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"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Despite certain defeats, he believes that the communist movement is "developing magnificently". Lenin describes "Left-Wing" communism as the same mistake as that of the social democrats, but "the other way round", one that must be corrected; and that because "Left-Wing" communism is only a young trend, it is "at present a thousand times less dangerous and less significant than the mistakes of Right doctrinairism".

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Several appendices were added to the document before publication in response to new developments in Germany around the formation of the KAPD and new studies by Lenin of the Italian left. A final appendix acknowledged a letter on behalf of the Communist Party of Holland in which David Wijnkoop complained that the positions Lenin accorded to their organisation were only those of a minority in the group. Lenin invited Pankhurst and Gallacher to the Second Conference of the Comintern.

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] He convinced them to argue for their party, by then renamed the Communist Party (British Section of the Third International), to join the Communist Party of Great Britain. The CP(BSTI) did join and Gallacher remained a loyal member, although Pankhurst was expelled from the CPGB in 1921 and subsequently allied her remaining group with the KAPD, supporting the Communist Workers' International.

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Herman Gorter replied to Lenin in an open letter, arguing that the smaller numbers of peasants in Western Europe constituted a key difference to the class struggle to that in Russia. In the introduction, he stated: It has taught me a great deal, as all your writings have done. [...]

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Many a trace, and many a germ of this infantile disease, to which without a doubt, I also am a victim, has been chased away by your brochure, or will yet be eradicated by it. Your observations about the confusion that revolution has caused in many brains, is quite right too. I know that. The revolution came so suddenly, and in a way so utterly different from what we expected.

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Your words will be an incentive to me, once again, and to an even greater extent than before, to base my judgement in all matters of tactics, also in the revolution, exclusively on reality, on the actual class-relations, as they manifest themselves politically and economically. After having read your brochure I thought all this is right.

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] But after having considered for a long time whether I would cease to uphold this "Left Wing", and to write articles for the KAPD and the Opposition party in England, I had to decline. Charles Shipman, It Had to Be Revolution: Memoirs of an American Radical. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1993; p. 107.

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Endnotes to Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder: Lenin Works Archive Note 1 to "Left-Wing" Communism, An Infantile Disorder: Foreign Languages Press, Peking (1970) "Left-Wing" Communism, An Infantile Disorder: Foreign Languages Press, Peking (1970) Comments on Pankhurst's "The Communist Party: Provisional Resolutions towards a Programme" in Communism #3, Internationalist Communist Group Open letter to comrade Lenin: Introduction by Wildcat Gorter, Herman (1920). "

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Open Letter To Comrade Lenin". Retrieved 18 October 2017. Broué P. Lenin against ultra-leftism // The German Revolution, 1917–1923. — Haymarket Books, (2006) 991 pages (Historical materialism book series, Vol. 5) — ISBN 978-1-931859-32-5 — ISBN 1-931859-32-9. "

"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder [SEP] Left-Wing" Communism: an Infantile Disorder by Vladimir Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive Open Letter to Comrade Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive - A reply to Lenin by Herman Gorter

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The North Western Railway was incorporated on 26 June 1846 to build a railway from Skipton on the Leeds and Bradford Extension Railway to Low Gill on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, to carry Yorkshire-to-Scotland rail traffic. There would be a branch at Clapham, Yorkshire to Lancaster, to make an end-on connection with an associated company.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company was incorporated on 16 July 1846 to build a harbour on Morecambe Bay, close to the village of Poulton-le-Sands, and 3 miles (5 km) of railway to a new station at Lancaster Green Ayre. The single-track line opened on Whit Monday 12 June 1848, a temporary station having been constructed at Morecambe which, it was reported, afforded "every possible accommodation" to passengers.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] On 18 December 1849 a short connecting curve opened between Lancaster Green Ayre and Lancaster Castle on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. The company amalgamated with the NWR within months of its incorporation, although technically it remained a separate company until absorption by the Midland Railway on 1 June 1871. The railway and harbour on Morecambe Bay led to the development of a settlement around them which absorbed Poulton-le-Sands, and later Bare and Torrisholme, and which eventually adopted the name of Morecambe.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] What was the original 'main line' opened between Skipton and Ingleton, on 31 July 1849. However, due to economic recession, work on the Ingleton-to-Low Gill section was suspended, so the NWR was forced to concentrate on the branch to Lancaster. Soon after, the line eastwards along the Lune valley from Lancaster Green Ayre to Wennington opened on 17 November 1849.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The line extended further east to Bentham by 2 May 1850 and finally to Clapham where it joined the already completed line from Skipton, a month later on 1 June 1850. A horse bus had been used to bridge the gap between Wennington and Clapham during construction. Upon completion of the Morecambe-to-Skipton line, the Clapham-to-Ingleton section was closed, just ten months after opening, as the prospect of completion of the partly built branch to Low Gill seemed remote.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The whole line was originally single track. By 1850, the Hornby-to-Hellifield section had been doubled, extending to Skipton by 1853. However, Morecambe-to-Lancaster remained single track until 1877, and Lancaster-to-Hornby until 1889. The curve between the two Lancaster stations was never doubled. From 1 June 1852, the NWR was worked by the Midland Railway (MR).

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Later, on 1 January 1859, both the NWR and the MH&R were leased to the MR, and on 30 July 1874 the NWR was absorbed by the MR. After considerable manoeuvring between rival companies, in 1857 it was the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, worked by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), that was authorised to take over construction of the abandoned Ingleton-to-Low Gill line. The line opened to passengers on 16 September 1861, but to the LNWR's own station at Ingleton.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The Midland and LNWR stations were at opposite ends of a viaduct, and passengers had to walk between them. However, by 1862 the LNWR trains ran through to the Midland station. Due to continuing friction between the MR and the LNWR over the Ingleton Branch, the MR resolved to build its own line from Settle to Carlisle, which opened to passengers on 1 May 1876.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] This line formed part of the MR's main line from London St Pancras to Carlisle Citadel and on to Glasgow St Enoch via the Glasgow and South Western Railway. Thus the NWR line between Skipton and Settle Junction gained main line status. Even today, the line is occasionally used for inter-city diversions. The Furness and Midland Joint Railway built a line from Wennington on the NWR to Carnforth, where there was already a junction between the Furness Railway and the LNWR's Lancaster and Carlisle Railway.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The line opened to passengers on 6 June 1867. The Lancaster and Carlisle Railway also built a branch from Hest Bank on its main line to meet the NWR just before Morecambe station, opening on 13 August 1864. However, LNWR passenger trains had their own station, initially at Morecambe Poulton Lane and, from 1886, at Morecambe Euston Road. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway extended its line through Clitheroe to a junction with the NWR at Hellifield on 1 June 1880.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Heysham Harbour was opened by the Midland Railway in 1904, to replace the same company's harbour in Morecambe. A branch line from the NWR line had already opened for contractors on 12 November 1898 but was opened to passengers on 1 September 1904. The new line made a triangular junction with the existing NWR line a very short distance east of the junction with the LNWR line from Hest Bank. The line between Lancaster, Morecambe and Heysham pioneered the use of overhead cables for electrification.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Heysham-to-Morecambe was electrified on 13 April 1908, extending to Lancaster Green Ayre on 1 July and to Lancaster Castle on 14 September. The system used 6.6 kV at 25 Hz, with the electricity provided by a power station at Heysham, supplied via cables suspended from overhead steel archways. After 11 February 1951, steam trains temporarily took over while the system was upgraded to 6.6 kV at 50 Hz.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Full electric service resumed on 17 August 1953, with power supplied from a new substation at Green Ayre. On a 4,000-foot (1,200 m) section of track, the overhead arches were replaced by experimental cantilever structures, separate for each of the two tracks. The Ingleton Branch closed to passengers on 30 January 1954, but was still used for goods and occasional excursions until closure on 26 July 1966, after which the tracks were lifted.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The Wennington-to-Morecambe section of the line was closed under the Beeching Axe. Passenger traffic ceased on 2 January 1966. However, an alternative Wennington-to-Morecambe connection has been maintained using the former Furness and Midland Joint Railway to Carnforth and thence the former LNWR Morecambe Branch Line, a route still in use today by the Leeds to Morecambe Line.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Goods traffic via the Lune Valley line ceased on 4 June 1967, except for a short single-track spur from the Heysham line towards Lancaster which closed on 31 January 1970, and another single-track spur from Lancaster Castle to a power station which closed on 16 March 1976. Almost all of the route of the dismantled line between Caton and Morecambe has been preserved as a combined cyclepath and footpath, except for a short section near Lancaster city centre.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Here the line's Greyhound Bridge over the River Lune was converted for use as a road bridge. The Morecambe-to-Heysham branch closed to passengers on 4 October 1975, but reopened on 11 May 1987 for sailings to the Isle of Man. The branch has been single track since Morecambe station was relocated in 1994. The branch now connects only to platform 2. Awdry 1990, p. 97. "Local Intelligence – The North Western Railway".

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] The Lancaster Gazette, and Advertising Chronicle for Lancashire, Westmoreland, &c. (2, 292). 17 June 1848. p. 3. Bairstow 2000, pp.  14–16. Stretton, Clement E. (1893). The History of the North-Western Railway: A Paper Read at the North-Western Hotel, Morecambe, on the Occasion of the Termination of the Company, 1st January 1871. Chicago Exhibition. Bairstow 2000, p. 16. Awdry 1990, p. 95.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Bairstow 2000, pp.  16, 18. Bairstow 2000, p. 23. Bairstow 2000, p. 18. Bairstow 2000, p. 26. Bairstow 2000, p. 28. Bairstow 2000, p. 33. Bairstow 2000, p. 53. Suggitt 2004, p. 152. Bairstow 2000, p. 57. Bairstow 2000, p. 59. Railway Magazine, p.797 Bairstow 2000, pp.  59–61.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Price, James (1998), Sharpe, Paley and Austin: A Lancaster Architectural Practice 1836–1942, Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies, p. 69, ISBN 1-86220-054-8 Hartwell, Clare; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009) [1969], The Buildings of England. Lancashire: North, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 319, ISBN 978-0-300-12667-9 Historic England. "

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Eastern Railway Bridge over the River Lune at Crook of Lune (1164408)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 August 2009. Bairstow 2000, pp.  29–30. Bairstow 2000, p. 96. Bairstow 2000, pp.  65–68. Bairstow 2000, p. 71. Bairstow 2000, p. 61. " Modernisation of North-West Lancashire Electrification" (PDF). The Railway Magazine. Vol.  99 no.  632. December 1953. pp.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP]  795–798, 804. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2008. Awdry, C. (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1852600497. Bairstow, Martin (2000). The 'Little' North Western Railway. Leeds: Martin Bairstow. ISBN 187194421X. Binns, D. (1981). Railways Around Skipton. Skipton: Wyvern Publications. Suggitt, G. (2004). Lost Railways of Lancashire.

"Little" North Western Railway [SEP] Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN 1853068012. RAILSCOT: North Western Railway

"M" Circle [SEP] MAC to Millennium, University of Maryland Archives Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-8-22. University of Maryland, Conferences and Visitors Services:Campus Attractions. Retrieved 2010-8-22. UMD’s M circle will be rebuilt in a new location to accommodate Purple Line construction Archived 2019-08-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2018-10-01.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] Whiddett has a strong relationship with Mazda and has been drifting in Mazda engines since he started in 2007 in a Mazda RX-7. His cars have all been named in a similar way including: NIMBUL, a Lamborghini Huracan with a Liberty Walk bodykit, makes approximately 800-900HP MADBUL, a Mazda FD RX-7 with a 26B quad rotor, naturally aspirated engine.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] MADBUL was given a new look in 2017 to have RX-3 front end bodywork and renamed MADBUL 7.3 due its design combination of RX-7 and RX-3 BADBUL, a Mazda RX-8 with a 20B three rotor turbo engine HUMBUL, a Mazda FD RX-7 with a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine RADBUL, a Mazda NC MX-5 with a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine RADBUL Gen2, a Mazda NC MX-5 with ND MX-5 body panels and a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine RUMBUL, a Mazda B2000 based Stadium Truck with a naturally aspirated 13B twin rotor engine He also owns a Mazda REPU with a 13B twin rotor engine called PITBUL.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] And a Mazda Luce Sedan set up to take up to 3 passengers called MADCAB. Whiddett's current project car is a 2022 Mazda 3 (BP). It will feature a quad rotor Wankel engine with 1,200hp and is being developed to race in the famous Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in celebration of the race's 100th anniversary. Whiddett has competed in Formula Drift in the United States in the 2010, 2015 and 2016 seasons and was named the Most Improved Driver for the 2010 season.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] He has also competed in Formula D Asia and Formula D Japan. He is the first professional Mazda driver to clench a professional drifting championship. Whiddett has also competed in off-road racing. In 2015, he participated in the Stadium Super Trucks race at the Sand Sports Super Show, an opportunity he received after meeting series founder Robby Gordon at the Goodwood Festival of Speed. He drove E. J. Viso's No. 5 truck during the weekend, with points earned by Whiddett going to Viso in the championship.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] After starting second for the first race, he finished fourth; this was followed by a retirement in Race 2 with an engine problem. Although he rolled in the final race, he finished seventh.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] Won championship Finished 1st at Okuibuki Motorsports Park Finished Top 16 at Long Beach Finished Top 32 at Orlando Speed World Finished Top 16 at Atlanta Finished 25th at Autodrome Saint-Eustache (Lowest season finish) Finished Top 32 at Monroe Finished 8th at Texas Motor Speedway (Highest season finish) Finished Top 16 at Irwindale Finished 1st at Ebisu Circuit West Course Finished 9th at Okayama International Circuit Finished Top 16 at Atlanta Finished Top 16 at Orlando Speed World Finished 14th at Monroe (Lowest season finish) Finished Top 16 at Texas Motor Speedway Finished 5th at Irwindale (Highest season finish) Finished 21st at Fuji Speedway Finished 9th at Sydney Motorsports Park Finished 9th at Calder Park Finished Top 32 at Atlanta Finished Top 32 at Wall Finished Top 32 at Monroe Finished 10th at Las Vegas (Highest season finish) Finished 29th at Sonoma (Lowest season finish) Finished Top 16 at Irwindale Finished 1st at Wonder World Amusement Park in 2009 Finished 3rd Malaysia Agro Exposition Park in 2009 2009, finished first at Wonder World Amusement Park in the Formula Drift Asia series.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] In 2014, he was the first New Zealand drift driver to receive an award from Motorsport New Zealand for outstanding achievement. 2015, finished fifth at Irwindale Formula Drift for his highest finish in the series. 2016, finished first at Okayama International Circuit in the Formula Drift Japan series. (key) (Bold – Pole position. Italics – Fastest qualifier. *  – Most laps led.) " Mad Mike Whiddett: Living the Dream". DrivingLine. Retrieved 15 July 2017.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] Taua, Justene. " Mike Whiddett Drift Racing". Redbull.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "Formula DRIFT - Drivers - Mad Mike Whiddett". Formulad.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "Mad Mike Whiddett: Living the Dream". DrivingLine.com. 2015-07-30. Retrieved 2016-02-17. Cheng, Zarah (2015-12-24). "

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] Mad Mike Whiddett and his Mazda MX-5 "RADBUL"". Hypebeast.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17. Jonathon Klein (2016-01-05). " Mad Mike Whiddett Shakes Down His New RADBUL Drift Car". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "Mad Mike Whiddett: a wet track makes me much less of a leadfoot". Stuff.co.nz. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2016-02-17.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] "Mike Whiddett and his Mazda MX-5 drift video - Formula Drift Videos". Motorsport.com. 2015-12-20. Archived from the original on 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "This Is Mad Mike Whiddett's RadBul Gen2 Headed For Long Beach". Art of Gears. 2016-02-27. Retrieved 2017-04-09. "Mike Whiddett - Opponents - DriftStats". www.driftstats.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10.

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] Retrieved 2017-04-09. Wilde, Dominik (4 July 2017). "' Mad' Mike Whiddett keen for Red Bull GRC chance". The Checkered Flag. Retrieved 15 December 2019. "Round 13 of 21 – Sand Sports #1 – 9/18/15". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 12 December 2019. "Round 13 of 21 – Sand Sports #2 – 9/19/15". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Sinclair, Adam (22 September 2015). "

"Mad" Mike Whiddett [SEP] Sheldon Creed Wins Stadium SUPER Trucks Sand Sports Show Sunday Finale". Speedway Digest. Retrieved 15 December 2019. "Mad Mike Whiddett | MotorSport New Zealand". www.motorsport.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-09. "2015 Official Point Standings". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 26 March 2019. Official website Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] Major Buchanan's roots can be traced to Anselan O Kyan, the son of the King of Ulster Dermond O Kyan of Ireland and the founder of the Buchanan clan. Anselan fled Ireland and landed on the northern coast of Argyll, Scotland near The Lennox north of the present day city of Glasgow, around the year 1016. Anselan assisted Malcolm II of Scotland in repelling his old enemies, the Danes, on two different occasions.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] Anselan received a grant of land in the north of Scotland, East of Loch Lomond. The Buchanan name bears a unique Coat of Arms and specific war cry granted to Anselan. John Buchanan was the great-grandson of Thomas Buchanan, who left Scotland in 1702 as one of six brothers (John, William, George, Thomas, Samuel, and Alexander) and one sister to resettle in County Donegal, Ireland.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] John Buchanan and his wife, Jane Trimble, emigrated to America as among the earliest colonists in North America, initially settling in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where Major John Buchanan was born in 1759. Twenty-year-old John Buchanan and his family arrived at the future Nashville during the unusually cold winter of 1779–1780, ahead of James Robertson's founding party according to several historians. After losing his brother Alexander at Ft.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] Nashborough's 1781 "Battle of the Bluff," Buchanan wrote Nashville's first book, John Buchanan's Book of Arithmetic. After living approximately four years at Fort Nashborough, Buchanan and his family moved a few miles east and established Buchanan's Station on Mill Creek, at today's Elm Hill Pike and Massman Drive in Nashville. Around 1786, Buchanan married Margaret Kennedy, who died after giving birth to their first and only child, John Buchanan II, born on May 15, 1787.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] His second wife, Sarah Ridley, bore thirteen children: George, Alexander, Elizabeth, Samuel, William, Jane T., James B., Moses R., Sarah V., Charles B., Richard G., Henry R., and Nancy M. As G.R. McGee writes in A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1905, "[i]n the summer of 1780 the Indians began to kill the settlers and hunters that they found alone or in small parties, and this was kept up all the season.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] There was no open attacks upon the settlements, but if a man went out to gather corn, to hunt, to feed his stock, or to visit a neighbor he was in constant danger of being shot by an Indian hidden away in a thicket or canebrake." On September 30, 1792, during the height of the Cherokee–American wars, approximately twenty defenders at Buchanan's Station held off several hundred Native Americans seeking to destroy all the Cumberland settlements.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] Buchanan and his compatriots stopped them—without the loss of a single stationer—before they could move on to attack the remainder of area settlements. Nineteenth-century historian J.G.M. Ramsey called this victory "a feat of bravery which has scarcely been surpassed in all the annals of border warfare." Buchanan's Station was located on Mill Creek and consisted of a few buildings surrounded by a picket stockade and a blockhouse at the front gate overlooking the creek some four miles south of the infant settlement of Nashville.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] For most of the 19th century, Buchanan's Station was widely remembered as a symbol of the determination that created the State of Tennessee. At the time, Nashville consisted of only about sixty families, and it was isolated in a hostile and threatening wilderness. Communications with the nearest settlements, Knoxville in eastern Tennessee and Natchez further south on the Mississippi, were long and precarious.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] Although the ultimate responsibility for the area had been transferred from North Carolina to the United States federal government in 1790, neither entity had the will or resources to offer the small outpost effective protection. Ranged against it were Native Americans, understandably aggrieved at the loss of traditional territory, and international powers. Threatened by the rise of the new American republic, Britain and Spain both encouraged Indian confederacies to resist its expansion and create a buffer between it and their own colonial possessions.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] North of the Ohio, the British saw Indians as an essential part of the defense of Canada, while Baron Carondelet, the governor of Spanish territory south of the 31st parallel and west of the Mississippi, armed the southern Indians and urged them to unite against the Americans. It was time, one Spanish correspondent wrote, to "place an obstacle to the rapid western progress of the Americans and raise a barrier between these enterprising people and the Spanish possessions."

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] In these circumstances the positions of isolated American pioneer settlements was unenviable, and in 1792 Bledsoe's and Ziegler's stations north of Nashville were overrun by parties of Indians smaller than the one that attacked Buchanan's later in the year. The assault on Buchanan's Station was not a simple raid, but an attempt to wipe out the Nashville settlements entirely, backed by Spanish arms and supplies secured in Pensacola.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] Over three hundred Lower Cherokees, Creeks, and Shawnees under the command of a mixed blood Cherokee leader named John Watts, advanced on Nashville from their towns on the lower Tennessee River. Supposing that the outlying station of Buchanan could be disposed of quickly, the Indians attempted a surprise attack at midnight.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] The station contained only a handful of defenders, some fifteen men, who manned the port-holes while their women and children—led by Buchanan's wife—molded bullets, reloaded muskets and rifles, and supplied sustenance. During a furious fight, the Indians attempted to storm the palisade and to set fire to the roof of the blockhouse, but they were repelled within two hours.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] It was during this nighttime "Battle of Buchanan's Station" that Buchanan's eighteen-year-old wife, Sarah ("Sally") Ridley Buchanan, in her ninth month of pregnancy with the first of their thirteen children, earned national fame. She encouraged the men, reassured the women and children, molded much-needed ammunition reportedly by melting down her dinnerware, and provided the voice of victory throughout the seemingly hopeless pandemonium.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] For her uncommon valor, she was known as the "Heroine of Buchanan Station" and biographer Elizabeth Ellet referred to her as "the Greatest Heroine of the West". Sally was heralded in magazines and newspapers as well as listed in at least two national encyclopedias of biography (Appleton's and Herringshaw's). History of Nashville, Tennessee Aiken, Leona Taylor (1968). Donelson, Tennessee: Its History and Landmarks. "Buchanan Society". Archived from the original on January 25, 2013.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP] Retrieved February 18, 2013. Buchanan, Thomas. " Thomas Buchanan's Memoirs – 1898". Retrieved May 27, 2013. Buchanan, John (1781). John Buchanan's Book of Arithmetic. site of present-day Nashville, TN: Buchanan, John. p. 82. Tennessee Historical Society miscellaneous collection, I-A-1v, B-238, T-100. McGee, Gentry Richard (1911). A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1914. New York: American Book Company. pp.

"Major" John Buchanan [SEP]  88–89. Ramsey, J.G.M. (1853). Annals of Tennessee. Sugden, John (1997). Tecumseh: A Life. Henry Holt and Company. pp.  73–76. ISBN 9780805061215. Ellet, Elizabeth (1856). The Women of the American Revolution.

"Moist" Paula Henderson [SEP] 2007 Secretary 2011 Dave "Baby" Cortez With Lonnie Youngblood And His Bloodhounds 2012 Melvin Van Peebles – Nahh Nahh Mofo 2013 TZAR featuring Moist Paula Live at The Stone NYC "Discographie". Meret Koehler.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011. ""Moist" Paula Henderson". Burnt Sugar the Arkestra Chamber. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Vidani, Peter. " Deafen County – Nick Waterhouse – London – 10.04.2014". Deafen County.

"Moist" Paula Henderson [SEP] Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Usinger, Mike (March 11, 2014). " Nick Waterhouse stages a soulful mini-spectacle". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Griffin, Alex (March 4, 2015). " Nick Waterhouse: Inside Outlier". X-Press Magazine. Retrieved November 22, 2018. "Secretary – Secret Life of Secretary". CD Baby Music Store. Retrieved March 19, 2016.

"Moist" Paula Henderson [SEP] "Dave "Baby" Cortez With Lonnie Youngblood And His Bloodhounds". Discogs. Retrieved March 19, 2016. "Video: official video Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative Lilly Done The Zampoughi". Frequency. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016. "Music – TZAR". TZAR. Retrieved March 19, 2016.

"Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord [SEP] Lewin (1959), p. 300. Van den Toorn, Pieter C. (1996). Music, Politics, and the Academy, pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-520-20116-7. Friedmann, Michael L. (1990). Ear Training for Twentieth-Century Music, p. 198. ISBN 0-300-04537-9. Straus, Joseph N. (2004). Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory, p. 97. ISBN 0-13-189890-6.

"Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord [SEP] Music Theory Society of New York State (2000). Theory and Practice, vol. 25, p. 89. Schuijer, Michiel (2008). Analyzing Atonal Music: Pitch-Class Set Theory and Its Contexts, p. 109. ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9. Palmer, John. " Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte, for narrator, piano & strings, Op. 41", AllMusic.com. Neidhöfer, Christoph (2007). "

"Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord [SEP] Bruno Maderna's Serial Arrays", Society for Music Theory. vol. 13, no. 1, March 2007. Friedmann (1990), p. 104. Van den Toorn (1996), p. 132. Sources Lewin, David (1959). " Re: Intervallic Relations Between Two Collections of Notes". Journal of Music Theory 3, no. 2 (November): 298–301. Baker, James M. (1986). The Music of Alexander Scriabin, p. 214.

"Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord [SEP] New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03337-0. Cited in Van den Toorn (1996), pp.  128–129. Rahn, John (1980). Basic Atonal Theory, p. 91. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-28117-2. Wason, Robert W. (1988). " Tonality and Atonality in Frederic Rzewski's Variations on "The People United Will Never Be Defeated!", Perspectives of New Music 26, no.

"Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord [SEP] 1. Cited in Van den Toorn (1996), pp.  128–129.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] During World War II, three million Polish Jews (90% of the prewar Polish-Jewish population) were killed due to Nazi German genocidal action. At least 2.5 million non-Jewish Polish civilians and soldiers perished. One million non-Polish Jews were also forcibly transported by the Nazis and killed in German-occupied Poland. At least half of 140,000 ethnic Poles deported died in the Auschwitz camp alone.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] After the German invasion, Poland, in contrast to cases such as Vichy France, experienced direct German administration rather than an indigenous puppet government. The western part of prewar Poland was annexed outright by Germany. Some Poles were expelled from the annexed lands to make room for German settlers. Parts of eastern Poland became part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and Reichskommissariat Ostland. The rest of German-occupied Poland, dubbed by Germany the General Government, was administered by Germany as occupied territory.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The General Government received no international recognition. It is estimated that the Germans killed more than 2 million non-Jewish Polish civilians. Nazi German planners called for "the complete destruction" of all Poles, and their fate, as well as that of many other Slavs, was outlined in a genocidal Generalplan Ost (General Plan East). Historians have generally stated that relatively few Poles collaborated with Nazi Germany, in comparison with the situations in other German-occupied countries.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The Polish Underground judicially condemned and executed collaborators, and the Polish Government-in-Exile coordinated resistance to the German occupation, including help for Poland's Jews. Some Poles were complicit in, or indifferent to, the rounding up of Jews. There are reports of neighbors turning Jews over to the Germans or blackmailing them (see "szmalcownik").

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] In some cases, Poles themselves killed their Jewish fellow citizens, the most notorious examples being the 1941 Jedwabne pogrom and the 1946 Kielce pogrom, after the war had ended. However, many Poles risked their lives to hide and assist Jews. Poles were sometimes exposed by Jews they were helping, if the Jews were found by the Germans—resulting in the murder of entire Polish rescue networks. The number of Jews hiding with Poles was around 450,000.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Possibly a million Poles aided Jews; some estimates run as high as three million helpers. Poles have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized by Israel's Yad Vashem as Righteous among the Nations — non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from extermination during the Holocaust. Occupied Poland was the only territory where the Germans decreed that any kind of help for Jews was punishable by death for the helper and the helper's entire family.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Of the estimated 3 million non-Jewish Poles killed in World War II, up to 50,000 were executed by Germany solely for saving Jews. Defenders argue that the expression "Polish death camps" refers strictly to the location of the Nazi death camps and does not indicate involvement by the Polish government in France or, later, in the United Kingdom. Some international politicians and news agencies have apologized for using the term, notably Barack Obama in 2012.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] CTV Television Network News President Robert Hurst defended CTV's usage (see § Mass media) as it "merely denoted geographic location", but the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council ruled against it, declaring CTV's use of the term to be unethical. Others have not apologized, saying that it is a fact that Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Chełmno, Bełżec, and Sobibór were situated in German-occupied Poland.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Commenting upon the 2018 bill criminalizing such expressions (see § Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance), Israeli politician Yair Lapid justified the expression "Polish death camps" with the argument that "hundreds of thousands of Jews were murdered without ever meeting a German soldier".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Opponents of the use of these expressions argue that they are inaccurate, as they may suggest that the camps were a responsibility of the Poles, when in fact they were designed, constructed, and operated by the Germans and were used to exterminate both non-Jewish Poles and Polish Jews, as well as Jews transported to the camps by the Germans from across Europe. Historian Geneviève Zubrzycki and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) have called the expression a misnomer.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] It has also been described as "misleading" by The Washington Post editorial board, The New York Times, the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, and Nazi hunter Dr. Efraim Zuroff. Holocaust memorial Yad Vashem described it as a "historical misrepresentation", and White House spokesman Tommy Vietor referred to its use a "misstatement". Abraham Foxman of the ADL described the strict geographical defence of the terms as "sloppiness of language", and "dead wrong, highly unfair to Poland".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Adam Daniel Rotfeld said in 2005 that "Under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history". As early as 1944, the expression "Polish death camp" appeared as the title of a Collier's magazine article, "Polish Death Camp".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] This was an excerpt from the Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski's 1944 memoir, Courier from Poland: The Story of a Secret State (reprinted in 2010 as Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World). Karski himself, in both the book and the article, had used the expression "Jewish death camp", not "Polish death camp".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] As shown in 2019, the Collier's editor changed the title of Karski's article typescript, "In the Belzec Death Camp", to "Polish Death Camp".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Other early-postwar, 1945 uses of the expression "Polish death camp" occurred in the periodicals Contemporary Jewish Record, The Jewish Veteran, and The Palestine Yearbook and Israeli Annual, as well as in a 1947 book, Beyond the Last Path, by Hungarian-born Jew and Belgian resistance fighter Eugene Weinstock and in Polish writer Zofia Nałkowska's 1947 book, Medallions.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] A 2016 article by Matt Lebovic stated that West Germany's Agency 114, which during the Cold War recruited former Nazis to West Germany's intelligence service, worked to popularize the term "Polish death camps" in order to minimize German responsibility for, and implicate Poles in, the atrocities. On 30 April 2004 a Canadian Television (CTV) Network News report referred to "the Polish camp in Treblinka". The Polish embassy in Canada lodged a complaint with CTV.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Robert Hurst of CTV, however, argued that the term "Polish" was used throughout North America in a geographical sense, and declined to issue a correction. The Polish Ambassador to Ottawa then complained to the National Specialty Services Panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council. The Council rejected Hurst's argument, ruling that the word "'Polish'—similarly to such adjectives as 'English', 'French' and 'German'—had connotations that clearly extended beyond geographic context.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Its use with reference to Nazi extermination camps was misleading and improper." In November 2008, the German newspaper Die Welt called Majdanek concentration camp a "former Polish concentration camp" in an article; it immediately apologized when this was pointed out. In 2009, Zbigniew Osewski, grandson of a Stutthof concentration camp prisoner, sued Axel Springer AG. The case started in 2012; in 2015, the case was dismissed by Warsaw district court.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] On 23 December 2009, historian Timothy Garton Ash wrote in The Guardian: "Watching a German television news report on the trial of John Demjanjuk a few weeks ago, I was amazed to hear the announcer describe him as a guard in 'the Polish extermination camp Sobibor'. What times are these, when one of the main German TV channels thinks it can describe Nazi camps as 'Polish'?

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] In my experience, the automatic equation of Poland with Catholicism, nationalism and antisemitism – and thence a slide to guilt by association with the Holocaust – is still widespread. This collective stereotyping does no justice to the historical record." In 2010 the Polish-American Kosciuszko Foundation launched a petition demanding that four major U.S. news organizations endorse use of the expression "German concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Poland". Canada's Globe and Mail reported on 23 September 2011 about "Polish concentration camps".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Canadian Member of Parliament Ted Opitz and Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Jason Kenney supported Polish protests. In 2013 Karol Tendera, who had been a prisoner at Auschwitz-Birkenau and is secretary of an association of former prisoners of German concentration camps, sued the German television network ZDF, demanding a formal apology and 50,000 zlotys, to be donated to charitable causes, for ZDF's use of the expression "Polish concentration camps". ZDF was ordered by the court to make a public apology.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Some Poles felt the apology to be inadequate and protested with a truck bearing a banner that read "Death camps were Nazi German - ZDF apologize!" They planned to take their protest against the expression "Polish concentration camps" 1,600 kilometers across Europe, from Wrocław in Poland to Cambridge, England, via Belgium and Germany, with a stop in front of ZDF headquarters in Mainz.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage recommends against using the expression, as does the AP Stylebook, and that of The Washington Post. However, the 2018 Polish bill has been condemned by the editorial boards of The Washington Post and The New York Times. In May 2012 U.S. President Barack Obama referred to a "Polish death camp" while posthumously awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Jan Karski.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] After complaints from Poles, including Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski and Alex Storozynski, President of the Kosciuszko Foundation, an Obama administration spokesperson said the President had misspoken when "referring to Nazi death camps in German-occupied Poland."

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] On 31 May 2012 President Obama wrote a letter to Polish President Komorowski in which he explained that he used this phrase inadvertently in reference to "a Nazi death camp in German-occupied Poland" and further stated: "I regret the error and agree that this moment is an opportunity to ensure that this and future generations know the truth." The Polish government and Polish diaspora organizations have denounced the use of such expressions that include the words "Poland" or "Polish".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs monitors the use of such expressions and seeks corrections and apologies if they are used. In 2005, Poland's Jewish Foreign Minister Adam Daniel Rotfeld remarked upon instances of "bad will, saying that under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history and conceal the truth."

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] He has stated that use of the adjective "Polish" in reference to concentration camps or ghettos, or to the Holocaust, can suggest that Poles perpetrated or participated in German atrocities, and emphasised that Poland was the victim of the Nazis' crimes.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] In 2008, the chairman of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (the IPN) wrote to local administrations, calling for the addition of the word "German" before "Nazi" to all monuments and tablets commemorating Germany's victims, stating that "Nazis" is not always understood to relate specifically to Germans. Several scenes of atrocities conducted by Germany were duly updated with commemorative plaques clearly indicating the nationality of the perpetrators. The IPN also requested better documentation and commemoration of crimes that had been perpetrated by the Soviet Union.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The Polish government also asked UNESCO to officially change the name "Auschwitz Concentration Camp" to "Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau", to clarify that the camp had been built and operated by Nazi Germany. At its 28 June 2007 meeting in Christchurch, New Zealand, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee changed the camp's name to "Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)." Previously some German media, including Der Spiegel, had called the camp "Polish".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] On 6 February 2018 Poland's President Andrzej Duda signed into law an amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, criminalizing statements that ascribe collective responsibility in Holocaust-related crimes to the Polish nation, It was generally understood that the law would criminalize use of the expressions "Polish death camp" and "Polish concentration camp". After international backlash, the law was revised to remove criminal penalties, but also the exceptions for scientific or artistic expression.