may be described as having a partially helical shape, non-planar profile, or otherwise non-flat shape. This out-of-plane distortion or displacement helps constrain the compression ring13052within the groove13082so that the compression ring13052cannot move freely and cause a potentially undesirable rattle or chatter. The offset Di may be greater than the clearance between the diameter of the compression ring13052and the opposing walls of the groove13082. In some cases, the offset Di is less than 0.5 mm. In some cases, the offset Di is less than 0.4 mm. In some cases, the offset Di is less than 0.3 mm. The offset Di may also be described with respect to the wire diameter of the open-section wire loop. In some cases, the offset Di ranges from 10% to 50% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset Di ranges from 15% to 40% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset Di ranges from 20% to 30% of the wire diameter. As shown inFIG.130F, the twist or non-flat shape results in the compression ring13052contacting an upper wall of the groove13082for one portion of the groove13082and also contacting a lower wall of the groove13082for another portion of the groove13082, which helps to constrain the compression ring13052along an axial direction (as defined by a central axis of the snap13050). The compression ring13052may have other non-flat or non-planar shapes that similarly constrain the compression ring13052within the groove13082. For example, the compression ring13052may have a wavy shape, U-shape, or other non-flat shape that results in the compression ring13052contacting both opposing sidewalls of the groove13082in order to constrain the compression ring13052along the axial direction and reduce potential rattles or chatter. In some cases, the snaps13000,13050include both a compliant member (as described above with respect toFIGS.130A-130E) and a non-flat shape (as described with respect toFIGS.130F-130H). FIGS.131A-131Cdepict another configuration of a snap13100, also referred to as a snap assembly, having a low-profile and substantially rattle-free design. Many of the same or similar features described above with respect to snap13000also apply to the snap13100, and a description of which are not repeated to reduce redundancy. Similar to the other embodiments described herein, the snap13100may be integrated with or incorporated into an accessory or soft good including, for example, a lanyard, key fob, luggage tag, belt, band, or other accessory. The snap13100may also be formed from similar materials and function in a similar fashion as described above with respect toFIGS.130A-130C. Similar to the previous example, the snap13100includes a male assembly13120and a female assembly13130. Also similar to the previous example, the snap13100includes a compression ring13102and a compliant member13104that are positioned at least partially within a groove13132. In this example, instead of a groove being formed into a protrusion component of the male assembly, the groove13132is formed into a component of the female assembly13130. Also, instead of exerting an outward force, the compression ring13102of the snap13100is configured to exert a (retaining) force in an inward direction toward ramped surface13122that is defined along a surface of the protrusion component13124of the male assembly13120. The groove13132may extend around the circumference of the female assembly13130, and may be referred to as a circumferential groove. In the example snap13100ofFIGS.131A-131C, the compression ring13102is at least partially constrained by the compliant member13104. As shown inFIGS.131A and131C, the compliant member13104may locally deflect along an interface that contacts the compression ring13102to form a localized depression or groove in the compliant member13104. The localized deflection of the compliant member13104helps to seat the compression ring13102and may help maintain the position of the compression ring13102within the groove13132, which may help provide reliable or consistent insertion of the male assembly13120with the female assembly13130. In particular, the compliant member13104may help center the compression ring13102with respect to the other components of the snap13100, which may assist with reliable and consistent operation of the snap13100. Similar to the previous example, the compression ring13102provides the mechanical lead-in or guide as the male assembly13120is initially inserted into the female assembly13130. Maintaining the location of the compression ring13102and supporting the compression ring13102using the compliant member13104may allow for a smaller diameter compression ring13102than would ordinarily be used. FIGS.131D and131Edepict alternative arrangements of a compliant member with respect to a compression ring. InFIG.131D, a compliant member13104dis positioned along the rear or inner wall and one side wall of the groove13122d. In this example, the compliant member13104dis able to exert a force (e.g., a biasing force) that is outward and upward, as drawn inFIG.131D. Stated another way, the compliant member13104dis configured to provide a biasing force that tends to push the compression ring13102doutward from the groove13132and also toward an opposing wall or sidewall of the groove13132. The compliant member13104dand the resulting exerted force may function in a similar manner as previously described to help constrain the compression ring13102dwithin the groove13132. Specifically, the compliant member13104dmay provide a biasing force that reduces potentially undesirable noise (e.g., a rattle). Additionally, because the biasing force has a component that is transverse to a central axis of the snap, the biasing force provided by the compliant member13104dmay tend to center the compression ring13102dwithin the snap. InFIG.131E, a compliant member13104eis positioned along one sidewall of the groove13132. In this example, the compliant member13104eis able to exert a (biasing) force that is upward, as drawn inFIG.131E. Stated another way, the compliant member13104eis configured to provide a biasing force that tends to push the compression ring13102etoward an opposing wall or side wall of the groove13132. The compliant member13104eand the resulting exerted force may function in a similar manner as previously described to help constrain the compression ring13102ewithin the groove13132. The compliant member13104eand the resulting exerted force may function in a similar manner as previously described to help constrain the compression ring13102ewithin the groove13122e. Similar to the previous example, the compliant member13104emay apply a biasing force on the compression ring131002eto reduce potentially undesirable rattles or noise. However, because the biasing force provided by the compliant member13104eis approximately parallel to a central axis of the snap, the compliant member13104emay not provide a biasing force component that tends to center the compression ring13102ewithin the snap The configurations and locations of the compliant members described in each of these embodiments are provided by way of example and are not exhaustive of all the configurations and mounting scenarios that may be used. The snap13100includes various components and elements that are used to couple the snap13000to the accessory. In particular, the snap13100also includes mounting flanges that couple the male and female assemblies13120,13130to the respective first and second elements13110,13112. As shown inFIGS.131A-131B, the male assembly13120includes an outer flange13125and an inner flange13126that are configured to engage and capture a respective portion of the first element13110. The outer flange13125and the inner flange13126secure the male assembly13120within a respective hole formed in the first element13110. Similar to the previous examples described above, the outer flange13125and/or the inner flange13126may have one or more engagement features (e.g., ribs, teeth, grooves, protruding features) that help mechanically engage the respective flanges with the first element13110. As shown inFIGS.131A-131B, the outer flange13125may be formed by part of the protrusion component13124that also defines an outer or exterior surface of the snap13100. The inner flange13126is formed as part of an inner component13128that forms an inner surface of the male assembly13120. The protrusion component13124may be directly coupled to the inner component13128using an adhesive, weld, press fit, threaded connection, or other structurally coupling technique. In some cases, one or more intermediate elements or components is used to couple the protrusion component13124to the inner component13128. As shown inFIGS.131A and131C, the female assembly13130is formed from multiple components. Specifically, the female assembly13130includes an outer flange13135and an inner flange13136that are configured to engage and capture a respective portion of the second element13112. The outer flange13135and the inner flange13136secure the female assembly13130within a respective hole formed in the second element13112. Similar to the previous examples described above, the outer flange13135and/or the inner flange13136may have one or more engagement features (e.g., ribs, teeth, grooves, protruding features) that help mechanically engage the respective flange with the second element13112. As shown inFIGS.131A and131C, the outer flange13135may be formed by an outer component13137that also defines an outer or exterior surface of the snap13100. The inner flange13136is formed as part of an inner component13138that forms an inner surface of the female assembly13130. The outer component13137may be directly coupled to the inner component13138using an adhesive, weld, press fit, threaded connection, or other structurally coupling technique. In some cases, one or more intermediate elements or components is used to couple the outer component13137to the inner component13138. In this example, the inner component13138and the outer component13137cooperate to define a bore or opening that receives the protrusion component13124of the male assembly13120. As shown inFIGS.131A-131B, the protrusion component13124includes a chamfer13129that may facilitate alignment and insertion of the male assembly13120into the female assembly13130. The chamfer13139is configured to engage with the leading edge of the female assembly13130, which may also include a similar chamfer or lead-in to facilitate alignment of the two assemblies13120,13130when being snapped together or coupled. The chamfer13139may also be configured to engage with the compression ring13102and compress the compression ring13102inward while the two assemblies13120,13130are being snapped together or coupled. The protrusion component13124also includes a ramped surface13122, which is configured to engage with the compression ring13102and may help retain engagement between the male assembly13120into the female assembly13130. In general, the ramped surface13122is angled in a manner to draw the compression ring13102(and the female assembly13130) inward or toward the male assembly13130to help maintain the engagement between the male assembly13120and the female assembly13130. In this example, the tapered or ramped surface13122has a draft angle that generally extends outward in a direction that is opposite to the base of the protrusion component13124of the male assembly13120. While the direction of the draft angle may change depending on the implementation, the tapered or ramped surface13122is generally configured to exert a force on the mating assembly that draws the two assemblies of the snap13100together. In some implementations, a detent feature like a local depression or groove is used instead of or in addition to the ramped surface13122in order to help retain the engagement with the compression ring13102 As shown inFIG.131A, an outer surface of the protrusion component13124is exposed along an exterior surface of the snap13100. That is, protrusion component13124is configured to extend through the bore or opening defined by the female assembly13130to define an exterior surface of the snap13100. Also as shown inFIG.131A, the exposed or exterior surface of the protrusion component13124is substantially aligned with an exposed or exterior surface of the outer component13137of the female assembly13130. In this example, the exposed or exterior surface of the protrusion component13124may be described as being flush with an exposed or exterior surface of the outer component13137of the female assembly13130In some implementations, the protrusion component13124and the outer component13137of the female assembly13130cooperate to define a curved or non-planar profile. The snap13100is also configured so that an inner surface of the first element13110contacts and seats against an inner surface of the second element13112when the male assembly13120is engaged with the female assembly13130. As shown inFIG.131A, the male assembly13120is separated from the female assembly13130by a small gap or space. This prevents contact between the two assemblies, which may also reduce rattling or other potentially undesirable effects during use. By seating the inner surfaces of the first and second elements13110,13112, the snap13100may snap together with a muted or softened feel (rather than a hard or sharp click). As described previously, the small gap or space between the male assembly13120and the female assembly13130may also reduce wear between the two components and also help preserve any surface finish or surface treatment on the respective components. FIGS.131F-131Hdepict another example snap13150, also referred to as a snap assembly, that may be substantially rattle free. Many of the components and elements of the example snap13150are similar to the example snap13100described above, and a description of such similar elements are omitted to reduce redundancy and improve clarity. Similar to the previous example, the snap13150includes a male assembly13170that is inserted into and engaged with a female assembly13180. Also similar to the previous example, the male assembly13170includes a groove13182that retains or captures a compression ring13152. In the examples ofFIGS.131F-131H, the compression ring13152is twisted or bent to define a non-flat or non-planar shape. Specifically, as shown inFIGS.131G-131H, the compression ring13152is an open-section ring or wire loop having opposing ends. The ends may be set apart by a gap and the ends of the ring, in this example, are displaced to define an offset Di. The compression ring13152may be described as having a partially helical shape, non-planar profile, or otherwise non-flat shape. This out-of-plane distortion or displacement helps constrain the compression ring13152within the groove13182so that the compression ring13152cannot move freely and cause a potentially undesirable rattle or chatter. The offset Di may be greater than the clearance between the diameter of the compression ring13152and the opposing walls of the groove13182. In some cases, the offset Di is less than 0.5 mm. In some cases, the offset Di is less than 0.4 mm. The offset Di may also be described with respect to the wire diameter of the open-section wire loop. In some cases, the offset Di ranges from 10% to 50% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset Di ranges from 15% to 40% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset Di ranges from 20% to 30% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset Di is less than 0.3 mm. As shown inFIG.131F, the twist or non-flat shape results in the compression ring13152contacting an upper wall of the groove13182for one portion of the groove13182and also contacting a lower wall of the groove13182for another portion of the groove13182, which helps to constrain the compression ring13152along an axial direction (as defined by a central axis of the snap13150). The compression ring13152may have other non-flat or non-planar shapes that similarly constrain the compression ring13152within the groove13182. For example, the compression ring13152may have a wavy shape, U-shape, or other non-flat shape that results in the compression ring13152contacting both opposing sidewalls of the groove13182in order to constrain the compression ring13152along the axial direction and reduce potential rattles or chatter. In some cases, the snaps13100and13150include both a compliant member (as described above with respect toFIGS.131A-131E) and a non-flat shape (as described with respect toFIGS.131F-131H). As described above, the snaps13000,13050,13100, and13150ofFIGS.130A-130H and131A-131H, also referred to as snap assemblies, may result in an overall reduced size or footprint of the snap assembly. In these examples, the overall height or thickness of the snaps (13000,13050,13100, and13150) may be less than 6 mm thick. In some implementations, the overall height or thickness of the snaps (13000,13050,13100, and13150) may be less than 5 mm thick. In some implementations, the overall height or thickness of the snaps (13000,13050,13100, and13150) may be less than 4 mm thick. The overall diameter or profile of the snaps (13000,13050,13100, and13150) may also be reduced as compared to some traditional designs. In these examples, the overall diameter of the snaps (13000,13050,13100, and13150) may be less than 15 mm. In some implementations, the overall diameter of the snaps (13000,13050,13100, and13150) may be less than 12 mm. In some implementations, the overall diameter of the snaps (13000,13050,13100, and13150) may be less than 10 mm. Further, as described previously, the overlap between the respective snap flange and the portion of the soft good material may also be reduced as compared to some traditional snap designs. In some examples, the amount of overlap between the flange and the soft good material may be approximately half of a traditional overlap. In some cases, the overlap is less than 3 mm. In some cases, the overlap is less than 2.5 mm. In some cases, the overlap is less than 2 mm. In some cases, the overlap is approximately 1.5 mm or less. FIGS.132A-132C and133A-133Bdepict additional snap embodiments that may be used for an accessory of a wireless tab. In particular,FIGS.132A-132Bdepict an example snap13200, also referred to as a snap assembly, having a compression ring13202. The snap13200includes a single-piece or integrally formed male assembly13220and a single-piece or integrally formed female assembly13230. Either or both of the male assembly13220and the female assembly13230may be formed from a stamped sheet metal member. The snap13200also includes partially molded end caps13240and13250that define exterior surfaces of the snap13200and that are attached to the male assembly13220and female assembly13230respectively. Similar to examples previously described, the snap13200is configured to couple a first element13210to a second element13212, which may be two elements or regions of an accessory, as described previously. As shown inFIGS.132A-132B, the male assembly13220includes features that are configured to engage with the female assemble13230and the compression ring13202in a similar fashion as described above with respect to the other snap embodiments. In particular, the male assembly13220includes a ramped surface13222or other feature that is configured to engage with the compression ring13202when the snap13200is closed and the male and female assemblies13220,13230are coupled. While a ramped surface13222is used in this example, the male assembly13220may also include a groove, detent, recess, or other similar feature that is configured to engage with the compression ring13202in order to help maintain engagement between the male and female assemblies13220,13230of the snap13200. The snap includes a male assembly13220that is integrally formed as a single unitary element. The unitary element includes a protrusion portion defining the ramped surface13222and an inner flange13224that is configured to help retain the male assembly13220to the first element13210. The male assembly13220may be stamped from a single monolithic sheet of metal and may be formed from a stainless steel, carbon steel, brass, or other material that can be formed into the geometry of the male assembly13220shown inFIGS.132A-132B. In some cases the male assembly13220is formed from an aluminum material and may also be machined in order to form one or more of the features shown inFIGS.132A-132B. The male assembly13220is also attached to an end cap13240, which defines an exterior cosmetic surface of the snap13200. The male assembly13220may be attached to a rib13244of the end cap using an ultrasonic weld, laser weld, press fit, interference fit, adhesive, or other bonding technique. A cap top13242may be formed from a plastic material that is over molded over the rib13244. The cap top13242may have a surface finish and color suitable for cosmetic and tactile requirements of the snap13200. The cap top13242may also form an upper flange13246that helps retain the male assembly13220to the first element13210. Similar to previous embodiments described herein, a portion of the first element13210is positioned between or sandwiched by the inner flange13224and the outer flange13246in order to retain the male assembly13220. The snap13200also includes a female assembly13230that is integrally formed as a single unitary element. The unitary element of the female assembly13230includes a recess or pocket portion that is configured to receive the protrusion of the male assembly13220. The unitary element of the female assembly13230also forms an inner flange13234that is configured to help retain the female assembly13230to the second element13212. The female assembly13230may be stamped from a single monolithic sheet of metal and may be formed from a stainless steel, carbon steel, brass, or other material that can be formed into the geometry of the female assembly13230shown inFIGS.132A-132B. In some cases the female assembly13230is formed from an aluminum material and may also be machined in order to form one or more of the features shown inFIGS.132A-132B. The female assembly13230is also attached to an end cap13250, which defines an exterior cosmetic surface of the snap13200. The female assembly13230may be attached to a rib13254of the end cap using an ultrasonic weld, laser weld, press fit, interference fit, adhesive, or other bonding technique. A cap top13252may be formed from a plastic material that is over molded over the rib13254. The cap top13252may have a surface finish and color suitable for cosmetic and tactile requirements of the snap13200. The cap top13252may also form an upper flange13256that helps retain the female assembly13230to the second element13212. Similar to previous embodiments described herein, a portion of the second element13212is positioned between or sandwiched by the inner flange13234and the outer flange13256in order to retain the female assembly13230. In this example, the female assembly13230includes a recess13232that receives the compression ring13202. The recess13232, also referred to as a groove, may be integrally formed from a bent or stamped region of the female assembly13230. The recess13232may also be machined or formed using another suitable manufacturing technique. While not depicted inFIGS.132A-132B, the snap13200may also include a compliant member that is also positioned within the recess13232and may help to locate or maintain the position of the compression ring13202. As discussed previously, the compliant member may reduce snap rattle and, depending on the configuration, also help to center the compression ring13202. While not depicted inFIGS.132A-132Bto reduce redundancy, any of the compliant member configurations described above with respect toFIGS.130A-130E and131A-131Emay also be applied to snap13200depicted inFIGS.132A-132B. Similarly, the compression ring13202may have a twisted, partially helical, non-flat, or non-planar shape that helps to reduce rattle, chatter, or other potentially undesirable noises. A description of such a compression ring is described above with respect toFIGS.130F-130H and131F-131Hand a similar compression ring configuration may also be applied to snap13200depicted inFIGS.132A-132B. As shown inFIGS.132A-132B, the first element13210and the second element13212include a pocket13214,13216, respectively. The pockets13214,13216may be formed as part of a molding process or, alternatively, may be machined into the first and second elements13210,13212, respectively. The pockets13214,13216may have a depth that is greater than the respective inner flanges13224,13234, which allows for the first element13210to seat directly on or contact the second element13212when the snap13200is engaged or closed. This may prevent contact between the male assembly13220and the female assembly13230, which may help reduce undesired noises and improve the feel of the snap, when engaging the male and female assemblies13220,13230. FIG.132Cdepicts another example embodiment of a snap13260, also referred to as a snap assembly. The snap13260ofFIG.132Cis similar to the stamped snap example described above with respect toFIGS.132A and132Bexcept that the snap13260features a protrusion component or element13276that extends through the female assembly13280and defines an external surface of the snap13260. As shown inFIG.132C, the protrusion component or element13276defines an external surface that is substantially flush or aligned with an external surface of the female assembly13280. This may provide a desired aesthetic appearance and also improve the engagement between the male assembly13270and the female assembly13280while also maintaining a thin or low-profile form factor of the snap13260. Similar to the previous examples, the snap13260includes a male assembly13270that is inserted into and engaged with a female assembly13280. A compression ring13262engages a ramped or tapered surface on the protrusion component or element13276in order to help maintain engagement between the male assembly13270and the female assembly13280. Similar to the previous examples, the compression ring13262may be retained within a groove or recess and rattle may be reduced by using a compliant member or compression ring having a twisted or non-flat shape. A similar description of such features have been described above and are not repeated here to reduce redundancy. As shown inFIG.132C, the snap13260includes a molded cap13272that is insert molded over internal member13274. The internal member13274may include one or more holes or other features into which the insert molded cap13272may flow into and provide a more robust engagement between the two components. The molded cap13272may define a portion of a flange that is configured to engage the soft good. Similar to the other examples described herein, the flange may include various engagement features including, for example, ribs, teeth, grooves, or protruding features that help maintain engagement between the snap13260and the respective portion of the soft good. The snap13260also includes other flanges13284,13286that may also include one or more engagement features to help maintain engagement between the snap13260and the respective portion of the soft good. FIGS.133A-133Bdepict another embodiment of a snap13300, also referred to as a snap assembly, that may be used in an accessory of a wireless tag. In particular,FIGS.133A-133Bdepict a snap13300that includes a magnetic coupling rather than a compression ring engagement between the components of the snap13300. Many of the elements and features of the snap13300are similar to those described above with respect to the snap13200ofFIGS.132A-132B. A description of some of the similar elements and features are omitted to reduce redundancy. As shown inFIGS.133A-133B, the snap13300includes a single-piece or integrally formed male assembly13320and a single-piece or integrally formed female assembly13330. The snap13300also includes partially molded end caps13340and13350that define exterior surfaces of the snap13300and that are attached to the male assembly13320and female assembly13330, respectively. Similar to examples previously described, the snap13300is configured to couple a first element13310to a second element13312, which may be two elements or regions of an accessory, as described previously. As shown inFIGS.133A-133B, the male assembly13320includes an internal pocket or recess for receiving a first magnetic element13322. In this example, the first magnetic element13322is positioned within the protrusion or protruding portion of the male assembly13320. Similarly, the female assembly13330includes an internal pocket or recess for receiving a second magnetic element13332that is positioned below a surface that defines a bottom of the recess of the female assembly13330. The first magnetic element13322and the second magnetic element13332are arranged with opposite poles facing each other such that the first and second magnetic elements13322,13332are magnetically attracted to each other. As shown inFIG.133A, the first and second magnetic elements13322,13332are positioned sufficiently close that the attractive magnetic forces are sufficiently strong to maintain the engagement between the male and female assemblies13320,13330of the snap13300. In this way, the first and second magnetic elements13322,13332provide the engagement force that holds the snap13300in the close position in order to couple the first element13310to the second element13312. The snap also includes compliant members13324and13334that are positioned behind respective magnetic elements13322,13332in order to reduce rattling or other undesirable effects. As shown inFIGS.133A-133B, the compliant member13324is positioned between the first magnetic element13322and an inner surface of the first cap13340. The compliant member13324may be formed from a compressible foam or other similar material. The compliant member13324may be slightly compressed and exert a retaining force on the first magnetic element13322, which may help maintain the position of the first magnetic element13322and prevent undesired rattling or vibration. Similarly, the other compliant member13334is positioned between the second magnetic element13332and an inner surface of the first cap13350. The other compliant member13334may also be formed from a compressible material and may be slightly compressed and exert a retaining force on the second magnetic element13332. In some implementations, the compliant members13324,13334and/or the magnetic elements13322,13332may be glued or adhered to an inner surface of the snap13300to reduce vibration or other undesirable effects. The materials of the snap13300may be similar to the other example provided herein. In particular, the unitary pieces that form the male assembly13320and the female assembly13330may be a stamped stainless steel material or other metal alloy that allows for the magnetic coupling between the first and second magnetic elements13322,13332. As discussed herein, the wireless tag may have a variety of features and functions that have a broad applicability and a large number of use cases. As described in more detail below with respect toFIGS.69A-128, a wireless tag module, also referred to herein as a wireless module, may be physically integrated with an accessory of another device, also referred to herein as a base device. In particular, a wireless module may establish a wireless connection with the base device and expand the functionality of that device by allowing access to various hardware elements of the wireless module over the wireless connection. This allows aspects of the wireless tag to be integrated with the base device in order to expand the functionality of that device and provide an expanded feature set without having to modify or significantly impact the hardware of the base device. FIGS.134A-134C and135A-135Cdepict example wireless tags or wireless modules integrated with an accessory of a base device. In particular,FIGS.134A-134C and135A-135Cdepict a wireless module that is integrated into a band accessory of a smart watch or other wrist-worn device. While the following examples are provided with respect to a wireless module that is integrated with a band accessory, the same or a similar wireless module may be integrated into another accessory, like a case, cover, lanyard, frame, docking station, and the like. Further, while the following examples are provided with respect to a watch or other wrist-worn device, many of the functions and principles described may also be applied to a variety of other base devices including, for example, a smart phone, tablet computer, digital media player, health monitoring device, laptop computing system, desktop computing system, and so on. FIGS.134A-134Cdepict an example wireless module or wireless tag that is integrated into a band of a smart watch or other wearable device. In particular,FIGS.134A-134Cdepict a wireless tag, referred to herein as a wireless module13400that is attached or otherwise integrated with a band13402of a watch13405. For ease of discussion, in the following examples, the watch13405includes a watch body13404that may be separate from the band13402A watch body13404without a band may also be referred to herein as a watch base or simply a watch. The watch13405, as used herein, may be described as the complete electronic device that includes the watch body13404and the band13402, which may in turn include the wireless module13400. The watch body13404of the (smart) watch13405, also referred to herein as a base device, includes a display13406for producing graphical output and various internal components including, for example, a processor, a wireless communication circuit, an input device, a battery, one or more sensors, and other electronic components. The wireless communication circuit of the watch body13404may be configured to transmit and receive wireless communication signals, in accordance with the embodiments described herein. The display13406may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) element, organic light emitting diode (OLED) display element, or other type of display element. The display13406may also include a touch and/or force sensor that is configured to detect a touch and/or force applied to a cover over the display13406. In some instances, a touch-sensitive display or force-sensitive display may also be referred to as a touchscreen. As shown inFIG.134A, the watch body13404may also include one or more buttons, dials, crowns, switches, or other mechanically actuated input devices. For purposes of the following description, these mechanically actuated input devices are generally referred to as a button13408. The watch body13404, as an example base device, also includes a variety of other elements, components, and subsystems. A description of an example base device is provided below with respect to the electronic device14000ofFIG.140. In the following examples, the base device is a watch13405or watch body13404and the accessory is a band13402. However, in other implementations, the base device may be another electronic device like a mobile phone, tablet computing device, portable media player, health monitoring device, or other type of electronic device. Likewise, in other implementations, the accessory may be a cover for the electronic device, a protective case for the electronic device, a charging station for the electronic device, or other type of accessory for the electronic device. Similar to as described below with respect to the band13402, a wireless module13400may be installed or otherwise integrated with an accessory (e.g., a cover, protective case, charging station) by installing the wireless module13400in a hole, recess, or opening of the respective accessory. In some cases, the wireless module13400is integrated into the accessory through a molding technique, mechanical fastener technique, welding technique, or other integration technique. The wireless module13400includes a wireless communication system, including a wireless communication circuit and antenna for wirelessly transmitting and receiving signals from a separate device. In this example, the wireless module13400includes a wireless communication system that is configured to operably connect or couple to the wireless communication system of the base device, which, in this case, is a smart watch13405or watch base13404. The wireless link between the wireless module13400and the watch body13404may be automatically established when the band13402is installed or physically attached to the watch body13404. The wireless link may be established in response to a sensor in the watch body13404detecting the presence of the band13402and/or through a manual setting provided by the user. In some cases, the wireless link may be established by determining that one or more of the respective internal sensors of the wireless module13400and the watch body13404are providing an output that indicates that the wireless module13400is coupled to the watch body13404by the band13402. For example, accelerometer output, gyro sensor output, UWB sensing system output, GPS output, or other sensing system output may be used to determine if movement of the wireless module13400corresponds to movement of the watch body13404in a way that indicates that the devices are physically coupled. Using the wireless communication link, sensor signals or data from the wireless module13400may be passed to the watch body13404. As described herein, the sensor signals or data from the wireless module13400may be transmitted to the watch body13404as a wireless input signal, which is received by a corresponding wireless circuit of the watch body13404. The display13406of the watch body13404may be responsive to the wireless input signal received from the wireless module13400. By way of example, the wireless module13400may include a button or other input device that may be actuated in response to a user touch or finger press. As described in more detail below, the wireless module13400may include an electromechanical switch, capacitive touch sensor, force sensor, or other similar type of input device. In some cases, the wireless module13400includes an array of capacitive nodes or electrodes that are configured to determine a location of a touch, a gesture input, and/or a direction or path of a touch's movement on the surface of the wireless module13400. The watch body13404may be responsive to an actuation of the input device on the wireless module13400, which may be used to perform one or more of a variety of functions. By way of example, the watch body13404may be responsive to the input device in order to wake the watch body13404, place the watch body13404in a sleep or hibernation mode, acknowledge receipt of an incoming message, silence an alarm or other output of the watch body13404, initiate a payment for an electronic transaction, access a list of contacts or an address book on the watch body13404, display a list of programs or apps running on the watch body13404, access a previous screen or display of the graphical user interface displayed on the display13406of the watch body13404, start or stop a stopwatch or other timing function of the watch13404, initiate a running or activity tracking program or function of the watch body13404, initiate or begin playing a song or other media for a media-player function of the watch body13404, and/or perform another function on the watch body13404. In some cases, the wireless module13400and/or the watch body13404may be programmable to replicate the functionality of one or more buttons13408of the watch body13404. Similarly, the wireless module13400and/or the watch body13404may be programmable to replicate functionality of the touch- and/or force-sensitive surface of the display13406(e.g., the touchscreen). For example, an input provided to the wireless module13400may be used as a supplement to or replacement for a touch and/or force input on the display13406. The wireless module13400may, for example, be configured to detect gesture or other dynamic touch input using a capacitive array of nodes or electrodes. The gesture and/or dynamic input may be used to replicate touch and gesture input that may be provided to the touch screen display. A touch, gesture, and/or force input to the wireless module13400may be used to select a graphical object displayed on the display13406, change a display mode of the graphical user interface, actuate a virtual button displayed in the display13406, scroll through a list of items on the display, perform a zoom function on the display, enter a passcode or signature gesture, or perform other functionality on the watch body13404. Using the wireless communication link, signals and/or data from the watch body13404may also be passed to the wireless module13400using a wireless input signal, wireless output signal, or other type of wireless signal. The wireless module13400may be responsive to such signals and/or data from the watch body13404and may be configured to perform one of a variety of functions or outputs in response to operations performed on the watch body13404. In one example, the wireless module13400includes a haptic device or other device that is configured to produce a haptic output that is tactilely perceptible to the user. For example, the wireless module13400may include an electromagnetic or piezoelectric haptic engine that is configured to produce a vibration or other haptic output along an exterior surface of the wireless module13400that is likely to contact the user's skin. In this example, the wireless module13400may be configured to produce a haptic output along an inner surface of the wireless module13400that is likely to contact the user's wrist. The wireless module13400may also be configured to produce an acoustic or audio output using a speaker or other acoustic device in response to signals and/or data received from the watch body13404. The wireless module13400may also include a display, light-emitting element (e.g., an LED), or other visual output device that is configured to produce a visual output in response to a signal received from the watch body13404and/or an internally generated command or instruction. For example, the wireless module13400may include a LED, array of LEDs, and/or a segmented display that is responsive to a signal received from the watch body13404and/or an internally generated command or instruction. The wireless module13400may be responsive to activity on the watch body13404and produce an acoustic and/or haptic output in response to one or more of a variety of operational scenarios. For example, the wireless module13400may produce a haptic output, acoustic output, and/or visual output in response to: an alert or alarm initiated by the watch body13404, a message received by the watch body13404, or a selection of a graphical object on the display13406or touchscreen of the watch body13404. The wireless module13400may also be adapted to operate in concert with one or more subsystems operating on the watch body13404. For example, the wireless module13400may provide a supplemental antenna or function as a wireless receiver for the watch body13404. The wireless module13400may also include location-determining hardware like a global positioning system (GPS) sensor or the like and the wireless module13400may relay data and/or signals to the watch body13404to provide location information that may be used to determine the location of the user and/or supplement location-determining hardware that is incorporated into the watch body13404. In accordance with other embodiments described herein, the wireless module13400may also include a wireless locating system (e.g., a UWB wireless system) that may be adapted to determine a relative and/or absolute location of the wireless module13400using one or more of the techniques described herein with respect to other example wirelessly locatable tags. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless module13400may include a wireless locating system, which may be used alone or in concert with one or more antennas of the watch body13404in order to improve accuracy of location-determining functionality of the watch body13404. Similarly, the wireless module13400may also include one or more accelerometers, gyro sensors, magnetometers, or other sensors that may operate in coordination with one or more similar sensors incorporated into the watch body13404in order to improve a determination of device location, device orientation, user activity, user posture, or other similar functions. An example of the various hardware elements that may be included in the wireless module13400is described below with respect toFIG.144. As shown inFIG.134B, the wireless module13400is positioned within a hole or opening13403of the band13402. As shown inFIG.134B, the wireless module13400includes an enclosure13420that is defined by an upper housing13422that is coupled to a lower housing13424. The enclosure13420encloses a circuit assembly13426and a battery13428that is operably coupled to the circuit assembly13426. The various components may be similar to the components described herein with respect to other wireless tag embodiments. A redundant description of the various shared components is omitted to reduce redundancy and improve clarity. FIG.134Cdepicts an example cross-sectional view of the wireless module13400taken along section134C-134C ofFIG.134A. As shown inFIG.134C, the wireless module is retained within the opening13403of the band13402by a pair of flanges. An upper flange13440is defined along a periphery of the upper housing13422and a lower flange is similarly defined along a periphery of the lower housing13424. A portion of the band13402is trapped between the upper flange13440and the lower flange13442thereby retaining the wireless module13400within the opening13403of the band13402. As shown inFIG.134C, the opening13403of the band13402may include a counter bore on either side to help nest the respective flanges13440,13442within the profile of the band13402. In some implementations, the bottom surface defined by the lower housing13424is substantially aligned or coplanar with a surface of the band13402, which may reduce the tactile perception of the wireless module13400by the user when the watch13405is being worn. In the present example, an outer surface defined by the upper housing13422is aligned with an outer surface of the band13402along a periphery of the wireless module13400but protrudes or is proud of the outer surface of the band13402along a central or middle portion that is surrounded by the periphery. This may allow the user to locate the button of the wireless module13400by touch or with minimal visual cues. The band13402may be formed from any one of a variety of materials including, for example, silicone, fluoropolymer, nylon, or another type of polymer material. In some cases, one or both of the upper housing13422or the lower housing13424may include one or more materials that are in common with the material of the band13402in order to provide a uniform appearance and/or tactile feel. The lower housing13424and the upper housing13422may be formed from similar materials as other wireless tag embodiments described herein. In particular, the lower housing13424may be formed from a metal, polymer, and/or composite material and may include one or more latches or catches that engage a respective mating feature of the upper housing13422. In some cases, the lower housing13424is configured to be removable by a user in order to replace the battery13428or other internal components. Various removable doors and housing components are described with respect to other embodiments herein and not repeated with respect to this example to reduce redundancy. As shown inFIG.134C, the wireless module13400includes an electromechanical switch13430that may be actuated with a finger press along the exterior of the enclosure13420. In this example, the switch13430is a compressible tactile dome that buckles or collapses in response to an external press or force in order to close an electrical contact or produce another electrical response. The compressible tactile dome may also be referred to herein as a “tactile dome switch.” In some cases, a capacitive touch sensor, a force sensor, or other type of sensor may be used to detect a press or touch of a finger. As described previously with respect to other embodiments herein, the upper housing13422may be configured to locally deflect or displace in response to a touch or press by a finger. In particular, an outer portion of the upper housing13422may be formed from a compliant or flexible material in order to allow the middle or central portion to deflect or displace in response to a touch or press. Portions of the upper housing may be formed from a silicone material, synthetic rubber, or other compliant material that allows for a deformation of the upper housing in response to a touch. In some cases, the movement of the upper housing13422and/or the movement of the compressible tactile dome of the switch13430provides a haptic or tactile output that indicates that the switch13430has been actuated. The haptic or tactile output may be a click or other similar tactile response. In some cases, the wireless module13400includes a separate haptic device that produces the haptic or tactile feedback in response to a touch or press. In this way, the wireless module13400may function as a remote button or additional input device for the watch13405. As described previously, the watch body13404may be responsive to an actuation of the switch13430and perform one or more of the functions described above. One benefit to the use of a wireless module13400is that additional buttons or input devices may be added to the watch body13404, which may have limited area for additional buttons or input devices. As discussed above, the wireless module13400may also include one or more electronic sensors that may be used to help determine the location and/or orientation of the watch body13404, and/or help determine a user activity or position. The additional functionality enabled by the wireless module13400can be provided without having to substantially modify or alter the hardware of the watch body13404. In the embodiment ofFIGS.134A-134C, the wireless module13400does not include a conductive electrical connection to the watch body13404and, instead, is electrically coupled to the watch body13404by a wireless communication link. This allows for the functionality of the wireless module13400to be added or removed by merely swapping the band that is attached to the watch body13404. In some cases, a band may include multiple wireless modules in order to provide additional user input devices and/or sensors. As depicted inFIGS.134A-134B, the watch13405may include multiple wireless modules13400,13401that are located along different regions of the band13402. The additional wireless module13401may operate in a substantially similar way and include similar elements and components as described herein with respect to wireless module13400. In some implementations the wireless modules13400and13401are configured differently or have different hardware arrangements. While only two wireless modules13400,13401are depicted inFIGS.134A-134B, other implementations may include more than two modules. In some cases, an array of three or more modules may be arranged along the length of the band13402, each module configured to operate using at least some of the functionality described herein with respect to wireless module13400. As shown inFIG.134C, the wireless module13400is electrically isolated from the watch body13404and includes a separate battery13428for a power source. The battery13428may be replaceable and/or rechargeable by an external power source. In the current implementation, the wireless module13400includes a wireless charging coil13436that may be configured to receive power wirelessly from an external charging coil in a separate charging dock or charging device. As described previously, the external charging coil may be configured to produce an electromagnetic field that induces a current in the charging coil13436, which may be used to supply (wireless) power to the wireless module13400and charge the battery13428. As shown inFIG.134C, the wireless module13400may also include one or more magnetic elements13432that may be used to secure or locate the wireless module13400with respect to an external charging device, which may also include a mating magnetic element that is configured to magnetically couple with the magnetic element13432while the wireless module13400is docked to the external charging device. In some instances, the protruding shape or convex profile of the upper housing13422may also help to locate the wireless module13400with respect to an external charging device. In some embodiments, the external charging device is configured to wirelessly charge both the wireless module13400and the watch body13404in a common dock that includes external wireless charging coils for both the wireless module13400and the watch body13404, which may be housed or enclosed by an common dock enclosure or housing. As shown inFIGS.134B-134C, the wireless module includes a circuit assembly13426that is operably coupled to the battery13428and the switch13430. The circuit assembly13426includes wireless communication circuitry (wireless circuitry) that is operably coupled to or includes an antenna. As described previously, the wireless communication circuitry may be configured to establish and maintain a wireless communication link with the watch body13404. The wireless communication link may be conducted in accordance with an established wireless communication protocol including, for example, Bluetooth, BLE, WiFi, or another protocol. The wireless communication link may be established automatically based on a determination that the wireless module13400and band13402are attached to the watch body13404. The wireless communication circuitry may also be configured to communicate with external devices using the same protocol or another separate protocol. As described previously with respect to other wirelessly locatable tags described herein, the wireless module13400may have wireless communication circuitry that may be used to locate the wireless module13400(and thus also locate the base device—the watch13405or watch body13404). In some cases, the wireless communication circuitry may be configured to generate or relay location data that may be used as part of a mesh or ad-hoc network of devices. Similar to as described above with respect to the other wirelessly locatable tag embodiments, the wireless module13400may be used to securely transmit location information about itself or another device using a digital key or other authentication technique. As such, the functionality of the wirelessly locatable tag, as described herein, may be added to a device by incorporating a wireless module13400into an accessory of the device. Because the wireless module13400includes a separate power supply (battery13428) and circuit assembly13426, the wireless module13400may operate independent of the base or host device while also being used to locate the base or host device (e.g., watch13405or watch body13404) using one or more of the techniques described herein. As discussed previously, the circuit assembly13426may also include one or more sensors including, without limitation, an accelerometer, gyro sensor, magnetometer, GPS sensor, or other similar type of sensor that may be used to track the location, orientation, and/or movement of the wireless module13400. The circuit assembly13426may also include a microphone, speaker, or other audio component for producing an audio output and/or receiving an audio input. In some instances, the circuit assembly13426also includes one or more antennas, which may be used for wireless communication and or location using a UWB, time of flight, or other similar technique. The circuit assembly13426may also include one or more processors or processing units that are configured to execute instructions, software, firmware, code or other computer-executable instructions. The circuit assembly13426may also include a near-field communication (NFC) circuit and antenna for wirelessly coupling to another device that is proximate to the wireless module13400. In some cases, the NFC antenna is integrated with the wireless charging coil13436. In some cases, the NFC antenna is a separate element or component that is electrically and/or structurally coupled with the circuit assembly13426. In some cases, the NFC antenna is formed on or otherwise integrated into the circuit assembly13426. The wireless module13400may also include a display element and/or other visual output device. The display element may include a segmented display, LCD, OLED or other type of display element. In some cases, the circuit assembly13426includes one or more LEDs or other visual output devices that may provide a visual output along a surface of the wireless module13400. The wireless modules13400may include one or more covers, light guides, light pipes, or other elements that enable the visual output of the display element and/or another visual output device. As shown inFIGS.134A-134C, the wireless module13400is incorporated into a band13402of the watch13405. However, the wireless module13400may also be incorporated into another accessory or device that may be paired with the watch. The accessory or device may be manufactured by a third party and may include additional electronic components that are configured to provide a particular set of functions. The wireless module13400may function as the wireless connection or bridge between the third-party or external device and the base device (watch body13404). The third party or external device may be configured to transmit signals and/or data to the wireless module13400using an advanced programming interface (API) or other communication protocol. Signals and/or data transmitted to the wireless module13400may then be passed on to the base device (watch body13404) using the wireless communication link established between the wireless module13400and the base device (watch body13404). Using the wireless module13400as an intermediary between devices allows accessories, third-party devices or other external devices to establish one uniform interface with the wireless module13400. The wireless module13400may then be adapted to work with a range or variety of base devices without having to reprogram or reconfigure the accessory, third-party device, or other external device. For example, an accessory may access or provide signals and/or data to a first base device (e.g., a watch body13404) using a wireless module (e.g., wireless module13400) and also access a second base device (e.g., a phone or tablet) using another wireless module having a similar API or other protocol as the wireless module13400. One example implementation may involve an integration of a separate heart-rate monitor that may be worn or otherwise coupled to a user in order to track and monitor a biological function or biometric of the user, like a heart rate. The heart rate monitor may include a sensor, a processor, and a wireless communication system that has been adapted or configured to wirelessly interface with a wireless module (similar to the wireless module13400). For purposes of this example, the heart rate monitor may be characterized as an accessory, third-party device, or an external device and may produce a signal or data that corresponds to the measured biometric (e.g., a heart rate). The signal or data (first signal or first data) may be transmitted from the heart-rate monitor to the wireless module using a first wireless communication link (which may implement a first protocol or set of APIs). The wireless module may then relay a second signal or second data (that is based on the first signal or first data) to the base device using a second wireless communication link (which may implement a second protocol or set of APIs). The base device may display information related to the measurement of the biodata as part of a health monitoring software program or graphical user interface. Similarly, the wireless module may be used to pass signals or data from the base device to the heart rate monitor, which may include commands to initiate a measurement, stop a measurement, enter a designated power state, or other type of command or signal. Using the wireless module, the heart rate monitor may interface with a variety of base devices (e.g., a watch, a mobile phone, a tablet computing system) through a respective wireless module, without having to substantially alter a wireless interface or protocol. As a result, any base device having a suitably coupled wireless module may be used with the heart-rate monitor. A similar scheme may be used to couple a variety of external devices with a base device using a wireless module, as described herein. Example external devices include, without limitation, wireless speakers, wireless headsets, bar-code scanners, navigation systems, automobiles, home security systems, doorbell systems, thermostats, appliances, home automation systems, and the like. FIGS.135A-135Cdepict another example of a wireless tag or module that is integrated with an accessory of a device. More specifically,FIGS.135A-135Cdepict another example of a wireless tag also referred to as a wireless module13500that is integrated with a watch band13502of a watch13504. Similar to the previous example, the watch13504is referred to separately from the band13502. However, the watch13504may also be described as including the band13502and, in some cases, the wireless module13500. The smart watch or simply watch13504, also referred to herein as a base device, includes a display13506for producing graphical output and various internal components including, for example, a processor, a wireless communication module, an input device, a battery, one or more sensors, and other electronic components. The display13506may be similar to the display13406described above and may include one or more display elements, a touch sensor, force sensor, and other similar elements. The watch13504may also include one or more buttons, dials, crowns or other input devices represented by the button13508depicted inFIG.135A. The watch13504is an example base device and may include various components that are not expressly depicted inFIGS.135A-135C. The wireless module13500may be configured to wirelessly pair or connect to the watch13504in a similar fashion as described above with respect toFIGS.134A-134C. Similar to the previous example described above, the wireless module13500may be used to enhance the functionality of the watch13504without substantially modifying or altering the hardware of the watch13504. The wireless module13500may operate in a substantially similar fashion as wireless module13400, described above. A description of the shared features and functionality is omitted from the description to reduce redundancy. The wireless module13500includes many of the same components and functional elements as described above with respect to the wireless module13400. An example of the various hardware elements that may be included in the wireless module13500is described below with respect toFIG.144. However, as shown inFIG.135B, the wireless module13500provides for a remote switch13530with may be operably and electrically coupled to the circuit assembly13526by a flexible circuit13532. The flexible circuit13532may include an array of conductive traces that are formed on a dielectric material that may be able to be reliably flexed or bent with normal use of the band13502. While the present example depicts a single switch13530, an alternative embodiment may include multiple switches that may be located along the length of the band13502. By decoupling the switch13530from the other elements of the wireless module13500, the functionality may be expanded without substantially altering the main components of the wireless module13500. This may allow for a variety of watch band configurations having specialized or dedicated buttons that are adapted for a particular use case or functionality. For example, the wireless module13500may be integrated with a sports band and include multiple switches or buttons, each switch or button dedicated to a stopwatch function, fitness tracking function, or other similar sports-related function. By way of further example, the wireless module13500may be adapted for underwater use or for use while swimming. Due to the presence of water, the touch functionality of the touch screen display13506may not operate consistently or where gloves may impede the operation of a capacitive touch sensor. Key functionality or operations of the watch13504may be mapped to the one or more switches of the wireless module13500in order to allow for use when the device is wet or when a capacitive touch sensor may not be operable. As shown inFIG.135B, the circuit assembly13526may be enclosed and sealed using a set of components that together define the enclosure13520of the wireless module13500. Specifically, the enclosure13520includes an upper housing13522that defines an outer or upper surface of the wireless module13500. In this example, the upper housing13522includes a prong13523or other similar feature that may be used as a clasp or fastener for the band13502. The prong13523may be configured to be inserted into and retained by a corresponding hole in a strap of the band13502to form a clasp or securing fastener to secure the band13502to the user. In this example, the prong13523is integrally formed with the upper housing13522and includes a catch or lobe at the end of the prong13523that is configured to engage a hole in a strap or other element of the band13502in order to secure the band13502around the wrist of a user. The enclosure also includes a lower housing13524that defines an inner or lower surface of the wireless module13500. The lower housing13524may be removable to allow for replacement or servicing of the battery13528. An O-ring13562or other type of seal may be used to form a water-proof or water-resistant seal between the lower housing13524and the rest of the enclosure13520. The enclosure13520also includes a central ring13550that is positioned between the upper housing13522and the lower housing13524. The central ring13550may be used to mount the circuit assembly13526and may help secure the wireless module13500to the band13502. As shown inFIG.135B, the enclosure13520may include adhesive rings13564,13566that form a seal between the central ring13550and the lower housing13524and the upper housing13522, respectively. In some cases, the adhesive rings13564,13566are formed from a heat-activated adhesive layer, a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, or another type of adhesive layer or seal. In some implementations, the central ring13550includes threaded features that are configured to engage with either or both of the lower housing13524and the upper housing13522. FIG.135Cdepicts a cross-sectional view of the wireless module13500along section135C-135C ofFIG.135A. As shown inFIG.135C, the wireless module13500is retained within the band13502by a retaining ring13552. The retaining ring13552may be formed from a polymer or metal material that is inserted into a groove in an opening in the band13502. In some cases, the band13502is molded around the retaining ring13552. In other cases, the retaining ring13552is installed into the groove after the band13502has been molded or otherwise formed. As shown inFIG.135C, the enclosure13520of the wireless module engages the retaining ring13552by an upper flange13540formed into the upper housing13522and the central ring13550. The lower housing13524also includes a lower flange13542that is configured to seat or contact against a surface of the central ring13550. FIG.135Calso depicts a cross-sectional view of the switch13530, which is positioned below a membrane, cover layer, or outer layer13503that defines an outer or exterior surface of the band13502. The outer layer13503may be formed from a material that is similar to the main strap of the band13502. In some cases, the outer layer13503is formed from silicone, fluoropolymer, nylon, or another type of polymer material. Similar to the previous example, the switch may include a tactile dome that forms an electrical switch that is closed or otherwise provides an electrical response in response to an applied force or touch, as indicated by the arrow. The tactile dome of the switch13530(also referred to as a “tactile dome switch”) may be attached to a surface of the flexible circuit13532, which operably and electrically couples the switch13530to the circuit assembly13526. As described herein, a wireless tag may be useful for a variety of applications. As described below with respect toFIGS.136A-136C,137A-137B,138A-138B, and139, an array of wireless tags may be used to track and/or monitor a user's posture. In general, poor posture may be a major contributor to chronic back pain and other musculoskeletal issues. As many as two thirds of adults experience lower back pain at some point in their lives and incorrect posture may be a significant cause. Lower back pain may also be a significant cause of workplace-related disabilities and may result in reduced productivity and quality of life. However, lower back pain and other musculoskeletal issues may be improved or prevented through consistent posture monitoring and posture correction. As described below with respect toFIGS.136A-136C,137A-137B,138A-138B, and139, wireless tags may be strategically positioned along a body of a user and used to monitor and correct potentially problematic posture issues to help avoid chronic physical ailments. An array of wirelessly locatable tags (also referred to herein as “wireless tags” or simply “tags”) may be positioned or fixed with respect to various regions along a user's body in order to track and monitor a user's posture. As shown inFIG.136A, a posture-monitoring system13601may include an array of wireless tags13600a-13600fthat are positioned along various locations of a user's back. As previously discussed, a location of a wireless tag may be determined relative to another device using wireless location-tracking techniques including, for example, time of flight (ToF), angle of arrival (AoA), time difference of arrival (TDOA) received signal strength indication (RSSI), triangulation, synthetic aperture, and/or any other similar techniques. The wireless tag may be used to determine a relative location or distance with respect to another external device or wireless tag. The wireless tag, in some implementations, may be used to determine an absolute location or position by using a global positioning system (GPS) or other locating system that is either integrated with the wireless tag or integrated with a separate device. As shown inFIG.136A, a posture-monitoring system13601may include an electronic device13610and an array of wireless tags13600a-13600fthat are either directly attached to a user13605, incorporated into an article of clothing, or otherwise coupled to the user13605at various positions along the user's body. The electronic device13610may be a mobile telephone, portable computer, tablet computer, portable music player, or other portable electronic device. The electronic device13610may also be attached to the user and may be a watch, a smart watch, a wrist-worn health monitoring device, or other type of wearable electronic device. The electronic device13610may also be a notebook or laptop computer system, a desktop computer system, health monitor device, or other type of device. An example electronic device14300is described below with respect toFIG.143, a complete description which is not repeated here for electronic device13610. In some cases, the electronic device13610is an appliance or other device that is fixed in a room or location. While only one electronic device13610is depicted in the example system,13601ofFIG.136A, other implementations or systems may include multiple electronic devices, which may improve the accuracy and/or reliability of the posture tracking system. As shown inFIG.136A, each wireless tag13600a-13600fis positioned at a different location along the body of the user13605. Specifically, the wireless tags13600aand13600bare positioned along shoulder regions of the user13605, wireless tag13600cis positioned along a mid-back region of the user13605, wireless tag13600dis positioned along a lumbar region of the user13605, and wireless tags13600eand13600fare positioned along a leg (e.g., a knee region) of the user13605. The configuration and position of the wireless tags13600a-13600fis provided by way of an example illustration and the number and locations of the various wireless tags may vary depending on the implementation. Each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fis configured to use a wireless-location technology to determine a relative location with respect to one or more of the other wireless tags13600a-13600f. In one implementation, each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fis configured to use a respective UWB signal to determine a relative location of the respective wireless tag13600a-13600fwith respect to the electronic device13610, also referred to herein as a base device, host device, or a reference device. As described previously, each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be able to determine a relative distance to the electronic device13610using a time of flight (ToF), angle of arrival (AoA), time difference of arrival (TDOA) received signal strength indication (RSSI), triangulation, synthetic aperture, and/or any other similar techniques, one or more of which may be implemented using a UWB wireless system. The location and/or position information determined using each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be transmitted to the electronic device13610as what may be referred to herein as a (wireless) locating signal. The wireless locating signal may include location data that corresponds to a distance between the respective wireless tag13600a-13600fand the electronic device13610or another reference. In some cases, the wireless locating signal includes a UWB wireless pulse that is used to measure the relative distance using one or more of the aforementioned techniques. In other cases, the wireless locating signal may include locating data that includes a relative location or distance between tags or devices. In this case, the wireless locating signal may be transmitted using a wireless protocol that is different than a UWB pulse that is used to determine the relative location or distance. For example, the wireless locating data may be transmitted using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other wireless transmission protocol. The electronic device13610may be adapted to coordinate the various wireless locating signals to determine a relative location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600f. In some implementations, the electronic device13610may be able to determine an absolute location using a GPS signal or other absolute location determining technique, which may be used to determine an absolute and/or relative location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600f. In some implementations, a magnetometer and or accelerometer of the electronic device13610is used to determine a relative and/or absolute location of the wireless tags13600a-13600f. In some implementations, the wireless tags13600a-13600fare configured to determine an estimated distance between each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fwithout the use of an external electronic device13610. For example, each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be configured to operate as either a transmitter or a receiver in a time-of-flight or other wireless measurement scheme in order to determine a distance between a pair of wireless tags13600a-13600f. In such embodiments, the wireless locating signal may comprise an estimate of a distance between one or more other wireless tags13600a-13600f. In some cases, each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fincludes an accelerometer, magnetometer, or other element that is configured to determine a device orientation, which may be used to determine a relative location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600f. In some cases, the accelerometer, magnetometer, or other element that is configured to determine a device orientation provides additional information about the position of the user's body including torso or shoulder twist. In some implementations, the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be configured to use a grid or network of other wireless tags that are not attached to the user13605in order to determine a relative location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600f. Also, as suggested above, the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be adapted to use multiple (external) electronic devices to determine a relative location. For example, three electronic devices may be used to “triangulate” multiple UWB signals and determine a relative location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600f. The position and/or posture of the user13605may be monitored using the relative or absolute location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600f. The position of the user13605inFIG.136Bmay represent a nominal or an ideal posture position. As shown inFIG.136B, an ideal goal location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be determined with respect to a datum or reference, here represented by the reference plane13604depicted inFIG.136B. The location of the reference plane13604, in this example, may be determined as a vertical plane that is positioned with respect to the wireless tags13600a,13600blocated along the shoulder regions of the user13605. A nominal position of each of the other wireless tags13600c-13600fmay be specified in terms of a reference offset or delta with respect to the reference plane13604. The reference offset of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be determined on a user-by-user basis as each user's body is unique and the nominal, normal, or ideal position of the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay vary from user-to-user depending on muscle mass, body fat content, and other physical body features. Other techniques may also be used to determine the reference or ideal position of the wireless tags13600a-13600fincluding, for example, local coordinate values with respect to a datum origin, working envelopes, or other spatial constraining techniques. Reference or ideal position data may be stored in computer-readable memory for use by the posture-measurement system13601. The posture monitoring system13601may be configured to detect a deviation or potentially problematic posture condition by measuring an actual posture, which may be measured on a regular or continuous basis and used to generate results, which may be provided to the user through a graphical user interface of the electronic device13610.FIG.136Cdepicts an example posture that deviates from the ideal posture ofFIG.136Band which may also represent a potentially problematic posture condition, which may be detected by the posture monitoring system13601. As shown inFIG.136C, a location of each of the wireless tags13600a-13600fmay be determined with respect to a reference plane13604. If the positional offset of certain wireless tags13600a-13600ffalls outside of a range or exceeds a tolerance threshold, the system13601may determine that the user's current posture is potentially problematic or otherwise flag the posture event for the user. In some cases, the relative location of certain of the wireless tags13600a-13600fis monitored with respect to a working envelope or other volume constraint and deviations that breach the reference working envelope or volume constraint are flagged. The posture monitoring system13601may be configured to detect the user's posture using wireless locating signals received from one or more of the array of wireless tags13600a-13600f. In the example ofFIG.136C, the posture monitoring system13601may be used to detect a tilted posture in which the user's torso is slumped or leaned forward. The deviation may be determined using a comparison between a current relative position and a nominal or ideal position. In this example, the measured tilt plane13606, which may be determined using a comparison between the current position and a nominal position, may represent an angular deviation of the user's posture as determined based on the position of wireless tags13600a-13600d. The tilt plane13606is provided merely to demonstrate the amount of deviation, which may be represented using any number of different techniques, depending on the implementation. A visual representation of the measured deviation including for example, the tilt plane13606, may be provided to the user through a graphical user interface of the electronic device13610using another computer generated display. Other example postures may be detected by the posture monitoring system13601. For example, the posture monitoring system13601may be used to detect one or more common static postures that may be associated with chronic back pain or other health issues. Example static postures include a hollow back posture in which the lumbar region of the user's back is displaced or distorted in a direction toward the front of the user's body. Other example static postures include a flat pelvis in which the curvature of the user's lumbar region is straightened or flattened as compared to an ideal or nominal posture. Other example postures include slumped postures, military postures, rounded shoulder postures and other similar postures that may be observed through the position or curvature of the user's back from the side of the user's body. These postures may generally be referred to as bend metrics. The posture-monitoring system13601may also be used to detect various postures, which may be characterized by tilt or twist metrics including, for example, high or displaced shoulders, high or displaced hips, head tilts, and spinal twists including scoliosis and other spinal defects. The posture-monitoring system13601may also be used to detect various non-static posture defects that may be evident in a user's gait, running stride, bending motion, sitting motion, or other non-static scenarios. The user's posture may be monitored over time and/or measured on a regular interval. If the regular interval is sufficiently small (e.g., less than about 1 second), the posture measurement may be characterized as continuous or substantially continuous. The posture measurements may be stored in a data log and used to display results to a user on a graphical user interface of the electronic device13610when requested. In some cases, a series or set of body measurements are used to compute an animation of an avatar or other computer-generated model. The computed avatar or other computer-generated model may be displayed on a display of the electronic device13610. In some cases, the body position or posture measurements are recorded in response to a determination that the user13605is in a static position. The static position may correspond to a standing static position, a sitting static position, a prone static position, or other static position. This determination may be made using the wireless locating signals (e.g., UWB beacon signals) a motion sensing system, accelerometers, magnetometers, or other sensors and sensing systems. If the user13605remains still for greater than a threshold amount of time (e.g., more than approximately 1 second), the system13601may determine that the user's position is at least momentarily static and a posture measurement or position measurement may be determined and stored in a log. In some cases, the one or more of the location sensors, particularly the leg sensors13600eand13600fare used to determine if the user13605is in static position, which may be used to trigger a posture measurement. In some cases, multiple posture measurements are taken and a time averaged or composite posture measurement is determined. In some implementations, the user's position or posture is monitored by the posture-monitoring system13601for a minimum of 4 hours. In some cases, the user's posture is monitored by the posture-monitoring system13601for a minimum of 8 hours. In some cases, the user's posture is monitored by the posture-monitoring system13601for approximately 24 hours. In some cases, the user's posture is monitored by the posture-monitoring system13601for multiple days up to and including a week. In some cases, the user's posture is monitored by the posture-monitoring system13601for longer than a week. The user's posture may be monitored continuously or during periods in which it is predicted that the user is in a static posture. The static posture may correspond to a static condition, which may correspond to a standing, sitting, prone, sleeping, or other user position. In some implementations, the posture-measurement system13601is configured to receive input from the user13605which may be used to indicate moments of pain or discomfort by the user13605. In some cases, events or time periods that are associated with user pain or discomfort are used to trigger a posture measurement or flag a posture measurement that has already been taken (on a continuous or regular interval basis). The posture measurement(s) taken during an interval associated with a pain or discomfort event may be displayed to a user or medical personnel and used to identify a potentially problematic posture condition. The posture-measurement system13601may be used to determine a number of different posture conditions. As shown inFIGS.137A and137B, a twist condition may be measured using wireless tags13700aand13700b. In some cases, the twist condition is determined using a relative measurement between the wireless tags13700aand13700band the other wireless tags (e.g.,13600c-13600f, the electronic device13610, or other device ofFIGS.136A-136C). As mentioned previously, the wireless tags13700aand13700bmay also include an orientation-detecting sensor like an accelerometer, magnetometer, or other sensor, which may be used to measure a relative angular position of the respective wireless tags13700a,13700band used to determine shoulder twist measurement. While the shoulder twist depicted inFIGS.137A and137Bis provided as an illustrative example, other example measurements may also be determined using the posture-measurement system (e.g.,13601ofFIGS.136A-136C). The measurements may include a variety of posture or spinal characteristics, which may be generally measured as rotational degrees of freedom: twist corresponding to an amount of rotation about a vertical or longitudinal axis roughly extending along a length of the user's spine; tilt corresponding to an amount of rotation about an axis that extends from the chest to the back of the user; and bend corresponding to an amount of rotation about an axis that extends from one side of the user to the other. By way of example, the posture-measurement system13601may be adapted to measure neck twist, upper back twist, lower back twist, hip twist, and other similar measurements. The posture-measurement system13601may be adapted to measure various tilt conditions including, for example, neck tilt, upper back tilt, lower back tilt, and other similar measurements. The posture-measurement system13601may also be adapted to measure various bend conditions including, for example, neck bend, upper back bend, lower back bend, and other similar measurements. The number and location of the wireless tags may vary depending on the implementation.FIG.138Adepicts one alternative arrangement of wireless tags13800a-13800ethat uses five wireless tags. As shown inFIG.138A, the posture-measurement system13801includes a pair of wireless tags13800aand13800bthat are positioned along a shoulder region of the user13805, a wireless tag13800dthat is positioned along a mid-back region of the user13805, and a wireless tag13800ethat is positioned along a lumbar region of the user13805. As shown inFIG.138A, the posture-measurement system13801also includes a wireless tag13800cthat is positioned along the head of the user13805. The wireless tag13800cmay, in some cases, be integrated with a headset, eyeglass, or other head-mounted device or article worn by the user13805. The configuration of wireless tags13800a-13800edepicted inFIG.138Amay be used to detect a variety of characteristics of the user's posture. For example, the wireless tags13800a-13800emay be used to detect neck tilt, neck bend, upper back tilt, upper back bend, lower back tilt. and lower back bend. Other characteristics or measurements of the user's posture may also be measured or monitored using the wireless tags13800a-13800edepicted inFIG.138Aincluding shoulder dip, shoulder twist, and other body measurements. FIG.138Bdepicts one alternative arrangement of wireless tags13850a-13850dthat uses four wireless tags. As shown inFIG.138B, the posture-measurement system13851includes a wireless tag13850bthat is positioned between the shoulders of the user13855, a wireless tag13850cthat is positioned along a mid-back region of the user13855, and a wireless tag13850dthat is positioned along a lumbar region of the user13855. As shown inFIG.138B, the posture-measurement system13851also includes a wireless tag13850athat is positioned along the head of the user13855. The wireless tag13850amay, in some cases, be integrated with a headset, eyeglass, or other head-mounted device or article worn by the user13855. The configuration of wireless tags13850a-13850ddepicted inFIG.138Bmay be used to detect a variety of characteristics of the user's posture. For example, the wireless tags13850a-13850dmay be used to detect upper back tilt, lower back tilt. and lower back bend. Other characteristics or measurements of the user's posture may also be measured or monitored using the wireless tags13850a-13850ddepicted inFIG.138Bincluding shoulder dip, shoulder twist, and other body measurements. In some cases, the wireless tag13850athat is positioned along the head of the user13855may be used to measure neck tilt, neck bend, upper back bend, and other body measurements. As described herein, an array of wireless tags may be used to measure and monitor a user's posture. Similarly, an array of wireless tags may be positioned at various locations of a user's body and used to measure and monitor other user activity. Thus, the posture-monitoring systems described above may also be referred to as, more general, position-monitoring systems or simply monitoring systems. A position-monitoring system may be configured to track location data for one or more wireless tags over a period of time in order to identify an activity type. Example activity types include, for example, a weight lifting activity, a running activity, a biking activity, a sport activity (e.g., basketball, football, soccer), a yoga activity, a rowing activity, or other type of physical activity. The position-monitoring system may be configured to track location data for one or more wireless tags over a period of time in order to identify an athletic move including, for example, a bicep curl, a running step or stride, a walking step, a baseball throw, a football throw, a rowing stroke, or other type of athletic move. The position-monitoring system may be configured to count the number of athletic moves and, in some cases, estimate a calorie expenditure or activity level based, at least in part, on the number of athletic moves. By way of further example, an array of wireless tags may be used to monitor exercise or sporting activity, which may be used to compute a health metric like calories used or power output. The wireless tags may also be used to monitor the kinematics of the user's activity like a running stride, swim stroke, baseball pitch, golf swing, or other similar kinematic motion, athletic move, or activity. In some implementations, an array of wireless tags may be used to count repetitions (reps) or other motions during an exercise or sporting activity. As mentioned above, the rep or motion count may be used to determine a more accurate estimate of calories burned or degree of exercise performed. The motion tracking information performed using the array of wireless tags may also be combined with other health-monitoring data like a heart rate or distance estimate in order to determine an estimate of a number of calories burned or a degree/amount of exercise performed. The various wireless tags may be attached or coupled to the user by a variety of techniques. In some implementations, one or more of the wireless tags are incorporated into an article of clothing like a shirt or pants. For example, the wireless tags may be secured in one or more pockets or pouches of the clothing article that are configured to hold the respective wireless tag against the user's body in a particular location. This may require that some portion of the clothing be tightly or snugly fitted against the user's body to prevent or reduce an amount of independent movement of the wireless tag with respect to the portion of the user's body being monitored. In some cases, one or more of the wireless tags are attached to the user using an elastic band or wrap that extends around a body part of the user. For example, one or more of the wireless tags may be incorporated into a torso wrap that includes a stretchable or elastic material that extends around the torso of the user. In some implementations, one or more of the wireless tags are directly attached to the user by an adhesive or using an athletic tape. In some implementations, one or more of the wireless tags are preprogrammed or otherwise configured to track a particular region of the user's body. For example, a wireless tag may be preprogrammed or otherwise configured to be positioned along a user's left shoulder region. Similarly, a wireless tag may be preprogrammed or otherwise configured to be positioned along a user's middle back, lumbar, leg, arm, head, or other region of the user's body. The preprogramming or configuration of the wireless tag may include a calibration or other set of coded values that may facilitate the use of the wireless tag in a particular body position. In one specific example, a wireless tag that is configured to be positioned along a user's shoulder may be adapted to measure a relative twist with respect to a complementary wireless tag that is configured to be positioned on the user's opposite shoulder. The wireless tags described with respect toFIGS.136A-138Bmay include some or all of the hardware elements and the functionality described with respect to other wirelessly locatable tags described herein. An example of the various hardware elements that may be included in the wireless tag are described below with respect toFIG.144. In some cases, the wireless tags may be adapted to provide real-time feedback to the user regarding the user's posture or detected body position. For example, one or more of the wireless tags may be adapted to provide a haptic output, audio output, visual output, or other output signaling the user's compliance or non-compliance with a target or goal posture or body position. As described in more detail below, the wireless tags may also be used to generate an animation or computer-generated model that corresponds to the user's detected body posture or position, which may be displayed on a separated display or device. FIG.139depicts an example process13900of using a posture-measurement system, as described herein. The process13900ofFIG.139may be implemented using any one of the posture-measurement systems described above with respect toFIGS.136A-136C,137A-137B, and138A-138B. The process13900may be implemented on an electronic device of the system, including, for example, a mobile phone, tablet computer system, watch, notebook computer system, or other device having a processor and computer memory. In operation13902, a user's posture is detected. As described above with respect toFIG.136A, a posture monitoring system may include an array of wireless tags that are used to measure the relative location of various regions of a user's body. The positional measurements may be performed using a wireless time-of-flight measurement implemented using a UWB or other wireless measurement system. An orientation of one or more of the wireless tags may also be determined using the wireless measurement system, an accelerometer, a magnetometer, and/or another type of sensor. Each of the wireless tags may transmit a wireless locating signal which may be used to determine the relative position of the respective tag with respect to another wireless tag and/or a separate electronic device like a mobile phone, smart watch, or other portable electronic device. In some implementations, the separate electronic device receives a wireless locating signal from a set of wireless tags, the wireless locating signal indicating or used to measure a relative distance between the respective wireless tag and the electronic device. In some cases, the wireless locating signal indicates or is used to measure a relative distance between two wireless tags, or a wireless tag and another device or object. In operation13904, the system determines if the measured posture violates a condition or criteria. Similar to as described above with respect toFIGS.136B and136C, the posture monitoring system may be configured to detect a deviation of a user's posture with respect to an ideal or nominal posture position. The posture monitoring system may measure or detect the deviation with respect to a set of positional offsets that correspond to the relative location of the various wireless tags with respect to a datum plane or datum origin. If a positional offset exceeds a threshold or other constraint, the position may be flagged as violating the condition or criteria. The posture monitoring system may also be adapted to measure or detect the deviation using a working envelope or volumetric constraint. If one or more of the wireless tags breaches the working envelope or volumetric constraint, the position may be flagged as violating the condition or criteria. In an alternative embodiment, the system may determine a posture condition or activity condition. For example, the system may be used to determine a static posture that is not measured relative to an ideal or nominal posture. The static posture may be analyzed to determine one or more characteristics of the posture, which may be reported or presented to the user in operation13906. Similarly, the system may be used to monitor a series of body positions, which may correspond to an activity or athletic move. By way of example, the system may use a series of position measurements taken using the wireless tags at a series of time intervals to monitor shoulder, arm, and/or torso movement during a golf swing, a baseball swing, a tennis swing, or other similar athletic move. By way of other example, the system may use a series of measurements taken using the wireless tags over a period of time or time interval to monitor a user's hip and leg position(s) during a running stride or walking gait. The posture and/or activity that is monitored using the system may be displayed to the user in a graphical manner, as explained below with respect to operation13906. In operation13906, the system signals the posture to the user. As discussed previously, an indicia of the deviation or posture event may be provided to the user. In one example, the results of the posture measurement are displayed on an electronic device through a graphical user interface or other similar technique. As discussed previously, a tilt plane or other similar reference may be displayed, which may indicate the type and degree or extent of the deviation. In some cases, an anatomical representation of the user's body is displayed and one or more of the regions of the user's body are identified as being deviated from an ideal or nominal posture. The graphical user interface may also display a description of the problem and corrective actions or other diagnostic information to the user. In one example embodiment, an animation is generated based on location or posture information obtained using the wireless tags of the posture-monitoring system. The animation may include an avatar or other computer-generated representation of the user. The position and/or motion simulated by the avatar may correspond to a position or motion of the user that is being tracked with the wireless tags. The animation or computer-simulated avatar may be used to help diagnose or identify potential issues with a user's posture. The location information obtained from the wireless tags may also be used to generate other graphical feedback or information that is presented to the user. In one example, the location information is used to determine an amount of deviation from a nominal or ideal posture. The amount of deviation may correspond to an amount of time or number of deviations in which the user's posture exceeded a threshold with respect to the nominal or ideal posture. In some cases, the deviation or other measurement metric is displayed graphically on a histogram, bar graph, chart, or other graphical representation. Similarly, a static posture and/or user activity may be displayed using one of a variety of graphical techniques. For example, an avatar or other computer-generated representation of the user's body may be displayed in a position that corresponds to the position and/or posture monitored using the wireless tags of the system. Similarly, an animation of an avatar or other representation of the user's body may be computed using a series of positions captured using the wireless tags over a period of time or multiple time intervals. In some cases, the animation and/or static representation of the user's activity or posture may be used to diagnose a condition, improve an athletic move, diagnose a run stride, diagnose a walking gait, or perform other further analysis. Additionally, a haptic output, audio output, and/or visual output may be provided by individual wireless tags when the user's posture or position is determined to be out of compliance and/or in compliance with a goal or target position or posture. For example, one or more of the wireless tags may produce a haptic output that is perceptible along a corresponding region of the user's body that is out of position or otherwise violates a criteria or working envelope of the goal or target position or posture, which may help the user to correct the position or posture in real time. The output provided by the wireless tags may be used as an alternative to a separate display and/or in concert with a separate display to provide feedback to the user. As described above, wirelessly locatable tags may be used to help find and retrieve lost and/or misplaced items. For example, a user can use a smartphone or other computing device to request and receive location data of a wirelessly locatable tag via the device-location relay network. This is merely one example use case for wirelessly locatable tags, however, and because the spatial parameters (e.g., position, location, orientation) of tags can be determined with a high degree of accuracy, the tags described herein (or any device incorporating the systems and/or features of the tags) may enable myriad new or improved location-based functions and use cases. Several additional examples of applications for wirelessly locatable tags are described herein. These uses and applications may be performed by any of the tags described herein. Using the localization features of the wirelessly locatable tags (or other devices that include tags or include the functionality of the tags), a user may be able to establish geographic and/or location-based rules for their devices. For example, a user can establish a rule that if the user's tag (which may be in the user's wallet) and phone are separated by a threshold distance, the user should be alerted. Another example rule may be that if a user's tag remains near the user's home while the user's phone is away from home (e.g., 100 feet away), the user should be alerted. Another type of geographic and/or location-based rule may help avoid false reports of lost tags. For example, a user may be able to establish locations or geographic areas in which the tag will not report itself as being “lost,” so that other devices (e.g., devices not associated with the tag's owner) do not report the location of the tag. Geographic and/or location based rules may be executed by a device other than the tag itself. For example, a user's smartphone, laptop or desktop computer, or other device may monitor the locations of a user's keys and a user's wallet (each of which may be attached to a tag), and alert the user when the threshold distance between the keys and wallet is reached. A notification may include sending a text message, email, push notification, haptic notification (via the user's phone or watch), or any other suitable notification technique. Distances between any example devices (including between tags) may be monitored (by a smartphone or other device of a user), and the user may be notified if the distance between the devices exceeds a threshold distance (or if any other distance condition is satisfied). Notably, the localization techniques facilitated by the device-location relay network, such as using UWB signals, allow the location of a tag or other device to be determined to a high degree of accuracy (e.g., less than about three feet, less than about 1 foot, less than about 3 inches, or with even greater accuracy). Accordingly, the device-location relay network may allow a user to establish geographic and/or location-based rules that are more granular than previous techniques. For example, a user may establish a rule that they wish to be notified if their car keys have been placed in a drawer instead of on a countertop. Other types of high-resolution location-based rules and measurements are also feasible as a result of the improved location-finding accuracy. Geographic and/or location based rules may be executed by a device that is controlled by the user (and/or in the user's possession) to help ensure security of the user's information. For example, instead of a remote server system accessing the locations of a user's tags to evaluate geographic and/or location-based rule sets, a user's phone may receive or access location reports of the user's tags, and the phone may determine when certain rules are satisfied. In some cases, a user may have multiple trusted devices that can individually or collectively evaluate the user's geographic and/or location-based rules. For example, a user's laptop computer, phone, tablet, desktop computer, home automation system, or the like, may all be authorized to access the location reports of the user's tags (or determine a location of a tag at least in part from signals received directly from a tag) and determine when a rule condition is satisfied. In these examples, as well as others described herein, a tag's spatial parameters may be determined in various ways. For example, in some cases, any device in the device-location relay network (even those not associated with the owner of a tag) may detect a signal from a tag, determine or estimate a location of the tag, and send a location report to a server of a cloud-based service. The owner of the tag may then access those location reports at any time. In other cases, a user's own device(s) may determine the position and/or location of the user's nearby tags in real-time. Thus, for example, if a user wishes to know the location of his nearby tags, he may cause his phone (or other device) to communicate directly with the nearby tags to determine their locations, or at least their positions relative to other devices. Direct communications with a tag (e.g., using UWB to determine the position of the tag) may provide faster, real-time location information than retrieving location reports, and may enable additional use cases and features that would be less practical if all location information were served to the user's devices from a remote, cloud-based system. For ease of reference, it will be understood that both of these techniques are considered to be provided by the device-location relay network, regardless of whether a cloud-based system is accessed, or if only the user's own devices are used to determine spatial parameters of tags via local communications (direct tag-to-phone communications, for example). Due to its high accuracy, the device-location relay network may allow accurate distance measurements between tags. For example, if two objects have tags coupled to them, the device-location relay network may determine the location of each tag (e.g., using UWB location-finding techniques described herein) and determine the distance between the objects based on the absolute locations of the tags. Measuring a distance between two objects may be used for geofencing rules that rely on relative positions or distances between two objects, as described above. For example, as described above, a user may establish a rule that he wants to receive a notification if his wallet and keys are more than ten feet apart. The device-location relay network may monitor the distance between those objects and trigger notifications when the distance condition is satisfied. As another example, speakers of a home audio system may each have attached tags (or incorporate components of a tag), and the device-location relay network may measure the distance between tags, the position of tags relative to each other, and/or the orientation of the tags (and thus the speakers) to help the user position and/or align the speakers in their home environment. As yet another example, a user may place a tag on a vehicle bumper, and another on a garage wall. The device-location relay network may determine the distance between these tags and alert the user when they are within a threshold distance (e.g., to allow the user to park their car in a consistent and safe location and avoid a collision with the garage wall). As described above, the distance between tags may be determined based on tag-to-tag communications, and the orientations of tags may be determined using magnetometers, accelerometers, or the like. Tags may also be used to help a user track their own path of travel. For example, a user may leave tags behind as they hike, walk, or move about an environment. The device-location relay network may allow the user to use the locations of the tags (which may be supplied via other devices in the device-location relay network) to retrace their path. For example, the user's phone may display a compass-like directional indicator indicating which way to travel to reach the next tag, or it may display a map showing the locations of the tags (and an optional path defined by the tag locations). Because phones and other devices can determine the direction to a tag locally (e.g., without accessing a remote server or host system), this pathfinding technique can be used even in remote locations where cellular or other network service is unavailable. When permitted by a user, tags may also be used to track the locations of individuals for search-and-rescue or other emergency operations. For example, a skier, hiker, cyclist, mountaineer, or other individual may attach a tag to themselves so that rescuers can find the individual in the case of an emergency such as an avalanche, blizzard, accident, or the like. Even outside of recreational uses, tags may help rescuers or other emergency personnel locate individuals who are in trouble. For example, after an earthquake, hurricane, fire, medical event, or any other time it may be advantageous for an individual to be easily located by others, the individual may selectively permit the device-location relay network to access and report his or her location to other users. More particularly, a user who has a tag on or near their person may use their phone (or other device) to report themselves to the device-location relay network as “in need of assistance” or another such designation. This may allow the device-location relay network to report the location of the user's tag to medical personnel, firefighters, police, family, or other service providers so that the user can be more easily found and assisted. In some cases, a user may select a particular triggering event that will cause their location to become public. For example, an individual may establish a rule that if their location does not change during a thirty minute interval, then they should be reported to the device-location relay network as “in need of assistance,” at which time the location reports of the user's tag (or other device) may be accessible to emergency personnel or predetermined contacts. Such rules may help ensure that a user who has become unable to manually initiate an assistance request (e.g., due to an injury during a recreational activity, a fall, a storm or fire, or the like) can still take advantage of the location-finding abilities of the device-location relay network, while also still maintaining control over their personal location information. The device-location relay network may also be used to help map three-dimensional spaces using one or more tags or devices. For example, a user may carry a tag on their person as they go about their day, or move other devices or tags around their environment (e.g., placing their keys or phone on various surfaces or objects). The device-location relay network may securely monitor the location of the tags and, over time, construct a three-dimensional model of the user's home or work environment. More particularly, the tags' locations may be analyzed by one or more of the user's devices to predict the locations of tables, furniture, walls, and other physical objects and obstacles in the user's environment. For example, if a map of a tag's location over time shows that the tag is often at rest in a location that is about three feet above the ground, and within an area of about three feet by six feet, the user's device(s) may infer that that location corresponds to a table. In this way, a user's devices may generate a three-dimensional map of an area based on location history of one or more tags. This information may then be used, for example, to help a user locate objects, avoid obstacles, or identify patterns of behavior and/or motion. If the user then loses her wallet and uses the device-location relay network to help find it, she may be provided with an automatically generated suggestion that it may be on the “kitchen table,” even if the user has never manually established or input a location of a table. In some cases, users may manually establish the locations of physical objects in their environment by touching a tag to the object and associating that location with a particular object. For example, a user may initiate a location-learning mode (e.g., by applying an input to the tag or to another device) and then place a tag on a table. The device-location relay network may then determine the location of the tag and allow the user to associate that location with the object “table” (e.g., via an interface on the user's phone or computer). A user may perform a similar action with other objects as well, such as walls, desks, doors, beds, closets, pools, or any other suitable object. Where maps of a user's environment are generated, they may be securely stored and accessible only to the user. For example, they may be stored locally on one or more of the user's own devices, or they may be encrypted or otherwise secured and stored remotely (e.g., on a server associated with the cloud-based service). Tags may also be used to help users locate and interact with stationary objects. For example, a tag may be placed at or near an emergency exit to a building so that, when needed, individuals can use their phone or other device to locate and navigate to the emergency exit (e.g., by showing a direction-indicating arrow on the screen of their phone or other device to guide them towards the exit). Similarly, tags may be placed at multiple locations along an exit route so that users' phones can locate the tags and guide a user along the exit route. The tags may even communicate information to the devices such as identifiers of the physical structure or object that they are associated with. For example, when a phone or tablet communicates with a tag to determine a location of the tag, the tag may send information to the phone or tablet. The information may include, for example, a name of the associated object (e.g., fire exit, fire extinguisher, defibrillator, etc.), a physical location of the object (e.g., ground floor, front hallway, etc.), or the like. Such information may be stored by the tags, and may be provided to other devices as part of a location-finding process, or it may be broadcast periodically regardless of whether the information has been explicitly requested. FIG.140illustrates an example environment with objects that are associated with wirelessly locatable tags, and an example device providing a user interface that directs a user to the location of the objects. For example,FIG.140illustrates an example user device14000, such as a smartphone in use in a building that has an automatic electric defibrillator (AED)14002and a fire extinguisher14004. The AED14002and the fire extinguisher14004may each be associated with a respective tag. For example, a tag may be mounted on or near each object. The tags may be attached to a mounting base, such as the mounting base6108,FIG.61A, so that the tags can be powered indefinitely and without requiring batteries to be changed. The device14000may determine the position of each object by communicating with each tag. For example, the tags may send signals using Bluetooth and/or UWB communication protocols, and the device14000may use techniques such as time of flight (ToF), angle of arrival (AoA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), received signal strength indication (RSSI), triangulation, synthetic aperture, and/or any other suitable technique, to determine positions of the tags relative to the device14000. Using the detected position of the tags (and optionally spatial parameters of the device14000from onboard sensors such as accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, GPS systems, or the like), the device14000may display a directional indicator that points towards the tags. As shown inFIG.140, the device14000displays, on a display such as a touchscreen display, a first directional indicator14008(e.g., an arrow) that points towards the AED14002, and a second directional indicator14010(e.g., an arrow) that points towards the fire extinguisher. The device14000also displays a name (or other information) of each device, which may have been provided to the device14000from the tags themselves, as described above. The objects and indicators shown inFIG.140are merely examples, however, and the same or similar techniques may be used to direct users to other objects as well. For example, a museum may place tags at or near exhibits to help visitors find the exhibits, stores may place tags at or near product displays to help users find products or navigate through a store, or buildings may place tags at or near entrances or along hallways to help a user navigate the building. These tags may similarly provide information about the location or object with which they are associated. For example, a tag placed near the Mona Lisa may allow a user's phone to find a distance and direction to the famous portrait, and also provide information about the portrait directly to the user's phone. Tags in buildings and other structures may also be employed to help individuals with vision impairment navigate the buildings or structures. For example, assistive devices may determine the distance to and/or location of various tags positioned in an area, and provide outputs to a user that can help them navigate the area. As one specific example, an assistive device on the person of a user may communicate with nearby tags on walls or other obstacles to determine a distance between the device and the nearby tags. The assistive device may provide an output to the user to indicate the distance and/or direction to the tags (or to a path that avoids the tags) to help the user avoid those areas. One example output from an assistive device may be a subtle vibration with a frequency that increases as the distance between the device and the tag decreases. In cases where tags are mounted on obstacles or walls, the tags may store offset information that indicates where a device (e.g., an assistive device, smartphone) should direct the user. Thus, instead of a tag causing a device to direct a user towards an obstacle, the tag instead causes the device to direct the user to a location or along a path that avoids the obstacle. The offset information may be sent to the user's device, which may then determine where to direct the user based on the tag's detected location, the offset, and the device's location. Tags may also be placed along paths, trails, ski runs, or other outdoor environments to help guide users. Such tags may also facilitate or trigger the display of objects in an augmented reality environment. For example, a user can raise his or her phone to a tag on a ski run to cause a name of the ski run to be presented on the user's phone display. Tags may also be used for augmented reality (AR) applications. In particular, because the spatial parameters of a tag can be determined with a high degree of accuracy (e.g., within a foot of the actual location, or less), a device such as a phone, tablet, head-mounted display, or the like, may use onboard sensors (e.g., magnetometers, accelerometers, inertial positioning systems, GPS) to determine how the device is oriented relative to the tag. The device may take some action or display some information to the user as a result of detecting that the device is pointed at the tag. For example, if a tag is positioned next to a light switch, a user may direct her phone camera towards the tag, which may cause her phone's display to automatically show information about the light switch, such as what light it controls. The information may be integrated into the real-time image preview shown on the user's phone, thus providing an AR interface. As another example, a tag next to the Mona Lisa may cause a description of the famous painting to appear, in a device display, next to the Mona Lisa itself. As yet another example, a user may scan a phone's camera around a room or environment, and the locations and/or descriptions of detectable tags may be indicated on the image preview (e.g., with an item description bubble and arrow pointing to the tag). In this way, the user can easily visualize the location of various different tags in an environment. FIGS.141A-141Billustrate an example scenario in which a user is directed to a tag using an augmented reality application. In the illustrated example, a user is attempting to locate a tag14102using a device14100(e.g., a smartphone). The tag14102may be attached to a set of keys, a wallet, a smartwatch, a purse, or another object, though for simplicity only the tag14102is illustrated in the figures. The device14100may display an AR interface14104on a display. The AR interface may include a live preview of the environment from a camera of the device14100. The device14100may determine the position and/or location of the tag14102using techniques described herein (e.g., using time of flight analysis on a UWB signal from the tag14102). Based on the tag's position and the orientation of the device14100relative to the tag (e.g., the direction that the camera of the device14100is pointing relative to the position of the tag14102), the device may determine how the device's orientation would need to be changed in order to bring the tag14102into the camera's field of view. The device may then display a directional indicator14106, such as an arrow, that indicates to the user where to point or reorient the device14100to locate the tag14102.FIG.141Ashows the device14100oriented in a direction that does not show the tag14102. Accordingly, the AR interface14104shows a live preview from the device's camera, as well as the directional indicator14106.FIG.141Bshows the device14100after the user has reoriented the device in accordance with the direction indicated by the directional indicator14106. The AR interface14104has been updated to show the live preview of the new portion of the environment, and shows the tag14102, as well as an updated directional indicator14108showing the detected position or location of the tag14102. In some cases, a different type of graphical object may indicate the location of the tag14102. For example, an object (e.g., a balloon, star, flashing light, or the like) may be shown hovering over or near the tag14102. The graphical object may be displayed even when the tag14102is obscured or occluded, such as if the tag14102is in a drawer, under a stack of papers, or otherwise not visible. The directional indicators in the AR interface14104may be continuously updated based on the position of the tag14102relative to the device14100(and optionally the orientation of the device14100). Thus, for example, as the user moves and/or reorients the device14100while viewing the AR interface14104, the directional indicators may be continuously updated to point the user towards one or more tags. The user may thus use the directional indicator as a compass-like guide that ultimately directs the user to the tag. In some cases, multiple properties of a directional indicator change based on the distance to a tag. For example, the length of a displayed arrow may vary in accordance with the distance between the device14100and the tag14102(e.g., with a longer arrow indicating a greater distance), while the direction of the arrow indicates the position of the tag relative to the device14100. Other types of information may also be displayed on the AR interface14104, such as a numerical indicator of the distance to an object (e.g., in feet or meters), a proposed direction to move the device14100(e.g., up, down, left, right), or the like. Devices other than tags, but which include the functions of a tag, may also be located and displayed to a user in an AR interface. For example, laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, WiFi routers, or the like, may include the same or similar components as the tag, and thus may be located by a device and incorporated into an AR interface. This may help a user find their own devices or devices with which they may want to interact. For example, a user can use a smartphone to view an AR interface that shows a live preview of the environment (through the camera). The AR interface may direct the user towards wirelessly locatable devices, and when such objects are within the live preview, show the device and a description of the device. In a specific example, the user can use the AR interface to scan or view a room to find a WiFi router so that he can approach the router to establish a connection. When the user points his or her phone camera towards the WiFi router, a graphical object may appear on the display indicating that the object is a WiFi router, and optionally provide information about the router such as an associated network name, password, wireless protocol, or the like. Tags may also be used to facilitate augmented reality for gaming or other entertainment purposes. For example, tags may be used as game pieces. Because the devices can determine the locations of the tags with high accuracy, the devices can visually replace the tags in an augmented reality environment with computer-generated graphics. As one specific example, a game of chess may be played with each piece representing one of the chess pieces. Users may view the tags through a headset (or other device) and the headset may replace the images of the tags with animations of the chess characters, including animated battles between the characters, or the like. As another example, tags may be attached to a user's body to allow a computer system to track the position of the tags and use position and changes in position (e.g., motion) of the tags to control an avatar that is displayed on a display (e.g., a television, head-mounted display), or the like.FIG.142illustrates an example user14200with multiple tags14202attached to his or her body or clothes. A computer system14205may determine the position and/or location of the tags14202(including the relative locations of each tag to each other), and use the detected spatial parameters to control the appearance and/or motion of an avatar14206(or other graphical object) displayed on a display14204. The computer system14205may be a single device that is capable of determining the spatial parameters of the tags14202(using the techniques described above, such as ToF analysis of UWB signals). The computer system14205may be a desktop computer, gaming console, mobile phone, home automation system, or any other suitable device. In some cases, the computer system14205shown inFIG.142represents multiple devices working in concert to determine the spatial parameters and/or motions of the tags14202. For example, multiple computers, gaming consoles, phones, tablets, or the like may cooperate to determine the spatial parameters of the tags14202and/or to generate or control a displayed avatar. The application shown inFIG.142, in which a user's body motions are tracked and used to control an avatar or other character on a display, may be used for various different applications. For example, an exercise or physical therapy program may display an example of a motion to be performed, and then monitor the actual motion of the user. The user's actual movements may be evaluated by the program to determine if they meet the displayed suggested movements, and optionally to provide additional guidance on how to perform the exercise. The user's motion may also be evaluated to count repetitions of an exercise, evaluate a user's flexibility, or the like. A user's body motions may also be used to control an avatar in a game or augmented or virtual reality environment. For example, the user's body movements may be tracked and translated into movements of the in-game or in-environment avatar, which may in turn interact with other in-game or in-environment objects or characters. The device-location relay network may also use the highly accurate distance- and/or position-finding functions for features that are not necessarily evident to a user. For example, a long-range wireless charging system may be able to improve its operation by having accurate position estimates of devices in its range. More particularly, a long-range wireless charging system may use highly directional, aimable electromagnetic signals to wirelessly charge devices such as phones, tablets, notebook computers, and the like. The charging system may use the device-location relay network (e.g., using a peer-to-peer communication scheme) to determine the position of a device to be charged, relative to the charging system. The charging system may then direct or aim its electromagnetic signals to that position to charge the device (e.g., using beamforming techniques). The charging system may also track a moving device with its electromagnetic signals by continuously monitoring or updating the position of the device to be charged. Similar techniques may be used for any suitable type of highly directional wireless signals (e.g., optical communications, wireless communications signals, etc.). The accuracy of the position measurements provided by the tags and the device-location relay network may also have unique applications in sports and other recreational activities. For example, tags may be placed on a user's body to track and analyze motions to improve performance. More particularly, tags may be placed on a user's arms, back, head, legs, torso, or any other suitable location (including on sporting equipment such as golf clubs, basketballs, baseball bats, and the like). Devices may then be used to track the position of each of the tags in three-dimensional space and develop biometric models and/or animations of the user's motions. In this way, golf swings, baseball swings, basketball shots, volleyball strikes, or any other type of sports or recreation motion may be recorded for analysis and training purposes. Multiple tags may be attached to a user to track and/or record complex multi-dimensional body movements, posture, form, etc. In some cases, tags may have feedback systems that can indicate to a user if their motion or form deviates from a target. For example, if a user bends his knees too far during a basketball shot, haptic output systems on leg-based tags may provide a haptic notification to the user indicating the deviation or error. Tags (or the systems typically provided in tags) may also be integrated into sports equipment such as golf balls (e.g., to monitor trajectory and speed, to assist in lost-ball retrieval), golf clubs, basketballs, baseballs, baseball bats, and so forth. In some cases, tags may include accelerometers, gyroscopes, or other components, which may improve or expand the biometric data captured by the tags in sporting and recreation contexts. Even outside the context of sports or recreation, tags may be used to measure users' motions for other purposes such as object tracking. For example, if a tag on a wallet is found to move along a path that is indicative of removal from a pocket, the location of that event may be recorded by the users' devices so that the user can be reminded at a later time where the wallet was removed from a pocket. Tags may also be used to help track the locations of and the users of shared resources. For example, communities or companies may provide resources such as cars, bicycles, scooters, or other equipment (e.g., tools, computers, library books, etc.) that may be temporarily used by multiple individuals. Such resources may have tags attached to them, and the tags may facilitate the recording of who is using or has used the resource, and where the resource is located. As a specific example, a user may approach a shareable vehicle and touch his or her phone to a wirelessly locatable tag on the vehicle. The act of touching the phone to the tag may cause the NFC communications system of the tag and phone to communicate (including the tag providing a unique identifier of itself and/or the vehicle to the phone), and may initiate a checkout operation in which the user gains access to the vehicle. The location of the vehicle may be updated by the user's phone (as well as the devices of other individuals in the device-location relay network). Because the devices in the device-location relay network are able to periodically update the location of the tag, it may be possible for users to determine the locations of the shared resources. Thus, if a shared scooter is driven to another location by a first user, another user may be able to find the location of the scooter (as updated by the first user or by other devices in the device-location relay network) by accessing the location reports of the scooter. In cases where it is desirable for multiple individuals to access location reports of a tag (such as in the case of shared resources), each authorized individual may have a copy of a private key for a particular tag, or another authorization scheme may be used so that each authorized individual can access the location reports in a secure manner. The foregoing examples of use cases for the device-location relay network are merely some example use cases, and are not limiting. Indeed, any tags may be associated with or attached to any suitable object to facilitate distance, position, location, and/or motion tracking, initiate augmented reality objects, provide navigational cues, or the like. Additional objects that may be associated with tags may include, for example, jewelry, bicycles, motorcycles, cars, scooters, vehicles, clothes, glasses, retail inventory (e.g., for theft prevention and recovery), industrial applications (e.g., for tracking products along an assembly line, for tracking materials through a supply chain, for measuring distances or tracking construction equipment or materials, etc.), musical instruments, flashlights, first aid kits, automatic electronic defibrillators, mail, packages, shoes, helmets, medicine containers, pets, animals (e.g., for studying migration, preventing poaching, etc.), and so forth. In order to facilitate the detection of tags, devices that are capable of communicating with tags or otherwise receiving location reports of tags may include a tag-finding application or interface that shows a list of nearby tags. The list of nearby tags may include any and all tags that are associated with the user (e.g., the user's own tags) as well as any publicly accessible tags and tags that the user is authorized to see. Thus, when the user opens the tag-finding application, he or she may see a list of tags, each with an identifier of an object or location that the tag is associated with (e.g., “wallet,” “car keys,” “Mona Lisa,” etc.). The user may then select a desired tag to get more information about the tag, such as the location of the tag, directions to the tag, a status of the tag, or the like. Users may also download or otherwise access groups of related tags. For example, a user may download or access a list of publicly accessible tags in the Guggenheim Museum, all of which may appear in the tag-finding application so that a user can view the locations and information associated with the tags. In some cases, the location of the tags associated with or accessible by a user may be shown in a map view, allowing the user to visualize the location of the tags in a geographic environment. Or they may be shown in a “radar view,” where the relative positions of the tags are shown distributed about a central point that represents the user, without displaying a geographic map. Locations may also be reported by requesting location information about a tag from a digital assistant. For example, a user may ask a voice-based digital assistant “where are my keys,” which may cause the digital assistant to respond with a location of the keys (e.g., “in the kitchen” or “I'll show you on your phone”). The tag-finding application may display tags that the user's device can communicate with directly (e.g., tags that are nearby the user when the application is open), and tags that are remote from the device. In the latter cases, the location information to the tag may not be generated via direct peer-to-peer communication between the user's device and the tag, but rather may be provided from location reports that have been provided to a cloud-based system. In this way, the tag-finding application can allow a user to locate tags that are remote from the user's device. The tag-finding application may also visually or otherwise differentiate between tags that are local (e.g., in direct peer-to-peer communication with the device) and those that are remote (e.g., those that are not in direct peer-to-peer communication with the device but are associated with last-known locations and/or location reports from a cloud-based system). The tag-finding application may also help users locate other individuals. For example, individuals may choose to allow the location of their own tags and/or devices to be viewed by others. Thus, a family attending a theme park may all choose to allow their locations to be viewed by the other members of their family. The device-location relay network allows a family member's device to access the locations of the other family members, using either direct peer-to-peer communications with the other family members' tags or devices if they are within range, or via remotely provided location reports (e.g., received from a cloud-based service). FIG.143depicts an example schematic diagram of an electronic device14300. The electronic device14300may represent an electronic device that determines a location of a wirelessly locatable tag, or determines the location of any other electronic device that includes the components of or provides the functionality of a wirelessly locatable tag (e.g., a receiving device206,FIGS.2D-2F). The electronic device14300as described represents a mobile phone (e.g., a smartphone), but it may also represent a laptop computer, tablet computer, desktop computer, personal digital assistant, watch (e.g., a smartwatch) or other wearable device, a wireless router or other network infrastructure device, a television, or any other suitable device. The device14300includes one or more processing units14301that are configured to access a memory14302having instructions stored thereon. The instructions or computer programs may be configured to perform one or more of the operations or functions described with respect to the electronic devices described herein. For example, the instructions may be configured to control or coordinate the operation of one or more displays14308, one or more touch sensors14303, one or more force sensors14305, one or more communication channels14304, one or more audio input systems14309, one or more audio output systems14310, one or more positioning systems14311, one or more sensors14312, and/or one or more haptic feedback devices14306. The processing units14301ofFIG.143may be implemented as any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or instructions. For example, the processing units14301may include one or more of: a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein, the term “processor” is meant to encompass a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements. The memory14302can store electronic data that can be used by the device14300. For example, a memory can store electrical data or content such as, for example, audio and video files, images, documents and applications, device settings and user preferences, programs, instructions, timing and control signals or data for the various modules, data structures or databases, and so on. The memory14302can be configured as any type of memory. By way of example only, the memory can be implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flash memory, removable memory, or other types of storage elements, or combinations of such devices. The touch sensors14303may detect various types of touch-based inputs and generate signals or data that are able to be accessed using processor instructions. The touch sensors14303may use any suitable components and may rely on any suitable phenomena to detect physical inputs. For example, the touch sensors14303may be capacitive touch sensors, resistive touch sensors, acoustic wave sensors, or the like. The touch sensors14303may include any suitable components for detecting touch-based inputs and generating signals or data that are able to be accessed using processor instructions, including electrodes (e.g., electrode layers), physical components (e.g., substrates, spacing layers, structural supports, compressible elements, etc.) processors, circuitry, firmware, and the like. The touch sensors14303may be integrated with or otherwise configured to detect touch inputs applied to any portion of the device14300. For example, the touch sensors14303may be configured to detect touch inputs applied to any portion of the device14300that includes a display (and may be integrated with a display). The touch sensors14303may operate in conjunction with the force sensors14305to generate signals or data in response to touch inputs. A touch sensor or force sensor that is positioned over a display surface or otherwise integrated with a display may be referred to herein as a touch-sensitive display, force-sensitive display, or touchscreen. The force sensors14305may detect various types of force-based inputs and generate signals or data that are able to be accessed using processor instructions. The force sensors14305may use any suitable components and may rely on any suitable phenomena to detect physical inputs. For example, the force sensors14305may be strain-based sensors, piezoelectric-based sensors, piezoresistive-based sensors, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, or the like. The force sensors14305may include any suitable components for detecting force-based inputs and generating signals or data that are able to be accessed using processor instructions, including electrodes (e.g., electrode layers), physical components (e.g., substrates, spacing layers, structural supports, compressible elements, etc.) processors, circuitry, firmware, and the like. The force sensors14305may be used in conjunction with various input mechanisms to detect various types of inputs. For example, the force sensors14305may be used to detect presses or other force inputs that satisfy a force threshold (which may represent a more forceful input than is typical for a standard “touch” input). Like the touch sensors14303, the force sensors14305may be integrated with or otherwise configured to detect force inputs applied to any portion of the device14300. For example, the force sensors14305may be configured to detect force inputs applied to any portion of the device14300that includes a display (and may be integrated with a display). The force sensors14305may operate in conjunction with the touch sensors14303to generate signals or data in response to touch- and/or force-based inputs. The device14300may also include one or more haptic devices14306. The haptic device14306may include one or more of a variety of haptic technologies such as, but not necessarily limited to, rotational haptic devices, linear actuators, piezoelectric devices, vibration elements, and so on. In general, the haptic device14306may be configured to provide punctuated and distinct feedback to a user of the device. More particularly, the haptic device14306may be adapted to produce a knock or tap sensation and/or a vibration sensation. Such haptic outputs may be provided in response to detection of touch and/or force inputs, and may be imparted to a user through the exterior surface of the device14300(e.g., via a glass or other surface that acts as a touch- and/or force-sensitive display or surface). Haptic outputs may also be provided in response to a detection that a condition of a wirelessly locatable tag has been met. For example, if a rule relating to the location of a tag is satisfied (e.g., if a tag is detected outside of a specified area or greater than a specified distance from a user or another device), the device14300may produce a haptic output using the haptic devices14306. The one or more communication channels14304may include one or more wireless interface(s) that are adapted to provide communication between the processing unit(s)14301and an external device. The one or more communication channels14304may include antennas, communications circuitry, firmware, software, or any other components or systems that facilitate wireless communications with other devices (e.g., with wirelessly locatable tags or devices that include such functionality). In general, the one or more communication channels14304may be configured to transmit and receive data and/or signals that may be interpreted by instructions executed on the processing units14301. In some cases, the external device is part of an external communication network that is configured to exchange data with wireless devices. Generally, the wireless interface may communicate via, without limitation, radio frequency, optical, acoustic, and/or magnetic signals and may be configured to operate over a wireless interface or protocol. Example wireless interfaces include radio frequency cellular interfaces, fiber optic interfaces, acoustic interfaces, Bluetooth interfaces, infrared interfaces, USB interfaces, Wi-Fi interfaces, TCP/IP interfaces, network communications interfaces, or any conventional communication interfaces. The one or more communications channels14304may also include ultra-wideband interfaces, which may include any appropriate communications circuitry, instructions, and number and position of suitable UWB antennas to facilitate localization of a wirelessly locatable tag (or other device with similar functionality), as described herein. As shown inFIG.143, the device14300may include a battery14307that is used to store and provide power to the other components of the device14300. The battery14307may be a rechargeable power supply that is configured to provide power to the device14300. The device14300may also include one or more displays14308configured to display graphical outputs. The displays14308may use any suitable display technology, including liquid crystal displays (LCD), organic light emitting diodes (OLED), active-matrix organic light-emitting diode displays (AMOLED), or the like. The displays14308may display information relating to the position or location of a wirelessly locatable tag, such as a graphical indicator that points to or otherwise directs a user to the location of a wirelessly locatable tag. The device14300may also provide audio input functionality via one or more audio input systems14309. The audio input systems14309may include microphones, transducers, or other devices that capture sound for voice calls, video calls, audio recordings, video recordings, voice commands, and the like. The device14300may also provide audio output functionality via one or more audio output systems (e.g., speakers)14310. The audio output systems14310may produce sound from voice calls, video calls, streaming or local audio content, streaming or local video content, or the like. The audio output systems14310may also provide audible outputs in response to a detection that a condition of a wirelessly locatable tag has been met. The device14300may also include a positioning system14311. The positioning system14311may be configured to determine the location of the device14300. For example, the positioning system14311may include magnetometers, gyroscopes, accelerometers, optical sensors, cameras, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, inertial positioning systems, or the like. The positioning system14311may be used to determine spatial parameters of the device14300, such as the location of the device14300(e.g., geographical coordinates of the device), measurements or estimates of physical movement of the device14300, an orientation of the device14300, or the like. The positioning system14311may also be used to determine spatial parameters of another device, such as a wirelessly locatable tag. The positioning system14311may communicate with or otherwise interact with other components of the device14300to perform functions relating to localization of a wirelessly locatable tag, including but not limited to the processing units14301, memory14302, communications channels14304, and the like. For example, the positioning system14311may perform at least some of the localization processes described with respect toFIGS.2D-2F. The device14300may also include one or more additional sensors14312to receive inputs (e.g., from a user or another computer, device, system, network, etc.) or to detect any suitable property or parameter of the device, the environment surrounding the device, people or things interacting with the device (or nearby the device), or the like. For example, a device may include temperature sensors, biometric sensors (e.g., fingerprint sensors, photoplethysmographs, blood-oxygen sensors, blood sugar sensors, or the like), eye-tracking sensors, retinal scanners, humidity sensors, buttons, switches, lid-closure sensors, or the like. To the extent that multiple functionalities, operations, and structures described with reference toFIG.143are disclosed as being part of, incorporated into, or performed by the device14300, it should be understood that various embodiments may omit any or all such described functionalities, operations, and structures. Thus, different embodiments of the device14300may have some, none, or all of the various capabilities, apparatuses, physical features, modes, and operating parameters discussed herein. Further, the systems included in the device14300are not exclusive, and the device14300may include alternative or additional systems, components, modules, programs, instructions, or the like, that may be necessary or useful to perform the functions described herein. FIG.144depicts an example schematic diagram of a wirelessly locatable tag14400. The wirelessly locatable tag14400may represent any of the wirelessly locatable tags, wireless tags, or wireless modules described herein, and may interact with an electronic device (such as the electronic device14300) to facilitate localization of the wirelessly locatable tag14400. The wirelessly locatable tag14400as described represents a small, puck-shaped device. As noted above, however, other devices may include the components, systems, and/or modules of the wirelessly locatable tag14400, and may provide the same or similar functionality. Accordingly, the components, systems, and/or modules (and associated programs, operations, and/or instructions) described as being included in the wirelessly locatable tag14400may also be included in other devices, such as mobile phones (e.g., smartphones), laptop computers, tablet computers, desktop computers, personal digital assistants, watches (e.g., smartwatches) or other wearable devices, wireless routers or other network infrastructure devices, televisions, or any other suitable devices. The tag14400includes one or more processing units14401that are configured to access a memory14402having instructions stored thereon. The instructions or computer programs may be configured to perform one or more of the operations or functions described with respect to the tags described herein. For example, the instructions may be configured to control or coordinate the operation of one or more communication channels14404, one or more audio input systems14409, one or more input devices14303, one or more audio output systems14410, one or more positioning systems14411, one or more sensors14412, one or more haptic feedback devices14406, and/or one or more optional displays14408. The processing units14401ofFIG.144may be implemented as any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or instructions. For example, the processing units14401may include one or more of: a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein, the term “processor” is meant to encompass a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements. The memory14402can store electronic data that can be used by the tag14400. For example, a memory can store electrical data or content such as, for example, device settings and user preferences, timing and control signals or data for the various modules, data structures or databases, programs, instructions, audio and video files, images, documents and applications, and so on. The memory14402can be configured as any type of memory. By way of example only, the memory can be implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flash memory, removable memory, or other types of storage elements, or combinations of such devices. The input devices14403may detect various types of inputs and generate signals or data that are able to be accessed using processor instructions. The input devices14403may use any suitable components and may rely on any suitable phenomena to detect physical inputs. For example, an input device14403may be an audio system (such as the audio system404) that detects inputs by detecting an electrical signal (e.g., voltage, current) in a coil as a result of the coil being moved in a magnetic field. Other types of input devices14403may include dome switches, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, acoustic wave sensors, strain-based sensors, piezoelectric-based sensors, piezoresistive-based sensors, or the like. Input devices14403may be integrated with the housing of a tag such that a deflection or deformation of the housing, as a result of a user applying an input force to the exterior housing surface, actuates the input device or otherwise produces a detectable event that causes the tag to perform an action (e.g., changing a mode of operation, changing a beacon frequency, etc.). The input devices14403may include touch sensors, which may in turn include any suitable components for detecting touch-based inputs and generating signals or data that are able to be accessed using processor instructions, including electrodes (e.g., electrode layers and/or an array of capacitive electrodes), physical components (e.g., substrates, spacing layers, structural supports, compressible elements, etc.) processors, circuitry, firmware, and the like. The touch sensors may be integrated with or otherwise configured to detect touch inputs applied to any portion of the tag14400. For example, the touch sensors may be configured to detect touch inputs applied to any portion of the tag14400that includes an optional display. Example touch inputs include momentary touches, taps, swipes, and other gesture and non-gesture input. The touch sensors may operate in conjunction with force sensors to generate signals or data in response to touch inputs that may correspond to a location of a touch or type of gesture provided to the input device14403. A touch sensor or force sensor that is positioned over a display surface or otherwise integrated with a display may be referred to herein as a touch-sensitive display, force-sensitive display, or touchscreen. The input device14403may also include force sensors, which may in turn detect various types of force-based inputs and generate signals or data that are able to be accessed using processor instructions. The force sensors may use any suitable components and may rely on any suitable phenomena to detect force-based inputs. For example, the force sensors may be strain-based sensors, piezoelectric-based sensors, piezoresistive-based sensors, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, or the like. The force sensors may include any suitable components for detecting force-based inputs and generating signals or data that correspond to a degree or magnitude of the force-based input and that are able to be accessed using processor instructions, including electrodes (e.g., electrode layers), physical components (e.g., substrates, spacing layers, structural supports, compressible elements, etc.) processors, circuitry, firmware, and the like. The force sensors may be used in conjunction with various input mechanisms to detect various types of inputs. For example, the force sensors may be used to detect a finger press, object press, or other force inputs that result in a force sensor output that satisfies a force threshold (which may represent a more forceful input than is typical for a standard “touch” input). Like the touch sensors, the force sensors may be integrated with or otherwise configured to detect force inputs applied to any suitable portion of the tag14400. For example, the force sensors may be configured to detect force inputs applied to any portion of the tag14400that includes an optional display (and may be integrated with a display). The force sensors may operate in conjunction with the touch sensors to generate signals or data in response to touch- and/or force-based inputs. The tag14400may also provide audio output functionality via one or more audio output systems14410. The audio output systems14410may include an audio system that uses a housing member as a diaphragm to produce sound, as described above. The audio output systems14410may also provide audible outputs in response to a detection that a condition of a wirelessly locatable tag has been met, or a signal or instruction from another device (e.g., the device14300), or the like. The audible output may be used to indicate a status of the tag (e.g., to indicate when the tag changes modes), to help a user locate a tag (e.g., by listening for a beep or tone), or the like. The tag14400may also include one or more haptic devices14406. The haptic device14406may include one or more of a variety of haptic technologies such as, but not necessarily limited to, rotational haptic devices, linear actuators, piezoelectric devices, vibration elements, and so on. In general, the haptic device14406may be configured to provide punctuated and distinct feedback to a user of the device. More particularly, the haptic device14406may be adapted to produce a knock or tap sensation and/or a vibration sensation. Such haptic outputs may be provided in response to any suitable condition, such as a receipt of a wireless signal instructing the tag to produce an output (e.g., to help a user locate the tag). Haptic outputs form a haptic device14406may be imparted to a user through the exterior surface of the tag14400(e.g., via a housing member that defines an upper or top surface of the tag and also acts as a speaker diaphragm). Haptic outputs may also be provided in response to a detection that a condition of a wirelessly locatable tag has been satisfied. For example, if a rule relating to the location of a tag is satisfied (e.g., if a tag is detected outside of a specified area or greater than a specified distance from a user or another device), the tag14400may produce a haptic output using the haptic devices14406. As noted above, the haptic device14406may be part of an audio system that uses a housing member as a speaker diaphragm. In other cases, a dedicated haptic device, such as a linear resonant actuator, piezoelectric actuator, or the like, is provided. The one or more communication channels14404may include one or more wireless interface(s) that are adapted to provide communication between the processing unit(s)14401and an external device (e.g., the electronic device14300). The one or more communication channels14404may include antennas (e.g., the antennas described with respect toFIGS.8A-8E), communications circuitry, firmware, software, or any other components or systems that facilitate wireless communications with other devices (e.g., with devices that facilitate localization of the tag14400, such as the device14300). In general, the one or more communication channels14404may be configured to transmit and receive data and/or signals that may be interpreted by instructions executed on the processing units14401. In some cases, the external device is part of an external communication network that is configured to exchange data with wireless devices. Generally, the wireless interface may communicate via, without limitation, radio frequency, optical, acoustic, and/or magnetic signals and may be configured to operate over a wireless interface or protocol. Example wireless interfaces include radio frequency cellular interfaces, fiber optic interfaces, acoustic interfaces, Bluetooth interfaces, infrared interfaces, USB interfaces, Wi-Fi interfaces, TCP/IP interfaces, network communications interfaces, or any conventional communication interfaces. The one or more communications channels14404may also include ultra-wideband interfaces, which may include any appropriate communications circuitry, instructions, and number and position of suitable UWB antennas to facilitate localization of the tag (or other tags or devices with similar functionality), as described herein. For example, the communications channels14404may perform at least some of the localization processes described with respect toFIGS.2D-2F(or otherwise be used as part of the localization processes or operations). For example, UWB antennas may be operable to send wireless beacon signals to other devices to facilitate localization of the tag14400or of other devices. As shown inFIG.144, the tag14400may include a battery14407that is used to store and provide power to the other components of the tag14400. The battery14407may represent the battery514, or any other battery described above. The battery14407may be a button cell battery, or any other suitable type of battery. The battery14407may be non-rechargeable, or it may be a rechargeable battery or other power supply that is configured to provide power to the tag14400. The tag14400may also include a positioning system14411. The positioning system14411may be configured to determine the location of the tag14400. The positioning system14411may perform, manage, control, or otherwise facilitate localization operations such as those described with respect toFIGS.2D-2F. The positioning system14411may optionally include other devices or systems, such as magnetometers, gyroscopes, accelerometers, optical sensors, cameras, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, inertial positioning systems, or the like. Such devices or systems may be used to determine spatial parameters of the tag14400, such as the location of the tag14400(e.g., geographical coordinates of the device), measurements or estimates of physical movement of the tag14400, an orientation of the tag14400, or the like. The positioning system14411may also be used to determine spatial parameters of another device, such as another wirelessly locatable tag, a smartphone, or any other suitably configured device. The positioning system may communicate with or otherwise interact with other components of the tag14400, including but not limited to the processing units14401, memory14402, and communications channels14404, to perform such functions or operations. The tag14400may also include one or more additional sensors14412to receive inputs (e.g., from a user or another computer, device, system, network, etc.) or to detect any suitable property or parameter of the device, the environment surrounding the device, people or things interacting with the device (or nearby the device), or the like. For example, a device may include temperature sensors, barometric sensors, biometric sensors (e.g., fingerprint sensors, photoplethysmographs, blood-oxygen sensors, blood sugar sensors, or the like), eye-tracking sensors, retinal scanners, humidity sensors, electric field sensors, magnetic field sensors, buttons, switches, lid-closure sensors, or the like. The tag14400may optionally include one or more displays14408configured to display graphical outputs. (Though, as noted above, in some cases tags14400may be devoid of displays or other visual output devices.) The optional displays14408may use any suitable display technology, including liquid crystal displays (LCD), organic light emitting diodes (OLED), active-matrix organic light-emitting diode displays (AMOLED), segmented LED display, or the like. The optional displays14408may display information relating to the operations, modes, functions, settings, or statuses of a wirelessly locatable tag. For example, a display may display “Lost” if the tag is in a “lost” mode or state, or “Not Lost” if it is in a “not lost” mode or state. In some cases, an optional display14400may include indicator lights (e.g., light sources that provide a single point or pixel of light). The indicator lights may be LEDs or any other suitable light sources, and may be positioned on a tag in a location that is visible to a user, such as on (or visible along) a top exterior surface, a bottom exterior surface, a peripheral exterior surface, or any other surface. In some cases, the LED or other light source may be positioned within the housing of the tag and proximate an optically transmissive portion of the housing (e.g., a glass, crystal, or plastic housing member or window), such that the light from the LED or other light source is protected in the housing and also visible from outside the tag. The indicator lights may indicate a status of the device, such as a power state, battery charge level, operating mode, lost/not lost status, or the like. In some cases, the indicator lights may be activated in response to the tag being reported lost. For example, the indicator lights may flash (or remain steadily illuminated) to alert nearby people to the presence of the tag and its status as being lost. The indicator lights may be used for other purposes as well. The tag14400may also optionally provide audio input functionality via one or more audio input systems14409. The audio input systems14409may include microphones, transducers, or other devices that capture sound for recording sound content (e.g., vocal recordings to be played back by the tag), receiving voice commands for controlling operation of the tag, or the like. To the extent that multiple functionalities, operations, and structures described with reference toFIG.144are disclosed as being part of, incorporated into, or performed by the tag14400, it should be understood that various embodiments may omit any or all such described functionalities, operations, and structures. Thus, different embodiments of the tag14400may have some, none, or all of the various capabilities, apparatuses, physical features, modes, and operating parameters discussed herein. Further, the systems included in the tag14400are not exclusive, and the tag14400may include alternative or additional systems, components, modules, programs, instructions, or the like, that may be necessary or useful to perform the functions described herein. As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from specific and legitimate sources to provide the ability to track and find objects. The present disclosure contemplates that, in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to identify a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data (e.g., locations, movements, positions, paths, etc., of a person and/or the person's belongings, devices, home environments, etc.), online identifiers, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, data or records relating to a user's health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other personal information. The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, locations of a user's tags may be recorded to allow users to find their lost possessions. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure. For instance, health and fitness data may be used, in accordance with the user's preferences, to provide insights into their general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals. The present disclosure contemplates that those entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities would be expected to implement and consistently apply privacy practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. Such information regarding the use of personal data should be prominent and easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate uses only. Further, such collection/sharing should occur only after receiving the consent of the users or other legitimate basis specified in applicable law. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations that may serve to impose a higher standard. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, the present technology can be configured to allow users to selectively control who can and cannot view or access the location of their tags or other location-enabled devices, and control when outside devices (e.g., devices not owned or controlled by the user) can communicate with a user's tags to provide location reports. In yet another example, users can select to limit the length of time that location information is accessible to others. In yet another example, users can configure their devices (e.g., mobile phones) not to receive, respond to, or otherwise interact with location-enabled devices such as tags. For instance, a user may configure a mobile phone to ignore instructions from tags to send location reports, display messages on behalf of the tags or the like. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified if another user accesses or attempts to access their location or the location of their devices or tags. Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing identifiers, controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data at city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods such as differential privacy. Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users based on aggregated non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being handled only on the user's device or other non-personal information available to the content delivery services The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not targeted to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Also, when used herein to refer to positions of components, the terms above, below, over, under, left, or right (or other similar relative position terms), do not necessarily refer to an absolute position relative to an external reference, but instead refer to the relative position of components within the figure being referred to. Objects or components that are shown or described as being at least partially embedded in or encapsulated by other objects or materials may be formed via insert molding, multi-material injection molding, or any other suitable technique. For example, in insert molding, an object may be placed into a mold, and then a moldable material may be introduced into the mold to at least partially encapsulate or at least partially embed the object in the moldable material. In multi-material injection molding, a first moldable material may be introduced into a mold (and optionally at least partially cured or hardened), followed by a second moldable material. Other techniques may also be used, such as by sewing an object into another material, positioning an object between laminate layers, or the like. While many examples of functions and use cases are described with specific reference to a wirelessly locatable tag, it will be understood that the same function may be performed by any device that is configured to provide the functionality of the tags described herein. For example, a laptop computer or smartphone may have communications circuitry and other components that are similar to or provide the functions of a wirelessly locatable tag. Thus, any function performed or facilitated by a tag may also be performed or facilitated by a laptop. As one specific example, when a laptop computer is lost or misplaced, other devices in a device-location relay network may receive signals from the laptop (e.g., via Bluetooth, UWB) and send location reports to a server or host system.

11857064

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring generally to the figures, various embodiments of a tool attachment system are shown. In general, the tool attachment system discussed herein includes a tool attachment device/component that is coupled to a pouch, loop, or other tool/item supporting component and a receiver that is coupled to a tool belt (or other structure/device from which a tool pouch may be supported as discussed below). In general, the receiver includes a coupling structure, such as a channel, that removably couples to a corresponding mating structure on attachment device. A locking mechanism is operable via an actuator supported by the tool attachment device to unlock the tool attachment device from the receiver allowing the pouch and the tool attachment device to be released from the receiver. In the specific embodiments discussed herein, the actuator is configured and positioned relative to the tool attachment device in a manner such that force applied by the user to the actuator to release the locking mechanism also causes the tool attachment device to decouple from the receiver. Applicant believes that this arrangement provides a design that will allow the users to conveniently remove tools and other items from the tool belt with a single fluid motion. In the particular design discussed herein, this movement is an upward movement. Further, Applicant has found that the design of the tool attachment device and receiver provides for a tool belt attachment system with a relatively low width. This allows the tool/items supported by the pouch to be worn on a tool belt close to the user's body and reduces torque applied to the tool belt and receiver. In addition, in specific embodiments, the tool belt attachment device is rotatably coupled to the receiver allowing the tool belt attachment device to rotate about an axis generally perpendicular to the receiver. Applicant believes that this swiveling action allows for the tool attachment device and associated pouch to swivel such that the pouch remains upright as the user's body position changes. Referring toFIG.1andFIG.2, a tool attachment system, including a tool attachment device10and a receiver12, is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. Tool attachment device10includes a body14that is attached to a holder, loop, pouch, etc., shown as schematically as pouch16inFIG.1. In general, receiver12is coupled to a tool belt and tool attachment device10, and the tool/item supported by pouch16is removably coupled to the tool belt via engagement between corresponding coupling structures of receiver12and tool attachment device10. Thus, this allows the user to easily add and remove tools/items to and from a tool belt or other structure to which receiver12is attached. In various embodiments, pouch16comprises ballistic nylon, leather, or plastic. Body14includes a shroud18, and as will be discussed in more detail below, shroud18partially surrounds an actuator button to limit inadvertent disengagement from receiver12. Body14also includes an upper wall20that extends upward and away from shroud18. Tool attachment device10includes a mating structure, shown as disk22, that extends outward from upper wall20. A bag securing mechanism or coupling structure24is configured to securely couple pouch16to body14, e.g., under shroud18of tool attachment device10. Upper wall20and/or coupling structure24are outward faces of tool attachment device10. For example, upper wall20and/or coupling structure24face outwardly when pouch16is attached to a user's belt. In some embodiments, pouch16is coupled to body14. For example, fasteners couple pouch16to coupling structure24of tool attachment device10. As another example, coupling structure24includes a plurality of attachment points or holes50to secure pouch16to body14and rivets through holes50of coupling structure24attach pouch16to tool attachment device10and/or hold portions of housings that make up tool attachment device10. Coupling structure24captures and/or fastens pouch16to tool attachment device10to securely and interchangeably couple contents of pouch16(e.g., tools) to different receivers12. For example, tool attachment device10is coupled to a first receiver12on a user's belt and a second receiver12at the job site. Receiver12includes a coupling structure or body30, shown as channel32, that is sized to reversibly, non-permanently engage with disk22. Receiver12receives disk22and secures disk22of tool attachment device10within receiver12. While in the locked position, disk22pivots or rotates about a rotational axis33of receiver12. In general, disk22is slidably received within channel32through a channel entrance opening34such that tool attachment device10is coupled to receiver12. A front face35of channel32is formed on an interior of receiver12. Body30includes an overhanging flange36that captures disk22within channel32and prevents tool attachment device10from disengaging from receiver12via lateral movement (e.g., movement in a direction other than along the length of channel32). Referring toFIGS.3A-3D, detailed perspective views of tool attachment device10are shown. As shown best inFIGS.3B and3C, tool attachment device10includes an actuator40that includes a button portion42. In some embodiments, actuator40is coupled to tool attachment device10to release disk22from receiver12. As shown, the inner surface of shroud18defines a hollow chamber43within which button portion42is received. In this manner, shroud18partially surrounds actuator40and/or button42and protects button42from inadvertent contact/actuation and inadvertent disengagement of tool attachment device10from receiver12. In a locked position (FIG.6), tool attachment device10is removably coupled to receiver12via disk22that locks or secures translation of tool attachment device10relative to receiver12. In some embodiments, disk22rotates within receiver12to removably and pivotally couple tool attachment device10to receiver12. For example, pouch16can rotate and/or swivel about receiver12attached to the belt of a user to remain upright when the user bends over. When the user applies a force to actuator40, disk22moves to an unlocked position (FIGS.1and2). The force on actuator40causes tool attachment device10to disengage from receiver12. Thus, a user can press button42to release both the locking mechanism45(e.g., move locking pin60) and remove tool attachment device10from receiver12. Referring toFIG.4, body14of tool attachment device10includes a plurality of attachment points, shown as holes50, that can be used to couple pouch16or other containers to tool attachment device10. Further, shroud18protrudes a short distance away from the front face of tool attachment device10, which allows for the user to access button portion42when pouch16is attached to body14via holes50. Referring toFIG.5andFIG.6, tool attachment device10includes a locking mechanism45that retains tool attachment device10to receiver12until button42of actuator40is pressed. In the specific embodiment shown, locking mechanism45of tool attachment device10includes a locking pin60that extends through a pinhole62through disk22. In some embodiments, both disk22and locking pin60are configured to be received in channel32defined within receiver12. In the locked position shown inFIG.6, the outer end64of locking pin60extends out of pinhole62past the rear face of disk22and then is received within a pinhole70in receiver12(seeFIG.9). The engagement between pin60and pinhole70in receiver12locks tool attachment mechanism10to receiver12to prevent lateral movement of tool attachment device10relative to receiver12. As shown inFIG.6andFIG.7, actuator40includes a post44that extends upward from button42. Post44includes an angled surface46and a pin slot48. For example, angled surface46surrounds pin slot48to form an angled pin slot48. Pin slot48receives the inner end of pin60, and angled surface46engages with a portion of pin60to move pin60between locked and unlocked positions To move tool attachment device10from the locked position ofFIG.6to the unlocked position in which tool attachment device10can be disengaged from receiver12, an upward (in the orientation ofFIG.6) force is applied to button42. This upward force causes upward movement of actuator post44, and the interaction between angled surface46and inner pin end66draws pin60to the left in the orientation ofFIG.6and into pinhole62. When pin60is within pinhole62, it is no longer within pinhole70of receiver12and thus, pin60is no longer in position to prevent tool attachment device10from being disengaged from receiver12via operation of button42. This configuration allows the user to continue to provide an upward force to tool attachment device10, causing disk22to slide out from receiver12and disengage tool attachment device10from receiver12. In this configuration, when tool attachment device10is coupled to receiver12, locking pin60passes through pinhole62of disk22and slot48of post44and is received in pinhole70of receiver12. This configuration locks the translational movement of tool attachment device10in receiver12. When a user applies a force to button42, angled surface46of slot48on post44generates a force on locking pin60that is transverse to the force on button42and causes locking pin60to move out of pinhole60of receiver12and to an unlocked position. Thus, as can be seen, this arrangement allows for both unlocking and removal of tool attachment device10from receiver12with the same single application of force. Referring still toFIG.6, tool attachment device10includes at least two biasing elements to maintain tool attachment device10in the locked position until a user actuates button42. For example, tool attachment device10includes both a pin spring67and a button spring68. In general, pin spring67biases locking pin60into a locked position and button spring68biases actuator40(e.g., button42). Pin spring67is oriented in the horizontal direction between body14and pin60to bias pin60in the locked position ofFIG.6. Button spring68is oriented in the vertical direction between body14and actuator post44to bias actuator40downward to the locked position ofFIG.6. In some embodiments, pin spring67and/or button spring68are compression springs. In various embodiments, angled surface48, pin spring67, and/or button spring68cooperate to bias button42downward to bias locking mechanism45into the locked position ofFIG.6. Further, the design discussed herein allows for a removable tool belt pouch16while at the same time keeping pouch16relatively close to the belt and user's body, improving the stability and comfort of the tool belt. In various embodiments, the horizontal distance from the tool belt to button42is less than 1 inch, more specifically, less than 0.75 inches. Referring toFIG.8A-8D,FIG.9, andFIG.10, details of receiver12are shown. As noted above, receiver12includes a pin receiving hole70for receiving pin60to providing locking, as discussed above. In some embodiments, receiver12includes a pin ramp76. Pin ramp76is an angled surface that pushes locking pin60into disk22as disk22is inserted into channel32. For example, pin ramp76is located in a radial center of disk22to depress locking pin22at the radial center into disk22until pin60is aligned with pinhole70. As disk22and locking pin60are depressed within channel32, pin60moves within disk22as pin ramp76slopes towards and approaches face35. Between pin ramp76and pinhole70, locking pin60may be fully inserted within disk22. Once aligned, locking pin60slides into pinhole70to lock tool attachment device10relative to receiver12about a rotational axis37of locking pin60. Pin ramp76reduces interference of pin60with other structures on receiver12, for example, fastener holes74. Using a pin ramp76, locking pin60travels through channel32over fastener holes74without catching on an edge or other interference with hole74. Receiver12includes a belt slot72through which a user belt is threaded to attach receiver12to the belt. Belt slot72is configured to thread a belt or rope through slot72and attach receiver12. The belt can then be attached to the user or a suitable structure, such as a wall, railing, toolbox, or rack. Additional attachment methods such as fasteners, adhesives, hook-loop fasteners, and/or welding may be used to couple receiver12to a supporting structure and releasably secure pouch16at the desired location. In some embodiments, receiver12is constructed within a tool, such as a lift, so that the user can detach pouch16from a belt and secure pouch16to the tool. Receiver12also includes fastener holes74. Fastener holes74allow the user to fasten receiver12to a structure as desired via a fastener, such as a screw. Holes74allow tool attachment system10discussed herein to provide from tool/item support locations at a wide variety of locations throughout a job site. Thus, in this manner, tool attachment device10and receiver12allow a user to attach several pouches16for a job onto a tool belt, walk to the job site, then unload some or all of the pouches16from the belt. Additional receivers12may be located at the location where work is to be performed, such as on the side of a ladder, on a bucket truck, on a wall, on a railing, on a cart, etc. This allows the user to conveniently transfer pouches16supported from the tool belt to the onsite receivers12without needing to remove the tool or items from the pouch16. As noted above, tool attachment device10and receiver12are configured to allow tool attachment device10and the attached pouch16to swivel or pivot within receiver12such that the pouch remains upright as the user moves/changes position preventing the contents of the pouching from being spilled. In general, the circular cross-sectional shape of disk22and the shape of channel32of receiver12and the circular shape of pin60and pinhole70in receiver12allows for the pivoting movement tool attachment device10relative to receiver12. As the user moves, tool attachment device10rotates about an axis33perpendicular to face35of receiver12, providing the swiveling movement that allows tool attachment device10and the associated pouch to remain upright. For example, when tool attachment device10is pivotally coupled to receiver12, tool attachment device10and/or pouch16rotate relative to receiver12about axis33that is perpendicular to front face35of channel32of receiver12. It should be understood that the figures illustrate the exemplary embodiments in detail, and it should be understood that the present application is not limited to the details or methodology set forth in the description or illustrated in the figures. It should also be understood that the terminology is for the purpose of description only and should not be regarded as limiting. Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only. The construction and arrangements, shown in the various exemplary embodiments, are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter described herein. Some elements shown as integrally formed may be constructed of multiple parts or elements, the position of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied, and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. The order or sequence of any process, logical algorithm, or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may also be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the various exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. For purposes of this disclosure, the term “coupled” means the joining of two components directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary in nature or movable in nature. Such joining may be achieved with the two members and any additional intermediate members being integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another or with the two members or the two members and any additional member being attached to one another. Such joining may be permanent in nature or alternatively may be removable or releasable in nature. Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is in no way intended that any particular order be inferred. In addition, as used herein the article “a” is intended to include one or more components or elements, and is not intended to be construed as meaning only one. While the current application recites particular combinations of features in the claims appended hereto, various embodiments of the invention relate to any combination of any of the features described herein whether or not such combination is currently claimed, and any such combination of features may be claimed in this or future applications. Any of the features, elements, or components of any of the exemplary embodiments discussed above may be used alone or in combination with any of the features, elements, or components of any of the other embodiments discussed above. In various exemplary embodiments, the relative dimensions, including angles, lengths, and radii, as shown in the Figures, are to scale. Actual measurements of the Figures will disclose relative dimensions, angles and proportions of the various exemplary embodiments. Various exemplary embodiments extend to various ranges around the absolute and relative dimensions, angles and proportions that may be determined from the Figures. Various exemplary embodiments include any combination of one or more relative dimensions or angles that may be determined from the Figures. Further, actual dimensions not expressly set out in this description can be determined by using the ratios of dimensions measured in the Figures in combination with the express dimensions set out in this description. In addition, in various embodiments, the present disclosure extends to a variety of ranges (e.g., plus or minus 30%, 20%, or 10%) around any of the absolute or relative dimensions disclosed herein or determinable from the Figures.

11857065

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring toFIG.1, a brush assembly10, also referred to herein as brush10, according to an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. As shown therein, the brush10includes a core wire section12having a plurality of fibers or bristles14secured by the core wire section12and extending radially therefrom, and a spherical or substantially round or ball-shaped tip16integrally formed with the core wire section12at a distal end thereof (such that the core wire section12and the tip1form a unitary part). The brush10further includes an array of disc elements, e.g., discs18that are slidably received on the core wire section12. As discussed hereinafter, the discs18are retained on the core wire section12by the spherical tip16, which has an enlarged diameter with respect to a central aperture or throughbore17of the discs18that receive the core wire section12. In embodiment, the brush10may also include a handle (not shown) secured to the core wire section12at a proximal end20opposite the tip16for allowing a user to grasp and manipulate the brush10. In certain embodiments, an integral, spherical tip (not shown) may likewise be formed on the proximal end20of the brush10, opposite the tip16. In an embodiment, the core wire section 12 and the integral tip 16 may be fabricated in the manner disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,850,650 and 8,783,787, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. In particular, the core wire section12is preferably formed from a pliable metallic wire that is reversibly folded back upon itself to form two generally coextensive leg portions13,15, which are then twisted in a helical configuration to retain the bristles14therein and to cause the bristles14to fan radially outward (in a helical orientation) from the core wire section12to form a bristle block. In an embodiment, the core wire section12may be comprised of nickel alloys, titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, carbon steel alloys, cobalt alloys or aluminum alloys, although other metals or metal alloys may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention. While this is an exemplary method of forming a twisted in wire brush, it will be readily appreciated that any fabrication process or method for forming twisted in wire brushes known in the art may be employed, without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, it will be readily appreciated that a plurality of wires may be used in place of the single wire described above. In such a situation, the plurality of wires may be placed adjacent one another, a plurality of bristles placed between the wires, and the wires twisted together to form a core of helical configuration and to anchor the bristles in place. Other methods and configurations of forming wire brushes and twisted in wire brushes are known in the art and may be incorporated in the current design without departing from the scope of the present invention. As disclosed above, the distal end of the core wire section12is formed with an integral, substantially spherical tip or ball16that defines a position stop or anchoring point for the individual disc18, as discussed hereinafter. The integral tip16may be formed on the distal end of the wire core by melting or welding only the distal end of the core section 12 after twisting of the core 12, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,850,650 and 8,783,787. For example, to form the smooth and substantially rounded ball16on the distal end of the core wire section12, the high-energy fusion welding may be used to “melt” the core sire section12of the brush10at the distal end thereof. Importantly, the core wire section12and the integral tip16are homogeneous, in that the tip16is made of existing material from the core wire section12without the addition of any other quantity of material. The tip16, is therefore made to be consistent, smooth and inseparable from the core wire section12. Melting the distal end of the core wire section12also melts and eliminates any sharp or uneven edges, and eliminates any contaminant trapping voids that may be present. Once fused, the coextensive leg portion of the wire core are unable to be separated from one another, and the rounded tip is also inseparable from the core wire section12. Importantly, welding or melting of the distal end of the core wire section12results in a metallurgical bond between the enlarged tip16and the core wire section12of the brush10, which increases the structural strength of the brush itself and aids substantially in ensuring that the leg portions of the core wire section12do not become unraveled. Specific welding technologies such as Laser, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Plasma Arc Welding and Electron Beam Welding may be used to melt/weld the distal end of the core wire section12to form the spherical tip16. In particular, the preferred parameter range is 0.001 Milliamps to 200 Amps for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, 15 Kv-200 Kv for Electron Beam Welding and 1 Amp-200 Amps for Plasma Arc Welding, although other parameters may be used. For Laser technology, near ultra violet and/or near infra-red laser sources are preferred, although other wavelengths may be used to achieve the objects of the present invention. While the embodiments described herein disclose a spherical tip, in certain embodiments, the tip may be generally spherical (i.e., not entirely spherical). With reference toFIG.2, once the core wire section12is formed and twisted to retain the bristles, and the homogeneous, integral tip16is formed on the distal end thereof, the bristles14may be trimmed to a desired shape. In an embodiment, the bristles14may be trimmed prior to forming the tip16. In an embodiment, the bristles14extend radially from the core wire section12by an extent/distance that is greater than a radius of the central aperture17of the discs17(which may be achieved through trimming or through selection of bristles of a particular length). In particular, the bristle block formed by the radially-extending and/or helically-extending bristles14has a diameter that is greater than a diameter of the central aperture17of the discs18, the purposes of which will be disclosed hereinafter. The core wire section12is then inverted and the individual discs18may be slid onto the core wire section12from the proximal end20until they abut the enlarged tip16, which serves as a position stop preventing the discs18from sliding off the core wire section12. A handle (not shown) may be subsequently molded or otherwise attached to the core wire section at the handle end20to retain the discs on the core wire section12and prevent them from sliding off the core wire section12at the handle end20. In yet other embodiments, it is contemplated that the discs18may be placed onto the core wire section12prior to forming the integral tip16. Importantly, the bristles14that extend from the core wire section12frictionally engage the central aperture17of the discs18, inhibiting rotation of the discs18with respect to the core wire section12. In this respect, the bristles14may be retained within the core wire section12over a longitudinal extent of the core wire section12that generally corresponds to the longitudinal positioning of the discs18. For example, the bristles block formed by the bristles14may extend from a point closer to the proximal end20than the proximal-most disc18, to a point closer to the tip16than the distal-most disc18. The bristles14, therefore, provide for a type of anti-rotation feature that improves the function of the brush10. In addition, the helical configuration of the bristles14forms a structure similar to a screw thread that inhibits or prevents axial movement of the discs18on the core wire section12(i.e., the screw thread-like configuration of the bristles14resists axial movement of the discs18along the core wire section12. This helps retain the discs18in desired position on the core wire section12. In an embodiment, the discs18may be formed from any semi-rigid or rigid material such as, for example, elastomers, plastics such as styrene, acetal, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, acrylic, and the like, rubber, silicone, nylon or the like, or metals, such as, for example, aluminum and stainless steel. The durometer of the disc material may be varied based on desired performance characteristics of the discs. As indicated above, each independent disc18has a central aperture through which the proximal end20of the core wire section12is slidably disposed. Each disc18has an upper surface and a lower surface so that, when the discs are aligned in the array, the upper surface of one disc faces the lower surface of the next successive disc within the array and defines a space22therebetween. FIG.19illustrates an exemplary configuration of the discs18. As shown therein, each disc18may have a central hub50defining the central aperture through which the core section12is received. The disc18also includes a plurality of tines52that project radially outward from the central hub50. The tines52may be generally linear in configuration, or can have a plurality of bends, curves, projections and the like, as shown inFIG.19. As further shown therein, the hub50has a thickness in the axial direction that is greater than the thickness of the tines52, so that when the discs18are received on the core section, the tines52of each disc are axially spaced from one another by space22. In an embodiment, the opposed axially-facing surfaces of the hub50may include a plurality of lands54and grooves56that are configured to engage/interface with corresponding lands and grooves on the hub of an adjacent disc. This configuration functions to essentially couple the entire array of discs together, inhibiting rotational movement of one disc with respect to another disc. As indicated above, it is contemplated that central aperture17of the discs18is sized so that the discs18are tightly received on the core wire section12by the bristles14, substantially preventing rotational movement of the discs18about the core wire section12. Alternatively, the central aperture may be sized so that the discs12are freely rotatable about the core wire section12. In yet other embodiments, it is contemplated that the bristles14may be omitted from the core wire section14, in which case the that central aperture17in the discs18may be sized so that the discs18are tightly received directly by the core wire section12, or so that the discs18are rotatable and axially movable about the core wire section12. The discs18may be manufactured to have any configuration or shape desired, to provide a number of desirable functional characteristics, such as picking up and transporting a supply of mascara from a reservoir and depositing it on a user's eyelashes, combing out clumps of excess mascara, and separating lashes so that the mascara may be applied evenly. For example, the shape of the perimeter of the discs18may be circular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, star-shaped, and the like. Also, the perimeter of each disc18can be either formed with or without a taper. In other words, each disc can have a uniform thickness throughout the disc, or the thickness of each disc can decrease from the center of the disc towards the perimeter. In an embodiment, one or more of the discs can include radially projecting ribs or tines. Importantly, as noted above, the individual discs18, and the specific configuration, shape and/or characteristics thereof form an array that can provide multiple, and often opposed functions. In particular, each different shape contemplated has associated with it different wiping and combing characteristics. The choice of which shape to use will be chosen based on the application characteristics desired. It will be evident that the discs comprising the applicator do not all have to be of the same shape and size, and can be mixed and matched accordingly. As illustrated inFIG.1, in an embodiment, one or more molded or additively manufactured elements24may be positioned on the core wire section12between the tip16and discs18. In an embodiment, the element24may be tapered to form a smooth transition from the distal-most disc18to the distal tip16. WhileFIG.1illustrates a brush10having bristles14retained in the twisted core wire section12, in some embodiments, the bristles may be omitted such that the brush10includes only the core wire section12with integral tip16, and a plurality of stacked discs18received on the core wire section. In yet other embodiments, the core wire section12may include a single length of wire (i.e., a solid, unitary core) having an integral, homogeneous tip formed on the distal end of the wire. Further, it is contemplated that the core wire section may take any form (i.e., twisted or untwisted) and may be comprised of any number of legs (e.g., one or more). In any of these embodiments, however, the distal tip16is, importantly, enlarged with respect to the diameter of the core wire section, and is formed by melting or welding the distal end of the core wire section without adding any material, such that the tip16is made, solely, from existing material from the core wire section. Turning now toFIGS.3-5, a brush100according to another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. The brush100is constructed similarly to brush10ofFIG.1and includes a core wire section102having two or more leg portions twisted about one another in a helical configuration. The brush100further includes a spherical or ball-shaped tip104integrally formed at a distal end thereof, made from melting the distal end of the core wire section102without the additional of any outside material. In particular, the tip104is formed in the manner described above. The brush100further includes a molded sleeve106having a hollow interior, which is received over the core wire section102. A plurality of stackable discs108are then received over the sleeve106. As described above in connection withFIG.1, the tip104prevents the discs108from sliding off the distal end of the brush100. As best shown inFIG.3, a handle110may be secured to a proximal end of the brush100over the sleeve106to prevent the discs108from sliding off the proximal end. As further shown inFIGS.3and4, in an embodiment, a tip112having a plurality of tines or radially extending elements114may be secured to the distal end of the brush100. In an embodiment, the tip112may be formed using molding or additive manufacturing techniques (e.g., 3D printing). In an embodiment, the tip112may be formed with an interior, generally spherically-shaped socket (not shown) that is configured to closely receive the tip104of the core wire section102therein. In this manner, the tip112and core wire section102are joined by a ball and socket connection formed by the spherical tip104of the core wire section102and the socket of the tip112. The brush100ofFIGS.3-5, therefore, comprises a metallic core wire section and integral tip that is strong and rigid, and which supports and serves as the backbone for the molded or additively manufactured exterior elements including the sleeve106, stacked disc elements108, handle110and tip112. Importantly, it has been discovered that brushes manufactured and constructed in the manner described herein (e.g., shown in the embodiments ofFIGS.1-5) may be trimmed, shaped and/or deformed using one or more post-assembly processing steps to provide almost any brush shape and configured desired, providing a level of performance and functionality heretofore not possible with existing disc-array applicator brushes. In particular, in an embodiment, once the array of discs are received on the core wire section, the brush head, comprising the array of discs, may be trimmed or cut to a desired shape. For example, the brush head comprising the array of discs may be trimmed to an hour glass shape, a bullet shape, a spheroid shape, a prolate spheroid shape, an ovoid shape, and others. In one embodiment, trimming of the brush head may be accomplished using existing machinery utilized for trimming traditional fiber brushes. For example, trimming may be carried out using a live knife or a dead knife, and using either horizontal or vertical trimmers. For example, once the array of molded discs are received on the core wire section of the brush, the brush is mounted to a rotating fixture or hub, which rotates the brush at high speed about its axis. A trimming knife may then be moved radially and axially (longitudinally) with respect to the axis of rotation of the brush head to trim or shape the discs to a desired shape. To form a bullet shape, for example, the brush is rotated about its longitudinal axis and a trimming knife or blade may be positioned into close association with a proximal end of the brush head. The knife is then moved axially (longitudinally) from the proximal end of the brush head to the distal end of the brush head (adjacent to the distal tip of the brush). As the knife is moved longitudinally towards the distal tip, the knife is progressively moved closer, in a radial direction, toward the core wire section of the brush. This results in a brush head having a wider cross-sectional area at a proximal end thereof, and a smaller cross-sectional area adjacent to the distal tip (i.e. forming a tapered or bullet shape). Alternatively, the brush may be held stationary while a rotating cutting knife or apparatus is moved radially and axially with respect to the brush head. In this manner, the discs comprising the brush head may be trimmed in a manner similar to traditional fiber brushes, which has heretofore not been possible with existing stacked-disc brushes. In addition to trimming the discs to form a variety of brush head shapes, the core wire section of the brush may be bent or deformed into various shapes or with various bends, curves, angles, etc. In an embodiment, shaping or deforming the core wire section may be accomplished using existing machinery utilized for shaping or imparting contours to traditional fiber brushes. For example, once the array of discs are assembled onto the wire core, and any post-assembly trimming steps are carried out to shape the brush head, the brush may be placed into a fixture or apparatus having one or more forming dies. The forming dies are utilized to impart one or more bends, shapes or contours to the core wire section of the brush. In an embodiment, the core wire section may be bent to an angle between about 0 degrees and 90 degrees, for example. While it is contemplated that the bending or shaping of the core wire section is carried out after any trimming of the brush head, in some embodiments, the core wire section may be bent or shaped prior to trimming. The present invention therefore provides a brush having a metallic core wire section which may be made up of a single length of wire, or multiple lengths of wire twisted about one another, and a plurality of molded or additively-manufactured, preferably plastic or elastomeric disc members, received on the core wire section in a stacked array. The brush head is contoured, shaped and/or trimmed to provide an almost unlimited array of possible brush head shapes, angles and configurations. With reference toFIGS.6-8, various brushes200,210,220that can be manufactured according to the embodiments described herein are shown (although many other configurations are also possible). Each of these brushes200,210,220has a core wire section222made up of two metallic leg members twisted about one another in a helical configuration. As indicated above, however, in some embodiments, the core wire section may be a single length of metallic wire. The brushes200,210,220each contain a plurality of fiber bristles224that are anchored in the core wire section in the manner described above, although such bristles may optionally be omitted. In addition, the brushes200,210,220includes a plurality of molded discs226that are received on the core wire section222in stacked relationship and form a brush head228. The discs226are retained on the wire core by a distal tip230, which may be for example, an integral tip formed by melting or welding a portion of the core wire section, as described above. As illustrated inFIG.6, the brush head228of brush200(specifically, the discs226thereof) may be trimmed to form a bullet shape brush head. As shown inFIG.7, the brush head228of brush210may trimmed to form a prolate spheroid shape brush head. Other head shapes can also be formed in a similar manner. In addition, after trimming the brush head228to shape, the core wire section222may be bent, shaped, contoured or deformed. One example of a brush formed using the post-assembly steps of trimming and shaping is shown inFIG.8. As illustrated therein, the brush head228is trimmed to a bullet or tapered shape, and then the core wire section222(through the extent of the brush head228) is bent to form a curve. As indicated above, the core wire section may be bent to almost any configuration, curve or angle desired. FIGS.9-12illustrate fully-assembled stacked-disc brushes300,310,320,330manufactured using the techniques disclosed herein. As shown therein, the proximal end of the core wire section of each brush is received in a molded handle or stem332that may be attached to a cap334so as to be particularly suited for use in applying personal care products such as mascara. Various modifications may be made to the brush head, and to the proximal end of the brush depending on the particular end use and/or functional properties desired. FIGS.13-15illustrate various brush head shapes that may be formed utilizing the techniques described herein. For example,FIG.13illustrates how the stacked disc array400on the core wire section can be trimmed to form an hour glass shape, whileFIG.14illustrates how the stacked disc array410on the core wire section can be trimmed to form a bullet shape, andFIG.15illustrates how the stacked disc array420on the core wire section can be trimmed to form a power slide brush head configuration. As also shown inFIGS.13-15, a molded or additively-formed tip422having radial extending bristles424may be secured to the distal end of the brush (such as with a ball-and-socket connection using the integral tip of the brush, as described above). The bristles424may similarly be trimmed to any desired shape using the techniques described herein (at the same time or at a different time than the trimming of the brush head). In yet other embodiments, the core wire section may be received within a sleeve, similar to the embodiment shown inFIG.3. Such a brush may still be deformed and trimmed in the manner described herein. In such embodiments, the molded sleeve is preferably formed from a resilient or elastomeric material so as to permit deformation during the shaping process, without breaking or fracturing. Importantly, the core wire section within the sleeve provides structural rigidity so as maintain the post-deformation shape of the brush. Importantly, therfore, the relatively rigid, but deformable, core wire section of the brush allows for bending and shaping of the brush assembly. In stark contrast to existing stacked-disc brushes which utilize plastic brush stems, the core wire section of the brush of the present invention will not break during bending or forming and, importantly, will retain its shape once bent or deformed. In addition, the helical configuration of the core wire section and/or the presence of the fiber bristles in the core wire section, holds the stacked discs in substantially fixed position, allowing the brush head (and discs thereof) to be trimmed using conventional means. These shaping and trimming processes have simply not been possible with existing stacked disc brushes. Turning toFIGS.16-18, a brush500according to yet another embodiment of the invention is illustrated. A shown therein, the brush500includes a core wire section502formed in the manner discussed above, namely, having two or more leg portions twisted about one another in a helical configuration. The brush500further includes a spherical or ball-shaped tip504integrally formed at a distal end thereof, made from melting the distal end of the core wire section502without the additional of any outside material. In particular, the tip504may be formed in the manner described above, i.e., by melting or welding the distal end of the core wire section, without the addition of any extraneous material. In some embodiments, the core wire section may have a plurality of radially extending bristles anchored in the core wire section, as discussed above. In other embodiments, the bristles may not be present. The brush500further includes a bristle section or bristle block506having a plurality of discrete bristle elements508protruding therefrom. In an embodiment, the bristle block506has a central throughbore or passageway510extending from a proximal end to a distal end thereof. In an embodiment, the bristle block506is formed using 3D printing or additive manufacturing. For example, the bristle block506may be manufactured from a resin using additive manufacturing, so as to produce a resilient or elastomeric bristle block506. Importantly, using 3D printing or additive manufacturing allows for an almost infinite variety of bristle configurations to be produced (e.g., bristle density, bristle spacing, bristle thickness, etc.) rather quickly and easily. In other embodiments, the bristle block506may be a molded element similar to the discs of the embodiments described above. With reference toFIGS.17and18, the bristle block506is slidably received on the core wire section502, where the integral tip504functions as a position stop, preventing the bristle block506from sliding off the distal end of the core wire section502. In an embodiment, the diameter of the throughbore510is approximately equal to or greater than a diameter of the core wire section502, but less than the diameter of the integral tip504. After manufacturing the core wire section502and bristle block506in separate processes, the bristle block506may be slid onto the core wire section502from the proximal end (which may not have an enlarged, integral tip) toward the distal end with the tip504. In other embodiments, the bristle block506may be inserted over the enlarged tip504, which is enabled by the bristle block506being formed from a resilient material. Similar to the embodiments described above, after assembly of the bristle block506onto the core wire section502, various post-assembly processes may be utilized to form or shape the brush500. For example, the core wire section502may be bent, shaped, contoured or deformed, as illustrated inFIGS.17and18. Importantly, the elasticity or resiliency of the bristle block506facilitates bending of the core wire section without compromising the integrity of the bristle block506. The resiliency of the bristle block506also allows the bristle block506to closely conform to whatever shape or configuration in which the core wire section502is placed. It is further contemplated that in some embodiments, the bristle elements508may be cut or trimmed to a desired shape. While the brush assemblies disclosed herein may be particularly suited for uses in applying personal care product compositions such as mascara, the present invention is not so limited in this regard. In particular, it is contemplated that the techniques described herein may be utilized to manufacture brushes for a variety of uses including, but not limited to, cleaning the interior surfaces of vessels and tubular bodies and collecting biological specimens or samples. Moreover, while the embodiments described herein disclose trimming the array of discs of the brush head to form a desired shape, in some embodiments, the individual discs themselves may be performed to a specific shape so that when assembled in stacked-relationship on the core wire section, the brush head forms the desired shape (i.e., without the need to trim the discs). According to an embodiment of the present invention, a brush includes a core section having a proximal end and a distal end, and an integral tip formed on the distal end, and at least one bristle element slidably received on the core section. In an embodiment, the integral tip forms a position stop preventing the at least one bristle element from sliding off the distal end of the core section. In an embodiment, the core section includes at least two leg members twisted about one another in a helical configuration. In an embodiment, the integral tip is generally spherical in shape. In an embodiment, the integral tip has a diameter that is greater than a diameter of the core section. In an embodiment, the integral tip and the core section are homogeneous. In an embodiment, the core section is formed form a metal or metal alloy. In an embodiment, the at least one bristle elements is a plurality of discs defining a brush head. In an embodiment, the core section includes a plurality of leg portions twisted in a helical configuration, and a plurality of fiber bristles anchored between the plurality of leg portions. The plurality of discs are received about the plurality of fiber bristles such that the plurality of fiber bristles inhibit rotational and axial movement of the plurality of fiber bristles with respect to the core section. In an embodiment, the brush head is shaped by at least one of bending a portion of the core section and/or trimming the plurality of discs. In an embodiment, the at least one bristle element is an additively manufactured or molded bristle element having a plurality of bristles. In an embodiment, the bristle block is shaped by bending a portion of the core section. According to another embodiment of the invention, a method of manufacturing a brush includes the steps of providing a core section having a proximal end and a distal end, and an integral tip on the distal end, and positioning at least one bristle element on the core section, the at least one bristle element having a throughbore through which the core section extends. The integral tip forms a position stop preventing the at least one bristle element from sliding off the distal end of the core section. In an embodiment, the at least one bristle element is additively manufactured or molded. In an embodiment, the core section includes a plurality of leg portions twisted in a helical configuration, wherein the at least one bristle element is a plurality of disc elements. In an embodiment, the core section includes a plurality of bristles anchored between the plurality of leg portions, wherein the plurality of bristles inhibit axial and rotational movement of the plurality of disc elements on the core section. In an embodiment, the method also includes imparting a bend or curve to the core section after positioning the at least one bristle element on the core section. In an embodiment, the method includes trimming the at least one bristle element after positioning the at least one bristle element on the core section. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a brush includes a core section having a plurality of leg portions twisted in a helical configuration, and a plurality of fiber bristles anchored between the plurality of leg portions, and a plurality of disc elements received on the core section. The plurality of fiber bristles are configured such that the plurality of fiber bristles interact with the plurality of disc elements to inhibit rotation of the plurality of disc elements relative to the core section. In an embodiment, the brush also includes an integral tip formed on a distal end the core section, the integral tip having a diameter that is greater than a diameter of an aperture of each of the plurality of disc elements through which the core section is received, such that the integral tip forms a position stop preventing the plurality of disc elements from sliding off the distal end of the core section. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a brush includes a core wire section having a proximal end and a distal end, and a plurality of discs received on the core wire section, the plurality of discs defining a brush head. The brush head is shaped by at least one of trimming the plurality of discs of the brush head and/or bending a portion of the core wire section. In an embodiment, the brush head is shaped by trimming the plurality of discs, and the brush head has one of a bullet shape, an hourglass shape, a prolate spheroid shape and a power slide shape. In an embodiment, the brush head is shaped by bending a portion of the core section at an angle. In an embodiment, the angle is between about 0 degrees and about 90 degrees. In an embodiment, the plurality of discs are formed from a polymer or elastomeric material. In an embodiment, the brush also includes an integral tip formed on the distal end, wherein the integral tip forms as a position stop preventing the plurality of discs from sliding off the distal end of the core section. In an embodiment, the core section includes at least two leg members twisted about one another in a helical configuration. In an embodiment, the brush also includes a plurality of bristles extending from the core section. In an embodiment, the integral tip is generally spherical in shape. In an embodiment, the integral tip has a diameter that is greater than a diameter of the core section. In an embodiment, the integral tip and the core section are homogeneous. In an embodiment, the core section is formed from a metal or metal alloy. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a brush includes the steps of providing a core section having a proximal end and a distal end, positioning at least one bristle element on the core section, and at least one of trimming the at least one bristle element to shape after positioning the at least one bristle element on the core section and/or bending the core section after positioning the at least one bristle element on the core section. In an embodiment, the at least one bristle element is a plurality of discs, the plurality of discs forming a brush head. In an embodiment, the plurality of discs are trimmed to one of an hourglass shape, a bullet shape, a prolate spheroid shape and a power slide shape. In an embodiment, the core section is bent to an angle between about 0 degrees and about 90 degrees. In an embodiment, the core section includes a plurality of leg portions twisted in a helical configuration, and a plurality of fiber bristles anchored between the plurality of leg portions. In an embodiment, the core section includes an enlarged, distal tip. In an embodiment, the at least one bristle element is formed via an additive manufacturing process. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a brush includes the steps of providing a core section having a proximal end and a distal end, positioning a plurality of disc elements on the core section in stacked relationship, and at least one of bending the core section after positioning the plurality of disc elements on the core section and/or trimming at least a subset of the plurality of disc elements after positioning the plurality of disc elements on the core section. In an embodiment, the core section includes a plurality of leg portions twisted in a helical configuration, and an enlarged, distal tip forming a position stop preventing the plurality of disc elements from sliding off the distal end of the core section. Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to the detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the above detailed description, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of this disclosure.

11857066

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The present invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Like reference numerals may refer to like elements throughout the specification. The sizes and/or proportions of the elements illustrated in the drawings may be exaggerated for clarity. When an element is referred to as being disposed on another element, intervening elements may be disposed therebetween. In addition, elements, components, parts, etc., not described in detail with respect to a certain figure or embodiment may be assumed to be similar to or the same as corresponding elements, components, parts, etc., described in other parts of the specification. In addition, the dimensions illustrated in the drawings are non-limiting. FIGS.1-8illustrate a hairbrush according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Referring toFIG.1, the hairbrush10includes a base100and a plurality of bristle structures200that are selectively connectable to the base100. Referring toFIG.2, the base100includes a handle110extending substantially in a first direction X and an elongated end portion120connected to the handle110. As illustrated inFIG.2, the end portion120of the base100extends substantially in a second direction Y. Referring toFIG.2, the first and second directions X and Y cross one another. For example, the first and second directions X and Y intersect one another at a right angle. However, the present invention is not limited to this configuration, and the handle110and the end portion120of the base100can be arranged to extend at angles other than 90 degrees with respect to one another. For example, the handle110and the end portion120can be configured to extend at an oblique angle with respect to one another. As can be gleaned with reference toFIGS.1-8, the bristle structures200are configured to be selectively connected to the end portion120of the base100. Referring toFIG.2, each bristle structure200may include a hollow body210, an elongated member240connected to the hollow body210, and a plurality of bristle elements260connected to the hollow body210. Referring toFIG.2, the hollow body210of each bristle structure200may have a first open end212, a second open end214and a sidewall216extending between the first and second open ends212and214. As illustrated inFIG.2, the sidewall216of the hollow body210of each bristle structure200may have an outer surface218, and may define a through opening219in the hollow body210. As illustrated inFIG.2, the sidewall216may extend lengthwise substantially in the first direction X, and may have a width W1measured in the second direction Y. As illustrated inFIG.2, the width W1may be uniform across the length of the sidewall216, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, the sidewall216can also be manufactured with a width that varies along the length of the sidewall216. In each bristle structure200, as illustrated inFIG.2, the bristle elements260may be spaced apart from one another and may be arranged consecutively along the length of the sidewall216(e.g., arranged in the first direction X). As illustrated inFIG.2, the bristle elements260of each bristle structure200may be connected to the outer surface218and may extend substantially perpendicularly to the outer surface218. For example, as illustrated inFIG.2, the bristle elements260may extend substantially in a third direction Z. The third direction Z crosses the first and second directions X and Y and may be, for example, perpendicular to each one of the first and second directions X and Y. Each bristle element260on each bristle structure200may include one individual brush tip, or a tuft of bristles (e.g., a plurality of boar's hairs bundled together), or a combination of different types of bristle elements. When a bristle element260includes one brush tip, the brush tip may be made of a natural material or a synthetic material. When a bristle element260includes a tuft of bristles, the tuft may contain bristles made of natural material, bristles made of a synthetic material, or a combination natural and synthetic bristles. Examples of a natural material from which a bristle can be made include animal hair, wood, plant material (e.g., plant fiber), and a feather. Suitable types of animal hair for making a bristle include, for example, equine hair (e.g., horse or zebra hair), bovine hair, goat hair, donkey/mule hair, camel hair, llama hair, boar/swine hair, badger hair, mink hair, sable hair, etc. A bristle made of a synthetic material may contain, for example, nylon, polyester, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc., or a blend thereof. The present invention is not limited to the above-recited examples of natural and synthetic bristles. While it is illustrated inFIGS.1-4and7-8that all of the bristle elements260in a bristle structure200can be the same as one another, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, any one of the bristle structures200can also be manufactured to contain bristle elements260that are different from one another. For example, a first bristle element260in a bristle structure200may include a bristle that is longer or shorter, thicker or thinner, stiffer or more flexible, having a different cross-sectional shape, a different profile shape, and/or made of a different material than a bristle included in a second bristle element260of the same bristle structure200. The material, shape and dimensions of each bristle that is included in each bristle element260of each bristle structure200can be varied as needed in order to achieve a bristle element260of a desired length and with a desired degree of flexibility. While the spacing between bristle elements260can be uniform, as illustrated inFIGS.1-4and7-8, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, the spacing between bristle elements260in each bristle structure200can be varied as needed. As an example, each bristle structure200can have a first pair of bristle elements260that are disposed immediately adjacent to one another (e.g., not spaced apart from one another) and a second pair of bristle openings that are spaced apart from one another. FIGS.1-4and7-8illustrate that a bristle structure200may have twelve bristle elements260, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, each bristle structure200may include less than twelve bristle elements260, or more than twelve bristle elements260, as desired. Referring toFIGS.1-4and7-8, the elongated member240may have approximately a cuboid shape extending substantially in the first direction X, and may be connected to the sidewall216of the hollow body210of each bristle structure200. As more clearly illustrated inFIG.3, the elongated member240may have a first end242, a second end244, and a body246extending substantially in the first direction X between the first and second ends242and244. In other words, the length of the body246may be measured in the first direction X. The body246has a height H1measured in the third direction Z. Referring toFIG.3, the body246of the elongated member240may include a first body portion248disposed adjacent to the first end242, a second body portion250disposed adjacent to the second end244, and a third portion252disposed between the first and second body portions248and250. Referring toFIG.3, the first body portion248may have a width W2and the second body portion250may have a width W3, both measured in the second direction Y. Referring toFIG.3, the widths W2and W3may be the same as one another, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, in a different configuration, the width W2of the first body portion248may be smaller than the width W3of the second body portion250. Referring toFIG.3, the height H1may be uniform across the length of each elongated member240. However, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, in a different configuration, the height H1of the body246of the elongated member240of any one of the bristle structures200may vary at different points along the length of the body246. As an example, a height (e.g., H1) of the second body portion250may be equal to or greater than a height of the third body portion252(both heights measured in the third direction Z), and a height of the third body portion252may be equal to or greater than a height of the first body portion248(both measured in the third direction Z). Referring toFIG.3, the third body portion252may include a first notch254with a forward facing surface254A, and a second notch256with a forward facing surface256A. Referring toFIG.3, the notches254and256may extend inwardly into the third body section252in the width direction of the elongated member240. As illustrated inFIG.3, the notches254and246may extend across an entire height of the third body portion252in the third direction Z. Referring toFIG.3, the third body portion252may have a width W4that is smaller than the widths W2and W3due to the notches254and256. The notches254and256of the third body portion252of the elongated member240of each bristle structure200are utilized to maintain each bristle structure200selectively connected to the end portion120of the base100, as will be described below. As can be gleaned with reference toFIGS.1-8, the end portion120of the base100is configured to receive a part of the plurality of bristle structures200inside of it such that the bristle structures200can be selectively connected to the base100. WhileFIG.1illustrates that all of the bristle structures200can be the same as one another, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. The configuration of the bristle structures200can be varied as needed, and a plurality of bristle structures200having different bodies210(e.g., bodies210with a different shape, size and/or length as one another) can be coupled to the base100. In addition, the different bristle structures200may have bristle elements260that are the same as one another, or different from one another. In other words, the number, length, type and spacing of the bristle elements260that may be connected to the base100may be varied as needed by a user. Thus, a hairbrush of the present invention can be customized precisely to the needs of each particular user or use. Referring toFIGS.4and7, the end portion120of the base100includes a first body part140extending substantially in the second direction Y, a second body part160extending substantially in the second direction Y, and a locking bar180. Referring toFIGS.4-6, an interior cavity150is formed in the end portion120of the base100between the first and second body parts140and160. Referring toFIG.4, the interior cavity150extends substantially in the second direction Y, and has an open end accessible from a lateral side surface of the end portion120and a closed end portion152opposite to the end portion120. As illustrated inFIGS.4and7, the locking bar180may be slidably disposed in the interior cavity150, and may extend substantially in the second direction Y inside of the cavity150. The first and second body parts140and160and the locking bar180may be made of, for example, a metal, a polymeric material, wood, or a combination thereof. Metals that may be used to construct the first and second body parts140and160and the locking bar180include, for example, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, iron, titanium, magnesium, etc., or alloys thereof (e.g., brass). Polymeric materials that may be used to construct the first and second body parts140and160and the locking bar180include, for example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, PET, polyurethane, etc., or blends thereof. Referring toFIG.4, the first body part140may include a first end145, a second end147, an outer side surface149extending between the first and second ends147, a plurality of recesses142extending inwardly into the first body part140from the outer surface149(e.g., extending in a direction opposite to the first direction X), and a coupling component146that protrudes from the outer side surface149, in the first direction X, along a major portion of an outer periphery of the outer side surface149. As illustrated inFIG.4, the recesses142may be spaced apart from one another and may be sequentially arranged in the second direction Y (e.g., in a length direction of the end portion120of the base100). For example, the recesses142may be evenly spaced from one another. Referring toFIG.4, each one of the recesses142may have a plurality of side surfaces144. The side surfaces144define a height H2(measured in the third direction Z), a width W5(measured in the second direction Y) and a depth D1(measured in the first direction X, seeFIG.7for the depth D1) of each recess142. Each recess142is configured to fit the first body portion248of an elongated member240inside, and may form a wobble-free fit with the first body portion248. Each recess142may, for example, be configured to form an interference fit with a first body portions248inserted therein. However, if desired, each recess142may also have a greater size than its respective first body portion248in order to loosely fit the first body portion248inside. In an example, the height H2and the width W5of each recess142, respectively, may be substantially equal to or slightly greater than the height H1and the width W2of the first body portion248. The depth D1of each recess142may be made long enough to accommodate the length of its respective first body portion248. The recesses142are illustrated as having a substantially square shape (or square cross-sectional shape), but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example the recesses142may have a polygonal shape, or an opening with a polygonal cross-sectional shape (e.g., a triangular cross-sectional shape, a rectangular cross-sectional shape, a pentagonal cross-sectional shape, etc.), a circular cross-sectional shape, a cross-sectional elliptical shape, an oval cross-sectional shape, or an irregular cross-sectional shape. The locking bar180can be slid in the cavity150in order to enable the bristle structures200to be inserted and selectively coupled to the base100, and to enable the bristle structures200to be selectively uncoupled from the base100. For example, as can be gleaned with reference toFIGS.4-8, the locking bar180can be slid between a first position in the cavity150, illustrated inFIG.6, in order to allow the bristle structures200to be coupled to and uncoupled from the base100, and a second position, illustrated inFIGS.5and7, in order to selectively lock the inserted bristle structures200to the base100. As illustrated inFIG.4, the locking bar180may include a bar body182extending substantially in the second direction Y, a spring member184disposed at a first end of the bar body182, and a button186with a tab188disposed at a second end of the bar body182. As illustrated inFIG.4, the bar body182may include a plurality of through openings190along its length and a plurality of wall portions192extending between the through openings190. Referring toFIG.4, the through openings190are configured to allow the first body portion248of an elongated member240of a respective bristle structure200to pass through the bar body182. In addition, each through opening190is configured to house the third body portion252of an elongated member240of a respective bristle structure200therein. As illustrated inFIG.4, each through opening190may have a width W6that is substantially equal to or greater than the width W2of the first body portion248, and a height H3that is substantially equal to or greater than the height H1of the elongated member240of a respective bristle structure200. For example, the through openings190may have a shape similar to or the same as the shape of the recesses142. As can be gleaned with reference toFIGS.4-8, the locking bar180may rest naturally in the second position (seeFIG.5) due to the biasing action of the spring member184(e.g., due to the spring member184pressing against the end portion152of the cavity150). The locking bar180may be moved (e.g., slid) to the first position, for example, by depressing the button186inwardly toward the end portion152of the cavity150(e.g., depressing the button186in the second direction Y). The sliding action may cause the spring member184to be compressed, or deflected closer to the bar body182, as illustrated inFIG.6. When the button186is released, the locking bar180may slide back to the second position due to the biasing spring action of the spring member184(e.g., due to decompression of the spring member184). The spring member184is illustrated as being an elongated curved spring, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, the spring member184can also be a coil-type spring. In this case, the coil spring would have one end thereof attached to the bar body182and the other end configured to be pressed against the end portion152of the cavity150. However, the spring member184can also be attached to other locations of the bar body182and can be configured to press against other areas of the end portion120surrounding the cavity150. As more clearly illustrated inFIGS.4and7, the tab188is disposed in the cavity150, and is configured to contact a portion143of the first body part140of the end portion120of the base100when the locking bar180is in the second position, (seeFIG.7). By contacting the portion143, the tab188prevents the locking bar180from being ejected from the cavity150. Referring toFIGS.4and7, the second body part160of the end portion120of the base100may include a first end165, a second end167, an inner side surface163(seeFIG.5) extending between the first and second ends165and167, an outer side surface169(seeFIG.4) extending between the first and second ends165and167, a plurality of through openings190along its length, and a coupling component166that protrudes from the inner side surface163, in a direction opposite to the first direction X, along a major portion of an outer periphery of the inner side surface163. The through openings190extend in the first direction X between the inner and outer side surfaces163and169. The interior cavity150is formed between the outer side surface149of the first body part140and the inner side surface163of the second body part160. As illustrated inFIG.7, the coupling components146and166are configured to be selectively connected to one another in order to maintain the first and second body parts140and160attached to one another. For example, the coupling components146and166may form an interference fit, a snap fit, etc., with one another in order to maintain the first and second body parts140and160attached to one another. In addition, or alternatively, the coupling components146and166may be adhered to one another in order to maintain the first and second body parts140and160attached to one another. As illustrated inFIGS.4and7, the first and second body parts140and160of the end portion120of the base100may be two separate components that are selectively connectable to one another along their respective outer peripheries via various connection mechanisms. However, the present invention is not limited to this configuration of the base100. For example, the first and second body parts140and160can also be formed as one integral structure. This configuration can be achieved, for example, by utilizing an injection molding process to inject a polymeric substance into a mold that creates the base100as a one-piece structure. As illustrated inFIG.4, the through openings162may be aligned with the recesses142of the first body part140of the end portion120. Each through opening162is configured to allow the first and third body portions248and252of the elongated member240of a bristle structure200to pass through the second body part160. In addition, each through opening162is configured to accommodate the second body portion250of an elongated member240therein. Referring toFIG.4, the through openings162may have a width W7that is substantially equal to or greater than the width W3of the second body portion250of an elongated member240, and a height H3that is substantially equal to or greater than the height H1of the elongated member240of a bristle structure200. For example, the through openings162may have the same shape as or a shape similar to the shape of the recesses142and/or the through openings190in the locking bar180. Each through opening162and its corresponding recess142defines a slot (or insertion slot) in the elongated end portion120, and each slot is configured to receive the elongated member240of a bristle structure200inside. The cavity150may intersect all of the slots of the elongated end portion120, as illustrated inFIG.7. Referring toFIGS.4and7, the slots may extend substantially parallel to one another and may be spaced apart evenly from one another. Thus, the bristle structures200that are connected to the slots may also extend in parallel to one another. WhileFIG.7illustrates that the insertion slots may extend in parallel to one another inside of the end portion120of the base100, and may have the same shape and the same length as one another, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, the insertion slots may also extend at an oblique angle relative to one another and/or may have different lengths inside of the end portion120of the base100. In addition, the spacing between the insertion slots need not be uniform, as that illustrated inFIG.7. When the locking bar180is in the first position, as illustrated inFIG.6, the wall portions192either do not overlap with the through openings162, or overlap the through openings162minimally. For example,FIG.6illustrates minimal (or negligible) overlapping between the wall portions192and the through openings162. In other words, the first wall portions192of the bar body182of the locking bar180overlaps the slots to a degree that is insufficient to prevent the elongated member240of the first bristle structure200from being selectively inserted in or removed from its respective slot. This position enables the bristle structures200to be selective coupled to the base100by inserting the elongated member240of each separate bristle structure200into a slot of the elongated member120of the base100. The first positon of the locking bar180also enables the bristle structures200to be selectively removed from their slots. When the locking bar180is in the second position, as illustrated inFIG.5, in each slot of the end portion120, each wall portion192overlaps its respective through opening162to a degree that is sufficient for the wall portion192to be inserted in the second notch256of a bristle structure200that is inserted in that slot. In other words, when the locking bar180is in the second positon, the wall portions192are inserted in the second notches256of the bristles structures200that are coupled to the base100in order to prevent the bristle structures200from being uncoupled from the base100. Since each bristle structure200may include a pair of notches, (e.g., first and second notches254and256), each bristle structure200can also be loaded in any one of the slots of the base100in an upside down alignment (e.g., with the bristle elements260pointing downwardly, opposite to the alignment illustrated inFIG.4), in addition to the upwardly alignment illustrated inFIG.4. When the bristle structures200are inserted in the slots of the base100in the upside down alignment, the wall portions192would be inserted in the first notches254of the bristle structures200. Referring back toFIG.3, the first body portion248may be tapered at an end portion thereof that corresponds to the first end242of the elongated member240(or have its corners chamfered, resulting in a V-like shape with a flat bottom as more clearly illustrated inFIG.3). The tapered end of the first body portion248enables the elongated member240of a bristle structure200to be inserted into any one of the slots of the elongated end portion120by grasping a bristle structure200, inserting the first portion248thereof into a slot, and pushing (with some force) the bristle structure200into the slot. In other words, a user would not need to depress the button186to move the wall portions192of the locking bar180out of the slots in order to clear the path for the elongated member240to be inserted inside of the slot. This is so because the slanted surface of one of the chamfered corners of the first body portion248is configured to contact the wall portion192inside of the slot where the elongated member240is inserted, and to cause the wall portion192inside of the slot (and therefore the entire locking bar180) to be moved (e.g., slid) in the Y direction away from the first body portion248when the bristle structure200is pressed inwardly into the slot. This, in turn, enables the first body portion248to pass through its respective through opening190and to continue being inserted deeper into the slot. When the first body portion248of a bristle structure200passes beyond the depth of the locking bar180inside of the slot, the locking bar180then springs back in the —Y direction and lodges inside of one of the first and second notches254and256of that bristle structure200(as the case may be, depending on whether the bristle structure200is inserted with the bristle elements260pointing upwardly (e.g., in the Z direction), or downwardly, in the (−Z direction)) due to the action of the spring member184. Alternatively, or in addition, the button186can be depressed by a user in order to move the wall portions192away from the slots (e.g., in the Y direction) in order to enable the elongated member240of each bristle structure200to be inserted (or removed) into a slot. FIG.1illustrates that the elongated member240of each bristle structure200is long enough to prevent the outer surface218of the hollow body210of each bristle structure200from contacting the outer side surface169of the second body part160of the end portion120of the base100. However, the present invention is not limited to this configuration, and the length of the elongated members240and/or the lengths of the slots can be modified such that the outer surface218of the hollow body210of the bristle structures200can make contact with the outer side surface169of the second body part160of the end portion120. When the outer surface218of the hollow body210of the bristle structures200contacts the outer side surface169of the second body part160of the end portion120, the area where these two surfaces contact one another provides additional structural support for the bristle structures200. The additional structural support results in increased stability of the bristle structures200when utilizing the hairbrush10, thereby, preventing or at least minimizing any side-to-side or upwardly and downwardly rocking/bending motion of the bristle structures200when the hairbrush10is in use (e.g., due to the forces exerted on the bristle structures200when combing/brushing hair). The shape and/or size of the outer surface218of the hollow body210of the bristle structures200as well as the shape and/or size of the outer side surface169of the second body part160of the end portion120can be modified as needed to increase the stability of the bristle structures200. For example, the hollow body210can be manufactured to be wider than that illustrated inFIGS.1-8. In addition, or alternatively, the outer side surface169of the second body part160of the end portion120can be made flat or otherwise be manufactured to have a shape that matches the shape of the hollow body210in order to increase the contact area between the outer surface218of the hollow body210and the outer side surface169of the second body part160of the end portion120. This configuration is illustrated with reference toFIG.10.FIG.10illustrates a portion of a hairbrush20of the present invention. Referring toFIG.10, the hairbrush20includes a base100B with an end portion120B, the end portion120B having an outer side surface area169B, and a bristle structure200B selectively connected to the end portion120B. Referring toFIG.10, the bristle structure200B includes an elongated member240B selectively inserted into the end portion120B, and a body210B with bristle elements260B attached to the elongated member240B. Referring toFIG.10, the outer side surface169B may be flat, and may have a through opening162B of a slot. As illustrated inFIG.10, an end portion of the body210B that faces the outer side surface169B may be configured to rest substantially against the outer side surface169B when the bristle structure200B is selectively connected to the end portion120B. As illustrated inFIG.10, the end portion of the body210B that is configured to rest on the outer side surface169B may be flat and may be wider than the size of the through opening162B. The area where the end portion of the body210B overlaps with and contacts the outer side surface169B is denoted by reference numeral171inFIG.10. The area171increases the stability of the bristle structure200B when the bristle structure200B is connected to the end portion120B. Components of the hairbrush20not described in detail herein may be assumed to be similar to or the same as corresponding components of hairbrush10. As described above, a base of a hairbrush (e.g., the base100) can be coupled with different kinds of bristle structures200in order to best serve the kind of hair that the hairbrush will be used to comb/brush. The bristle structures200can have different lengths and different bristle configurations. For example,FIG.11illustrates a bristle structure200C that includes a plurality of bristle elements260C1and a plurality of bristle elements260C2alternatively arranged with one another along a length of the bristle structure200C. The bristle elements260C1may be individual brush tips, and the bristle elements260C2may be tufts of bristles (e.g., a plurality of boar's hairs or other hairs bundled together). FIG.12illustrates a bristle structure200D that has half of the density of bristle elements260D than the bristle structure200. For example, the bristle structure200D may have the same length as the bristle structure200but the bristle elements260D in the bristle structure200D may be spaced apart from one another by twice the distance between the bristle elements260of bristle structure200. FIG.13illustrates a bristle structure200E that has bristle structures on two opposite sides thereof (e.g., on its top and bottom sides). Referring toFIG.13, the bristle structure200E includes a plurality of bristle elements260S1on its top side and a plurality of bristle elements S2on its bottom side. InFIG.13is it illustrated that the bristle elements260S1are the same as the bristle elements260S2, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. The bristle structure200E can also be configured to have bristle elements260S1that are different from the bristle elements260S2. While the hairbrush10ofFIGS.1-8is illustrated as having seven slots configured to receive bristle structures200, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. A hairbrush of the present invention can be provided with one slot if desired, or with more than one slot. In addition, the hairbrush10ofFIGS.1-8can also be turned into a dual-sided hairbrush by coupling some of the bristle structures200in the upwardly alignment, as illustrated inFIG.4(e.g., pointing upwardly in the Z direction), and by coupling other bristle structures200in the downwardly alignment (e.g., pointing downwardly in a −Z direction). The symmetrical structure of the elongated member240and slots allow this. The elongated member240and slots may be non-symmetrical (e.g. triangular cross-section) such that the bristle structures200can only be inserted one way (e.g. upward Z direction), but not the other (e.g. downward Z direction). Alternatively, or in addition, the hairbrush10can be turned into a dual-sided hairbrush by coupling one or more dual-sided bristle structures200E to it. The dual-sided hairbrush configuration can be useful, for example, when loading the hairbrush10with different bristle elements on different sides of the hairbrush. When the hairbrush10is loaded with different bristle elements on two of its sides, a single hairbrush10can effectively be used as two separate hairbrushes. This configuration is convenient because it spares the user the cost of purchasing and storing two separate hairbrushes (which would require two separate bases/handles). In addition, the through opening219in the hollow body210of each bristle structure200is useful because it reduces the weight of the bristle structures200and enables the bristle structures200to be hooked to a wall or other supporting surface via a hook. However, the bristle structures of a hairbrush10of the present invention need not necessarily feature the through openings219. For example,FIG.9illustrates a bristle structure200A that does not have a through opening210. The bristle structure200A may be coupled to and uncoupled from the base100of the hairbrush10ofFIGS.1-8as described above for the bristle structures200. Thus, the base100of the hairbrush10ofFIGS.1-8can be loaded solely with bristle structure(s)200, with a combination of bristle structure(s)200and bristle structures200A, or solely with bristle structure(s)200A. Referring toFIG.9, the bristle structure200A may have a bar-shaped body210A and an elongated member240A. The bar-shaped body210A may be solid or may be hollow on the inside, but does not have any through openings. When the body210A is hollow on its inside, all of its end faces may be closed in order to avoid forming openings through the body210A. While the body210A of the bristle structure200A is illustrated as having square ends, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, the body of a bristle structure of the present invention can be manufactured to have different end shapes, for example, rounded ends as illustrated inFIG.2for the bristle structures200, square ends as illustrated inFIG.9, or ends having other shapes. The elongated member240A may be similar to or the same as the elongated member240described above. It becomes apparent from the description above that a hairbrush of the present invention is highly customizable. The hairbrush can be provided with a desired number of slots, and can be customized by a user by selecting the desired number and type of bristle structures, and coupling the selected bristle structures to desired slots in the base of the hairbrush. While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

11857067

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The disclosure is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate similar elements. It should be noted that references to “an” or “one” embodiment in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references can mean “at least one” embodiment. The terms “upper”, “lower”, “left” and “right”, indicating the orientational or positional relationship based on the orientational or positional relationship shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience of description, but are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or elements must have a particular orientation or be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the present invention. The terms “first” and “second” are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features. The meaning of “multiple” is two or more, unless expressly stated otherwise. Referring toFIGS.1-4, in one embodiment, a connecting device having retractable rods includes a case1, a first rod2, a second rod3, and a third rod4that are connected to the case1. The connecting device further includes two first connecting members5that is configured to connect the second rod3and the third rod4to the case1, and a second connecting member6that is configured to connect the first rod2to the case1. The case1may include an upper housing101and a lower housing102. The upper housing101and the lower housing102define a first receiving hole10, a second receiving hole11, and a third receiving hole9. The second connecting member6and the two first connecting members5are received in the first receiving hole10, the second receiving hole11, and the third receiving hole9, respectively. The lower housing102includes two shafts1022that are located at opposite sides of the second connecting member6, and two rotary tabs7that are movably connected to the two shafts1022. The two rotary tabs7each include a first end that is movably connected to the second connecting member6and a second end, and the second ends of the two rotary tabs7are movably connected to the first connecting members5at opposite sides of the second connecting member6, respectively. A spring8is arranged within the case1and arranged around the second connecting member6. In one embodiment, the second connecting member6is T-shaped and includes three ends. A first and a second of the three ends each define a slot601, and includes a post602extending from an upper inner surface of the slot601to a lower inner surface of the slot601. A third of the three ends defines a recess603to securely receive one end of the first rod2. Referring toFIG.5, in one embodiment, a first end of each of the first connecting members5defines a slot501and includes a post502extending from an upper inner surface of the slot501to a lower inner surface of the slot501. A second end of each of the first connecting members5defines a recess503, and the recesses503are configured to securely receive ends of the second rod3and the third rod4. Referring toFIG.6, in one embodiment, each of the rotary tabs7defines a through hole701, a first groove702and a second groove703. The shafts1022pass through the through holes701to rotatably connect the rotary tabs7to the case1. The posts502of the first connecting members5are movably received in the first grooves702, which movably connect the rotary tabs7to the first connecting members5. The posts602of the second connecting members6are movably received in the second grooves703, which movably connect the rotary tabs7to the second connecting member6. Referring toFIGS.7and8, in one embodiment, the upper housing101includes a number of positioning posts1011, and the lower housing102includes a number of positioning holes1021to respectively receive the positioning posts1011. In one embodiment, the first receiving hole10is formed by a first half hole1001defined in the upper housing101and a second half hole1002defined in the lower housing102. In one embodiment, the second receiving hole11is formed by a first half hole1101defined in the upper housing101and a second half hole1102defined in the lower housing102. In one embodiment, the second receiving hole9is formed by a first half hole901defined in the upper housing101and a second half hole902defined in the lower housing102. When in use, a user may pull the first rod2to cause the first rod2to pull the second connecting member6. The second connecting member6then moves along the first receiving hole10. Since the posts602are movably received in the second grooves703of the rotary tabs7, linear movement of the second connecting member6causes the posts602to apply a pushing force to the rotary tabs7. The rotary tabs7then starts to rotate about the shafts1022. Since the posts502of the first connecting members5are movably received in the first grooves702, rotation of the rotary tabs7causes one inner side of each first groove702to apply a pushing force to a corresponding first connecting member5. The first connecting members5then moves along the second receiving hole11and the third receiving hole9, which pulls the second rod3and the third rod4to move linearly toward each other. That is, a portion of each of the second rod3and the third rod4moves into the case1. The second rod3and the third rod4then disengage from corresponding counterpart components of a folding table/chair, which allows foldable components of the folding table/chair to be folded. When the folding table/chair needs to be unfolded, a user may pull the first rod2and the foldable components of the folding table/chair are moved to a desired position. The user can then release the first rod2. The compressed spring8then rebounds and pushes the second connecting member6to move. Linear movement of the second connecting member6causes the posts602to apply a pushing force to the rotary tabs7. The rotary tabs7then starts to rotate about the shafts1022. Rotation of the rotary tabs7causes one inner side of each first groove702to apply a pushing force to a corresponding first connecting member5. The first connecting members5then moves along the second receiving hole11and the third receiving hole9, which pushes the second rod3and the third rod4to move linearly away from each other. That is, a portion of each of the second rod3and the third rod4moves out of the case1. The second rod3and the third rod4come into engagement with the corresponding counterpart components of a folding table/chair, which holds the folding table/chair in the unfolded state. In one embodiment, the rotary tabs7are symmetric to each other with respect to the second connecting member6, which allow for synchronous movement of the second rod3and the third rod4, ensuring synchronous movement of the foldable components of the folding table/chair. The connecting device according to embodiments described above has the advantage of simple structure, convenient installation and operation, and low cost. Although the features and elements of the present disclosure are described as embodiments in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone or in other various combinations within the principles of the present disclosure to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.

11857068

The foregoing figures are illustrative only and are not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects and features described above, further aspects and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description. In addition to the foregoing, various other device, system, and/or method aspects are set forth and described in the teachings such as text (e.g., claims and/or detailed description) and/or drawings of the present disclosure. Further, it is understood that any one or more of the following described forms, expressions of forms, and examples can be combined with any one or more of the other following—described forms, expressions of forms, and examples. DESCRIPTION In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols and reference characters typically identify similar components throughout the several views, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative aspects described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other aspects may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the scope of the subject matter presented here. Before explaining the various aspects of the present disclosure in detail, it should be noted that the various aspects disclosed herein are not limited in their application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. Rather, the disclosed aspects may be positioned or incorporated in other aspects, variations, and modifications thereof, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Accordingly, aspects disclosed herein are illustrative in nature and are not meant to limit the scope or application thereof. For example, various aspects are disclosed in the context of an electronic height-adjustable desk (e.g., otherwise referred to as an adjustable “standing” desk, “sit-stand” desk, “sit-to-stand” desk, “stand-up” desk, etc.). It is noted that the disclosed aspects may be utilized in the context of a plurality of different types of furniture (e.g., a non-electronic desk, a table, a chair, a cabinet, etc.). More broadly, various disclosed aspects may be utilized to attach a first component to a second component (e.g., a leg, a tray, a housing, an assembly, etc. to any surface of a piece of equipment, a furnishing, etc.). Unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the aspects for the convenience of the reader and are not to limit the scope thereof. In addition, it should be understood that any one or more of the disclosed aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples thereof can be combined with any one or more of the other disclosed aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples thereof, without limitation. Also, in the following description, it is to be understood that terms such as front, back, inside, outside, top, bottom, and the like are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms. Terminology used herein is not meant to be limiting insofar as devices described herein, or portions thereof, may be attached or utilized in other orientations. The various aspects will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. Before getting into the details below, aspects of the present disclosure are intended to solve various problems including but not limited to: 1) the requirement to use tools to assemble a piece of furniture, 2) inefficiencies (e.g., labor time) resulting from the use of a plurality of screws or similar hardware to assemble a piece of furniture, 3) more loose/overall pieces (e.g. screws) to assemble a piece of furniture, 4) extensive labor/effort required to assemble a piece of furniture, etc. In this vein, benefits from aspects of the present disclosure include: 1) a tool-free assembly, 2) a way to rigidly attach a first component to a second component in a time-efficient manner, 3) less loose/overall pieces for assembly, 4) minimal labor/effort for assembly, etc. FIG.1illustrates an example electronic height-adjustable desk100assembled according to various aspects of the present disclosure. In such an aspect, the desk100comprises a desktop102including a first or top surface102aand a second or bottom surface102b, one or more than one leg assembly104coupled to the desktop102and a foot assembly106coupled to each leg assembly104. Turning toFIG.2, a slotted rail108may extend along axis A-A lengthwise between a proximal portion (proximal direction marked “P”) and a distal portion (distal direction marked “D”) of the second or bottom surface102bof the desktop102. Axis A-A may be centrally located between a left or first side110and a right or second side112of the desktop102. A first angled bracket114may be coupled to and/or cap a proximal end of the slotted rail108and may extend perpendicular to axis A-A along axis B-B, between the left or first side110and the right or second side112, to support the desktop102and anticipated desktop loads. A second angled bracket116may be coupled to and/or cap a distal end of the slotted rail108and may extend perpendicular to axis A-A along axis C-C, between the left or first side110and the right or second side112, to support the desktop and anticipated desktop loads. According to various aspects, additional transverse brackets (not shown) may be positioned between the proximal end and the distal end of the slotted rail to further support the desktop102. In further aspects, the slotted rail108may comprise multiple slots extending between the proximal end and the distal end of the slotted rail. According to various aspects of the present disclosure, the slotted rail108and/or the angled brackets114/116may be pre-installed on the desktop102by a manufacturer (e.g., attached via screws and/or adhesive, etc.). In such an aspect, the desk100may be quickly assembled as disclosed herein without the need to attach the slotted rail to the desktop102. According to one aspect, the slotted rail108may comprise an aluminum slotted rail including at least one standard T-slot (seeFIG.10). In other aspects, other materials (e.g., other metals, woods, composites) comprising at least one T-slot may be used. In yet other aspects, a slot configuration/profile different from a T-slot may be used. According to one alternative aspect, the slotted rail108may be inset into the second or bottom surface102bof the desktop102. According to one aspect, a top surface118of slotted rail108may be flush with the second or bottom surface102b. According to another alternative aspect, a slot (e.g., a T-slot formed via a router) may extend along axis A-A lengthwise between the proximal portion and the distal portion of the second or bottom surface102b. According to such an aspect, the slot may be integral to or part of the second or bottom surface102bof the desktop102to supplant the use of a slotted rail108. Turning now toFIG.3, a connector assembly120may be slideably coupled to the slotted rail108. Notably, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, the connector assembly120may comprise a leg assembly104coupled to a housing122. According to various aspects of the present disclosure the connector assembly120may be preassembled by a manufacturer. In such an aspect, the desk100may be quickly assembled as disclosed herein without the need to separately couple the leg assembly104and the housing122. An example connector assembly120is shown and discussed in reference toFIGS.25and26below. FIG.4illustrates a detailed view of a connector assembly120, in a loosened configuration, according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The connector assembly120can include a first protrusion146and a second protrusion168(FIG.8), the functions of which are described in more detail below. Further, the connector assembly120can include a first male anchor124and a second male anchor126are coupled to a bottom surface136of the housing122. The anchors124,126can also collectively be referred to as “third protrusions.” According to one aspect of the present disclosure, each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126comprise a neck-like spacer128and a washer-shaped head130. In such an aspect, referring again toFIG.4, the spacer128and the head130of the first male anchor124are coaxially aligned with axis D-D and the spacer128and the head130of the second male anchor126are coaxially aligned with axis E-E. In such an aspect, axis D-D and axis E-E may be perpendicular to axis F-F (seeFIG.5) which extends lengthwise between a proximal end (proximal direction marked “P”) and a distal end (distal direction marked “D”) of the housing122. Axis F-F may be centrally located between a first side132and a second side134of the housing122. Notably, axis F-F and axis A-A may be aligned in the same plane. Further in such an aspect, the neck-like spacer128and the washer-shaped head130of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126are configured to mimic the shape of the T-slot of the slotted rail108(seeFIG.10). More specifically, each spacer128is configured and dimensioned to be insertably and slideably received in portion “H” defined by the slotted rail108and each head130is configured and dimensioned to be insertably and slideably received in portion “I” defined by the slotted rail108(seeFIG.10). Referring again toFIG.4, according to one aspect of the present disclosure each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126are not adjustable. More specifically, a distance “J” defined between a top surface of each head130and a bottom surface136of the housing122cannot be altered (seeFIG.10). In such an aspect distance “J” may be specifically calibrated for a particular/standard slotted rail108with tight tolerances. According to one aspect, the spacer128and head130of each of first male anchor124and the second male anchor126may be precision machined as one piece. According to such an aspect, the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126may be fixedly attached to the bottom surface136of the housing122. In one aspect, the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126may be welded to the bottom surface136of the housing122. In another aspect, each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126may further define an aperture along axes D-D and E-E respectively. In such an aspect, a sleeved screw (e.g., that bottoms out at the desired distance “J”), may be inserted in each respective aperture to fixedly attach the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126to the bottom surface136of the housing122. According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126may be integrated on the bottom surface136of the housing122via a die casting process. Namely,FIGS.25and26illustrate an example connector assembly120wherein the housing122lacks a bottom surface136. In such an example, a bottom surface/plate136comprising the first male anchor124and the second male anchor integrated thereon, may be die casted for attachment to the housing122(e.g., via welding, screws/bolts to existing/available holes e.g.,138). Such a die casted bottom surface/plate136would serve at least three purposes: i) protect the motor140and gear assembly142, ii) make the housing122rigid, and iii) provide a way to simply, quickly, and rigidly attach a connector assembly120to a desk100. The motor140and gear assembly142within the housing122can be configured to extend and retract the leg assembly104. Lastly, according to one alternative aspect of the present disclosure, a housing122of a connector assembly120(see, e.g.,FIGS.25and26) may be fixedly inserted within and/or attached to a rectangular steel tube or sleeve to which the first male anchor124and second male anchor126are attached as described herein. Referring again toFIG.4, according to an alternative aspect of the present disclosure, each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126may be adjustable. In another aspect of the present disclosure the first male anchor124may be adjustable and the second male anchor126may not be adjustable. In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, the first male anchor124may not be adjustable and the second male anchor126may be adjustable. According to such aspect, adjustability of the first male anchor124and/or second male anchor126may account for material variability (e.g., of the first male anchor124and/or the second male anchor126affecting distance “J,” thickness “K” of the lip of the slotted rail108, etc.). According to one aspect, to realize adjustability, the first male anchor124and/or the second male anchor126may define an aperture along axes D-D and E-E respectively. In such an aspect, a screw may be inserted in each respective aperture to fixedly attach the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126to the bottom surface136of the housing122. Notably, in such an aspect, the spacer128may be compressible (e.g., are constructed from or include a compressible material) to selectively adjust the distance “J” to ensure that the motor housing122is rigidly attached to the slotted rail108. Turning again toFIG.4, a detailed view of a connector assembly120in a loosened configuration, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, is disclosed. In particular, the housing122comprises a housing attachment assembly (shown generally at144). More specifically, in such aspects the housing attachment assembly144comprises a first male anchor124and a second male anchor126(e.g., described above) coupled to a first component surface136(e.g., a bottom surface of the housing122, a surface of a die casted plate, a bottom surface of a rectangular steel tube, etc.), a first protrusion146(also referred to as, in some instances, a “fulcrum” or “pivot”) located on a distal portion of the first component surface136and a lever assembly148coupled to a proximal end/portion of the first component (e.g., housing122). Notably, the lever assembly148comprises a base150, a lever152, and a pin154, wherein the lever152is configured to rotate (e.g., counterclockwise inFIG.4) about the pin154between a first position156(seeFIGS.3-6, e.g., where the housing attachment assembly144is in a movable configuration) and a second position158(seeFIGS.7-11, e.g., where the housing attachment assembly144is in a fixed/rigid configuration). In view ofFIG.4, in the first position156, a first gap160exists between a top surface of the head130of the first male anchor124and an interfacing surface162of the slotted rail108and a second gap164exists between a top surface of the head130of the second male anchor126and the interfacing surface162of the slotted rail108. In such an aspect, the first gap160may be larger than the second gap164. Notably, in such an aspect, due to such a gap difference, axis F-F varies from axis L-L by an angle “M”. In such an aspect, axis L-L may be parallel to a plane defined by the bottom surface102bof the desktop102. Furthermore, angle “M” may comprise an acute angle sufficient to produce a first gap160and a second gap164that enables the housing122to slide longitudinally, between the proximal end and the distal end of the slotted rail108, within the slot (e.g. T-slot). Furthermore, the angle “M” may comprise an acute angle sufficient to prevent a frictional binding between the first protrusion146and the top surface118of the slotted rail108and/or a wedging between the first protrusion146and the second male anchor126that would inhibit distal and/or proximal slideability of the housing122. Notably, referring back toFIG.2, the top surface118of the slotted rail108may further define an aperture166configured/sized to insertably receive the head130of each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126. In such an aspect the first male anchor124may be inserted through the aperture166followed by the second male anchor126, or vice versa, to slideably couple the housing122of the connector assembly120to the slotted rail. In another aspect of the present disclosure the first angled bracket114and/or the second angled bracket116may define a cutout (not shown) at the proximal end and/or distal end of the slotted rail108respectively that permits the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126to slide into the slot of the slotted rail108and the motor housing assembly to slide onto the slotted rail108. In such an aspect, a plug (not shown) may be inserted into the slot of the slotted rail108and/or attached to the first angled bracket114and/or the second angled bracket116to prevent the inserted housing122from sliding out the proximal end and/or distal end of the slotted rail108. FIG.5illustrates an isometric view of the housing122and the housing attachment assembly144according to various aspects of the present disclosure. Notably, in view ofFIG.5, the lever assembly148of the housing attachment assembly144comprises the pin154that extends along axis G-G through the base150and the lever152to rotatably couple the lever152to the base150. In such an aspect, the axis G-G may be perpendicular to axis F-F. FIG.6illustrates the slideability of the connector assembly120toward a proximal end of the slotted rail108with the housing attachment assembly144in a movable configuration. For example, after insertion of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126through aperture166defined in the top surface118of the slotted rail108, the connector assembly120may be slid proximally toward the proximal end of the slotted rail108to a desired position. Notably, the slotted rail108and the housing attachment assembly144described herein permits that connector assembly120to be located at various positions along the slotted rail. According to various aspects, no designated position is established, thus enabling a customizable distance between more than one connector assembly120(seeFIG.14). FIG.7illustrates the connector assembly120in a tightened configuration according to various aspects of the present disclosure (e.g., lever152rotated to an upright second position158). More specifically, in view ofFIG.8, lever152of the lever assembly148has been rotated (e.g., counterclockwise inFIG.8) about pin154to the second position158. Notably, in the second position158, the housing attachment assembly144is in a fixed/rigid configuration. In view ofFIG.8, in the second position158, the first gap160and the second gap164have been closed/eliminated. More specifically, the lever152of the lever assembly148may further comprise a second protrusion168(also referred to as, in some instances, a “cam”). In such an aspect, as the lever152is rotated about the pin154the second protrusion168is configured and sized to interface with at least a portion of the top surface118of the slotted rail108such that the first gap160and the second gap164are closed/eliminated. In such an aspect, the top surface of each head130is frictionally and/or rigidly engaged with the interfacing surface162of the slotted rail108. Further in such an aspect, the cam is configured and sized to interface with at least a portion of the top surface118of the slotted rail108such that frictional binding between the first protrusion146and the top surface118of the slotted rail108and/or wedging between the first protrusion146and the second male anchor126occurs. In such an aspect, movement is prevented/inhibited in all directions rendering the housing122rigidly attached to the slotted rail108at that position along the slotted rail108. Notably, in view ofFIG.8, the first protrusion146and/or second protrusion168are configured and sized such that axis F-F is substantially parallel to the plane defined by the bottom surface102bof the desktop102(e.g. angle “M” is zero). According to various aspects, in view ofFIG.10, the first protrusion146and/or second protrusion168may be sized to a dimension equal to or slightly greater than the distance “J” less the distance “K”. FIGS.9-11illustrate various aspects of the disclosed tightened configuration. Initially,FIG.9illustrates an isometric view of the housing122and the housing attachment assembly144in the tightened configuration. Next,FIG.10illustrates a cross-section, through the desktop102and the slotted rail108, viewing the housing122and the housing attachment assembly144, in a distally-facing direction, in the tightened configuration. Next,FIG.11illustrates a cross-section, through the desktop102and the slotted rail108, viewing the housing122and the housing attachment assembly144, in a proximally-facing direction, in the tightened configuration. More specifically, in view ofFIG.9andFIG.11, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, the first protrusion146may extend across the bottom surface136of the housing122along axis N-N between the first side132and the second side134of the housing122. In such aspects, axis N-N may be perpendicular to axis F-F (seeFIG.5). Further, in such aspects, the first protrusion146may extend across the bottom surface136between the first side132and the second side134at least a distance equal to or greater than a width of the slotted rail108(seeFIG.11). In such an aspect the surface area of the first protrusion146interfacing with the top surface118of the slotted rail108in the second position158is maximized. In alternative aspects, the first protrusion146may extend across the bottom surface136between the first side132and the second side134a distance less than a width of the slotted rail108. In such an aspect the surface area of the first protrusion146interfacing with the top surface118of the slotted rail108in the second position158is not maximized, but is sufficient to tighten the housing122and inhibit movement in all directions. In yet another alternative aspect, the first protrusion146may comprise a first fulcrum portion (not shown) and a second fulcrum portion (not shown), extending along axis N-N, wherein no fulcrum portion exists over the slot (i.e. T-slot) of the slotted rail108(e.g., lacks a fulcrum portion corresponding to portion “H” inFIG.10). In various aspects of the present disclosure the first protrusion146comprises the same material as the motor housing122(e.g. sheet metal, aluminum, etc.). In alternative aspects, the first protrusion146comprises a hard rubber or composite material to frictionally engage the top surface118of the slotted rail108to further inhibit movement of the housing122in the tightened configuration and/or to inhibit movement when actuating the lever152. Further, in view ofFIG.9andFIG.10, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, the second protrusion168may comprise a first portion168aand a second portion168bseparated by the base150of the lever assembly148. Notably the first portion168aand the second portion168bmay be aligned with each other along axis O-O (seeFIG.9). In such aspects, axis O-O may be perpendicular to axis F-F (seeFIG.5). Further, in such aspects, the first portion168amay extend across a first lever portion152a(seeFIG.9) at least a distance to maximize a surface area interfacing with the top surface118of the slotted rail108in the second position158(seeFIG.10). Similarly, in such aspects, the second cam portion168bmay extend across a second lever portion152bat least a distance to maximize a surface area interfacing with the top surface118of the slotted rail108in the second position158(seeFIG.10). In alternative aspects, the first portion168aand the second portion168bmay not extend across a full width of the first lever portion152aand the second lever portion152brespectively but is nonetheless sufficient to tighten the housing122and inhibit movement in all directions. In various aspects of the present disclosure the first portion168aand the second portion168bmay comprise the same material as the lever152(e.g., polymer, composite, etc.). In alternative aspects, the first portion168aand the second portion168bmay comprise a hard rubber or composite material to frictionally engage the top surface118of the slotted rail108to further inhibit movement of the housing122in the tightened configuration and/or to inhibit movement when actuating the lever152. Next,FIG.12illustrates the attachment of an additional component170to the slotted rail108. According to various aspects of the present disclosure the additional component170(e.g., a control box comprising various electronics/controllers to control the motors140of the electronic height-adjustable desk100, a cord management box/tray, etc.) may comprise a rectangular steel tube or sleeve. More specifically, in such aspects, the additional component170may comprise a housing attachment assembly144including the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126coupled to its bottom surface as described herein (e.g., seeFIG.4). Further, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, the additional component170may be slideably received within the slot (e.g., T-slot) of the slotted rail108(e.g., via aperture166) as described herein. Notably, according to one aspect, the housing attachment assembly144of the additional component170may not comprise a first protrusion146and/or a lever assembly148. Namely, in such an aspect, the additional component170may remain movable along axis A-A within the slotted rail108between at least one first position and at least one second position (e.g., compareFIG.12andFIG.13). Further in such an aspect, gravity and resulting friction between the head130of each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126and the interfacing surface162of the slotted rail108may keep the additional component170from undesired movement. According to an alternative aspect, the housing attachment assembly144may further comprise a first protrusion146and/or a lever assembly148that function as described herein. Next,FIG.13illustrates the slideability of the additional component170along the slotted rail108. Notably, viewingFIG.13in light ofFIG.12, the additional component170may also serve the purpose of hiding/maintaining/managing power cords and/or wired interfaces172between the connector assembly120and the additional component170(e.g., control box). Next,FIG.14illustrates a second connector assembly120aslideably coupled to the slotted rail108according to various aspects of the present disclosure. Notably, the slot (e.g., T-slot) of the slotted rail108may also serve the purpose of hiding/maintaining/managing power cords and/or wired interfaces172abetween the second connector assembly120aand the additional component170(e.g., control box). Next,FIGS.15and16illustrate the coupling of a first foot assembly174and a second foot assembly174ato a first leg assembly104and a second leg assembly104a, respectively. Referring back toFIG.14, for example, the first leg assembly104may comprise a first foot connection mechanism176and the second leg assembly104amay comprise a second foot connection mechanism176a. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, each of the first foot connection mechanism176and the second foot connection mechanism176amay comprise a cylindrical protrusion including a groove surrounding a circumference of the cylindrical protrusion. Accordingly, referring again toFIG.15, the first foot assembly174may comprise a first lever connection mechanism178and floor pads180. In such an aspect, the first lever connection mechanism178may be configured to interface (e.g., slide into) the groove of the cylindrical protrusion of the first foot connection mechanism176to fixedly attach the first foot assembly174to the first leg assembly104as the first lever connection mechanism178is translated between an open position and a closed position (seeFIG.15toFIG.16). Similarly, the second foot assembly174amay comprise a second lever connection mechanism178aand floor pads180a. In such an aspect, the second lever connection mechanism178amay be configured to interface (e.g., slide into) the groove of the cylindrical protrusion of the second foot connection mechanism176ato fixedly attach the second foot assembly174ato the second leg assembly104aas the second lever connection mechanism178ais translated between an open position and a closed position (seeFIG.15toFIG.16). Furthermore, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, the floor pads180/180amay be adjustable to level the desk100with a floor. Next,FIG.17illustrates a plurality of slotted rails coupled to a desktop according to one alternative aspect of the present disclosure. Similar toFIG.2, a first slotted rail108aand a second slotted rail108bmay extend lengthwise between a proximal portion and a distal portion of the second or bottom surface102bof the desktop102. However, the first slotted rail108amay run parallel to and in proximity to the left or first side110of the desktop102and the second slotted rail108bmay run parallel to and in proximity to the right or second side112of the desktop102. Furthermore, a third slotted rail108cmay extend perpendicular to and between the first slotted rail108aand the second slotted rail108bon a proximal portion of the second or bottom surface102band a fourth slotted rail108dmay extend perpendicular to and between the first slotted rail108aand the second slotted rail108bon a distal portion of the second or bottom surface102b. In view ofFIG.17, such an arrangement of slotted rails around the periphery of the desktop102enables a plurality of connector assemblies120to be located in a plurality of positions (e.g., middle of third slotted rail108cand fourth slotted rail108d, proximal end and distal end of slotted rail108aand proximal end and distal end of slotted rail108b, etc.) as well as provide support to the desktop102and anticipated desktop loads. In further aspects, the slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108dmay comprise multiple slots extending along the respective slotted rails. According to various aspects of the present disclosure, the slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108dmay be pre-installed on the desktop102by a manufacturer (e.g., attached via screws and/or adhesive, etc.). In such an aspect, the desk100may be quickly assembled as disclosed herein without the need to attach the slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108dto the desktop102. According to one aspect, the slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108dmay each comprise an aluminum slotted rail including at least one standard T-slot (seeFIG.10). In other aspects, other materials (e.g., other metals, woods, composites) comprising at least one T-slot may be used. In yet other aspects, a slot configuration/profile different from a T-slot may be used. According to one alternative aspect, the slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108dmay be inset into the second or bottom surface102bof the desktop102. According to one aspect, the top surfaces of the slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108dmay be flush with the second or bottom surface102b. According to another alternative aspect, a slot (e.g., a T-slot formed via a router) may be integral to or part of the second or bottom surface102bof the desktop102to supplant the use of a slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108d. Referring again toFIG.17, each of the slotted rails108a/108b/108c/108dmay define one or more than one aperture166configured/sized to insertably receive the head130of each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126. In such an aspect the first male anchor124may be inserted through the aperture166followed by the second male anchor126to slideably couple each housing122of each connector assembly120to each respective slotted rail108a/108b/108c/108d. Furthermore, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, a proximal end and/or a distal end of a slotted rail (e.g.,108aand/or108b) may permit the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126to slide into the slot of the slotted rail (e.g.,108aand/or108b) and the housing122to slide onto the slotted rail (e.g.,108aand/or108b). In such an aspect, a plug182may be inserted into the slot of the slotted rail (e.g.,108aand/or108b) to prevent the inserted housing122from sliding out the proximal end and/or distal end of the slotted rail (e.g.,108aand/or108b). Next,FIG.18illustrates a first connector assembly120and a second connector assembly120aslideably coupled to the third slotted rail108cand the fourth slotted rail108d, respectively. Notably, according to one alternative aspect of the present disclosure, and in reference toFIG.4, the first protrusion146may optionally be replaced by and/or interchanged with a second lever assembly148a. The second lever assembly148awill function in a manner similar to lever assembly148, as described herein, to rigidly lock each connector assembly120/120ato the respective slotted rails108c/108d. In such an aspect,FIG.18illustrates each respective lever in a first position156(seeFIG.4. e.g., where each housing attachment assembly144is in a movable configuration). Similarly,FIG.19illustrates each respective lever in a second position158(seeFIG.8, e.g., where each housing attachment assembly144is in a fixed/rigid configuration). Next, referring back toFIGS.15and16respectively,FIG.20similarly illustrates the coupling of a first/second foot assembly174/174ato a first/second leg assembly104/104aandFIG.21similarly illustrates a first/second lever connection mechanism178/178ain a closed position to couple the first/second foot assembly to the first/second leg assembly. Next,FIG.22illustrates an alternative leg184attachable to the slotted rails ofFIG.17. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an end interfacing with slotted rail108amay comprise a protruding threaded portion and a male anchor (e.g., similar toFIG.4) that defines an internally threaded aperture. In such an aspect, the male anchor may be inserted into the slot (e.g., via aperture166or the proximal/distal end of the slotted rail108a) and rotated to thread the male anchor onto the protruding threaded portion such that the top surface of the head engages the interfacing surface of the slotted rail to fixedly attach the alternative leg184to the slotted rail. Notably, the alternative leg may be positioned at any desired positon along the slotted rail108a. Similarly,FIG.23illustrates a plurality of the alternative legs184/184a/184b/184cattached to the slotted rails ofFIG.17in a manner similar to that as described inFIG.22. Next,FIG.24illustrates a plurality of another alternative leg185/185b/185c/185cattached to the slotted rails ofFIG.17in a manner similar to that as described inFIG.22. Notably, in view ofFIG.23, each alternative leg185/185a/185b/185cmay comprise a caster186/186a/186b/186csuch that the desk100is easily moved. Next,FIG.27illustrates a detailed view of the connector assembly120in a loosened configuration according to an alternative aspect of the present disclosure. More specifically, referring toFIG.27the second male anchor126is coupled to a bottom surface136of the housing122. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, the second male anchor126comprises a neck-like spacer128and a washer-shaped head130. In such an aspect, referring again toFIG.27, the spacer128and the head130of the second male anchor126are coaxially aligned with axis E-E. In such an aspect, axis E-E may be perpendicular to axis F-F (seeFIG.28) which extends lengthwise between a proximal end and a distal end of the housing122. Axis F-F may be centrally located between a first side132and a second side134of the housing122. Notably, axis F-F and axis A-A (seeFIG.2) may be aligned in the same plane. Further in such an aspect, the neck-like spacer128and the washer-shaped head130of the second male anchor126is configured to mimic the shape of the T-slot of the slotted rail108(seeFIG.10). More specifically, each spacer128is configured and dimensioned to be insertably and slideably received in portion “H” defined by the slotted rail108and each head130is configured and dimensioned to be insertably and slideably received in portion “I” defined by the slotted rail108(seeFIG.10). Referring again toFIG.27, the second male anchor126is not adjustable. More specifically, a distance “J” defined between a top surface of the head130and a bottom surface136of the housing122cannot be altered (seeFIG.10). In such an aspect distance “J” may be specifically calibrated for a particular/standard slotted rail108with tight tolerances. According to one aspect, the spacer128and head130of the second male anchor126may be precision machined as one piece. According to such an aspect, the second male anchor126may be fixedly attached to the bottom surface136of the housing122. In one aspect, the second male anchor126may be welded to the bottom surface136of the housing122. In another aspect, the second male anchor126may further define an aperture along axis E-E. In such an aspect, a sleeved screw (e.g., that bottoms out at the desired distance “J”), may be inserted in the aperture to fixedly attach the second male anchor126to the bottom surface136of the housing122. According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, the second male anchor126may be integrated on the bottom surface136of the housing122via a die casting process. Namely,FIGS.25and26illustrate an example connector assembly120wherein the housing122lacks a bottom surface136. In such an example, a bottom surface/plate136comprising the second male anchor integrated thereon, may be die casted for attachment to the housing122(e.g., via welding, screws/bolts to existing/available holes e.g.,138). Such a die casted bottom surface/plate136would serve at least three purposes (e.g., i) protect the motor140and gear assembly142, ii) make the housing122rigid, and iii) provide a way to simply, quickly and rigidly attach a connector assembly120to a desk100). Lastly, according to one alternative aspect of the present disclosure, a housing122of a connector assembly120(see, e.g.,FIGS.25and26) may be fixedly inserted within and/or attached to a rectangular steel tube or sleeve to which second male anchor126is attached as described herein. Referring again toFIG.27, according to an alternative aspect of the present disclosure, the second male anchor126may be adjustable. According to such aspect, adjustability of the second male anchor126may account for material variability (e.g., of the second male anchor126affecting distance “J,” thickness “K” of the slotted rail108, etc.). According to one aspect, to realize adjustability, the second male anchor126may define an aperture along axis E-E. In such an aspect, a screw may be inserted in the aperture to fixedly attach the second male anchor126to the bottom surface136of the housing122. Notably, in such an aspect, the spacer128may be compressible to selectively adjust the distance “J” to ensure that the housing122is rigidly attached to the slotted rail108. Turning again toFIG.27, a detailed view of a connector assembly120in a loosened configuration, according to various aspects of the present disclosure, is disclosed. In particular, the housing122comprises a housing attachment assembly (shown generally at144). More specifically, in such aspects the housing attachment assembly144comprises a second male anchor126(e.g., described above) coupled to a first component surface136(e.g., a bottom surface of the housing122, a surface of a die casted plate, a bottom surface of a rectangular steel tube, etc.), a fulcrum or pivot146located on a distal portion of the first component surface136and a lever assembly148coupled to a proximal end/portion of the first component (e.g., housing122). Notably, in such an aspect, the first protrusion146is positioned proximally with respect to the second male anchor126. Further, in such an aspect, the lever assembly148comprises a base150, a lever152, a first pin154, a second pin155, and a first male anchor124, wherein the lever152is configured to rotate (e.g., counterclockwise inFIG.27) about the first pin154between a first position156(seeFIG.27, e.g., where the housing attachment assembly144is in a movable configuration) and a second position158(seeFIG.29, e.g., where the housing attachment assembly144is in a fixed/rigid configuration). In view ofFIG.27, in the first position156, a first gap160exists between a top surface of the head130of the first male anchor124and an interfacing surface162of the slotted rail108and a second gap164exists between a top surface of the head130of the second male anchor126and the interfacing surface162of the slotted rail108. Notably, in such a movable configuration axis F-F varies from axis L-L by an angle “M.” In such an aspect, axis L-L may be parallel to a plane defined by the bottom surface102bof the desktop102. Furthermore, angle “M” may comprise an acute angle sufficient to produce a first gap160and a second gap164that enables the housing122to slide longitudinally, between the proximal end and the distal end of the slotted rail108, within the slot (e.g. T-slot). Furthermore, the angle “M” may comprise an acute angle sufficient to prevent a frictional binding between the first protrusion146and the top surface118of the slotted rail108and/or a wedging between the first protrusion146and the second male anchor126that would inhibit distal and/or proximal slideability of the housing122. FIG.28illustrates an isometric view of the housing122and the housing attachment assembly144according to the alternative aspect ofFIG.27. Notably, in view ofFIG.28, the lever assembly148of the housing attachment assembly144comprises the first pin154that extends along axis G-G through the base150and the lever152to rotatably couple the lever152to the base150. In such an aspect, the axis G-G may be perpendicular to axis F-F. Notably, in such an aspect, the base150may comprise a first base portion150aseparated from a second base portion150b(seeFIG.28) by a gap “Q” and the lever152may comprise a first lever portion152aand a second lever portion152b. Here, as previously indicated, the lever assembly148in such an aspect may further comprise the second pin155that extends along axis R-R through the first lever portion152a, through the first male anchor124, and through the second lever portion152bto rotatably couple the first male anchor124to the lever152. Notably, the lever152may define a slot188. Here, in view ofFIG.28the slot188in the lever152and the gap “Q” between the first base portion150aand the second base portion150benable translation of the first male anchor124as the lever152is rotated between the first position156and the second position158. Referring back toFIG.27, the first male anchor124is coupled to the lever152as described above. In such an aspect, similar to the second male anchor126, the first male anchor124comprises a neck-like spacer128and a washer-shaped head130. Notably, in such an aspect however, the spacer128of the first male anchor124is longer than the spacer128of the second male anchor126. Referring again toFIG.27, the spacer128and the head130of the first male anchor124are coaxially aligned with axis D-D. In such an aspect, axis D-D may be substantially perpendicular to axis L-L which is parallel to the plane defined by the bottom surface102bof the desktop102. Further in such an aspect, the neck-like spacer128and the washer-shaped head130of the first male anchor124is configured to mimic the shape of the T-slot of the slotted rail108(seeFIG.10). More specifically, each spacer128is configured and dimensioned to be insertably and slideably received in portion “H” defined by the slotted rail108and each head130is configured and dimensioned to be insertably and slideably received in portion “I” defined by the slotted rail108(seeFIG.10). Next, referring toFIG.29, the first male anchor124is not adjustable. More specifically, distance “S” defined between a top surface of the head130and a center of the second pin155cannot be altered (seeFIG.10). In such an aspect distance “S” may be specifically calibrated for a particular/standard slotted rail108with tight tolerances. According to one aspect, the spacer128and head130of the first male anchor124may be precision machined as one piece. Notably, referring back toFIG.2, the top surface118of the slotted rail108may further define an aperture166configured/sized to insertably receive the head130of each of the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126. In such an aspect the first male anchor124may be inserted through the aperture166followed by the second male anchor126, or vice versa, to slideably couple the housing122of the connector assembly120to the slotted rail. In another aspect of the present disclosure the first angled bracket114and/or the second angled bracket116may define a cutout (not shown) at the proximal end and/or distal end of the slotted rail108respectively that permits the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126to slide into the slot of the slotted rail108and the motor housing assembly to slide onto the slotted rail108. In such an aspect, a plug (not shown) may be inserted into the slot of the slotted rail108and/or attached to the first angled bracket114and/or the second angled bracket116to prevent the inserted housing122from sliding out the proximal end and/or distal end of the slotted rail108. Notably, the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126of the alternative aspect described inFIG.27may be easier to insert into such an aperture166than the first male anchor124and the second male anchor126of the aspect described inFIG.4. In particular, referring to the alternative aspect, since the first male anchor124is coupled to the lever152(e.g., in lieu of the housing122) the first male anchor124is able to move (i.e., via the first pin154and the second pin155) for easy insertion. Next, referring again toFIG.29, a detailed view of the connector assembly120in a tightened configuration, according to the alternative aspect ofFIG.27, is illustrated. Namely, in the second position158, the first gap160and the second gap164have been closed/eliminated. Here, the first male anchor124is configured and sized (e.g., distance “S” described above) to close/eliminate the first gap160and the second gap164to lock the housing122to the slotted rail108. In particular, as the lever152of the lever assembly148is rotated (e.g., counterclockwise betweenFIG.27andFIG.29) about the first pin154the first male anchor124is translated (e.g., up and toward the housing122), via the second pin155, such that the first gap160and the second gap164are closed/eliminated. More specifically, in view ofFIG.28andFIG.30, as the lever152of the lever assembly148is rotated about the first pin154, the second pin155causes the first male anchor124to translate such that the head130of the first male anchor124engages the interfacing surface162. After such engagement, further rotation of the lever152toward the second position158causes the housing122to pivot about the first protrusion146and cause the head130of the second male anchor126to engage the interfacing surface of the slotted rail108. In the second position158, each of the top surface of the head130of the first male anchor124and the top surface of the head130of the second male anchor124are frictionally and/or rigidly engaged with the interfacing surface162of the slotted rail108. In such an aspect, movement is prevented/inhibited in all directions rendering the housing122rigidly attached to the slotted rail108at that position along the slotted rail108. Notably, in view ofFIG.29, the first protrusion146and/or first male anchor124are configured and sized such that axis F-F is substantially parallel to the plane defined by the bottom surface102bof the desktop102(e.g. angle “M” is zero or substantially zero). FIG.30illustrates an isometric view of the connector assembly120and the housing attachment assembly144in a tightened configuration according to the alternative aspect ofFIG.27. Notably, the first protrusion146may extend across the bottom surface136of the housing122along axis N-N between the first side132and the second side134of the housing122. In such aspects, axis N-N may be perpendicular to axis F-F. Further, similar toFIG.11, the first protrusion146may extend across the bottom surface136between the first side132and the second side134at least a distance equal to or greater than a width of the slotted rail108. In such an aspect the surface area of the first protrusion146interfacing with the top surface118of the slotted rail108in the second position158is maximized. In alternative aspects, the first protrusion146may extend across the bottom surface136between the first side132and the second side134a distance less than a width of the slotted rail108. In such an aspect the surface area of the first protrusion146interfacing with the top surface118of the slotted rail108in the second position158is not maximized, but is sufficient to tighten the housing122and inhibit movement in all directions. In yet another alternative aspect, the first protrusion146may comprise a first fulcrum portion (not shown) and a second fulcrum portion (not shown), extending along axis N-N, wherein no fulcrum portion exists over the slot (i.e. T-slot) of the slotted rail108(e.g., lacks a fulcrum portion corresponding to portion “H” inFIG.10). In various aspects of the present disclosure the first protrusion146comprises the same material as the motor housing (e.g. sheet metal, aluminum, etc.). In alternative aspects, the first protrusion146comprises a hard rubber or composite material to frictionally engage the top surface118of the slotted rail108to further inhibit movement of the housing122in the tightened configuration and/or to inhibit movement when actuating the lever152. Another alternative aspect of the present disclosure is illustrated inFIGS.31-39. This aspect is similar to the aspects described above in that it includes a connector assembly120that is configured to reversibly engage with a rail108without the use of any tools. In various aspects, the connector assembly120illustrated inFIGS.31-39can likewise include a housing122that can house a motor140, a leg assembly104that is connectable to the housing122, and a lever assembly148. Further, as with the aspects illustrated inFIGS.1-11, the second protrusion(s)168can be positioned on the lever152such that pivoting the lever152from its first position (which corresponds to the loosened configuration of the connector assembly120) to its second position (which corresponds to the tightened configuration of the connector assembly120) causes the second protrusion(s)168to rotate from a first orientation, illustrated inFIG.33A, to a second orientation, illustrated inFIG.33B. When in the second orientation, the second protrusion168can extend outwardly from the body (e.g., the housing122) of the connector assembly120a distance that is substantially equal to the distance by which the first protrusion168extends from the body of the connector assembly120. In one aspect, the heights of the first and second protrusions146,168can be substantially equal. However, this aspect differs from the aspects illustrated inFIGS.1-30in that the connector assembly120includes tabs202positioned on the lateral sides thereof, as opposed to anchors124,126positioned on a bottom surface of the housing122(FIGS.1-11) or positioned on a combination of the bottom surface of the housing122and the lever152(FIGS.27-30). In one aspect, the tabs202are oriented orthogonally relative to the first and second protrusions146,168. As with the anchors124,126described above, the tabs202can also be referred to as “third protrusions.” By positioning the tabs202laterally along the connector assembly120, the connector assembly120can sit such that it is at least partially enclosed within the rail108and thus provide for a more compact overall structure. In the illustrated aspect, the tabs202are positioned between the first protrusion146and the second protrusion168with respect to the longitudinal axis of the connector assembly120. Further, the tabs202can be positioned such that they are nonplanar with a plane defined by the first protrusion146and the second protrusion168when the lever152is in the second or tightened position. In other words, the tabs202can be positioned such that they are offset from the first and second protrusions146,168. It should also be noted that although the depicted aspect includes two tabs202, each of which is positioned on opposing lateral surfaces of the connector assembly120, this is merely for illustrative purposes. Aspects including any number, orientation, or arrangement of tabs202that otherwise conform to the requirements described herein are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure. Further, although the depicted aspect includes a set of two of each of the first and second protrusions146,168, this is likewise merely for illustrative purposes. In alternative aspects, the connector assembly120can include a single first and/or second protrusion146,168(see, e.g.,FIG.11). Aspects including any number, orientation, or arrangement of first and second protrusions146,168that otherwise conform to the requirements described herein are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure. The rail108further includes a cutout166corresponding to each of the tabs202of the connector assembly120. The cutouts166are configured, sized, or dimensioned to receive the tabs202therethrough. The position(s) at which the cutouts166are located can be referred to as the “insertion position(s)” along the rail108. Similarly to the aspects described above, the connector assembly120can be inserted into the rail108when the tabs202are aligned with the cutouts166, as depicted inFIG.35. Correspondingly, the rail108is further configured or dimensioned to retain the connector assembly120within or by the rail108when the tabs202are not aligned with the cutouts166because the lips212(FIG.38) of the rail108serve as physical obstructions for the tabs202, which prevents any non-longitudinal movement of the connector assembly120within the rail108. The position(s) at which the connector assembly120is retained by the rail108can be referred to as the “retention position(s)” along the rail108. Once inserted into the rail and when the lever152is in the open position, the connector assembly120can be slid along the length of the rail108to position the connector assembly120at the desired location, as depicted inFIGS.35and36. When the lever152is in the open position, the second protrusions168(which extend from the lever152) are rotated out of alignment with the first protrusions146, as depicted inFIG.33A, which thus allows for the connector assembly120to be pivoted slightly within the rail108about the first protrusions146to create clearance to slide the connector assembly120through the rail108. Once at the desired location, the connector assembly120can be locked in place by transitioning the lever152from the open position to the closed position, as depicted inFIG.37. When the lever152is in the closed position, the second protrusions168are rotated into alignment with the first protrusions146, as depicted inFIG.33B. As depicted inFIG.38, the distance d1between the undersurface of the lip212of the rail108and the bottom surface214of the rail108is equal to a close tolerance to the distance d2between the end of the tabs202and the portion or end of the first and second protrusions146,168that contact the bottom surface214of the rail108. Accordingly, pivoting the lever152from a first or open position, as illustrated inFIG.39A, to a second or closed position, as illustrated inFIG.39B, when the connector assembly120is positioned within the rail108rotates the second protrusion(s)168into contact with the bottom surface214of the rail108, which then causes the first and second protrusions146,168to frictionally engage the bottom surface214of the rail108and the tab(s)202to frictionally engage the lip212of the rail108. By this action, the connector assembly120is fixedly held or wedged within the rail108. The frictional forces exerted by the first, second, and third protrusions146,168,202against the rail108prevent longitudinal, later, and/or rotational movement of the connector assembly120within the rail108and thus the connector assembly120is fixedly held in place therein, as illustrated inFIG.39B. Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an attachment assembly for quickly, simply, and rigidly attaching a motor housing and a leg assembly to a desktop of an electronic height-adjustable desk. For example, utilizing the structural and geometrical provisions of standard T-slot aluminum profiles, a motor housing's generous top surface plate may be integrally outfitted with male anchors along its length to interface and gain a strong purchase with a slotted rail. By actuating a lever with a cam at one extremity of the housing plate opposing an elevated fulcrum at the opposite end, the male anchors are moved from a free state within the slot to a locked position. Access to the rail can be made from the open ends or via a special cored-out channel on the rail's surface. The attachment of additional components (e.g., the electrical control box, rectangular tubing for cord management, etc.) may be accommodated by the slotted rail as well. Advantages of the present disclosure include but are not limited to: intuitive and quick assembly, the elimination of screws and/or tools for assembly, the ability to locate the leg assemblies in various positions along the rail without prescription, the low profile of a structurally sound top with a pre-installed integral frame (e.g., slotted rail, angle brackets, etc.), and an abundant interchangeability across a range of top sizes and leg options. The levering from one end of a rigid plate with integral fixation to a slotted rail should not be limited to use for a stand-up desk leg assembly. Such aspects could have wide-ranging application for the fixation of all types of load bearing and structural assemblies (e.g., with fixed legs or otherwise). Notably, the geometrical relationship of the male anchors and slotted profile are not limited to available aluminum profiles. Namely, according to various aspects, profiles of other shapes and materials can be made to measure for customized applications across a wide variety of surface shapes, sizes, and furnishings. Various aspects of the subject matter described herein are set out in the following numbered examples: Example 1. An attachment assembly comprising: a connector assembly comprising: a first protrusion held in a fixed orientation relative to the connector assembly; a lever pivotable between a first position and a second position; a second protrusion extending from the lever, the second protrusion configured to rotate from a first orientation to a second orientation as the lever pivots from the first position to the second position; a third protrusion positioned between the first protrusion and the second protrusion; and a rail comprising: a lip; and a cutout in the lip, the cutout located at an insertion position on the rail and sized to receive the third protrusion; wherein the rail is configured to retain the connector assembly at a retention position on the rail, the retention position being at a different position than the insertion position; wherein pivoting the lever from the first position to the second position when the connector assembly is positioned within the rail is configured to cause the second protrusion to bear against a bottom surface of the rail, such that the first protrusion and the second protrusion frictionally engage the bottom surface of the rail and the third protrusion frictionally engages the lip to fixedly hold the connector assembly at the retention position. Example 2. The attachment assembly of Example 1, wherein the third protrusion is nonplanar to a plane defined by the first protrusion and the second protrusion. Example 3 The attachment assembly of Examples 1 or 2, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion are equal in height. Example 4. The attachment assembly of any one of Examples 1-3, wherein a first distance between an undersurface of the lip and the bottom surface of the rail is equal to a close tolerance to a second distance between an end of the third protrusion and an end of the first protrusion that contacts the bottom surface of the rail. Example 5. The attachment assembly of any one of Examples 1-4, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion comprise a compressible material. Example 6. The attachment assembly of any one of Examples 1-5, wherein a longitudinal axis of the connector assembly forms an angle with a longitudinal axis of the rail when the lever is in the first position, the angle configured to prevent the first protrusion and the second protrusion from frictionally engaging the rail. Example 7. A furniture assembly comprising: a table surface; a leg assembly; a connector assembly disposed on the leg assembly, the connector assembly comprising: a first protrusion held in a fixed orientation relative to the connector assembly; a lever pivotable between a first position and a second position; a second protrusion extending from the lever, the second protrusion configured to rotate from a first orientation to a second orientation as the lever pivots from the first position to the second position; a third protrusion positioned between the first protrusion and the second protrusion; and a rail disposed on the table surface, the rail comprising: a lip; and a cutout in the lip, the cutout located at an insertion position on the rail and sized to receive the third protrusion; wherein the rail is configured to retain the connector assembly at a retention position on the rail, the retention position being at a different position than the insertion position; wherein pivoting the lever from the first position to the second position when the connector assembly is positioned within the rail is configured to cause the second protrusion to bear against a bottom surface of the rail, such that the first protrusion and the second protrusion frictionally engage the bottom surface of the rail and the third protrusion frictionally engages the lip to fixedly hold the connector assembly at the retention position. Example 8. The furniture assembly of Example 7, wherein the third protrusion is nonplanar to a plane defined by the first protrusion and the second protrusion. Example 9. The furniture assembly of Examples 7 or 8, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion are equal in height. Example 10. The furniture assembly of any one of Examples 7-9, wherein a first distance between an undersurface of the lip and the bottom surface of the rail is equal to a close tolerance to a second distance between an end of the third protrusion and an end of the first protrusion that contacts the bottom surface of the rail. Example 11. The furniture assembly of any one of Examples 7-10, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion comprise a compressible material. Example 12. The furniture assembly of any one of Examples 7-11, wherein a longitudinal axis of the connector assembly forms an angle with a longitudinal axis of the rail when the lever is in the first position, the angle configured to prevent the first protrusion and the second protrusion from frictionally engaging the rail. Example 13. The furniture assembly of any one of Examples 7-12, wherein the connector assembly further comprises: a housing; a motor disposed within the housing, the motor configured to extend and retract the leg assembly. Example 14. A method of assembling an article of furniture comprising a connector assembly and a rail, the connector assembly comprising a first protrusion held in a fixed orientation relative to the connector assembly, a lever pivotable between a first position and a second position, a second protrusion extending from the lever, the second protrusion configured to rotate from a first orientation to a second orientation as the lever pivots from the first position to the second position, and a third protrusion positioned between the first protrusion and the second protrusion, the rail comprising a lip and a cutout in the lip, the cutout sized to receive the third protrusion, the method comprising: aligning the third protrusion with the cutout; inserting the connector assembly into the rail; sliding the connector assembly to a location along the rail; and pivoting the lever from the first position to the second position to cause the second protrusion to bear against a bottom surface of the rail, such that the first protrusion and the second protrusion frictionally engage the bottom surface of the rail and the third protrusion frictionally engages the lip to fixedly hold the connector assembly at a retention position. Example 15. The method of Example 14, wherein the connector assembly comprises a first connector assembly, further comprising: aligning a third protrusion of a second connector assembly with the cutout; inserting the second connector assembly into the rail; sliding the second connector assembly to a second location along the rail; and pivoting a second lever of the second connector assembly from a first position to a second position to cause a second protrusion of the second connector assembly to bear against the bottom surface of the rail, such that a first protrusion of the second connector assembly and the second protrusion of the second connector assembly frictionally engage the bottom surface of the rail and the third protrusion frictionally engages the lip to wedge the second connector assembly within the rail and fixedly hold the second connector assembly in place at the second location. Example 16. The method of Examples 14 or 15, wherein the third protrusion is nonplanar to a plane defined by the first protrusion and the second protrusion. Example 17. The method of any one of Examples 14-16, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion are equal in height. Example 18. The method of any one of Examples 14-17, wherein a first distance between an undersurface of the lip and the bottom surface of the rail is equal to a close tolerance to a second distance between an end of the third protrusion and an end of the first protrusion that contacts the bottom surface of the rail. Example 19. The method of any one of Examples 14-18, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion comprise a compressible material. Example 20. The method of any one of Examples 14-19, wherein a longitudinal axis of the connector assembly forms an angle with a longitudinal axis of the rail when the lever is in the first position, the angle configured to prevent the first protrusion and the second protrusion from frictionally engaging the rail. Example 21. The method of any one of Examples 14-20, wherein the connector assembly further comprises a leg assembly attached thereto. While various details have been set forth in the foregoing description, it will be appreciated that the various aspects of the techniques may be practiced without these specific details. One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be taken limiting. Further, while several forms have been illustrated and described, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Numerous modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, combinations, and equivalents to those forms may be implemented and will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the structure of each element associated with the described forms can be alternatively described as a means for providing the function performed by the element. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. It is therefore to be understood that the foregoing description and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, combinations, and variations as falling within the scope of the disclosed forms. The appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, modifications, and equivalents. It is to be understood that depicted architectures of different components contained within, or connected with, different other components are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated also can be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated also can be viewed as being “operably couplable” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelessly interacting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logically interactable components, and/or electrically interacting components, and/or electrically interactable components, and/or optically interacting components, and/or optically interactable components. In other instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable to,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that “configured to” can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. While particular aspects of the present disclosure have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims), are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise. It is worthy to note that any reference to “one aspect,” “an aspect,” “one form,” or “a form” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one aspect,” “in an aspect,” “in one form,” or “in a form” in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same aspect. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects. With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the concepts described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more forms has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more forms were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various forms and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.

11857069

While the system of the present application is subject to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail. It should be understood that the description of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiment disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the present application as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Illustrative embodiments of the system of the present application are provided herein. It should be appreciated that in the development of any actual embodiment, various implementation-specific decisions are required to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The system in accordance with the present application overcomes one or more of the above-discussed shortcomings commonly associated with conventional food storage racks. Specifically, the apparatus and method for storing jars incorporates a means for quick and convenient access to canning jars without risk of the canning jars inadvertently falling off the rack. These and other unique features of the system are discussed below and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The system should be understood, both as to its structure and operation, from the accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description. Various embodiments of the system may be presented herein. It should be understood that various components, parts, and features of the different embodiments may be combined together and/or interchanged with one another, all of which are within the scope of the present application, even though not all variations and particular embodiments are shown in the drawings. It should also be understood that the mixing and matching of features, elements, and/or functions between various embodiments is expressly contemplated herein so that one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate from this disclosure that the features, elements, and/or functions of one embodiment may be incorporated into another embodiment as appropriate, unless described otherwise. Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference characters identify corresponding or similar elements throughout the various views,FIG.1depicts a front view of an apparatus for storing jars100in accordance with an embodiment of the present application. Apparatus100includes a base101, a front retaining member102and two or more side retaining members103. Base101provides support for the rack and may be fastened to a surface such as a wall or other similar surface for convenient access for a user by fasteners104. The side retaining members103are connected at a first end substantially perpendicular to the base101and extend substantially parallel to each other and away from the base101. Two side retaining members103form a channel200that is configured to receive and secure a canning jar wherein one side retaining member103secures one side of a jar and another side retaining member103secures an opposite side of the jar. The front retaining member102is connected to a second end of the side retaining members103at an angle such that the canning jars are secured within the channels200formed by the side retaining members103. The canning jars are inserted and removed from the channels200through a rotational and translational movement by sliding each jar along a channel200. Apparatus100may be secured to virtually any supporting structure such as a wall, a cabinet and a cart via fasteners such as screws and bolts or the like. The angle between the base101and the side retaining members103is about 85° and may be between 80° and 90°. The angle between the front retaining member102and each of the side retaining members103is about 152° and may be between 144° and 160°. The width of each channel200is slightly less than the outer diameter of the rim of each canning jar, thus allowing the channel200to retain the jar by a side retaining member103on opposite sides of the rim of the jar. At the intersection of the front retaining member102and the side retaining members103, the width of the channel200expands on either side to allow the user to slide the jar in and out of the channel200. It should be appreciated that one of the unique features of the disclosure of the present application is the ability for the user to retain canning jars for quick access while the jars are secure from inadvertently falling off the rack. This is accomplished by the combination of rotational and translational movement required to insert and remove the jars from apparatus100. Each jar is secured in a channel200via pivot points along the rim of the jar. To place a jar along a channel200supported by two side retaining members103, the jar may have a side oriented toward the rear portion of the channel200raised and the opposite side of the jar lowered through rotation allowing the rim of the jar to slide onto the pivot points of the connecting portion. The jar is then rotated in an opposite direction of the initial rotation of the jar and the jar slides along the channel200supported by two side retaining members103. To remove a jar, the user reverses this process. For a given height of the top of a jar above the top of the rim of the jar, two dimensions are important for place and removing the jar along the channel200: (1) the horizontal distance between the pivot points and the rear of the front retaining member102and (2) the vertical height between the bottom of the front retaining member102and the pivot points. The bottom of the front retaining member102may be either above or below the pivot points. The front retaining member102should not be above the top of a stored jar nor below the bottom of a stored jar. The perimeter of most canning jars expands outward below the rim of the jar. The thickness of the side retaining members103may be selected to be less than the vertical distance between the rim and the outward expansion of the jar, thereby precluding a jar from being removed vertically upward from the side retaining members103. Some canning jars may not have their perimeter expanding below the rim or even have their perimeter recede below the rim allowing such jars to be removed vertically from the side retaining members103. In one embodiment, an upwardly or downwardly elongated rear member extends across the rear of one or more channels200from one side retaining member103to another, thus terminating one or more channels200. In one embodiment, the rear portion may be a mirror image of the front portion creating, between a rear portion and a storage portion, a second connecting portion which is a mirror image of the connecting portion between the front portion and the storage portion. This embodiment allows a jar to be placed along a channel200from the front and removed from the back and vice versa allowing rotation of the stored jars without removing one jar. This creates an easy method for rotating filled jars on a first-in first-out basis so that the oldest contents are utilized first, thereby reducing the possibility for spoiling when the contents of the stored jars are perishable. In one embodiment, the front retaining member102may be higher than the side retaining members103creating a depression for holding the neck of a wine bottle or the like in the highest portion of the front retaining member102and is substantially aligned with the longitudinal center of the corresponding channel200. The channel200may hold a bottle with the lowest portion of the bottle inside the channel200for stability. In a preferred embodiment, the depression is in the shape of a minor segment of a circle. The particular embodiments disclosed herein are illustrative only, as the embodiments may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed herein may be altered or modified, and any such variations are considered to fall within the scope of the present application. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the description and the appended claims as well as any other variations and modifications falling within the scope thereof.

11857070

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG.1quite generally shows an article of furniture8comprising a furniture carcass9and a total of four moveable furniture parts2. Each furniture part2comprises at least a drawer receptacle box10and a front panel11. The moveable furniture parts2are fixed to the furniture carcass9by a drawer extension guide assembly12comprising a drawer rail13and a carcass rail14(and possibly a central rail which is not shown). A drive device1is diagrammatically shown in relation to the uppermost drawer. The drive device1has a carrier3. In this case, the carrier3is mounted to the drawer rail13(in the diagrammatic view inFIG.1the carrier3corresponds to the drawer rail13). The drive device1has an ejection device4, the ejection slide41and the ejection force storage means (ejection force accumulator)42of the ejection device4being shown diagrammatically. The locking device5has a guide track52which is provided in the carrier3and the locking pin51guided in the guide track52(which in this case is of a cardioid shape). Arranged on the carcass rail14(or on the furniture carcass9itself) is an entrainment member15, with which the ejection device4is at least portion-wise in engagement. The arrangement however can also be reversed. That is to say, the drive device1can be associated with the carcass rail14while the entrainment member15is associated with the moveable furniture part2. This uppermost drawer is in the open position OS. When the drawer is moved from that open position OS in the closing direction SR then the locking pin51is displaced in the closing portion C of the guide track52(see hereinafter in the detail). In that case, the ejection force storage means42is stressed by a relative movement between the ejection slide41and the carrier3. The ejection force storage means (ejection force accumulator)42is fully stressed in the closed position (third drawer from the top). That closed position SS can be reached by a purely manual closing movement. Alternatively, the moveable furniture part2—if present—can be moved or retracted into the closed position SS by the retraction device16(only diagrammatically illustrated) which is integrated in the extension guide assembly12. Starting from that closed position SS, the moveable furniture part2moves into the overpressing position ÜS (lowermost drawer inFIG.1) by pressing against the moveable furniture part2. The locking device5is unlocked as a result. After the overpressing action, which is performed in the closing direction SR, the moveable furniture part2—as soon as the user is no longer pressing against the moveable furniture part2—is ejected in the opening direction OR by the drive device1. As a result the moveable furniture part2moves into the open position OS as shown by the second drawer from the top. In that position, the drawer can be gripped, for example, by the front panel11and manually moved further into the position shown by the first drawer from the top. FIG.2shows a perspective view of a moveable furniture part2in the form of a drawer with a drawer receptacle box10and a front panel11. The Figure also shows a drawer extension guide assembly12comprising a drawer rail13and a carcass rail14, wherein a drawer extension guide assembly12is provided on both sides of the moveable furniture part2.FIG.2further shows a drive device1. The drive device1is mounted to the carcass rail14. That drive device1(or its carrier3) extends in the closing direction SR of the moveable furniture part2. In particular, in the case of smaller or narrower drawers, it is sufficient if only one drive device1is associated with the moveable furniture part2. That can be associated with the right-side drawer extension guide assembly12(as shown) but also the left-side drawer extension guide assembly12. In the case of wider or larger drawers, it is advantageous—in particular to avoid tilting or jamming of the drawer in the furniture carcass9—if mutually synchronized drive devices1and1′ are provided on both sides of the moveable furniture part. In matching relationship therewith,FIG.3shows an arrangement7comprising a (first) drive device1and a second drive device1′. Those two drive devices1and1′ are connected together by way of a synchronization bar65. More specifically, portions of the opening movement and the closing movement of the drive devices1and1′ are synchronized with each other. The first drive device1is of a mirror-image symmetrical configuration with the second drive device1′. Otherwise, the drive devices1and1′ are of an identical configuration. FIG.4shows an exploded perspective view of a drive device1. That drive device1has an elongated carrier3. The carrier3is releasably connected to the drawer rail13. Snap connections or screw connections for example can be provided for that purpose. A cardioid-shaped guide track52for the locking pin51is formed in the carrier3. The guide track52together with the locking element53and the locking pin51form the locking device5for the ejection device4. The ejection device4in turn has the ejection slide41, the control lever43which is mounted moveably (preferably rotatably) to the ejection slide41and the ejection force storage means42. The ejection slide41is linearly displaceably mounted to the carrier3. Provided in the ejection slide41is an axis of rotation X45. The control lever43is mounted rotatably in or at that axis of rotation X45, with its axis counterpart portion45. The locking pin51is arranged or formed on the control lever43. The first force storage means base46is provided in the ejection slide41. The second force storage means base47is provided on the carrier3. The ejection force storage means42in the form of a tension spring is fixed with one end to the first force storage means base46and with the other end to the second force storage means base47. The axis of rotation X44for the entrainment catch lever48is provided on the ejection slide41. That lever48is mounted rotatably by the axis counterpart portion44in the axis of rotation X44. The entrainment catch lever48is guided by a guide element in the sliding guide track49in the carrier3. The drive device1also has a synchronization device6. The synchronization device6includes on the one hand a transmission element60linearly moveable on the carrier. The transmission element60in turn has a carrier body64, a first transmission abutment61, a second transmission abutment62and a synchronization coupling element63. The synchronization coupling element63has teeth67spaced from each other in the closing direction SR. On the other hand, the synchronization device6also includes a synchronization coupling counterpart element66. The synchronization coupling counterpart element66is mounted rotatably to the carrier3. The synchronization coupling counterpart element66has a toothed wheel with teeth68. The teeth68of the synchronization coupling counterpart element66mesh with the teeth67of the synchronization coupling element63. The synchronization bar65can be fixed in the receiving means69provided in the synchronization coupling counterpart element66. It can also be seen fromFIG.4that the synchronization coupling element63, measured at a right angle to the closing direction SR, has a smaller maximum width B63than the maximum width B64, as measured at a right angle to the closing direction SR, of the carrier body64of the transmission element60. It can also be seen fromFIG.4that the guide track52has a maximum guide track width Bmaxmeasured at a right angle to the closing direction SR. That maximum width Bmaxis also shown once again inFIGS.5aand5c. As viewed in the closing direction SR, the synchronization coupling element63and the ejection force storage means (ejection force accumulator)42are arranged within that guide track width Bmax, as is shown by the broken line inFIG.5a. As a result the drive device1is of a relatively narrow configuration. FIG.5ashows a plan view of the assembled drive device1. The ejection force storage means42is held to the two force storage means bases46and47. The entrainment member15is caught between the entrainment member catch lever48and the ejection slide41. The left-hand region ofFIG.5ashows the side of the synchronization coupling element63, which faces away from the teeth67. The guide track52provided in the carrier3can be seen here. The synchronization coupling element63is disposed in the closing direction SR behind the guide track52, while the ejection force storage means42is disposed in the closing direction SR in front of the guide track52. The locking pin51guided in the guide track52is disposed inFIG.5aentirely at the (right-hand) end of the guide track52in a mounting portion L. That position of the drive device1shown inFIG.5acorresponds to a completely open position OS of the moveable furniture part2. In matching relationship therewith, the detail inFIG.5bshows that the locking pin51on the control lever43is disposed in the mounting portion L. FIG.5cshows a plan view of a part of the drive device1shown inFIG.5a, with the right-hand region and the ejection slide41not being shown. The locking pin51is disposed in the mounting portion L of the guide track52. The guide track52also has the closing portion C in which the locking pin51is moveable upon a closing movement of the moveable furniture part2. There then follows the latching portion E in which the locking pin51is moveable after leaving the closing portion C. That is then followed by the overpressing portion U. That is in turn adjoined by the opening portion O in which the locking pin51is moveable upon opening or ejection of the moveable furniture part2. That opening portion O finally transitions again into the mounting portion L or into the closing portion C, respectively. It is also possible to see in the left-hand region ofFIG.5c, beside the rear side of the synchronization coupling element63, a tooth68of the synchronization coupling counterpart element66. InFIG.6a, the moveable furniture part2has moved in the closing direction SR but is still in an open position OS. By virtue of the closing movement, the entrainment member15associated with the moveable furniture part2is moved in the closing direction SR and in so doing entrains the ejection slide41. As a result, the ejection slide41moves relative to the carrier3and the ejection force storage means42is stressed. In the detail shown inFIG.6b, it can be seen that the locking pin51is no longer in the mounting portion L but in the closing portion C of the guide track52. Referring toFIG.7a, the moveable furniture part2and therewith the ejection slide41have moved still further in the closing direction SR. The moveable furniture part2however is still in the open position OS. The ejection force storage means42has been still further stressed. In the detail view shown inFIG.7b, the locking pin51has moved in the closing portion C to such an extent that the locking pin51abuts against the second transmission abutment62which projects into the guide track52. In specific terms, the transmission element60of the synchronization device6has that second transmission abutment62which projects into the closing portion C of the guide track52. The second transmission abutment62is in the abutment position A. FIG.7cagain shows the drive device1with the ejection slide41faded out. Referring toFIG.8athe moveable furniture part2has been moved still further in the closing direction SR but the closed position SS has just not yet been reached. Accordingly, the moveable furniture part2is still in the open position SS. The ejection force storage means42is almost completely stressed. Because the locking pin51bears against the second transmission abutment62in the abutment position A the transmission element60in the closing movement (fromFIG.7atoFIG.8a) is moveable by the locking pin51by way of that second transmission abutment62. The second transmission abutment62is moveable by the locking pin51from the abutment position A into the (sunk) evasion position W (see the broken line inFIG.8b) in which the second transmission abutment62no longer projects into the guide track52and the locking pin51disengages from the second transmission abutment62. That movement of the second transmission abutment62into the evasion position W enables a further movement of the locking pin51into the latching portion E. It can be seen fromFIG.8athat it is (exclusively) by the movement of the transmission element60, that is triggered in the closing movement by the locking pin51by the second transmission abutment62, that the locking element53(on the transmission element60) is moveable into a latching recess-forming position in which the locking element53forms the latching recess R of the guide track52. The synchronization coupling element63is also moved at the same time with that movement of the transmission element60, which in turn triggers a rotary movement of the synchronization coupling counterpart element66. That rotary movement is transmitted to a second drive device1′ by way of the synchronization bar65. Accordingly this last portion of the closing movement in the closing portion C is synchronized. As shown inFIG.9athe moveable furniture part2has been moved still further in the closing direction SR whereby the closed position SS is reached. The ejection force storage means42is fully stressed. As can be seen inFIGS.9band9cthe locking pin51has even moved into the pressing-through prevention passage D of the guide track52. The transmission element60remains stationary in that (pushing-through) movement. That is to say, there is no synchronization or transmission of movement to the second drive device1′. If, in that position as shown inFIGS.10athrough10c, the user ceases pressing against the moveable furniture part2, then the ejection force storage means42can be slightly relieved and in that case moves the ejection slide41slightly in the opening direction OR so that the locking pin51moves along the latching portion E until the locking pin51latches in the latching recess R. That gives the locking position VS of the locking device5, as is shown inFIGS.5a,5band5c. The latching recess R is formed by the last region of the latching portion E and by the holding surface of the locking element53. The transmission element60remains stationary even in that movement of the locking pin51in the latching portion E. In other words, there is no synchronization or transmission of movement to the second drive device1′. FIGS.11a,11band11cshow the overpressing movement. When pressure is applied in the closing direction SR to the moveable furniture part2which is in the closed position SS as shown inFIGS.10athrough10cthe moveable furniture part2moves into the overpressing position ÜS. That overpressing movement of the moveable furniture part is transmitted by the entrainment member15to the ejection slide41of the ejection device4and to the control lever43connected to the ejection slide so that the locking pin51on the control lever43is released from the latching recess R, is deflected by the inclined deflection portion55and passes into the overpressing portion U (with overpressing passage) of the guide track52. The control lever43is still further pivoted in the counter-clockwise direction by that deflection. The locking position VS is nullified and the locking device5is unlocked. The transmission element6also remains stationary in that overpressing movement. If, in that overpressing position ÜS shown inFIGS.11athrough11cthe user ceases to press against the moveable furniture part2, the ejection force storage means42can be relieved as the locking pin51is no longer locked. By virtue of that relief effect, the ejection slide41and therewith the locking pin51are moved along the opening portion O of the guide track52. In that movement, the locking pin51firstly encounters the end face S on the locking element53. InFIG.12b, the locking pin51is just encountering that end face S. InFIG.12c, the locking pin51has already moved the locking element53slightly in the opening direction OR by way of the end face S. The first transmission abutment61is formed by that end face S which is provided on the locking element53and which is oriented transversely relative to the holding surface H. The transmission element60is moveable in the opening movement by the locking pin51by virtue of that first transmission abutment61which projects into the opening portion O of the guide track52. Accordingly, synchronization or transmission of movement in respect of that opening movement to the second drive device1′ takes place. If unlocking has not yet taken place in the second drive device1′ in spite of overpressing of the moveable furniture part2—for whatever reasons—then the locking element53of the second drive device1′ is moved in the opening direction OR by that synchronization effect so that the locking element53no longer constitutes the latching recess R and the locking pin53of the second drive device1′ is unlocked. InFIGS.13a,13band13c, the ejection force storage means42has been relieved of stress still a little further so that the open position OS of the moveable furniture part2is reached. The locking pin51still bears against the end face S of the locking element53, but is already deflected by that inclined end face S by virtue of the gap between the locking element53and the peninsular-shaped region55of the guide track52. The movement of the transmission element60and thus synchronization of the second drive device1′ is thus concluded. InFIGS.14a,14band14c, the ejection force storage means42has been still further relieved of stress. The locking pin51has moved entirely through the gap56. If, starting from that position as shown inFIGS.14athrough14c—in which actually the ejection movement by the ejection device4takes place—a pressing force is by mistake applied to the moveable furniture part2in the closing direction SR, then the locking pin51, by virtue of the configuration of the opening portion O, cannot pass into the overpressing portion U or into the latching recess R again. For that reason, the guide track52has the run-free passage F shown inFIG.15. It is therein that the locking pin51can move non-destructively in the event of an excessively early closing movement implemented by mistake. InFIGS.16a,16band16cthe ejection or opening movement is almost concluded. The locking pin51is disposed in the last region of the opening portion O. The ejection force storage means42is almost completely relieved of stress or load. Finally, the moveable furniture part2and the drive device1pass again into the position shown inFIGS.5athrough5c. If in that position a user further pulls on the moveable furniture part in the opening direction OR then the entrainment catch lever48is rotated in the counter-clockwise direction about the axis of rotation X44by virtue of the cardioid configuration of the sliding guide track49. As a result the entrainment member15is no longer caught between the ejection slide41and the lever48. The moveable furniture part2can be freely moved. The drive device1is stationary and is not influenced by the moveable furniture part2. LIST OF REFERENCES 1(first) drive device1′ second drive device2moveable furniture part3carrier4ejection device41ejection slide42ejection force storage means43control lever44axis of rotation counterpart portionaxis of rotation counterpart portion46first force storage means base47second force storage means base48entrainment member catch lever49sliding guide tracklocking device51locking pin52guide track53locking element54inclined deflection portion55peninsular region56gap6synchronization device60transmission element61first transmission abutment62second transmission abutment63synchronization coupling element64carrier body65synchronization bar66synchronization coupling counterpart elements67teeth68teeth69receiving means7arrangement8article of furniture9furniture carcass10drawer receptacle box11front panel12drawer extension guide assembly13drawer rail14carcass rail15entrainment member16retraction deviceSS closed positionOS open positionÜS overpressing positionVS locking positionR latching recessH holding surfaceO opening portionS end faceC closing portionA abutment positionW evasion positionE latching portionU overpressing portionL mounting portionD pressing-through prevention passageF run-free passageSR closing directionOR opening directionBmaxmaximum guide track widthB63maximum width of the synchronization coupling elementB64maximum width of the carrier bodyX44axis of rotationX45axis of rotation

11857071

In the figures,1—a fixed slide rail,2—a middle slide rail,3—a movable slide rail,4—a second cage,5—a first cage,6—a first synchronizing rack,61—an elastic part,7—a second synchronizing rack,8—a synchronizing gear, and9—a gear seat. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In order to facilitate the understanding of the present disclosure, the present disclosure is described more completely below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings show preferred implementations of the present disclosure. The present closure is embodied in various forms without being limited to the implementations set forth herein. Rather, these implementations are provided so that the disclosure contents of the present disclosure will be understood more thoroughly and comprehensively. It should be noted that the above-mentioned “first” and “second” do not represent the specific quantity and order, and they are merely used to distinguish the name. Embodiment I: With reference toFIG.1toFIG.6, in the present embodiment, a drawer synchronous slide includes a fixed slide rail1, a middle slide rail2, and a movable slide rail3connected to each other slidably. A first cage5is arranged between the fixed slide rail1and the middle slide rail2, and a second cage4is arranged between the middle slide rail2and the movable slide rail3. The first cage5and the second cage4in the present embodiment are both composed of a ball installing frame and several balls installed on the ball installing frame, and neither the first cage5nor the second cage4of the present disclosure has a rack. The first cage15and the second cage4are used as slidable supports for the fixed slide rail1and the middle slide rail2, and the middle slide rail2and the movable slide rail3. In the present embodiment, a drawing direction of the slide is defined as a front-rear direction, and a direction perpendicular to the drawing direction is a left-right direction. In the present embodiment, the drawer synchronous slide further includes a synchronizing gear8, a first synchronizing rack6, a second synchronizing rack7, and a gear seat9. The first synchronizing rack6and the second synchronizing rack7are respectively independently and fixedly arranged on the movable slide rail3and the fixed slide rail1, that is, the second synchronizing rack7of the present embodiment is fixedly arranged on a second outer side wall11of the fixed slide rail1, and a tooth-shaped part of the second synchronizing rack7is horizontally outward and extends in the drawing direction. Specifically, an upper end position of the second synchronizing rack7is fixed on the second outer side wall11, and the tooth-shaped part of the second synchronizing rack7is located at its lower end position. The first synchronizing rack6in the present embodiment can be fixedly arranged on a first outer side wall31of the movable slide rail3, and a tooth-shaped part of the first synchronizing rack6is horizontally inward and extends in the drawing direction. Specifically, an upper end position of the first synchronizing rack6is fixed on the first outer side wall31, and the tooth-shaped part of the first synchronizing rack6is located at its lower end position. The tooth-shaped part of the first synchronizing rack6and the tooth-shaped part of the second synchronizing rack7are arranged horizontally and oppositely. In the present embodiment, an elastic part61is further integrally formed on the first synchronizing rack6. The elastic part61is located at a middle position of the first synchronizing rack6and extends in the drawing direction. The elastic part61is pre-deformed, such that its lower end generates an inward elastic stress on the tooth-shaped part located at the lower end position of the first synchronizing rack6. In the present embodiment, the gear seat9is of a U-shaped structure, a vertically extending elliptical shaft91is formed on the gear seat9, and a circular hole83embedded and matched with the elliptical shaft91is formed at a central position of the synchronizing gear8, such that the synchronizing gear8is rotatably installed on the gear seat9. An elastic claw is formed at a top end of the elliptical shaft91for fixed assembly of the gear seat9. In addition, an adjustment gap is provided between an outer wall of the elliptical shaft91in a short shaft direction and an inner wall of the circular hole83(an outer wall of the elliptical shaft91in a long shaft direction is in contact with the inner wall of the circular hole83), such that relative displacement adjustment can be made between the circular hole83and the elliptical shaft91in the short shaft direction, and the synchronizing gear8is finely adjusted with the gear seat9in the left-right direction. Further, an upper part of the gear seat9is fixedly installed at a bottom end position of an outer side wall of the middle slide rail2, such that the synchronizing gear8and the gear seat9are fixedly installed on the middle slide rail2. Left and right sides of the synchronizing gear installed on the middle slide rail2are respectively meshed and work in conjunction with the tooth-shaped part of the first synchronizing rack6and the tooth-shaped part of the second synchronizing rack7, effectively ensuring the synchronization and stability of the fixed slide rail1, the middle slide rail2, and the movable slide rail3in the drawing process. In the drawing process, the tooth-shaped part of the first synchronizing rack6is elastically pressed towards the synchronizing gear8by the elastic stress of the elastic part61on the tooth-shaped part of the first synchronizing rack6, thereby making the synchronizing gear8be in elastic contact with the tooth-shaped part of the first synchronizing rack6, which can be effectively adapted to the change of a center distance caused by the swing of the movable slide rail3, and ensure that the synchronizing gear8always cooperates with the tooth-shaped part. In addition, the synchronizing gear can be finely adjusted by combining the adjustment gap, which is more convenient for installation and more convenient for the meshing and matching of the two gear parts. In the present embodiment, limiting gears arranged coaxially are formed on the synchronizing gear, the limiting gear is integrally formed below the synchronizing gear, and a first pressure-bearing part60and a second pressure-bearing part70that are in abutment fit with a peripheral surface of the limiting gear are respectively formed on the first synchronizing rack6and the second synchronizing rack7. The first pressure-bearing part60and the second pressure- bearing part70work in conjunction with the limiting gear in an abutting manner, such that a diameter width of the limiting gear is used as the minimum center distance to prevent the center distance between the synchronizing gear8and the tooth-shaped part of the second synchronizing rack7from being too small. Further, the limiting gear81of the present embodiment is integrally formed below the synchronizing gear8, and the limiting gear81has a diameter equal to a pitch circle diameter of the synchronizing gear8. Based on the above component structures, the drawer synchronous slide is formed, and the drawing action is smoother and more stable. Embodiment II With reference toFIG.7andFIG.8, the difference between the present embodiment and Embodiment I is that a first clamping part extending in the drawing direction is formed at a bottom end of the first synchronizing rack6, and a second clamping part extending in the drawing direction is formed at a bottom end of the second synchronizing rack7. The second clamping part is of a U-shaped structure and is slidably embedded with the first clamping part, that is, the first clamping part is slidably clamped with the second clamping part. Further, the first synchronizing rack6and the second synchronizing rack7are capable of sliding relative to each other only in the drawing direction, which limits the displacement of the first synchronizing rack6and the second synchronizing rack7in the left-right direction, fixes the center distance between the synchronizing gear8and the first synchronizing rack6and the second synchronizing rack7, and enhances the stability of the drawing action of the synchronous slide. In the present embodiment, one end of the gear seat9is hinged on the middle slide rail2through a pin, and the other end is movably clamped to the middle slide rail2, such that the gear seat9is capable of swinging around a hinged shaft, so as to synchronously drive the synchronizing gear8for swing adjustment by a swinging action of the gear seat9, and the synchronizing gear8can be adapted to a relative position between the first synchronizing rack6and the second synchronizing rack7. Embodiment III: With reference toFIG.9, the difference between the present embodiment and Embodiment I is that two limiting gears81installed non-coaxially on the gear seat9are included. Axes of the two limiting gears81are both parallel to an axis of the synchronizing gear8, the axes of the two limiting gears81and the axis of the synchronizing gear8are both located in the drawing direction of the slide, and specifications and diameters of the two limiting gears81are the same, such that a first pressure-bearing part60and a second pressure-bearing part70that are in abutment fit with peripheral surfaces of the two limiting gears81are respectively formed on the first synchronizing rack6and the second synchronizing rack7. The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present disclosure rather than limitations on the present disclosure in any form. Any person skilled in the art can make many possible variations and modifications to the technical solutions of the present disclosure or modify them to be equivalent embodiments of the present disclosure using the above disclosed technical contents without departing from the technical solutions of the present disclosure. Therefore, equivalent changes made according to the idea of the present disclosure without departing from the content of the technical solutions of the present disclosure shall be covered within the protection scope of the present disclosure.

11857072

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG.1shows a perspective view of an item of furniture1comprising a furniture carcass2, in which drawers3are displaceably supported relative to the furniture carcass2by drawer pull-out guides4. Each of the drawer pull-out guides4includes a carcass rail5configured to be fixed to the furniture carcass2, and at least one extension rail6displaceable relative to the carcass rail5. The drawers3include a drawer rear wall7, sidewalls8and9, a drawer bottom10and a front wall11aligned in a parallel relationship to the drawer rear wall7. FIG.2ashows a perspective view of the drawer3, the drawer3having a first sidewall8and a second sidewall9. Each of the sidewalls8,9is configured as a hollow-chamber profile, and the first sidewall8includes an inner profiled wall8aand an outer profiled wall8bspaced from the inner profiled wall8a. The second sidewall9also includes an inner profiled wall9aand an outer profiled wall9b. The drawer rear wall7extends between the two sidewalls8,9of the drawer3. The front wall11is configured to be locked with usually provided locking devices18a,18bof the sidewalls8,9via holding portions (not shown), and the holding portions are to be fixed to the rear side of the front wall11. Each of the locking devices18a,18bis located between the profiled walls8a,8band9a,9bof the sidewalls8,9. FIG.2bshows the connecting region between the drawer rear wall7and the sidewall8of the drawer3. A recess12is provided in the rear end region of the sidewall8, and a fastening system of the sidewall8is arranged within the recess12. The fastening system of the sidewall8usually includes at least one, preferably a plurality of, fastening element(s)13. It is preferable that the fastening elements13are configured as locking elements for locking the drawer rear wall7to the sidewall8in a form-locking manner. The fastening elements13can be configured, for example, as spring tongues, in particular made of plastic. In a connected condition between the drawer rear wall7and the sidewall8, the fastening elements13are partially received within provided openings16(FIG.3b,FIG.5a) of the drawer rear wall7. FIG.3ashows a first embodiment of a drawer rear wall7. The drawer rear wall7includes a first fastening portion14afor connecting the drawer rear wall7to the first sidewall8of the drawer3, and a second fastening portion14bfor connecting the drawer rear wall7to the second sidewall9of the drawer3. The two fastening portions14a,14bof the drawer rear wall7are mutually spaced from one another in a longitudinal direction (L) of the drawer rear wall7by a middle portion14c. According to the invention, it is provided that a first wall thickness (W1,FIG.4b,FIG.5e) of at least one of the fastening portions14a,14b, preferably of both fastening portions14a,14b, is larger than a second wall thickness (W2,FIG.4b,FIG.5e) of the middle portion14c. For example, it can be provided that the first wall thickness (W1) of the fastening portions14a,14bis approximately 1.0 mm and/or that the second wall portion (W2) of the middle portion14cis approximately 0.5 mm. The middle portion14cand at least one of the two fastening portions14a,14b, preferably both fastening portions14a,14b, are configured as components separate from one another. The middle portion14cand/or the fastening portions14a,14bcan consist of a metallic material, preferably steel and/or aluminum. In order for the fastening portions14a,14bto be further connectable to the sidewalls8and9, the fastening portions14a,14bhave a conventional first wall thickness (for example 1 mm). On the contrary, the middle portion14cis designed with a smaller second wall thickness (W2), and the middle portion14ccan be formed of an extruded profile. FIG.3bshows the drawer rear wall7and the first fastening portion14ain an enlarged detail view. The first fastening portion14aincludes a mounting device15configured to releasably connect the first fastening portion14a(and therewith the middle portion14c) to the sidewall8. The mounting device15can include at least one least one plug connection, a locking connection, and/or a snap-connection device. In the shown embodiment, the mounting device15includes at least one or a plurality of openings16configured to receive the fastening elements13of the sidewalls8,9, as shown inFIG.2b. The drawer rear wall7includes at least one transverse limb17a,28extending over an entire length of the drawer rear wall7and having a constant width. According to an embodiment, it can be provided that the middle portion14cincludes at least one transverse limb17ahaving a first width (B), and that at least one of the two fastening portions14a,14b, preferably both fastening portions14a,14b, includes or include a further transverse limb28having a second width (B1), the first width (B) and the second width (B1) having substantially an identical size. It can be preferably provided that the at least one transverse limb17aof the middle portion14cand the at least one further transverse limb28of a fastening portion14a,14bor of the fastening portions14a,14b, in a connected condition, are arranged in a common plane. The middle portion14cincludes at least one transverse limb17a,17bformed on a longitudinal edge. The first transverse limb17aserves for preventing a sharp-edged longitudinal edge of the middle portion14c, whereas the second transverse limb17bis provided for supporting the drawer bottom10. The two transverse limbs17a,17bextend parallel to one another in the longitudinal direction (L). According to an embodiment, it can be provided that the at least two transverse limbs17a,17bprotrude from the middle portion14cin different directions, and/or the at least two transverse limbs17a,17bare mutually spaced from one another by a height of the middle portion14c. The middle portion14ccan include at least one protrusion19a,19bor a recess for connecting to the fastening portions14a,14b. The protrusions19a,19bengage into corresponding openings27of the fastening portions14a,14bin a connected condition. In a mechanical reversal, it is, of course, also possible that the protrusions19a,19bare formed on the fastening portions14a,14band the openings27are formed on the middle portion14c. However, the connection between the middle portion14cand the fastening portions14a,14bcan be established in any other manner, for example by means of conventional form-locking and/or force-locking connection devices. FIG.4ashows the drawer rear wall7with the middle portion14cand the two lateral fastening portions14a,14bin a view from the front, that is to say seen from the interior of the drawer3. FIG.4bshows a cross-sectional view along the plane A-A depicted inFIG.4a, in which the middle portion14cand the fastening portion14ato be connected therewith can be seen. A first wall thickness (W1) of one of the two fastening portions14a,14b, preferably of both fastening portions14a,14b, is larger than a second wall thickness (W2) of the middle portion14c. The middle portion14ccan include at least one mounting limb20for connecting the middle portion14cto one of the fastening portions14a,14b, the mounting limb20being connected to the middle portion14cby a step21. It can be preferably provided that at least one of the fastening portions14a,14b, preferably both fastening portions14a,14b, includes or include at least one spring element22a,22bconfigured to press the at least one mounting limb20against a wall23of the fastening portion14a,14b. In the shown embodiment, the fastening portion14aincludes two spring elements22a,22bmutually spaced from one another in a height direction. For example, the spring elements22a,22bcan be configured as tabs bent from the fastening portions14a,14b. The mounting limb20of the middle portion14ccan include at least one protrusion19bconfigured to be received in a corresponding opening27of the fastening portion14ain a connected condition between the middle portion14cand the fastening portion14a. FIG.4cshows the connected condition between the middle portion14cand the fastening portion14a, the spring elements22a,22burging the mounting limb20against the wall23of the fastening portion14a. By the spring elements22a,22b, the protrusion19bcan also be pressed into the corresponding opening27of the fastening portion14a. By virtue of the step21, it can be ensured that the transition region between the middle portion14cand the fastening portion14ais aligned flush and, therefore, can be formed in a visually attractive manner. FIG.5ashows an embodiment of a drawer rear wall7, in which the middle portion14cand the two fastening portions14a,14bare formed together to have an integral one-piece configuration. In an initial condition, the drawer rear wall7is configured flat and has a smaller second wall thickness (W2). The fastening portions14a,14bcan be produced, for example, by a bending procedure as shown inFIGS.5b-5e. On both end regions of the drawer rear wall7, a plurality of openings16is provided, and the openings16are provided for receiving the fastening elements13of the sidewalls8,9, as shown inFIG.2b. FIG.5bshows the drawer wall7as depicted inFIG.5ain a view from the top, and the drawer rear wall7is configured flat and has a reduced first wall thickness (W2). FIG.5cshows the drawer rear wall7, in which an edge25of the drawer rear wall7is bent perpendicularly in a forward direction in relation to the middle portion14c. FIG.5dshows that a partial portion29of the edge25is bent by 90° in a direction facing away from the fastening portion14a. FIG.5eshows that the edge25, from the position shown inFIG.5d, is bent via a foldover26. Therefore, a length of the edge25is approximately halved and the bent partial portion29according toFIG.5dbears against an inner side (that is to say on a side facing towards the middle of the drawer3) of the middle portion14c. As a result, the fastening portion14bhas a doubled first wall thickness (W1) than the second wall thickness (W2) of the middle portion14c. Therefore, the fastening portion14bcan be connected via the openings16to fastening elements13of the sidewalls8,9. The edge25, due to the partial portion29bearing against the inner side of the middle portion14c, can be stably arranged in relation to the middle portion14c. FIG.6a-6dshow the production process of a fastening portion14bin a temporal sequence, in which the drawer rear wall7is firstly present in a flat initial condition (FIG.6a). In a first step, the edge25with the openings16is bent perpendicularly in a forward direction (FIG.6b). Subsequently, the partial portion29is bent perpendicularly from the edge25, namely in a direction facing away from the fastening portion14a(FIG.6c). In a further step, the edge25is bent approximately by 180° in a direction facing towards the middle portion14c, whereby the foldover26can be produced and the partial portion29of the edge25bears against the middle portion14c. For producing the other fastening portion14c, the procedure is performed in an analogous manner. Subsequently, the two transverse limbs17a,17b(FIG.3a,3b) need to be bent perpendicularly from the middle portion14c, namely such that the two transverse limbs17a,17bextend in a parallel relationship to one another and protrude from the middle portion14cin different directions. FIG.7shows the drawer rear wall7as a finished product. The wall thickness (W1) of the fastening portion14a,14bis at least twice as large, preferably precisely twice as large, than the second wall thickness (W2) of the middle portion14c. Each of the two edges25of the fastening portions14a,14bincludes a plurality of openings16configured to at least partially receive the fastening elements13, preferably locking elements, arranged on the sidewalls8,9. At least one of the two partial portions29, preferably both partial portions29, of the fastening portions14a,14bbears or bear against the middle portion14c, whereby an undesirable deflection of the edges25in a direction facing towards the middle portion14ccan be prevented.

11857073

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically, also referred to as the “desktop workspace” in this document, includes a device and a method to raise and lower a platform that is part of the device. An exemplary use of the device is a work surface such as a desk, which can be moved to a desired vertical position. For example, the platform could hold objects such as a laptop, monitor, tablet, keyboard, mouse, and other desk items such as a stapler. The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically may include ancillary devices such as a monitor raiser, an external keyboard holder, mouse holder, cable organizer, or other devices. The platform raises vertically without protruding out along the horizontal plane, keeping the individual using the device from having to step backward to use the work surface platform when it is in a raised position. This configuration allows the operator to utilize the work surface platform at various heights. The examples and description suggest the device is used for supporting typical desktop objects, but the scope of this disclosure is intended to support other objects and to be used in other applications. The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically can be placed on an existing surface to provide a variable height working area that is adjusted by the operator. The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically includes at least one set of two arms that connect along their lengths at a pivot point, allowing a scissoring motion, which is part of the method for raising and lowering the work surface platform. When raised, the work surface platform raises in a substantially straight motion so that it stays in-line with the base. An element or mechanism such as a spring or motor is configured to provide a force to assist in the elevation of the work surface platform. A locking mechanism is configured to secure the work surface platform at a given height. The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically includes a height adjustment mechanism configured to assist in raising the work surface platform parallel to the surface it sits on, without moving back and forth or left to right; keeping the individual using the device from having to move backward to use the work surface platform when it is in a raised position. The height adjustment mechanism(s) may include items such as springs, gas springs, shock absorbers, an electric motor(s), or a linear actuator(s). The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically is directed to help individuals from sitting or standing for prolonged periods of time while they work. Studies have shown that sitting or standing for long periods of time can be detrimental to one's health. The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically is designed to assist individuals to be more alert and productive as they work. Studies show that moving from a sitting to standing position and vice versa help the human body to be more awake and alert. FIGS.1,1B,1C,2,2B,2C,6,7,7B,9, and10Cshow examples of The Desktop Workspace That Adjusts Vertically an assembled state. As shown, the desktop workspace includes a work surface platform10, a base12, and a height adjustment mechanism14residing between the work surface platform10and base12. The examples show that platform10is a work surface platform that supports desk items; for example, monitors, tablets, Computers, notebooks, and other objects. The height adjustment example 14 includes at least one set of two arms16&18. Arms16&18are connected at some point along their shafts at pivot point28. These pivoting arms connect at pivot points24and26on one end and slide along a sliding mechanism20or22at pivot and sliding point30or32. The arms pivot at28, arm16slides along20and arm18slides along22, creating a scissor motion to allow the work surface platform10to move up and down. This example with the pivoting arms moving in the scissor motion is the basis of the height adjustment mechanism14. Base12is the base that the height adjustment mechanism14connects to. Base12consists of one piece of material or multiple pieces of material.FIG.1portrays base12as one piece, whileFIG.1Bportrays base12as two pieces, andFIG.1Cportrays base12as one piece with portions removed. Base12is connected to pivot point26and sliding mechanism20. Sliding mechanisms20and22could also be directly connected to the arm(s) in the form of a slider or wheel, as portrayed inFIG.1C. The example inFIGS.1and2shows the present sliding mechanisms20and22as a groove cut through the wall of the supporting material.FIGS.1B and2Bshow another design of the present sliding mechanisms20and22as channel or track.FIGS.1C and2Cshow yet another design of the present sliding mechanisms20and22as a rolling device such as a wheel or bearing. All three are methods to illustrate that there is more than one possible way to accomplish the intended sliding motion. Arm16attaches to the sliding mechanism20at point32. Arm16moves back and forth along sliding mechanism20as part of the scissor motion used to obtain change in height of the work surface platform10. The sliding action that sliding mechanisms20and22assist could be accomplished through means other than the illustrated examples, for example, a track system, roller wheel system, or some other means could be used to allow arm16and18to move in a back and forth motion. This disclosure is not intended to limit the means of the sliding motion, but to establish the fact that the sliding motion is part of the function of the adjustable height mechanism. The mentioned sliding motion is part of the overall scissor motion that is created by the design to vertically raise the work surface platform10. Pivot point26is the element that attaches the base12to arm18. The examples inFIGS.1and2shows pivot26as being part of the wall of the base, andFIGS.1B,1C,2B, and2Cshows pivot26as being a bracket or similar connected to base12; pivot26could be located further in towards the center of base12and could be created as a stand-alone element such as a bracket or similar device. Pivot26is to be understood as a connection between base12and arm18, and to be a pivot point that allows arm18to rotate as part of the scissor motion of height adjustment mechanism14. In some examples, the desktop workspace could exclude base12, as shown inFIG.1D. In such examples, height adjustment mechanism14connects directly to the desk or surface that the desktop workspace that adjusts vertically is sitting on. The lower portion of arm18connects directly to the surface with a pivot point similar to element26. The lower portion of arm16connects to the surface and be guided to slide in a similar motion with an independent sliding mechanism such as, but not limited to, a track, channel, wheel, rail, or slot. FIG.4shows an example of part of height adjustment mechanism14, which assists in the vertical motion achieved to move the work surface platform10up and down in a smooth motion. Height adjustment14is designed so that it creates a vertical motion without any lateral or protruding motion side to side. Said another way, the scissor motion that height adjustment14creates allows work surface platform10to stay in alignment with base12as it raises or lowers. This alignment is intended, however some examples could include a method that does not align element10and12as raised and lowered. Height adjustment mechanism14consists of one or more pairs of pivot arms16&18, which have a pivoting point28at some point along their axis. Height adjustment mechanism14could also include a design where arms16&18do not actually connect at pivot point28, but still provide a similar motion. Arm16connects at pivot element24, and at point32which slide along sliding element20. Similarly, arm18connects at pivot element26and at pivot point30, which slides along sliding element22. Height adjustment mechanism14also includes components that make the disclosure more rigid, such as cross beam supports labeled as element68inFIGS.1C and2C. Pivot arms, pivot points, and sliding elements are designed to fit compactly together when the desktop workspace is in a lowered position, as can be seen inFIGS.7,7B, and10C. All elements align side-by-side in such a manner that when fully lowered the desktop workspace is very compact, looks sleek, and takes up minimal vertical space. The desktop workspace accomplishes such a compact state by having element20and24outside arm16, which is outside arm18, which is outside element22. This arrangement of elements allows the elements' to not overlap when desktop workspace that adjusts vertically is in a fully lowered position providing a substantially compact state. The desktop workspace is not limited to specific elements or locations of elements to achieve the height adjustment motion that results in a compact design where elements do not overlap. The illustrated examples ofFIGS.1and1Bsuggests that pivot points26and24are located in the back of desktop workspace, and that sliding mechanisms20and22are located in the front. The illustrated examples ofFIG.1Csuggests that pivot points26and24are located in the front of the desktop workspace and that sliding mechanisms20and22are located in the back. Some examples include a design where the pivot points and sliding mechanisms are at opposite sides, or some combination of both. As can be seen inFIGS.2,2B,2C,4,5B, and5Cpivoting arms, are attached to a cross beam34. Cross beam34assists in stabilizing the invention and assist all elements of the height adjustment mechanism to move in concert when a force is applied. The force can be applied from various methods and on various points of cross beam34, pivot arms16&18, pivot elements26&24, or sliding mechanisms20or22. Some examples include a design where element34does not span across the mechanism connecting all or some of the arms. FIG.4shows the force being applied by element36to cross beam34. Element36can apply a pushing and pulling force to cross beam36, which causes pivot arms16and18to move in a scissor motion. The example is intended to suggest that element36, which applies force to height adjustment mechanism14, can be a variety of different mechanisms, elements, or represent manual human force. For example, the force that element36provides could come from; a linear actuator, AC or DC motor, human force, gravity, springs, other objects with kinetic energy, or another source of force. For example,FIG.4illustrates element36as a linear actuator, whileFIG.5Cillustrates element36as a pair of springs. The combination of height adjustment mechanism14and a force represented by element36, create the scissor motion that moves the work surface platform vertically up and down. Examples portrayed inFIGS.4, and5show the scissor motion of height adjustment mechanism14. Examples can utilize element36or similar element in a different location; for example, the element could attach directly to arms16or18, or to one of the pivot points, instead of to element34. Some examples may not include element34or the like, where such a crossbeam or connection is not deemed necessary.FIG.4Bis a perspective view of an example height adjustment mechanism as shown inFIG.4, but without a cross beam34. InFIG.4B, elements36attach directly to arms18through arm pivot points31, instead of to element34.FIG.4Cis a perspective view of an example height adjustment mechanism as shown inFIG.4, but with element36connected to one of the scissoring pivot points28instead of to cross beam34. Examples inFIGS.4, and5include arrows that show some of the possible motions of mechanism14. Pivot arms are connected to one another at pivot point28. As one end of arm16moves along sliding mechanism20, the other end of the arm moves up or down vertically. When arm18pivots at point26, the other end of the arm slides along sliding mechanism22, which can be seen inFIGS.2,2B, and2Cand moves up and down vertically. The height adjustment mechanism moves vertically and is held or locked into position at various heights. Examples of the height adjustment mechanism use various methods to lock or hold in place. For example, element36acts as the locking device, or the locking device can be included in sliding mechanism(s)20&22, or the locking device can be included in pivot point(s)26and24, or the locking mechanism could entail another element not mentioned.FIG.5Dportrays a locking device that could include element34or other element engaging with element44. Pins or other element, portrayed as element48, engage with teeth or other element, portrayed as element46to lock the height adjustment mechanism in a desired position. The locking element can include, but not limited to, a linear actuator, a motor, applied pressure, locking teeth, or some other method to prevent arms16and18from moving, so that work surface platform10does not change vertical height. Applications utilizing a linear actuator or similar can allow the operator to adjust the height without the limitations of preset heights that some locking mechanisms only provide. Instead of preset heights created by an element with features such as preset holes, the linear actuator or something similar would allow the operator to set the height limit by stopping the linear actuator or similar at any point the operator chooses. The desktop workspace includes a locking mechanism that maintains the vertical position of surface10; the examples are not limited to specific elements to achieve the height locking function. Examples include a means to unlock the device so that the work surface platform10can change height. Examples can include, but not limited to, a button(s) to control a motor or the like, a handle that the user pulls on to unlock the device, or another device that unlocks the locking device.FIG.5Dportrays an example of a locking mechanism where element44acts as a handle that once pressure is applied to can both lock and unlock the height adjustment mechanism by engaging or disengaging the teeth, element46or similar to pin, element48or similar. Unlocking elements are suggested, however, examples are not limited to specific elements to achieve the unlocking function. The example shows sliding element(s)22and pivot element(s)24connect the height adjustment mechanism14to the work surface platform10. The example allows for the work surface platform to be raised and lowered, as well as locked into the desired position of the individual using the desktop workspace. This allows the user to utilize the desktop workspace that adjusts vertically while in a seated position or a standing position. FIG.8portrays the current design of elements40and42, which could be used to elevate a monitor, laptop, or other items to a level higher than that of work surface platform10. Additionally raising a monitor can create a more comfortable and healthier work space for the operator by bringing their screen(s) to a position closer to eye level.FIG.9shows elements40and42sitting on work surface platform10. Elements40and42are presently designed to be able to sit anywhere on surface10. Examples are not intended to limit the design of elements40and42. Elements40and42are intended to represent a method in which a monitor(s) can be elevated to height higher than if it were sitting on work surface platform10. It is to be understood that element40or42could be designed differently and still accomplish its function to raise the height of a monitor(s) or other items. FIGS.10, and10Bshow an example of part of keyboard tray mechanism50, which provides a platform for the user to place items such as a keyboard, mouse, or other items on. Keyboard mechanism50is configured move to a position that is in an outward and lowered position with respect to surface10. Such a position can provide a more ergonomic location of the keyboard and mouse for the user. Some examples include a design where the keyboard tray can be removed, adjusted, or designed so that it extends out when is in use and is compactly stored under surface10when not in use. FIGS.10and10Cshow an example of Keyboard tray50where it is configured to move underneath and flush with surface10to allow this disclosure to maintain its compact state once in a closed position. Bracket52connects to channel plate component54, which connects to bracket56, which connect to slider58, which connect to keyboard platform60. When the user applies an inward and upward force to platform60, channeled plate component54and slider58allow the keyboard tray mechanism to move to a position that is compactly positioned underneath platform10as portrayed inFIG.10C. Conversely, when an outward and downward force is applied to platform10, elements52,54,56, and58allow mechanism50to be in an out and down position as portrayed inFIGS.1C and2C. Said more specifically, plate54contains channels or grooves that guide brackets52and54connect to with pins, screws, or similar. When the user pulls or pushes up, down, in, or out on the platform60, the channels or grooves in plate54along with the sliding motion of slider58guide the platform to either rest in an outward state for typing or tucked away under the work surface platform10. FIG.10Bshows an example of keyboard tray mechanism50that attach to platform10. Bracket62attaches to platform10at element64and keyboard platform60at element66. Element64and66consists of a channel, bracket, or other means to attach bracket62to both platform10and platform60. Elements for keyboard tray mechanism50are suggested, however, examples are not limited to specific elements to achieve the function of the keyboard tray mechanism. The intention of the different examples discussed is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. The description and terminology is not intended to limit the scope and applicability of this disclosure. It should be understood that other terminology, parts, components, and layouts could be used that would still embody the intentions of this disclosure. Individuals skilled in the art will recognize that examples described have suitable alternatives. It is also noted that the examples are not limited to specific construction materials, and that various suitable materials exist for the elements of this disclosure.

11857074

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. This disclosure is generally directed to cabinets, such as, for example, cabinets for housing equipment and including corner brackets for providing structural support and fluid resistance between the corner brackets and frame members of the cabinet. According to some examples, the cabinets described herein may be assembled on site and may be scalable to meet the capacity requirements of the equipment being enclosed by the cabinet. For example, some examples of the cabinet may be formed by a frame assembled from frame members coupled to one another by brackets. The frame members may be provided (or modified on-site) to build a frame (e.g., off-site or on-site) defining the desired interior dimensions, and the brackets may be used to couple the frame members to one another. Thereafter, panels may be attached to the frame to create the cabinet. In some examples, one or more of the panels may be pivotally coupled to the frame to provide one or more doors configured to pivot between open and closed positions. In some examples, the equipment to be enclosed in the cabinet may be assembled and/or coupled to the interior of the cabinet during and/or after completion of assembly of the cabinet. In some examples, the corner brackets may provide both structural support for securely coupling two or more frame members to one another (e.g., rigidly coupling them to one another) and a substantially-fluid resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between the corner bracket and the two or more frame members and, in some examples, between the bracket and the panels of the cabinet. Some examples may also at least partially provide a cabinet that is scalable to tailor its exterior size and/or interior size to meet the capacity needs of a particular installation due to the cabinet being formed as a frame with panels secured thereto, as compared to a cabinet including a monolithic shell having a size that cannot be easily altered. For example, brackets such as at least some of the example corner brackets disclosed herein may be used with frame members having different lengths (or different combinations of frame members and brackets) to create cabinets having different dimensions to meet the capacity needs of a particular installation. In addition, some examples may provide an ability to repair and/or replace portions of a cabinet, for example, by removing one or more of the panels from the frame and repairing and/or replacing the portions of the cabinet desired to be replaced and/or repaired. In addition, if the future requirements of a particular installation change, such that, for example, a larger interior space is desired to meet greater interior capacity requirements, some examples may provide the ability to be modified to increase the size of cabinet, for example, by removing some of the exterior panels, increasing the size of the frame to the desired size using frame members and brackets, and installing panels onto the modified frame to create a cabinet having the desired interior capacity. FIG.1is a schematic perspective view of an example cabinet10including a detailed perspective view of an example corner joint12including an example corner bracket14coupling three example frame members16to one another. The example cabinet10shown inFIG.1is a cabinet10for enclosing fiber optic equipment, such as fiber optic cables including optical fibers, and connections and circuitry for facilitating broadband voice, video, and data transmission. In some examples, the cabinet may be a fiber optic distribution outdoor cabinet, which may be intended to be installed in an outdoor environment exposed to the elements. Other types of cabinets for enclosing other types of equipment are contemplated. As shown inFIG.1, the example cabinet10defines an interior18and an exterior20. In the example shown, the interior18includes various structures22known to those skilled in the art for facilitating routing and/or connection of fiber optic cables including optical fibers (not shown for clarity). The example cabinet10shown includes a frame24and a plurality of exterior panels26secured to the frame24for enclosing the interior18of the cabinet10. For example, the cabinet10includes a back panel28coupled to a back side of the frame24, a top panel30coupled to a top side of the frame24, a first side panel32coupled to a first side of the frame24, a second side panel34coupled to a second side of the frame24opposite the first side panel32, a first door panel36coupled to a front side of the frame24, such that it pivots with respect to the frame24, and a second door panel38coupled to a front side of the frame24, such that it pivots with respect to the frame24. In some examples, the cabinet10also includes a bottom panel40coupled to a bottom side of the frame24. In some examples, the bottom panel40may include apertures (not shown for clarity) facilitating entry of cables, such as, for example, fiber optic cables, into the interior18of the cabinet10. The example shown also includes a skirt42coupled to and extending around the periphery of the bottom of the frame24, which provides protection for cables entering the interior18of the cabinet10through the bottom panel40. As shown inFIG.1, one or more of the first door panel36or the second door panel38may include a latch assembly44for securing the first and/or second door panels36and38in the closed position. In the example shown, the latch assembly44includes an upper latch mechanism46and a lower latch mechanism48, each including a keeper (not shown) configured to selectively engage a respective upper member of the frame24and lower member of the frame24. AlthoughFIG.1shows the latch assembly44coupled to an interior side of the second door panel38, in some examples, a second latch mechanism may be coupled to the interior side of the first door panel36. As shown inFIG.1, the frame24includes frame members16coupled to one another via brackets, such as, for example, the example corner bracket14shown. The example corner bracket14defines an interior side50and an exterior side52and is configured to couple a first frame member54(e.g., a first cross member) having a first longitudinal axis X, a second frame member56(e.g., an upright) having a second longitudinal axis Y, and a third frame member58(e.g., a second cross member) having a third longitudinal axis Z to one another, for example, such that the longitudinal axes X, Y, and Z are mutually transverse to one another (e.g., substantially mutually orthogonal to one another). FIG.2is a schematic perspective view of an example frame24for a cabinet10including a detailed perspective partial section view of an example corner joint12. As shown inFIG.2, the frame24may include an upper back frame member60, an upper first side frame member62, an upper front frame member64, an upper second side frame member66opposite the upper first side frame member62, a lower back frame member68, a lower first side frame member70, a lower front frame member72, and a lower second side frame member74opposite the lower first side frame member70. The example frame24also includes a first upper corner bracket76coupling the upper back frame member60and the upper first side frame member62to one another, a second upper corner bracket78coupling the upper first side frame member62and the upper front frame member64to one another, a third upper corner bracket80coupling the upper front frame member64and the upper second side frame member66to one another, and a fourth upper corner bracket82coupling the upper second side frame member66and the upper back frame member60to one another. The example frame24further includes a first lower corner bracket84coupling the lower back frame member68and the lower first side frame70member to one another, a second lower corner bracket86coupling the lower first side frame member70and the lower front frame member72to one another, a third lower corner bracket88coupling the lower front frame member72and the lower second side frame member74to one another, and a fourth lower corner bracket90coupling the lower second side frame member74and the lower back frame member68to one another. In the example shown inFIG.2, the frame24also includes a first corner frame member92(e.g., an upright) coupling the first upper corner bracket76and the first lower corner bracket84to one another, a second corner frame member94(e.g., an upright) coupling the second upper corner bracket78and the second lower corner bracket86to one another, a third corner frame member96(e.g., an upright) coupling the third upper corner bracket80and third lower corner bracket88to one another, and a fourth corner frame member98(e.g., an upright) coupling the fourth upper corner bracket82and the fourth lower corner bracket90to one another. The example shown also includes brackets100in the upper and lower front frame members64and72, and brackets101in the upper and lower back frame members60and68. The brackets100and/or101may serve to increase the length of the frame24, provide coupling points102for additional frame members, such as frame member104, and/or provide structural support and/or fluid-resistant sealing structures (e.g., fluid-tight sealing structures) for one or more of the first door panel36and the second door panel38. Use of brackets such as the brackets100and/or101may facilitate expanding the length of the frame24. In some examples, although not shown, brackets similar to the brackets100and/or101may be used to facilitate increasing the height of the frame24by incorporating such brackets into the corner frame members. Such brackets may facilitate increasing the size of the cabinet, (e.g., on-site) without replacing the entire cabinet. In the example shown inFIG.2, one or more of the corner brackets (e.g., all of the corner brackets) may include a structural portion106including at least one first material, and a sealing portion108including at least one second material different than the at least one first material. In some examples, the at least one first material is relatively more rigid than the at least one second material, and the at least one second material is relatively more elastic than the at least one first material. For example, the at least one first material may be sufficiently rigid to rigidly secure the frame members16to one another, such that the frame24provides a structural support to which the panels26of the cabinet10(seeFIG.1) may be secured. In some examples, it may be desirable for the frame24to be sufficiently rigid to support the weight of the cabinet10and the equipment enclosed therein, and/or to prevent flexing of the frame24sufficient to compromise a substantially fluid- and/or dust-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between the frame24and the panels26coupled to the frame24. In some examples, the at least one first material may include one or more of steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, fiber reinforced plastic, carbon fiber, or any other suitable strong and rigid material(s). In some examples, the at least one second material may be sufficiently elastic to provide a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between the corner brackets14and the frame members16. In some examples, the at least one second material may include one or more of natural and/or synthetic rubbers and plastics. In some examples, the structural portion106is formed as a single unitary piece, for example, as shown inFIG.3. In the example shown inFIG.3, the structural portion106exhibits substantial bi-lateral symmetry with two halves107coupled to one another at a bend109. FIG.4is a schematic perspective exploded view of an example corner joint12including an example corner bracket14coupling three example frame members16to one another to form a corner joint12. For example, the frame members16include a first frame member54, a second frame member56, and a third frame member58defining respective longitudinal axes X, Y, and Z that are mutually transverse to one another (e.g., substantially mutually orthogonal to one another) when coupled to the example corner bracket14. In the example shown, the first frame member54and the third frame member58have substantially the same cross-section (e.g., the same size and/or shape taken orthogonal with respect to the respective longitudinal axes X and Z). For example, each of the first and third frame members54and58includes an upper flange110(e.g., a substantially planar flange) configured to extend toward the exterior side52of the corner bracket14when coupled to the corner bracket14. Each of the first and third frame members54and58also includes a web112(e.g., a substantially planar web) configured to extend transverse to (e.g., substantially orthogonal to) the upper flange110, and a lower channel114configured to extend away from the exterior side52of the corner bracket14when coupled to the corner bracket14, for example, in a direction substantially parallel to the upper flange110. In the example shown, the lower channel114includes a trough116(e.g., a substantially planar trough) extending from the web112and terminating with a lip118that extends transverse to the trough116(e.g., substantially orthogonal to the trough116). In the example shown, the web112, the trough116, and the lip118form a channel configured to provide a fluid passage between the web112and the lip118. The example second frame member56(e.g., an upright) defines a cross-section120(e.g., taken orthogonal with respect to the longitudinal axis Y) including a modified box section122. In some examples, the box section122includes a substantially rectangular (e.g., square) cross-section with one corner124of the cross-section120being open. Adjacent the open corner124, in some examples, the cross-section120includes a first flange126extending substantially transverse to (e.g., orthogonal to) the side128from which the first flange126extends, which, in the example shown, is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis X of the first frame member54. The cross-section120also includes a lateral channel130configured to extend transverse to the exterior side52of the corner bracket14when coupled to the corner bracket14, for example, in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Z of the third frame member58when coupled to the corner bracket14. In the example shown, the cross-section120includes a lateral trough132(e.g., a substantially planar lateral trough) extending from the first flange126and terminating with a lateral lip134that extends transverse to the lateral trough132(e.g., substantially orthogonal to the lateral trough132). In the example shown, the first flange126, the lateral trough132, and the lateral lip134form a channel configured to provide a fluid passage between the first flange126and the lateral lip134. In some examples, such as the example second frame member56shown inFIG.4, the cross-section120has bi-lateral symmetry. For example, the cross-section120also includes, adjacent the open corner124and opposite the first flange126, a second flange136extending substantially transverse to (e.g., orthogonal to) the second side138from which the second flange136extends, which, in the example shown, is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis Z of the third frame member58. The cross-section120also includes a second lateral channel140configured to extend transverse to the exterior side52of the corner bracket14when coupled to the corner bracket14, for example, in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis X of the first frame member54when coupled to the corner bracket14. In the example shown, the cross-section120includes a second lateral trough142(e.g., a substantially planar lateral trough) extending from the second flange136and terminating with a second lateral lip144that extends transverse to the second lateral trough142(e.g., substantially orthogonal to the second lateral trough142). In the example shown, the second flange136, the second lateral trough142, and the second lateral lip144form a channel configured to provide a fluid passage between the second flange136and the second lateral lip144. Although the corner bracket14, the first frame member54, the second frame56, and the third frame member58and related structures are sometimes described herein including terminology related to upper, lower, and lateral relationships, which may imply absolute relative orientations and/or relationships, these descriptions should not be interpreted in a manner to necessarily require absolute relationships, but rather, they should be interpreted in manner consistent with relative orientations and relationships. As shown inFIGS.4and5, the example corner bracket14includes a first receiver146defining a first longitudinal axis FR and receiving an end148of the first frame member54. In some examples, the first receiver146may include a first retainer portion150coupled to the end148of the first frame member54, and a first sealing interface152configured to provide a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between a portion of the end148of the first frame member54and the first receiver146. The example corner bracket14also includes a second receiver154defining a second longitudinal axis SR transverse to the first longitudinal axis FR of the first receiver146and configured to receive an end156of the second frame member56. In some examples, the second receiver154may include a second retainer portion158coupled to the end156of the second frame member56, and a second sealing interface160configured to provide a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between a portion of the end156of the second frame member56and the second receiver154. In some examples, the corner bracket14may further include a third receiver162defining a third longitudinal axis TR and configured to receive an end164of the third frame member58. The third receiver162may include a third retainer portion166coupled to the end164of the third frame member58, and a third sealing interface168configured to provide a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between a portion of the end164of the third frame member58and the third receiver162. In some examples, the relative positions of the first frame member54, the second frame member56, and the third frame member58may be arranged differently than shown. For example, the third frame member58could instead be designated the second frame member, and the second frame member56could instead be designated the third frame member. In the example shown, the first longitudinal axis FR of the first receiver146, the second longitudinal axis SR of the second receiver154, and the third longitudinal axis TR of the third receiver162are mutually transverse with respect to one another. In some examples, they are mutually orthogonal with respect to one another. As shown inFIGS.4and5, the structural portion106may include one or more of the first retainer portion150, the second retainer portion158, or the third retainer portion166. In some examples, the sealing portion108may include one or more of the first sealing interface152, the second sealing interface160, or the third sealing interface168. In some examples, the sealing portion108may at least partially encase the structural portion106. For example, the sealing portion108may be over-molded onto the structural portion106. In some examples, such as the examples shown inFIGS.4and5, the structural portion106may include a plurality of apertures170(see alsoFIG.3) in which a portion of the at least one second material may be received, providing engagement (e.g., additional engagement) between the structural portion106and the sealing portion108. In the example shown inFIGS.4and5, the corner bracket14also includes an inwardly extending flange172extending transverse with respect to the first receiver146and the second receiver154. In some examples, the structural portion106and the sealing portion108may comprise the inwardly extending flange172. In some examples, either the structural portion106or the sealing portion108may comprise the inwardly extending flange172. As shown inFIGS.4and5, the first retainer portion150may include a first attachment portion174presenting an abutment surface176facing a direction transverse to the first longitudinal axis FR of the first receiver146. In some examples, the first retainer portion150may include one or more holes178(see alsoFIG.3) extending through the first attachment portion174configured to receive fasteners179(e.g., screws and/or bolts (seeFIGS.1,2,7,8, and9) configured to secure the end148of the first frame member54to the first retainer portion150. In some examples, one or more of the second retainer portion158or the third retainer portion166may include respective second and third attachment portions180and182presenting respective second and third abutment surfaces184and186facing a direction transverse to the respective second and third longitudinal axes SR and TR of the respective second and third receivers154and162. In some examples, one or more of the second or third retainer portions158and166may include one or more holes178extending through the second and/or third attachment portions180and182configured to receive fasteners (e.g., screws and/or bolts) configured to secure the respective ends156and164of the second and third frame members56and58to the respective second and third retainer portions158and166. In some examples, one or more of the holes178may have a square-shaped cross-section configured to engage with a complimentary portion of a carriage bolt (not shown). In some examples, devices and/or methods other than fasteners may be used to couple one or more of the first frame member54, the second frame member56, or the third frame member58to the corner bracket14. In some examples, by attaching the frame members (e.g., directly) to the structural portion106, the frame members may be rigidly coupled to one another, with the structural portion106substantially maintaining the relative angles and/or relative positions between the frame members. As shown inFIG.5, some corner brackets14may include one or more levels188coupled to the corner bracket14. For example, the example corner bracket14shown inFIG.5includes two levels188(e.g., bubble levels) coupled to the first receiver146and the third receiver162, such that the levels188may be used to level the corner bracket14(e.g., and the frame24attached thereto) in two transverse (e.g., orthogonal) planes. As shown inFIG.6, the example corner bracket14defines an interior side50and an exterior side52, and the holes178may be surrounded on the interior side50by portions190of the sealing portion108. Some such examples may result in providing a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a substantially fluid-tight seal) between the interior side50and the exterior side52of the corner bracket14, even though the holes178for receiving fasteners pass from the interior side50to the exterior side52of the corner bracket14. As shown inFIG.6, some examples of the corner bracket14may be configured such that the sealing portion108defines exposed latching surfaces192of the structural portion106on the interior side50devoid of the at least one second material of the sealing portion108. The latching surfaces192may provide a rigid surface against which a portion of a latching assembly (e.g. a keeper) may abut. Referring toFIGS.5and7, in some examples, the first sealing interface152may include a seal stop194including a first seal stop portion196extending in a first direction transverse (e.g., orthogonal) to the first longitudinal axis FR of the first receiver146. In some examples, the first sealing interface152may also include a second seal stop portion198extending in a second direction oblique with respect to the first direction. The first seal stop portion196and the second seal stop portion198present respective seal surfaces for providing a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between the first seal stop portion196and a first portion of the end148of the first frame member54, and between the second seal stop portion198and a second portion of the end148of the first frame member54. In some examples of the corner bracket14, the second sealing interface160and/or the third sealing interface168may include respective first and/or second seal stop portions at least similar to the first seal stop portion196and second seal stop portion198. In some examples, for example, as shown inFIGS.5and7, the first sealing interface152may include opposing fluid barriers200and202extending in a direction substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis FR of the first receiver146and defining a pocket204configured to receive therein an edge portion206of the end148of the first frame member54. In some examples, the pocket204and related structure may provide a relatively more reliable fluid-resistant seal between the corner bracket14and the first frame member54. In some examples of the corner bracket14, the second sealing interface160and/or the third sealing interface168may include respective fluid barriers forming respective pockets at least similar to the opposing fluid barriers200and202and pocket204formed in the first sealing interface152. As shown inFIGS.4and5, the first sealing interface152may include a seal flange208extending in a first direction substantially transverse to the first longitudinal axis FR of the first receiver146. In some examples, the seal flange208may be configured to be biased against a surface of the first frame member54. For example, the seal flange208may be configured to be biased against the trough116and/or the lip118of the first frame member54, which may provide a relatively more reliable fluid-resistant seal between the corner bracket14and the first frame member54. In some examples of the corner bracket14, the second sealing interface160and/or the third sealing interface168may include respective seal flanges at least similar to the seal flange208formed in the first sealing interface152. FIG.8is a schematic perspective view of another example corner joint12, including another example corner bracket14coupling three example frame members16to one another. As shown inFIG.8, the first sealing interface152may also include a seal extension210extending from the seal flange208in the direction substantially parallel to the first direction and substantially transverse (e.g., orthogonal) to the seal flange208, thereby defining a partial sleeve configured to receive therein a portion of the end148of the first frame member54. For example, the seal flange208and the seal extension210may form a sleeve that wraps around the trough116and the lip118of the first frame member54on a side remote from the web112(e.g., on the underside of the trough116and the lip118when the first frame member54is an upper frame member). In some examples, the seal extension210, when combined with the seal flange208may provide a relatively more reliable fluid-resistant seal between the corner bracket14and the first frame member54. In some examples of the corner bracket14, the second sealing interface160and/or the third sealing interface168may include respective seal extensions at least similar to the seal extension210formed in the first sealing interface152. As shown inFIGS.5and7, some examples of the first sealing interface152may include a seal block212configured to abut a portion of an end surface of the first frame member54, and in some examples, such as shown, a portion of an end surface of the second frame member56. In some examples, the seal block212may be configured to present a continuation of the trough116and lip118of the first frame member54, and/or a continuation of the lateral trough132and lateral lip134of the second frame member56. In some examples, the seal block212may define one or more outboard recesses214configured to provide an overlapping interface with one or more of the lip118of the first frame member54or the lateral lip134of the second frame member56, which may provide a relatively more reliable fluid-resistant seal between the seal block212and the first frame member54and/or the second frame member56. As shown inFIGS.4,5, and7, some examples of the corner bracket14may include a second retainer portion158that includes a first lateral attachment portion216presenting a first lateral abutment surface218, and a second lateral attachment portion220coupled to the first lateral abutment surface218and presenting a second lateral abutment surface222. In some examples, the first lateral abutment surface218defines a first plane and the second lateral abutment surface222defines a second plane, and the first plane and the second plane are orthogonal with respect to one another, for example, as shown inFIG.5. In some examples, the first lateral attachment portion216and the second lateral attachment portion220provide bi-lateral symmetry, for example, as shown inFIG.5. In the examples shown, the first lateral attachment portion216and the second lateral attachment portion220each include one or more holes178configured to receive fasteners (not shown) configured to couple the second frame member56to the second retainer portion158. In some examples, for example, as shown inFIGS.4and7, the second sealing interface160of the second receiver154may include a seal rail224configured to be received in a cavity226defined by, for example, the box section122of the second frame member56. For example, the seal rail224may define a cross-section228including a first corner recess230configured to receive a first corner portion232of the box section122of the second frame member56, and a second corner recess234configured to receive a second corner portion236of the box section122of the second frame member56. The seal rail224, in some examples, may also include a key section238between first corner recess230and second corner recess234and configured to be received in the cavity226of the second frame member56. In some examples, the seal rail224may serve to register the second receiver154with the second frame member and provide a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between portions of the second frame member56(e.g., the box section122) and the corner bracket14. In some examples, a seal cap240(see, e.g.,FIG.5) may be provided at the end of the seal rail224to provide a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between an end of the box section122and the second sealing interface160of the corner bracket14. As shown inFIGS.4and5, some examples of the corner bracket14may include a second sealing interface160that includes a second seal stop242, including a first upright seal stop portion244extending in a first direction transverse to the second longitudinal axis SR of the second receiver154, and a second upright seal stop portion246extending in a second direction oblique with respect to the first direction. In some examples, the first upright seal stop portion244and the second upright seal stop portion246present respective seal surfaces for providing a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between the first upright seal stop portion244and a first portion of the end156of the second frame member56, and between the second upright seal stop portion246and a second portion of the end156of the second frame member56. As shown inFIG.5, some examples of the corner bracket14may include a second sealing interface160that includes an upright seal flange248extending in a direction substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis SR of the second receiver154. In some examples, the upright seal flange248may be configured to be biased against a surface of the second frame member56. In some examples, for example as shown inFIG.8, the second sealing interface160may also include an upright seal extension250extending from the upright seal flange248in the direction substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis SR of the second receiver154and substantially transverse (e.g., orthogonal) to the upright seal flange248, thereby defining a partial sleeve configured to receive therein a portion of the end156of the second frame member56. In some examples, the second sealing interface160has substantial bi-lateral symmetry. In such examples, such as shown inFIG.5, the first upright seal stop portion244, the second upright seal stop portion246, the upright seal flange248, and the upright seal extension250(seeFIG.8) are substantially repeated on both sides of the seal rail224. FIG.9is a schematic perspective view of a portion of an example cabinet10including an example corner bracket14, three example frame members16, and an example door panel36of the cabinet10. In the example shown inFIG.9, the door panel is shown in an open orientation relative to the third fame member58. In the example shown, a hinge structure252is coupled to second frame member56and pivotally supports the door panel36relative to the second frame member56. Some examples may include more than a single hinge structure252. In the example shown, the interior side of the door panel36includes a raised seal254extending at least partially (e.g., fully) around an interior periphery of the door panel36. The raised seal254is configured such that when the door panel36is in the closed orientation relative to the frame24, the raised seal254presses against the respective lips118and/or lateral lips134of the frame members54,56, and/or58of the frame24, thereby providing a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between the door panel36and the frame24when the door panel is closed. In an at least similar manner, other panels of the cabinet10may each include a raised seal at least similar to the raised seal254, for example, such that when the panel is coupled to the frame24a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) is provided between the respective panel and the frame24. In addition, in some examples of the corner bracket14, the sealing interface provides a substantially fluid-resistant seal (e.g., a fluid-tight seal) between the corner bracket14and the frame members coupled to one another at the corner bracket14. Thus, even though the corner brackets14include a structural portion formed from a material sufficiently rigid and/or strong to provide the frame24with sufficient strength and/or dimensional integrity to support the panels, the one or more door panels, and the equipment enclosed in the cabinet, the sealing interface, formed from a relatively more elastic material substantially prevents fluid and/or dirt and dust from entering the interior18of the cabinet10when the one or more door panels is/are closed. Although this subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as illustrative forms of implementing the claims.

11857075

All drawings are schematic and not necessarily to scale. Parts given a reference numerical designation in one figure may be considered to be the same parts where they appear in other figures without a numerical designation for brevity unless specifically labeled with a different part number and described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. In the description of embodiments disclosed herein, any reference to direction or orientation is merely intended for convenience of description and is not intended in any way to limit the scope of the present invention. Relative terms such as “lower,” “upper,” “horizontal,” “vertical,”, “above,” “below,” “up,” “down,” “top” and “bottom” as well as derivative thereof (e.g., “horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) should be construed to refer to the orientation as then described or as shown in the drawing under discussion. These relative terms are for convenience of description only and do not require that the apparatus be constructed or operated in a particular orientation. Terms such as “attached,” “connected,” “coupled,” “interconnected,” and similar refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expressly described otherwise. The term “fixed” refers to two structures that cannot be separated without damaging one of the structures. The term “filled” refers to a state that includes completely filled or partially filled. As used throughout, ranges are used as shorthand for describing each and every value that is within the range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. In addition, all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that of a cited reference, the present disclosure controls. The present invention relates generally to accessories that are mounted to a wall and serve a functional purpose. In particular, the accessories may be those typically found in a bathroom, such as a towel bar, a toilet paper holder, a grab bar, a robe hook, or the like. In other embodiments described herein, the accessory may be a ledge or shelf which can be mounted to a wall in a bathroom or in any other room of an interior space without any specific limitation. Other uses for the inventive techniques described herein are also possible and may fall within the scope of the claimed invention. As will be described in greater detail below with specific reference to the figures, the wall-mountable accessories include a solid body which forms an ornamental and functional part of the wall-mountable accessory. That is, the solid body may have a surface ornamentation or design which can appeal to consumers aesthetically. The surface ornamentation may take on many different forms and the specific design of the surface ornamentation is not to be limiting of the invention described herein. The surface ornamental may be a solid color, multiple colors, or designs that are formed from or intended to look like granite, marble, quartz, or the like. The solid body of the wall-mountable accessories may be formed, at least in part, from a brittle material. The term “brittle material” is a term of art that is well known to and readily understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art. In particular, a brittle material is a material which has a low ductility and a high hardness value such that the material breaks without significant deformation when under stress. That is, such brittle materials absorb very little, if any, energy before fracture. Brittle materials fail when subjected to stress with little elastic deformation and without significant plastic deformation. Thus, brittle materials go from a first state or shape to complete fracture without much, or in many cases any, deformation. This characteristic allows brittle materials to be pieced back together after fracture because the individual pieces have not plastically deformed. A benefit associated with brittle materials is that if an application can be designed for the brittle material where the brittle material will be subject to applied stress/pressure that is well under its limits, then the material will not deform or break, which provides a much more consistent dimensional performance (there will be no deformation occurring over time which could lead to shape changes and loose hardware). The materials described herein as being brittle are generally brittle at ambient temperature. Examples of brittle materials as used herein includes solid surface, glass, concrete, ceramic, cast marble, quartz, graphite, and acrylic. In some embodiments, the term brittle material may specifically exclude wood and metal. Materials such as concrete are composite materials that have two or more constituent materials (e.g., polymer+ceramic; ceramic 1+ceramic 2, cement+sand aggregate. In some embodiments, the brittle material is specifically intended to be solid surface material. One major benefit of utilizing solid surface material is that the colors and color combinations that can be used are infinite. Solid surface material can be made in solid colors, mixed colors, and any design imaginable. Solid surface material can mimic the appearance of granite, marble, stone, and other naturally occurring materials. Thus, using solid surface material for wall-mountable accessories enables transformation of an interior space in accordance with a designer's preferences and desires. However, due to the brittle nature of solid surface material (and the other brittle materials mentioned herein), such solid surface material (and other brittle material) accessories that are intended to be wall-mounted must interact with other components in certain ways as described herein in order to prevent failure. The invention described herein utilizes brittle materials such as solid surface material in ways not previously considered by understanding the properties and characteristics of the brittle materials and supporting them or interfacing them with other components of the same or different material in specific ways. Solid surface material is a man-made material formed from alumina trihydrate, acrylic, epoxy or polyester resins, and pigments. Solid surface material is non-porous which lends itself nicely to being useful in many applications, including in commercial kitchens and the like. Referring toFIGS.1-4, a wall-mountable accessory100will be described in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory100is configured to be mounted to a wall (as shown inFIG.4) and to serve a functional purpose when mounted on the wall. In the exemplified embodiment, the wall-mountable accessory100is a robe hook. However, the concepts described herein can be used for other types of wall-mountable accessories, such as towel bars, grab bars, toilet paper holders, ledges, shelves, and the like, some of which will be described below with respect to alternative embodiments of the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory100generally comprises a solid body110and a mounting assembly120. The solid body110comprises an outer surface111which may have some type of ornamentation thereon to provide a desired aesthetic. Thus, as noted above, the solid body110may contain any one of various different ornamental designs on its outer surface111which makes the solid body110suitable for use in different interior spaces. The solid body110may be formed from a brittle material. The brittle material may be solid and hard in some embodiments. As noted above, brittleness describes the property of a material that fractures when subjected to stress but has a little tendency to deform (either plastic deformation or elastic deformation) before fracture. Brittle materials are characterized by little deformation, poor capacity to resist impact and vibration of load, high compressive strength, low tensile strength, low, ductility, and high hardness. Examples of brittle materials from which the solid body110may be formed include solid surface, glass, concrete, ceramic, acrylic and others either described herein or known in the art as being brittle materials. Moreover, when describing a brittle material herein, the description relates to a material that is brittle at ambient or room temperature, which is approximately 72° F. The outer surface111of the solid body110comprises a front surface112, a rear surface113that is opposite the front surface112, and a peripheral surface or outer edge surface114which extends between the front and rear surfaces112,113. When the wall-mountable accessory100is mounted upon a wall105as shown inFIG.4, the rear surface113faces the wall and the front surface112faces away from the wall105. However, the solid body110is maintained spaced from the wall105by the mounting assembly120or portions thereof. In the exemplified embodiment, the solid body110comprises a through-through-hole115that extends from the front surface112to the rear surface113. Thus, in this embodiment the through-hole115extends through the entire thickness of the solid body110from the front surface112to the rear surface113. The solid body110therefore has the shape of a ring or donut with the through-hole115extending through a center of the solid body110. Other than the through-hole115, the solid body110is solid and non-hollow in the exemplified embodiment. In the exemplified embodiment the front and rear surfaces112,113of the solid body110are planar and parallel to the wall105upon which the wall-mountable accessory100is mounted. However, the specific characteristics of the front and rear surfaces112,113is not to be limiting of the invention and in other embodiments they could be wavy or have patterns or indentations. In still other embodiments, the solid body110could be maintained in an angled configuration such that the front and rear surfaces112,113are oriented obliquely relative to the wall105. The solid body110is mounted to the wall105via the mounting assembly120. In that regard, the mounting assembly120comprises a standoff130and a fastening pin150. The standoff130comprises a plate portion131having a front surface132and a rear surface133and a stem portion134that protrudes from the front surface132. In the exemplified embodiment, the standoff130is depicted as a unitary construct such that the plate portion131and the stem portion134are integrally formed. However, the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and in alternative embodiments (such as the one described below with reference toFIGS.35-37) the plate portion131and the stem portion134may be separate components that are coupled together with fasteners or the like as will be described below. In the exemplified embodiment the standoff130may be formed from metal. In other embodiments the stem portion134of the standoff130may be formed from metal and the plate portion131of the standoff130may be formed from other materials, including brittle materials such as solid surface materials or any other brittle material described herein. When the standoff130is mounted to the wall105, the rear surface133of the plate portion131faces the wall. More specifically, when the standoff130is mounted to the wall105, the rear surface133of the plate portion131abuts against the wall105. In the exemplified embodiment, the plate portion131of the standoff130has a circular shape, but the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and the plate portion131can take on any other shape, including polygon shapes and non-polygonal shapes, as may be desired. Moreover, the thickness of the plate portion131may be greater than that shown in other embodiments, particularly in embodiments where the plate portion131is formed from a brittle material such as solid surface. The stem portion134protrudes from the front surface132of the plate portion131and terminates in a distal end135. In the exemplified embodiment, the stem portion134is tubular and has a circular cross-sectional shape. However, the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and the stem portion134may have other shapes, such as being square or rectangular in cross-section, or the like. Thus, the invention is not to be limited by the shape of the stem portion134of the standoff130in all embodiments. Moreover, while the stem portion134is hollow in the exemplified embodiment, it could be solid or at least partially solid in other embodiments. In the exemplified embodiment, the standoff130comprises an internal passageway136that extends from the distal end135of the stem portion134to the rear surface133of the plate portion131. The internal passageway136is elongated along a passageway axis A-A that extends from the distal end135of the stem portion134to the rear surface133of the plate portion131. The internal passageway136is defined by a first inner surface portion137, a ledge portion138and a second inner surface portion139. The first inner surface portion137extends from the distal end135of the stem portion134to the ledge portion138and the second inner surface portion139extends from the ledge portion138to the rear surface133of the plate portion131. The first and second inner surface portions137,139extend in a direction parallel to the passageway axis A-A. In the exemplified embodiment, the ledge portion138extends in a direction perpendicular to the passageway axis A-A, although in other embodiments the ledge portion138may extend in a direction that is oblique to the passageway axis A-A. A first axial portion140of the internal passageway136that is defined by (surrounded by) the first inner surface portion137has a greater diameter than a second axial portion141of the internal passageway136that is defined by (surrounded by) the second inner surface portion138. Although in the exemplified embodiment the internal passageway136extends form the distal end135of the stem portion134to the rear surface133of the plate portion131, the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments. Specifically, in other embodiments the elongated passageway136may extend from an opening in the distal end135of the stem portion134but may not extend all the way to the rear surface133of the plate portion131. In such embodiments, the internal passageway136may be configured to receive a portion of the fastening pin150as described in greater detail below, but it may not be used to receive a fastener for mounting the standoff130to the wall105. Rather, in such an alternative implementation, there may be holes in the plate portion that receive fasteners which are used for coupling the standoff130to the wall105. As seen inFIGS.3and4, the mounting assembly120further comprises a fastener142that is configured to be inserted into the internal passageway136of the standoff130through the opening in the distal end135of the stem portion134for purposes of coupling the standoff130to the wall105. In the exemplified embodiment, the fastener142is a screw comprising a threaded portion or shank portion143and a head portion144. The head portion144has a greater diameter than the threaded portion143. Thus, the fastener142is inserted into the internal passageway136of the standoff130with the threaded portion143first. The threaded portion143eventually protrudes from the rear surface133of the plate portion131and may enter into a pre-drilled hole in the wall105. The fastener142is then screwed to the wall105until a lower surface145of the head portion144from which the threaded portion143extends abuts against the ledge portion138of the internal passageway136. The head portion144has a greater diameter than the second portion141of the internal passageway136, which prevents the head portion144from passing into the second portion141of the internal passageway136. Stated another way, the head portion144is permitted to enter into the first portion140of the internal passageway136but prevented from entering into the second portion141of the internal passageway136due to the relative dimensions of the head portion144of the fastener142and the first and second portions140,141of the internal passageway136. Although in the exemplified embodiment the fastener142is disposed within the internal passageway136to couple the standoff130to the wall105, the invention may not be so limited in all embodiments. In particular, in an alternative embodiment there may be fastener receiving holes formed through the plate portion131of the standoff130at locations external to the stem portion134of the standoff130. One or more fasteners may extend into and through such fastener receiving holes in the plate portion131of the standoff130to couple or mount the standoff130to the wall105in some alternative embodiments (and this may be done in combination with the fastener142in the internal passageway136as described above, although in such embodiments the internal passageway136could be omitted and the stem portion134, or at least a portion thereof, could be solid). The stem portion134of the standoff131also comprises an opening146that extends from an outer surface of the stem portion134to an inner surface of the stem portion134along the first portion140of the internal passageway136. The opening146extends from the outer surface to the inner surface of the stem portion134in a direction that is perpendicular to the passageway axis A-A. In the exemplified embodiment, the opening146is located closer to the distal end135of the stem portion134than to the plate portion131. The opening146is configured to receive a set screw147for purposes of coupling the fastening pin150of the mounting assembly120to the standoff130of the standoff120, as discussed in greater detail below. The set screw147may have a pointed tip in some embodiments, although such a pointed tip is not depicted in the drawings. The fastening pin150of the mounting assembly120comprises a tubular portion151that extends from a first end152to a second end153and a flange portion157that extends radially from the tubular portion151at the second end153. The tubular portion151is elongated in a direction extending from the first end152to the second end153. Moreover, in the exemplified embodiment the tubular portion151is hollow such that it includes an inner surface155that defines a hollow passageway156. However, the tubular portion151may be solid in other embodiments, although less material is used when the tubular portion151is hollow, thereby reducing costs. The hollow passageway156extends to an opening at the first end152of the tubular portion151, but the second end153of the tubular portion151is closed by the flange portion157. Thus, even if the hollow passageway156exists, a user cannot see into the hollow passageway156when the product is assembled as described herein. In some embodiments, the fastening pin150and the standoff130may be formed from metal. In one particular embodiment, the fastening pin150and the standoff130may be formed from stainless steel. Of course, other metals may be used in other embodiments. Moreover, in other embodiments the standoff130, or at least the stem portion134thereof, may be made from metal and the fastening pin150may be made from non-metal materials, such as any of the brittle materials described herein. The stem portion134of the standoff130is preferably formed from metal (or possibly plastic) to enable it to receive the set screw147as described herein. In the exemplified embodiment, the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150has a circular transverse cross-sectional shape, which matches the shape of the through-hole115in the solid body110and the shape of the internal passageway136of the standoff130. This allows for these parts to nest within each other, as described herein. Of course, it should be appreciated that the aforementioned parts or components need not be circular in all embodiments, but could have other shapes so long as they are similar shapes or shapes that are configured to allow for the interaction between the components as described herein below. Thus, the tubular portion151, the through-hole115and the internal passageway136of the stem portion134may all be square, or rectangular, or triangular in cross-section in various different embodiments, for example, without affecting the overall function as described herein. Referring toFIGS.3A and3B, another embodiment of the fastening pin150ais illustrated. The fastening pin150ais the same as the fastening pin150except with regard to the shape of the tubular portion thereof. In particular, the tubular portion of the fastening pin150ais not entirely round and does not have a circular transverse cross-sectional shape. Rather, the tubular portion of the fastening pin150acomprises two flat portions158athat are circumferentially spaced apart by two curved portions159a. The two flat portions158aare spaced approximately 180° apart from one another in the exemplified embodiment, although the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments. When the fastening pin150ais received within the standoff130, the set screw147may be configured to engage one of the flat portions158a. FIG.3Cis a cross-sectional view illustrating the engagement of the tubular portion of the fastening pin150awith the interior of the solid body110awhich defines the through-hole in the solid body110a. In particular, in this embodiment the through-hole in the solid body110ais defined by a wall having two flat portions and two curved portions that correspond and interact with the two flat portions158aand the two curved portions159aof the tubular portion of the fastening pin150a. Due to this engagement, the fastening pin150ais prevented from rotating relative to the solid body110a, and the solid body110ais similarly prevented from rotating relative to the fastening pin150a. Of course, other engagement surfaces may be used in other embodiments to pursue this anti-rotation feature. In fact, in one embodiment the tubular portion of the fastening pin150amay include only one flat portion and this may still successfully prevent relative rotation between the fastening pin150aand the solid body110a. In some embodiments, the tubular portion of the fastening pin150aand the through-hole in the solid body110amay be shaped or otherwise designed to have anti-rotation features to prevent relative rotation between those components. In other embodiment the tubular portion of the fastening pin150aand the through-hole in the solid body110amay be non-circular to achieve this anti-rotation feature, such as being oval shaped, square shaped, triangular shaped, or any other non-circular shape which forces the surfaces to engage one another and prevents relative rotation between the components. The wall-mountable accessory100is assembled in the following manner. First, the standoff130is coupled to the wall105. In particular, the standoff130is positioned so that the rear surface133of the plate portion131abuts against the outer surface of the wall105. Then, the fastener142is inserted into the internal passageway136of the standoff130until the threaded portion143extends into a pre-drilled hole in the wall105(or the threaded portion143may be forced through the wall105to form a hole in the wall105within which the threaded portion143will be embedded). A wall anchor may also be used if so desired to provide a more secure and stronger attachment/coupling of the standoff130to the wall105. Next, the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150is inserted through the through-hole115in the solid body110until an underside158of the flange portion157of the fastening pin150abuts against the front surface112of the solid body110. It should be appreciated that there may be a recess formed into the front surface112and the flange portion157of the fastening pin150may abut against the floor of such recess. However, for purposes of the invention described herein, the floor of a recess in the front surface112also forms a part of the front surface112. Thus, the front surface112is any exposed part of the solid body110along the front viewing region thereof. When the fastening pin150is positioned with the flange portion157abutting the front surface112of the solid body110, a first portion159of the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150nests within the through-hole115and a second portion160of the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150protrudes from the rear surface113of the solid body110. This is due to the fact that a length of the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150is greater than a thickness of the solid body110measured from the front surface112to the rear surface113. The flange portion157of the fastening pin150covers and closes the opening of the through-hole115which is located on the front surface112of the solid body110so that the through-hole115is no longer visible when viewed from the front surface112of the solid body110. Next, the fastening pin150is translated/moved so that the second portion160of the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150is inserted into the internal passageway136of the stem portion134of the standoff130. The fastening pin150is continued to be moved towards the standoff130until the distal end135of the stem portion134of the standoff130abuts against the rear surface113of the solid body110. At this point, the solid body110is sandwiched between the flange portion157of the fastening pin150and the distal end135of the stem portion134of the standoff130, as best shown inFIG.4. While applying a force F onto the support portion150in the direction of the wall105, the set screw147is inserted into the opening146and tightened until it presses against the second portion160of the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150which is nesting within the internal passageway136of the standoff130. In the exemplified embodiment, there is no pre-drilled hole in the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150. Thus, the set screw147may be formed with a pointed tip so that it can tightly grip onto and potentially penetrate the outer surface of the tubular portion151of the fastening pin150to form a secure coupling between the fastening pin150and the standoff130. In other embodiments, the tubular portion151may include an annular or partially annular recess within which the tip of the set screw147nests to lock the standoff130to the fastening pin150. The standoff130maintains the solid body110at a distance from the wall105. That is, the rear surface113of the solid body110is maintained at a distance from the wall105, which provides a space for a user to hang objects such as a robe from the solid body110. The space between the rear surface113of the solid body110and the wall105is determined by the length of the standoff130. When the wall-mountable accessory100is fully assembled as described above and shown inFIG.4, the mounting assembly120applies a stable compressive force onto the solid body110. In particular, the flange portion157of the fastening pin150and the distal end135of the stem portion134of the standoff130apply a compressive force onto the solid body110. That is, the solid body110is held under compression between the standoff130and the fastening pin150. In the exemplified embodiment, the distal end135of the stem portion134of the standoff130and the underside158of the flange portion157of the fastening pin150are annular in shape, such that the distal end135is in contact with an annular portion of the rear surface113of the solid body110and the underside158of the flange portion157is in contact with an annular portion of the front surface112of the solid body110. In the exemplified embodiment, the annular portions of the front and rear surfaces112,113of the solid body110are aligned and they surround the through-hole115in the solid body110. The solid body110is maintained in a consistent and stable compressive environment without any individual point forces acting thereon, which provides the brittle material of the solid body110with significant structural strength to prevent cracking, breaking, or other damage during normal use and wear and tear. As noted above, the flange portion157of the fastening pin150covers the through-hole115in the solid body110and also covers a portion of the front surface112of the solid body110. However, there remains a portion of the front surface112of the solid body110which is exposed and which surrounds the flange portion157of the fastening pin150. Furthermore, along the rear surface113of the solid body110, the distal end135of the stem portion134of the standoff130is the only portion of the mounting assembly120which contacts the rear surface113of the solid body110. The remainder of the rear surface113of the solid body110remains exposed. This is preferable because the solid body110has an ornamental design thereon as noted above so having parts of the outer surface of the solid body110exposed serves an aesthetic purpose. The fastening pin150may also have an ornamental design thereon as it may also be formed from a brittle material such as solid surface material. Alternatively the fastening pin150may be formed from metal. In either case, a beautiful aesthetic may be created by the appearance of the flange portion157of the fastening pin150and the solid body110. Referring toFIGS.5-8, another embodiment of a wall-mountable accessory200is illustrated in accordance with the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory200ofFIGS.5-8is a towel bar or a grab bar, which is elongated. As a result, the wall-mountable accessory200comprises two standoffs and two fastening pins, which will be described in a bit more detail below. However, it is worth noting that the assembly of the wall-mountable accessory200is very similar to the assembly of the wall-mountable assembly100described above, with the addition of a second standoff and a second fastening pin to support the solid body. This will be better appreciated from the description that follows. The wall-mountable accessory200comprises a solid body210and a mounting assembly220. In this embodiment, the solid body210is elongated along a longitudinal axis B-B, which is perpendicular to an axis of the mounting assembly220. Moreover, in this embodiment the solid body210comprises a first portion211formed from a brittle material, a second portion212formed from a brittle material, and a third portion213formed from metal such as stainless steel or the like. The third portion213may form a structural insert to provide structural integrity to the solid body210. Furthermore, the third portion213is disposed between the first and second portions211,212, which provides for a different aesthetic. In particular, whereas the first and second portions211,212may have an ornamental design thereon as has been noted above, the third portion213may have a metallic appearance (unless it is painted, which is also possible). The first, second, and third portions211,212,213of the solid body210may be coupled together using adhesives or fasteners, or they may be held together under compression by the mounting assembly220without requiring any adhesives or additional fasteners. Moreover, although the solid body210is formed from distinct first, second, and third portions211,212,213in the exemplified embodiment, the invention is not to be so limited. That is, in other embodiments the solid body210could be a singular, unitary structure formed from a brittle material similar to the solid body110of the wall-mountable accessory100described above. In still other embodiments, the solid body210may be formed from the brittle material with the structural metal insert embedded completely within the interior of the solid body210. Although only this embodiment shows the solid body210being formed from three distinct portions or components that are coupled together, it should be appreciated that all of the embodiments described herein may utilize this feature. Moreover, although in the exemplified embodiment the third portion213has similar dimensions to the first and second portions211,212, in other embodiments the third portion213may have a ring-like shape so long as its outer surface is flush with the outer surfaces of the first and second portions211,212. This will reduce costs due to reduction in material for the third portion213, which still achieving the same desirable aesthetic. The solid body210comprises a through-hole214that extends through each of the first, second, and third portions211,212,213. That is, each of the first, second, and third portions211,212,213of the solid body210comprises a hole and the various holes are aligned to form a through-hole214that extends through the solid body210from a front surface215of the solid body210to a rear surface216of the solid body210. More specifically, because the solid body210is elongated along the axis B-B, in the exemplified embodiment the solid body210comprises two of the through-holes214, each positioned adjacent to one of the opposing side edges/surfaces of the solid body210. Two through-holes214may be needed in order to securely mount the solid body210to a wall205as described in greater detail below, although it may be possible for the solid body210to be mounted with just a single through-hole in alternative embodiments, with this being somewhat dependent on the length and weight of the solid body210. The mounting assembly220interacts with/engages the through-holes214to mount the solid body210to the wall205as shown inFIG.8. In the exemplified embodiment, the solid body210has a curved front surface215and a curved rear surface216such that the solid body210has a somewhat oval cross-sectional shape. However, the invention is not to be particularly limited by the shape of the solid body210in all embodiments. That is, the solid body210may have a rectangular, circular, square, triangular, or other cross-sectional shape in other embodiments. The mounting assembly220is identical to the mounting assembly210previously described, except that it is duplicated and includes two standoffs230and two fastening pins250. However, each of the standoffs230is identical to the standoffs130described above, each of the fastening pins250is identical to the fastening pins150described above, and the interaction between the standoffs230and the fastening pins250both with each other and with the solid body210is identical to that which was described above. One of the standoffs230and fastening pins250is located adjacent to a first end of the solid body210and the other of the standoffs230and fastening pins250is located adjacent to the opposite second end of the solid body210, the first and second ends of the solid body210being ends of the solid body210in the direction of its longitudinal axis. The standoffs230each comprise a plate portion231having a front surface232and a rear surface233and a stem portion234extending from the front surface232to a distal end235. The stem portion234may be a separate component from the plate portion231as noted above and described in more detail with reference toFIGS.35-37. Furthermore, the standoffs230comprise an internal passageway236that extends from the distal end234of the stem portion234to the rear surface232of the plate portion231. The internal passageway236is configured to receive a fastener242such as a screw for purposes of coupling the standoff230to the wall205. Furthermore, the stem portion234comprises an opening246configured to receive a set screw247for coupling the standoff230to the fastening pin250. The opening246extends from an outer surface of the stem portion234to an inner surface of the stem portion234which defines a portion of the internal passageway236. The fastening pins250each comprise a tubular portion251extending from a first end252to a second end253and a flange portion254located at the second end253. The flange portion254extends radially outward from an outer surface of the tubular portion251. In the exemplified embodiment, the tubular portion251is tubular with a hollow interior having openings at both of the first and second ends252,253, with the flange portion254closing the opening in the second end253of the tubular portion251. The assembly of the wall-mountable accessory200is similar to the assembly of the wall-mountable assembly100provided above. Specifically, first the standoffs230are mounted to the wall205using the fasteners242. Next, the tubular portions251of the fastening pins250are inserted through the through-holes214of the solid body210until the flange portion251of the fastening pins250abuts against the front surface215of the solid body210. When so positioned, a distal portion255of the tubular portions251of the fastening pins250protrude from the rear surface216of the solid body210. As noted above, there are two through-holes214in the solid body210and two fastening pins250so that one fastening pin250is positioned in each of the two through-holes214. Of course, more or less through-holes214and corresponding fastening pins250may be used in different embodiments depending on the length and weight of the solid body210. Next, the distal portion255of the tubular portion251of each of the fastening pins250is inserted into the internal passageway236of one of the standoffs230until the rear surface216of the solid body210abuts against the distal end235of the stem portion234of the standoff230. Once so positioned, the set screw247is positioned within the opening246in the stem portion234of the standoff230and tightened until a tip end of the set screw247engages an outer surface of the distal portion255of the tubular portion251of the fastening pin250. In this position, the solid body210is compressed between the flange portion254of the fastening pin250and the distal end235of the stem portion234of the standoff230. The flange portion254of the fastening pin250and the distal end235of the stem portion234of the standoff230may apply a stable compressive force onto the solid body210to maximize the structural strength of the solid body210. Once mounted on the wall205, the axis B-B of the solid body210extends in a direction that is perpendicular to the passageway axis A-A of the internal passageway236of the standoff230. FIGS.9-12illustrate alterative wall-mountable accessories that can be mounted to a wall using the same components and techniques described herein. Specifically,FIG.9illustrates a wall-mountable accessory260in the form of a towel bar having an ornate design. The wall-mountable accessory260comprises a solid body261formed of a brittle material and a mounting assembly which comprises two standoffs262and two fastening pins263. The details of the mounting assembly are identical to those described herein and will not be described with reference toFIG.9in the interest of brevity. The mounting assembly may apply stable compressive forces onto the solid body261as has been described above. FIG.10illustrates yet another wall-mountable accessory270in the form of a towel bar or a grab bar. Again, the wall-mountable accessory270comprises a solid body271formed from a brittle material and a mounting assembly which comprises two standoffs272and two fastening pins273. The details of these components as described above is fully applicable to this embodiment and therefore a more detailed description of the wall-mountable accessory270is being omitted in the interest of brevity. FIGS.11and12illustrate yet another wall-mountable accessory280, which can be used as a hook for hanging items, such as a double robe hook. The wall-mountable accessory280comprises a solid body281formed from a brittle material and a mounting assembly which comprises two standoffs282and two fastening pins283. In the exemplary embodiment the standoffs282are both formed as part of a unitary structure on a single plate. However, the standoffs282could be separate components in other embodiments as with the embodiments previously described. The details of these components as described above is fully applicable to this embodiment and therefore a more detailed description of the wall-mountable accessory270is being omitted in the interest of brevity. Referring toFIGS.13-16, another embodiment of a wall-mountable accessory300will be described. The wall-mountable accessory300comprises a solid body310and a mounting assembly320, as with the embodiments described previously. In this embodiment, the solid body310forms a ledge or shelf which is configured to be mounted to and protrude from a wall305. Furthermore, in this embodiment, parts of the mounting assembly320are identical to the previously described mounting assemblies120,220and other parts of the mounting assembly120are specific to the wall-mountable accessory300. This will be explained in greater detail below. The solid body310is formed from a brittle material as with the previously described embodiments. The term brittle material has been defined previously and the definition of brittle material remains consistent throughout this disclosure. One particular material that the solid body310may be formed from is solid surface material, which has also been explained above. The solid body310comprises a top surface311, a bottom surface312, and a peripheral edge extending between the top and bottom surfaces311,312. In the exemplified embodiment, the solid body310has a rectangular shape, and thus the peripheral edge comprises a front edge313, a rear edge314, a first side edge315, and a second side edge316. In other embodiments, the solid body310may have a circular shape, a triangular shape, a square shape, or any other desired shape and thus the configuration of the peripheral edge may be modified from that which is shown and described with reference to the exemplified embodiment. As noted above, the solid body310forms a ledge or shelf. Thus, in the exemplified embodiment the top surface311of the solid body310is a flat, planar surface. Moreover, in the exemplified embodiment the bottom surface312is also a flat, planar surface, although this is not required in all embodiments. The solid body310may include a lip or raised wall protruding from the top surface311along any of one or more of the front edge313, the rear edge314, the first side edge315, or the second side edge316, although in the exemplified embodiment there is no such lip or raised wall. Such a raised lip or wall may be used to help maintain items on the ledge or shelf without them falling off. The solid body310comprises a first through-hole317that extends from the top surface311to the bottom surface312and a second through-hole318that extends from the top surface311to the bottom surface312. The first through-hole317is located equidistant between the front and rear edges313,314and adjacent to the first side edge315and the second through-hole318is located equidistant between the front and rear edges313,314and adjacent to the second side edge316. Thus, the solid body310has a centerline X-X that is located centrally between the first and second side edges315,316, and the first and second through-holes317,318are located on opposite sides of the centerline X-X. The first and second through-holes317,318extend entirely through the thickness of the solid body310so that there are openings in both of the top and bottom surfaces311,312. The mounting assembly320comprises a standoff330and a fastening pin350. More specifically, the mounting assembly320comprises two of the standoffs330and two of the fastening pins350. In other embodiments, the bracket may comprise one or more of the standoffs330and an equal number of one or more of the fastening pins350. The standoff330is identical to the standoffs130,230described previously. Thus, while a brief description of the standoff330will be provided herein, additional details about the standoff330are provided above with reference to the standoffs130,220and will not be repeated herein in the interest of brevity. The standoff330comprises a plate portion331having a front surface332and a rear surface333and a stem portion334that protrudes from the front surface332to a distal end335. The standoff330comprises an internal passageway336that extends from the distal end335of the stem portion334to the rear surface333of the plate portion331. However, as noted above, in alternative embodiments the internal passageway336may not extend all the way to the rear surface333of the plate portion331but may be isolated within the stem portion334of the standoff330. This is because while the internal passageway336is configured to receive a fastener342for coupling the standoff330to the wall205in the exemplified embodiment, in other embodiments fasteners may extend through openings in the plate portion331for this purpose. The standoff330comprises an opening337along the stem portion334which extends from an outer surface to an inner surface of the stem portion334. Thus, the opening337forms a passageway from an ambient environment into the internal passageway336. The opening337is configured to receive a set screw338which is used to couple a portion of the fastening pin350to the standoff330as described in greater detail below. The fastening pin350comprises an elongated member351that extends from a first end352to a second end353and a fastener360that is used to couple the solid body310to the elongated member351. In the exemplified embodiment, the elongated member351is tubular and has a circular or round cross-sectional shape. However, the elongated member351may take on other shapes in other embodiments so long as it is configured to engage the standoff330and the fastener360as described herein. The elongated member351comprises an outer surface354and an inner surface355, with the inner surface355defining a passageway356. Thus, in the exemplified embodiment the elongated member351is a hollow tubular member, although in other embodiments the elongated member351may be solid and non-hollow. In the exemplified embodiment, the first end352of the elongated member351is open to the passageway356and the second end353of the elongated member351is closed. This is generally done for aesthetics because the second end353is exposed to a room in which it is mounted. The elongated member351comprises a hole357that extends from the outer surface354to the inner surface355. The hole357is configured to mate with the fastener360to couple the solid body310to the fastening pin350, as described below. The wall-mountable accessory300is mounted to the wall305in the following manner. First, the fastener342is inserted into the internal passageway336of the standoff330until a distal end portion of the fastener342is embedded within the wall305. As discussed above, the internal passageway336includes a ledge portion338that prevents the head of the fastener342from passing entirely through the internal passageway336. Moreover, in other embodiments various fasteners may extend through openings in the plate portion331of the standoff330to couple the standoff330to the wall305. Once the standoff330is mounted to the wall305, the elongated member351of the fastening pin350is inserted into the internal passageway336of the stem portion334of the standoff330, with the first end352of the elongated member351entering the internal passageway336first. In the exemplified embodiment, the elongated member351is positioned within the internal passageway336of the stem portion334with the first end352of the elongated member351in contact with the ledge portion338of the internal passageway336. In this position, the head of the fastener342nests within the passageway356of the elongated member351of the fastening pin350. The elongated member351should be positioned so that the hole357faces upwardly to ensure that the fastener360will be able to engage the hole357as described herein. The set screw338can be inserted into the hole337and tightened at this point to couple the standoff330to the elongated member351of the fastening pin350. The set screw338may have a pointed tip to allow it to adequately engage the elongated member351to hold is securely within the internal passageway336of the stem portion334of the standoff330. As noted above, in the exemplified embodiment there are two of the standoff330and two of the fastening pins350. The duplicative components may be needed to provide adequate support for the solid body310. Moreover, although there are two standoffs330and two fastening pins350in the exemplified embodiment, it may be possible to use three or more of each of the standoffs330and the fastening pins350in other embodiments. The exact number of standoffs330and fastening pins350needed may be dictated based on the length and/or weight of the solid body310. Next, the solid body310is placed atop of the elongated members351so that the bottom surface312of the solid body310rests atop of the elongated members351. In the exemplified embodiment the solid body310is positioned so that the rear edge314abuts the distal end335of the stem portion334of the standoff330. However, this is not required in all embodiments and the solid body310may be positioned so that a space is maintained between the rear edge314of the solid body310and the distal end335of the stem portion334of the standoff330in other embodiments. However, it is important to ensure that the solid body310is positioned such that the first and second through-holes317,318are aligned with the holes357in the elongated members351of the fastening pins350. Once the solid body310is positioned as described above, one of the fasteners360is placed into each of the first and second through-holes317,318in the solid body310. The fasteners360are inserted through the first and second through-holes317,318and into the holes357in the elongated members351of the fastening pin350. This completes the attachment of the solid body310to the fastening pin350, which is in turn coupled to the mounting bracket330that is mounted on the wall305. As seen inFIG.16, a top end361of the fasteners361is flush with the top surface311of the solid body310, which maintains the seamless, planar, flat nature of the top surface311of the solid body310which can be important since the solid body310is intended to function as a ledge or shelf. In another embodiment, the wall-mountable assembly300may be sold with the solid body310already coupled to the elongated members351of the fastening pin350. In that regard, the fasteners360may be tamper-proof screws so that the attachment between the solid body310and the elongated members351cannot be undone without a special tool. This will make mounting of the wall-mountable assembly300to the wall305much easier. In particular, a user will simply have to mount the mounting bracket330to the wall305and then attach the elongated members351to the mounting bracket330using the set screws338as described above. It should be noted that the attachment between the fasteners360and each of the solid body310and the elongated members351of the fastening pin350causes the fasteners360to apply a stable compressive force onto the solid body310. In the exemplified embodiment, the through-holes317,318extend from the top surface311of the solid body310to the bottom surface312of the solid body310along an axis C-C. Furthermore, the through-holes317,318are defend by a sidewall370that comprises a first portion371that extends in a direction parallel to the axis C-C and a second portion372that is non-parallel to the axis C-C. In the exemplified embodiment, the second portion372is oriented obliquely relative to the axis C-C. However, in other embodiments the second portion372may be oriented perpendicular relative to the axis C-C. In the exemplified embodiment, the first portion371extends from the bottom surface312to the second portion372and the second portion372extends from the top surface311to the first portion371. The fastener360comprises a head portion362and a threaded portion363. The head portion362comprises a lower surface364that faces downwardly in a direction generally away from the top surface361of the fastener360. In the exemplified embodiment, the lower surface364is oriented oblique relative to the axial direction of the fastener360, although the lower surface364could be perpendicular to the axial direction of the fastener360in other embodiments. When the fastener360is inserted into the through-holes317,318and into the holes357in the tubular portions351of the fastening pin350, the lower surface364of the head portion362of the fasteners360engage the second portion372of the sidewall370of the holes317,318in the solid body310. It is the engagement between the lower surface364of the head portion362of the fasteners360and the second portion372of the sidewall370where the compression force is applied. The lower surface364of the head portion362of the fastener360should be in continuous contact with the second portion372of the sidewall370so that the compression force being applied is stable and free of any individual point forces. When the wall-mountable accessory300is mounted to the wall305, the rear edge314of the solid body310is spaced from the wall305by the standoff330. Thus, the standoff330forms a standoff that maintains the solid body310at a distance from the wall305. Moreover, in the exemplified embodiment the second end353of the elongated member351of the fastening pin350is even or flush with the front edge313of the solid body310. In other embodiments, the second end353of the elongated member351may be recessed relative to the front edge313of the solid body310to make the elongated member351less visible to a user. Referring toFIGS.17-20, another embodiment of a wall-mountable accessory400will be described in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory400generally comprises a solid body410and a mounting assembly420that is used to mount the solid body410to a wall405. Similar to the previous embodiment, in this embodiment the solid body410forms a ledge or shelf that protrudes from the wall405. The solid body410may be formed from a brittle material, such as solid surface, glass, concrete, ceramic, acrylic, and the like as discussed throughout this document. The solid body410comprises a top surface411, a bottom surface412, and a peripheral edge which includes a front edge413,414, and first and second side edges415,416. Of course, the exact configuration of the peripheral edge may be modified from that which is shown in the drawings in alternative embodiments depending on the overall shape of the solid body410. In this embodiment, the solid body410comprises a hole417formed into the rear edge414of the solid body410. Specifically, the hole417extends from an opening418in the rear edge414inwardly in a direction towards the front edge413. However, the hole417is not a through-hole and does not extend all the way to the front edge413. Rather, the hole417is a blind hole that terminates at a floor419that is located at some distance between the front and rear edges413,414. In the exemplified embodiment, the opening418in the rear edge414of the solid body410is elongated in a direction extending between the first and second side edges415,416. Moreover, in the exemplified embodiment there are two of the holes417formed into the rear edge414of the solid body410. Any number of holes417may be used as needed to securely couple the solid body410to the mounting assembly420for purposes of mounting the solid body410to the wall405. In the exemplified embodiment, the hole417is elongated in a direction moving from the rear edge414towards the front edge415of the solid body410. The hole417may have a length measured from the rear edge414of the solid body410to the floor419of the hole417that is between 20% and 80%, more specifically between 20% and 60%, and still more specifically between 30% and 50% of the length of the solid body410measured from the rear edge414to the front edge413. The mounting assembly420comprises a standoff430and a fastening pin450. More specifically, the mounting assembly420comprises two of the standoffs430and two of the fastening pins450, one for engaging each of the holes417of the solid body410. The number of standoffs430and fastening pins450may correspond with the number of holes417in the solid body410. The standoff430is identical to the standoffs130,230,330described previously, and thus the description of the standoffs130,230,330, provided above are fully applicable to the standoff430. Briefly, the standoff430comprises a plate portion431comprising a front surface432and a rear surface433and a stem portion434that protrudes from the front surface432to a distal end435. The stem portion434defines or comprises an internal passageway436. In the exemplified embodiment, the internal passageway436extends form the distal end435of the stem portion434to the rear surface432of the plate portion431so that a fastener442can be inserted into the internal passageway436for purposes of coupling the standoff430to the wall405. However, the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and the internal passageway436may be formed within the stem portion434but not also within the plate portion431of the standoff430, as has been described above. The stem portion434comprises a hole437that extends from the outer surface of the stem portion434into the internal passageway436. The hole437is configured to receive a set screw438for coupling the fastening pin450to the standoff430, as shown inFIG.20. The fastening pin450is quite different structurally from the fastening pins previously described. The fastening pin450comprises a first portion451that is configured to nest within the internal passageway436of the standoff430to attach the fastening pin450to the standoff430and a second portion452that is configured to be coupled to the solid body410. In the exemplified embodiment, the first portion451is a cylindrical member with one or more recesses therein for receiving the set screw438. Of course, the specific shape of the first portion451may be modified as needed to ensure that it can fit into the internal passageway436of the standoff430. The second portion452of the fastening pin450is U-shaped and comprises a rear wall453having a rear surface454from which the first portion451extends and a front surface455opposite the rear surface454. Furthermore, the second portion452of the fastening pin450comprises a top leg456that extends from the front surface455of the rear wall453and a bottom leg457that extends from the front surface455of the rear wall453. The top and bottom legs456,457are spaced apart from one another so that a receiving channel458is defined in the space between the top and bottom legs456,457. In the exemplified embodiment, the bottom leg457has a greater length than the top leg456. In other embodiments the top and bottom legs456,457may have the same length, although having the bottom leg457longer may provide necessary added support to the solid body410in some embodiments. The second portion452of the fastening pin450is coupled to the solid body410. More specifically, the top leg456is positioned within the hole417in the solid body410. A lower portion406of the solid body410that is located between the hole417and the bottom surface412of the solid body410nests within the receiving channel458defined in the space between the top and bottom legs456,457of the second portion452of the fastening pin450. In some embodiments, an adhesive or other fillers may be placed on the top leg456of the second portion452of the fastening pin450and/or within the hole417in the solid body410to strengthen the attachment between the fastening pin450and the solid body410. When the second portion452of the fastening pin450is attached to the solid body410as described above and best shown inFIG.20, a stable compression force is applied by the second portion452of the fastening pin450onto the lower portion406of the solid body410. This may be achieved by having a height of the receiving channel458be less than a thickness of the lower portion406of the solid body410, which will result in the top and bottom legs456,457being slightly pulled apart from one another when the lower portion406of the solid body410is located within the receiving channel458. The top and bottom legs456,457may then apply the stable compression force onto the lower portion406of the solid body410as the top and bottom legs456,457work to attain their natural state/position. Stated another way, the lower portion406of the solid body410is held in an equal pressure scenario to provide the solid body410with maximum structural stability. As with the embodiments described previously, the solid body410may be coupled to the fastening pin450by the manufacturer. That is, the wall-mountable accessory400may be sold to consumers with the solid body410already coupled to the fastening pin450. This makes for an easy plug-and-play situation whereby assembly simply requires coupling the mounting bracket430to the wall405and then securing the fastening pin450to the mounting bracket430using the set screw438as described above. FIGS.21-24illustrate yet another wall-mountable accessory500. The wall-mountable accessory500is similar to the wall-mountable accessory400with a few modifications. The wall-mountable accessory500comprises a solid body510in the form of a shelf or ledge and a mounting assembly520for coupling the solid body510to a wall505. The solid body510has a rear edge513with a hole517, much like the solid body410. Moreover, the hole517is a blind hole that does not extend all the way to a front edge512of the solid body510, but instead terminates in a floor519. In this embodiment, the hole517is tapered as it extends from the rear edge513towards the front edge512of the solid body510. That is, a diameter of the hole517decreases as it extends further from the rear edge513of the solid body510. In this embodiment, the mounting assembly520comprises a standoff530which is identical to the standoff430and a fastening pin550. The standoff530comprises a plate portion531and a stem portion534that extends from the plate portion531to a distal end535. The stem portion534defines an internal passageway536, and all of these features are the same as the features of the standoff430described previously. The standoff530may be coupled to the wall505using a fastener542. The fastening pin550comprises a first portion551and a second portion552. The first portion551of the fastening pin550is identical to the first portion451of the fastening pin450described above. The first portion551of the fastening pin550is configured to nest within the internal passageway536of the standoff530for purposes of coupling the fastening pin550to the standoff530. As shown, a set screw538is inserted into an opening537in the stem portion534of the standoff530and engages the first portion551of the fastening pin550to couple the standoff530and the fastening pin550together. The second portion552of the fastening pin550differs from the second portion452of the fastening pin550described above. The reason for this is that the second portion552of the fastening pin550is the part that engages with the solid body510, and the hole517in the solid body510is of a different configuration than the hole417in the solid body410described above. Therefore, the second portion552of the fastening pin550must also be modified to match the hole517in the solid body510. In that regard, the second portion552of the fastening pin550protrudes from the first portion551of the fastening pin550and terminates in a distal end553. Moreover, the second portion552of the fastening pin550is tapered as it extends from the first portion551of the fastening pin550towards the distal end553. Thus, both the second portion552of the fastening pin550and the hole517in the solid body510are tapered, so that the second portion552of the fastening pin550is configured to nest within the hole517to couple the solid body510to the fastening pin550. There are several ways that the second portion552of the fastening pin550may be fit to the hole517to securely couple the solid body510to the fastening pin550. In one embodiment, the second portion552of the fastening pin550may be slightly smaller in diameter (e.g., several thousands of an inch) than the hole517so that the second portion552of the fastening pin500can fit within the hole517. In such an embodiment, adhesives or fillers would be located in the hole517or coated onto the second portion552of the fastening pin550so that when the adhesives and/or fillers harden, the combination of the second portion552and the adhesives/fillers has a virtually identical size/diameter as the hole517. As a result, the second portion552plus adhesives/fillers will apply a stable compressive force internally onto the walls of the solid body510which surround the hole517. It may also be able to achieve this without adhesives or fillers with a simple tight fit, friction fit, or interference fit, by appropriately sizing the second portion552of the fastening pin550relative to the hole517, although there may be some difficulty in achieving this perfect fit in real world manufacturing scenarios. In another embodiment, the second portion552of the fastening pin550may be formed as a micro threaded screw. In such an embodiment, the outer diameter of the micro threaded screw where the screw threads terminate may be greater than the diameter of the hole517. With a micro threaded screw, the screw threads are flat, cover more than 50% of the surface of the fastener, and the threads are only raised a few thousandths of an inch off the valley. Thus, as the second portion552is inserted into the hole517, the second portion552will be able to progressively go deeper into the hole517while wedging itself into the hole. The fastening pin550may be screwed into the hole517in a more traditional sense in this embodiment by rotating the fastening pin550to move the distal end553of the second portion552deeper into the hole517. The valley of the micro threaded screw (i.e., the portions of the micro threaded screw between the threads) has a smaller diameter than the hole517, which provides a relief when the micro threaded screw (i.e., the second portion552) is being inserted into the hole517. Because the outer diameter of the threads of the micro threaded screw may be larger than the diameter of the hole517, the threads engage the sidewall of the solid body510which surrounds/defines the hole517, thereby achieving a secure coupling between the second portion552of the fastening pin550and the solid body510. Moreover, it should be appreciated that in an embodiment whereby the second portion552forms a micro threaded screw, the second portion552may not be tapered, but rather may have a consistent diameter throughout most, if not all, of its length. Thus, in some embodiments the hole517may also not be tapered but may instead have a constant diameter. The threads of the micro threaded screw would in such embodiment engage the sidewall of the hole517as described above. Threading in the micro threaded screw will create an equal internal pressure against the sidewall of the solid body510which surrounds the hole517. In this embodiment, the rear edge514of the solid body510abuts against the distal edge536of the stem portion534of the standoff530when the wall-mountable accessory500is mounted to the wall505. However, the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and it may be possible for the rear edge514of the solid body510to be spaced from the distal edge536of the stem portion534of the standoff530. Moreover, as with the other embodiments illustrated and described herein, the rear edge514of the solid body510is spaced apart from the wall505because the standoff530functions as a standoff. As with the previous embodiments, the fastening pin550may be coupled to the solid body510by the manufacturer before sale to consumers so that assembly at the installation site simply requires mounting the standoff530to the wall505and then attaching the fastening pin550to the standoff530. Referring toFIGS.25-28, an additional embodiment of a wall-mountable accessory600is illustrated and will be briefly described. The wall-mountable accessory600includes mounting components that are similar to those described above with reference to the wall-mountable accessory100. In particular, the wall-mountable accessory600includes a solid body610that is in effect sandwiched between two components of a mounting assembly620. However, in this embodiment the wall-mountable accessory600is specifically designed as a toilet paper holder. As such, the solid body610is configured to rotate/pivot while remaining mounted on a wall605, which requires some modification as described further below. As with the other embodiments described herein, the solid body610is formed from a brittle material, such as a solid surface material or one of the other materials noted herein. The solid body610may therefore have any of a number of different ornamental appearances on its outer surfaces to match a desired décor. The solid body610is elongated from a first end601to a second end602and comprises a front surface611, a rear surface612, and a peripheral edge613that extends between the front and rear surfaces611,612. The solid body610is somewhat flat in the exemplified embodiment, but may take on more of a round profile, or one with a square, rectangular, or other polygonal profile. The solid body610should have a thickness or width or diameter which is less than a diameter of a toilet paper tube so that the toilet paper roll may be supported on the solid body610. The solid body610comprises a first hole614and a second hole615, each of which extends through the solid body610from the front surface611to the rear surface612. In the exemplified embodiment, the first hole614is a through-hole that is spaced inwardly of the peripheral edge613at a location that is adjacent to the first end601of the solid body610. The second hole615is a through-hole that is located adjacent to the second end602of the solid body610. However, the second hole615is not entirely spaced inwardly from the peripheral edge613of the solid body610. Rather, the second hole615extends to the peripheral edge613so that the second hole615forms an opening in the peripheral edge613along a lower end of the solid body610. This allows the solid body610to pivot about an axis that is coincident with an axis of the first hole614, as discussed in greater detail below. The mounting assembly620is identical to the mounting assembly120previously described. Thus, while the mounting assembly620will be described briefly here, it is noted that additional details of the mounting assembly620are provided above with the description of the mounting assembly120, and that description and discussion is entirely applicable to the mounting assembly120. In particular, the mounting assembly620comprises a standoff630and a fastening pin650. The standoff630comprises a plate portion631and a stem portion634that protrudes from the plate portion631to a distal end635. The standoff630comprises an internal passageway636that extends from the distal end635of the stem portion634to a rear surface of the plate portion631. In other embodiments, the internal passageway636may be confined only within the stem portion634and may not extend to the rear surface of the standoff630. However, in the exemplified embodiment the internal passageway636is configured to receive a fastener (such as a screw)642for coupling the standoff630to the wall605. The stem portion634also has an opening637adjacent to the distal end635for receiving a set screw638that facilitates the coupling of the standoff630to the fastening pin650. The fastening pin650comprises a tubular portion651that extends from a first end652to a second end653and a flange portion654located at the second end653. The flange portion654sticks out/protrudes radially beyond the outer surface of the tubular portion651at the second end653thereof. During assembly, the tubular portion651of the fastening pin650is inserted through the hole614in the solid body610and into the internal passageway636of the standoff630. The set screw638is then tightened to couple the fastening pin650to the standoff630. Additionally, a second tubular portion651of a second fastening pin650is inserted through the hole615in the solid body610and into an internal passageway636of another one of the standoffs630(and a set screw is used to couple these as well). When so assembled, the solid body610is sandwiched between the flange portion654of the fastening pin650and the distal end635of the stem portion634of the standoff630. As noted above, the flange portion654and the distal end635may apply a stable compressive force onto the solid body610to provide structural strength and integrity to the brittle material which forms the solid body610or a portion thereof. This compressive force is similar to that which has been described previously in this document. Moreover, as noted above, the main difference between the wall-mountable accessory600as compared to the wall-mountable accessory200, for example, is that the wall-mountable accessory600is configured to allow for pivoting/rotating of the solid body610about a pivot axis D-D (seeFIG.25). This is possible due to the fact that the hole615extends to an opening in the bottom of the peripheral edge613of the solid body610. In particular, as seen inFIG.25, the solid body610is configured to pivot about the pivot axis D-D by lifting the second end602of the solid body610upward in the direction of the arrow R so that the portion of the fastening pin650that is located within the hole615passes through the opening in the bottom of the peripheral edge613of the solid body610. Thus, a user can pivot the solid body610in order to remove an empty toilet paper tube and replace it with a new roll of toilet paper. Once the new roll of toilet paper is positioned around the solid body610, the solid body610can be pivoted in the opposite direction to reinsert the portion of the fastening pin650within the hole615in the solid body610. Referring toFIGS.29-31, a wall-mountable accessory700will be described in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory700generally comprises a solid body710, a standoff730, and a rod member750. The solid body710and the rod member750may be formed from a brittle material, such as a solid surface material or any other material which may be deemed a brittle material, including the materials described herein above. The solid body710and the rod member750are separate components which are coupled together as described herein. The standoff730comprises a plate portion731having a front surface732and a rear surface733and a stem portion734protruding from the front surface732of the plate portion731to a distal end735. The standoff730may be formed entirely of a non-brittle material such as metal. In other embodiments, the plate portion731of the standoff730may be formed from a brittle material such as solid surface material and the stem portion734may be a separate component from the plate portion731which is formed from metal or plastic or the like. The standoff730comprises an internal passageway736that extends from an opening in the distal end735of the stem portion734to an opening in the rear surface733of the plate portion731. As with the previously described embodiments, the internal passageway736comprises a first axial section737located adjacent to the distal end735of the stem portion734, a second axial section738located adjacent to the rear surface733of the plate portion731, and a transition section739located between the first and second axial sections737,738. The first axial section737has a greater diameter than the second axial section738. The transition section739has a diameter which decrease moving from the first axial section737to the second axial section738. Thus, a fastener740can be inserted into the internal passageway736such that a head portion741of the fastener nest within the transition section739and a shank portion742of the fastener extends into the second axial section738and protrudes form the rear surface733of the plate portion731. The shank portion742can then be embedded within a wall to mount the standoff730to the wall. The rod portion750extends from a first end751to a second end752along a longitudinal axis. The rod portion750has a constant diameter in the exemplified embodiment, but could have variations in its diameter in other embodiments. For example, the ends of the rod portion750could have smaller diameter connection portions than the remainder of the rod portion750. As noted above, the rod portion750is formed from a brittle material such as a solid surface material. The solid body710has a front surface711and a rear surface712opposite the front surface711. The solid body710is round in the exemplified embodiment with the front and rear surfaces711,712being flat and planar and parallel to one another. However, the solid body710could take on other shapes, including being triangular, square, or any other polygon, regular, or irregular shape as may be desired, including having wavy or undulating surfaces or the like. The solid body710has a blind hole713formed into the rear surface712. The blind hole713extends from an opening in the rear surface712to a floor714. To assemble the wall-mountable accessory700, the standoff730is first mounted to the wall using the fastener740as has been described herein. Separately, the rod member750must be coupled to the solid body710so that the rod member750and the solid body710can form a unitary construction. As discussed herein, the rod member750and the solid body710are both formed from a brittle material, which may in certain specific embodiments be solid surface. As can be seen, an end portion753of the rod member750which includes the first end751may be inserted into the blind hole713of the solid body710. However, this alone will not form the necessary attachment between the rod member750and the solid body710. Rather, an adhesive is needed to achieve the desired bond between the components. In some embodiments, a sidewall715and floor714of the blind hole713may be milled prior to attachment of the solid body710to the rod member750. Furthermore, in some embodiments the outer surface of the rod member750along the end portion753may be milled. It has been found that milling the interfacing surfaces of the components prior to coating them with a reactive adhesive (e.g., two-part epoxy) enhances and improves the bond between the two components once the reactive adhesive cures. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that milling the brittle material components increases the density of the material at the surface where the adhesive is being applied so that the density at the outer surface of the material is greater than the density in the interior. This increased density allows the materials to better bond to the reactive adhesive to create a very strong bond between the components being coupled together. Next, a reactive adhesive may be coated onto any one or all of the sidewall715of the blind hole713, the floor714of the blind hole713, and the outer surface of the rod member750along the end portion753of the rod member750which nests within the blind hole713of the solid body710when the rod member750is attached to the solid body710.FIG.30illustrates a reactive adhesive coating745on the outer surface of the end portion753of the rod member750and a reactive adhesive coating746on the sidewall715and floor714of the blind bore713. However, the reactive adhesive coating745or the reactive adhesive coating746may be omitted in some embodiments. The reactive adhesive may be a two-part epoxy adhesive which comprises a resin and a hardener. It has been found that after milling the surface of the two brittle (or solid surface) material components, using a two-part epoxy to adhered and bond the two components together is extremely effective. The reactive adhesive or epoxy adhesive may be a methacrylate adhesive such as a methyl methacrylate adhesive in some embodiments. Such an adhesive has good bonding qualities for solid surface, granite, engineered stone, quartz, ceramic, natural stone, and the like. An example of a reactive or epoxy adhesive that may be used in accordance with the invention set forth herein is Component Bonder by Integra Adhesives®, which is a quick drying acrylic structural adhesive. A polyester resin and hardener two-part epoxy could also be used. The reactive adhesive or epoxy adhesive described throughout this disclosure may cure as a structural thermoplastic. Moreover, the brittle materials described herein (e.g., the solid surface materials or the like) may also cure as a structural thermoplastic. This may lend itself to ensuring a very strong bond when two components are adhered together using the reactive or epoxy adhesive. After coating one or both of the rod member750and the solid body710with the reactive adhesive, the end portion753of the rod member750is inserted into the blind bore713of the solid body710until the first end751of the rod member750interfaces with the floor714of the blind bore713. Of course, the reactive adhesive745,746may be located between the first end751of the rod member750and the floor714of the blind bore713, and thus the term “interfaces with” includes instances in which the two surfaces are in abutting contact and instances in which the two surfaces face each other but are separated or spaced by the reactive adhesive or epoxy. Once the reactive adhesive745,746cures, the rod member750and the solid body710form a seamless unitary construction. An ordinary viewer will likely not even be able to tell that the combined rod member750and solid body710is actually formed from two separate components that are bonded or adhered together. Moreover, due to the mortise and tenon joint formed between the rod member750and the solid body710in combination with the reactive adhesive, the bond between the rod member750and the solid body710is extremely strong. In fact, it is likely that the rod member750and/or solid body710would fracture under force before the rod member750would become separated from the solid body710after the two are attached and bonded together as described herein. When the rod member750is attached to the solid body710, the rod member750comprises a protruding portion755which protrudes from the rear surface712of the solid body710. Once the standoff730is mounted to the wall and the solid body710is attached to the rod member750, the protruding portion755of the rod member750is inserted into the internal passageway736of the standoff730through the opening in the distal end735of the stem portion734. The combined solid body710and rod member750may be translated into the internal passageway736until the distal end735of the stem portion734of the standoff710abuts against the rear surface712of the solid body710, although this is not required in all embodiments and there may be a gap between the distal end735of the stem portion734and the rear surface712of the solid body710in other embodiments. Finally, when the protruding portion755of the rod member750is fully inserted into the internal passageway736of the standoff730, a set screw760is screwed into a threaded hole761in the stem portion734of the standoff730. The set screw760is screwed into the threaded hole761until it makes forcible contact with the outer surface of the protruding portion755of the rod member750. This contact between the set screw760and the rod member750couples the rod member750and solid body710to the standoff730. In some embodiments, the protruding portion755of the rod member750may include an annular or partially annular recess which receives a tip portion of the set screw761to lock the components together. In the exemplified embodiment, the wall-mountable accessory700forms a wall hook for hanging articles of clothing thereon, such as jackets, robes, hats, or really any article that is typically hung from a hook. Furthermore, in this embodiment, when the wall-mountable accessory700is mounted to the wall, the front and rear surfaces711,712of the solid body710are oriented parallel to the wall. FIGS.32-34illustrate an alternative embodiment of a wall-mountable accessory800which is identical to the wall-mountable accessory700in all respects except with regard to the orientation of the front and rear surfaces of the solid body710and the shape of the solid body710. Thus, for any details of the wall-mountable accessory800which are not provided herein, reference to the description of the wall-mountable accessory700is applicable. The wall-mountable accessory800generally comprises a standoff830comprising a plate portion831and a stem portion834, a rod member850and a solid body810. The rod member850and the solid body810may be formed from a brittle material such as solid surface or any of the other materials described herein or otherwise known to be brittle materials. The attachment of the rod member850to the solid body810using a reactive adhesive such as an epoxy adhesive is the same as that which was described above for the wall-mountable accessory700. Furthermore, the attachment of the rod member850to the standoff830via a set screw860is the same as that which was described above with reference to the wall-mountable accessory700and will not be described in great detail herein in the interest of brevity. In this embodiment, the solid body810has an oval shape. However, the invention is not to be so limited and the shape of the solid body810may be circular, polygonal, irregular, regular, or the like in various different embodiments. The solid body810has a front surface811and a rear surface812. As best seen inFIG.34, when the wall-mountable accessory800is fully assembled, a distal end835of the stem portion834of the standoff830contacts a portion of the rear surface812of the solid body810and is spaced apart from another portion of the rear surface812of the solid body810. This is because the solid body810is oriented at an angle relative to the wall and standoff830. In particular, the solid body810is angled such that the front and rear surfaces811,812of the solid body810are oblique to the wall. More specifically, the front and rear surfaces811,812of the solid body810are angled towards the wall moving from a lower end of the solid body810to an upper end of the solid body810. As such, the distal end835of the stem portion834of the standoff830contacts a portion of the rear surface812of the solid body810which is located above the rod member850, while portions of the rear surface812of the solid body810that are located below the rod member850are spaced from the distal end835of the stem portion834of the standoff830. To reiterate, other than the concepts described, the features, methods, and the like of the wall-mountable accessory800are the same as with the wall-mountable accessory700and thus reliance on the description of the wall-mountable accessory700for details of the wall-mountable accessory800is entirely appropriate. Referring now toFIGS.35-37, a wall-mountable accessory900will be described in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory900is a hook, such as a clothing hook, a robe hook, or the like such that articles (clothing, purses, backpacks, etc.) may be hung from the hook when it is mounted to a wall. The wall-mountable accessory900is very similar to the wall-mountable accessory900, except that the plate portion and the stem portion of the standoff are formed from two separate components that are coupled together. The wall-mountable accessory900comprises a solid body910and a mounting assembly920for mounting the solid body910to a wall. The mounting assembly920comprises a standoff930configured to be coupled to the wall and a fastening pin950that engages with the standoff930and with the solid body910to mount the solid body910to the standoff930. The solid body910may be formed from a brittle material, the details of which have been provided above. The solid body910has a circular shape. Furthermore, the solid body910has a front surface911and a rear surface912that are flat/planar, although the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and other shapes and surface configurations may be used in other embodiments. The solid body910has a through-hole that extends from the front surface911to the rear surface912. The standoff930comprises a plate portion931and a stem portion934. However, unlike in previously described embodiments, in this embodiment the plate portion931and the stem portion934are separate components (i.e., non-unitary, non-monolithic, non-integral) that are coupled together with a fastener such as a screw. Thus, in this embodiment the plate portion931may be formed from a brittle material, such as the solid surface material or any of the other materials noted herein or known to persons skilled in the art as being brittle. However the stem portion934cannot be made from a brittle material in accordance with the present invention because brittle material cannot be made with a threaded hole that can accept a set screw. Thus, in this embodiment the stem portion934may be made from metal (stainless steel, aluminum, or the like). The stem portion934may also be made from plastic in some embodiments. The plate portion931comprises a front surface932, a rear surface933, and a through-hole939extending from the front surface932, to the rear surface933. The stem portion934comprises a first end935, a second end936, and an internal passageway937extending from the first end935to the second end936. The stem portion934is open at each of the first and second ends935,936. The internal passageway937has a first axial section970adjacent the first end935, a second axial section971adjacent to the second end936and a transition section972between the first and second axial sections970,971. The first axial section970has a greater diameter than the second axial section971, and the diameter transitions from the first diameter to the second diameter within the transition section972. In this embodiment, the stem portion934is coupled to the plate portion931with a fastener940. That is, the fastener940is inserted into the internal passageway936of the stem portion934through the opening in the first (or distal) end935until the head portion of the fastener940nests within the transition region972and the shank portion extends through the second axial section971and protrudes from the second end936of the stem portion934. The plate portion934is then positioned so that the front surface932of the plate portion931is in contact with the second end936of the stem portion934such that the through-hole939in the plate portion931is aligned with the internal passageway937of the stem portion934. When so positioned, the portion of the shank portion of the fastener940which protrudes from the second end936of the stem portion934will extend into the through-hole939in the plate portion931and protrude from the rear surface933of the plate portion931for insertion into a wall. When the shank portion of the fastener940is engaged with a wall, such engagement retains the stem portion934and the plate portion931in an attached configuration. In the exemplified embodiment, the plate portion931has a recess946in the front surface932and a portion of the stem portion934nests within the recess946. In other embodiments, the second end936of the stem portion934may simply abut against the front surface932of the plate portion931, although the recess946adds some stability to the attachment between the stem portion934and the plate portion931. The fastening pin950is much the same as the fastening pins described previously. That is, the fastening pin950comprises a tubular portion951having a first end952and a second end953and a flange portion954that extends radially outward from the second end953of the tubular portion951. To assemble the wall-mountable accessory, first the stem portion934of the standoff930is coupled to the plate portion931of the standoff930as described above sing the fastener940. Next, the tubular portion951of the fastening pin950is placed into and through the through-hole913in the solid body910until the underside of the flange portion954abuts against the front surface911of the solid body910. Next, the portion of the tubular portion951of the fastening pin950that protrudes from the rear surface912of the solid body910is inserted into the internal passageway937of the stem portion934of the standoff930via the opening in the first end935of the stem portion934. Finally, a set screw960is inserted through a threaded opening961in the stem portion934of the standoff930until the set screw960engages the tubular portion951of the fastening pin950. The tubular portion951of the fastening pin950may have one or more recesses (or an annular recess)955for receiving the set screw960in some embodiments. When so assembled, the solid body910is sandwiched and compressed between the flange portion954of the fastening pin950and the first (or distal) end935of the stem portion934of the standoff930. Thus, in this embodiment the solid body910, the plate portion931of the standoff930, and even the fastening pin950may be formed from a brittle material. Any of one or all of these components may be formed from a brittle material, to create a desired aesthetic. However, the stem portion934of the standoff930will be made from metal or plastic as described herein mainly due to its need to support the set screw960as described above. This opens the door for more variation in the aesthetic and décor created by the wall-mountable accessory900. Referring now toFIGS.38-41, a wall-mountable accessory1000will be described in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory1000is illustrated as a towel bar or a grab bar. The wall-mountable accessory1000generally comprises a solid body1010and a mounting assembly1020comprising a standoff1030and a fastening pin1050. In particular, in this embodiment the solid body1010extends from a first end1011to a second end1012along a longitudinal axis E-E. That is, the solid body1010is elongated along the longitudinal axis E-E. Due to the elongated structure of the solid body1010, in this embodiment there are two identical mounting assemblies1020for mounting the solid body1010to the wall. That is, the two identical mounting assemblies1020are used to support the elongated nature of the solid body1010. In some embodiments, more than two mounting assemblies1020may be used. The details of the standoff1030and the fastening pin1050are the same as that which has been described above, and thus the description of these parts will be brief with regard to this embodiment. The standoff1030comprises a plate portion1031and a stem portion1034. The plate portion1031has a front surface1032and a rear surface1033with the rear surface1033abutting the wall when the standoff1030is mounted to the wall. The stem portion1034protrudes from the front surface1032of the plate portion1031. In the exemplified embodiment, the plate portion1031and the stem portion1034are formed as part of a unitary and monolithic structure which may be formed from metal or plastic. However, the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and in some alternative embodiments the plate portion1031and the stem portion1034may be separate components that are coupled together (seeFIG.42for an example). As described above with reference to the wall-mountable accessory900, the plate portion1031may be formed from a brittle material and the stem portion1034may be formed from metal or plastic or the like in some embodiments. In any case, the stem portion1034extends from the plate portion1031to a distal end1035. The standoff1030comprises an internal passageway1036that extends from the distal end1035of the stem portion1034to the rear surface1033of the plate portion1031. A fastener like a screw or the like may be received within the internal passageway1036as described in the previous embodiments to mount the standoff1030to a wall. The solid body1010comprises a front surface1013and a rear surface1014opposite the front surface1013. Furthermore, the solid body1010comprises a through-hole1015extending from the front surface1013to the rear surface104. More specifically, in the exemplified embodiment the solid body101has two of the through-holes1015, one located adjacent to the first end1011and one located adjacent to the second end1012. Each of the through-holes1015is configured to cooperate with one of the mounting assemblies1020to mount the solid body1010to the wall. The fastening pin1050comprises a tubular portion1051and a flange portion1052. The tubular portion1051extends into and through the through-hole1015in the solid body1010such that when the flange portion1052of the fastening pin1050abuts against the front surface1013of the solid body1010, a portion of the tubular portion1051of the fastening pin1050protrudes from the rear surface1014of the solid body1010. That portion of the tubular portion1051which protrudes from the rear surface1014of the solid body1010is then positioned within the internal passageway1036of the standoff1030. Finally, a set screw1060is inserted through an opening1061in the stem portion1034of the standoff1030and engages the tubular portion1051of the fastening pin1050which nest within the internal passageway1036of the standoff1030. As such, the solid body1010is compressed between the distal end1035of the standoff1030(which contacts or abuts the rear surface1014of the solid body1010) and the flange portion1052of the fastening pin1051(which contacts or abuts the front surface1013of the solid body1010). Because the solid body1010is elongated as described and formed from a brittle material, there may be a need to increase the structural integrity of the solid body1010by embedding a structural insert within the solid body1010. By embedding the structural insert within the solid body1010, this gives the appearance that the solid body1010is formed entirely from the brittle (e.g., solid surface or the like) material despite the inclusion of the structural insert. Thus, referring toFIGS.40and41, in this embodiment the solid body1010comprises a main body portion1070comprising a first elongated member1071and a second elongated member1072and a structural insert1080. The first and second elongated members1071,1072may be formed from a brittle material such as a solid surface material or the like and the structural insert1080may be formed from a non-brittle material. In some embodiments the non-brittle material may be metal. The first elongated member1071comprises a front surface1073which forms the front surface1013of the solid body1010and a rear surface1074opposite the front surface1073. The second elongated member1072comprises a rear surface1075which forms the rear surface1014of the solid body1010and a front surface1076opposite the rear surface1075. When the solid body1010is assembled as will be described below, the front surface1073of the first elongated member1071and the rear surface1075of the second elongated member1072form an entirety of the outer surface of the solid body1010. Thus, it appears that the solid body1010is formed entirely from the first and second elongated members1071,1072, and therefore entirely from the brittle material used to form the first and second elongated members1071,1072. In the exemplified embodiment, the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072comprises an elongated recess1077that is elongated in a direction of the longitudinal axis E-E. In the exemplified embodiment, the recess1077extends between the first and second through-holes in the second elongated member1072, although the exact length of the recess1077may be modified from that which is depicted and is therefore not to be limiting of the invention in all embodiments. In alternative embodiments the rear surface1074of the first elongated member1071may comprise an elongated recess instead of the second elongated member1072having the elongated recess1077. In still other embodiments, there may be an elongated recess formed into each of the rear surface1074of the first elongated member1071and the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072such that the two recesses are aligned with the first and second elongated members1072are coupled together. The structural insert1080is configured to nest within the recess1077in the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072in the exemplified embodiment. In some embodiments, the structural insert1080may nest flush in the recess1077so that an outer surface of the structural insert1080is flush with the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072. In other embodiments the structural insert1080may protrude from the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072, and in such embodiments the rear surface1074of the first elongated member1071may also comprise a recess to receive the protruding portion of the structural insert1080. The structural insert1080may be bonded or adhered to the second elongated member1072in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the structural insert1080may simply nest within the recess1077and be held therein due to friction and/or once the first and second elongated members1071,1072are coupled together. Once the structural insert1080is positioned within the recess1077in the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072, the first and second elongated members1071,1072are bonded or adhered together to form the solid body1010. That is, at least one of the rear surface1074of the first elongated member1071and the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072may be milled and then coated with a reactive adhesive such as an epoxy as has been described herein. In some instances, the epoxy may be applied onto both of the first and second elongated members1071,1072. After the epoxy is applied, the rear surface1074of the first elongated member1071is brought into engagement with the front surface1076of the second elongated member1072and held in place while the epoxy cures and hardens. Once the epoxy hardens, the first and second elongated members1071,1072are bonded together and form the solid body1010. Moreover, the structural insert1080is embedded within the solid body1010between the first and second elongated members1071,1072. Thus, while the structural insert1080provides structural integrity to the elongated solid body1010, it is hidden from view as it is embedded within the interior of the solid body1010. In the exemplified embodiment the ends of the structural insert1080are arcuate and located immediately adjacent to the through-holes1015in the solid body1010. The structural insert1080may have a shorter length than shown such that the arcuate ends may not be needed. In other embodiments, the structural insert1080may have through-holes that are aligned with the through-holes1015such that the structural insert1080may extend past the location of the through-holes1015in the first and second elongated members1071,1072. As mentioned above,FIG.42illustrates a wall-mountable accessory1090in cross-section that is identical to the wall-mountable accessory1000except that the standoff is formed from separate components. That is, the standoff1091comprises a plate portion1092which may be formed from a brittle material and a stem portion1093which may be formed from metal. All other features of the wall-mountable accessory1090are identical the features of the wall-mountable accessory1000described above and thus they will not be described herein in the interest of brevity. Referring now toFIGS.43-46, a wall-mountable shelf1100will be described in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable shelf1100is a shelf that is configured to be mounted to a wall so that a portion thereof protrudes horizontally from the wall to support items thereon. Any item may be stored on the wall-mountable shelf1100such as decorative items, plants, office materials, compact discs, towels, or any other item desirable. In the exemplary embodiments, the wall-mountable shelf1100is formed entirely from a brittle material, and more specifically from two separate components, each formed from a brittle material and coupled together to form an extremely strong attachment. The wall-mountable shelf1100generally comprises an apron1110and a ledge1150. The apron1110is mounted directly to the wall and the ledge1150protrudes from the apron1110and from the wall in a generally horizontal direction to function as a shelf for supporting items thereon. The apron1110comprises a front surface1111and a rear surface1112. The rear surface1112is intended to abut against the wall when the wall-mountable shelf1100is mounted to the wall and the front surface1111is configured to face away from the wall. In the exemplified embodiment, the apron1110comprises a plurality of through-holes1113extending therethrough from the front surface1111to the rear surface1112for receiving fasteners, posts, brackets or the like to couple the wall-mountable shelf1100to the wall. As noted above, the apron1110is formed from a brittle material, such as for example solid surface material although other brittle materials including those noted herein and others known to persons skilled in the art could be used in other embodiments. The apron1110comprises a peripheral edge (or peripheral surface) extending between the front and rear surface1111,1112. The peripheral edge of the apron1110comprises a lower edge1114, an upper edge1115, a first side edge1116, and a second side edge1117. While these are noted as “edges” herein, these could be referred to as surfaces as well. In the exemplified embodiment the apron1110is elongated between the first and second side edges1116,1117and is therefore in the shape of a rectangle with rounded corners. However, the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments and the apron1110can take on other shapes in other embodiments. The ledge1150comprises a rear edge1151, a front edge1152which forms a distal end of the ledge1150, a lower surface1153, an upper surface1154, a first side edge1155and a second side edge1156. Furthermore, lower surface1153of the ledge1150comprises a recess1160. The recess1160extends from the rear edge1151of the ledge1150in a direction towards the front edge1152of the ledge1150. However, the recess1160does not extend the full distance between the rear and front edges1151,1152of the ledge1150. Rather, the recess1160extends from the rear edge1151of the ledge1150to an end wall1161. Thus, the recess1160is defined by a floor1162which is recessed relative to the lower surface1153of the ledge1150and the end wall1161. The floor1162is oriented generally horizontally when the wall-mountable shelf1100is mounted on a wall and the end wall1161is oriented generally vertically when the wall-mountable shelf1100is mounted on a wall. The recess1160extends the full width of the ledge1110between the first and second side edges1155,1156. That is, the recess1160is open at each of the first and second side edges1155,1156and at the rear edge1151and the recess1160is elongated between the first and second side edges1155,1156. Referring toFIGS.45and46, the coupling of the apron1110and the ledge1150to one another will be described. Prior to coupling the apron1110and the ledge1150to one another, the surface of the apron1110and the ledge1150that will interface with one another may be milled with a milling tool or milling machine. The surfaces of the apron1110that interface with the ledge1150include the upper edge1115of the apron1110and an upper-most part1118of the front surface1111of the apron1110. The surfaces of the ledge1150that interface with the apron1110include the floor1162of the recess1160and the end wall (or end wall surface)1161of the recess1160. As used herein, the term interface refers to the surfaces of different components that face one another when the two components are coupled together. The term interface is being used because the surfaces of the components that are coupled together may be coated with an adhesive in order to achieve the bonding of the two components together. As such, the surfaces of the components may not be in direct abutment or contact with one another due to the intervening adhesive layer. However, those surfaces still interface with one another. In the exemplified embodiment, after milling (although in some embodiments the milling step may be omitted), some surfaces of the apron1110and/or the ledge1150are coated with a reactive adhesive (e.g., an epoxy). For example, in some embodiments the top surface1115and the upper-most part1118of the front surface1111of the apron1110may be coated with a reactive adhesive1120. In other embodiments, the floor1162and the end wall surface1161of the recess1160may be coated with a reactive adhesive1170. In still other embodiments, all of the aforementioned surfaces may be coated with the reactive adhesives1120,1170. Generally, the reactive adhesive should form a layer between the surfaces of the apron1110and the surfaces of the ledge1150that interface with one another once coupled together. The reactive adhesives1120,1170are depicted with an exaggerated thickness to make them visible in the illustrations, but it should be appreciated that the thicknesses of the reactive adhesive coatings1120,1170is likely to be much thinner than that which is depicted in practice. That said, the invention is not intended to be limited by any particular thickness of the coatings of the reactive adhesives1120,1170in this embodiment or any other embodiment described herein. Once the reactive adhesive(s)1120,1170(e.g., epoxy) are coated onto the various surfaces of the apron1110and the ledge1150that are to interface with one another, the apron110and the ledge1150are brought into engagement with one another. That is, an uppermost portion of the apron1110is translated into the recess1160so that the upper surface1115of the apron1110interfaces with the floor1162of the recess1160and the end wall1161of the recess1160interfaces with the upper-most portion1118of the front surface1111of the apron1110. Again, the term interface is used because the paired surfaces of the apron1110and ledge1150are not in direct contact due to the layer of adhesive between the otherwise abutting surfaces. The term interface as used herein essentially means that the two surfaces which are interfacing are separated from each other by an adhesive which bonds the two surfaces together. When the epoxy cures it may be brittle like the material of the apron1110and the ledge1150. Furthermore, when the epoxy cures the wall-mountable shelf1100may be sleek and seamless such that there are no visible lines at the interfaces between the apron1110and the ledge1150. Thus, the dotted line illustrating the multiplane interface1185may not actually be visible. In some embodiments, the floor1162and the end wall1261of the recess1160may be referred to as an interface surface of the recess1160because it is the surface that interfaces with the apron1110. Furthermore, the top surface1115and the uppermost portion1118of the front surface1111of the apron1110may be referred to herein as an engagement surface because it engages the recess of the ledge1150. Thus, the interface between the apron1110and the ledge1150is a multiplane interface1185. In particular, the top surface1115of the apron1110and the floor1162of the recess1160of the ledge1150interface along a first plane Z-Z. The end wall1161of the recess1160and the uppermost portion1118of the front surface1111of the apron1110interface along a second plane Y-Y. In the exemplified embodiment, the first and second planes Z-Z, Y-Y are perpendicular to one another. In other embodiments, the first and second planes Z-Z, Y-Y may be oriented oblique to one another. Moreover, the ledge1150and the apron1110are adhered or bonded to one another along the multiplane interface due to the reactive adhesives1120and/or1170noted above. The multiplane adhesion between the apron1110and the ledge1150creates a superior interlock between the apron and the ledge1150that minimizes the fulcrum of the shelf but also creates a bind point to interfere with any peel of the adhesive. In particular, any strong forces on the ledge1150are likely to be in the downward direction, and more specifically a downward pivoting movement. However, the end wall1161of the recess1160interfaces with or abuts against the front surface1111of the apron1110in that downward direction. Moreover, the ledge1150and the apron1110are formed from a brittle material, such that they will not deform elastically or plastically. As such, even if a powerful downward force is applied against the ledge1150, the ledge1150and the apron1110will remain bonded together due to the strong bond achieved by the reactive adhesive and the abutment of the end wall1161with the front surface1111of the apron1110. The reactive adhesive cannot simply peel slowly away because the apron1110and ledge1150will not deform. Rather, there would need to be a complete failure of the entirety of the adhesive bond between the apron1110and the ledge1150for those two components to detach from one another, and such complete failure all at once is extremely unlikely. Upward forces will have the same result due to the interfacing surfaces of the apron1110and the ledge1150being in a multiplane direction due in part to the apron1110and the ledge1150being formed from a brittle material. FIG.46Ais a cross-sectional view which illustrates the assembled wall-mountable shelf1100. This view best illustrates the reactive adhesive or epoxy1120,1170which bonds the apron1110to the ledge1150along the multiplane interface1185. The thickness of the reactive adhesive or epoxy1120,1170may be exaggerated inFIG.46Asuch that it may be thinner than that shown. Moreover, as noted above there may just be one of the coatings of the reactive adhesive1120,1170rather than both. Referring toFIGS.47-49, a wall-mountable shelf1200is illustrated in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable shelf1200is very similar to the wall-mountable shelf1100described above, except that the wall-mountable shelf1200includes an additional component which is not present in the wall-mountable shelf1100. In particular, the wall-mountable shelf1200comprises an apron1210, a ledge1250, and a connection member1280which is separate from the apron1210and the ledge1250and forms an additional bind point between the components that are coupled together. In this embodiment, the apron1210and the ledge1250are basically identical to the apron1110and the ledge1150previously described. In particular, the ledge1250comprises a lower surface1253having a recess1260that extends from a rear edge1251of the ledge1250to an end wall1261. The recess1260is defined by a floor1262that is recessed relative to the lower surface1253of the ledge1250and the end wall or end wall surface1261. In this embodiment, the thickness of the apron1210does not equal the length of the recess1260measured from the rear edge1251to the end wall1261. Instead, there is space within the recess1260for the connection member1280. Thus, not only does the uppermost part of the apron1210nest within the recess1260, but also the uppermost portion of the connection member1280nests within the recess1260. In the exemplified embodiment, the connection member1280is in the shape of a half of an arch. Thus, the connection member1280comprises a vertical rear surface1281, a horizontal top surface1282, and a front surface1283which comprises a vertical portion1284adjacent to the horizontal top surface1282and an arcuate portion1285extending between the vertical portion1284of the front surface1283and the vertical rear surface1281(with all orientations being the orientation when the wall-mountable shelf1200is mounted to a wall). As with the prior embodiment, a reactive adhesive1265may be coated onto the floor1262and the end wall1261of the recess1260. Alternatively, or additionally, a reactive adhesive (not shown, but the same idea as with the prior embodiment) may be coated onto an upper edge1215of the apron1210, the horizontal top surface1282of the connection member1280, and the vertical portion1282of the front surface1283of the connection member1280. Moreover, there may be a reactive adhesive1265located on one or both of a front surface1211of the apron1210and the vertical rear surface1281of the connection member1280. The wall-mountable shelf1200is assembled by positioning the upper edge1215of the apron1210into contact with the reactive adhesive1265located on the floor1262of the recess1260of the ledge1250while maintaining a rear surface1212of the apron1210flush with the rear edge1251of the ledge1250. As can be seen, there is an additional space within the recess1260for positioning the connection member1280. Thus, the connection member1280is then positioned within the recess1260so that the horizontal top surface1282of the connection member1280is in contact with the reactive adhesive1265on the floor1261of the recess1260and the vertical portion1284of the front surface1284of the connection member1280is in contact with the reactive adhesive1265on the end wall1261of the recess1260. Of course, the assembly can occur on other sequences. For example, the connection member1280could be coupled to the ledge1250before the apron1210, or the connection member1280and the apron1210could be coupled together and then placed together in the recess1260in the ledge1250. When assembled, the vertical portion1284of the front surface1283of the connection member1280interfaces with the end wall1261of the recess1260and the upper edge1215of the apron1210and the top surface1282of the connection member1280interface with the floor1262of the recess1260of the ledge1250. Again, the term interfaces is used instead of contact or abutment due to the reactive adhesive being located between the surfaces of the ledge1250and the surfaces of the apron1210and connection member1280. This connection once again creates a multiplane interface1285to strengthen the attachment of the components. The ledge1250cannot easily be separated from the connection member1280or the apron1210due to the concepts noted above. Specifically, the lack of deformation of the materials and the interaction between the end wall1261of the recess1260and the vertical surface1284of the connection member1280means that the entire reactive adhesive bond would need to fail for the parts to separate. There is no way for the components to separate to peel the adhesive bond due to the engagement or interfacing of the various surfaces of the components. As with the prior embodiment, when the epoxy cures the wall-mountable shelf1200may be sleek and seamless such that there are no visible lines at the interfaces between the apron1210and the connection member1280and the ledge1250. Thus, the dotted line illustrating the multiplane interface1285may not actually be visible. FIG.49Ais a cross-sectional view illustrating the apron1210, the ledge1250, the connection member1280, and the various layers or coatings of adhesive. There is the multiplane adhesive1265which serves to bond each of the apron1210and the connection member1280to the ledge1250. In this embodiment, there is also a layer of reactive adhesive1266between the vertical rear surface1281of the connection member1280and the front surface1211of the apron1210. The layer of reactive adhesive1266may be omitted in some embodiments if the bond is sufficiently strong with the reactive adhesive1265only. The various ledges and aprons described herein may be recited in the claims as first components and second components. That is, the ledge may be referred to as a first component with the apron being referred to as a second component, or the apron may be referred to as a first component with the ledge being referred to as a second component. The idea is generally that two components each formed from a brittle material (e.g., solid surface) can be bonded together effectively and capable of supporting weight when the interface between the two components is a multiplane interface. This is because brittle materials do not deform prior to failure so a complete failure of the material would be required before the two components will separate from one another. Moreover, the use of a reactive adhesive such as a two-part epoxy as described herein can be an effective adhesion material. FIGS.50and51illustrate a wall-mountable shelf1300which is identical to the wall-mountable shelf1200described above except for the minor additions noted herein. The wall-mountable shelf1300generally comprises an apron1310, a ledge1320, and a connection member1330. The ledge1320comprises a lower surface1321having a recess1322therein. Upper portions of the apron1310and the connection member1330are located within the recess1322and bonded to the ledge1320with a reactive adhesive (e.g., a two-part epoxy adhesive)1301. The apron1310and the connection member1330are therefore coupled to the ledge1320along a multiplane interface1302as with the prior described embodiments. The difference between the wall-mountable shelf1300and the wall-mountable shelf1200is that the wall-mountable shelf1300includes a hook assembly1340so that articles of clothing or the like (robes, coats, hats, scarves, bags, etc.) can be hung therefrom. The hook assembly1340comprises a hook member1341having a front surface1342and a rear surface1343and a rod1344that is elongated between a first end1345and a second end1346. The hook member1341and the rod1344may both be formed from a brittle material, including solid surface material or any of the other materials noted herein. The rear surface1343of the hook member1341comprises a blind hole1347. That is, in the exemplified embodiment the blind hole1347does not extend through the full thickness of the hook member1340. However, the invention is not to be so limited and in other embodiments the blind hole1347may instead of a through-hole that extends from the front surface1342to the rear surface1343. The rod1344comprises a main body portion1348that is elongated between a first end1349and a second end1350, a first connection portion1351protruding from the first end1349of the main body portion1348to the first end1345of the rod1344, and a second connection portion1352protruding from the second end1350of the main body portion1348to the second end1356of the rod1344. In the exemplified embodiment, the first and second connection portions1351,1352have a smaller diameter than the main body portion1348, and thus the first and second ends1349,1350of the main body portion1348extend radially outward from the first and second connection portions1351,1352. In other embodiments, the rod1344may have a consistent diameter from the first end1345to the second end1346and the connection portions1351,1352may simply be end portions of the rod1344. The apron1310has a front surface1311, a rear surface1312, a lower edge1313, and an upper edge1314. The apron1310further comprises a hole1315located adjacent to and slightly above the lower edge1313, although the location of the hole1315is not to be limiting of the invention in all embodiments. In the exemplified embodiment, the hole1315is a through-hole that extends from the front surface1311to the rear surface1312of the apron1310. However, the invention it not to be so limited in all embodiments and the hole1315could be a blind hole that extends from the front surface1311to a floor without extending through the full thickness of the apron1310. The hook assembly1340is mounted to the apron1310as follows. An adhesive (a reactive adhesive, epoxy, or the like) is coated onto the outer surface of the second connection portion1352of the rod1344and/or onto the surfaces which define the blind hole1347in the hook member1341. Then, the second connection portion1352of the rod1344is inserted into the blind hole1347in the rod1344until the second end1350of the main body portion1348of the rod1344abuts against the rear surface1343of the hook member1341. The second connection portion1352is maintained within the blind hole1347while the reactive adhesive cures or hardens to bond the rod1344to the hook member1341. The rod1344and the hook member1341, when bonded or otherwise coupled together, forms the hook assembly1340. Next, an adhesive (reactive adhesive, epoxy, or the like) is coated onto the outer surface of the first connection portion1351of the rod1344and/or onto the surfaces which define the hole1315in the apron1310. Then, the first connection portion1351of the rod1344is inserted into the hole1315in the apron1310and held in place as the reactive adhesive cures. This bonds the hook member1340to the apron1310. The rod1344is positioned so that the first end1349of the main body portion1348of the rod1344abuts against the front surface1311of the apron1310. Thus, as seen inFIG.51, this forms the wall-mountable shelf1300with an added hook assembly1340protruding from a lower portion of the apron1310so that a user can hang any of carious items therefrom. The attachment of the hook assembly1340and the apron1310is strong due to the adhesive, and particularly the reactive adhesive or two-part epoxy used for the bonding. However, other adhesives may be used in other embodiments depending on the weight bearing load needed for the hook assembly1340. The disclosure set forth herein allows for the creation of a wall-mountable shelf1300with incorporated hook assembly1340that is made entirely from a brittle material, such as solid surface. However, because solid surface material can be made in an infinite number of colors and ornamentations, the different components can be made with different colors, patterns, or the like to create a desired end-aesthetic which is readily modifiable to allow for custom creations. Referring toFIGS.52-54A, a wall-mountable shelf1400is illustrated in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable shelf1400comprises an apron1410, a ledge1430, and a perimeter rail1450. The perimeter rail1450extends along a periphery of the ledge1430to help retain items on the ledge1430so that they cannot simply roll off the edge of the ledge1430. The apron1410, the ledge1430, and the perimeter rail1450may all be formed from a brittle material such as any of the materials described above. In some embodiments, the apron1410, the ledge1430, and the perimeter rail1450may be formed from a solid surface material. The apron1410comprises a front surface1411, a rear surface1412, a lower edge1413, an upper edge1414a first side edge1418, and a second side edge1419. The apron1410is elongated in a direction between the first and second side edges1418,1419. Furthermore, the front surface1411of the apron1410comprises a recess1415that extends from the lower edge1413to an end wall1416. Thus, the recess1415is defined by a floor1417which is recessed relative to a remainder of the front surface1411and the end wall1416which extends from the floor1417to the front surface1411. The recess1415is elongated and extends the full distance between the first and second side edges1418,1419of the apron1410. Stated another way, the recess1415is open at each of the first and second side edges1418,1419. The ledge1430is a flat plate-like structure having an upper surface1431, a lower surface1432, a rear edge1433, a front edge1434, a first side edge1435, and a second side edge1436. The upper and lower surfaces1431,1432are flat, planar surfaces to facilitate the ledge1430supporting items thereon. The ledge1430is coupled to the apron1410by nesting a rear-most portion of the ledge1430which includes the rear edge1433into the recess1415. The rear edge1433of the ledge1430will interface with the floor1417of the recess1415and a rearmost portion1435of the upper surface1431of the ledge1430will interface with the end wall1416of the recess1415, thereby creating a multiplane interface1490. As discussed above, the term interface is used here because the various surfaces are separated from one another by a bonding agent, such as a reactive adhesive, epoxy adhesive, or the like. Thus, the various surfaces are not in direct abutment or engagement, but they interface with one another. FIG.54Aillustrates the reactive adhesive or epoxy or other bonding agent1491positioned between the interfacing surfaces of the ledge1430and the apron1410.FIG.54Aalso best illustrates the multiplane interface1490which includes a vertical interface between the rear edge1433of the ledge1430and the floor1417of the recess1415and a horizontal interface between the rearmost portion1435of the upper surface1431of the ledge1430and the end wall1416of the recess1415. Because the ledge1430and the apron1410are formed from a brittle material that will not deform prior to failure, a downward force on the ledge1430will not separate the ledge1430from the apron1410due to the engagement between the rearmost portion1435of the upper surface1431of the ledge1430and the end wall1416of the recess1415. Thus, this structural arrangement creates an extremely strong bond that is incredibly structural and very unlikely to fail. As noted above, this embodiment also includes the perimeter rail1450. It should be noted that the perimeter rail1450could be omitted in some embodiments and the wall-mountable shelf1400could include only the apron1410and the ledge1430. The perimeter rail1450comprises a first side rail1451, a second side rail1452, and a front rail1453. The first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453may be separate and distinct components in some embodiments, although they could be formed as a unitary part in other embodiments. In the exemplified embodiment, each of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453is formed as a solid sheet which is then carved to create an opening therein. This gives each of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453the appearance of being simply a single bar rather than a full rectangular piece. However, each of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453is a rectangular piece in order to facilitate the attachment to the ledge1430and/or the apron1410. Thus, the first side rail1451comprises a lower rail portion1460, an upper rail portion1461, and an opening1462extending between the lower and upper rail portions1460,1461. The opening1462is elongated such that the upper and lower rail portions1460,1461have a rectangular shape with a central opening. The second side rail1452comprises a lower rail portion1463, an upper rail portion1464, and an opening1465extending between the lower and upper rail portions1463,1464. The opening1465is elongated such that the upper and lower rail portions1460,1461have a rectangular shape with a central opening. The front rail1453has a lower rail portion1466, an upper rail portion1467, and a pair of openings1468. That is, because the front rail1453is longer than the side rails, an additional vertical support post is included between the pair of openings1468. Depending on the length of the front rail1453, the support post could be included or omitted. The first side rail1451is coupled to the first side edge1435of the ledge1430, the second side rail1452is coupled to the second side edge1436of the ledge1430, and the front rail1453is coupled to the front edge1434of the ledge1430. In the exemplified embodiment, the coupling of the rails to the ledge1430is achieved with an adhesive, more specifically a reactive adhesive such as epoxy or the like. However, other materials could be used including single component adhesives or the like particularly because the perimeter rail1450is not intended to support any loads. In the exemplified embodiment, the lower rail portions1460,1463,1466of each of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453is bonded directly to a portion of the edge of the ledge1430with a bonding agent such as described herein. The first and second side rails1451,1452may also be bonded to the apron1410, and more particularly to the first and second side edges1418,1419of the apron1410. The lower rail portions1460,1463,1466of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453are flush with the ledge1430which gives a seamless appearance. Then, there are posts extending from the lower portions of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453to the upper rail portions1461,1464,1467of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453. The upper rail portions1461,1464,1467of the first side rail1451, the second side rail1452, and the front rail1453form bars that are elevated relative to the ledge1430which gives the appearance that the upper rail portions1461,1464,1467and posts protrude directly from the ledge1430. Thus, while the wall-mountable shelf1400is formed from several distinct components, once assembled the wall-mountable shelf1400is a beautiful piece with seamless lines and infinite design options due to the opportunities to make use of solid surface and other brittle materials. FIGS.55-57illustrate a wall-mountable shelf1500in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable shelf1500may function as a hot beverage center such as in a hotel or the like. That is, the wall-mountable shelf1500comprises an apron1510, an upper ledge1530, and a lower ledge1550. The upper ledge1530may be configured to support a first set of items, such as a coffee maker. The lower ledge1550may be configured to support a second set of items, such as coffee mugs, coffee and tea ingredients, and the like. The concepts described above with reference to the wall-mountable shelves1100,1200,1300,1400may be used for the wall-mountable shelf1500. The apron1510, the upper ledge1530and the lower ledge1550may each be formed from a brittle material, such as a solid surface material or any of the other materials noted herein. In the exemplified embodiment, the apron1510comprises a front surface1511, a rear surface1512, a top edge1513, and a bottom edge1514. Furthermore, the apron1510comprises a first recess1515extending from the bottom edge1514to a first end wall1516, the first recess1515having a floor1517which is recessed relative to the front surface1511. The apron1510also comprises a second recess1518extending from the top edge1513to a second end wall1519, the second recess1518having a floor1520which is recessed relative to the front surface1511. Each of the first and second recesses1515,1518may extend the full length of the apron1510between first and second side edges of the apron1510. The upper ledge1530comprises an upper surface1531, a lower surface1532, a rear edge1533, a front edge1534, a first side edge1535, and a second side edge1536. The first and second side edges1535,1536each comprise a notch1537that is configured to receive a wire of an electrical appliance to maintain organization of the wire. The notch1537is located along the first and side edges1535,1536adjacent to the rear edge1533, although the exact location of the notch1537along the first and second side edges1535,1536is not to be limiting in all embodiments. The positioning as shown is optimal due to electrical wires typically extending from the rear of various electrical appliances (such as coffee makers or the like). The upper ledge1530is coupled to the apron1510is much the same manner as the previous embodiments. That is, the floor1520and second end wall1519of the recess1518and/or the rear edge1533and a rearmost portion of the lower surface1532of the upper ledge1530are coated with a reactive adhesive such as a two-part epoxy or the like. The rearmost portion of the upper ledge1530is then inserted into the recess1518so that the rear edge1533of the ledge1530interfaces with the floor1520of the second recess1518and the rearmost portion of the lower surface1532of the upper ledge1530interfaces with the second end wall1519of the second recess1518. Due to the brittle nature of the materials of the components, the upper ledge1530will not separate from the apron1510without a total failure of either the upper ledge1530, the apron1510, or the reactive adhesive positioned between the two components to bond them together. The upper ledge1530is coupled to the apron1510along a multiplane interface1540as denoted in dashed lines inFIG.57. The multiplane interface1540includes a vertical component and a horizontal component. The dashed line is for exemplary purposes only and is not visible in the actual assembled product which has a seamless aesthetic as shown inFIG.55. The lower edge1550comprises an upper surface1551, a lower surface1552, a rear edge1553, a front edge1554, a first side edge1555, and a second side edge1556. There is a notch1557located in each of the first and second side edges1555,1556, with the notch1557being aligned with the notch1537in the upper ledge1530. The notches1557are also configured to receive an electrical wire of an electrical appliance to maintain organization of the wiring. The notches1557are located adjacent to the rear edge1553but could be located elsewhere along the first and second side edges1555,1556in other embodiments. The lower edge1550is coupled to the apron1510by positioning a rear portion of the lower ledge1550within the first recess1515of the apron1510so that the rear edge1553of the lower ledge1550interfaces with the floor1517o the first recess1515and the rearmost portion of the upper surface1551interfaces with the first end wall1516of the first recess1515. As with the other embodiments, a reactive adhesive (e.g., a two-component epoxy or the like) is coated onto either the floor1517and the first end wall1516of the first recess1515, the rear edge1553and the rearmost portion of the upper surface1551of the lower ledge1550, or both. The reactive adhesive bonds the lower ledge1550to the apron1510as described above. In the exemplified embodiment, the lower ledge1550is bonded to the apron1510along a multiplane interface1560which includes a vertical component and a horizontal component. The multiplane interface1560is illustrated in dashed lines inFIG.57. The dashed line is for exemplary purposes only and is not visible in the actual assembled product which has a seamless aesthetic as shown inFIG.55. FIGS.58-61illustrates a wall-mountable shelf1600in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable shelf1600is identical to the wall-mountable shelf1100except for the differences noted below. The wall-mountable shelf1600comprises an apron1610and a ledge1630. The apron1610and the ledge1630are both preferably formed from a brittle material, such as for example without limitation a solid surface material (other possible materials are discussed throughout this document). The ledge1630has an upper surface1631, a lower surface1632, a rear edge1633, a front edge1634, a first side edge1635, and a second side edge1636. The lower surface1632of the ledge1630comprises a recess1637that extends from the rear edge1633to an end wall1638. The recess1637has a floor1639that is recessed relative to the lower surface1632. The apron1610has a front surface1611, a rear surface1612, a bottom edge1613, and a top edge1614. The top edge1614and an uppermost portion of the front surface1611are positioned in the recess1637so that the top edge1614of the apron1610interfaces with the floor1639of the recess1637and the uppermost portion of the front surface1611of the apron1610interfaces with the end wall1638of the recess1637. An adhesive, and more specifically a reactive adhesive such as an epoxy adhesive is positioned between the apron1610and the ledge1630to facilitate the bonding of the apron1610to the ledge1630. While the reactive adhesive is not depicted in this embodiment, it should be appreciated that it is exactly as described and illustrated with reference to the wall-mountable shelf1100. The main difference between the wall-mountable shelf1600and the wall-mountable shelf1100previously described is that the ledge1630comprises an aperture1640that extends from the upper surface1631to the lower surface1632. The aperture1640has a diameter that is sufficient to enable a blower portion of a hair dryer to fit therethrough. Thus, the ledge1630is specifically configured for holding a hair dryer, and thus the wall-mountable shelf1600may be configured to function as a hair dryer holder. Furthermore, the first side edge1635comprises a notch1641so that a wire of the hair dryer can nest therein to maintain organization of the wire as it extends from the hair dryer to an outlet or plug. The aperture1640is located closer to the first side edge1635than to the second side edge1636. Referring toFIGS.62-64, a wall-mountable shelf or accessory1700is illustrated in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable shelf or accessory1700is configured as a toilet paper holder with a shelf that can function as a phone tray or support for other small items as may be desired. The wall-mountable shelf or accessory1700generally comprises an apron1710, a ledge1720, a first sidewall1730, and a second sidewall1740. Each of the apron1710, the ledge1720, and the first and second sidewalls1730,1740may be formed from a brittle material such as a solid surface material or the like as described herein. The various components may be coupled together with a reactive adhesive such as a two-part epoxy adhesive as described above with reference to the earlier described embodiments. In this embodiment, the ledge1720comprises a lower surface1721, a rear edge1722, and a recess1723in the lower surface1721adjacent to the rear edge1722. The recess1723is defined by a floor1724and an end wall1725. An upper portion of the apron1710nests within the recess1723such that an upper edge1711of the apron interfaces with the floor1724of the recess1723and an uppermost portion of a front surface1712of the apron1710interfaces with the end wall1725of the recess1723. The floor1724and end wall1725of the recess1723may be coated with an adhesive such as a reactive adhesive (e.g., epoxy) and/or the upper edge1711and the uppermost portion of the front surface1712of the apron1710may be coated with a reactive adhesive to facilitate bonding of the apron1710to the ledge1720. In this embodiment, the first and second sidewalls1730,1740are bonded to opposing side edges of the ledge1720so that upper surfaces of the first and second sidewalls1730,1740are flush with the upper surface of the ledge1720. Moreover, a spring-loaded toilet paper roller is coupled to and extends between inner surfaces of the first and second sidewalls1730,1740. Thus, the wall-mountable shelf or accessory1700functions as a toilet paper holder, but also has a shelf or ledge for storing items thereon. The concepts described herein with regard to the brittle material lacking deformation prior to failure ensures that the apron1710and ledge1720remain bonded together even when the ledge1720is supporting a load. The apron1720and the ledge1720are bonded together along a multiplane interface1705which includes a vertical component and a horizontal component and is best shown inFIG.64. FIGS.65-67illustrate another embodiment of a wall-mountable shelf or accessory1800, which is again in the form of a toilet paper holder which includes a shelf. In this embodiment, the wall-mountable shelf or accessory1800includes an apron1810, a ledge1820, and a toilet paper holder assembly1840. The apron1810and the ledge1820may be made from brittle material (e.g., solid surface material or the like). The toilet paper holder assembly1840may be made from stainless steel or other metals or plastics or the like. The ledge1820comprises an upper surface1821, a lower surface1822, a rear edge1823, and a front edge1824. Furthermore, there is a recess1825in the lower surface1822which extends from the rear edge1823to an end wall1826. The recess1825is defined by a floor1827which is recessed relative to the lower surface1822and the end wall1826. The recess1825extends the full length of the ledge1820between its opposing side edges that extend between the front and rear edges1823,1824. In this embodiment, the ledge1820comprises a downwardly angled distal portion1828, although this can be omitted in some embodiments. The apron1810comprises a front surface1811, a rear surface1812, a bottom edge1813, and a top edge1814. A top portion of the apron1810which includes the top edge1814is positioned within the recess1825of the ledge1820to couple the apron1810to the ledge1720. That is, the top portion of the apron1810is positioned in the recess1825so that the top edge1814of the apron1810interfaces with the floor1827of the recess1825and an uppermost portion of the front surface1811of the apron1810interfaces with the end wall1826of the recess1825. The end wall1826of the recess1825therefore overlies a portion of the front surface1811of the apron1810to generate a strong structural connection between the apron1810and the ledge1820. As with the prior described embodiments, a reactive adhesive is disposed between the apron1810and the ledge1820to facilitate the coupling of the apron1810to the ledge1820. The ledge1820and the apron1810are coupled together along a multiplane interface1805. The multiplane interface1805is illustrated in dashed lines inFIG.67, although the dashed lines are not visible in the final product because the coupling of the various components together is accomplished in a seamless manner. The multiplane interface1805has a horizontal portion where the top edge1814of the apron1810interfaces with the floor1827of the recess1825and a vertical portion where the uppermost portion of the front surface1811of the apron1810interfaces with the end wall1826of the recess1825. The toilet paper holder assembly1840comprises an upper portion1841that is coupled directly to the lower surface1822of the ledge1820and two sidewalls1842that extend from the upper portion1841to a roller1843that is configured to hold toilet paper in the conventional manner. Although only one sidewall1842is illustrated in the figures, it should be appreciated that an identical sidewall exists on the opposite end of the upper portion1841. Finally, referring toFIGS.68-70, a wall-mountable accessory1900is illustrated in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The wall-mountable accessory1900is a grab bar or towel bar or the like and it has similarities to the grab bars and towel bars previously described, with the main difference being that the fastening pin flange is hidden from view rather than forming a portion of the viewable exterior surface of the apparatus. The wall-mountable accessory1900generally comprises a solid body1910that is elongated between a first end1911and a second end1912and a mounting assembly1930for mounting the solid body1910to a wall. The solid body1910is preferably formed from a brittle material, such as a solid surface material although other brittle materials as described herein may be used as well. The mounting assembly1930has various components that may be formed from metal such as stainless steel, solid surface material, or the like as described herein. In this embodiment, the solid body1910comprises a main body component1913and an end cap1914. The main body component1913has a front surface1915, a rear surface1916, and a through-hole1917extending from the front surface1915to the rear surface1916. The front surface1915of the main body component1913further comprises a recess1918having a floor1919. The floor1919may be considered to form a part of the front surface1915of the main body component1913. Furthermore, the recess1918may be considered to form a part of the through-hole1917, but the recess1918has a greater diameter than the remainder of the through-hole1917. As such, the floor1919of the recess1918extends radially from the remainder of the through-hole1917to form a shoulder that faces the front surface1915of the main body component1913. The end cap1914comprises a front surface1920and a rear surface1921. In the exemplified embodiment, the end cap1914is solid and has no recess or hollow areas, although the invention is not to be so limited in all embodiments. In some alternative embodiments there may be a recess in the rear surface1921of the end cap1914. The end cap1914is configured to mate with the main body component1913and be bonded thereto to form the solid body1910. In particular, the rear surface1921of the end cap1914is configured to interface or mate with the front surface1915of the main body portion1913to form the solid body1910, An adhesive such as a reactive adhesive or epoxy may be coated onto one or both of the front surface1915of the main body portion1913and the rear surface1921of the end cap1914to facilitate the coupling of the end cap1914to the main body portion1913. However, the end cap1914is not coupled to the main body portion1913until after some other assembly is completed as described below. The mounting assembly1930comprises a standoff1940configured to be coupled to a wall and a fastening pin1950that engages with the standoff1940to mount the solid body1910to the standoff1940. In the exemplified embodiment there are two of the standoffs1940and two of the fastening pins1950due to the length of the solid body1910. However, in other embodiments there could be just a single standoff1940and fastening pin1950or more than two of each as needed to accommodate the length of the solid body1910. In some embodiments, the concepts described with reference to the wall-mountable accessory1900could be used on a hook like the one shown inFIGS.1-4as the wall-mountable accessory100. In such embodiments, a single standoff1940and fastening pin1950may be sufficient, but the additional concepts for hiding the fastening pin1950from view disclosed below can be incorporated into the wall-mountable accessory100and any of the other apparatuses described throughout this disclosure. The standoff1940comprises a plate portion1941having a rear surface1942configured to abut against the wall when the standoff1940is mounted to the wall and a front surface1943opposite the rear surface1942. The standoff1940also comprises a stem portion1944extending from the front surface1943of the plate portion1941. In the exemplified embodiment, the plate portion1941and the stem portion1944are integrally formed as a monolithic part. More specifically, in the exemplified embodiment the entire standoff1940is formed from metal such as stainless steel. However, in other embodiments the plate portion1941may be formed from a brittle material such as solid surface and the stem portion1944may be formed from metal such as stainless steel such that the stem portion1944is a separate component from the plate portion1941, as described above with regard to a previously described embodiment. In either situation, the stem portion1944extends from the front surface1943of the plate portion1941to a distal end1945. The standoff1940comprises an internal passageway1946that extends from the distal end1945of the stem portion1944to the rear surface1942of the plate portion1941. The fastening pin1950comprises a tubular portion1951having a first end1952and a second end1953and a flange portion1954that extends radially outwardly at the first end1952. The tubular portion1951may be solid or hollow in various different embodiments. Moreover, the tubular portion1951has an annular or semi-annular recess portion1955located therealong for engagement with a set screw1960as described below. The manner of assembling the wall-mountable accessory1900will not be described. First, the tubular portion1951of the fastening pin1950is inserted into and through the through-hole1917in the main body component1913of the solid body1910until the flange portion1954of the fastening pin1950abuts against the floor1919of the recess1918in the front surface1915of the main body portion1913of the solid body1910. When so positioned, a portion of the tubular portion1951of the fastening pin1950nests within the through-hole1917and a distal portion of the tubular portion1951of the fastening pin1950protrudes from the rear surface1916of the main body component1913. The fastening pin1950is prevented from being pushed further into the through-hole1917due to the engagement between the flange portion1954and the floor1919of the recess1918. In the exemplified embodiment when the fastening pin1954is fully nested in the through-hole1917of the main body component1913of the solid body1910, a front or outer surface1956of the flange portion1954is flush with the front surface1915of the main body component1913. However, in other embodiments the front surface1956of the flange portion1954may be recessed relative to the front surface1915of the main body component1913. In still other embodiments, the front surface1956of the flange portion1954may protrude from the front surface1915of the main body component1913. In such embodiments, the rear surface1921of the end cap1914may have a recess to accommodate any protruding part of the flange portion1954of the fastening pin1950However, since in the exemplified embodiment the front surface1956of the flange portion1954is flush with the front surface1915of the main body component1913, there is no such recess in the end cap1914. Next, the end cap1914may be coupled (bonded, adhered, or the like) to the main body component1913to form the solid body1910. That is, an adhesive (i.e., a reactive adhesive, a two-part epoxy, or the like) may be coated onto any of one or more of the front surface1915of the main body component1913, the outer surface1956of the flange1954, and the rear surface1921of the end cap1914. The adhesive may be applied after milling of the front surface1915of the main body component1913and/or the rear surface1921of the end cap1914to facilitate a more effective bonding between the two components. Next, the rear surface1921of the end cap1914is moved so as to interface with the front surface1915of the main body component1913. The rear surface1921of the end cap1914and the front surface1915of the main body component1913would be abutted against one another except for the fact that an adhesive is disposed between those two surfaces to facilitate the bonding of the end cap1914to the main body component1913. Once the end cap1914is bonded or adhered or coupled to the main body component1913, the flange portion1954of the fastening pin1950is entirely embedded within the interior of the solid body1910. As such, no portion of the flange portion1954of the fastening pin1950is visible. The entirety of the flange portion1954is hidden from view within an interior of the solid body1910. This creates a nice aesthetic whereby only the solid body1910is visible to a user despite the existence of the fastening pin1950within the interior of the solid body1910to couple the solid body1910to the standoff1940. This is a difference from the prior embodiments and it results in a different aesthetic that is cleaner, although both aesthetics may be desired by different end users. The fastening pin1950also cannot be removed or separated from the solid body1910. That is, the fastening pin1950is prevented from moving in the direction of the rear surface1916due to the flange portion1954abutting against the floor1919of the recess1918. The fastening pin1950is prevented from moving in the direction of the front surface1920due to the flange portion1954abutting against the rear surface1921of the end cap1914. Next, the distal portion of the tubular portion1951of the fastening pin1950which is protruding from the rear surface1916of the solid body1910is inserted into the internal passageway1946of the standoff1940through the opening in the distal end1945of the stem portion1944of the standoff1940. The combined fastening pin1950and solid body1910is translated towards the plate portion1941of the standoff1940until the distal end1945of the stem portion1944of the standoff1940abuts against the rear surface1916of the main body component1913of the solid body1910such that no further movement of the solid body1910and fastening pin1950relative to the standoff1940is possible. Finally, the set screw1960may be inserted into an opening in the stem portion1944of the standoff1940and screwed in until it contacts the portion of the tubular portion1951of the fastening pin1950that is nesting within the internal passageway1946of the standoff1940. The set screw1960may nest within the annular or semi-annular recess portion1955noted above. The set screw1960thereby locks the fastening pin1950to the standoff1940, and the fastening pin1950is permanently affixed to the solid body1910as described above. Of course, prior to coupling the fastening pin1950to the standoff1940, the standoff1940should be mounted to the wall at the desired location. This is achieved in the conventional manner, by inserting a fastener (screw or the like) into the internal passageway1946until the shank or threaded portion of the fastener protrudes from the rear surface1943of the plate portion1941of the standoff1940. That portion of the shank or threaded portion of the fastener can then be inserted into a pre-drilled hole in the wall, thereby mounting the standoff1940to the wall. This same concept of hiding the flange of the fastening pin within the interior of the solid body may be utilized in any of the embodiments described herein. For example, with regard to the wall-mountable accessory ofFIGS.1-4, the solid body110may be formed from two components that are bonded together such that the flange of the fastening pin is located between the two components so that it is located within the interior of the solid body and therefore not visible to a user. In fact, many of the concepts described herein with regard to any one embodiment may be combined with the other embodiments described herein. Variations, modifications, and combinations of this type would be readily appreciated by persons skilled in the art. The invention has been described herein with reference to mounting of various embodiments of wall-mountable accessories to a wall. As used herein, the term wall is not limited to a wall which bounds a room and is formed generally from drywall or plaster (although those types of walls are included in the meaning of the term wall). The term wall as used for this purpose could also include wood walls and/or cabinets which are already mounted to a wall. Thus, for example, a cabinet or other type of fixture may be coupled to the wall with the cabinet or fixture having a vertical outer surface. The wall-mountable accessories described herein may then be coupled to the outer surface of the cabinet or fixture, and this scenario is included in the meaning of the term “wall.” Moreover, the invention described herein allows for brittle materials such as solid surface to be combined with metal materials such as stainless steel to make decorative accessories for the bathroom or elsewhere within a home, office, hotel, or other environment. Such brittle materials, which includes solid surface materials and other materials as described in detail herein, have hundreds of styles and designs to choose from, thereby providing a purchaser with countless options to beautify an interior space while mounting functional items therein. Because brittle materials are, by their nature, subject to fracturing and/or cracking when under stress, there is a need to hold such brittle materials under a stable compressive force to provide structural stability and avoid such fracturing and/or cracking to prolong the life cycle of the product. The invention described herein achieves this with a satisfying aesthetic and structural soundness. The invention described herein enables the use of brittle materials in a structural nature to ensure stability. This may be accomplished by holding a solid body formed from the brittle material under compression. Materials that are considered brittle (such as, for example without limitation, solid surface, glass, acrylic, concrete, etc.) have significant structural capabilities that can be extracted by creating stable compressive forces. The term stable as used in this sense means that there are no individual point forces and the brittle material is maintained in a consistent environment. The stable compressive forces may be direct forces, indirect forces, or internal forces, and examples of each of these scenarios has been described herein. The disclosure and drawings represent exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be understood that various additions, modifications and substitutions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope and range of equivalents of the accompanying claims. In particular, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other forms, structures, arrangements, proportions, sizes, and with other elements, materials, and components, without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. In addition, numerous variations in the methods/processes described herein may be made within the scope of the present disclosure. One skilled in the art will further appreciate that the embodiments may be used with many modifications of structure, arrangement, proportions, sizes, materials, and components and otherwise, used in the practice of the disclosure, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from the principles described herein. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the disclosure, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents. In addition, all combinations of any and all of the features described in the disclosure, in any combination, are part of the invention.

11857076

DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1is a diagrammatic representation of air bed system10in an example embodiment. System10can include bed12, which can comprise at least one air chamber14surrounded by a resilient border16and encapsulated by bed ticking18. The resilient border16can comprise any suitable material, such as foam. As illustrated inFIG.1, bed12can be a two chamber design having a first air chamber14A and a second air chamber14B. First and second air chambers14A and14B can be in fluid communication with pump20. Pump20can be in electrical communication with a remote control22via control box24. Remote control22can communicate via wired or wireless means with control box24. Control box24can be configured to operate pump20to cause increases and decreases in the fluid pressure of first and second air chambers14A and14B based upon commands input by a user through remote control22. Remote control22can include display26, output selecting means28, pressure increase button29, and pressure decrease button30. Output selecting means28can allow the user to switch the pump output between the first and second air chambers14A and14B, thus enabling control of multiple air chambers with a single remote control22. For example, output selecting means may by a physical control (e.g., switch or button) or an input control displayed on display26. Alternatively, separate remote control units can be provided for each air chamber and may each include the ability to control multiple air chambers. Pressure increase and decrease buttons29and30can allow a user to increase or decrease the pressure, respectively, in the air chamber selected with the output selecting means28. Adjusting the pressure within the selected air chamber can cause a corresponding adjustment to the firmness of the air chamber. FIG.2is a block diagram detailing data communication between certain components of air bed system10according to various examples. As shown inFIG.2, control box24can include power supply34, processor36, memory37, switching means38, and analog to digital (A/D) converter40. Switching means38can be, for example, a relay or a solid state switch. Switching means38can be located in the pump20rather than the control box24. Pump20and remote control22can be in two-way communication with the control box24. Pump20can include a motor42, a pump manifold43, a relief valve44, a first control valve45A, a second control valve45B, and a pressure transducer46, and can be fluidly connected with the first air chamber14A and the second air chamber14B via a first tube48A and a second tube48B, respectively. First and second control valves45A and45B can be controlled by switching means38, and can be operable to regulate the flow of fluid between pump20and first and second air chambers14A and14B, respectively. In an example, pump20and control box24can be provided and packaged as a single unit. Alternatively, pump20and control box24can be provided as physically separate units. In operation, power supply34can receive power, such as 110 VAC power, from an external source and can convert the power to various forms required by certain components of the air bed system10. Processor36can be used to control various logic sequences associated with operation of the air bed system10, as will be discussed in further detail below. The example of the air bed system10shown inFIG.2contemplates two air chambers14A and14B and a single pump20. However, other examples may include an air bed system having two or more air chambers and one or more pumps incorporated into the air bed system to control the air chambers. In an example, a separate pump can be associated with each air chamber of the air bed system or a pump may be associated with multiple chambers of the air bed system. Separate pumps can allow each air chamber to be inflated or deflated independently and simultaneously. Furthermore, additional pressure transducers can also be incorporated into the air bed system such that, for example, a separate pressure transducer can be associated with each air chamber. In the event that the processor36sends a decrease pressure command to one of air chambers14A or14B, switching means38can be used to convert the low voltage command signals sent by processor36to higher operating voltages sufficient to operate relief valve44of pump20and open control valves45A or45B. Opening relief valve44can allow air to escape from air chamber14A or14B through the respective air tube48A or48B. During deflation, pressure transducer46can send pressure readings to processor36via the A/D converter40. The A/D converter40can receive analog information from pressure transducer46and can convert the analog information to digital information useable by processor36. Processor36may send the digital signal to remote control22to update display26on the remote control in order to convey the pressure information to the user. In the event that processor36sends an increase pressure command, pump motor42can be energized, sending air to the designated air chamber through air tube48A or48B via electronically operating corresponding valve45A or45B. While air is being delivered to the designated air chamber in order to increase the firmness of the chamber, pressure transducer46can sense pressure within pump manifold43. Again, pressure transducer46can send pressure readings to processor36via A/D converter40. Processor36can use the information received from A/D converter40to determine the difference between the actual pressure in air chamber14A or14B and the desired pressure. Processor36can send the digital signal to remote control22to update display26on the remote control in order to convey the pressure information to the user. Generally speaking, during an inflation or deflation process, the pressure sensed within pump manifold43provides an approximation of the pressure within the air chamber. An example method of obtaining a pump manifold pressure reading that is substantially equivalent to the actual pressure within an air chamber is to turn off pump20, allow the pressure within the air chamber14A or14B and pump manifold43to equalize, and then sense the pressure within pump manifold43with pressure transducer46. Thus, providing a sufficient amount of time to allow the pressures within pump manifold43and chamber14A or14B to equalize may result in pressure readings that are accurate approximations of the actual pressure within air chamber14A or14B. In various examples, the pressure of48A/B is continuously monitored using multiple pressure sensors. In an example, another method of obtaining a pump manifold pressure reading that is substantially equivalent to the actual pressure within an air chamber is through the use of a pressure adjustment algorithm. In general, the method can function by approximating the air chamber pressure based upon a mathematical relationship between the air chamber pressure and the pressure measured within pump manifold43(during both an inflation cycle and a deflation cycle), thereby eliminating the need to turn off pump20in order to obtain a substantially accurate approximation of the air chamber pressure. As a result, a desired pressure setpoint within air chamber14A or14B can be achieved without the need for turning pump20off to allow the pressures to equalize. The latter method of approximating an air chamber pressure using mathematical relationships between the air chamber pressure and the pump manifold pressure is described in detail in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/936,084, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. FIG.3illustrates an example air bed system architecture300. Architecture300includes bed301, e.g., an inflatable air mattress, central controller302, firmness controller304, articulation controller306, temperature controller308in communication with one or more temperature sensors309, external network device310, remote controllers312,314, and voice controller316. While described as using an air bed, the system architecture may also be used with other types of beds. As illustrated inFIG.3, the central controller302includes firmness controller304and pump305. The network bed architecture300is configured as a star topology with central controller302and firmness controller304functioning as the hub and articulation controller306, temperature controller308, external network device310, remote controls312,314, and voice controller316functioning as possible spokes, also referred to herein as components. Thus, in various examples, central controller302acts a relay between the various components. In yet another example, central controller302listens to communications (e.g., control signals) between components even if the communication is not being relayed through central controller302. For example, consider a user sending a command using remote312to temperature controller308. Central controller302may listen for the command and check to determine if instructions are stored at central controller302to override the command (e.g., it conflicts with a previous setting). Central controller302may also log the command for future use (e.g., determining a pattern of user preferences for the components). In other examples, different topologies may be used. For example, the components and central controller302may be configured as a mesh network in which each component may communicate with one or all of the other components directly, bypassing central controller302. In various examples, a combination of topologies may be used. For example, remote controller312may communicate directly to temperature controller308but also relay the communication to central controller302. In various examples, the controllers and devices illustrated inFIG.3may each include a processor, a storage device, and a network interface. The processor may be a general purpose central processing unit (CPU) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The storage device may include volatile or non-volatile static storage (e.g., Flash memory, RAM, EPROM, etc.). The storage device may store instructions which, when executed by the processor, configure the processor to perform the functionality described herein. For example, a processor of firmness control304may be configured to send a command to a relief valve to decrease the pressure in a bed. In various examples, the network interface of the components may be configured to transmit and receive communications in a variety of wired and wireless protocols. For example, the network interface may be configured to use the 802.11 standards (e.g., 802.11a/b/c/g/n/ac), PAN network standards such as 802.15.4 or Bluetooth, infrared, cellular standards (e.g., 3G/4G etc.), Ethernet, and USB for receiving and transmitting data. The previous list is not intended to exhaustive and other protocols may be used. Not all components ofFIG.3need to be configured to use the same protocols. For example, remote control312may communicate with central controller302via Bluetooth while temperature controller308and articulation controller306are connected to central controller using 802.15.4. WithinFIG.3, the lightning connectors represent wireless connections and the solid lines represent wired connections, however, the connections between the components is not limited to such connections and each connection may be wired or wireless. For example, the voice controller316can be connected wirelessly to the central controller302. Moreover, in various examples, the processor, storage device, and network interface of a component may be located in different locations than various elements used to effect a command. For example, as inFIG.1, firmness controller302may have a pump that is housed in a separate enclosure than the processor used to control the pump. Similar separation of elements may be employed for the other controllers and devices inFIG.3. In various examples, firmness controller304is configured to regulate pressure in an air mattress. For example, firmness controller304may include a pump such as described with reference toFIG.2(see e.g., pump20). Thus, in an example, firmness controller304may respond to commands to increase or decrease pressure in the air mattress. The commands may be received from another component or based on stored application instructions that are part of firmness controller304. As illustrated inFIG.3central controller302includes firmness controller304. Thus, in an example, the processor of central controller302and firmness control304may be the same processor. Furthermore, the pump may also be part of central controller302. Accordingly, central controller302may be responsible for pressure regulation as well as other functionality as described in further portions of this disclosure. In various examples, articulation controller306is configured to adjust the position of a bed (e.g., bed301) by adjusting a foundation307that supports the bed. In an example, separate positions may be set for two different beds (e.g., two twin beds placed next to each other). The foundation307may include more than one zone, e.g., head portion318and foot portion320, that may be independently adjusted. Articulation controller306may also be configured to provide different levels of massage to a person on the bed. In various examples, temperature controller308is configured to increase, decrease, or maintain the temperature of a user. For example, a pad may be placed on top of or be part of the air mattress. Air may be pushed through the pad and vented to cool off a user of the bed. Conversely, the pad may include a heating element that may be used to keep the user warm. In various examples, the pad includes the temperature sensor309and temperature controller308receives temperature readings from the temperature sensor309. In other examples, the temperature sensor309can be separate from the pad, e.g., part of the air mattress or foundation. In various examples, additional controllers may communicate with central controller302. These controllers may include, but are not limited to, illumination controllers for turning on and off light elements placed on and around the bed and outlet controllers for controlling power to one or more power outlets. In various examples, external network device310, remote controllers312,314and voice controller316may be used to input commands (e.g., from a user or remote system) to control one or more components of architecture300. The commands may be transmitted from one of the controllers312,314, or316and received in central controller302. Central controller302may process the command to determine the appropriate component to route the received command. For example, each command sent via one of controllers312,314, or316may include a header or other metadata that indicates which component the command is for. Central controller302may then transmit the command via central controller302′s network interface to the appropriate component. For example, a user may input a desired temperature for the user's bed into remote control312. The desired temperature may be encapsulated in a command data structure that includes the temperature as well as identifies temperature controller308as the desired component to be controlled. The command data structure may then be transmitted via Bluetooth to central controller302. In various examples, the command data structure is encrypted before being transmitted. Central controller302may parse the command data structure and relay the command to temperature controller308using a PAN. Temperature controller308may then configure its elements to increase or decrease the temperature of the pad depending on the temperature originally input into remote control312. In various examples, data may be transmitted from a component back to one or more of the remote controls. For example, the current temperature as determined by a sensor element of temperature controller308, e.g., temperature sensor309, the pressure of the bed, the current position of the foundation or other information may be transmitted to central controller302. Central controller302may then transmit the received information and transmit it to remote control312where it may be displayed to the user. In various examples, multiple types of devices may be used to input commands to control the components of architecture300. For example, remote control312may be a mobile device such as a smart phone or tablet computer running an application. Other examples of remote control312may include a dedicated device for interacting with the components described herein. In various examples, remote controls312/314include a display device for displaying an interface to a user. Remote control312/314may also include one or more input devices. Input devices may include, but are not limited to, keypads, touchscreen, gesture, motion and voice controls. Remote control314may be a single component remote configured to interact with one component of the mattress architecture. For example, remote control314may be configured to accept inputs to increase or decrease the air mattress pressure. Voice controller316may be configured to accept voice commands to control one or more components. In various examples, more than one of the remote controls312/314and voice controller316may be used. With respect to remote control312, the application may be configured to pair with one or more central controllers. For each central controller, data may be transmitted to the mobile device that includes a list of components linked with the central controller. For example, consider that remote control312is a mobile phone and that the application has been authenticated and paired with central controller302. Remote control312may transmit a discovery request to central controller302to inquiry about other components and available services. In response, central controller302may transmit a list of services that includes available functions for adjusting the firmness of the bed, position of the bed, and temperature of the bed. In various embodiments, the application may then display functions for increasing/decreasing pressure of the air mattress, adjusting positions of the bed, and adjusting temperature. If components are added/removed to the architecture under control of central controller302, an updated list may be transmitted to remote control312and the interface of the application may be adjusted accordingly. In various examples, central controller302is configured as a distributor of software updates to components in architecture300. For example, a firmware update for temperature controller308may become available. The update may be loaded into a storage device of central controller302(e.g., via a USB interface). Central controller302may then transmit the update to temperature controller308with instructions to update. Temperature controller308may attempt to install the update. A status message may be transmitted from temperature controller308to central controller302indicating the success or failure of the update. In various examples, central controller302is configured to analyze data collected by a pressure transducer (e.g., transducer46with respect toFIG.2) to determine various states of a person lying on the bed. For example, central controller302may determine the heart rate or respiration rate of a person lying in the bed. Additional processing may be done using the collected data to determine a possible sleep state of the person. For example, central controller302may determine when a person falls asleep and, while asleep, the various sleep states of the person. In various examples, external network device310includes a network interface to interact with an external server for processing and storage of data related to components in architecture300. For example, the determined sleep data as described above may be transmitted via a network (e.g., the Internet) from central controller302to external network device310for storage. In an example, the pressure transducer data may be transmitted to the external server for additional analysis. The external network device310may also analyze and filter the data before transmitting it to the external server. In an example, diagnostic data of the components may also be routed to external network device310for storage and diagnosis on the external server. For example, if temperature controller308detects an abnormal temperature reading (e.g., a drop in temperature over one minute that exceeds a set threshold) diagnostic data (sensor readings, current settings, etc.) may be wireless transmitted from temperature controller308to central controller302. Central controller302may then transmit this data via USB to external network device310. External device310may wirelessly transmit the information to an WLAN access point where it is routed to the external server for analysis. In one example, the bed system300can include one or more lights322A-322F (referred to collectively in this disclosure as “lights322”) to illuminate a portion of a room, e.g., when a user gets out of the bed301. The lights322can be attached around the foundation307, e.g., affixed to the foundation around its perimeter. InFIG.3, the lights322are depicted as extending around two sides of the foundation307. In other configurations, the lights322can extend around more than two sides of the foundation307, or only a single side. In one example implementation, the lights322can be positioned underneath the foundation307to project light outwardly from the foundation307. EXAMPLE MACHINE ARCHITECTURE AND MACHINE-READABLE MEDIUM FIG.4is a block diagram of machine in the example form of a computer system400within which instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The example computer system400includes a processor402(e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), ASIC or a combination), a main memory404and a static memory406, which communicate with each other via a bus408. The computer system400may further include a video display unit410(e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system400also includes an alphanumeric input device412(e.g., a keyboard and/or touchscreen), a user interface (UI) navigation device414(e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit416, a signal generation device418(e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device420. Machine-Readable Medium The disk drive unit416includes a machine-readable medium422on which is stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g., software)424embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions424may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory404and/or within the processor402during execution thereof by the computer system400, the main memory404and the processor402also constituting machine-readable media. While the machine-readable medium422is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more instructions or data structures. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable media include non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. Transmission Medium The instructions424may further be transmitted or received over a communications network426using a transmission medium. The instructions424may be transmitted using the network interface device420and any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), the Internet, mobile telephone networks, Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., WiFi and WiMax networks). The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. Adjustable Foundation Operation FIGS.5-10illustrate various views of the adjustable foundation307in accordance with an example of the present disclosure. The adjustable foundation307can be similar to the various adjustable foundations described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,951,037, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In particular, the adjustable foundation307can be a unitized structure and can include a support560defined by opposite substantially parallel longitudinal side rails561,562and spaced substantially parallel head and foot rails563,564, respectively. The side rails561,562can generally be of C-shaped cross-sectional configurations which open away from each other (FIG.8) and can each include an upper flange565, a lower flange566and a web569therebetween. The upper flanges565can include a plurality of spaced openings567and the lower flanges566can be welded to upper surfaces of the head rail563and the foot rail564, each of which can be of a generally polygonal cross-sectional tubular configuration (FIGS.5and6). Located inboard from each end of the respective head and foot rails563,564, a metal angle bracket617(FIGS.7and8) can be provided that is defined by an upper horizontal flange571and a depending vertical flange572. The upper flanges571of the angle brackets570can be welded to the underside of the associated head rail563and foot rail564. The vertical flanges572of the angle brackets570can be brought into engagement with one or more longitudinal support members540,540(FIG.7) of underlying frame or foundation sections. In various examples, the support560(FIGS.8-10) of the adjustable foundation307can carry as part of the unitized assembly a headboard adjusting linkage mechanism580for adjusting the head portion318(FIG.3), a foot board adjusting linkage mechanism590for adjusting the foot portion320(FIG.3), a headboard drive mechanism600and a footboard drive mechanism610. The headboard adjusting linkage mechanism580can include a lift tube581which can be welded at opposite ends thereof to lift arms582,582, each carrying at one end thereof a roller or follower583and being connected at opposite ends thereof to the web569of the side rails561,562by pivot means584in the form of bolts and nuts, or any other suitable fastening means. A pair of spaced parallel arms585,585can be welded at one end substantially centrally or medially of the lift tube581and can have aligned apertures at opposite ends thereof. The footboard adjusting linkage mechanism590can include a lift tube591which can be welded at opposite ends thereof to lift arms592,592, each carrying at one end thereof a roller or follower593and being connected at opposite ends thereof to the web569of the side rails561,562by pivot means594in the form of bolts and nuts, or any other suitable fastening means. A pair of spaced parallel arms595,595can be welded at one end substantially centrally or medially of the lift tube591and can have aligned apertures at opposite ends thereof. The headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610can be identical or can have a different configuration. Each of the drive mechanisms600,610can include a motor601,611, respectively, which can be selectively rotated in opposite directions through the central controller302discussed above which, in an example, can rotate a respective screw612,613which in turn can extend or retract a respective lift rod616,617. The lift rods616,617can be connected by respective pivot pins or pivot means120to the respective brackets585,595. A generally U-shaped bracket622,623(FIGS.5,6,8and9) can be welded to an underside of the respective head rail563and foot rail564and opposite ends of the brackets622,623can be pivotally connected by pivots629to a housing639,649of the respective drive mechanisms600,610. A pair of foot links630can be connected by pivots631to brackets632which can be welded to the foot rail564at one end thereof. Opposite ends of the links630can have brackets634pivotally connected thereto by pivot means633. The adjustable foundation307can further include a headboard640, a seat board641, a thigh board642and a footboard643. The headboard640and the seat board641can be connected to each other by pivot means644. The seat board641and the thigh board642can be pivotally connected to each other by pivot means645. The thigh board642and the footboard643can be pivotally connected to each other by pivot means646. Screws or similar fasteners can connect the brackets634to the footboard643and like screws passing through the openings567of the side rails561,562can fasten the side rails561,562to the seat board641. Therefore, the entire adjustable foundation307can be a unitized structure defined by the support560, the linkage mechanisms580,590carried thereby, the drive means600,610carried thereby, and the boards640-643also carried thereby. Thus, the entire unitized adjustable foundation307can be “drop-in” assembled with a foundation surround and/or underlying frame. As discussed above, the bed301can include a single foundation307or multiple foundations307positioned side-by-side. In an example, the bed301can include a single foundation307configured to adjust the position of a bed having a single mattress. In another example, the bed301can include two side-by-side foundations307configured to operate in tandem to adjust the position of a bed having a single mattress. In yet another example, the bed301can include two side-by-side mattresses supported by two side-by-side foundations307, wherein the foundations307are operable independently such that separate positions may be set for the two different mattresses of the bed301. Each of the foundations307in the above examples can include the independently adjustable head portion318and foot portion320. Consider, for example, a bed301having two side-by-side adjustable foundations307supporting two side-by-side mattresses. In this configuration, each of the foundations307can include the headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610described above, thereby allowing the user on each side to independently adjust the head portion318and/or the foot portion320. However, when a bed301is instead provided having two side-by-side adjustable foundations307supporting a single mattress, a problem can arise when, for example, the user on one side adjusts the head portion318and/or the foot portion320to a position that is different than the corresponding positions on the other side of the bed. Thus, in this alternative configuration having a single mattress and two side-by-side adjustable foundations307, there is a need for syncing the operation of the headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610in each of the foundations307such that the two foundations307operate similar to a single foundation. The present disclosure contemplates a system and method for selecting between various bed configurations to achieve the desired bed adjustability. Physical Configuration Switch FIG.11is a diagram illustrating an example of a configurable device that can be used to implement various techniques of this disclosure. For example,FIG.11depicts a configuration switch700located on the central controller302. The configuration switch700is shown as located on the central controller302merely for purposes of example and not limitation. Thus, the configuration switch700can be located on any other component of the bed301without departing from the intended scope of the present disclosure. In various examples, the configuration switch700can include a switch member702that can be moved between multiple positions as indicated by arrow704. As illustrated inFIG.11, the configuration switch700can include a first position706and a second position708. In an example, the first position706can be configured to allow the headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610of a first adjustable foundation307to operate independent of the headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610of a second adjustable foundation307. Thus, the first position706can be selected when the particular bed configuration includes two side-by-side adjustable foundations307supporting two side-by-side mattresses. In this configuration, each of the users can have independent control for adjusting the head portion318and/or the foot portion320of their side of the bed301. In an example, the second position708can be configured to allow the headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610of a first adjustable foundation307to be synced with the operation of the headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610of a second adjustable foundation307. Thus, the second position708can be selected when the particular bed configuration includes two side-by-side adjustable foundations307supporting a single mattress. In this configuration, when one of the users makes a selection on a remote control device to adjust the head portion318and/or the foot portion320, the corresponding drive mechanisms of the first adjustable foundation307and the second adjustable foundation307can operate in tandem to adjust both sides of the bed to the selected position. FIG.12is a diagram illustrating another example of a configurable device that can be used to implement various techniques of this disclosure. For example,FIG.12depicts an alternative configuration switch700′ located on the central controller302. In various examples, the configuration switch700′ can include the switch member702that can be moved between multiple positions as indicated by arrow704. In addition to the first position706and the second position708discussed above with reference to the configuration switch700, the configuration switch700′ can include a third position710. In an example, the third position710can be available for use in a bed configuration having a single adjustable foundation307supporting a single mattress. In this configuration, independent or synced control of the headboard drive mechanism600and the footboard drive mechanism610of two side-by-side foundations is irrelevant because there is only a single foundation307. Thus, when the switch member702is moved to the third position710, the central controller302or the articulation controller306can disable control of the missing second foundation307and provide instructions solely to the first foundation307. In another example, the third position710can be configured to allow the footboard drive mechanism610of a first adjustable foundation307to be synced with the operation of the footboard drive mechanism610of a second adjustable foundation307and the headboard drive mechanism600of a first adjustable foundation307to operate independent of the headboard drive mechanism600of a second adjustable foundation307. Thus, the third position710can be selected when the particular bed configuration includes two side-by-side adjustable foundations307supporting one split top mattress. In this configuration, each of the users can have independent control for adjusting the head portion318of their side of the bed301. Switching Techniques for Adjustable Foundations FIG.13is a block diagram illustrating an example circuit for providing coordinated control of multiple motors of an adjustable foundation system in accordance with this disclosure. More particularly,FIG.13depicts an example circuit800having a configurable device802, e.g., switches700,700′, and a central controller302that includes a processor804, a relay coil806and a plurality of relay contacts808A-808D (referred to collectively in this disclosure as “contacts808”), and a power source810, e.g., direct current (DC) power source, for providing power to the relay coil806. The configurable device802has a first state and second state, e.g., a first switch position706and a second switch position708ofFIG.11, and is configurable based on user input. For example, a user may switch configurable device802from the first state (or position)706ofFIG.11to the second state (or position)708ofFIG.11. FIG.13further depicts a first headboard motor812A and a first footboard motor814A for adjusting the head portion318and the foot portion320, respectively, of a first adjustable foundation, e.g., the left side of the foundation, and a second headboard motor812B and a second footboard motor814B, for adjusting the head portion318and the foot portion320, respectively, of a second adjustable foundation, e.g., the right side of the foundation. The headboard motors812A,812B may be similar to the motors601ofFIG.6, and the footboard motors814A,814B may be similar to the motors611ofFIG.6. For simplicity, only control signal lines to the motors812A-814B, and not power supply lines, have been depicted. In accordance with this disclosure, the central controller302may be configured to control a plurality of motors, e.g., the motors812A-814B, based on input received from a user via the configurable device802. For example, in some example configurations, it may be desirable for the first headboard motor812A (also shown as “HM1” inFIG.13) of the first adjustable foundation and a second headboard motor812B (also shown as “HM2” inFIG.13) of a second adjustable foundation to operate in coordination with one another. That is, the first headboard motor812A and the second headboard motor812B may operate at substantially the same time, e.g., synchronously, and in substantially the same manner, e.g., when one motor is raising the first headboard the other motor is raising the second headboard to substantially the same inclination. Similarly, it may be desirable for the first footboard motor814A (also shown as “FM1” inFIG.13) of the first adjustable foundation and a second footboard motor814B (also shown as “FM2” inFIG.13) of a second adjustable foundation to operate in coordination with one another. That is, the first footboard motor814A and the second footboard motor814B may operate at substantially the same time, e.g., synchronously, and in substantially the same manner, e.g., when one motor is lowering the first footboard the other motor is lowering the second footboard to substantially the same inclination. Coordination between the motors may be desirable with certain bed configurations. For example, a king size bed systems may include a single air mattress placed over two adjustable foundations, e.g., a right adjustable foundation and a left adjustable foundation. Because of the placement of the single mattress over both foundations, it may be desirable to coordinate operation of the motors so that the two sides of the bed operate uniformly. During an initial set-up of the system300, for example, a user may configure the device802, e.g., a switch. The device802may be, for example, a two-way switch, a three-way switch (or other multi-way switch), a single-pole double-throw switch, or any other type of switch or device that has two or more states or positions. The device802inFIG.13is depicted in a first state as set by a user, e.g., a switch in an open position. The relay contacts808A,808B are normally-closed (NC) contacts and the relay contacts808C,808D are normally-open (NO) contacts. Because the device802is in an open position, the relay coil806of the central controller302is not energized and the relay contacts808A-808D remain in their normal positions, as shown inFIG.13. Upon receiving a command to operate the first headboard motor812A, the processor804outputs a control signal via signal line816that operates both the first head potion motor812A and the second headboard motor812B via NC contact808A. Any control signals from the processor804via signal line818to operate the second headboard motor812B are blocked by NO contact808D, thereby preventing the two head motors812A,812B from operating independently of one another. Similarly, upon receiving a command to operate the first footboard motor814A, the processor804outputs a control signal via signal line820that operates both the first foot potion motor814A and the second footboard motor814B via NC contact808B. Any control signals from the processor804via signal line822to operate the second footboard motor814B are blocked by NO contact808C, thereby preventing the two footboard motors814A,814B from operating independently of one another. In this manner, the processor is configured to control the headboard motors812A,812B and/or the footboard motors814A,814B based on the input received from the user. It should be noted that the configuration depicted inFIG.13is just one example configuration that illustrates coordinated operation of the motors812A-814B. Other example configurations are considered within the scope of this disclosure. FIG.14is a block diagram illustrating an example circuit for providing independent control of multiple motors of an adjustable foundation system in accordance with this disclosure.FIG.14depicts the example circuit800ofFIG.13with the configurable device802depicted in a second state as set by a user, e.g., a switch in a closed position. For purposes of conciseness, the components of the circuit800will not be described again in detail. In contrast to the coordinated control of motors described above with respect toFIG.13, in some example configurations, it may be desirable for the first headboard motor812A of the first adjustable foundation and the second headboard motor812B of the second adjustable foundation to operate independently of one another. For example, when the first headboard motor812A is raising the first headboard, the second headboard motor812B may lower the second headboard, or not move the second headboard at all. Similarly, it may be desirable for the first footboard motor814A of the first adjustable foundation and the second footboard motor814B of the second adjustable foundation to operate independently of one another. For example, when the first footboard motor814A is raising the first footboard, the second footboard motor814B may lower the second footboard, or not move the second footboard at all. Independence between the motors812A-814B may be desirable with certain bed configurations. For example, a split king size bed systems may include first and second air mattresses placed, respectively, over first and second adjustable foundations, e.g., a right adjustable foundation and a left adjustable foundation. Because of the split mattress configuration, it may be desirable to allow independent operation of the motors812A-814B. During an initial set-up of the system300, for example, a user may configure the device802, e.g., a switch. Again, the device802may be, for example, a two-way switch, a three-way switch (or other multi-way switch), a single-pole double-throw switch, or any other type of switch or device that has two or more states or positions. The device802inFIG.14is depicted in a second state as set by a user, e.g., a switch in a closed position. Because the device802is in a closed position, the relay coil806of the central controller302is energized. The relay contacts808A-808D change from their normal positions, as shown inFIG.13, to the positions depicted inFIG.14. That is, the relay contacts808A,808B open and the relay contacts808C,808D close. Upon receiving a command to operate the first headboard motor812A, the processor804outputs a control signal via signal line816. In response, the first head potion motor812A operates, but the second headboard motor812B will not operate due to the open relay contact808A. Any control signals from the processor804via signal line818to operate the second headboard motor812B are permitted through closed relay contact808D, thereby allowing the two head motors812A,812B to operate independently of one another. Similarly, upon receiving a command to operate the first footboard motor814A, the processor804outputs a control signal via signal line820. In response, the first foot potion motor814A operates, but the second footboard motor814B will not operate due to the open relay contact808B. Any control signals from the processor804via signal line822to operate the second footboard motor814B are permitted through closed relay contact808C, thereby allowing the two foot motors814A,814B to operate independently of one another. In this manner, the processor804is configured to control the head motors812A,812B and/or the foot motors814A,814B based on the input received from the user. It should be noted that the configuration depicted inFIG.14is just one example configuration that illustrates independent operation of the motors812A-814B. Other example configurations are considered within the scope of this disclosure. In some example implementations, the configurable device802may be a mechanical device, e.g., a mechanical switch, as described above with respect toFIGS.13and14. In other examples, the configurable device may be an electronic switch. In yet another example, the configurable device may be a memory device that stores a user input, as described in more detail below with respect toFIGS.15and16. FIG.15is a block diagram illustrating another example circuit for providing coordinated control of multiple motors of an adjustable foundation system in accordance with this disclosure. More particularly,FIG.15depicts an example circuit900having a central controller302that includes a processor904, a relay coil906and a plurality of relay contacts908A-908D (referred to collectively in this disclosure as “contacts908”), a transceiver910, and a configurable device911, e.g., a memory device. The configurable device911has a first state and second state, e.g., a cell of a memory device that stores either a high logic level or a low logic level, and is configurable based on user input. In one example, a user may use a remote controller, e.g., remote controller314ofFIG.3, to configure the memory device911. The user input may be a selection that represents whether the user has, for example, a king size bed or a split king size bed. As indicated above, split king size bed may have two mattresses and two adjustable foundations and, as a result, the motors on the two sides of the bed may be operated independently of one another. In contrast, a king size bed may have a single mattress and two adjustable foundations and, as a result, the motors on the two sides of the bed may be operated in coordination with one another. In one example, during initial configuration of the bed system300, the user may use a remote controller to transmit a signal representing a user input selection to the transceiver910. The transceiver910may forward the signal to the processor904, which stores in the memory911a logic level representing the received user input. For example, a low logic level may represent that the user transmitted a selection of a king size bed and a high logic level may represent that the user transmitted a selection of a split king size bed. FIG.15further depicts a first head potion motor912A and a first footboard motor914A for adjusting the head portion318and the foot portion320, respectively, of a first adjustable foundation, e.g., the left side of the foundation, and a second head potion motor912B and a second footboard motor914B for adjusting the head portion318and the foot portion320, respectively, of a second adjustable foundation, e.g., the right side of the foundation. For simplicity, only control signal lines to the motors912A-914B, and not power supply lines, have been depicted. Upon receiving a command to operate the first headboard motor912A, for example, the processor904retrieves from the memory device911the previously stored logic level that represents the user selection. Based upon the retrieved logic level, the processor904controls the energizing of the relay coil906. The relay contacts908A,908B are normally-closed (NC) contacts and the relay contacts908C,908D are normally-open (NO) contacts. In one example, if the retrieved logic level from the memory device911represents a user selection of a king size bed, the processor904does not output a control signal to energize the relay coil906. Upon receiving a command to operate the first headboard motor912A, the processor904outputs a control signal via signal line916that operates both the first headboard motor912A and the second headboard motor912B via NC contact908A. Any control signals from the processor904via signal line918to operate the second headboard motor912B are blocked by NO contact908D, thereby preventing the two head motors912A,912B from operating independently of one another. Similarly, upon receiving a command to operate the first footboard motor914A, the processor904outputs a control signal via signal line920that operates both the first footboard motor914A and the second footboard motor914B via NC contact908B. Any control signals from the processor904via signal line922to operate the second footboard motor914B are blocked by NO contact908C, thereby preventing the two foot motors914A,914B from operating independently of one another. In this manner, the processor is configured to control the head motors912A,912B and/or the foot motors914A,914B based on the input received from the user and stored in the device911. It should be noted that the configuration depicted inFIG.15is just one example configuration that illustrates coordinated operation of the motors912A-914B. Other example configurations are considered within the scope of this disclosure. FIG.16is a block diagram illustrating an example circuit for providing independent control of multiple motors of an adjustable foundation system in accordance with this disclosure.FIG.16depicts the example circuit900ofFIG.15with after the relay coil906has been energized. For purposes of conciseness, the components of the circuit900will not be described again in detail. In contrast to the coordinated control of motors described above with respect toFIG.15, in some example configurations, it may be desirable for the first headboard motor912A of the first adjustable foundation and the second headboard motor912B of the second adjustable foundation to operate independently of one another. That is, the first headboard motor912A and the second headboard motor912B operate independent of one another, e.g., when one motor is raising the first headboard, the other motor can lower the second headboard, or not moving the second headboard at all. Similarly, it may be desirable for the first footboard motor914A of the first adjustable foundation and a second footboard motor914B of the second adjustable foundation to operate independently of one another. That is, the first footboard motor914A and the second footboard motor914B may operate independent of one another, e.g., when one motor is raising the first footboard, the other motor can lower the second footboard, or not moving the second footboard at all. In one example, during initial configuration of the bed system300, the user may use a remote controller to transmit a signal representing a user input selection to the transceiver910. The transceiver910may forward the signal to the processor904, which stores in the memory device911a logic level representing the received user input. For example, a low logic level may represent that the user transmitted a selection of a king size bed and a high logic level may represent that the user transmitted a selection of a split king size bed. Upon receiving a command to operate the first headboard motor912A, for example, the processor904retrieves from the memory device911the previously stored logic level that represents the user selection. Based upon the retrieved logic level, the processor904controls the energizing of the relay coil906. In one example, if the retrieved logic level from the memory device911represents a user selection of a split king size bed, the processor904may output a control signal to energize the relay coil906, which will open the relay contacts908A,908B and close the relay contacts908C,908D. Upon receiving a command to operate the first headboard motor912A, the processor904may output a control signal via signal line916. In response, the first headboard motor912A operates, but the second headboard motor912B will not operate due to the open relay contact908A. Any control signals from the processor904via signal line918to operate the second headboard motor912B are permitted through closed relay contact908D, thereby allowing the two headboard motors912A,912B to operate independently of one another. Similarly, upon receiving a command to operate the first footboard motor914B, the processor904outputs a control signal via signal line920. In response, the first footboard motor914A operates, but the second footboard motor914B will not operate due to the open relay contact908B. Any control signals from the processor904via signal line922to operate the second footboard motor914B are permitted through closed relay contact908C, thereby allowing the two footboard motors914A,914B to operate independently of one another. In this manner, the processor is configured to control the headboard motors912A,912B and/or the footboard motors914A,914B based on the input received from the user. It should be noted that the configuration depicted inFIG.16is just one example configuration that illustrates independent operation of the motors912A-914B. Other example configurations are considered within the scope of this disclosure. AlthoughFIGS.13-16were described above with respect to two bed configurations and thus two states or positions for the configurable device, the disclosure is not so limited. In some example implementations, there may three or more bed configurations. As such, it may be desirable to use a multi-way switch having three or more states or positions. For example, it may be desirable with some bed configurations to disable any motor control signals to the second adjustable foundation. To that end, a three-way switch may be desirable. FIGS.13-16were described using relay coils and contacts. In one example implementation, the relays may be electromechanical relays. In other example configurations, programmable logic controllers may be used. In various examples, the positions of the head portion318and the foot portion320of the adjustable foundation307can be tracked using one or more encoder devices. The one or more encoder devices can be electromechanical devices that are configured to convert angular position or motion of a rotatable member to an analog or digital code. In an example, encoder devices can be operably coupled to the screw612of the headboard drive mechanism600and to the screw613of the footboard drive mechanism610in each of the adjustable foundations307of a side-by-side bed configuration. The encoder devices can be configured to transmit signals to the central controller302, or to another controller of the system architecture300, to track the positions of the head portions318and the foot portions320of the side-by-side adjustable foundations307. Thus, when the operation of the headboard drive mechanisms600and the footboard drive mechanisms610of two side-by-side foundations are synced, the encoder devices can monitor whether the two head portions318and/or foot portions320are moving at the same speed and to the same position. In an example, the central controller302can obtain motor encoder readings from each of the encoder devices. The central controller302can be configured to obtain and process these encoder readings at any desired sampling rate, such as 5 times per second. If the central controller302determines that one or more of the headboard drive mechanisms600or footboard drive mechanisms610are operating at a different speed, the controller302can generate instructions to speed up or slow down one or more of the motors associated with the drive mechanisms to ensure that the movement is once again synced. Any suitable encoder device can be utilized, such as an absolute encoder or an incremental encoder. In an example, absolute encoder devices can indicate the current position of the headboard drive mechanism screw612and the current position of the footboard drive mechanism screw613. In another example, incremental encoder devices can provide information about the motion of the headboard drive mechanism screw612and the footboard drive mechanism screw613, which can be further processed by the controller302into information such as speed, distance, and position. Although an embodiment has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, show by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. The embodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. As it common, the terms “a” and “an” may refer to one or more unless otherwise indicated.

11857077

Like reference numerals indicate similar parts throughout the figures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the disclosure taken in connection with the accompanying drawing figures, which form a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the specific devices, conditions or parameters described and/or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of the claimed disclosure. Also, as used in the specification and including the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” or “approximately” one particular value and/or to “about” or “approximately” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It is also understood that all spatial references, such as, for example, horizontal, vertical, top, upper, lower, bottom, left and right, are for illustrative purposes only and can be varied within the scope of the disclosure. For example, the references “upper” and “lower” or “top” and “bottom” are relative and used only in the context to the other, and are not necessarily “superior” and “inferior”. The following discussion includes a description of bed sheets in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure. Alternate embodiments are also disclosed. Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, which are illustrated in the accompanying figures. Turning toFIGS.1-11, there are illustrated a sheet set that includes a flat bed sheet30and a fitted bed sheet32. Bed sheet30is configured to be positioned on top of a fitted sheet, such as, for example, bed sheet32, that is positioned on a mattress. It is envisioned that bed sheets30,32may be used separately, or together. In some embodiments, bed sheet30is configured to cover all or a portion of a top surface of the mattress. In some embodiments, bed sheet30is configured to be larger than the top surface of the mattress such that at least a portion of bed sheet30covers all or a portion of a side surface of the mattress. In some embodiments, bed sheet30has substantially the same size and shape as the top surface of the mattress. In some embodiments, the mattress is a standard size mattress, such as, for example, a twin mattress, a full mattress, a queen mattress, a king mattress, or a California king mattress. In some embodiments, the mattress is a crib mattress. In some embodiments, the mattress is a memory foam mattress, an orthopedic mattress (with or without springs), a foam mattress, a mattress that includes gel, a crib mattress, a couch mattress or lounge pad. Bed sheet30extends from a top surface34to an opposite bottom surface36and from a side surface38to an opposite side surface40. Side surfaces38,40each extend between top and bottom surfaces34,36. Bed sheet30has a length L defined by the distance from top surface34to bottom surface36and a width W defined by the distance from side surface38to side surface40. In some embodiments, length L is about 96 inches. In some embodiments, length L is about 102 inches. In some embodiments, length L is about 106 inches. In some embodiments, length L is between about 96 inches and about 106 inches, such as, for example, about 97 inches, about 98 inches, about 99 inches, about 100 inches, about 101 inches, about 102 inches, about 103 inches, about 104 inches, or about 105 inches. In some embodiments, length L is greater than 106 inches. In some embodiments, width W is about 71 inches. In some embodiments, width W is about 86 inches. In some embodiments, width W is about 96 inches. In some embodiments, width W is about 105 inches. In some embodiments, width W is about 110 inches. In some embodiments, width W is between about 71 inches and about 110 inches, such as, for example, about 72 inches, about 73 inches, about 74 inches, about 75 inches, about 76 inches, about 77 inches, about 78 inches, about 79 inches, about 80 inches, about 81 inches, about 82 inches, about 83 inches, about 84 inches, about 85 inches, about 86 inches, about 87 inches, about 88 inches, about 89 inches, about 90 inches, about 91 inches, about 92 inches, about 93 inches, about 94 inches, about 95 inches, about 96 inches, about 97 inches, about 98 inches, about 99 inches, about 100 inches, about 101 inches, about 102 inches, about 103 inches, about 104 inches, about 105 inches, about 106 inches, about 107 inches, about 108 inches, or about 109 inches. In some embodiments, width W is greater than about 76.5 inches. In some embodiments, width W is greater than about 110 inches. In some embodiments, bed sheet30includes various fabrics that are configured to allow moisture and warm air from a sleeper's body to dissipate away from the sleeper, thus preventing the warm air from circulating back to the sleep surface. At the same time, ambient air from the external environment may pass through bed sheet30to the sleeper. In some embodiments, bed sheet30comprises a portion42that is made of a performance fabric. In some embodiments, portion42defines bottom surface36, a section of side surface38and a section of side surface40, as shown inFIG.1. Portion42thus has a width that is equal to width W discussed above. Portion42has a length L1from an upper surface44of portion42to bottom surface36. In some embodiments, length L1is about 92 inches. In some embodiments, length L1is about 100 inches. In some embodiments, length L1is about 102 inches. In some embodiments, length L1is between about 92 inches and about 102 inches, such as, for example, about 93 inches, about 94 inches, about 95 inches, about 96 inches, about 97 inches, about 98 inches, about 99 inches, about 100 inches, or about 101 inches. In some embodiments, length L1is greater than 102 inches. Upper surface44of portion42is coupled to a lower surface46of a hem48that defines top surface34, as also shown inFIG.1. Hem48extends from side surface38to side surface40. Hem48has a width that is equal to width W. Hem48has a length L2from top surface34to lower surface46. In some embodiments, length L1and length L2combine to length L. In some embodiments, length L2is between about 0.25 inches and 6 inches. In some embodiments, length L2is about 1 inch. In some embodiments, length L2is about 2 inches. In some embodiments, length L2is about 3 inches. In some embodiments, length L2is about 4 inches. In some embodiments, length L2is greater than 5 inches. In some embodiments, hem48is a Jersey fabric hem. In some embodiments, hem48is a type of polyester knit construction. In some embodiments, hem48comprises a Sateen fabric, of polyester and/or nylon weave construction. In some embodiments, hem48comprises a Twill fabric, of polyester and/or nylon weave construction. In some embodiments, hem48comprises another construction, such as, for example, knit, or woven, or otherwise formed, natural fabric such as cotton, linen or wool, etc. and/or knit, woven or otherwise formed man-made fabric such as rip-stop nylon, rayon, polyester, other polymers and co-polymers, etc. In some embodiments, piping, such as, for example, satin cord50joins upper surface44with lower surface46. In some embodiments, there is no hem, nor piping. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is warp knitted. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is warp knitted and includes many yarns that are knit to together, as opposed to one yarn knit to the end. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is produced by circular knitting. In some embodiments, the circular knitting process includes circularly knitting yarn or other material into a fabric, such as, for example, a performance fabric. Circular knitting may include organizing knitting needles into a circular knitting bed. The knitting needles produce a circular fabric that is in a tubular form through the center of the cylinder. The circular fabric is then cut to produce portion42such that portion42has a square or rectangular shape. This allows portion42to be formed from a single, continuous piece of performance fabric that is produced using circular knitting. As such, portion42extends from side surface38to side surface40without including any seams between side surface38and side surface40. Portion42also extends from upper surface44to bottom surface36without including any seams between upper surface44and bottom surface36. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42undergoes finishing processes, such as, for example, dyeing, setting and/or rolling (packing) after the circular knitting process described herein. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42undergoes finishing processes, such as, for example, dyeing, setting and/or rolling (packing) before the circular knitting process described herein. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42undergoes finishing processes, such as, for example, dyeing, setting and/or rolling (packing) during the circular knitting process described herein. In some embodiments, the heat setting is done at about 120° C. at about 10 yards/minute. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is washed before, during or after the circular knitting process described herein. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is washed at a pH level of about 2.0 to about 9.0. In some embodiments, the washing at a pH level of about 2.0 to about 9.0 is a pre-treatment wherein pH levels are acidic or faintly acidic for health and to be comfortable to the skin. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is washed at a pH level of about 4.0 to about 7.0. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is treated with a mixing agent before, during or after the circular knitting process described herein. In some embodiments, the mixing agent is a smoothing agent. In some embodiments, the mixing agent comprises dimethyl terephthalate, ethylene glycol and/or polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the mixing agent is applied at a dosage between about 1% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the mixing agent is applied at a dosage between about 4% to about 6%. In some embodiments, the mixing agent is applied at a dosage of about 5%. In some embodiments, the mixing agent is applied at a dosage greater than about 10%. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion42is treated with a mixing agent before, during or after the circular knitting process described herein. In some embodiments, the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42is a 100% polyester knit jersey cotton fabric. In some embodiments, the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42includes a single layer. In some embodiments, the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42includes a plurality of layers. In some embodiments, the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42includes three layers, such as, for example, a top layer, a bottom layer and a middle layer between the top and bottom layers. In some embodiments, the bottom layer is a flat layer. In some embodiments, the bottom layer is a flat layer that contains more than 500 yarns. In some embodiments, the middle layer is a kind of filling that links the top and bottom layers. In some embodiments, the top layer is less dense than the bottom layer. In some embodiments, the top layer includes less yarns than the bottom layer. In some embodiments, the top layer has about 375 yarns. In some embodiments, the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42comprises a plurality of strands52, as shown inFIGS.2and3. Strands52each extend along a longitudinal axis LA. In some embodiments, strands52include bunches of thick yarns and a single thin yarn. In some embodiments, the single yarn is positioned between the bunches of thick yarn. That is, between every certain bunches of the thick yarns, there is a single thin yarn. In some embodiments, strands52include two groups of yarns that are strongly twisted together. In some embodiments, strands52have a yarn count of about 70 Denier (D) to about 120 D. In some embodiments, strands52have a yarn count of about 77.2 D. In some embodiments, strands52have yarn count of about 100 D at 96° F. In some embodiments, strands52each comprises a material selected from a group consisting of acrylic, acetate, cotton, linen, silk, polyester, other polymers, wool, nylon, rayon, spandex, lycra, hemp, manmade materials, natural materials and blends or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, strands52each comprises a material having a melting point between about 200° C. and about 300° C. In some embodiments, strands52each comprises a material having a melting point between about 250° C. and about 270° C. In some embodiments, strands52each comprises a material having a melting point between about 255° C. and about 260° C. In some embodiments, strands52are each made from the same material, such as, for example, one of the materials discussed herein. In some embodiments, strands52each have the same gauge and/or denier. In some embodiments, adjacent strands52are made from different materials, such as, for example, one of the materials discussed herein and/or have different gauges and/or deniers. In some embodiments, strands have a gauge or denier from about 50 D to about 300 D. In some embodiments, side surface38and/or side surface40extend parallel to longitudinal axis LA. In some embodiments, top surface34and/or bottom surface36extend parallel to longitudinal axis LA. Adjacent strands52define a plurality of pores54therebetween. The adjacent strands52are joined together at portions along longitudinal axis LA to space pores54apart from one another. In some embodiments, pores54between adjacent strands52are spaced apart from one another along longitudinal axis LA. In some embodiments, pores54between adjacent strands52each have the same size or substantially the same size and/or are uniformly spaced apart from one another along longitudinal axis LA. In some embodiments, pores54are variously shaped, such as, for example, oval, oblong, triangular, square, polygonal, irregular, uniform, non-uniform, offset, staggered, undulating, arcuate, variable and/or tapered. As strands52are knitted together using the circular knitting process described above to form the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42, the machine that knits strands52together drops a stitch to provide the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42with a plurality of spaced apart ventilation ports56, shown inFIGS.2and3. In embodiments wherein the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42comprises top, middle and bottom layers, as discussed herein, the top layer forms ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are formed by hooking one of the thin single strands52discussed herein with a bunch of the thin strands52discussed herein. That is, the single thin yarn hooks the bunch of thick yarn in one line to form the next line to form one of ventilation ports56. As such, the bunch of thick yarns “drop” to its neighbor lane/line to form one of ventilation ports56. The bunch of thick yarns then continues certain lines to form a plain area. In some embodiments, the plain area does not include any ventilation ports56. The single thin yarn appears again, and ventilation ports56repeat. In some embodiments, the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42includes a single layer and ventilation ports56are formed by hooking the single yarn to form ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, strands52include two groups of yarns that are strongly twisted together. Ventilation ports56are formed between the twists. In some embodiments, the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42is formed using a mold. In some embodiments, the mold forms a design. In some embodiments, the mold or design is made by a computer in advance. The mold defines positions for ventilation ports56. That is, the mold provides a pattern of spaced apart ventilation ports56. This allows yarns to be fed into a machine to follow the mold or design such that the yarns fill the spaces between the positions for ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, the yarns are fed in bunches, such as, for example, 2 yarns, 3 yarns, 4 yarns, etc. In some embodiments, the bunches of yarns are twisted together. This allows the yarns to form ventilation ports56when the yarns come out of the machine. In some embodiments, the fabric is subjected to a finishing process to stabilize ventilation ports56. That is, the fabric may go through a high temperature finishing to stabilize ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, the high temperature finishing comprises a finishing process at 200° C. or more. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are uniformly spaced apart from one another. Ventilation ports56are each spaced apart from pores54by at least one of strands52. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56each have the same size or substantially the same size and are larger than pores54. Ventilation ports56are thus distinct from pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are variously shaped, such as, for example, oval, oblong, triangular, square, polygonal, irregular, uniform, non-uniform, offset, staggered, undulating, arcuate, variable and/or tapered. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are each between about 1.5 to about 10 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 2 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 2.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 3 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 3.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 4 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 4.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 5.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 6 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 6.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 7 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 7.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 8 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 8.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 9 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are about 9.5 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are more than about 10 times greater in size than each of pores54. In some embodiments, ventilation ports56are arranged in parallel columns CL, each of columns CL comprising a plurality of ventilation ports56, as shown inFIG.2. In some embodiments, columns CL each extend parallel to longitudinal axis LA. Columns CL are spaced apart from one another along a transverse axis TA. In some embodiments, transverse axis TA extends perpendicular to longitudinal axis LA. In some embodiments, side surface38and/or side surface40extend parallel to transverse axis TA. In some embodiments, top surface34and/or bottom surface36extend parallel to transverse axis TA. Ventilation ports56in each column CL are spaced apart from one another along longitudinal axis LA such that ventilation ports56in each column CL are coaxial with one another. In some embodiments, one of ventilation ports56in a first column CL1intersects a first transverse axis TA1and one of ventilation ports56in a second column CL2intersects a second transverse axis TA2. Ventilation ports56are configured such that first transverse axis TA1does not intersect of any of ventilation ports56in second column CL2and second transverse axis TA2does not intersect of any of ventilation ports56in first column CL1, as shown inFIG.2. This configuration provides sufficient spacing between ventilation ports56along both longitudinal axis LA and transverse axis TA to allow enough air to flow through bed sheet30. This prevents air that radiates from a sleeper's body to become trapped between bed sheet30and a mattress, thus providing ventilation that results in a cool sleep surface. First and second columns CL1, CL2extend parallel to one another. First and second transverse axes TA1, TA2extends parallel to one another. In some embodiments, transverse axes TA1, TA2extend perpendicular to first and second columns CL1, CL2. First column CL1is adjacent to second column CL2. That is, there are no columns CL between first and second columns CL1, CL2. The circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42includes a plurality of pores54and ventilation ports56, as discussed above. That is, a given section of the knitted performance fabric, such as, for example section S shown inFIG.3, includes a plurality of pores54and ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises at least 50 ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises at least 50 ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises between about 50 and about 100 ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises between about 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99 ventilation ports56. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises between about 100 and about 200 ventilation ports56. In some embodiments,FIG.2and/orFIG.3are drawn to scale to show the relative sizes and spacing of pores54and/or ventilation ports56. The material or materials that the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42is/are made from, pores54and ventilation ports56makes the circular knitted performance fabric lightweight. In some embodiments, that the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42has a weight between about 75 and about 125 grams per square meter (gsm). In some embodiments, that the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42has a weight between about 90 and about 110 gsm. In some embodiments, that the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42has a weight of about 91 gsm, about 92 gsm, about 93 gsm, about 94 gsm, about 95 gsm, about 96 gsm, about 97 gsm, about 98 gsm, about 99 gsm, about 100 gsm, about 101 gsm, about 102 gsm, about 103 gsm, about 104 gsm, about 105 gsm, about 106 gsm, about 107 gsm, about 108 gsm, or about 109 gsm. In some embodiments, that the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42has a weight greater than about 100 gsm. In some embodiments, that the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42has a weight greater than about 110 gsm. In some embodiments, that the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42has a weight greater than about 125 gsm. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises a gauge and/or denier of about 20 D to about 35 D. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises a gauge and/or denier of about 28 D. In some embodiments, section S is one square inch in size and comprises a gauge and/or denier greater than 35 D. Pores54and ventilation ports56make the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42breathable. In some embodiments, the air permeability of the circular knitted performance fabric is between about 600 cubic feet per minute (cfm) and about 900 cfm. In some embodiments, the air permeability of the circular knitted performance fabric is between about 700 cfm and about 750 cfm. In some embodiments, the air permeability of the circular knitted performance fabric greater than about 600 cfm. In some embodiments, the air permeability of the circular knitted performance fabric is about 736 cfm. In one embodiment, shown inFIGS.4-6, bed sheet30comprises stitching58about all or a portion of a perimeter of portion42. That is, stitching58extends along top surface34adjacent to an edge of top surface34, along bottom surface36adjacent to an edge of bottom surface, alongside surface38adjacent to an edge of side surface38and/or alongside surface40adjacent to an edge of side surface40. In some embodiments, stitching58along top surface34is spaced apart from stitching58alongside surfaces38,40. In some embodiments, stitching58along top surface34is continuous with stitching58alongside surfaces38,40. In some embodiments, stitching58along bottom surface36is spaced apart from stitching58alongside surfaces38,40. In some embodiments, stitching58along bottom surface36is continuous with stitching58alongside surfaces38,40. In some embodiments, stitching58along top surface34extends parallel to top surface34, stitching58along bottom surface36extends parallel to bottom surface36, stitching58alongside surface38extends parallel to side surface38and/or stitching58alongside surface40extends parallel to side surface40. In some embodiments, stitching is a single needle edgestitch. In some embodiments, stitching is a single needle edgestitch with a turn back, such as, for example a ⅝ inch turn back. In one embodiment, at least one of top surface34, bottom surface36, side surface38and side surface40include stitching60about an edge of top surface34, bottom surface36, side surface38and/or side surface40, as shown inFIG.4. Stitching60closes seams of top surface34, bottom surface36, side surface38and/or side surface40. In some embodiments, stitching60comprises an overlock stitch, such as, for example, a five thread overlock stitch. In some embodiments, stitching60comprises a straight stitch having safety chain stitching in place of or in addition to the overlock stitch. In some embodiments, stitching60is provided in addition to stitching58. In some embodiments, stitching60is provided in place of stitching58. Bed sheet32is configured to be positioned on a mattress. In some embodiments, the mattress is a standard size mattress, such as, for example, a twin mattress, a full mattress, a queen mattress, a king mattress, or a California king mattress. In some embodiments, the mattress is a crib mattress. In some embodiments, the mattress is a memory foam mattress, an orthopedic mattress (with or without springs), a foam mattress, a mattress that includes gel, a crib mattress, a couch mattress or lounge pad. Bed sheet32comprises a portion62and a portion64that surrounds portion62. Portion62is configured to engage a top surface of a mattress and portion64is configured to engage side surfaces of a mattress while portion60engages the top surface of the mattress. Portion62extends from a top surface66to an opposite bottom surface68and from a side surface70to an opposite side surface72. Side surfaces70,72each extend between top and bottom surfaces66,68. Portion64includes an upper surface74that engages surfaces66,68,70and72and an opposite lower surface76. Portion62has a length L3defined by the distance from top surface66to bottom surface68and a width W2defined by the distance from side surface70to side surface72. In some embodiments, length L3is about 75 inches. In some embodiments, length L3is about 80 inches. In some embodiments, length L3is about 84 inches. In some embodiments, length L3is between about 75 inches and about 84 inches, such as, for example, about 76 inches, about 77 inches, about 78 inches, about 79 inches, about 80 inches, about 81 inches, about 82 inches, or about 83 inches. In some embodiments, length L3is greater than 84 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is about 36 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is about 39 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is about 54 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is about 60 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is about 72 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is about 78 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is between about 36 inches and about 78 inches, such as, for example, about 37 inches, about 38 inches, about 39 inches, about 40 inches, about 41 inches, about 42 inches, about 43 inches, about 44 inches, about 45 inches, about 46 inches, about 47 inches, about 48 inches, about 49 inches, about 50 inches, about 51 inches, about 52 inches, about 53 inches, about 54 inches, about 55 inches, about 56 inches, about 57 inches, about 58 inches, about 59 inches, about 60 inches, about 61 inches, about 62 inches, about 63 inches, about 64 inches, about 65 inches, about 66 inches, about 67 inches, about 68 inches, about 69 inches, about 70 inches, about 71 inches, about 72 inches, about 73 inches, about 74 inches, about 75 inches, about 76 inches or about 77 inches. In some embodiments, width W2is greater than about 78 inches. In some embodiments, bed sheet32includes various surface fabrics that are configured to allow warm air from a sleeper's body to dissipate away from the sleeper, thus preventing the warm air from circulating back to the sleep surface. At the same time, ambient air from the external environment may pass through bed sheet32to the sleeper. In some embodiments, at least one of portion62and portion64is made of a performance fabric. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that portion62and/or portion64are made from is the same circular knit performance fabric discussed above that portion42of bed sheet30is made from. In some embodiments, the performance fabric that portion62and/or portion64are made from is different than the circular knit performance fabric that portion42of bed sheet30is made from. In some embodiments, portion62is made from a different material or materials than portion64. In some embodiments, portions62,64are each made from the same material(s). In some embodiments, the performance fabric that makes up portion64and/or portion66is produced by circular knitting, as discussed above with regard to the circular knitted performance fabric that makes up portion42of bed sheet30. This allows portion62to be formed from a single, continuous piece of performance fabric that is produced using circular knitting. As such, portion62extends from side surface70to side surface72without including any seams between side surface70and side surface72. Portion62also extends from top surface66to bottom surface68without including any seams between top surface66and bottom surface68. Portion64has a height H from upper surface74to lower surface76. In some embodiments, height H is about 15 inches. In some embodiments, height H is between about 0.25 inches and 30 inches. In some embodiments, height H is about 1 inch. In some embodiments, height H is about 2 inches, about 3 inches, about 4 inches, about 5 inches, about 6 inches, about 7 inches, about 8 inches, about 9 inches, about 10 inches, about 11 inches, about 12 inches, about 13 inches, about 14 inches, about 15 inches, about 16 inches, about 17 inches, about 18 inches, about 19 inches, about 20 inches, about 21 inches, about 22 inches, about 23 inches, about 24 inches, about 25 inches, about 26 inches, about 27 inches, about 28 inches, or about 29 inches. In one embodiment, shown inFIG.10, bed sheet32includes rounded corners. That is, portion62is rounded between top surface66and side surface70, between top surface66and side surface72, between bottom surface68and side surface70and between bottom surface68and side surface72. In one embodiment, shown inFIG.11, portion64includes a section78that is made from a first material and a section80that is made from a second material that is different than the first material. In some embodiments, the first material is the circular knitted performance fabric discussed above. In some embodiments, the second material is the circular knitted performance fabric discussed above. Bed sheet32includes an elastic band, such as, for example, a power band82coupled to lower surface76to assist bed sheet32remaining on a mattress after bed sheet32has been stretched and positioned over the mattress. That is, after bed sheet32is stretched from a resting or unstretched state to a stretched state and positioned over the mattress, power band82moves from a stretch state back to a resting or unstretched state to maintain bed sheet32on the mattress. In some embodiments, power band82extends continuously about a perimeter of lower surface76. In some embodiments, power band82includes a plurality of discrete portions that are positioned about a perimeter of lower surface76. In addition to the performance fabric being circular knitted, the performance fabric can be a weft knitted performance fabric or a warp knit performance fabric. Weft knits are constructed from one yarn that is fed into knitting needles in a horizontal direction. Either circular or a flat-bed knitting machine can be used to make weft knits. The circular knitting machine creates a spiral effect as it produces a fabric in tubular form. Four basic stitches are used in manufacturing weft knitted fabrics. They are the flat or jersey stitch, purl stitch, the rib stitch, double stitch and interlock stitches. In some embodiments, weft knitting can be used to make the performance bed sheet. In addition to the performance fabric being circular knitted or weft knitted the bed sheet can also be made from warp knit performance fabrics. Warp knit performance fabrics are constructed with yarn loops formed in a vertical or warp direction. All the yarns used in warp knit are placed parallel to each other in a manner similar to the placement of yarns in weaving. In some embodiments, warp knitting can be used to make the performance bed sheet. It is contemplated that the sheet sets described herein may include one or more products that include and/or are related to bed linens and/or bed coverings, such as, for example, duvet covers, duvets and comforters. It is contemplated that the sheet sets described herein may include one or more pillowcases, wherein at least a portion of the pillowcase is made from the circular knitted performance fabric described herein. It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. For example, features of any one embodiment can be combined with features of any other embodiment. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplification of the various embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto.

11857078

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of example embodiments and the examples included herein. Before the example embodiments of the devices and methods according to the present disclosure are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that embodiments are not limited to those described within this disclosure. Numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilled in the art and remain within the scope of the disclosure. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. Some embodiments of the disclosed technology will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosed technology may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth therein. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. But it is to be understood that embodiments of the disclosed technology may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description. References to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “example embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “certain embodiments,” “various embodiments,” etc., indicate that the embodiment(s) of the disclosed technology so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated use of the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may. Unless otherwise noted, the terms used herein are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art. In addition to any definitions of terms provided below, it is to be understood that as used in the specification and in the claims, “a” or “an” can mean one or more, depending upon the context in which it is used. Throughout the specification and the claims, the following terms take at least the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or.” Further, the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean one or more unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form. Unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner. Also, in describing the example embodiments, terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. It is intended that each term contemplates its broadest meaning as understood by those skilled in the art and includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. To facilitate an understanding of the principles and features of the embodiments of the present disclosure, example embodiments are explained hereinafter with reference to their implementation in an illustrative embodiment. Such illustrative embodiments are not, however, intended to be limiting. The materials described hereinafter as making up the various elements of the embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many suitable materials that would perform the same or a similar function as the materials described herein are intended to be embraced within the scope of the example embodiments. Such other materials not described herein can include, but are not limited to, materials that are developed after the time of the development of the invention, for example. Embodiments of the disclosed technology include an inflatable airbed having an internal support system for providing structural stability to the airbed. In various embodiments, an inflatable airbed having an internal support system may include one or more side support beams positioned between side panels of the airbed and an internal support wall. According to some embodiments, the internal support structure described herein may prevent distortions in the shape or orientation of the airbed and add stability and support to the structure of the airbed. Throughout this disclosure, certain embodiments are described in exemplary fashion in relation to an inflatable airbed. But embodiments of the disclosed technology are not so limited. In some embodiments, the disclosed technique may be effective in other inflatable products such as inflatable pillows or inflatable supports. Referring now to the drawings,FIG.1illustrates an example embodiment of an inflatable airbed100having an internal support structure101. In one embodiment, an inflatable airbed100may be filled with air or some other gas and used as a mattress. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.1, the exterior of the inflatable airbed100may be defined by a top panel102and a bottom panel104that are joined by one or more side panels106. In some embodiments, a side panel106may comprise one or more arc-shaped portions109joined together in a generally vertical orientation. In some embodiments the inflatable airbed100may include an internal support structure including one or more side support beams108, an internal support wall110, internal support beams212(shown inFIG.2), and attachment strips114. The top panel102, bottom panel104, side panels106, side support beams108, internal support wall110, internal support beams212, attachments strips114and any other part of the inflatable airbed100or internal support structure101described herein may be made of polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), plastics, rubber, or any other suitable material that is known in the art. In some embodiments, the inflatable airbed100may form a generally rectangular 3-dimensional shape when inflated. The inflatable airbed100may include a valve through which air may be pumped into the internal chamber of the airbed100or may be released from the internal chamber of the airbed100. In some embodiments, the inflatable airbed100may form an airtight chamber. In some embodiments the side panels106may be oriented in a generally vertical position between the top panel102and the bottom panel104. According to some embodiments, the internal support structure101may provide structure and support to the inflatable airbed100by providing an internal support wall110and one or more side support beams108. The internal support wall110may be configured to provide an internal structure that attaches portions of the top panel102, bottom panel104, and side panels106to restrict the airbed100from deforming out of the desired generally rectangular shape when force is exerted onto the inflated airbed100. In some embodiments, an internal support wall110may be attached to internal surfaces of the top panel102and the bottom panel104. When the airbed100is inflated, the internal support wall110may extend vertically from the bottom panel104to the top panel102. As shown inFIG.1, in some embodiments, portions of the internal support wall110may be configured to extend along the direction of each side panel106. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the internal support wall110may form a center chamber enclosed within the main chamber formed by the top panel102, bottom panel104, and side panels106, such as the rectangular chamber shown inFIG.1. According to some embodiments, the internal support wall110may include corner support walls111that extend from one or more internal corners of the airbed (i.e., where a lengthwise side panel106is joined with a widthwise side panel106or, if there only one side panel106, where a corner is formed in the side panel106) to one or more corners or sides of the center chamber formed by the internal support wall110, as shown inFIG.1. It should be understood that in some embodiments, various aspects of the internal support—such as the internal support wall110, corner support walls111, and internal support beams212(shown inFIG.2)—may include apertures that allow air to pass through some or all of the walls or beams so as to allow the internal chambers to fill with air upon inflation of the airbed100. In some embodiments, the inflatable airbed100may include a plurality of internal and external valves that enable each internal chamber formed by the internal support wall110, corner support walls111, and internal support beams212to be inflated separately from one another. According to some embodiments, one or more side support beams108may provide an internal structure that assists in resisting deformations to the shape of the inflated airbed100(e.g., shearing) caused by exertions of force on a surface of the airbed100. Furthermore, the one or more side support beams108may aid in creating a structure that gives the inflatable airbed100the external appearance of having a plurality of horizontally stacked internal air chambers (as will be described further in relation toFIG.2). For example, as shown inFIG.1, when viewed from the outside, the inflated airbed100appears to have three horizontal air chambers that are vertically stacked on one another. In some embodiments, one or more side support beams108connects side panels106to the internal support wall110. A side support beam108may be a somewhat horizontally oriented beam that may span the length of a side panel106. In some embodiments, a side support beam108may span a portion of the length of a side panel106that is less than the full length of the side panel106. According to some embodiments, each side panel106may be connected to one or more side support beams108, as shown inFIG.1. In some embodiments, the side support beams108may include apertures, which may allow air to easily pass through the side support beams108and may decrease the overall weight of the airbed100. According to some embodiments, the internal support structure may include a plurality of side support beams108. For example, in some embodiments, as shown inFIG.2, a first side support beam108may extend from a first vertex207of a first side panel106and a second side support beam108may extend from a second vertex207from the first side panel. According to some embodiments, the first and second side support beams108may attach to an internal support wall110at the same location of the internal support wall110. In contrast, certain embodiments, such as the embodiment shown inFIG.3, have a first side support beam308and a second side support beam308that attach to an internal support wall110at different locations. Side support beams108that can attach to an internal support wall110at the same location may allow the airbed to deform or react to internal pressure created by a user's mass resting on the airbed100in a different way than that allowed by side support beams308. Thus, use of one over the other may be preferable depending on the circumstances, such the desired application or the materials used to construct some or all of the parts of the airbed. In embodiments that include corner support walls111, an edge of a side support beam108(or side support beam308, as the case may be) may attach to the surface of a corner support wall111, as shown inFIG.1. Referring toFIG.2, the side panels106of certain embodiments can include one or more arc-shaped portions209a,209b,209cthat may be joined together to form a generally vertically orientated wall. In some embodiments, two adjacent arc-shaped portions may be joined at a vertex207. Each arc-shaped portion209a,209b,209cmay create the visual impression that the airbed100includes a plurality of stacked horizontal chambers. In some embodiments, such as those shown inFIGS.2and3, the internal support structure101may further include a plurality of internal support beams212that may provide additional structure and support to the airbed100. In some embodiments, the plurality of internal support beams212may be positioned within a center chamber formed by the internal support wall110. In some embodiments, a plurality of internal support beams212may span a length of the inflatable airbed100. In some embodiments, a plurality of internal support beams212may span a width of the inflatable airbed100. According to some embodiments, one or more pluralities of internal support beams212may span either the length or width of the inflatable airbed100, and form, for example, multiple rows of internal support beams. In some embodiments, one or more pluralities may span across the inflatable airbed100diagonally, in relation to the length and width of the airbed100. The inclusion of multiple rows of internal support beams212may provide further stability and structure to an inflated airbed100by creating a tension force between the top panel102and bottom panel104that may tend to cause resistance to horizontal shearing of the airbed100. According to some embodiments, each internal support beam212may be attached to the top panel102and the bottom panel104. In certain embodiments, the internal support beams212are attached directly to the top panel102and the bottom panel104. According to some embodiments, an internal support beam may be affixed to the internal surface of either the top panel102or bottom panel104by an attachment strip114. This may provide added strength to the connection between the internal support beam212and the top panel102or the bottom panel104, as the case may be. An attachment strip114may be, for example, a piece of PVC (or other suitable material) that may be attached (via adhesives, hot gas welding, ultrasonic welding, friction welding, or any other suitable method) to the internal surface of the top panel102or the internal surface of the bottom panel104to secure at least a portion of an attachment strip114to the top panel102or bottom panel104. According to some embodiments, a separate piece of material may be used to form separate internal support beams212. In alternate embodiments, a single piece of material may be attached at a plurality of locations on the top panel102and bottom panel104using a plurality of attachment strips114such that a single piece of material may be used to form a plurality of internal support beams212. Put differently, a single piece of material may comprise a plurality of support beams where the single piece of material is attached at multiple locations on the top panel102and bottom panel104using multiple attachment strips114. In some embodiments, the ends of the internal support beams212may be attached to internal surfaces of the internal support wall110. While certain embodiments of the disclosed technology have been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosed technology is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. This written description uses examples to disclose certain embodiments of the disclosed technology, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice certain embodiments of the disclosed technology, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of certain embodiments of the disclosed technology is defined in the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.

11857079

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the invention provide an internal/integral support system that can be implemented in cushions, mattress and the like, for supporting the body of a user. One preferred form of the invention is embodied as a seat cushion. Prior art seats such as described with respect to prior artFIGS.1to4suffer from a lack of a way to re-distribute forces more satisfactorily and comfortably across the buttocks, and reduce the forces and pressures on the ischial tuberosities (sitting bones)216areas of the buttocks212. In addition, those prior art seats which may seek to re-distribute undue pressure from the ischial tuberosities by softer and deeper cushions and/gel pads often fail to provide sufficient suspension of the trochanters218. Instead such prior art seating may provide an uncomfortable and restrictive sideways force414to the buttocks212and the trochanters218. FIG.5is a plan view from the top or seating surface of a seat cushion510of the invention.FIG.6is a perspective view of the seat cushion510ofFIG.5, also viewed mainly to the upper seating surface. The seat cushion510is a composite or hybrid cushion with a first cushion512and a second cushion514. The first cushion512forms the overall shape of the seat cushion510and features a front edge516, a rear edge518as well as left and right sides520. The second cushion514is an insert to the first cushion512. InFIGS.5and6an outline of the second cushion insert514is shown by dashed lines within the first cushion512. FIG.7is a sectional view along the lines7-7inFIGS.5and6. The second cushion514is shown contained within the first cushion512with a common base710. That is a base surface712of the second cushion514is substantially on the same corresponding level as the common base710shown inFIG.7. The second cushion514has an approximately trapezoidal cross-sectional shape with a top surface714, a substantially parallel bottom surface712and sloping lateral sides716. The top surface714of the second cushion underlays an upper layer718of the first cushion512. The top surface714area of the second cushion514is greater than that of the base surface712area so that the lateral sides716of the second cushion514overlay a lower portion720of the first cushion512. The overlaid lower portion720of the first cushion512is shown generally in dashed line outline inFIG.7. Accordingly a peripheral region of the second cushion is defined or formed by portions of the second cushion514above the lateral sides716which overlay the lower portions720of the first cushion512that are adjacent and may surround the base712of the second cushion. In other words, the second cushion has a top surface with an area greater than an area of the base of the second cushion to form a peripheral region of the second cushion that overlays a lower portion of the first cushion. InFIG.7the trochanters or femur heads218are shown substantially above the peripheral region716,720of the varying composite region of the first and second cushions512,514. The ischial tuberosities or sitting bones216are shown substantially above the base surface712of the second cushion514. Accordingly when the user210sits, as described with respect toFIG.8below, the ischial tuberosities216may be supported by the full thickness of the second cushion514together with the upper layer718of the first cushion512. Whilst the trochanters218are supported by the peripheral region716,720. The first cushion material stiffness or hardness may be selected to be of less than a stiffness or hardness of a material selected for the second cushion. That is the first cushion material is softer than the second cushion material. The importance of the second cushion material being stiffer or harder than the first cushion material is described below with respect toFIG.8. The first and second cushion materials may be of a suitable foam, for example a polyurethane foam may be used where the reactants of diisocynate and polyol are varied with respect to their speed of reaction in order to vary the properties of support, stiffness and recovery as desired. The composition of the second foam material for the second cushion may also be formulated by a person skilled in the art to vary the shear performance of the foam. For example to the performance of the lateral movement of the second cushion514into the surrounding lower portions720of the first cushion512as described below. The foam material or “first foam material” for the first cushion may also be formulated to have a memory foam effect. Memory foam is still an elastic foam, however it has a delayed time to recover its original shape after compression. The use of memory foam is beneficial for conforming to the shape of the buttocks212. A suitable memory foam may be formulated by a person skilled in the art. For example a selected blend of a polyurethane and gel compounds may provide the desired memory effect, stiffness, heat conductivity and/or breathability. The selection of heat conductivity and breathability for the memory foam may be important to reduce body heat build-up in the first cushion upper layer718. In one example for a user of approximately <75 kg weight the hardness of the second cushion or insert514may be approximately 32 points with an approximate range of 29 to 35 points. Where the hardness measurement is by a common industry technique of an Asker X Durometer, www.asker.co.jp. For foam materials, the durometer has a type F flat, disc shaped measurement probe or indenter. The measurement scale is a 100 point calibrated scale suitable for measurements of materials such as urethane foam, polystyrene foam and sponges. For example 0 point is no resistance whilst 100 points is a comparatively unyielding surface for these types of foam or sponge like materials. The hardness of the first cushion512for a user of approximately <75 kg weight may be less at approximately 27 points with an approximate range of 24 to 28 points. In another example for a user >75 kg the hardness or stiffness of the second cushion514may be approximately 36 points with a range of 33 to 39 points. For the first cushion512the hardness or stiffness may be less at approximately 27 points with a range of 24 to 30 points. The desired foam stiffness or hardness for each cushion512,514may also be expressed as a range of the ratios of the hardness values from an Asker Durometer measurement. The preferred ratio range for the hardness ratio of the second cushion514to the first cushion from the above example is approximately 1.19 to 1.33 for weights above and below 75 kg. For a weight of <75 kg the ratio may be up to approximately 1.46 whilst for a weight of >75 kg the ratio may be up to approximately 1.63. The foam material stiffness values for the first and second cushion materials may also be selected by a person skilled in the art so that the invention performs as described below with respect toFIG.8. For example the difference in foam stiffness values are not so great that the lateral sides716of the second cushion514in the peripheral region do not fold over, sandwich or collapse the lower portions720of the surrounding first cushion512. FIG.8is the sectional view ofFIG.7with the user210sitting on the seat cushion510. The softer upper layer718of the first cushion514is comparatively readily compressed by the user's buttocks212, as shown for example inFIG.8. The stiffer or harder material of the second cushion516provides more support for the ischial tuberosities216and is compressed less than the softer material of the first cushion514. InFIG.8dashed lines810are used to show the original position of the lateral sides716of the second cushion514. The lateral sides716have been displaced outwards812into the lower portion720of the surrounding first cushion512. At least two beneficial effects result from this action. The first beneficial effect is that the compression of the second cushion by the ischial tuberosities is also dependent on the stiffness of the first cushion material surrounding the second cushion. In typical practice the thickness of the second cushion and the stiffness of the second cushion material prevent the vertical bottoming out of the ischial tuberosities to the base712of the second cushion. The new and inventive use of the sloping, lateral sides716to the second cushion allow the second cushion to displace into the softer first cushion512laterally and downwardly as shown by the arrows814. This displacement allows for the effective lateral stiffness of the second cushion to be less than downward stiffness used to support the ischial tuberosities and prevent bottoming out to the base712. Accordingly the second cushion514to the sides at least of the ischial tuberosities is softer and more comfortable. The softer first cushion material surrounding the harder second cushion material at the sloping lateral sides716prevents the collapse of the sides716and maintains adequate support through to the common base710of the seat cushion510. In other words the first cushion512,720material surrounding the second cushion514acts to contain and support the second cushion. The second beneficial effect results from the peripheral region's varying composite stiffness. The composite stiffness or hardness in the peripheral region is made up of the second cushion at the lateral and sloping sides716overlaying the lower portions720of the first cushion512adjacent and/or surrounding the second cushion514. The composite stiffness of the peripheral region716,720varies with horizontal distance outwards from a center of the second cushion as shown by a center line and arrow816. The stiffness presented to the compressing buttocks by the seat cushion510varies from being dominated by the material of the second cushion at and adjacent the center816in order to support the ischial tuberosities. Then gradually decreasing with distance towards where the lateral sides716of the second cushion514intersect with the common base710. Further outwards from the center816, in the peripheral region716,720the stiffness presented by the seat cushion510is a composite of the peripheral region716,720of the second cushion514and the lower portions720of the first cushion512. The stiffness of the peripheral region716,720becoming closer to the surrounding first cushion material stiffness with increasing horizontal distance from the second cushion center816. Beyond the peripheral region the stiffness of the seat cushion510is dominated by the first cushion material. The varying or gradient of composite stiffness in the peripheral region716,720allows the seat cushion to support the buttocks about the trochanters but not with a sideways force414applied to the buttock sides typical in the prior art. That is the sideways force414described above with respect to the prior artFIGS.1to4is absent or substantially reduced. In other words the trochanters can remain comfortably suspended with no or minimal sideways force to the buttocks adjacent the trochanters resulting from sinking into the seat cushion too far. A combined beneficial effect is also obtained from: the second cushion's displacement of the lateral side716into the lower portion720of the surrounding first cushion510together with the varying composite stiffness of the peripheral region. Heavier users may cause the second cushion to compress more and laterally displace into the lower portions720of the first cushion at the lateral sides716. With increased displacement of the lateral walls716into the lower portions720the composite stiffness may increase within the peripheral region. Accordingly for heavier users more support is supplied to the buttocks adjacent the trochanters218so as to provide adequate suspension of the trochanters and minimise the undesirable sideways force of the first cushion's seating surface against the side of the buttocks212. Thus the seat cushion510adapts the support to a user across the ischial tuberosities to the trochanters according to the weight of the user so that the trochanters are appropriately supported and suspended without an undue sideways force applied to the buttocks adjacent the trochanters. From the descriptions with respect toFIGS.7and8it will be readily appreciated that the lateral sides716of the second cushion514are always contained in the first cushion512. In particular the lateral sides716are contained with the surrounding and/or adjacent lower portions720of the first cushion512. It will be readily appreciated that adjusting the relative and absolute values for the stiffness (or hardness) of the materials making up the first and second cushions512,514may be used to improve the performance of the seat cushion to lighter and heavy users compared with the bulk of the user population. A memory foam material may also be used within the first cushion512to allow the seat cushion to mould further to the user with prolonged use. For example the memory foam may relax or distort further with body heat and prolonged use to provide more conformal support to the user as well as a beneficial variation in support with prolonged, continuous use. In particular the use of memory foam in the first cushion may vary the support provided to the lateral sides716provided by the surrounding lower portion720of the first cushion512. The invention described with respect toFIGS.5to8may also be described as having a support zone514corresponding to the second cushion514. The support zone514is surrounded by a containment or buffer zone512corresponding to the first cushion512and in particular the lower portions720of the first cushion. The support zone514material has a higher stiffness or resistance to compression than the material used for the buffer or containment zone512. For example a high density polyurethane foam, without any memory performance, may be selected depending on a user's weight. Higher density polyurethane foam for heavier users and lower density foam for lighter users. When the user sits upon the support zone514the higher stiffness or resistance of the support zone is provided through to the base712. In addition the support zone disperses or laterally transfers the user's weight load to the adjoining containment or buffer zone512,720that has a softer and less resistant material than that for the support zone. The result of this lateral transfer of weight is controlled and supported distribution of the user's weight to the containment/buffer zone to provide less resistance or stiffness about the ischial tuberosities but still preventing “bottoming out” of the ischial tuberosities to the seat cushion base710,712. That is the seat cushion distributes the user's weight across two zones. The support zone516for the ischial tuberosities (sitting bones) and the buffer zone512,720for the trochanters. This approach allows for 97% of trochanter widths and 97% of the ischial tuberosity widths for the adult population to be accommodated by a single seat cushion size. The scaling of the seat cushion510to the pelvic and femur skeletal anatomy is described further below with respect toFIG.10. In addition the use of the support zone514with the buffer zone512,720allows for greater weight ranges to be accommodated due to the composite mix of stiffness between the support zone514and the buffer zone512,720as well as the structure and operation of the support zone with the buffer or containment zone. It will be readily appreciated that the upper layer718of the first cushion to the second cushion or support zone514is optional for the seat cushion510. The upper layer718may improve the seat cushion integrity and comfort but it is optional to the performance of the invention as described herein. FIG.9is a sectional view along the lines9-9inFIGS.5and6.FIG.9is the orthogonal sectional view toFIG.7. The sectioned second cushion514insert in the first cushion512shown inFIG.9is also approximately a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape with the same top surface714and base surface712as shown inFIG.7. The cross-sectional trapezoidal shape has a sloping front side910and a sloping rear side912. InFIG.9an angle between the sloping front and rear sides910,912and the common base710is approximately 60°. Whilst inFIG.7the sloping lateral sides716are at an approximate angle of 45° to the common base710. The peripheral region716,720of the left and right hand lateral sides716of the second cushion514shown inFIG.7are to accommodate a variation in the spans between the trochanters218for a substantial proportion of the adult user population. Accordingly a shallower or more acute angle of 45° may be used for the lateral side peripheral region716,720in order to have an appropriately wide composite stiffness region in the periphery to support and suspend the trochanters218. For the front and rear peripheral regions910,912a greater angle may be used to provide a horizontally narrower peripheral region. A narrower front peripheral region910may be desirable to transition more rapidly from the harder support zone second cushion514to the softer buffer zone first cushion for the comfort and angling down of the user's thighs. A narrower rear peripheral region912may be used to provide a transition to the softer first cushion512for the increased comfort of user's sacrum (tail bone). It will be readily appreciated that the 60° angle for the front and rear sides910,912may be varied to suit what the desired peripheral region width is required and comfortable for a seat cushion user population. The variation of the 45° angle for the lateral side716peripheral region is detailed further with respect toFIGS.10to16. The insert second cushion514and support zone which has been described herein has been to a trapezoidal cross-section with a larger rectangular top surface714area compared with the smaller base surface712area of a square shape as shown in the FIGURES. However it will be readily appreciated that to provide the peripheral region of composite stiffness in the seat cushion510that other shapes for the second cushion514may be used. For example the top and bottom surfaces may be circular so that the shape formed is a frustum with the larger flat surface being uppermost in order to form the sloping sides and peripheral region. The peripheral region would then be a peripheral annular region about the frustum. In another variation the top and bottom surfaces may be ellipsoidal. In a further variation the sloping sides to the front and rear of the second cushion may be absent, the support zone514and peripheral region716,720only being provided for the trochanters218. FIG.10is a sectional view likeFIG.7along the lines7-7inFIGS.5and6.FIG.10additionally shows a number of example, preferred dimensions found by the inventor and derived from anthropometric data as described below. These preferred dimensions for the user210and the seat cushion510may be used to scale the skeletal anatomical features anthropometric values of a population of users to the features and functions of the seat cushion510. For the users a span 1010 mm between the outer extent of the heads of the femurs or trochanters218has been found to be a preferred dimension. The span or width 1010 mm across the trochanters218may also be referred to as the skeletal width. Another preferred anthropometric measurement is a span or width 1012 mm across the sitting bones or ischial tuberosities216. The width 1012 mm between the ischial tuberosities may be determined between the outermost projections that can easily be felt or otherwise suitably measured. It has been found by the inventor that a 97 percentile of the trochanter width 1010 mm for an adult user population may be used to set a width 1014 mm of the top surface714of the second cushion514. If the width 1014 mm of the top surface714is made approximately the same as the 97 percentile trochanter width 1010 mm, then the inventor has found that approximately 97% of the adult population will have their trochanters218adequately supported and suspended by the peripheral region716,720. It has also been found by the inventor that a 97 percentile ischial tuberosities width 1012 mm may be used to derive a width 1016 mm of the base712of the second cushion support zone514. If the base width 1016 is made approximately the same as: the ischial tuberosities width 1012 mm plus at least approximately 30 mm, then the inventor has also found that approximately 97% of the adult user population ischial tuberosities'216are supported adequately and comfortably. It will be readily appreciated that the 97 percentile adult population anthropometric values may vary with user population location. For example different 97 percentile values may be used for the different user populations in each of Europe, Northern America and Japan. FIGS.11to16are technical drawings of various views of the first and second cushions512,514of the seat cushion510. The drawings are to a pre-production seat cushion510. The dimensions and angles shown inFIGS.11to16are to suit a 97% percentile adult population.FIG.11is a plan, elevational view of the seat cushion from the seating surface.FIG.12is a cross-sectional view along the line12-12shown inFIG.11.FIG.12shows the cutting1210made into the first cushion512to provide a cavity1210for the second cushion material. The second foam material of the second cushion material may be blow moulded into the cavity1210and set. During the blow moulding into the cavity1210, the first and second cushion materials may be bonded together. The bonding may be done so as to be un-noticeable to the user whilst allowing the seat cushion510to perform as described herein. InFIG.12an alternate angle of 39.56° is shown for the front side910to the common base710angle described with respect toFIG.9. FIGS.13and14are respective base plan and side elevational views of the second cushion514insert corresponding toFIGS.11and12. An alternate angle of approximately 36° for the lateral side716to the common base710may be derived from the drawing dimensions. This is an alternate angle to the 45° value described with respect toFIGS.7and9. FIGS.15and16are respective plan, upper and side sectional views of a complete seat cushion510with some alternative dimensions and styling to the seat cushion components shown inFIGS.11to14. The seat cushion510described herein has a further advantage to providing support to the user with reclining angle. For example the seat cushion provides support as described herein for a reclining angle range of at least 90° to 105° for an angle defined by the user's back to the horizontal plane through the buttocks212and upper thighs of the user. Further example embodiments of seat cushions according to the invention are shown inFIGS.17to19. In these examples, rather than have the second cushion/support zone inserted into a cavity formed in the base of the first cushion, the second cushion/support zone is inserted into the rear wall of the first cushion/buffer zone. This provides that, the second cushion/support zone may be interchanged when the chair/seat (into which second cushion/support zone is incorporated) is fully assembled. For example,FIG.17shows a rear view of a seat cushion1700, having a second cushion/support zone1714fully inserted within a first cushion/buffer zone1712. As shown, whilst the second cushion still has a substantially trapezoidal cross section, the rear portion1713thereof does not include a sloped/tapered peripheral portion. Rather the rear portion1713thereof is shaped to align substantially flush with the rear surface1715of the first cushion1712. The remaining periphery regions1716are, however, still sloped/tapered, as per the embodiments ofFIGS.5to15, so as to provide the beneficial effects of the invention as described above. FIG.18shows a rear underside perspective view of a slightly modified version of the seat cushion ofFIG.17. InFIG.18, the cavity that receives the second cushion1814is not open/exposed at the underside of the first cushion1812. Rather, the second cushion1814forms a tongue to be received in a slot of the first cushion1814.FIG.19on the other hand, illustrates an embodiment wherein the cavity for the receiving the first cushion1912is substantially open/exposed at the underside. As shown inFIG.19, the second cushion1914is slidingly received with the first cushion1912. In the embodiment ofFIG.19, the periphery regions1916engage with corresponding grooves in the first cushion to substantially prohibit release therefrom by means other than out through the rear of the first cushion1912. It will be appreciated that in the forms as shown inFIGS.17to19, the rear portions of second cushions (e.g.1714,1814,1914) are shaped to be substantially flush with the rear surface of the first cushion (e.g.1712,1812,1912), rather than being sloped/ramped. It will be readily appreciated that the seat cushions as described herein may be used in the office, factory or aged care environments. The seat cushions may also be applied to lounge and dining seating, wheelchairs, car and truck seats. The seat cushions as described herein may also be retrofitted to an existing structure of a seat or chair. Alternatively, the seat cushions may be in a portable cushion form for using on existing seating surfaces. It will also be appreciated that the first and second cushions (or support and buffer zones) may be formed of any suitable cushioning/support material (i.e. materials other than foam, such as, for example, gel, rubber or polymer based materials). Whilst the above described forms of the invention are embodied as seat cushions, typically for use in office chairs or the like, it will be appreciated that other forms may be embodied more generally for other supportive type furniture, such as, for example, bed mattresses (see for exampleFIG.20). Broadly speaking, the invention may be described as an internal support system for cushions, mattresses or the like, that are generally used for supporting the body of a user. The internal support system generally including a main portion and a support portion located at least partly within the main portion. Typically, the support portion is more resistant to deformation/compression than the main portion (although in alternate forms the opposite may be true), and the proportions of support portion and main portion vary laterally through the internal support system to provide a varying support profile. For example, an internal support system (e.g. embodied in a cushion or mattress etc.) may have a main portion with a body facing side substantially opposing a base side. A support portion may be located at least party within the main portion, that includes a core portion and at least one peripheral portion which extends laterally therefrom. The height of the core portion may be greater than the height of the at least one peripheral portion so as to provide the varying support profile (the height being that as determined in the direction from the base side to the body facing side of the main portion). Generally, the support portion is more resistant to compression/deformation than the main portion, and may be removably located therein. It will be appreciated that the shape of the support portion may affect the support/cushioning profile. In one example, the support portion may include a base surface and a top surface, the base and top surfaces being substantially parallel in the core portion, and, at least a portion of the base surface sloping toward the top surface to provide the one or more peripheral portions. Location of the support portion within the main portion may vary too, and may impact the support/cushioning profile. Generally, at least part of the core portion forms part of a base periphery of the internal support system. The support portion may also be located such that part of the main portion separates the support portion and the body facing side of the main portion. Part of the main portion may also separate the at least one peripheral portion from the base side of the main portion. The peripheral portion(s) of the support portions too may take a variety of forms, but are typically tapered or ramped, such that the height thereof gradually reduces in the outward lateral direction. As the height reduces, a larger proportion of the support/cushioning profile of the internal support system is provided by the main portion. As such, it will be appreciated that in some forms, the area of the peripheral portions may have graded support profile. It will also be appreciated that by altering the material selected for the main and support portions, the support/cushioning profile can be varied. For example, materials of varying compressibility, resilience, hardness, stiffness etc. may be selected to vary the support/cushioning profile. In one example, the materials selected are foam rubber materials or have foam rubber like properties i.e. are resiliently deformable/compressible so as to provide cushioning. It is thus apparent that the internal support system as described herein may be used to address adverse effects on the body at high pressure areas created during extended sitting or lying (e.g. at the trochanters, iscial tuberosities and pelvis). In this specification, terms denoting direction, such as vertical, up, down, left, right etc. or rotation, should be taken to refer to the directions or rotations relative to the corresponding drawing rather than to absolute directions or rotations unless the context require otherwise. Although the invention has been herein shown and described in what is conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is recognized that departures can be made within the scope of the invention, which are not to be limited to the details described herein but are to be accorded the full scope of the appended claims so as to embrace any and all equivalent assemblies, devices, apparatus, articles, compositions, methods, processes and techniques. In this specification, the word “comprising” is to be understood in its “open” sense, that is, in the sense of “including”, and thus not limited to its “closed” sense, that is the sense of “consisting only of”. A corresponding meaning is to be attributed to the corresponding words “comprise, comprised and comprises” where they appear. It will further be understood that any reference herein to known prior art does not, unless the contrary indication appears, constitute an admission that such prior art is commonly known by those skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

11857080

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings by way of examples. It is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments to be described below, and various changes can be made as long as it has substantially the same configuration as the present invention and has the same functions and effects. First Embodiment FIG.1is a schematic diagram schematically illustrating a state where sheet members are fastened by using a sheet fastener according to a present first embodiment.FIGS.2to4are a perspective view, a plan view, and a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a first fastening member of the sheet fastener.FIGS.5to7are a perspective view, a plan view, and a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a second fastening member of the sheet fastener. As illustrated inFIG.1, in covering and attaching a first sheet member6and a second sheet member7, which respectively serve as skin members, over a surface of a cushion body5, a sheet fastener1according to the present first embodiment is used to continuously fasten a sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7with a sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6in a boundary part between the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7. Such a sheet fastener1according to the present first embodiment is mainly used for seats for vehicles such as automobiles, but can be used in the same manner for products, for example, seats for aircrafts and ships, seats used in schools and office buildings, cushions for exercise tools, furniture such as sofas and beds for residences, and the like. The sheet fastener1according to the present first embodiment includes a first fastening member10, which is long and narrow, to be secured to the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6, and a second fastening member20, which is long and narrow, to be secured to the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7and to be engaged with the first fastening member10. In this case, the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20are respectively referred to as an outer member and an inner member, in some cases. It is to be noted that in the present first embodiment, the longitudinal dimensions (dimensions in the longitudinal direction) of the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20can be appropriately changed depending on the lengths of the sheet edge portions6aand7aof the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7, to which the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20are respectively secured. In the present first embodiment, the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20are respectively produced by performing extrusion molding, injection molding, or the like of a synthetic resin material to form a long-sized primary molded body, and then by performing a cutting process on the obtained primary molded body for forming first slit portions16and second slit portions26to be described later. The first fastening member10and the second fastening member20each made of a synthetic resin have elasticity. It is to be noted that, in the present invention, the materials of the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20are not particularly limited, and can be changed optionally. In this case, in the molding process of the extrusion molding or injection molding described above, in a case where the direction in which the primary molded body is molded and conveyed is defined as a machine direction (MD), the machine directions in the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20, which are produced from the primary molded body, are longitudinal directions of the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20. Further, as illustrated inFIGS.2and5and the like, the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20are formed to extend continuously to be long in one direction. Thus, the longitudinal directions of the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20can also be referred to as extension directions or length directions of the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20. The first fastening member10according to the present first embodiment includes a first main body portion11, which is secured to the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6, a first engagement portion12, which is integrally provided with a one end portion of the first main body portion11, an accommodation space portion13, which is arranged inside the first engagement portion12and which accommodates a part of the second fastening member20, and an opening portion14, which opens at a part of the first engagement portion12, and which communicates with the accommodation space portion13. The first main body portion11of the first fastening member10is formed to have a flat plate shape that is long and narrow in the longitudinal direction. The first main body portion11includes a first surface11a, which has a plane shape and which serves as a secured surface to be secured in contact with the first sheet member6, and a second surface11b, which has a plane shape and which is disposed on the opposite side of the first surface11a. In this case, the first surface (secured surface)11aof the first main body portion11serves as an outer surface facing outward with respect to the cushion body5, and the second surface11bof the first main body portion11serves as an inner surface facing the cushion body5. It is to be noted that in the present invention, from among directions parallel to the first surface (secured surface)11aof the first main body portion11, a direction in a longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10is referred to as a front-rear direction of the first fastening member10, and a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10is referred to as a right-left direction of the first fastening member10, in some cases. Furthermore, a direction perpendicular to the first surface (secured surface)11aof the first main body portion11is referred to as a upper-lower direction of the first fastening member10, in some cases. Further, in the first fastening member10, a tip end portion of the first surface11ain the first main body portion11(an end portion on the side opposite to the side connected with the first engagement portion12) is formed to have a curved surface or an inclined surface that gradually decreases the thickness dimension of the first main body portion11that is the distance between the first surface11aand the second surface11btoward a tip end. The first engagement portion12opens on the first main body portion11side, and has a substantially letter C shape in a transverse section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10(FIG.4). The first engagement portion12includes a first base end wall portion12a, which is formed continuously from the first main body portion11and which is disposed in parallel with the first main body portion11, a first intermediate wall portion12b, which bends at approximately 90 degrees and extends from the first base end wall portion12a, a first tip end wall portion12c, which bends and extends from the first intermediate wall portion12b, and a first protrusion portion12d, which protrudes from an end portion of the first base end wall portion12aadjacent to the first main body portion11toward the first tip end wall portion12c. In this case, the location of an outer wall surface of the first protrusion portion12dfacing the first main body portion11is the boundary between the first main body portion11and the first engagement portion12. The respective thickness dimensions of the first base end wall portion12a, the first intermediate wall portion12b, and the first tip end wall portion12cof the first engagement portion12are defined as the minimum distance between an inner peripheral surface and an outer peripheral surface of the first engagement portion12, when the transverse section of the first fastening member10is viewed. In this case, the first base end wall portion12a, the first intermediate wall portion12b, and the first tip end wall portion12cof the first engagement portion12are formed to have the thickness dimensions larger than that of the first main body portion11. In particular, in the present first embodiment, the thickness dimension of the first intermediate wall portion12bis set to be larger than the thickness dimensions of the first base end wall portion12aand the first tip end wall portion12c. In the transverse section of the first fastening member10, the first intermediate wall portion12bis disposed in a direction perpendicular to the first base end wall portion12a. The first tip end wall portion12cis disposed so that the angle on the inner peripheral surface side with respect to the first intermediate wall portion12bis less than 90 degrees. In other words, the first tip end wall portion12cis disposed to be inclined with respect to the first base end wall portion12aso as to gradually decrease the gap between the inner peripheral surface of the first base end wall portion12aand the inner peripheral surface of the first tip end wall portion12ctoward a tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12c. The inner peripheral surface of the first engagement portion12disposed to face the accommodation space portion13includes a flat surface formed on the first base end wall portion12a, the first intermediate wall portion12b, and the first tip end wall portion12c, a curved surface formed at a connection part between the first base end wall portion12aand the first intermediate wall portion12b, a curved surface formed at a connection part between the first intermediate wall portion12band the first tip end wall portion12c, and an inner wall surface, to be described later, of the first protrusion portion12d. The first protrusion portion12dof the first engagement portion12has a substantially triangular shape when the transverse section of the first fastening member10is viewed. In this case, the first protrusion portion12dincludes an outer wall surface facing the first main body portion11side, and the inner wall surface facing the accommodation space portion13. The outer wall surface of the first protrusion portion12dis disposed to be perpendicular to the first surface (secured surface)11aof the first main body portion11. The inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion12dis formed to be an inclined surface that is inclined downward toward the first base end wall portion12aand that is inclined at an angle of approximately 45 degrees with respect to the inner peripheral surface of the first base end wall portion12a. Since the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion12dis formed to be inclined in this manner, in holding the second fastening member20in a temporary engagement state by the first fastening member10and then engaging in a permanent engagement state, as will be described later, the entirety of a second engagement portion22of the second fastening member20can be made to smoothly enter and accommodate the inside of the accommodation space portion13of the first engagement portion12. The accommodation space portion13of the first engagement portion12is formed to be surrounded by the first base end wall portion12a, the first intermediate wall portion12b, the first tip end wall portion12c, and the first protrusion portion12d. The accommodation space portion13is formed continuously along the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10, and has a size capable of accommodating a part of a second main body portion21, to be described later, and the second engagement portion22of the second fastening member20. The opening portion14, which communicates with the accommodation space portion13, is arranged between the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cand a tip end portion of the first protrusion portion12din the first engagement portion12. In this case, since first continuous portions17, to be described later, are formed at the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cand the tip end portion of the first protrusion portion12d, the opening portion14is continuously arranged along the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10to be interposed between the two first continuous portions17. Here, for example, as illustrated inFIG.4, in a case where the shortest distance between the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cand the tip end portion of the first protrusion portion12dis defined as a size14aof the opening portion14, the size14aof the opening portion14in the first fastening member10is set to be larger than the thickness dimension of the second engagement portion22and the thickness dimension of the second main body portion21in the second fastening member20so that the second engagement portion22and the second main body portion21in the second fastening member20can be inserted, for example, as illustrated inFIGS.9and10. In the first fastening member10according to the present first embodiment, there are formed the plurality of first slit portions16, which are formed along a perpendicular direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10(an intersecting direction that intersects the longitudinal direction at an angle of 90 degrees), and the first continuous portions17, which are continuously connected along the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10, as parts where no first slit portion16is provided. It is to be noted that as described above, the first slit portions16are provided along the above perpendicular direction. However, the first slit portions16according to the present first embodiment may be formed in a direction that is not parallel to the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10, that is, may be formed along an intersecting direction that intersects the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10at a predetermined angle other than 90 degrees (for example, 45 degrees). In the present first embodiment, the plurality of first slit portions16are provided in a form (location, shape, and size) that the first fastening member10can be curved in the right-left direction parallel to the first surface (secured surface)11aof the first main body portion11. To be specific, the plurality of first slit portions16in the present first embodiment are formed in parallel with one another at a constant pitch interval P1in the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10. In this case, the formation pitch interval P1of the first slit portions16has a total size of a first slit width dimension W1, which is a dimension of the first slit portion16in the longitudinal direction, and a first slit separation interval D1, which is a distance between the first slit portions16adjacent to each other in the longitudinal direction. In addition, the first slit width dimension W1is set to be smaller than the first slit separation interval D1. The first slit portion16of the first fastening member10includes a main body side first slit portion16aprovided in the first main body portion11, and an engagement side first slit portion16bprovided in the first engagement portion12, in a plan view when the first fastening member10is viewed from the upper-lower direction perpendicular to the secured surface11aof the first main body portion11(refer toFIG.3). In particular, the first slit portions16each include a pair of the main body side first slit portion16aand the engagement side first slit portion16b. The pair of the main body side first slit portion16aand the engagement side first slit portion16bare formed to correspond to each other at the same locations in the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member10. The main body side first slit portion16ais linearly arranged from a tip end edge of the first main body portion11to the vicinity of the first engagement portion12. In the above-described plan view of the first fastening member10(FIG.3), the dimension of the main body side first slit portion16ain the perpendicular direction (right-left direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction) is preferably formed to occupy a range of 70% or more, in particular 80% or more of the dimension in the perpendicular direction of the first main body portion11from the tip end edge of the first main body portion11. The engagement side first slit portion16bis arranged continuously in a part of the first base end wall portion12a, the first intermediate wall portion12b, and a part of the first tip end wall portion12cin the first engagement portion12. In addition, the engagement side first slit portion16bis disposed, in the above-described plan view of the first fastening member10, from an end edge on the side where first engagement portion12is disposed in the right-left direction of first fastening member10(that is, an end edge of the first fastening member10on the opposite side of the tip end edge of the first main body portion11) to the location in the vicinity of the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cin the first engagement portion12. Further, when the transverse section of the first fastening member10is viewed (refer toFIG.4), a slit end face16c, which is formed on the first base end wall portion12a, and a slit end face16c, which is formed on the first tip end wall portion12c, are provided as end portions of the engagement side first slit portion16bin the above-described perpendicular direction (right-left direction). In this case, the slit end face16cformed on the first base end wall portion12aand the slit end face16cformed on the first tip end wall portion12care disposed at locations that overlap each other in the plan view of the first fastening member10(FIG.3). Accordingly, the first fastening member10can be curved more easily in the right-left direction parallel to the first surface11aof the first main body portion11, as will be described later. As illustrated inFIG.4, for example, the first continuous portions17of the first fastening member10are formed to be adjacent to the opening portion14so as to interpose the opening portion14of the first engagement portion12. That is, the first continuous portions17according to the present first embodiment are provided to be separated into an opening adjacent end portion18including the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12c, and an opening adjacent end portion18including the first protrusion portion12d, as an upper part and a lower part in the first engagement portion12, each having a transverse sectional area that ensures appropriate strength. In this case, the upper and lower opening adjacent end portions18in the first fastening member10are adjacent to the opening portion14, and face each other via the opening portion14, as indicated by being surrounded by a broken line inFIG.4. Further, in the case of the present first embodiment, the first continuous portions17are also provided at the end portion on the first base end wall portion12awhich is disposed at a side to be connected with the first main body portion11in the first engagement portion12, and at the end portion on the first main body portion11which is disposed at a side to be connected with the first engagement portion12(first base end wall portion12a). As described above, the plurality of first slit portions16and the first continuous portions17are provided in the first fastening member10. Therefore, the first fastening member10can be curved easily in the right-left direction parallel to the first surface (secured surface)11aof the first main body portion11, with the two first continuous portions17disposed in a separated manner in the upper-lower direction as an axis (center), as indicated by a virtual line inFIG.2andFIG.8. Further, the material cost of the first fastening member10can be reduced, and the weight of the first fastening member10can be reduced. The second fastening member20according to the present first embodiment includes the second main body portion21to be secured to the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7, the second engagement portion22provided integrally with a one end portion of the second main body portion21, and an inner space portion23formed inside the second engagement portion22. The second main body portion21of the second fastening member20is formed to have a flat plate shape that is long and narrow in the longitudinal direction. The second main body portion21includes a first surface21a, which faces the first fastening member10when the second fastening member20is held by the first fastening member10in the permanent engagement state, which has a plane shape, and which serves as a secured surface to be secured in contact with the second sheet member7, and a second surface21b, which has a plane shape and which is disposed on the opposite side of the first surface21a. In this case, the first surface21aof the second main body portion21serves as an inner surface disposed to face the cushion body5, and the second surface21bof the second main body portion21serves as an outer surface facing the outer side with respect to the cushion body5. It is to be noted that in the present invention, from among directions parallel to the first surface (secured surface)21aof the second main body portion21, a direction along the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20is referred to as a front-rear direction of the second fastening member20, and a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20is referred to as a right-left direction of the second fastening member20, in some cases. Furthermore, a direction perpendicular to the first surface (secured surface)21aof the second main body portion21is referred to as a upper-lower direction of the second fastening member20, in some cases. Further, in the second fastening member20, a tip end portion of the second surface21bin the second main body portion21(an end portion on the side opposite to the side connected with the second engagement portion22) is formed to have a curved surface or an inclined surface that gradually decreases the thickness dimension of the second main body portion21that is the distance between the first surface21aand the second surface21btoward a tip end. The second engagement portion22has a substantially letter U shape that opens upward in a transverse section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20(FIG.7). The second engagement portion22includes a second base end wall portion22a, which is connected with the second main body portion21and which bends at approximately 90 degrees and extends from the second main body portion21, a second intermediate wall portion22b, which bends and extends from the second base end wall portion22a, and a second tip end wall portion22c, which bends and extends from the second intermediate wall portion22b. In this case, the thickness dimensions of the second base end wall portion22aand the second intermediate wall portion22bof the second engagement portion22are set to be the same with the thickness dimension of the second main body portion21or to be slightly smaller than the thickness dimension of the second main body portion21. The thickness dimension at the second tip end wall portion22cof the second engagement portion22is set to be smaller than the thickness dimensions of the second base end wall portion22aand the second intermediate wall portion22b. In the transverse section of the second fastening member20(FIG.7), the second base end wall portion22ais disposed in a direction perpendicular to the second main body portion21. The second intermediate wall portion22bof the second engagement portion22extends from a tip end portion of the second base end wall portion22ain a direction inclined with respect to the second main body portion21so that the angle on the inner peripheral surface side with respect to the second base end wall portion22ais greater than 90 degrees. The second tip end wall portion22cextends from a tip end portion of the second intermediate wall portion22bin a direction parallel to the second base end wall portion22a. In addition, the gap between the second base end wall portion22aand the second tip end wall portion22cin the second engagement portion22is set to be larger than the thickness dimension of the first tip end wall portion12cso that the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10can be inserted into the inner space portion23of the second engagement portion22. In the second fastening member20according to the present first embodiment, there are formed the plurality of second slit portions26, which are formed along a perpendicular direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20(an intersecting direction that intersects the longitudinal direction at an angle of 90 degrees), and a second continuous portion27, which is continuously connected in the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20, as a part where no second slit portion26is provided. It is to be noted that the second slit portions26according to the present first embodiment may be formed along the intersecting direction that intersects the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20at a predetermined angle other than 90 degrees, in a similar manner to the case of the first slit portions16. The plurality of second slit portions26are provided in a form (location, shape, and size) that the second fastening member20can be curved in the right-left direction parallel to the first surface (secured surface)21aof the second main body portion21. To be specific, the plurality of second slit portions26in the present first embodiment are formed in parallel with one another at a constant pitch interval P2in the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20. In this case, the formation pitch interval P2of the second slit portions26has a total size of a second slit width dimension W2, which is a dimension of the second slit portion26in the longitudinal direction, and a second slit separation interval D2, which is a distance between the second slit portions26adjacent to each other in the longitudinal direction. In addition, the second slit width dimension W2is set to be smaller than the second slit separation interval D2. In a plan view when the second fastening member20is viewed from a direction perpendicular to the secured surface21aof the second main body portion21(refer toFIG.6), the respective second slit portions26are arranged continuously in the above-described perpendicular direction (right-left direction) from an end edge on the side where the second engagement portion22is disposed in the right-left direction of the second fastening member20to the vicinity of the tip end portion of the second main body portion21. With such a plurality of second slit portions26, the second engagement portions22are formed along the longitudinal direction in a form of being separated into small pieces. The second continuous portion27of the second fastening member20is provided at the tip end portion of the second main body portion21that is apart from the second engagement portion22. As described above, the plurality of second slit portions26and the second continuous portion27are provided in the second fastening member20. Therefore, the second fastening member20can be curved easily in the right-left direction parallel to the secured surface21aof the second main body portion21, with the second continuous portion27as an axis (center), as indicated by a virtual line inFIG.5andFIG.8. Further, the material cost of the second fastening member20can be reduced, and the weight of the second fastening member20can be reduced. In the relationship between the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20in the present first embodiment, the formation pitch interval P1of the first slit portions16provided in the first fastening member10and the formation pitch interval P2of the second slit portions26provided in the second fastening member20are set to the same size. Further, the first slit width dimension W1of the first fastening member10is set to be smaller than the second slit separation interval D2of the second fastening member20, and the second slit width dimension W2of the second fastening member20is set to be smaller than the first slit separation interval D1of the first fastening member10. The first slit portion16and the second slit portion26are formed in the relationship as described above. Hence, in a case where the second fastening member20is held by the first fastening member10in the permanent engagement state and the second sheet member7is fastened with the first sheet member6, even when the second fastening member20moves in the longitudinal direction with respect to the first fastening member10, the first engagement portion12of the first fastening member10is unlikely to enter the second slit portion26of the second fastening member20, and the second engagement portion22of the second fastening member20is unlikely to enter the first slit portion16of the first fastening member10. Accordingly, the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20are unlikely to be caught with each other, and the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20can move appropriately. This can suppress the occurrence of a wrinkle in the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7, and can suppress a state where the first sheet member6or the second sheet member7is locally pulled and extended, and the like. It is to be noted that in the present invention, regarding the above-described relationship between the first slit width dimension W1of the first fastening member10and the second slit separation interval D2of the second fastening member20and the above-described relationship between the second slit width dimension W2of the second fastening member20and the first slit separation interval D1of the first fastening member10, it is sufficient if the relationship is satisfied in at least a part of the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20. In the sheet fastener1according to the present first embodiment as described above, the first fastening member10is secured to the first sheet member6by sewing the first main body portion11to the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6in a sewing process with the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6overlapping the first surface11aof the first main body portion11. The second fastening member20is secured to the second sheet member7by sewing the second main body portion21to the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7in a sewing process with the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7overlapping the first surface21aof the second main body portion21. In this case, the second surface21bof the second main body portion21is not directly secured to the second sheet member7. It is to be noted that in the present invention, the means for respectively securing the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20to the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7is not particularly limited. For example, any other conventionally known securing means such as adhesion or welding can be used. Next, a method for fastening the second sheet member7with the first sheet member6by engaging the second fastening member20secured to the second sheet member7with the first fastening member10secured to the first sheet member6, as illustrated inFIG.1, will be described. In this case, the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7are covered on the surface of the cushion body5. In addition, the first fastening member10is sewn to the sheet edge portion6a, which is curved, of the first sheet member6, in a curved state in a direction (right-left direction) parallel to the first surface (secured surface)11aof the first main body portion11, as illustrated inFIG.8, for example. In addition, the second fastening member20is also sewn to the sheet edge portion7a, which is curved, of the second sheet member7, in a curved state in a direction (right-left direction) parallel to the first surface (secured surface)21aof the second main body portion21, as illustrated inFIG.8. First, an operator holds the second fastening member20in a curved state, and brings the second engagement portion22of the second fastening member20closer to the first fastening member10in a curved state. Further, the operator inserts the second tip end wall portion22cof the second engagement portion22into the accommodation space portion13from the opening portion14of the first fastening member10sequentially along the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member20. At the same time, the operator inserts the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cin the first fastening member10into the inner space portion23of the second engagement portion22. In this situation, as described above, the first continuous portions17of the first fastening member10are provided at the opening adjacent end portions18including the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cadjacent to the opening portion14of the first engagement portion12, and at the opening adjacent end portion18including the first protrusion portion12d. Accordingly, even in the case where the second engagement portion22is separated into small pieces by the second slit portions26, the second tip end wall portion22cof the second engagement portion22can be easily and smoothly inserted into the opening portion14, which is interposed between the first continuous portions17of the first fastening member10, and can be guided to the accommodation space portion13. It is to be noted that in the present first embodiment, in order to facilitate the insertion of the second engagement portion22into the opening portion14of the first engagement portion12, the first continuous portions17are provided at the opening adjacent end portion18including the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cadjacent to the opening portion14of the first engagement portion12, and at the opening adjacent end portion18including the first protrusion portion12d. However, in the present first embodiment, for example, instead of providing the first continuous portion17at the opening adjacent end portion18adjacent to the opening portion14of the first engagement portion12, the second continuous portion27continuous in the longitudinal direction can be provided at a tip end portion of the second tip end wall portion22cin the second engagement portion22, and the first slit portions16can be provided in the entirety of the first engagement portion12, so that the first engagement portion12can also be separated into small pieces. This also facilitates the insertion of the second engagement portion22into the opening portion14of the first engagement portion12. Then, by inserting the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cinto the inner space portion23of the second engagement portion22, as illustrated inFIG.9, the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10can be made to abut the inner peripheral surface of the second base end wall portion22ain the second engagement portion22, and can be made to abut at least one of inner peripheral surfaces of the second intermediate wall portion22band the second tip end wall portion22c(in the present first embodiment, both inner peripheral surfaces of the second intermediate wall portion22band the second tip end wall portion22c). In this situation, the second fastening member20receives tensile strength to be pulled by the second sheet member7to be covered on the cushion body5. Hence, in the sheet fastener1, the second tip end wall portion22cof the second fastening member20is stably hooked on the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10, and the stress in a direction of pressing the inner peripheral surface of the second base end wall portion22aof the second fastening member20against the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10is applied. Accordingly, the second fastening member20is held by the first fastening member10in a temporary engagement state where the second fastening member20is temporarily locked at a predetermined angle. In such a temporary engagement state, by adjusting the locations or the like of the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7, the operator is able to remove a wrinkle, slack, or the like occurring on the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7. Subsequently, the operator presses the second fastening member20, which is curved and locked in the temporary engagement state, in a direction that the second main body portion21approaches the first fastening member10as indicated by a first arrow31inFIG.9, and rotates the second fastening member20. In this situation, while the second fastening member20is rolling up the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7, subsequently to the second tip end wall portion22c, the second intermediate wall portion22bof the second fastening member20is inserted into the accommodation space portion13from the opening portion14of the first fastening member10. In addition to that, the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10comes out of the inner space portion23of the second engagement portion22. Also at the same time, the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10is elastically deformed to expand the accommodation space portion13. Furthermore, the second fastening member20rotates continuously, and subsequently to the second intermediate wall portion22b, the second base end wall portion22aof the second fastening member20is inserted into the accommodation space portion13from the opening portion14of the first fastening member10. As a result, the entirety of the second engagement portion22can be easily and smoothly inserted and fitted into the accommodation space portion13of the first fastening member10. In this case, at the timing when the entirety of the second engagement portion22is inserted into the accommodation space portion13of the first fastening member10, the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10, which has been elastically deformed, is elastically restored. Accordingly, as illustrated inFIG.10, the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12ccan be made to abut the second surface21bof the second main body portion21of the second fastening member20and one surface of the second base end wall portion22a, which is formed continuously with the second surface21b. Further, the first tip end wall portion12cof the first fastening member10is elastically restored as described above. Then, the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20partially collide with each other, and such a collision can generate a small collision sound or a feel of touch. Accordingly, as illustrated inFIG.10, even in a case where the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20are respectively covered with the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7and cannot be seen from the outside (upper side in the drawing), the operator is able to confirm that the entirety of the second engagement portion22has been inserted into the accommodation space portion13of the first fastening member10by sensing the small collision sound or the feel of touch. Then, as described above, the entirety of the second engagement portion22is inserted and held in the accommodation space portion13of the first fastening member10. Thus, as illustrated inFIGS.1and10, the second main body portion21and the second base end wall portion22aof the second fastening member20can be made to abut the tip end portion of the first tip end wall portion12cin the first fastening member10. In addition to that, a connection part (or its vicinity) of the second intermediate wall portion22band the second tip end wall portion22cin the second fastening member20can be made to abut a connection part (or its vicinity) of the first intermediate wall portion12band the first base end wall portion12ain the first fastening member10. In this manner, since the second fastening member20abuts the first fastening member10at two locations, the second fastening member20can be stably engaged (fitted) with the first fastening member10in the permanent engagement state with an appropriate engagement force. Accordingly, the first fastening member10secured to the first sheet member6in the curved state is connected with the second fastening member20secured to the second sheet member7in the curved state. Therefore, as illustrated inFIG.1, the sheet edge portion7a, which is curved, of the second sheet member7can be continuously fastened with the sheet edge portion6a, which is curved, of the first sheet member6along the longitudinal directions of the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20. Furthermore, in the case where the second fastening member20is engaged in the permanent engagement state as described above, the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20, which are engaged with each other, receive tensile strength to be respectively pulled from the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7. Accordingly, the stress in a direction of rotating the second fastening member20to separate the second main body portion21of the second fastening member20from the first fastening member10is applied to the sheet fastener1, as indicated by a second arrow32inFIG.10. In this case, since the second fastening member20abuts the first fastening member10at the above-described two locations, the first fastening member10is capable of supporting the second fastening member20, by receiving the force in the direction of rotating the second fastening member20at these abutment locations. Accordingly, the second fastening member20can be prevented from being released from the first fastening member10effectively, and the permanent engagement state can be maintained stably. As described heretofore, in the sheet fastener1according to the present first embodiment, the plurality of first slit portions16are formed in the first fastening member10, and the plurality of second slit portions26are formed in the second fastening member20. Therefore, for example, as illustrated inFIG.1, even in a case where each of the sheet edge portions6aand7aof the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7is formed to be curved with similar curvatures in the directions parallel to the respective sheet edge portions6aand7a, the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20can be curved correspondingly while keeping long-sized states, and can be stably secured to the respective sheet edge portions6aand7a. Furthermore, by engaging the first fastening member10and the second fastening member20, which are respectively secured in the curved states to the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7with each other in the permanent engagement state, the sheet edge portion7a, which is curved, of the second sheet member7can be easily and smoothly fastened with the sheet edge portion6a, which is curved, of the first sheet member6, by a simple operation as described above in a short period of time. Further, in the case of the sheet fastener1according to the present first embodiment, neither the first fastening member10nor the second fastening member20is cut into small pieces as in the conventional case. Therefore, for example, an uneven pattern caused by the small pieces of the first fastening member and the second fastening member is not generated. Therefore, degradation in the external appearance quality of a product resulting from the above-described uneven pattern can be prevented. Further, in the sheet fastener1according to the present first embodiment, when the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7is fastened with the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6, the second sheet member7is folded back in contact with the tip end portion of the second main body portion21of the second fastening member20, as illustrated inFIG.10. In this case, the second continuous portion27continuous in the longitudinal direction is provided at the tip end portion of the second main body portion21of the second fastening member20. Therefore, in the second fastening member20according to the present first embodiment, the second sheet member7can be beautifully folded back along the second continuous portion27, as compared with, for example, the second fastening member in a variation in which the plurality of second slit portions26are arranged at the tip end portion of the second main body portion21. In addition, for example, in the case where the plurality of second slit portions26are arranged at the tip end portion of the second main body portion21, when the second sheet member7is folded back at the tip end portion of the second main body portion21, it is conceivable that an uneven pattern of the second main body portion21, which is separated into small pieces by the plurality of second slit portions26, may appear on the outer surface of the folded-back part of the second sheet member7. However, since the second continuous portion27is provided at the tip end portion of the second main body portion21as in the present first embodiment, the drawback of the uneven pattern as described above can be avoided, the folded-back part of the second sheet member7can be finished in a smooth form, and the degradation in the appearance quality of the product can be effectively prevented. Second Embodiment FIG.11is a schematic diagram schematically illustrating a state where sheet members are fastened by using a sheet fastener according to a present second embodiment.FIGS.12to14are a perspective view, a plan view, and a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a first fastening member of the sheet fastener.FIGS.15to17are a perspective view, a plan view, and a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a second fastening member of the sheet fastener. A sheet fastener2according to the present second embodiment is preferably used for seats for vehicles, aircrafts, ship, and the like, in the same manner as the sheet fastener1according to the above-described first embodiment. The sheet fastener2is used for continuously fastening a sheet edge portion7aof a second sheet member7with a sheet edge portion6aof a first sheet member6in a boundary part between the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7. The sheet fastener2according to the present second embodiment includes a first fastening member50, which is long and narrow, to be secured to the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6by sewing or the like, and a second fastening member60, which is long and narrow, to be secured to the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7by sewing or the like, and to be engaged with the first fastening member50. In addition, the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60according to the present second embodiment are produced by performing extrusion molding, injection molding, or the like to form a long-sized primary molded body, and then, by performing a cutting process on the obtained primary molded body for forming first slit portions56and second slit portions66. The first fastening member50and the second fastening member60produced in this manner have elasticity. The first fastening member50according to the present second embodiment includes a first main body portion51, which is secured to the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6, a first engagement portion52, which is integrally provided at a one end portion of the first main body portion51, an accommodation space portion53, which is arranged inside the first engagement portion52and which accommodates a part of the second fastening member60, and an opening portion54, which opens at a part of the first engagement portion52, and which communicates with the accommodation space portion53. The first main body portion51of the first fastening member50is formed to have a flat plate shape that is long and narrow in the longitudinal direction. The first main body portion51includes a first surface51a, which has a plane shape and which serves as a secured surface to be secured in contact with the first sheet member6, and a second surface51b, which has a plane shape and which is disposed on the opposite side of the first surface51a. Further, the thickness dimension of the first main body portion51(dimension between the first surface51aand the second surface51bof the first main body portion51) is set to a constant size except for a tip end portion in the first main body portion51that is farthest from the first engagement portion52. The first engagement portion52opens obliquely upward and has a substantially letter C shape in a transverse section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50(FIG.14). The first engagement portion52includes a first base end wall portion52a, which is formed continuously from the first main body portion51, and a first extension portion52b, which extends bending from a tip end portion of the first base end wall portion52a, and a first protrusion portion52c, which protrudes upward from the first surface of the first base end wall portion52a. In this case, the boundary between the first main body portion51and the first engagement portion52lies on an extension line of an outer wall surface of the first protrusion portion52cfacing the first main body portion51side. Further, the first surface and the second surface of the first base end wall portion52arefer to surfaces respectively facing the same directions with the directions that the first surface51aand the second surface51bof the first main body portion51face. The first base end wall portion52aof the first engagement portion52is arranged in parallel with the first main body portion51, and is formed to have the same thickness dimension with the first main body portion51. The first extension portion52bextends from the tip end portion of the first base end wall portion52aand bends to be folded back on the first surface side of the first base end wall portion52a, when the transverse section of the first fastening member50is viewed. In this case, a part of the first extension portion52bthat starts bending with respect to the first base end wall portion52ais the boundary between the first base end wall portion52aand the first extension portion52b. Moreover, the first extension portion52bis formed to have the same thickness with the first base end wall portion52aexcept for a tip end portion of the first extension portion52b. On the other hand, the tip end portion of the first extension portion52bis formed to be thinner than the first base end wall portion52a. The first protrusion portion52cprotrudes on the first surface of the first base end wall portion52a, and protrudes from the first surface toward the tip end portion of the first extension portion52b. As illustrated inFIG.14, the first protrusion portion52cincludes an outer wall surface disposed on the first main body portion51side, an inner wall surface disposed on the accommodation space portion53side, and a top end surface that is apart from the first surface of the first base end wall portion52aand that is arranged between an upper end part of the outer wall surface and an upper end part of the inner wall surface. In this case, the outer wall surface of the first protrusion portion52cis perpendicular to the first surface of the first base end wall portion52a. As illustrated inFIG.14, an inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52cis disposed such that an angle θ between the inner wall surface and the first surface of the first base end wall portion52ais less than 90 degrees. Particularly in the case of the present embodiment, the angle θ between the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52cand the first surface of the first base end wall portion52ais set to 40 degrees or more and 70 degrees or less. It is to be noted that in the present invention, the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52cmay be formed so that the angle with respect to the first surface of the first base end wall portion52ais 90 degrees, or more than 90 degrees. The accommodation space portion53of the first engagement portion52is formed to be surrounded by the first base end wall portion52a, the first extension portion52b, and the first protrusion portion52c. The accommodation space portion53is formed along the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50, and is provided to correspond to the size of a second engagement portion62(in particular, an engagement head portion62b) of the second fastening member60. It is to be noted that in the first fastening member50according to the present invention, the accommodation space portion53of the first engagement portion52can be formed to be surrounded by only the first extension portion52band the first protrusion portion52c, by changing the formation location, the protrusion direction, or the like of the first protrusion portion52c. The opening portion54, which communicates with the accommodation space portion53, is provided between the tip end portion of the first extension portion52band the first protrusion portion52c. As illustrated inFIG.14, in a case where a size54aof the opening portion54is defined as the shortest distance between the tip end portion of the first extension portion52band the first protrusion portion52c, the size54aof the opening portion54is set to be slightly smaller than a minimum length L from an insertion groove portion62d, which is disposed in the second engagement portion62of the second fastening member60, to an end portion of the engagement head portion62bon a second main body portion61side (refer toFIG.17). In addition, the opening portion54is formed such that a virtual straight line connecting the shortest distance between the tip end portion of the first extension portion52band the first protrusion portion52cis arranged at an inclined angle of less than 90 degrees with respect to the first surface51aof the first main body portion51and the first surface of the first base end wall portion52a, preferably at an inclined angle of 70 degrees or less. By arranging the opening portion54to be inclined with respect to the first surface51aof the first main body portion51and the first surface of the first base end wall portion52ain such a manner, an extension length of the first extension portion52bthat extends bending from the first base end wall portion52acan be shorter. As a result, the first extension portion52bcan be formed to have a relatively small size and a small transverse sectional area. In the present second embodiment, since first continuous portions57, to be described later, are formed at the tip end portion of the first extension portion52band the first protrusion portion52cin the first engagement portion52, the opening portion54is continuously arranged along the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50to be interposed between the two first continuous portions57. In the first fastening member50according to the present second embodiment, in the same manner as the first fastening member10in the above-described first embodiment, there are formed the plurality of first slit portions56, which are formed along the perpendicular direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50, and the first continuous portions57, which are continuous in the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50, as parts where no first slit portion56is provided. It is to be noted that the first slit portions56according to the present second embodiment may be formed along an intersecting direction that intersects the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50at a predetermined angle other than 90 degrees. The plurality of first slit portions56are formed in parallel with one another at the constant pitch interval P1in the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50. In this case, the formation pitch interval P1of the first slit portions56has the total size of the first slit width dimension W1in the longitudinal direction and a first slit separation interval D1in the longitudinal direction. In addition, the first slit width dimension W1is set to be smaller than the first slit separation interval D1. The first slit portion56of the first fastening member50includes a main body side first slit portion56aprovided in the first main body portion51, and an engagement side first slit portion56bprovided in the first engagement portion52, in a plan view when the first fastening member50is viewed from a direction perpendicular to the first surface (secured surface)51aof the first main body portion51(refer toFIG.13). In particular, the first slit portions56each include a pair of the main body side first slit portion56aand the engagement side first slit portion56b. The pair of the main body side first slit portion56aand the engagement side first slit portion56bare formed to correspond to each other at the same locations in the longitudinal direction of the first fastening member50. The main body side first slit portion56ais disposed linearly from a tip end edge of the first main body portion51to a part partially including a part of the first engagement portion52(a part of the first base end wall portion52aand a part of the first protrusion portion52c). That is, in a plan view of the first fastening member50, the main body side first slit portion56ais formed such that the dimension in the perpendicular direction (right-left direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction) of the first fastening member50is larger than the dimension in the perpendicular direction of the first main body portion51. Further, in this case, the dimension of the main body side first slit portion56ain the above-described perpendicular direction is preferably formed to occupy a range of 50% or more of the dimension from the tip end edge of the first main body portion51with respect to the dimension in the above-described perpendicular direction of the entirety of the first fastening member50. The engagement side first slit portion56bis continuously arranged at a part of the first extension portion52bin the first engagement portion52. The engagement side first slit portion56bis disposed, in a plan view of the first fastening member50, from an end edge on the side where the first engagement portion52in the right-left direction of the first fastening member50is disposed, to the vicinity of the tip end portion of the first extension portion52bof the first engagement portion52. When the transverse section of the first fastening member50is viewed (FIG.14), an upper slit end face56cand a lower slit end face56c, which are formed on the first extension portion52b, are provided as end portions in the above-described perpendicular direction (right-left direction) in the engagement side first slit portion56b. In this case, the upper slit end face56cand the lower slit end face56care disposed at locations that overlap each other in the plan view of the first fastening member50(FIG.13). Accordingly, the first fastening member50can be curved more easily in a direction parallel to the first surface51aof the first main body portion51, as will be described later. As illustrated inFIG.14, for example, the first continuous portions57of the first fastening member50are formed at opening adjacent end portions58, which are adjacent to the opening portion54so as to interpose the opening portion54of the first engagement portion52. That is, the first continuous portions57according to the present second embodiment are provided to be separated into the opening adjacent end portion58formed with the tip end portion of the first extension portion52b, and the opening adjacent end portion58including a part of the first protrusion portion52cand a part of the first base end wall portion52a, as an upper part and a lower part in the first engagement portion52, each having a transverse sectional area that ensures appropriate strength. As described above, the plurality of first slit portions56and the first continuous portions57are provided in the first fastening member50in the present second embodiment. Therefore, the first fastening member50can be curved easily in the right-left direction parallel to the first surface (secured surface)51aof the first main body portion51, with the two first continuous portions57disposed in a separated manner in the upper-lower direction as an axis (center), as indicated by a virtual line inFIG.12andFIG.18. Further, the material cost of the first fastening member50can be reduced, and the weight of the first fastening member50can be reduced. The second fastening member60according to the present second embodiment includes the second main body portion61to be secured to the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7, the second engagement portion62, which bends and extends from a one end portion of the second main body portion61, and a protrusion piece portion63, which protrudes from the second engagement portion62. The second main body portion61is formed to have a plate shape that is long and narrow in the longitudinal direction. The second main body portion61includes a first surface (secured surface)61a, which serves as a secured surface to be secured in contact with the first sheet member6, and which faces the first fastening member50when the second fastening member60is held by the first fastening member50in the permanent engagement state, and a second surface61b, which has a plane shape and which is disposed on the opposite side of the first surface61a. In this case, the first surface61aof the second main body portion61serves as an inner surface disposed to face the cushion body5, and the second surface61bof the second main body portion61serves as an outer surface facing the outer side with respect to the cushion body5. Further, the tip end portion of the first surface61ain the second main body portion61(end portion on the side opposite to the side connected with the second engagement portion62) is formed to have an inclined surface or a curved surface that gradually decreases the thickness dimension of the second main body portion61toward a tip end. Furthermore, a positioning protrusion portion64for positioning the second fastening member60with respect to the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7is provided on the first surface61aof the second main body portion61. It is to be noted that in the present invention, the second fastening member can be formed without the provision of the positioning protrusion portion64. The second engagement portion62of the second fastening member60is formed to bend on the first surface61aside of the second main body portion61with respect to the second main body portion61, and has a substantially letter T shape in a transverse section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The second engagement portion62includes a neck portion62a, which extends in a direction inclined with respect to the second main body portion61, the engagement head portion62b, which is disposed at a tip end portion of the neck portion62a, an abutment portion62c, which is disposed at a base end portion of the neck portion62a, and an insertion groove portion62d, which is recessed between the abutment portion62cand the engagement head portion62b. In this case, when the transverse section of the second fastening member60is viewed (refer toFIG.17), the boundary between the second main body portion61and the second engagement portion62lies on a virtual straight line or its vicinity part, the virtual straight line being obtained by extending the plane portion of the surface of the neck portion62afacing the second main body portion61side toward the side opposite to the engagement head portion62bside. The neck portion62aof the second engagement portion62is connected with the second main body portion61, and is disposed extending to be inclined at a predetermined angle with respect to the second main body portion61. The engagement head portion62bextends linearly from the tip end portion of the neck portion62ain a direction that intersects the neck portion62a(in particular, a perpendicular direction) so as to have a substantially letter T shape in a transverse section together with the neck portion62a. In this case, the engagement head portion62bincludes a first head portion that extends on the second main body portion61side with respect to the neck portion62a, and a second head portion that extends on the opposite side of the first head portion. In addition, in the present embodiment, the first head portion and the second head portion of the engagement head portion62bextend to have substantially the same length with each other with reference to the center position of the neck portion62a. The abutment portion62cof the second engagement portion62is a part to be abutted by a tip end portion (in particular, a tip end face) of the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50, when the second fastening member60is held by the first fastening member50in the permanent engagement state. The abutment portion62cis disposed to be adjacent to the protrusion piece portion63. The insertion groove portion62dof the second engagement portion62is provided along a longitudinal direction of the second fastening member60between the abutment portion62cand the second head portion of the engagement head portion62b. The insertion groove portion62dincludes a groove bottom portion that serves as a bottom surface of the insertion groove portion62d, and a pair of groove side wall portions. In addition, a groove width dimension W3of the insertion groove portion62dthat is a gap between the pair of groove side wall portions is set to a size that enables the insertion of the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50, that is slightly larger than the thickness of the tip end portion of the first extension portion52b. In particular, the insertion groove portion62dis preferably formed to have a size that allows the first extension portion52bto move slightly in the insertion groove portion62d, and at the same time, that prevents the first extension portion52bfrom rattling in the insertion groove portion62d. The protrusion piece portion63of the second fastening member60protrudes from the second engagement portion62in a direction perpendicular to the neck portion62a. It is to be noted that in the present invention, the protrusion piece portion63may be formed so as to protrude from the second main body portion61according to the size and shape of the second fastening member, instead of protruding from the second engagement portion62. Further, the second fastening member can be formed without the provision of the protrusion piece portion63. In the second fastening member60according to the present second embodiment, there are formed the plurality of second slit portions66, which are formed along an perpendicular direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member60(an intersecting direction that intersects the longitudinal direction at an angle of 90 degrees), and a second continuous portion67, which is continuous in the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member60as a part where no second slit portion66is provided. It is to be noted that the second slit portions66according to the present second embodiment may be formed along an intersecting direction that intersects the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member60at a predetermined angle. The plurality of second slit portions66are formed in parallel with one another at the constant pitch interval P2in the longitudinal direction of the second fastening member60. In this case, the formation pitch interval P2of the second slit portions66has the total size of the second slit width dimension W2in the longitudinal direction and the second slit separation interval D2in the longitudinal direction, in the same manner as the above-described first embodiment. In addition, the second slit width dimension W2is set to be smaller than the second slit separation interval D2. In a plan view when the second fastening member60is viewed from a direction perpendicular to the secured surface61aof the second main body portion61(refer toFIG.16), the respective second slit portions66are arranged continuously in the perpendicular direction from an end edge on the side where the second engagement portion62is disposed in the right-left direction of the second fastening member60to the vicinity of the tip end portion of the second main body portion61. With the provision of such a plurality of second slit portions66, the second engagement portions62are formed along the longitudinal direction in a form of being separated into small pieces. The second continuous portion67of the second fastening member60is provided at the tip end portion of the second main body portion61that is apart from the second engagement portion62. As described above, the plurality of second slit portions66and the second continuous portion67are provided in the second fastening member60. Therefore, the second fastening member60can be curved easily in the right-left direction parallel to the secured surface61aof the second main body portion61, with the second continuous portion67as an axis (center), as indicated by a virtual line inFIG.15andFIG.18. Further, the material cost of the second fastening member60can be reduced, and the weight of the second fastening member60can be reduced. Furthermore, also in the relationship between the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60in the present second embodiment, the formation pitch interval P1of the first slit portions56provided in the first fastening member50and the formation pitch interval P2of the second slit portions66provided in the second fastening member60are set to the same size. Further, the first slit width dimension W1of the first fastening member50is set to be smaller than the second slit separation interval D2of the second fastening member60, and the second slit width dimension W2of the second fastening member60is set to be smaller than the first slit separation interval D1of the first fastening member50. Accordingly, also in the sheet fastener2according to the present second embodiment, in the same manner as the case of the above-described first embodiment, the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60become unlikely to be caught with each other. This enables the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60to move individually appropriately. This configuration can suppress the occurrence of a wrinkle in the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7, and can suppress that the first sheet member6or the second sheet member7is locally pulled to become an extended state. Next, a method for fastening the second sheet member7with the first sheet member6by engaging the second fastening member60secured to the second sheet member7with the first fastening member50secured to the first sheet member6, as illustrated inFIG.11, will be described. In this case, the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7are covered on the surface of the cushion body5. In addition, the first fastening member50is sewn to the sheet edge portion6a, which is curved, of the first sheet member6, in a curved state in a direction (right-left direction) parallel to the first surface (secured surface)51aof the first main body portion51. The second fastening member60is sewn to the sheet edge portion7a, which is curved, of the second sheet member7, in a curved state in a direction (right-left direction) parallel to the first surface (secured surface)61aof the second main body portion61. First, an operator holds the second fastening member60, which is secured in a curved shape, and brings the second engagement portion62of the second fastening member60closer to the first fastening member50in a curved state. Furthermore, the operator inserts a part (the second head portion) of the engagement head portion62bof the second engagement portion62into the accommodation space portion53from the opening portion54of the first fastening member50, as illustrated inFIG.19, and inserts the tip end portion of the first extension portion52bof the first engagement portion52into the insertion groove portion62dof the second engagement portion62. At the same time, the operator causes the engagement head portion62bof the second engagement portion62to abut a top end surface of the first protrusion portion52cof the first fastening member50. In this situation, as described above, the first continuous portions57of the first fastening member50are provided at the tip end portion of the first extension portion52b, which is adjacent to the opening portion54of the first engagement portion52, and at a part of the first protrusion portion52c. Accordingly, even in the case where the second engagement portion62is separated into small pieces by the formation of the second slit portions66, the engagement head portion62bof the second engagement portion62can be easily and smoothly inserted into the opening portion54, which is interposed between the first continuous portions57of the first fastening member50, and can be guided to the accommodation space portion53. It is to be noted that in the present second embodiment, in order to facilitate the insertion of the second engagement portion62into the opening portion54of the first engagement portion52, the first continuous portions57are provided at the tip end portion of the first extension portion52badjacent to the opening portion54of the first engagement portion52, and at a part of the first protrusion portion52c. However, in the present second embodiment, for example, instead of providing the first continuous portion57at the opening adjacent end portion58adjacent to the opening portion54of the first engagement portion52, the second continuous portion67continuous in the longitudinal direction can be provided at the engagement head portion62bof the second engagement portion62and at a part of the neck portion62a, and the first slit portions56can be provided in the entirety of the first engagement portion52, so that the entirety of the first engagement portion52can also be separated into small pieces. This also facilitates the insertion of the second engagement portion62into the opening portion54of the first engagement portion52. Then, by causing the second engagement portion62of the second fastening member60to abut the first extension portion52band the first protrusion portion52cof the first fastening member50simultaneously by the above-described operation, the second fastening member60is held by the first fastening member50in the temporary engagement state where the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50is temporarily locked while being inserted into the insertion groove portion62dof the second engagement portion62. In such a temporary engagement state, by adjusting the locations or the like of the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7, the operator is able to remove a wrinkle, slack, or the like occurring on the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7. Subsequently, the operator presses the second fastening member60, which is curved and locked in the temporary engagement state, so that the second main body portion61approaches the first fastening member50as indicated by a third arrow33inFIG.19, and rotates the second fastening member60. In this situation, the second fastening member60rotates around a part, as a fulcrum, where the engagement head portion62babuts or is hooked on the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50. Accordingly, while the second fastening member60is rolling up the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7, the tip end portion of the first extension portion52bcan be pulled out of the insertion groove portion62dof the second fastening member60, and can be moved toward the abutment portion62cof the second engagement portion62. At the same time, a part (the first head portion) of the engagement head portion62bcan be brought closer to the opening portion54of the first fastening member50while in sliding contact with the top end surface of the first protrusion portion52c. Further, by rotating the second fastening member60toward the first fastening member50, while elastically deforming at least one of the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60, the engagement head portion62bexceeds the first protrusion portion52cand can be moved into the accommodation space portion53. Accordingly, the entirety of the engagement head portion62bcan be easily and smoothly inserted and fitted into the accommodation space portion53of the first fastening member50. In this case, at the time when the engagement head portion62bexceeds the first protrusion portion52c, at least one of the first fastening member50and second fastening member60, which has been elastically deformed, is elastically restored, and thus the engagement head portion62bof the second fastening member60can be hooked on the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52c. Further, when the engagement head portion62bexceeds the first protrusion portion52cas described above, the above-described elastic return occurs. Then, the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60partially collide with each other, and such a collision can generate a small collision sound or a feel of touch. Therefore, as illustrated inFIG.20, even in a case where the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60are respectively covered with the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7and cannot be seen from the outer side (upper side in the drawing), the operator is able to confirm that the entirety of the engagement head portion62bhas been inserted into the accommodation space portion53of the first fastening member50by sensing the small collision sound or the feel of touch. Then, as described above, the entirety of the engagement head portion62bis inserted and held in the accommodation space portion53of the first fastening member50. Thus, as illustrated inFIGS.11and20, a tip end edge of the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50and the abutment portion62cof the second fastening member60abut each other, and the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52cof the first fastening member50and the engagement head portion62bof the second fastening member60abut each other. Furthermore, in the case of the present embodiment, the tip end portion of the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50and the protrusion piece portion63of the second fastening member60can be made to abut each other widely. In this manner, since the second fastening member60abuts the first fastening member50at two or more locations, the second fastening member60can be stably engaged (fitted) with the first fastening member50in the permanent engagement state with an appropriate engagement force. Accordingly, the first fastening member50secured to the first sheet member6in the curved state is connected with the second fastening member60secured to the second sheet member7in the curved state. Therefore, as illustrated inFIG.11, the sheet edge portion7a, which is curved, of the second sheet member7can be continuously fastened with the sheet edge portion6a, which is curved, of the first sheet member6along the longitudinal directions of the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60. Furthermore, in the case where the second fastening member60is engaged in the permanent engagement state as described above, the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60, which are engaged with each other, receive the tensile strength to be respectively pulled from the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7. Accordingly, the stress in a direction of rotating the second fastening member60to separate the second main body portion61of the second fastening member60from the first fastening member50is applied to the sheet fastener2, as indicated by a fourth arrow34inFIG.20. In this case, the first fastening member50can receive the force to be applied from the second fastening member60, as indicated by a fifth arrow35inFIG.20, at the tip end edge of the first extension portion52b, the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52c, and an outer peripheral surface of the tip end portion of the first extension portion52b, and can support the second fastening member60. Accordingly, the second fastening member60can be prevented from being released from the first fastening member50effectively, and the permanent engagement state can be maintained stably. Particularly in the case of the present embodiment, the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52cis disposed at an acute inclination angle as described above with respect to the first surface of the first base end wall portion52a. Therefore, as compared with, for example, the case where such an inclination angle is 90 degrees or an obtuse angle, the engagement head portion62bof the second fastening member60can be more stably supported by the inner wall surface of the first protrusion portion52c. On the other hand, as illustrated inFIGS.11and20, in removing to separate the second fastening member60from the first fastening member50from the state where the second fastening member60is locked to the first fastening member50in the permanent engagement state, an operator holds the second fastening member60, and moves the second fastening member60against the tensile strength from the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7, so that the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50is separated from the abutment portion62cand the protrusion piece portion63of the second fastening member60to be inserted into the insertion groove portion62d, as illustrated inFIG.21. Accordingly, the location of the second fastening member60is shifted from the permanent engagement state. Subsequently, while keeping the state where the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50is inserted into the insertion groove portion62d, the operator rotates the second fastening member60around a part of the engagement head portion62bthat abuts the first extension portion52bof the first fastening member50, as indicated by a sixth arrow36inFIG.21. Accordingly, while elastically deforming at least one of the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60, the engagement head portion62bcan be smoothly pulled out of the accommodation space portion53of the first fastening member50, and the second fastening member60can be easily and smoothly detached from the first fastening member50. As a result, the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7can be easily separated from the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6. As described above, in the sheet fastener2according to the present second embodiment, the plurality of first slit portions56are formed in the first fastening member50, and the plurality of second slit portions66are formed in the second fastening member60. Therefore, for example, as illustrated inFIG.11, even in a case where the sheet edge portions6aand7aof the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7are formed to be curved with similar curvatures in the directions parallel to the respective sheet edge portions6aand7a, the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60can be curved correspondingly while keeping long-sized states, and can be stably secured to the respective sheet edge portions6aand7a. Furthermore, by engaging the first fastening member50and the second fastening member60, which are respectively secured in the curved states to the first sheet member6and the second sheet member7with each other in the permanent engagement state, the sheet edge portion7a, which is curved, of the second sheet member7can be easily and smoothly fastened with the sheet edge portion6a, which is curved, of the first sheet member6, by a simple operation as described above in a short period of time. Further, also in the case of the sheet fastener2according to the present second embodiment, in the same manner as the case of the above-described first embodiment, neither the first fastening member nor the second fastening member is cut into small pieces as in the conventional case. Therefore, an uneven pattern caused by the small pieces of the first fastening member and the second fastening member is not generated. Therefore, degradation in the external appearance quality of a product resulting from the above-described uneven pattern can be prevented. Further, in the sheet fastener2according to the present second embodiment, when the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7is fastened with the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6, the second sheet member7is folded back in contact with the tip end portion of the second main body portion61of the second fastening member60, as illustrated inFIG.20. In this case, the second continuous portion67continuous in the longitudinal direction is provided at the tip end portion of the second main body portion61of the second fastening member60. Accordingly, also in the second fastening member60according to the present second embodiment, in the same manner as the second fastening member20in the above-described first embodiment, the second sheet member7can be beautifully folded back along the second continuous portion67. In addition, the folded-back part of the second sheet member7can be finished in a smooth form. Furthermore, in the second fastening member60according to the present second embodiment, there is provided the protrusion piece portion63, which protrudes from the second engagement portion62and which is abutted by the first engagement portion52of the first fastening member50. On the other hand, in the first engagement portion52of the first fastening member50according to the present second embodiment, the above-described plurality of engagement side first slit portions56bare arranged at the constant pitch interval P1. Hence, an uneven pattern is formed on the first engagement portion52by a part where the engagement side first slit portion56bis arranged and a part where no engagement side first slit portion56bis arranged. In this case, for example, unless the above-described protrusion piece portion63is provided in the second fastening member60, it is conceivable that the second sheet member7is pressed against the first engagement portion52of the first fastening member50by the tensile strength of the second sheet member7, when the second fastening member60is held by the first fastening member50in the permanent engagement state. As a result, the above-described uneven pattern formed on the first engagement portion52of the first fastening member50may appear on the outer surface of the second sheet member7. In the present second embodiment, however, the protrusion piece portion63is provided on the second fastening member60. The protrusion piece portion63of the second fastening member60is capable of abutting the first engagement portion52of the first fastening member50, and covering a part of the first engagement portion52from above, when the second fastening member60is held by the first fastening member50in the permanent engagement state (refer toFIG.20). Accordingly, even in a case where the uneven pattern is formed in the first engagement portion52of the first fastening member50by the engagement side first slit portions56bas described above, the protrusion piece portion63of the second fastening member60can make it difficult for the first engagement portion52of the first fastening member50to come into contact with the second sheet member7. As a result, the uneven pattern formed on the first engagement portion52can be prevented from appearing on the outer surface of the second sheet member7(or the uneven pattern can become unlikely to appear on the outer surface of the second sheet member7). It is to be noted that the sheet fasteners1and2according to the above-described first and second embodiments can be used particularly suitably not only in the case where the sheet edge portion6aof the first sheet member6and the sheet edge portion7aof the second sheet member7are formed in curved forms in the directions parallel to the respective sheet edge portions6aand7a, but also, for example, in the case where the sheet edge portion of the first sheet member and the sheet edge portion of the second sheet member are respectively linearly formed. That is, by the use of the sheet fasteners1and2according to the first and second embodiments, the sheet edge portion7a, which has a linear shape, of the second sheet member7can be fastened easily and smoothly with the sheet edge portion6a, which has a linear shape, of the first sheet member6. REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1,2sheet fastener5cushion body6first sheet member6asheet edge portion7second sheet member7asheet edge portion10first fastening member11first main body portion11afirst surface (secured surface)11bsecond surface12first engagement portion12afirst base end wall portion12bfirst intermediate wall portion12cfirst tip end wall portion12dfirst protrusion portion13accommodation space portion14opening portion14asize of opening portion16first slit portion16amain body side first slit portion16bengagement side first slit portion16cslit end face17first continuous portion18opening adjacent end portion20second fastening member21second main body portion21afirst surface (secured surface)21bsecond surface22second engagement portion22asecond base end wall portion22bsecond intermediate wall portion22csecond tip end wall portion23inner space portion26second slit portion27second continuous portion31to36first arrow to sixth arrow50first fastening member51first main body portion51afirst surface (secured surface)51bsecond surface52first engagement portion52afirst base end wall portion52bfirst extension portion52cfirst protrusion portion53accommodation space portion54opening portion54asize of opening portion56first slit portion56amain body side first slit portion56bengagement side first slit portion56cslit end face57first continuous portion58opening adjacent end portion60second fastening member61second main body portion61afirst surface (secured surface)61bsecond surface62second engagement portion62aneck portion62bengagement head portion62cabutment portion62dinsertion groove portion63protrusion piece portion64positioning protrusion portion66second slit portion67second continuous portionD1first slit separation intervalD2second slit separation intervalL length from insertion groove portion of second fastening member to end portion of engagement head portion on second main body portion sideP1, P2pitch intervalW1first slit width dimensionW2second slit width dimensionW3groove width dimension of insertion groove portionθ angle between inner wall surface of first protrusion portion and first surface of first base end wall portion

11857081

DETAILED DESCRIPTION While the present disclosure is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is shown in the drawings and will hereinafter be described one or more embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered illustrative only and is not intended to limit the disclosure to any specific embodiment described or illustrated. Referring to the figures and in particular toFIGS.1and2, there is shown a portion of an embodiment of a load bearing surface10having kinetic energy management features incorporated into the surface fabric12fibers. In the example shown inFIGS.1and2, the fibers shown are the warp fibers or yarns14and weft fibers or yarns16. The warp fibers14extend in the front-to-rear or top-to-bottom direction of a seat bottom surface or seat back surface, respectively. In some known seat surfaces, the warp fibers14are relatively non-elastic, whereas weft fibers16(seeFIG.2) are elastic. Warp fibers14can be formed from, for example, polyester yarn having a linear elasticity of no more than about 5 percent. Weft fibers16can be formed from, for example, a block copolymer mono-filament and can have a linear elasticity of about 15-20%. In some known surfaces, the fabric12is stretched and overmolded directly into a carrier18to secure the fabric12to the structure, such as a seat bottom or back or a headrest20, such as that illustrated inFIGS.3-6. Typically, the carrier18is mounted to a frame21that is mounted to the structure. For purposes of the present disclosure, unless otherwise indicated, reference to carrier18is to the structure over which the fabric12is molded. In overmolding, a chemical or mechanical bond is formed between the fabric fibers14,16and the carrier18to permanently secure the fabric12in place in the carrier18. That is, a chemical bond may be formed by a chemical reaction of the heated/molten carrier18material as it comes into contact with the fibers14,16, or a mechanical bond may be formed by the heated/molten carrier18material melting a portion (for example, an outer sheath) of the fibers14,16and, when cooling, forming a bond of the two molten materials. Due to the nature of either the chemical or the mechanical bond, the fabric12is permanently secured in the carrier18and cannot loosen or move. In an embodiment of a load bearing surface having kinetic energy management features incorporated into the surface fabric fibers14,16, some of the fibers, for example, weft fibers16(single-function fibers) are permanently secured in the carrier18by chemical or mechanical bonds with the carrier18. However, others of the fibers, for example, warp fibers14(dual-function fibers) are bonded to the carrier18such that they do not move relative to the carrier18during normal loading conditions, but will move or slip within the carrier18during loading conditions that are greater than normal (e.g., abnormal) loading conditions. For example, such abnormal (high) loading conditions may occur during a crash event in which an occupant exerts a force into the surface10that is greater than that anticipated during normal use. In an embodiment, some or all of the warp fibers14are dual-function fibers and some or all the weft fibers16are single function fibers. It will, however, be understood that some of the warp fibers14may be single function fibers and that some of the weft fibers16may be dual-function fibers, and that in some cases, all of the fibers14,16are dual-function fibers. In an embodiment, the dual-function fibers14are designed to limit bonding to the carrier18. That is, the dual-function fibers14are non-bonding or do not permanently chemically or mechanically bond to the carrier18and are able to slip within the carrier overmold when crash loads are applied. As the fabric12(surface) is loaded, the fibers14slip within the carrier18, tension of the fabric12is reduced and the overall position of the fabric12surface changes (loosens, see for example the area indicated at12ainFIG.6) resulting in kinetic energy absorption. In an embodiment, the dual-function fibers14can be formed from or can have a sheath formed from a material that exhibits poor bonding to thermoplastics (thermoplastics being the principal material from which the carrier is molded). As such, as an abnormal load is applied to the fabric12, the poor bonding dual-function fibers14will slip through the carrier18while the single-function fibers16will remain secured in the carrier18. One known material that does not bond well with thermoplastic materials is an aramid material, such as certain nylon materials. Other suitable materials will be recognized by those skilled in the art. In order to limit the amount of slip, in an embodiment, knots22(seeFIG.1) can be formed in the dual-function fibers14outside of the carrier18border so that the amount of slip is limited by a physical stop, e.g., an anchor, as the knot engages the carrier18. The slip of the dual-function (un-bonded) fibers14can be further controlled by including intentional ripples or bends (not shown) within the dual-function fiber14as it lies within the carrier18overmolding. The ripples or bends increase the length of the dual-function fiber14travel and decrease the resistance of the dual-function fibers14to slip within the overmolded carrier18. In an embodiment, the dual-function fibers14can be configured to fail or rupture when subject to abnormally high loading conditions. As with the slippage configuration, the failure or rupture of certain fibers14(the dual-function fibers14) will result in kinetic energy absorption as the tension of the fabric12is reduced and the overall position of the fabric12surface changes (loosens). It will be appreciated that when materials fail that are loaded in compression or tension, energy from applied loads are absorbed from the impactor, e.g., the seat occupant. The fibers14can be designed to nest the occupant during crash G forces and can be further designed to isolate occupants from touching hard points in the seating structure, while at the same time, the dual-function fibers14can be designed to break to provide energy absorption. The dual-function fibers14that are designed to fail during a variety of occupant displacements into the seat surface can produce a staged fiber14failure to manage deceleration of the occupant. Staged failure or managed deceleration of some of the fibers14can be accomplished by varying the characteristics of the dual-function fibers14that are configured to fail and the fibers16, if any, that are configured to remain intact. For example, staged failure or managed deceleration can be accomplished through material selection, e.g., aramids, stainless steel, and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) polymers which all have permanent deformation properties, or energy absorption properties. The percentage of orientation of a polymer can facilitate staged failure or managed deceleration in that a polymer can be stressed beyond its original yield point for an enhanced performance level. The new working zone of such an orientated polymer is a stress induced crystallinity phase change from amorphous to aliphatic, similar to orienting nylon when manufacturing fishing line. The percentage of orientation controls the elongation and ultimate strength to a predictable level, which can be used to tune a fabric or suspension surface for peak crash load breakage to dissipate kinetic energy. Varying the section diameter of the fibers14can be used to control the product strength and failure point. Slipping of fibers14though an anchoring component or carrier18and permanent deformation of the fibers14as discussed above can be used to absorb kinetic energy to facilitate staged failure or managed deceleration. The composition of the fibers14, e.g., the types, amounts and proportions of block copolymers can also be varied to achieve the desired characteristics of staged failure or managed deceleration. It is also contemplated that weakened regions can be formed or created in the fibers to influence failure (by loading) and manage deceleration. FIGS.7and8graphically illustrate force vs. displacement curves during high abnormal loading conditions simulating vehicle crash conditions, in which the force in kilo-Newtons (kN) is shown on the vertical (y) axis and the displacement in centimeters is shown on the horizontal (x) axis. Curve C1inFIG.7illustrates a configuration for desirable energy absorption in that the surface absorbs a high strain rate load immediately, as indicated at24, and maintains a load threshold throughout displacement, as indicated at26, until all energy is absorbed. This curve is often referred to as a square F/D curve and illustrates an efficient transfer of energy. Curve C2, illustrates a less than desirable energy absorption curve because of the rebound or bounce, as indicated at28, as energy is transferred to the load bearing surface10, and back to the object exerting the load, as indicated at30. Curve C3, illustrated inFIG.8, shows an energy absorption curve in which the dual-function fibers slip (or displace) within the carrier or in which the dual-function fibers break or rupture. The slippage or breaking in curve C3is shown at the troughs, as indicated at32, which are the points that indicate the times at which the fibers slip or rupture. While the curve C3is not as smooth as that of the square curve C1, the fluctuations are much less dramatic than that of curve C2and, in effect, smooth out the energy absorption, decreasing the peak forces as indicated at34, reducing bounce or rebound, as indicated at32, and making this configuration (the energy management fibers) a more desirable energy absorption scenario. It has been found that in a load bearing surface having kinetic energy management features incorporated into the surface fabric fibers, the fibers or filaments within the suspension seat permanently displace with little to no rebound during high abnormal loading such as that seen during a crash event. The surface10can be configured such that some or all fibers in a specific zone of the seat slip to reduce tension or rupture as designed to reduce or eliminate rebound. The fibers14within the fabric12that slip or rupture absorb the crash energy imposed on the occupant, thereby keeping the energy from being re-introduced into the occupant as a rebound effect. It will be appreciated that the difference between the static load of an occupant and the dynamic load at speed are significant. For example: Static load of a 220 lbs. person at sea level=99.8Kg×9.8 m/s2=978.04N, and Dynamic Load of the same person (220 lbs.) at a speed of 64.3 kilometers per hour (about 40 mph)=220 lbs. man=10278 J=99.8Kg×9.8 m/s2×20 g=19560.8N. As such, it will be appreciated that loads reaching 20 times higher in magnitude can be managed using a load bearing surface having kinetic energy management features incorporated into the surface fabric fibers to absorb the dynamic energy as compared to, and while accommodating the static user loads desired for comfort and product robustness. The ruptured or partially ruptured surface fabric12, as a whole, will exhibit less rebound or bounce compared to conventional suspension designs when loads are abnormally high or high velocity. The seat surface fabric12condition after high force or high velocity loading will exhibit less force deflection and may have a sagging appearance. This condition is known as permanent deformation and is visually apparent on engineering stress vs. strain curves for specific materials. The desired permanent deformation, such as by rupture or failure or slippage in the fabric12is achieved by fiber14filament shape and size, and by selecting materials that limit elongation relative to loading velocities. In this manner, rupture of known crash G loads will fail some of the fibers14, and/or create permanent fiber14movement within the fiber14to carrier18attachment. The plastic property of elongation vs. load velocity is referred to as the plastic strain rate effect. During high speed loading of polymers, these polymers behave more rigidly and are more brittle when comparing 4 mm/min velocities vs. 48000 mm/min loading speeds. These factors may be taken into account when selecting polymer grades for the dual-function fiber14that fail during high speed and high loads. The present load bearing surface10having kinetic energy management features incorporated into the surface fabric fibers14permits a balance between rebound for seating robustness and comfort, and the need to absorb energy due to high G force loads during a crash event for seat backs and head rests (for rear crash events), frontal impact (crash kinematic rebound for secondary impacts for seat backs and head rests, and for roll over impacts (seat bottom cushions, seat backs and head rests). In the present disclosure, the words “a” or “an” are to be taken to include both the singular and the plural. Conversely, any reference to plural items shall, where appropriate, include the singular. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the relative directional terms such as upper, lower, rearward, forward and the like are for explanatory purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. All patents or patent applications referred to herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, whether or not specifically done so within the text of this disclosure. From the foregoing it will be observed that numerous modification and variations can be effectuated without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the present film. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific embodiments illustrated is intended or should be inferred. The disclosure is intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.

11857082

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A first fastener100is arranged on a base body of a seating furniture chassis, not shown inFIGS.1A to1D. A back part can be fastened to the first fastener100. For this purpose, the back part has a latching element101and a positioning element102. The positioning element102in turn comprises a bolt103. The first fastener100comprises a positioning area104, a first spring element105, a latching area106, and a first fastening element107. The first spring element105is connected to the first fastening element107and exerts a first spring force on the first fastening element107. The first fastening element107is pivotable about a first pivot axis. InFIGS.1A to1D, the fastening process of the back part to the first fastener100is shown in chronological order. At first—as shown inFIG.1A—the back part and the first fastener100are separate from one another. Using the positioning element102, a connection is then established between the first fastener100and the back part. The bolt103is inserted into the positioning area104. For this purpose, it is advantageous for the outer shape of the bolt103to be adapted to the shape of the positioning area104. In addition, the bolt103and the positioning area104can have the same color, so that assembly is simplified for a user, because the same color indicates to the user that these two components must be connected to one another. The bolt103thus defines a second pivot axis, about which the back part is pivotable. This state is shown inFIG.1B. In order to simplify the insertion of the bolt103into the positioning area104, the positioning element102has a slope over which the positioning element102can glide, so that the bolt103is inserted into the positioning area104. The back part is then pivoted about the second pivot axis. In so doing, the latching element101comes into contact with the first fastening element107and pivots about the first pivot axis counter to the first spring force. Here, it is advantageous for the latching element101to have a slope on the side facing the first fastening element107during the fastening process, so that an insertion is simplified. This state is shown inFIG.1C. When the pivoting movement of the back part about the second pivot axis is continued, the latching element101arrives in the latching area106. For this purpose, it is advantageous for the outer shape of a section of the latching element101to be adapted to the shape of the latching area106. In this position, the first fastening element107exerts a latching force on the latching element101, the force being caused by the first spring element105. In this manner, the latching element101is held securely in the latching area106. This state is shown inFIG.1D. FIG.2shows the first fastener100, wherein the back part is fastened to the first fastener100. This state therefore corresponds to the state shown inFIG.1D.FIG.2further shows that the first fastener100comprises two first fastening elements107. The back part comprises a plurality of positioning elements102. The first fastener100comprises a corresponding number of positioning areas.FIG.2also shows two spring fasteners200, to each of which one of the first spring elements105is fastened in order to exert the first spring force on the respective first fastening element107. The seating furniture chassis shown inFIG.3comprises a base body300with a seat frame, the first fastener100arranged on the base body300, and a back part301fastened to the first fastener100. The back part301comprises the positioning element102and the latching element101. The back part301is fastened to the first fastener100with the latching element101and the positioning element102. The embodiment shown inFIG.4differs from the embodiment inFIG.2in particular in that the first fastening element107comprises a spring mechanism400, which is guided in a guiding mechanism401and is latchable into a latching mechanism402. The function of the embodiment fromFIG.4can be understood usingFIGS.5A to5E. When the latching element101is to be released from the first fastener100, the first fastening element107is pivoted such that the latching element101is released. In this state, the latching element101no longer exerts any force on the first fastening element107. During the pivoting of the fastening element107, the spring mechanism400is guided in the guiding mechanism401and latches into the latching mechanism402such that the first fastening element107is no longer automatically moved back. This state is shown inFIG.5A. The back part can now be removed. Subsequently, the spring mechanism400can be elastically deformed such that it is moved out of the latching mechanism402(FIG.5B). It is pivoted back by the spring force of the first spring element105(FIG.5C) and arrives at a stop. The spring mechanism400can then be deformed back again such that it arrives in the guiding mechanism401. The first fastening element107is then pivoted back further so that it is again suitable for fastening of the latching element101. The cables600shown inFIG.6are each connected at a first end to a single plug601, which can be plugged into a socket. It would also be possible to connect the cables600to a socket, into which a plug can be inserted. The cables600are also connected at their second end to a central plug602, which can be plugged into a socket. It would also be possible to connect the cables to a central socket, into which a plug can be inserted. Due to the use of the central plug602, a central electrical device can be electrically connected to the cables in a particularly simple manner, so that the central electrical device can be connected after the fact, for example by a user. In addition, the use of the central plug602reduces the risk of incorrect contacting. FIG.7shows that the cables600are fastened to the base body700of the seating furniture chassis. Here, the plugs601are arranged such that they can be connected in a particularly simple manner to electrical peripheral devices, such as a motor or an operating device. Due to this arrangement, it is particularly simple for a user to correctly electrically connect the peripheral electrical device to the central electrical device. If, for example, a back part with a central electrical device is to be connected to the base body700, this can be done simply by making contact with the central plug602. This is particularly advantageous in combination with the particularly simple exchangeable back part shown inFIGS.1to5. Retrofitting with the central electrical device is also particularly simple. In case of a retrofitting of the side parts of the seating furniture chassis, the plugs601can be used in a particularly simple manner for the electrical connection to peripheral electrical devices. This is particularly advantageous in combination with the exchangeability of the side parts described below. FIGS.8A to8Dshow only a section of the side part800. This is the section with which the side part800is fastened to the second fastener801.FIG.8Eshows an enlargement of the section labeled D inFIG.8D. The second fastener801comprises a second fastening element802, a guiding element803, a second spring element804, and a support element805. The side part800has a support area806, a receiving area807, a glide surface808, and a clamping mechanism809. The second spring element804exerts a second spring force on the second fastening element802, such that the second fastening element802is held in the first position shown inFIG.8A. In order to fasten the side part800to the second fastener801, the support area806is initially placed on the support element805. In order to facilitate assembly for a user, the support element805and the support area806can be designed in the same color. It can thus be made clear to the user in a simple manner that these two components must be connected to one another. This state is shown inFIG.8B. The side part800is then pivoted about a pivot axis, which is defined by the support element805. During this pivoting movement, the glide surface808comes into contact with the second fastening element802and moves it counter to the second spring force. During this movement, the second fastening element802is guided in an elongated hole in the guide element803. This state is shown inFIG.8C. During the pivoting movement, a protrusion810of the side part800, for example a bolt or a rivet, engages with a recess809on the second fastener801. The projection810and the recess809form a positive-fit connection in a vertical direction. A vertical movement of the side part800relative to the second fastener801is thus limited or prevented. FIG.8Dshows how the side part800is fastened to the second fastener801. The second fastening element802is again in the first position and is held there by the second spring force. In addition, the clamping mechanism809exerts a clamping force on the second fastening element802in this position, such that a particularly good fastening is achieved, and mechanical play of the second fastening element802in the first position is reduced. FIGS.11and12show that the seating furniture chassis has a seat frame1100on which the second fastener801is arranged. The side part800is thus fastened to the seat frame1100laterally. Referring now toFIG.13, an example embodiment of a seating furniture chassis according to the present invention is depicted and will now be described. As shown inFIG.13, the seating furniture chassis comprises a first side part1, a second side part2, a back part3, and a seat frame4. The first side part includes a first peripheral electrical device5and the second side part includes a second peripheral electrical device6. As described herein, the first and second electrical devices may be designed as first and second operating devices, respectively, for different functions of the seating furniture chassis. The seating furniture chassis can also comprise a third peripheral electrical device7which can be arranged in a free space below the seat frame4. The third peripheral electrical device can be, for example, a drive mechanism for adjusting the back part3(e.g., a backrest). The back part of the seating furniture chassis can include a central electrical device8which can be arranged below the backrest. The central electrical device may be arranged as a control unit. Again referring toFIG.13, the seating furniture chassis further comprises a first cable9, a second cable10, a third cable11, and a central connector12. As shown, the first cable9can be arranged to protrude in the direction of the first side part1, the second cable can be arranged to protrude in the direction of the second side part2, the third cable11can be arranged to protrude in the direction of the free space below the seat frame4, and the central connector12can be arranged such that it protrudes in the direction of the back part3. The central connector12may be a plug or a socket. As further depicted, the seating furniture chassis comprises a plurality of individual connectors13,14, and15. Each individual connector may be a plug or a socket. The first cable9is connectable to individual connector13, the second cable10is connectable to individual connector14, and the third cable11is connectable to the central connector12. The cables each connect one of the individual connectors13,14,15to the central connector12.