Datasets:

PaulLerner

/

evqa_passages

like 1

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The law met with widespread international criticism, as it was seen as an infringement on freedom of expression and on academic freedom, and as a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism, in what has been described as "the biggest diplomatic crisis in [Poland's] recent history". Kassow, Samuel (14 February 2018). " Poland Reimagines the Holocaust". Jewish Ledger. Retrieved 5 November 2020.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] And it's a convenient and expedient issue because everybody can agree that the term "Polish death camps" is a misnomer; that it's incorrect. Zubrzycki, Geneviève (2006). The Crosses of Auschwitz: Nationalism and Religion in Post-Communist Poland. University of Chicago Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-226-99305-8. Kampeas, Ron (30 May 2012). " White House 'regrets' reference to 'Polish death camp'". JTA.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Gebert, Konstanty (2014). " Conflicting memories: Polish and Jewish perceptions of the Shoah" (PDF). In Fracapane, Karel; Haß, Matthias (eds.). Holocaust Education in a Global Context. Paris: UNESCO. p. 33. ISBN 978-92-3-100042-3. Belavusau, Uladzislau (2018). " The Rise of Memory Laws in Poland: An Adequate Tool to Counter Historical Disinformation?". Security and Human Rights.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] 29 (1–4): 36–54. doi:10.1163/18750230-02901011. The Polish government continues to fan a metaphorical fire each time the foreign media or a politician – like President Barack Obama in 2012 – inadvertently refers to 'Polish concentration camps'. This misnomer has been heralded by politicians as a purposeful disinformation exercise and a pretext for new legislation which, as is clear from its formulation, extends beyond the prohibition of 'Polish death camps'.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] "Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, ustawy o grobach i cmentarzach wojennych, ustawy o muzeach oraz ustawy o odpowiedzialności podmiotów zbiorowych za czyny zabronione pod groźbą kary" [Act of 26 January 2018 amending the act on the Institute of National Remembrance - Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, laws on graves and war cemeteries, laws on museums and the act on the liability of collective entities for acts prohibited under penalty] (PDF).

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Parliament of Poland (in Polish). 29 January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2018. [ Anyone] who, in public and against the facts, ascribes to the Polish Nation or to the Polish State, responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes committed by the Third Reich,< ...> or who otherwise grossly reduces the responsibility of the actual perpetrators of said crimes, is subject to a fine or [to] imprisonment for up to 3 years.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] < ...> No offense referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall have been committed if the act was performed as part of artistic or scholarly activity. "Israel and Poland try to tamp down tensions after Poland's 'death camp' law sparks Israeli outrage". The Washington Post. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Heller, Jeffrey; Goettig, Marcin (28 January 2018). " Israel and Poland clash over proposed Holocaust law". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2018.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Katz, Brigit (29 January 2018). " The Controversy Around Poland's Proposed Ban on the Term 'Polish Death Camps'". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Hackmann, Jörg (2018). " Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] There is, however, a second layer in this debate, as the incrimination of "Polish camps" can also be referred to halt the debate on Polish post-war camps, which have been discussed already since the 1990s for instance regarding detention and labour camps in Potulice or Łambinowice. Recently, the journalist Marek Łuszczyna has called them "Polish concentration camps" with the intention to challenge the right-wing discourse. His argument is based on the fact that these camps used the infrastructure of earlier German camps.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Gliszczyńska, Aleksandra; Jabłoński, Michał (12 October 2019). " Is One Offended Pole Enough to Take Critics of Official Historical Narratives to Court?". Verfassungsblog. Retrieved 19 October 2020. A highly problematic trend has emerged just recently, creating a precedent in the Polish legal doctrine. In January 2017, the Polish edition of Newsweek magazine published an article by Paulina Szewczyk entitled "After the Liberation of Nazi Camps, Did the Poles Open Them Again? ' The Little Crime' by Marek Łuszczyna".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The author of this article stated that after 1945 Poles reopened the Świętochłowice-Zgoda camp, a branch of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. A lawsuit against Newsweek's editor-in-chief was brought by Maciej Świrski, the president of the Polish League Against Defamation (RDI), based on the press law provisions.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] In January 2018, the court decided in his favour, ordering the editor-in-chief to publish a corrigendum admitting that the assertion of the existence of "Polish concentration camps" created by Poles is false. This initial ruling was subsequently upheld by the Court of Appeal and eventually the Supreme Court, the latter finding Newsweek's last resort appeal (cassation) to be unfounded. "Wyrok dla "Newsweeka" za "polskie obozy koncentracyjne". Znając badania IPN, trudno się z nim zgodzić". wyborcza.pl.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Retrieved 26 October 2020. "Ekspert: orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego ws. nowelizacji ustawy o IPN może otworzyć drogę do dyskusji" (in Polish). Polskie Radio 24. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019. "Collaboration and Complicity during the Holocaust". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Leslie, R. F. (1983). The History of Poland Since 1863. Cambridge University Press. p. 217.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9. "Poles — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". Tonini, Carla (April 2008). " The Polish underground press and the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, 1939–1944". European Review of History / Revue Européenne d'Histoire. 15 (2): 193–205. doi:10.1080/13507480801931119. S2CID 143865402. Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (Winter 2005). "

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Collaboration in a "Land without a Quisling": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 711–746. doi:10.2307/3649910. JSTOR 3649910. Dybicz, Paweł (2012). " Wcieleni do Wehrmachtu - rozmowa z prof. Ryszardem Kaczmarkiem" ['Conscripted into the Wehrmacht' - interview with Prof. Ryszard Kaczmarek]. Przegląd (in Polish). No.  38. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Retrieved 11 November 2018. Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961). " Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe". Poland under Nazi Occupation. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. pp.  7–33, 164–178. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Geyer, Michael (2009). Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge University Press. pp.  152–153. ISBN 978-0-521-89796-9.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Connelly, John (Winter 2005). " Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 771–781. doi:10.2307/3649912. JSTOR 3649912. "Polish Resistance and Conclusions". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. Berendt, Grzegorz (24 February 2017). " Opinion: The Polish People Weren't Tacit Collaborators With Nazi Extermination of Jews". Haaretz.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Kermish, Joseph (1989). " The activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Zegota") in Occupied Poland". In Marrus, Michael Robert (ed.). The Nazi Holocaust. Part 5: Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 499. ISBN 978-3-110970-449. Foxman, Abraham H. (12 June 2012). " Poland and the Death Camps: Setting The Record Straight".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The Jewish Week. Lipshiz, Cnaan (28 January 2018). " It's complicated: Inaccuracies plague both sides of 'Polish death camps' debate". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Zajączkowski, Wacław (June 1988). Christian Martyrs of Charity. Washington, D.C.: S.M. Kolbe Foundation. pp.  152–178. ISBN 978-0-945-28100-9.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] German military police in Grzegorzówka (p. 153) and in Hadle Szklarskie (p.154) extracted from two Jewish women the names of Poles who had been helping Jews, and 11 Polish men were murdered. In Korniaktów Forest, Łańcut County, a Jewish woman, discovered in an underground shelter, revealed the whereabouts of the Polish family who had been feeding her, and the whole family were murdered (p. 167).

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] In Jeziorko, Łowicz County, a Jewish man betrayed all the Polish rescuers known to him, and 13 Poles were murdered by the German military police (p. 160). In Lipowiec Duży (Biłgoraj County), a captured Jew led the Germans to his saviors, and 5 Poles were murdered, including a 6-year-old child, and their farm was burned (p. 174).

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] On a train to Kraków, the Żegota woman courier who was smuggling four Jewish women to safety was shot dead when one of the Jewish women lost her nerve (p. 170). Żarski-Zajdler, Władysław (1968). Martyrologia ludności żydowskiej i pomoc społeczeństwa polskiego [The Martyrology of the Jews, and Aid Given to Them by Poles]. Warsaw: ZBoWiD. p. 16. Furth, Hans G. (June 1999). " One Million Polish Rescuers of Hunted Jews?".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 227–232. doi:10.1080/14623529908413952. Richard C. Lukas, 1989. "Names of Righteous by Country". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Chefer, Chaim (1996). " Registry of over 700 Polish citizens killed while helping Jews During the Holocaust". Holocaust Forgotten. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Lukas, Richard C. (1989). Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. University Press of Kentucky.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] p. 13. ISBN 978-0813116921. "Canadian CTV Television censured for inaccurate and unfair reporting in referring to "Polish ghetto" and "Polish camp of Treblinka"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Ware, Doug G. (17 August 2016). " Poland may criminalize term 'Polish death camp' to describe Nazi WWII Holocaust sites". UPI.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Lapid: Poland was complicit in the Holocaust, new bill 'can't change history'". The Times of Israel. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2005). " Poland World War II casualties". Project InPosterum. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007. Łuczak, Czesław (1994). " Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945". Dzieje Najnowsze (1994/2).

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] "Opinion: 'Polish death camps'". The Washington Post. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. "Opinion: Poland's Holocaust Blame Bill". The New York Times. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018. "Fury in Israel as Poland proposes ban on referring to Nazi death camps as 'Polish'". The Daily Telegraph. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018. "White House apologizes for Obama's 'Polish death camp' gaffe".

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] The Times of Israel. 30 May 2012. "Interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Prof. Adam Daniel Rotfeld". Rzeczpospolita. 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Karski, Jan (14 October 1944). " Polish Death Camp". Collier's. pp.  18–19, 60–61. Karski, Jan (22 February 2013). Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World. Georgetown University Press.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58901-983-6. "The real source of misnomer "Polish Death Camps" – Jacek Gancarson MS, Natalia Zaytseva PhD – Justice For Polish Victims". 7 October 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2020. "Jak przypisano Janowi Karskiemu "polski obóz śmierci"?" ( in Polish). Retrieved 23 May 2019. Contemporary Jewish Record (American Jewish Committee), 1945, vol. 8, p. 69.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Quote: "Most of the 27,000 Jews of Thrace ... were deported to Polish death camps." Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America 1945, vol. 14, no. 12. Quote: "2,000 Greek Jews repatriated from Polish death camps." The Palestine Yearbook and Israeli Annual (Zionist Organization of America) 1945, p. 337. Quote: "3,000,000 were foreign Jews brought to Polish death camps." Weinstock, Eugene (1947). Beyond the Last Path.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] New York: Boni & Gaer. p. 43. Nałkowska, Zofia (2000). Medallions. Northwestern University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8101-1743-3. Not tens of thousands, not hundreds of thousands, but millions of human beings underwent manufacture into raw materials and goods in the Polish death camps. Lebovic, Matt (26 February 2016). " Do the words 'Polish death camps' defame Poland?

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] And if so, who's to blame?". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Polskie czy niemieckie obozy zagłady?" [ Polish or German extermination camps?]. Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu (in Polish). 23 July 2004. "Polnisches Gericht weist Klage gegen die "Welt" ab". DIE WELT. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2020. Wawrzyńczak, Marcin (14 August 2009). "'

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Polish Camps' in Polish Court". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Ruszył proces wobec "Die Welt" o "polski obóz koncentracyjny"". Wirtualna Polska. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018. "As at Auschwitz, the gates of hell are built and torn down by human hearts". The Guardian. London. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2010.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] "Petition against 'Polish concentration camps'". Warsaw Business Journal. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010. "Petition on German Concentration Camps". The Kosciuszko Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Canadian MPs defend Poland over 'Polish concentration camp' slur". Polskie Radio. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] "Były więzień Auschwitz skarży ZDF za "polskie obozy"" [Former Auschwitz prisoner complains to ZDF for "Polish camps"]. Interia (in Polish). 22 July 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014. "Entschuldigung bei Karol Tendera" [Apology to Karol Tendera]. ZDF (in German). Retrieved 31 January 2018. "Death camps billboard in 1,000-mile trip". BBC News. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Siegal, Allan M.; Connolly, William G. (2015). The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative News Organization. Three Rivers Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-101-90544-9. "The New York Times bans "Polish concentration camps"". The Economist. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2018.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] "AP Updates its Stylebook on Concentration Camps, Polish Foundation's Petition for Change has 300,000K Names". iMediaEthics. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2018. "White House: Obama misspoke by referring to 'Polish death camp' while honoring Polish war hero". The Washington Post. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Siemaszko, Corky (1 June 2012). "

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Why the words 'Polish death camps' cut so deep". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Obama, Barack (31 May 2012). " Letter to President Komorowski" (PDF). RMF FM. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Interwencje Przeciw 'Polskim Obozom'" [Interventions Against 'Polish Camps']. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych (in Polish). 20 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 August 2006.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Poland's Foreign Minister is Jewish, but Most People Say It's No Big Deal". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 15 March 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Government information on the Polish foreign policy presented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prof. Adam Daniel Rotfeld, at the session of the Sejm on 21st January 2005". Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] "Akcja IPN: Mordowali "Niemcy", nie "naziści"" [IPN initiative: Murderers "German", not "Nazis"]. Interia (in Polish). 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Tran, Mark (27 June 2007). " Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Spritzer, Dinah (27 April 2006). " Auschwitz Might Get Name Change". The Jewish Journal.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Yad Vashem for renaming Auschwitz". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2018. "UNESCO approves Poland's request to rename Auschwitz". Expatica. Expatica Communications B.V. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2017. "World Heritage Committee approves Auschwitz name change". UNESCO World Heritage Committee. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Watt, Nicholas (1 April 2006). "

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Auschwitz may be renamed to reinforce link with Nazi era". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2012. "Poland seeks Auschwitz renaming". BBC News. 31 March 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Tran, Mark (27 June 2007). " Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100. Noack, Rick (2 February 2018). " Poland's Senate passes Holocaust complicity bill despite concerns from U.S., Israel". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2 February 2018. Cherviatsova, Alina (2020). "

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Memory as a battlefield: European memorial laws and freedom of speech". The International Journal of Human Rights. 25 (4): 675–694. doi:10.1080/13642987.2020.1791826. S2CID 225574752. Truth about camps, website created by Institute of National Remembrance Map of the German Death Camps on occupied Polish territories. Concentration camps' functionaries and biographical notes and witness' accounts created by Institute of National Remembrance "In Response to Comments Regarding Death Camps in Poland". Yad Vashem. 29 January 2015.

"Polish death camp" controversy [SEP] Glenday, James (24 February 2018). " What's It Like to Live next to the World's Most Notorious Concentration Camp". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News.

"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum [SEP] Red Terror (Ethiopia) Derg "Red Terror Martyrs' Memorial Museum". rtmmm.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2016-12-27. Mulugeta, Mesfin. " A visit to the "Red Terror" Martyrs Memorial Museum of Addis Ababa" (PDF). assimba.org. Retrieved December 27, 2016. "Emerging scholars: travel seminar to Rwanda and Ethiopia memorials, museums, national and international memory and memorialization" (PDF). beyondgenocide.net.

"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum [SEP] Retrieved December 27, 2016. Mahoney, Anne Louise (ed.). " Documenting the Red Terror. Bearing witness to Ethiopia's lost generation" (PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2016. "Pourquoi peut-on affirmer que le régime du Derg (1974-1987) fut violent ?" ( PDF). www.guebre-mariam.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Website

"V" device [SEP] The Department of Defense, Army, and Air Force refer to the "V" as the "V" device. The Coast Guard refers to it as the Valor Device, while the Navy and Marine Corps refer to it as the Combat Distinguishing Device or Combat "V". When referring to a medal that has been awarded with the "V" device, it is often referred to as having been awarded "with valor".

"V" device [SEP] On 22 December 1945, in War Department Circular 383, the United States Army decided to introduce the "V" device to distinguish the award of a Bronze Star Medal for acts of valor and heroism, rather than meritorious service. Soldiers, including Army airmen, who were awarded the Bronze Star Medal for heroism in combat were now authorized to wear a bronze "V" on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal. Only one "V" was allowed to be worn on a ribbon.

"V" device [SEP] The Department of the Navy introduced the "V" as the "Combat Distinguishing Device", and on 15 February 1946, authorized the "V" device to be worn on the Legion of Merit and Bronze Star Medal for services or acts performed in actual combat with the enemy; in February 1947, this was changed to acts or services involving direct participation in combat operations.

"V" device [SEP] Most World War II veterans who were entitled to the "V" probably did not know about or apply for the device, since large-scale separations from the services were taking place after the war ended. Stocks of the device also were not available for issue for at least a year after the issuance of the Army circular. To be worn on a decoration, the "V" device must have been specifically authorized in the written award citation issued with the medal.

"V" device [SEP] In 1996, the "V" device garnered public attention after the suicide of Admiral Jeremy Boorda, who was the Chief of Naval Operations. The news media reported that his death by suicide may have been caused by a Navy investigation following a story by Newsweek about Boorda wearing two "combat valor pins" on the service ribbons of his uniform, which he received for duty as a weapons officer and executive officer aboard two naval ships off the coast of Indochina during the Vietnam War.

"V" device [SEP] Although there were indications these "combat distinguishing devices" were authorized to be worn on his Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal, the Department of the Navy Board For Correction of Naval Records determined after his death that both of the devices were not authorized to be worn on the two decorations.

"V" device [SEP] In 2011, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual regulations concerning the Medal of Honor (MOH), specifying that the "V" device instead of the oak leaf cluster and 5⁄16 inch star would be used to denote additional citations in the rare event of a service member being awarded a second MOH. By May 2015, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual again concerning the MOH, specifying that a separate MOH is presented to an individual for each succeeding act that justifies an award.

"V" device [SEP] There has not been a living repeat MOH recipient since the World War I era, so the "V" device has never actually been worn in this fashion. Until 2017, the criteria and conditions under which the "V" device could be awarded differed among the services. For the Army, the "V" was worn solely to denote "participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy".

"V" device [SEP] For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the "V" could be worn to denote combat heroism, or to recognize individuals who were "exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations". For the Air Force, the "V" could be worn on the Bronze Star Medal to denote heroism in combat, but also on the Commendation Medal and Achievement Medal to denote heroism or for being "placed in harm's way" during contingency deployment operations.

"V" device [SEP] Prior to 1 January 2014, the device was also authorized on Outstanding Unit Awards and Organizational Excellence Awards to indicate the unit participated in direct combat support actions. The "V" device is also authorized for the Air Medal by all the services where heroism in aerial combat was involved on an individual mission.

"V" device [SEP] On 15 August 2016, the Coast Guard changed their criteria such that new awards of the "V" would be for valor only, to denote a heroic act or acts while participating in conflict or combat with an armed enemy. On 6 January 2016, the Department of Defense announced that it was revising its military decorations and awards program to include a "V" device change to its original 1940s use of denoting heroism in combat only on specific decorations for the military services.

"V" device [SEP] Two new "C" and "R" devices will also be used on relevant awards.

"V" device [SEP] On 2 February 2017, new silver-plated and gold-plated "V" devices were introduced, followed by wreathed versions in September which led to speculation that the various versions of the "V" device would now indicate how many times a specific medal was awarded with the "V." The U.S. Air Force uniform regulations update of 15 April 2019, was the first to describe and depict the new "V" devices as follows: On 21 December 2016, the "V" device ceased being authorized for Achievement Medals.

"V" device [SEP] Retroactive to January 2016, the "V" device ceased being authorized for the Legion of Merit, being replaced by the "C" device. Currently, the following decorations of the United States Armed Forces are eligible to be awarded with a "V" device. For the Army and the Air Force, the "V" is positioned to the right of any bronze or silver oak leaf clusters from the wearer's perspective, or positioned in the center of the service ribbon if worn alone.

"V" device [SEP] Only 4 devices may be worn per ribbon; an additional ribbon is worn to the wearer's left when necessary to support additional devices: For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the "V" is always worn in the center of the service ribbon, while any gold or silver 5⁄16 Inch Stars are added in balance to the right and left of the "V" starting with the right side from the wearer's perspective. Marine Corps refer to it as Combat Distinguishing Device.

"V" device [SEP] The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard continue to award and issue the bronze version. The Marine Corps allows anodized medals and anodized Combat "V"s to be worn on the dress blues uniform. Golden or brass Arabic numerals may be used to indicate the total number of times the medal was awarded if the total number of devices, of any types, exceed 4 total devices and would thus not fit on a single ribbon.

"V" device [SEP] Brett Blanton, Architect of the Capitol Eddie Albert, actor and activist Richard Lee Armitage, US Deputy Secretary of State Monica Beltran Michael Boorda, 25th Chief of Naval Operations Jim Bridenstine, US Representative Maurice Britt, NFL football player William B. Caldwell III Duane Carey, NASA astronaut Christopher Cassidy, NASA astronaut Llewellyn Chilson Max Cleland, US Senator Dan Crenshaw, US Representative Ray Davis, 14th Asst Commandant of the Marine Corps Bob Dole, US Senator Desmond Doss Joseph Dunford, 19th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Fahey, Mayor of Omaha Kenneth Raymond Fleenor, Mayor of Selma, Texas Ronald Fogleman, 15th Chief of Staff of the Air Force Tommy Franks, Commander of the US Central Command William J. Gainey Joseph L. Galloway, newspaper correspondent and columnist Bill Genaust Calvin Graham, youngest US serviceman to serve and fight during World War II, at 12 years of age Mark E. Green, US Representative William Guarnere David H. Hackworth, journalist Michael Hagee, 33rd Commandant of the Marine Corps Alexander Haig, US Secretary of State John Harllee Gustav Hasford, novelist, journalist and poet Michael Hayden, Director of the CIA Ira Hayes Joseph P. Hoar, Commander in Chief of US Central Command Charles T. Horner Jr. Robert L. Howard Zach Iscol, entrepreneur, candidate in the 2021 New York City Comptroller election Jack H. Jacobs, military analyst and investment manager Richard Jadick Sam Johnson, US Representative James L. Jones, 32nd Commandant of the Marine Corps Woodrow Keeble John Kerry, US Secretary of State Harry Kizirian Charles C. Krulak, 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps Victor H. Krulak, author Chris Kyle, Navy Seal Sniper Douglas MacArthur, five-star general Richard Marcinko, 1st commanding officer of Seal Team Six Lee Marvin, actor John McCain, US Senator Michael A. Monsoor Robert Mueller, Director of the FBI Audie Murphy, actor, songwriter, and rancher Raymond L. Murray John P. Murtha, US Representative Peter Pace, 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff David Petraeus, Director of the CIA Chance Phelps Chesty Puller Charles B. Rangel, US Representative L. Scott Rice Matthew Ridgway, 19th Chief of Staff of the US Army John Ripley Norman Schwarzkopf, Commander of US Central Command Sidney Shachnow Hugh Shelton, 14th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff David M. Shoup, 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps Arthur D. Simons Jamie Smith Robert L. Stewart, NASA astronaut Earl E. Stone, 1st Director of the Armed Forces Security Agency, the predecessor of the National Security Agency Oliver Stone Jeff Struecker Keni Thomas, country music singer Strom Thurmond, US Senator Matt Urban John William Vessey Jr., 10th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Alejandro Villanueva, NFL football player Raúl G. Villaronga, Mayor of Killeen, Texas Larry D. Welch, 12th Chief of Staff of the US Air Force Allen West, US Representative Chuck Yeager, first pilot confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., 19th Chief of Naval Operations Awards and decorations of the United States military United States military award devices From 1945 until 2 February 2017, criteria varied among the services for the award of a medal with the "V" device.

"V" device [SEP] While the Army awarded the "V" solely to denote "participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy," the Navy and Marine Corps also awarded the "V" to recognize individuals who are "exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations", and the Air Force included provisions for awarding the "V" to members who were "placed in harm's way" during contingency deployment operations. "

"V" device [SEP] DoD Military Decorations and Awards Review Results (1-36)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Ferdinando, Lisa (7 January 2016). " Pentagon Announces Changes to Military Decorations and Awards Program". DoD News. U.S. Department of Defense.

"V" device [SEP] DOD MANUAL 1348.33, VOLUME 4, MANUAL OF MILITARY DECORATIONS AND AWARDS: DOD JOINT DECORATIONS AND AWARDS Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 20 October 2020, last accessed 25 October 2020 "Ribbon Attachment, Letter 'V'". MIL-DTL-41819/3J. Defense Logistics Agency. Defense Logistics Agency. 2 February 2017. Burgess, Lisa (26 October 2006). " Pentagon reviewing 'V' device for consistency". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 28 April 2014.

"V" device [SEP] "Army Regulation 600–8–22 Military Awards" (PDF). United States Army. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2014. "AFI 36-2803 Air Force Military Awards and Decorations Program" (PDF). 18 December 2013. p. 218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. "COMDTINST M1650.25E Medals and Awards Manual" (PDF). 15 August 2016. pp.

"V" device [SEP]  1–23. Retrieved 30 October 2016. "SECNAVINST 1650.1H" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2018. "The "V" Device" (PDF). Newsweek, "Beneath the Waves", 5/26/96 "Board for Correction of Naval Records" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2007.

"V" device [SEP] DOD MANUAL 1348.33, VOLUME 3, MANUAL OF MILITARY DECORATIONS AND AWARDS: DODWIDE PERSONAL PERFORMANCE AND VALOR DECORATIONS, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 13 October 2020, last accessed 25 October 2020 Dizzle, Kirk (16 March 2016). " New V, C and R devices". DD214 Blog. Medals of America. Retrieved 25 February 2017.

"V" device [SEP] AFI36-2903: Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, dated 23 April 2019, last accessed 21 May 2019 Dickstein, Corey (31 March 2017). " Pentagon implements 'C' and 'R' awards devices, removes 'V' from 2 awards". Stars and Stripes. Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Levine, Peter (21 December 2016). "

"V" device [SEP] Section 3: Award Requirements and Restrictions" (PDF). DoD Instruction 1348.33: DoD Military Decorations and Awards Program. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Includes Army Achievement Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, and Air Force Achievement Medal. deGrandpre, Andrew; Panzino, Charlsy (30 March 2017). "

"V" device [SEP] 12 military awards now eligible for new 'C' and 'R' devices, and 2 no longer rate a 'V'". Military Times. Virginia. Retrieved 17 March 2018. Dickstein, Corey (31 March 2017). " Pentagon implements 'C' and 'R' awards devices, removes 'V' from 2 awards". Stars and Stripes. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 17 March 2018. "New combat-related devices authorized for decorations". Retrieved 1 January 2018.

"V" device [SEP] Panzino, Andrew deGrandpre, Charlsy (8 August 2017). " 12 military awards now eligible for new 'C' and 'R' devices, and 2 no longer rate a 'V'". Retrieved 1 January 2018. Panzino, Charlsy (7 August 2017). " Soldiers may be eligible for the new 'C' or 'R' devices on 12 awards. Here's how to apply". Retrieved 1 January 2018. "HRC Homepage". 1 January 2018.

"V" device [SEP] Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. "AF releases criteria for new valor "V", combat "C" and remote "R" devi". Retrieved 1 January 2018. "Award Devices - Valor "V," Combat "C" and Remote "R"". Retrieved 1 January 2018. T6. " Army announces "C" and "R" medal devices because everybody needs a trophy - U.S Army WTF Moments!". www.armywtfmoments.com.

"V" device [SEP] Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018. "Sailors, Marines Now Eligible for New Award Devices". 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Panzino, Charlsy (7 August 2017). " Air Force releases awards criteria for new 'C' and 'R' devices". Retrieved 1 January 2018. "Department of the Army Pamphlet 670–1 Uniform and Insignia Guide to the Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia" (PDF).

"V" device [SEP] United States Department of the Army. 25 May 2017. § 20–11; p. 253; PDF p. 271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 2018-09-09. "CHAPTER FIVE IDENTIFICATION BADGES/AWARDS/INSIGNIA" (PDF). United States Navy Uniform Regulations. United States Navy, Bureau of Personnel. pp.  5–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.

"V" device [SEP] "Uniform Regulations COMDTINST M1020.6G" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. March 2012. pp.  3–100, 3–104. Retrieved 6 May 2014. "5. Bronze Letter "V" (Combat Distinguishing Device)". Navy Personnel Command > Support & Services > US Navy Uniforms > Uniform Regulations > Chapter 5 > 5301 - 5319 Awards. January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2017.

"V" device [SEP] The bronze letter "V" may be worn on the following ribbons if the citation specifically authorizes the "V" for valor (heroism): Decorations awarded prior to 1974: Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal. Decorations awarded after 1974: Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, and Navy Commendation Medal. Wear only one "V".

"V" device [SEP] Arrange gold, bronze or silver stars, or the oak leaf cluster indicating subsequent awards of the medal (except Air Medal <(see article 5319.7)>, in a horizontal line beside the "V" symmetrically in the center of the suspension ribbons of large and miniature medals (position as detailed below). Arrange them in a horizontal line on the ribbon bar with the "V" in the center and the first star to the wearer's right, the second to the wearer's left, and so on.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Just 57 days after then 25-year old former US Air Mail pilot Charles Lindbergh had completed his historic Orteig Prize-winning first-ever non-stop solo transatlantic flight from New York (Roosevelt Field) to Paris (Le Bourget) on May 20–21, 1927 in the single-engine Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis, "WE", the first of what would eventually be 15 books Lindbergh would either author or significantly contribute to, was released on July 27, 1927.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] The 318-page illustrated volume was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), the New York publishing house run by prominent promoter and aviation enthusiast George P. Putnam (1887-1950) who later promoted the career (and eventually married) another almost equally famous flyer of the era, the ill-fated American aviatrix Amelia Earhart.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] The suddenly world-famous young aviator noted on the book's dust jacket cover that he wrote it himself to provide the public with his "own story of his life and his transatlantic flight together with his views on the future of aviation". As such Lindbergh's virtually "instant" autobiography proved to be an immediate best seller and remained so for over a year.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Both the dust jacket notes of the first edition as well as the frontispiece illustration reveal that the book's simple, one-word "flying pronoun" title "WE" was meant to refer to a "spiritual" partnership between Lindbergh and his airplane developed "through the dark hours of his flight". However Putnam's had selected the title without its author's knowledge or approval, and Lindbergh would later often complain about that interpretation of its meaning as being incorrect.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Instead he said that "we" referred to himself and his financial backers in St. Louis, not his airplane, as the press had people believing, although his frequent unconscious use of the phrase referring to himself and the Spirit seemed to suggest otherwise.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] While Lindbergh had been busy being continuously feted in Washington, New York, St. Louis and elsewhere over the first couple of weeks after his return to the United States on June 10, a first manuscript for the book was quickly ghostwritten by New York Times reporter J. Carlisle MacDonald who had interviewed Lindbergh extensively in both Paris and during the six-day crossing of the Atlantic from Cherbourg to Washington on board the US Navy cruiser USS Memphis and had been holed up with a staff of secretaries in publisher George Putnam's house in Rye, New York.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] MacDonald had earlier ghostwritten from Paris a pair of "first person" accounts of the flight that had appeared under Lindbergh's name on the front page of the paper on May 23 and 24, two and three days after the flight. The fastest book produced up to that time, a complete set of galley proofs of MacDonald's manuscript was ready for Lindbergh's approval within two weeks of his return to America.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] However, as with MacDonald's two original ghostwritten Times stories which the meticulous Army trained aviator had disapproved of as not only being rife with factual errors, but having been "cheaply done" and written in a "false, fawning" tone, Lindbergh rejected the ghostwritten book manuscript as well for similar reasons, i.e., MacDonald had written the book in the first person and had reverted to the bombast Lindbergh thought they had abandoned back in Paris.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Lindbergh knew, however, that he could not renege on his contract with Putnam's that had already begun to publicize the book promising copies by July 1. When Fitzhugh Green, the book's editor at Putnam's, told him that "it is your book, we wouldn't want to publish it if it weren't", Lindbergh undertook to completely rewrite it himself "painstakingly in longhand" using MacDonald's manuscript as a template.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Lindbergh accomplished that daunting task in less than three weeks working in solitude while a guest of businessman, philanthropist, and aviation promoter Harry Frank Guggenheim at Falaise, his sprawling waterfront mansion at Sands Point, Long Island. "The noted young aviator has excited real admiration in the way he refuses to hurry publication of his story," the Times noted in reporting the unexpected delay in the publication of the book. "

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Had he been willing to dash off a careless job, he might have taken advantage of his wonderful notoriety and made a lot of money quickly. Instead, he insists that the book shall be the most accurate and perfect account of his life, his transatlantic flight and his experience after he reached Paris, that he can possibly put together. When his publisher urged him to hurry, his response was a new mass of hand-written manuscript so clear and so precise that the publishers felt reproved for their importunity."

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Lindbergh worked most of every day "writing in blue ink with a fountain pen on plain eight-by-ten-inch white bond in his largest, most readable script", counting his output by running the total at the top of each page to assure meeting his contract to produce at least 40,000 words. In less than three weeks Lindbergh delivered the last of his pages to Fitzhugh Green at just under the agreed length.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] "WE" was officially published little more than a week later on July 27 and within six weeks it had sold over 190,000 copies at $2.50 apiece while a special limited edition of 1,000 numbered autographed copies also sold out quickly at $25 each. Soon translated into most major world languages, "WE" remained at the top of best-seller lists well into 1928. With dozens of printings and more than 650,000 copies sold in the first year, "WE" earned Lindbergh more than $250,000 in royalties.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] The book's great commercial success was considerably aided by its publication coinciding with the start of his three-month tour of the United States in the Spirit on behalf of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. The nation became obsessed with Lindbergh during the tour in which he was seen in person by more than 30 million Americans, a quarter of the nation's then population.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] No other author before or since ever had such an extensive, highly publicized tour that helped promote a book than did Lindbergh's "We" of himself and the Spirit during their 22,350-mile, July 20 to October 23, 1927 tour of the U.S., visiting 82 cities in all 48 states during which the nation's nascent aviation superhero delivered 147 speeches and rode 1,290 mi (2,080 km) in parades.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] US Ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick, Lindbergh's host in Paris, contributed an impassioned foreword to "WE". " Flying was his trade, his means of livelihood," Herrick wrote. " But the love of it burned in him with fine passion, and now that his fame will give him a wider scope of usefulness, he has announced that he will devote himself wholeheartedly to the advancement of aeronautics.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] His first step in that direction is the publishing of this book and no one can doubt that its influence will be of enormous value in pushing on man's conquest of the air. It will be idle for me or any one else to estimate now what these results will be.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] But America vibrates with glowing pride at the thought that out from our country has come this fresh spirit of the air and that the whole world hails Lindbergh not only as a brave aviator but as an example of American idealism, character and conduct." In addition to Herrick's foreword, also included as an appendix is an 85-page essay by editor Green entitled A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh describing the post-flight welcomes in Paris, Brussels, London, Washington, New York and St. Louis.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] While the precipitating event for the publication of "WE" was the solo non-stop flight from New York to Paris, Lindbergh's account of this takes up only 18 pages (pp.  213–230) in the book which is mostly about his life before May 20, 1927. It would not be until Lindbergh wrote his Pulitzer Prize winning The Spirit of St. Louis a quarter-of-a-century later in 1953 that he provided a first hand book length account of the flight itself.

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Reviews for the book were generally positive although expressed disappointment that so little of the text provided an account of the preparation for and the flight to Paris itself. " Now that Lindbergh has spoken, we inquisitors are apt to be disappointed, at least upon superficial reading of his story," noted Horace Green in his review of "WE" in the New York Times in which he nonetheless applauded Lindbergh's meticulous attention to detail. "

"WE" (1927 book) [SEP] Where is the 'inside' story that 50,000 advance buyers of the volume have been led to expect? There is none. And on second thought it is apparent that if the recital was to be in any degree a real Lindbergh product there could be no inside story. The young flying Colonel, as his friends know, has no Imagination in the personal sense, but great Imagination in the mechanical sense. His mind works without embroidery. He thinks and speaks in condensed terms suitable to his purpose.