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[ "Bust of Émile Duployé", "", "" ]

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[ "Émile Duployé was a French clergyman, born in 1833 in Liesse-Notre-Dame (Aisne) and died in 1912 in Saint-Maur-des-Fosses (now in Val-de-Marne).\nHe is the author of the Duployan shorthand technique which was widely used in France in the early twentieth century.\nHe wrote a series of books on this subject, whose first edition was named Stenography-Duployé, writing easier, faster and more readable than any other, which applies to all languages (published in Lyon in 1860).", "Catholic Church in France", "" ]

[ "Émile Duployé", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "Émile Durand\n(1830–1903)" ]

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[ "Émile Durand (French: [emil dyʁɑ̃]; 16 February 1830 – 7 May 1903) was a French musical theorist, teacher and composer. He was better known for his theoretical writings than for his compositions.", "Émile Durand was born in 1830, at Saint-Brieuc, Côtes-d'Armor, in the Brittany region of France, and moved south with his family to Montpellier when he was 12 years old. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1845 at age 15, in the class of Napoléon Alkan (brother of Charles-Valentin Alkan). François Bazin and Fromental Halévy were among his other noteworthy teachers. In 1853, he won the second Grand Prix de Rome with his cantata Le Rocher d'Appenzell.\nHe joined the conservatoire as a teacher of music theory and harmony, succeeding his own teacher Bazin in 1871. His pupils includes Gabriel Pierné, Claude Debussy, Camille Erlanger and Arthur Goring Thomas. See: List of music students by teacher: C to F#Émile Durand.\nDurand favored writing popular songs (chansons) and art songs (mélodies), although he also produced a few lighter works for stage early in his career, including the opéra comique L'Elixir de Cormelius in 1868, and the operetta L'Astronome de Pont-Neuf in 1869.\nHe remained attached to the region of his birth throughout his life. As a member of cultural and social groups such as \"The Bretons de Paris,\" also called \"La Pomme\", he participated in their Celtic dinners, cultural and musical celebrations. The influence of his musical colleagues Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray, Guy Ropartz, and Louis Tiercelin, members of the Breton Renaissance Movement, is particularly evident in his Chants d'Armorique composed in 1889.\nAt the request of the publisher Leduc, Durand spent the last twenty years of his life writing his major theoretical works for which he is best remembered: Traité d'harmonie théorique et pratique (1881), Traité d'accompagnement pratique au piano (1884) and Traité de composition musicale (1899).\nÉmile Durand died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine on 6 or 7 May 1903, and he was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.", "L'Elixir de Cormelius, Opéra comique, 1868 (libretto by Henri Meilhac and Arthur Delavigne, f.p. Fantaisies Parisiennes, 3 February 1868)\nL'Astronome de Pont-Neuf, pochade musicale, 1869 (libretto by Jules Moinaux, f.p. Variétés, 18 February 1869)\nSourires de Bretagne, fantaisie for oboe, violin, and clarinet, 1888\nnumerous songs, including the well-known composition Comme à vingt ans (1858), sung by Théodore Botrel\nworks for piano.", "Treatises on music theory and harmony:\nTraité d’harmonie théorique et pratique, 1881\nTraité d’accompagnement pratique au piano, 1884\nTraité de composition musicale, 1899\nSolfège élémentaire\nSolfège melodique\nTraite de transposition", "Amis et Passionnes de Pere-Lachaise, DURAND, Emile (1830-1903)\nCentre de documentation Claude Debussy\nAnswers.com, Emile Durand", "Free scores by Émile Durand at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)" ]

[ "Émile Durand", "Biography", "Selected compositions", "Selected writings", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "A collection of Durkheim's courses on the origins of socialism (1896), edited and published by his nephew, Marcel Mauss, in 1928", "Grave of Émile Durkheim, the founder of sociology, in Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris, France.", "Cover of the French edition of The Rules of Sociological Method (1919)", "Cover of the French edition of The Division of Labour in Society", "" ]

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[ "David Émile Durkheim (French: [emil dyʁkɛm] or [dyʁkajm]; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science, along with both Karl Marx and Max Weber.\nMuch of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies can maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity, an era in which traditional social and religious ties are much less universal, and in which new social institutions have come into being. Durkheim's conception of the scientific study of society laid the groundwork for modern sociology, and he used such scientific tools as statistics, surveys, and historical observation in his analysis of suicides in Catholic and Protestant groups. His first major sociological work was De la division du travail social (1893; The Division of Labour in Society), followed in 1895 by Les Règles de la méthode sociologique (The Rules of Sociological Method), the same year in which Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology and became France's first professor of sociology. Durkheim's seminal monograph, Le Suicide (1897), a study of suicide rates in Catholic and Protestant populations, especially pioneered modern social research, serving to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. The following year, in 1898, he established the journal L'Année Sociologique. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912; The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life) presented a theory of religion, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern societies.\nDurkheim was deeply preoccupied with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science. He refined the positivism originally set forth by Auguste Comte, promoting what could be considered as a form of epistemological realism, as well as the use of the hypothetico-deductive model in social science. For Durkheim, sociology was the science of institutions, understanding the term in its broader meaning as the \"beliefs and modes of behaviour instituted by the collectivity,\" with its aim being to discover structural social facts. As such, Durkheim was a major proponent of structural functionalism, a foundational perspective in both sociology and anthropology. In his view, social science should be purely holistic in the sense that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the study of specific actions of individuals.\nHe remained a dominant force in French intellectual life until his death in 1917, presenting numerous lectures and published works on a variety of topics, including the sociology of knowledge, morality, social stratification, religion, law, education, and deviance. Some terms that he coined, such as \"collective consciousness\", are now also used by laypeople.", "", "David Émile Durkheim was born 15 April 1858 in Épinal, Lorraine, France, to Mélanie (Isidor) and Moïse Durkheim, coming into a long lineage of devout French Jews. As his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had all been rabbis, young Durkheim began his education in a rabbinical school. However, at an early age, he switched schools, deciding not to follow in his family's footsteps. In fact, Durkheim led a completely secular life, whereby much of his work was dedicated to demonstrating that religious phenomena stemmed from social rather than divine factors. Despite this fact, Durkheim did not sever ties with his family or with the Jewish community. Actually, many of his most prominent collaborators and students were Jewish, some even being blood-related. Marcel Mauss, a notable social anthropologist of the prewar era, for instance, was his nephew.", "A precocious student, Durkheim entered the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in 1879, at his third attempt. The entering class that year was one of the most brilliant of the nineteenth century, as many of his classmates, such as Jean Jaurès and Henri Bergson, went on to become major figures in France's intellectual history as well. At the ENS, Durkheim studied under the direction of Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, a classicist with a social-scientific outlook, and wrote his Latin dissertation on Montesquieu. At the same time, he read Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, whereby Durkheim became interested in a scientific approach to society very early on in his career. This meant the first of many conflicts with the French academic system, which had no social science curriculum at the time. Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, turning his attention from psychology and philosophy to ethics and, eventually, sociology. He obtained his agrégation in philosophy in 1882, though finishing next to last in his graduating class owing to serious illness the year before.\nThe opportunity for Durkheim to receive a major academic appointment in Paris was inhibited by his approach to society. From 1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several provincial schools. In 1885 he decided to leave for Germany, where for two years he studied sociology at the universities of Marburg, Berlin and Leipzig. As Durkheim indicated in several essays, it was in Leipzig that he learned to appreciate the value of empiricism and its language of concrete, complex things, in sharp contrast to the more abstract, clear and simple ideas of the Cartesian method. By 1886, as part of his doctoral dissertation, he had completed the draft of his The Division of Labour in Society, and was working towards establishing the new science of sociology.", "Durkheim's period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy; Durkheim was particularly impressed by the work of Wilhelm Wundt. Durkheim's articles gained recognition in France, and he received a teaching appointment in the University of Bordeaux in 1887, where he was to teach the university's first social science course. His official title was Chargé d'un Cours de Science Sociale et de Pédagogie, thus he taught both pedagogy and sociology (the latter having never been taught in France before). The appointment of the social scientist to the mostly humanistic faculty was an important sign of changing times and the growing importance and recognition of the social sciences. From this position Durkheim helped reform the French school system, introducing the study of social science in its curriculum. However, his controversial beliefs that religion and morality could be explained in terms purely of social interaction earned him many critics.\nAlso in 1887, Durkheim married Louise Dreyfus. They had two children, Marie and André.\nThe 1890s were a period of remarkable creative output for Durkheim. In 1893, he published The Division of Labour in Society, his doctoral dissertation and fundamental statement of the nature of human society and its development. Durkheim's interest in social phenomena was spurred on by politics. France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War led to the fall of the regime of Napoleon III, which was then replaced by the Third Republic. This in turn resulted in a backlash against the new secular and republican rule, as many people considered a vigorously nationalistic approach necessary to rejuvenate France's fading power. Durkheim, a Jew and a staunch supporter of the Third Republic with a sympathy towards socialism, was thus in the political minority, a situation that galvanized him politically. The Dreyfus affair of 1894 only strengthened his activist stance.\nIn 1895, he published The Rules of Sociological Method, a manifesto stating what sociology is and how it ought to be done, and founded the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux. In 1898, he founded L'Année Sociologique, the first French social science journal. Its aim was to publish and publicize the work of what was, by then, a growing number of students and collaborators (this is also the name used to refer to the group of students who developed his sociological program). In 1897, he published Suicide, a case study that provided an example of what a sociological monograph might look like. Durkheim was one of the pioneers of the use of quantitative methods in criminology, which he used in his study of suicide.\nBy 1902, Durkheim had finally achieved his goal of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the chair of education at the Sorbonne. Durkheim had aimed for the position earlier, but the Parisian faculty took longer to accept what some called \"sociological imperialism\" and admit social science to their curriculum. He became a full professor (specifically, Professor of the Science of Education) there in 1906, and in 1913 he was named chair in \"Education and Sociology\". Because French universities are technically institutions for training secondary school teachers, this position gave Durkheim considerable influence—his lectures were the only ones that were mandatory for the entire student body. Durkheim had much influence over the new generation of teachers; around that time he also served as an advisor to the Ministry of Education. In 1912, he published his last major work, The Elementary Forms of The Religious Life.", "The outbreak of World War I was to have a tragic effect on Durkheim's life. His leftism was always patriotic rather than internationalist, in that he sought a secular, rational form of French life. However, the onset of the war, and the inevitable nationalist propaganda that followed, made it difficult to sustain this already nuanced position. While Durkheim actively worked to support his country in the war, his reluctance to give in to simplistic nationalist fervor (combined with his Jewish background) made him a natural target of the now-ascendant French Right. Even more seriously, the generations of students that Durkheim had trained were now being drafted to serve in the army, many of them perishing in the trenches.\nFinally, Durkheim's own son, André, died on the war front in December 1915—a loss from which Durkheim never recovered. Emotionally devastated, Durkheim collapsed of a stroke in Paris on 15 November, two years later in 1917. He was buried at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.", "In The Rules of Sociological Method (1895), Durkheim expressed his will to establish a method that would guarantee sociology's truly scientific character. One of the questions raised concerns the objectivity of the sociologist: how may one study an object that, from the very beginning, conditions and relates to the observer? According to Durkheim, observation must be as impartial and impersonal as possible, even though a \"perfectly objective observation\" in this sense may never be attained. A social fact must always be studied according to its relation with other social facts, never according to the individual who studies it. Sociology should therefore privilege comparison rather than the study of singular independent facts.\nDurkheim sought to create one of the first rigorous scientific approaches to social phenomena. Along with Herbert Spencer, he was one of the first people to explain the existence and quality of different parts of a society by reference to what function they served in maintaining the quotidian (i.e. by how they make society \"work\"). He also agreed with Spencer's organic analogy, comparing society to a living organism. Thus his work is sometimes seen as a precursor to functionalism. Durkheim also insisted that society was more than the sum of its parts.\nUnlike his contemporaries Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber, he did not focus on what motivates the actions of individuals (an approach associated with methodological individualism), but rather on the study of social facts.", "During his university studies at the ENS, Durkheim was influenced by two neo-Kantian scholars: Charles Bernard Renouvier and Émile Boutroux. The principles Durkheim absorbed from them included rationalism, scientific study of morality, anti-utilitarianism, and secular education. His methodology was influenced by Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, a supporter of the scientific method.", "A fundamental influence on Durkheim's thought was the sociological positivism of Auguste Comte, who effectively sought to extend and apply the scientific method found in the natural sciences to the social sciences. According to Comte, a true social science should stress empirical facts, as well as induce general scientific laws from the relationship among these facts. There were many points on which Durkheim agreed with the positivist thesis:\nFirst, he accepted that the study of society was to be founded on an examination of facts.\nSecond, like Comte, he acknowledged that the only valid guide to objective knowledge was the scientific method.\nThird, he agreed with Comte that the social sciences could become scientific only when they were stripped of their metaphysical abstractions and philosophical speculation. At the same time, Durkheim believed that Comte was still too philosophical in his outlook.", "A second influence on Durkheim's view of society beyond Comte's positivism was the epistemological outlook called social realism. Although he never explicitly espoused it, Durkheim adopted a realist perspective in order to demonstrate the existence of social realities outside the individual and to show that these realities existed in the form of the objective relations of society. As an epistemology of science, realism can be defined as a perspective that takes as its central point of departure the view that external social realities exist in the outer world and that these realities are independent of the individual's perception of them.\nThis view opposes other predominant philosophical perspectives such as empiricism and positivism. Empiricists, like David Hume, had argued that all realities in the outside world are products of human sense perception, thus all realities are merely perceived: they do not exist independently of our perceptions, and have no causal power in themselves. Comte's positivism went a step further by claiming that scientific laws could be deduced from empirical observations. Going beyond this, Durkheim claimed that sociology would not only discover \"apparent\" laws, but would be able to discover the inherent nature of society.", "Scholars also debate the exact influence of Jewish thought on Durkheim's work. The answer remains uncertain; some scholars have argued that Durkheim's thought is a form of secularized Jewish thought, while others argue that proving the existence of a direct influence of Jewish thought on Durkheim's achievements is difficult or impossible.", "Throughout his career, Durkheim was concerned primarily with three goals. First, to establish sociology as a new academic discipline. Second, to analyse how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed. To that end he wrote much about the effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on society and social integration. Lastly, Durkheim was concerned with the practical implications of scientific knowledge. The importance of social integration is expressed throughout Durkheim's work:\nFor if society lacks the unity that derives from the fact that the relationships between its parts are exactly regulated, that unity resulting from the harmonious articulation of its various functions assured by effective discipline and if, in addition, society lacks the unity based upon the commitment of men's wills to a common objective, then it is no more than a pile of sand that the least jolt or the slightest puff will suffice to scatter.\n— Moral Education (1925)", "Durkheim authored some of the most programmatic statements on what sociology is and how it should be practiced. His concern was to establish sociology as a science. Arguing for a place for sociology among other sciences, he wrote, \"sociology is, then, not an auxiliary of any other science; it is itself a distinct and autonomous science.\"\nTo give sociology a place in the academic world and to ensure that it is a legitimate science, it must have an object that is clear and distinct from philosophy or psychology, and its own methodology. He argued that \"there is in every society a certain group of phenomena which may be differentiated from those studied by the other natural sciences.\"\nIn the Tarde-Durkeim debate of 1903, the \"anthropological view\" of Gabriel Tarde was ridiculed and hastily dismissed.\nA fundamental aim of sociology is to discover structural \"social facts\". The establishment of sociology as an independent, recognized academic discipline is among Durkheim's largest and most lasting legacies. Within sociology, his work has significantly influenced structuralism or structural functionalism.", "A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or again, every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations.\n— The Rules of Sociological Method\nDurkheim's work revolved around the study of social facts, a term he coined to describe phenomena that have an existence in and of themselves, are not bound to the actions of individuals, but have a coercive influence upon them. Durkheim argued that social facts have, sui generis, an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that compose society. Only such social facts can explain the observed social phenomena. Being exterior to the individual person, social facts may thus also exercise coercive power on the various people composing society, as it can sometimes be observed in the case of formal laws and regulations, but also in situations implying the presence of informal rules, such as religious rituals or family norms. Unlike the facts studied in natural sciences, a social fact thus refers to a specific category of phenomena: \"the determining cause of a social fact must be sought among the antecedent social facts and not among the states of the individual consciousness.\"\nSuch facts are endowed with a power of coercion, by reason of which they may control individual behaviors. According to Durkheim, these phenomena cannot be reduced to biological or psychological grounds. Social facts can be material (i.e. physical objects ) or immaterial (i.e. meanings, sentiments, etc.). Though the latter cannot be seen or touched, they are external and coercive, thus becoming real and gaining \"facticity\". Physical objects, too, can represent both material and immaterial social facts. For example, a flag is a physical social fact that is often ingrained with various immaterial social facts (e.g. its meaning and importance).\nMany social facts, however, have no material form. Even the most \"individualistic\" or \"subjective\" phenomena, such as love, freedom, or suicide, were regarded by Durkheim as objective social facts. Individuals composing society do not directly cause suicide: suicide, as a social fact, exists independently in society, and is caused by other social facts—such as rules governing behavior and group attachment—whether an individual likes it or not. Whether a person \"leaves\" a society does not alter the fact that this society will still contain suicides. Suicide, like other immaterial social facts, exists independently of the will of an individual, cannot be eliminated, and is as influential—coercive—as physical laws like gravity. Sociology's task therefore consists of discovering the qualities and characteristics of such social facts, which can be discovered through a quantitative or experimental approach (Durkheim extensively relied on statistics).", "Regarding the society itself, like social institutions in general, Durkheim saw it as a set of social facts. Even more than \"what society is,\" Durkheim was interested in answering \"how is a society created\" and \"what holds a society together.\" In The Division of Labour in Society, Durkheim attempts to answer the latter question.", "Durkheim assumes that humans are inherently egoistic, while \"collective consciousness\" (i.e. norms, beliefs, and values) forms the moral basis of the society, resulting in social integration. Collective consciousness is therefore of key importance to the society; its requisite function without which the society cannot survive. This consciousness produces the society and holds it together, while, at the same time, individuals produce collective consciousness through their interactions. Through collective consciousness human beings become aware of one another as social beings, not just animals.\nThe totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of a society forms a determinate system with a life of its own. It can be termed the collective or common consciousness.\nIn particular, the emotional part of the collective consciousness overrides our egoism: as we are emotionally bound to culture, we act socially because we recognize it is the responsible, moral way to act. A key to forming society is social interaction, and Durkheim believes that human beings, when in a group, will inevitably act in such a way that a society is formed.", "Groups, when interacting, create their own culture and attach powerful emotions to it, thus making culture another key social fact. Durkheim was one of the first scholars to consider the question of culture so intensely. Durkheim was interested in cultural diversity, and how the existence of diversity nonetheless fails to destroy a society. To that, Durkheim answered that any apparent cultural diversity is overridden by a larger, common, and more generalized cultural system, and the law.\nIn a socio-evolutionary approach, Durkheim described the evolution of societies from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity (one rising from mutual need). As the societies become more complex, evolving from mechanical to organic solidarity, the division of labour is counteracting and replacing to collective consciousness. In the simpler societies, people are connected to others due to personal ties and traditions; in the larger, modern society they are connected due to increased reliance on others with regard to them performing their specialized tasks needed for the modern, highly complex society to survive. In mechanical solidarity, people are self-sufficient, there is little integration and thus there is the need for use of force and repression to keep society together. Also, in such societies, people have much fewer options in life. In organic solidarity, people are much more integrated and interdependent and specialization and cooperation is extensive. Progress from mechanical to organic solidarity is based first on population growth and increasing population density, second on increasing \"morality density\" (development of more complex social interactions) and thirdly, on the increasing specialization in workplace. One of the ways mechanical and organic societies differ is the function of law: in mechanical society the law is focused on its punitive aspect, and aims to reinforce the cohesion of the community, often by making the punishment public and extreme; whereas in the organic society the law focuses on repairing the damage done and is more focused on individuals than the community.\n\nOne of the main features of the modern, organic society is the importance, sacredness even, given to the concept—social fact—of the individual. The individual, rather than the collective, becomes the focus of rights and responsibilities, the center of public and private rituals holding the society together—a function once performed by the religion. To stress the importance of this concept, Durkheim talked of the \"cult of the individual\":\nThus very far from there being the antagonism between the individual and society which is often claimed, moral individualism, the cult of the individual, is in fact the product of society itself. It is society that instituted it and made of man the god whose servant it is.\nDurkheim saw the population density and growth as key factors in the evolution of the societies and advent of modernity. As the number of people in a given area increase, so does the number of interactions, and the society becomes more complex. Growing competition between the more numerous people also leads to further division of labour. In time, the importance of the state, the law and the individual increases, while that of the religion and moral solidarity decreases.\nIn another example of evolution of culture, Durkheim pointed to fashion, although in this case he noted a more cyclical phenomenon. According to Durkheim, fashion serves to differentiate between lower classes and upper classes, but because lower classes want to look like the upper classes, they will eventually adapt the upper class fashion, depreciating it, and forcing the upper class to adopt a new fashion.", "As the society, Durkheim noted there are several possible pathologies that could lead to a breakdown of social integration and disintegration of the society: the two most important ones are anomie and forced division of labour; lesser ones include the lack of coordination and suicide. To Durkheim, anomie refers to a lack of social norms; where too rapid of population growth reduces the amount of interaction between various groups, which in turn leads to a breakdown of understanding (i.e. norms, values, etc.). Forced division of labour, on the other hand, refers to a situation in which those who hold power, driven by their desire for profit (greed), results in people doing work that they are unsuited for. Such people are unhappy, and their desire to change the system can destabilize the society.\n\nDurkheim's views on crime were a departure from conventional notions. He believed that crime is \"bound up with the fundamental conditions of all social life\" and serves a social function. He states that crime implies \"not only that the way remains open to necessary changes but that in certain cases it directly prepares these changes.\" Examining the trial of Socrates, he argues that \"his crime, namely, the independence of his thought, rendered a service not only to humanity but to his country\" as \"it served to prepare a new morality and faith that the Athenians needed.\" As such, his crime \"was a useful prelude to reforms.\" In this sense, he saw crime as being able to release certain social tensions and so have a cleansing or purging effect in society. \n\nThe authority which the moral conscience enjoys must not be excessive; otherwise, no-one would dare to criticize it, and it would too easily congeal into an immutable form. To make progress, individual originality must be able to express itself…[even] the originality of the criminal…shall also be possible.", "Durkheim thought deviance to be an essential component of a functional society. He believed that deviance had three possible effects on society:\nDeviance challenges the perspective and thoughts of the general population, leading to social change by pointing out a flaw in society.\nDeviant acts may support existing social norms and beliefs by evoking the population to discipline the actors.\nReactions to deviant activity could increase camaraderie and social support among the population affected by the activity.\nDurkheim's thoughts on deviance contributed to Robert Merton's Strain Theory.", "In Suicide (1897), Durkheim explores the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics, arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. According to Durkheim, Catholic society has normal levels of integration while Protestant society has low levels. Overall, Durkheim treated suicide as a social fact, explaining variations in its rate on a macro level, considering society-scale phenomena such as lack of connections between people (group attachment) and lack of regulations of behavior, rather than individuals' feelings and motivations.\nDurkheim believed there was more to suicide than extremely personal individual life circumstances: for example, a loss of a job, divorce, or bankruptcy. Instead, he took suicide and explained it as a social fact instead of a result of one's circumstances. Durkheim believed that suicide was an instance of social deviance. Social deviance being any transgression of socially established norms.\nHe created a normative theory of suicide focusing on the conditions of group life. Proposing four different types of suicide, which include egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic, Durkheim began his theory by plotting social regulation on the x-axis of his chart, and social integration on the y-axis:\nEgoistic suicide corresponds to a low level of social integration. When one is not well integrated into a social group it can lead to a feeling that they have not made a difference in anyone's lives.\nAltruistic suicide corresponds to too much social integration. This occurs when a group dominates the life of an individual to a degree where they feel meaningless to society.\nAnomic suicide occurs when one has an insufficient amount of social regulation. This stems from the sociological term anomie, meaning a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises from the inability to reasonably expect life to be predictable.\nFatalistic suicide results from too much social regulation. An example of this would be when one follows the same routine day after day. This leads to a belief that there is nothing good to look forward to. Durkheim suggested this was the most popular form of suicide for prisoners.\nThis study has been extensively discussed by later scholars and several major criticisms have emerged. First, Durkheim took most of his data from earlier researchers, notably Adolph Wagner and Henry Morselli, who were much more careful in generalizing from their own data. Second, later researchers found that the Protestant–Catholic differences in suicide seemed to be limited to German-speaking Europe and thus may have always been the spurious reflection of other factors. Durkheim's study of suicide has been criticized as an example of the logical error termed the ecological fallacy. However, diverging views have contested whether Durkheim's work really contained an ecological fallacy. More recent authors such as Berk (2006) have also questioned the micro–macro relations underlying Durkheim's work. Some, such as Inkeles (1959), Johnson (1965), and Gibbs (1968), have claimed that Durkheim's only intent was to explain suicide sociologically within a holistic perspective, emphasizing that \"he intended his theory to explain variation among social environments in the incidence of suicide, not the suicides of particular individuals.\"\nDespite its limitations, Durkheim's work on suicide has influenced proponents of control theory, and is often mentioned as a classic sociological study. The book pioneered modern social research and served to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy.", "In The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912), Durkheim's first purpose was to identify the social origin and function of religion as he felt that religion was a source of camaraderie and solidarity. His second purpose was to identify links between certain religions in different cultures, finding a common denominator. He wanted to understand the empirical, social aspect of religion that is common to all religions and goes beyond the concepts of spirituality and God.\n\nDurkheim defined religion as: \n\"a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, i.e., things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite in one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them.\"\nIn this definition, Durkheim avoids references to supernatural or God. Durkheim argued that the concept of supernatural is relatively new, tied to the development of science and separation of supernatural—that which cannot be rationally explained—from natural, that which can. Thus, according to Durkheim, for early humans, everything was supernatural. Similarly, he points out that religions that give little importance to the concept of god exist, such as Buddhism, where the Four Noble Truths are much more important than any individual deity. With that, Durkheim argues, we are left with the following three concepts:\nThe sacred: ideas and sentiments kindled by the spectacle of society and which inspire awe, spiritual devotion or respect;\nThe beliefs & practices: creating an emotional state of collective effervescence, investing symbols with sacred importance;\nThe moral community: a group of people sharing a common moral philosophy.\n\nOut of those three concepts, Durkheim focused on the sacred, noting that it is at the very core of a religion:\nThey are only collective forces hypostasized, that is to say, moral forces; they are made up of the ideas and sentiments awakened in us by the spectacle of society, and not of sensations coming from the physical world.\nDurkheim saw religion as the most fundamental social institution of humankind, and one that gave rise to other social forms. It was the religion that gave humanity the strongest sense of collective consciousness. Durkheim saw the religion as a force that emerged in the early hunter and gatherer societies, as the emotions collective effervescence run high in the growing groups, forcing them to act in a new ways, and giving them a sense of some hidden force driving them. Over time, as emotions became symbolized and interactions ritualized, religion became more organized, giving a rise to the division between the sacred and the profane. However, Durkheim also believed that religion was becoming less important, as it was being gradually superseded by science and the cult of an individual.\nThus there is something eternal in religion which is destined to survive all the particular symbols in which religious thought has successively enveloped itself.\nHowever, even if the religion was losing its importance for Durkheim, it still laid the foundation of modern society and the interactions that governed it. And despite the advent of alternative forces, Durkheim argued that no replacement for the force of religion had yet been created. He expressed his doubt about modernity, seeing the modern times as \"a period of transition and moral mediocrity.\"\nDurkheim also argued that our primary categories for understanding the world have their origins in religion. It is religion, Durkheim writes, that gave rise to most if not all other social constructs, including the larger society. Durkheim argued that categories are produced by the society, and thus are collective creations. Thus as people create societies, they also create categories, but at the same time, they do so unconsciously, and the categories are prior to any individual's experience. In this way Durkheim attempted to bridge the divide between seeing categories as constructed out of human experience and as logically prior to that experience. Our understanding of the world is shaped by social facts; for example the notion of time is defined by being measured through a calendar, which in turn was created to allow us to keep track of our social gatherings and rituals; those in turn on their most basic level originated from religion. In the end, even the most logical and rational pursuit of science can trace its origins to religion. Durkheim states that, \"Religion gave birth to all that is essential in the society.\n\nIn his work, Durkheim focused on totemism, the religion of the Aboriginal Australians and Native Americans. Durkheim saw this religion as the most ancient religion, and focused on it as he believed its simplicity would ease the discussion of the essential elements of religion. As such, he wrote:\nNow the totem is the flag of the clan. It is therefore natural that the impressions aroused by the clan in individual minds—impressions of dependence and of increased vitality—should fix themselves to the idea of the totem rather than that of the clan: for the clan is too complex a reality to be represented clearly in all its complex unity by such rudimentary intelligences.\nDurkheim's work on religion was criticized on both empirical and theoretical grounds by specialists in the field. The most important critique came from Durkheim's contemporary, Arnold van Gennep, an expert on religion and ritual, and also on Australian belief systems. Van Gennep argued that Durkheim's views of primitive peoples and simple societies were \"entirely erroneous\". Van Gennep further argued that Durkheim demonstrated a lack of critical stance towards his sources, collected by traders and priests, naively accepting their veracity, and that Durkheim interpreted freely from dubious data. At the conceptual level, van Gennep pointed out Durkheim's tendency to press ethnography into a prefabricated theoretical scheme.\nDespite such critiques, Durkheim's work on religion has been widely praised for its theoretical insight and whose arguments and propositions, according to Robert Alun Jones, \"have stimulated the interest and excitement of several generations of sociologists irrespective of theoretical 'school' or field of specialization.\"", "While Durkheim's work deals with a number of subjects, including suicide, the family, social structures, and social institutions, a large part of his work deals with the sociology of knowledge.\nWhile publishing short articles on the subject earlier in his career, Durkheim's definitive statement concerning the sociology of knowledge comes in his 1912 magnum opus, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. This book has as its goal not only the elucidation of the social origins and function of religion, but also the social origins and impact of society on language and logical thought. Durkheim worked largely out of a Kantian framework and sought to understand how the concepts and categories of logical thought could arise out of social life. He argued, for example, that the categories of space and time were not a priori. Rather, the category of space depends on a society's social grouping and geographical use of space, and a group's social rhythm that determines our understanding of time. In this Durkheim sought to combine elements of rationalism and empiricism, arguing that certain aspects of logical thought common to all humans did exist, but that they were products of collective life (thus contradicting the tabula rasa empiricist understanding whereby categories are acquired by individual experience alone), and that they were not universal a prioris (as Kant argued) since the content of the categories differed from society to society.", "Another key elements to Durkheim's theory of knowledge outlined in Elementary Forms is the concept of représentations collectives (\"collective representations\"). Représentations collectives are the symbols and images that come to represent the ideas, beliefs, and values elaborated by a collectivity and are not reducible to individual constituents. They can include words, slogans, ideas, or any number of material items that can serve as a symbol, such as a cross, a rock, a temple, a feather etc. As Durkheim elaborates, représentations collectives are created through intense social interaction and are products of collective activity. As such, these representations have the particular, and somewhat contradictory, aspect that they exist externally to the individual—since they are created and controlled not by the individual but by society as a whole—yet, simultaneously within each individual of the society, by virtue of that individual's participation within society.\n\nArguably the most important \"représentations collectives\" is language, which according to Durkheim is a product of collective action. And because language is a collective action, language contains within it a history of accumulated knowledge and experience that no individual would be capable of creating on their own:\nIf concepts were only general ideas, they would not enrich knowledge a great deal, for, as we have already pointed out, the general contains nothing more than the particular. But if before all else they are collective representations, they add to that which we can learn by our own personal experience all that wisdom and science which the group has accumulated in the course of centuries. Thinking by concepts, is not merely seeing reality on its most general side, but it is projecting a light upon the sensation which illuminates it, penetrates it and transforms it.\nAs such, language, as a social product, literally structures and shapes our experience of reality. This discursive approach to language and society was developed by later French philosophers, such as Michel Foucault.", "Durkheim defines morality as \"a system of rules for conduct.\" His analysis of morality is strongly marked by Immanuel Kant and his notion of duty. While Durkheim was influenced by Kant, he was highly critical of aspects of the latter's moral theory and developed his own positions.\nDurkheim agrees with Kant that within morality, there is an element of obligation, \"a moral authority which, by manifesting itself in certain precepts particularly important to it, confers upon [moral rules] an obligatory character.\" Morality tells us how to act from a position of superiority. There exists a certain, pre-established moral norm to which we must conform. It is through this view that Durkheim makes a first critique of Kant in saying that moral duties originate in society, and are not to be found in some universal moral concept such as the categorical imperative. Durkheim also argues that morality is characterized not just by this obligation, but is also something that is desired by the individual. The individual believes that by adhering to morality, they are serving the common Good, and for this reason, the individual submits voluntarily to the moral commandment.\nHowever, in order to accomplish its aims, morality must be legitimate in the eyes of those to whom it speaks. As Durkheim argues, this moral authority is primarily to be located in religion, which is why in any religion one finds a code of morality. For Durkheim, it is only society that has the resources, the respect, and the power to cultivate within an individual both the obligatory and the desirous aspects of morality.", "Durkheim has had an important impact on the development of anthropology and sociology as disciplines. The establishment of sociology as an independent, recognized academic discipline, in particular, is among Durkheim's largest and most lasting legacies. Within sociology, his work has significantly influenced structuralism, or structural functionalism. Scholars inspired by Durkheim include Marcel Mauss, Maurice Halbwachs, Célestin Bouglé, Gustave Belot, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Jean Piaget, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Ferdinand de Saussure, Michel Foucault, Clifford Geertz, Peter Berger, social reformer Patrick Hunout, and others.\nMore recently, Durkheim has influenced sociologists such as Steven Lukes, Robert N. Bellah, and Pierre Bourdieu. His description of collective consciousness also deeply influenced the Turkish nationalism of Ziya Gökalp, the founding father of Turkish sociology. Randall Collins has developed a theory of what he calls interaction ritual chains, a synthesis of Durkheim's work on religion with that of Erving Goffman's micro-sociology. Goffman himself was also deeply influenced by Durkheim in his development of the interaction order.\nOutside of sociology, Durkheim has influenced philosophers, including Henri Bergson and Emmanuel Levinas, and his ideas can be identified, inexplicitly, in the work of certain structuralist theorists of the 1960s, such as Alain Badiou, Louis Althusser, and Michel Foucault.", "Much of Durkheim's work remains unacknowledged in philosophy, despite its direct relevance. As proof, one can look to John Searle, whose book, The Construction of Social Reality, elaborates a theory of social facts and collective representations that Searle believed to be a landmark work that would bridge the gap between analytic and continental philosophy. Neil Gross, however, demonstrates how Searle's views on society are more or less a reconstitution of Durkheim's theories of social facts, social institutions, collective representations, and the like. Searle's ideas are thus open to the same criticisms as Durkheim's. Searle responded by arguing that Durkheim's work was worse than he had originally believed, and, admitting that he had not read much of Durkheim's work: \"Because Durkheim’s account seemed so impoverished I did not read any further in his work.\" Stephen Lukes, however, responded to Searle's reply to Gross, refuting, point by point, the allegations that Searle makes against Durkheim, essentially upholding the argument of Gross, that Searle's work bears great resemblance to that of Durkheim's. Lukes attributes Searle's miscomprehension of Durkheim's work to the fact that Searle, quite simply, never read Durkheim.", "Margaret Gilbert, a contemporary British philosopher of social phenomena, has offered a close, sympathetic reading of Durkheim's discussion of social facts in chapter 1 and the prefaces of The Rules of Sociological Method. In her 1989 book, On Social Facts—the title of which may represent an homage to Durkheim, alluding to his \"faits sociaux\"—Gilbert argues that some of his statements that may seem to be philosophically untenable are important and fruitful.", "\"Montesquieu's contributions to the formation of social science\" (1892)\nThe Division of Labour in Society (1893)\nThe Rules of Sociological Method (1895)\nOn the Normality of Crime (1895)\nSuicide (1897)\nThe Prohibition of Incest and its Origins (1897), in L'Année Sociologique 1:1–70\nSociology and its Scientific Domain (1900), translation of an Italian text entitled \"La sociologia e il suo dominio scientifico\"\nPrimitive Classification (1903), in collaboration with Marcel Mauss\nThe Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)\nWho Wanted War? (1914), in collaboration with Ernest Denis\nGermany Above All (1915)\nPublished posthumously\nEducation and Sociology (1922)\nSociology and Philosophy (1924)\nMoral Education (1925)\nSocialism (1928)\nPragmatism and Sociology (1955)", "Normlessness", "", "\"The first and most fundamental rule is: Consider social facts as things.\" (Durkheim 1895:14).\nCollins (1975), p. 539: \"Durkheim was the first to seriously use the comparative method correctly in the scientific sense.\"\nDurkheim (1960/1892), p. 9: \"Science cannot describe individuals, but only types. If human societies cannot be classified, they must remain inaccessible to scientific description.\"\nMeštrović (1993), p. 37: \"While Durkheim did not become a Rabbi, he may have transformed his father's philosophical and moral concerns into something new, his version of sociology.\"\nHassard (1995), p. 15: \"Suicide…is indeed the paradigm case of Durkheim's positivism: it remains the exemplar of the sociological application of statistics.\"\nDurkheim 1915, p. 322: \"They are not homogeneous with the visible things among which we place them. They may well take from these things the outward and material forms in which they are represented, but they owe none of their efficacy to them. They are not united by external bonds to the different supports upon which they alight; they have no roots there; according to an expression we have already used and which serves best for characterizing them, they are added to them. So there are no objects which are predestined to receive them, to the exclusion of all others; even the most insignificant and vulgar may do so; accidental circumstances decide which are the chosen ones.\"\nFor example, the essay De quelques formes primitives de classification (1902), written with Marcel Mauss.\nSee Durkheim (1912) p. 14–17, 19–22.\nBourdieu & Passeron (1967), pp. 167–68: \"For, speaking more generally, all the social sciences now live in the house of Durkheimism, unbeknownst to them, as it were, because they walked into it backwards.\"", "Wuthnow, Robert (2004). \"Trust as an Aspect of Social Structure\". In Alexander, Jeffrey C.; Marx, Gary T.; Williams, Christine L. (eds.). Self, Social Structure, and Beliefs: Explorations in Sociology. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-520-24137-4.\nMarchand, Jean Jose. 23 June 1974. \"Claude Lévi-Strauss : 3ème partie\" [interview]. Archives du XXème siècle. Montigny sur Aube: l'Institut national de l'audiovisuel (INA). Archived from the original 17 October 2012.\nCalhoun (2002), p. 107\nKim, Sung Ho (2007). \"Max Weber\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (24 August 2007 entry) http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ (Retrieved 17 February 2010)\nAllan (2005), p. 104\nDurkheim, Émile. 1982 [1901]. \"Preface to the Second Edition\". Pp. 34–47 in The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method, edited by S. Lukes, translated by W. D. Halls. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-907940-9. p. 45.\nDurkheim, Emile. 1993 [1893]. The Division of Labour in Society, translated by G. Simpson. New York: The Free Press. p. ix.\nJones, Robert Alun. 1986. \"Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work (1858-1917).\" Pp. 12–23 in Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications. – via The Durkheim Pages, University of Chicago.\nTiryakian, Edward A. For Durkheim: Essays in Historical and Cultural Sociology. London: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754671558. p. 21.\nPoggi, Gianfranco. 2000. Durkheim. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878087-8.\nCalhoun (2002), p. 103\nBottomore & Nisbet (1978), p. 8\nLukes (1985), p. 64\nCalhoun (2002), p. 104\nJones & Spiro (1995), p. 149\nCalhoun (2002), p. 105\nAllan (2005), p. 105\nPickering (2012), p. 11\nHayward (1960a)\nHayward (1960b)\nThompson (2002)\nDurkheim, Émile. 1960 [1892]. \"Montesquieu's Contribution to the Rise of Social Science.\" In Montesquieu and Rousseau: Forerunners of Sociology, translated by R. Manheim. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 9.\nMorrison (2006), p. 151\nMorrison (2006), p. 152\nStrenski (1997), pp. 1–2\nPickering (2001), p. 79\nAllan (2005), p. 102\nAllan (2005), p. 136\nDurkheim, Emile. 2011 [1925]. Moral Education, translated by E. K. Wilson and H. Schnurer. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. 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Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World. Pine Forge Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-4129-0572-5.\nAllan (2005), p. 109\nAllan (2005), p. 110\nAllan (2005), pp. 111, 127\nSztompka (2002), p. 500\nAllan (2005), p. 125\nAllan (2005), p. 137\nAllan (2005), p. 123\nAllan (2005), pp. 123–24\nAllan (2005), pp. 132–33\nDurkheim, Émile. 1974 [1953]. Sociology and Philosophy, translated by D. F. Pocock, with introduction by J. G. Peristiany. Toronto: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-908580-6. LCCN 74--19680.\nAllan (2005), pp. 125, 134\nAllan (2005), p. 134\nAllan (2005), p. 113\nAllan (2005), pp. 128, 130\nAllan (2005), p. 128, 129, 137\nAllan (2005), p. 129\nIntroduction to Sociology (2 ed.). OpenStax. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-947172-11-1. Retrieved 7 April 2018.\n\"7.2 Explaining Deviance.\" Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World. University of Minnesota Libraries (2016). 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New York: Basic Books. pp. 249–276.\nJohnson, Barclay D. (1965). \"Durkheim's one cause of suicide\". American Sociological Review. 30 (6): 875–886. doi:10.2307/2090966. JSTOR 2090966. PMID 5846308. S2CID 43242167.\nJones, Robert Alun; Spiro, Rand J. (1995). \"Contextualization, cognitive flexibility, and hypertext: the convergence of interpretive theory, cognitive psychology, and advanced information technologies\". In Susan Leigh Star (ed.). The Cultures of Computing. Sociological Review Monographs. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19282-4.\nLukes, Steven (1985). Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work, a Historical and Critical Study. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1283-5.\nLukes, Steven (2007). \"Searle versus Durkheim\". In Savas Tsohatzidis (ed.). Intentional Acts and Institutional Facts: Essays on John Searle's Social Ontology Theory. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 191–202. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6104-2_9. ISBN 978-1-4020-6103-5.\nMcKinnon, A. (2014). \"Elementary forms of the metaphorical life: tropes at work in Durkheim's theory of the religious\" (PDF). Journal of Classical Sociology. 14 (2): 203–221. doi:10.1177/1468795x13494130. hdl:2164/3284. S2CID 144074274.\nMeštrović, Stjepan (1993) [1988]. Émile Durkheim and the Reformation of Sociology. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-7867-9.\nMorrison, Ken (2006). Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social Thought (2nd ed.). London: SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-7055-2.\nNefes, Türkay Salim (2013). \"Ziya Gökalp's adaptation of Emile Durkheim's sociology in his formulation of the modern Turkish nation\". International Sociology. 28 (3): 335–350. doi:10.1177/0268580913479811. S2CID 143694790.\nPickering, W. S. F. (2001). \"The enigma of Durkheim's Jewishness\". Critical Assessments of Leading Sociologists. Vol. 1. In conjunction with the British Centre for Durkheimian Studies. Routledge. pp. 62–87. ISBN 978-0-4152-0561-0.\nPickering, W. S. F. (2012). \"Reflections on the death of Émile Durkheim\". In W. S. F. Pickering; Massimo Rosati (eds.). Suffering and Evil: The Durkheimian Legacy. Essays in Commemoration of the 90th Anniversary of Durkheim's Death (1st paperback ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 11–28. ISBN 978-0857456458.\nPoggi, Gianfranco (2000). Durkheim. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878087-8.\nPope, Whitney; Danigelis, Nick (1981). \"Sociology's \"one law\"\". Social Forces. 60 (2): 496–514. doi:10.1093/sf/60.2.495. JSTOR 2578447.\nPopolo, Damian (2011). A New Science of International Relations: Modernity, Complexity and the Kosovo Conflict. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4094-1226-7.\nSearle, John (2006). \"Durkheim versus Searle and the waves of thought: reply to Gross\". Anthropological Theory. 6 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1177/1463499606061735. S2CID 144144906.\nSelvin, Hanan C. (1965). \"Durkheim's Suicide: further thoughts on a methodological classic\". In Robert A. Nisbet (ed.). Émile Durkheim. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 113–136.\nStark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William Sims (1996). Religion, Deviance and Social Control. Routledge. ISBN 9780415915298.\nStrenski, Ivan (1997). Durkheim and the Jews of France. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77735-1.\nSztompka, Piotr (2002). Socjologia. Znak. ISBN 978-83-240-0218-4.\nThomassen, Bjørn (2012). \"Émile Durkheim between Gabriel Tarde and Arnold van Gennep: founding moments of sociology and anthropology\". Social Anthropology. 20 (3): 231–249. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2012.00204.x.\nThompson, Kenneth (2002). Émile Durkheim (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28530-8.\nvan Poppel, Frans; Day, Lincoln H. (1996). \"AtTest of Durkheim's theory of suicide – without committing the \"ecological fallacy\"\". American Sociological Review. 61 (3): 500–507. doi:10.2307/2096361. JSTOR 2096361.", "Bellah, Robert N. (ed.) (1973). Emile Durkheim: On Morality and Society, Selected Writings. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press (ISBN 978-0-226-17336-8).\nCotterrell, Roger (1999). Emile Durkheim: Law in a Moral Domain. Edinburgh University Press / Stanford University Press (ISBN 0-8047-3808-4, ISBN 978-0-8047-3808-8).\nCotterrell, Roger (ed.) (2010). Emile Durkheim: Justice, Morality and Politics. Ashgate (ISBN 978-0-7546-2711-1).\nDouglas, Jack D. (1973). The Social Meanings of Suicide. Princeton University Press (ISBN 978-0-691-02812-5).\nEitzen, Stanley D. and Maxine Baca Zinn (1997). Social Problems (11th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon (ISBN 0-205-54796-6).\nGiddens, Anthony (ed.) (1972). Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings. London: Cambridge University Press (ISBN 0-521-09712-6, ISBN 978-0-521-09712-3).\nGiddens, Anthony (ed.) (1986). Durkheim on Politics and the State. Cambridge: Polity Press (ISBN 0-7456-0131-6).\nHenslin, James M. (1996). Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon (ISBN 0-205-17480-9, ISBN 978-0-205-17480-5).\nJones, Susan Stedman (2001). Durkheim Reconsidered. Polity (ISBN 0-7456-1616-X, ISBN 978-0-7456-1616-2).\nLemert, Charles (2006). Durkheim's Ghosts: Cultural Logics and Social Things. Cambridge University Press (ISBN 0-521-84266-2, ISBN 978-0-521-84266-2).\nLeroux, Robert, Histoire et sociologie en France. De l'histoire-science à la sociologie durkheimienne, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1998.\nLockwood, David (1992). Solidarity and Schism: \"The Problem of Disorder\" in Durkheimian and Marxist Sociology. Oxford: Clarendon Press (ISBN 0-19-827717-2, ISBN 978-0-19-827717-0).\nMacionis, John J. (1991). Sociology (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-820358-X.\nOsipova, Elena (1989). \"Emile Durkheim's Sociology\". In Igor Kon (ed.). A History of Classical Sociology. Translated by H. Campbell Creighton. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 206–254. Archived from the original (DOC, DjVu) on 14 May 2011.\nPickering, W. S. F. (2000). Durkheim and Representations, Routledge (ISBN 0-415-19090-8).\nPickering, W. S. F. (ed.) (1979). Durkheim: Essays on Morals and Education, Routledge & Kegan Paul (ISBN 0-7100-0321-8).\nPickering, W. S. F. (ed.) (1975). Durkheim on Religion, Routledge & Kegan Paul (ISBN 0-7100-8108-1).\nSiegel, Larry J (2007). Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies (7th ed.) Wadsworth/Thomson Learning (ISBN 0-495-00572-X, ISBN 978-0-495-00572-8).\nTekiner, Deniz (2002). \"German Idealist Foundations of Durkheim's Sociology and Teleology of Knowledge\", Theory and Science, III, 1, Online publication.", "Resources related to research : BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology. \"Durkheim, Émile (1858-1917)\", Paris, 2015. (ISSN 2648-2770)\nWorks by Emile Durkheim at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Émile Durkheim at Internet Archive\nÉmile Durkheim at Curlie\nL'Ecoles des Hautes Etudes Internationales et Poltiques HEI-HEP\nThe Durkheim pages (University of Chicago)\nDD – Digital Durkheim\nBibliography on Durkheim (McMaster University)\nAnnotated bibliography on Durkheim and Religion (University of North Carolina) Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine\nReview material for studying Émile Durkheim\nInstitut Marcel Mauss à l'EHESS\n\"Émile Durkheim\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy." ]

[ "Émile Durkheim", "Biography", "Early life and heritage", "Education", "Academic career", "Death", "Methodology", "Inspirations", "Comte", "Realism", "Judaism", "Durkheim and theory", "Establishing sociology", "Social facts", "Society, collective consciousness, and culture", "Collective consciousness", "Culture", "Social pathology and crime", "Deviance", "Suicide", "Religion", "Sociology of knowledge", "Collective representations", "Morality", "Influence and legacy", "Durkheim contra Searle", "Gilbert pro Durkheim", "Selected works", "See also", "References", "Notes", "Citations", "Bibliography", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 4678, 4679, 4680, 4681, 4682 ]

[ 21824, 21825, 21826, 21827, 21828, 21829, 21830, 21831, 21832, 21833, 21834, 21835, 21836, 21837, 21838, 21839, 21840, 21841, 21842, 21843, 21844, 21845, 21846, 21847, 21848, 21849, 21850, 21851, 21852, 21853, 21854, 21855, 21856, 21857, 21858, 21859, 21860, 21861, 21862, 21863, 21864, 21865, 21866, 21867, 21868, 21869, 21870, 21871, 21872, 21873, 21874, 21875, 21876, 21877, 21878, 21879, 21880, 21881, 21882, 21883, 21884, 21885, 21886, 21887, 21888, 21889, 21890, 21891, 21892, 21893, 21894, 21895, 21896, 21897, 21898, 21899, 21900, 21901, 21902, 21903, 21904, 21905, 21906, 21907, 21908, 21909, 21910, 21911, 21912, 21913, 21914, 21915, 21916, 21917, 21918, 21919, 21920, 21921, 21922, 21923, 21924, 21925, 21926, 21927, 21928, 21929, 21930, 21931, 21932, 21933, 21934, 21935, 21936, 21937, 21938, 21939, 21940, 21941, 21942, 21943, 21944, 21945, 21946, 21947, 21948, 21949, 21950, 21951, 21952, 21953, 21954, 21955, 21956, 21957, 21958, 21959, 21960, 21961, 21962, 21963, 21964, 21965, 21966, 21967, 21968, 21969, 21970, 21971, 21972, 21973, 21974 ]

[ "Official portrait of Émile Eddé" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/%C3%89mile_Edd%C3%A9%27s_Official_Photograph.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Eddé (Arabic: إميل إدّه, romanized: Imīl Iddah; 5 May 1886 – 28 September 1949) was a Lebanese Maronite Christian lawyer and politician who served as the President of Lebanon for twelve days in 1943.", "Eddé is a member of a family that originates from Beirut which participated in the Lebanese politics mainly during the Ma'anids and Shihabs rule. He was born in Damascus, where his father, Ibrahim Eddé, was working as a translator in the French Consulate. He attended Saint Joseph University, and moved to France to study law in Aix-en-Provence, in 1902, and graduated three years later. Because of his father's health conditions, he was forced to return to Beirut in 1909, before submitting his doctoral thesis. In 1912, he was appointed as a lawyer for the French Consulate in Beirut.\nBefore the First World War, he sought to separate Mount Lebanon from the Ottoman Empire, for which he was sentenced to death. However, Edde was able to escape and took refuge in Alexandria. He participated in the establishment of the Eastern Unit in the French Army, which consisted of Lebanese and Syrian volunteers. During this period, he maintained contacts, with the French authorities, via his brother Joseph, residing in France.", "During the period of the French Mandate in which the Republic of Lebanon functioned under the authority of a French High Commissioner, Eddé served as the speaker of the Parliament from October 1924 to January 1925, prime minister of Lebanon from 11 October 1929 to 25 March 1930 and as the president of Lebanon from 1936 to 1941. On 11 November 1943, following the act of the Lebanese legislature in abolishing the Mandate, the High Commissioner installed Eddé as president. Ten days later, however, under pressure from France's other Allies in World War II, the French removed Eddé from office and restored the government of Bechara El Khoury on 21 November., and briefly in 1943. He also founded and led the Lebanese National Bloc party. He was succeeded as party leader by his son Raymond Eddé.", "(in Arabic)Republic of Lebanon – House of Representatives History\nJames Barr, A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914-1948 (W. W. Norton & Company, 2012) pp. 244–250\n\"Profiles of Lebanon's presidents since independence\". Lebanon Wire. 25 May 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.", "" ]

[ "Émile Eddé", "Early life and education", "Political career", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4683 ]

[ 21975, 21976, 21977, 21978, 21979, 21980 ]

[ "Émile Egger", "Egger's gravesite in Paris", "Auguste-Émile Egger in 1844 at age 31" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Egger_Emile_photograph.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Emile-Egger.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Auguste-%C3%89mile_Egger_en_1844_%28cropped%29.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Egger (18 July 1813 – 1 September 1885) was a French scholar.", "Émile Egger was born in Paris.\nFrom 1840 to 1855, Egger was assistant professor, and from 1855 until his death he was professor of Greek literature in the Faculté des Lettres at Paris University. In 1854 Egger was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions and in 1873 of the Conseil supérieur de l'instruction publique.\nEgger was a voluminous writer, a sound and discerning scholar, and his influence was largely responsible for the revival of the study of classical philology in France. His most important works are as follows:\nEssai sur l'histoire de la critique chez les Grecs (1849)\nNotions élémentaires de grammaire compare (1852)\nApollonius Dyscole, essai sur l'histoire des théories grammaticales dans l'Antiquité (1854)\nMémoires de littérature ancienne (1862)\nMémoires d'histoire ancienne et de philologie (1863)\nLes Papyrus grecs du Musée du Louvre et de la Bibliothèque Impériale (1865)\nÉtudes sur les traits publics chez les Grecs et les Romains (1866)\nL'Hellénisme en France (1869)\nLa Littérature grecque (1890).\nHe was also the author of Observations et réflexions sur le développement de l'intelligence et du langage chez les enfants (1879).\nEgger died in 1885, and was buried at the Cimetière Montparnasse in Paris (facing the western wall, on the far right on entering from the north).", "Bailly, Anatole (1886). Notice sur Émile Egger: sa vie et ses travaux. Paris: Pedone-Lauriel. Émile Egger.", "Chisholm 1911.\nAttribution:\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Egger, Émile\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 17." ]

[ "Émile Egger", "Life", "Further reading", "References" ]

[ 4684, 4685 ]

[ 21981, 21982, 21983, 21984 ]

[ "The Resting Model (with a self-portrait of Eisman, 1892)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Eisman-Model.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Eisman-Semenowsky, born Emil Eismann (19 September 1853, St. Petersburg - 31 July 1918, Paris) was a French painter of Russian birth and Polish, possibly Jewish, ancestry. He specialized in portraits of women; including many in the Orientalist style.", "There are few documented sources concerning his life and education, although it is known that he emigrated at an early age and arrived in Paris in the 1880s, where he began doing sentimentalized portraits of upper class women, tailored to bourgeois tastes. \nHe also worked as an assistant to the Belgian painter, Jan van Beers; serving as a witness in a case involving two critics who accused Van Beers of copying from photographs. \nIn addition to portraits, he did some nudes and genre scenes. He often worked in Algeria, beginning in 1890; depicting women in traditional costume, as well as their daily dress. Many of his paintings are in private collections in the United States.", "Archives de Paris, acte de décès n°3296 dressé le 01/08/1918, vue 13 / 21\nLynne Thornton, La Femme dans la peinture orientaliste, ACR, 1993 Online @ Google Books\nThe Low Countries. Arts and Society in Flanders and The Netherlands, Yearbook, Vol. 16, Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Flemish-Netherlands Foundation, 2008. pg.229", "Media related to Émile Eisman-Semenowsky at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Émile Eisman-Semenowsky", "Life and work", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4686 ]

[ 21985, 21986, 21987 ]

[ "Engel in 1913", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/%C3%89mile_Engel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Émile Engel (5 April 1889 – 14 September 1914) was a French professional road bicycle racer. In the 1914 Tour de France he won stage 3, and was disqualified after stage 8 when he was involved in a fight with a race official. Only three months later he was killed in World War I.", "1910\nTour de France des Indépendants:\nWinner stage 10\n1911\nTour de France des Indépendants:\nWinner stage 12\n1914\nTour de France:\nWinner stage 3", "Christopher S. Thompson The Tour de France: A Cultural History – Page 159 2008 \"On expelling Émile Engel for attacking an official in 1914, ...Desgrange made a point of rehabilitating the racer in the days that followed his expulsion. \"\"", "Émile Engel at Cycling Archives\nOfficial Tour de France results for Emile Engel" ]

[ "Émile Engel", "Major results", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4687 ]

[ 21988 ]

[ "Ėmile Erckmann (left) with Alexandre Chatrian" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Emile_Erckmann_Alexandre_Chatrian.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Erckmann (20 May 1822 — 14 March 1899) was a French writer, strongly associated with the region of Alsace-Lorraine. Almost all of his works were written jointly with Alexandre Chatrian under the name Erckmann-Chatrian.", "", "He was born in Phalsbourg (Moselle), in Lorraine, and matured there. His mother died in 1832 and he was sent to boarding school.\nHe obtained his baccalaureat at Nancy before studying law at Paris from 1842. His first published work was Du recrutement militaire (\"On military recruitment\", 1843). Two years later he failed his third year of law and returned to Phalsbourg, ill with typhoid, where in the spring of 1847 he made the acquaintance of Alexandre Chatrian, a teacher. They became friends and spent their summer holidays together.\nWhile staying at Paris, Erckmann witnessed the Revolution of 1848: inspired, they founded a political society in Phalsbourg and a short-lived newsletter at Strasbourg. Their politics were republican and nationalistic. At the beginning of the 1850s they began publishing in Le Démocrate du Rhin, expecting quick success, but after several years they became disillusioned. A play performed at Strasbourg in 1850, L'Alsace en 1814, was banned after just two performances. Erckmann moved to Rosny-sous-Bois and resumed his study of law in 1854. His father, Jean-Philippe, died in February 1858.", "Recognition came in 1859 and they became well known as fantasy writers under the joint pseudonym of Émile Erckmann-Chatrian. (Tales of supernatural horror by the duo that are famous in English include \"The Wild Huntsman\" (tr. 1871), \"The Man-Wolf\" (tr. 1876) and \"The Crab Spider\"). They moved together to Paris, where they lived close to the east railway station and returned frequently to Lorraine. By 1868, Erckmann was wealthy enough to buy back the sawmill at Grosshammerweyer. In the same year the publisher Hetzel bought exclusive rights to their work.\nIn August 1870, Erckmann was at Phalsbourg at the time of Mac-Mahon's defeat. With the Franco-Prussian War, the works of the two lorrains gained a popularity which was closely related to nationalistic desires for revenge and nostalgia for the \"blue line of the Vosges\" (i.e. the return of Alsace-Lorraine from Germany to France).\nFrom 1872, Erckmann spent most of his time on the novels while Chatrian busied himself with their plays: it is likely that the joint pseudonym was now appearing on works that were no longer composed jointly. In September, Erckmann moved into a house at Saint-Dié, owned by the Goguel family, and the following year he went on a tour of the eastern Mediterranean: Egypt, Libya, Syria and Greece. Political entanglements started to make life difficult: he met Victor Hugo in 1874 as a result of his republican enthusiasms. He was forced to sell the sawmill in 1877.", "In 1881 the Goguels complained about his relationship with their stewardess, Emma Flotat, and the couple moved out temporarily to Toul, where Erckmann became very ill with jaundice. The next year, German authorities gave Erckmann permission to travel to Phalsbourg.\nThe last work signed Erckmann-Chatrian was L’Art et les grands idéalistes (1885).\nIn 1886 Erckmann refused to sign a new contract that had been negotiated by Chatrian with their publisher, Hetzel. On 13 March 1887, Chatrian, at this time battling mental illness, wrote to Erckmann that he was paying ghost-writers out of their common royalties. This was the end of their association and their friendship. In 1888 Erckmann was diagnosed with diabetes, and the year after, his visa expired. No longer allowed to reside in his home town, he moved to Lunéville where he stayed until his death in 1899. Chatrian predeceased him in 1890.", "After the death of Chatrian, Erckmann published:\nKaleb et Khora (1891)\nLa Campagne du Grand-père Jacques (1892)\nAlsaciens et Vosgiens d’autrefois (1895)\nFables alsaciennes et vosgiennes (1895)", "Erckmann-Chatrian, first Website entirely dedicated to the Lives and Works of Erckmann-Chatrian (in French).\nWorks by Émile Erckmann at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Émile Erckmann at Internet Archive\nWorks by Émile Erckmann at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)" ]

[ "Émile Erckmann", "Life", "Youth", "Success", "Later years", "Works by Erckmann alone", "External links" ]

[ 4688 ]

[ 21989, 21990, 21991, 21992, 21993, 21994, 21995, 21996, 21997 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Emile_Esp%C3%A9randieu2.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Espérandieu (11 November 1857 – 14 March 1939) was a French military officer, Latin epigrapher and archaeologist.", "A pupil of the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr then a career soldier, Émile Espérandieu participated in the 1880–1881 campaign in Tunisia where he lived thereafter. In this country, he discovered historical epigraphy during his leisure and began in 1883 to write historical and archaeological communications. On his appointment as assistant professor at the military school of Saint-Maixent in 1886, he turned his epigraphist activity towards Gaul inscriptions and inventoried in 1893 the inscriptions of Corsica. In 1899 he became director of the Revue épigraphique.\nIn 1905 the Committee on Museums entrusted him with the development and publication of a General Collection of reliefs of Roman Gaul, an endeavour that eventually became a monumental work in nine volumes, the Recueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine.\nIt is also from 1905 that he led the excavations at Mont Auxois on the site of the Battle of Alesia where he regularly intervened as far as the 1930s.\nAppointed a battalion commander in 1905, however he saw his military career quickly hampered by early deafness and placed senior in 1910. This did not hinder his archaeologist vocation. After participating in World War I, he returned to his historical and archaeological studies. Director, co-editor of journals and curator of Roman monuments and archaeological museums in Nimes where he retired in 1918, Émile Espérandieu was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1919.\nIn 1929, he published the catalog of the Inscriptions latines de Gaule narbonnaise (ILGN), which was an update of Volume XII of Corpus inscriptionum latinarum and a summary of his epigraphic research work.\nFrom 1908 to 1938, he continued the inventory and publication of his masterpiece, the Recueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine in eleven volumes, or 7818 notices. The work makes reference to the point of being commonly called \"the Espérandieu\". In 1931, he added the Recueil général des bas-reliefs statues et bustes de la Germanie romane to the volumes devoted to Gaul.\nIn 1936, he married Jeanne de Flandreysy, a woman of letters, and spent his last years in Avignon at the palais du Roure. He published the eleventh volume of his general collection in 1938, one year before his death.", "Inscriptions latines de Gaule (Narbonnaise), E. Leroux, Paris, 1929\nRecueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine, Tome 1, ici\nRecueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine, Tome 2, ici\nRecueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine, vol. XI, Paris, 1907-1938 ; 2° édition, New-Jersez, 1965-1956", "Halkin Léon, compte-rendu de lecture de : Espérandieu (Emile), \"Inscriptions latines de Gaule (Narbonnaise)\", Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 1931, vol. 10, n° 1, p. 254 \nHenri Lavagne, \"La base de données du Nouvel Espérandieu : une sauvegarde de la mémoire collective\", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 151st year, N°. 4, 2007, pp. 1533-1549 .", "Charles Picard, « Éloge funèbre de M. Emile Espérandieu, membre libre de l'académie », CRAI, 1939, 83-2, p. 161-172 Read online.\nH. Rolland, \"Bibliographie d'Emile Esperandieu membre de l'institut 1883-1936\" avant-propos by Augustin Fliche / Paris - les Belles Lettres 1937 - 124 pages", "Biographie d'Émile Espérandieu sur le site nemausensis\nCommentaires sur le tome VII, Gaule germanique, de l’ouvrage d’Émile Espérandieu : Recueil général des bas-reliefs statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine.*" ]

[ "Émile Espérandieu", "Biography", "Publications (selection)", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 4689 ]

[ 21998, 21999, 22000, 22001, 22002, 22003, 22004, 22005, 22006 ]

[ "Émile Fabre in 1917", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Emile_Fabre.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Émile Fabre (24 March 1869 in Metz, France – 25 September 1955 in Paris) was a French playwright and general administrator of the Comédie-Française from 1915 to \n1936.:227 He was greatly influenced by Balzac as a young man, and most of his best-known plays deal with the sacrifice of personal happiness to the pursuit of wealth. He also wrote the libretto for Xavier Leroux's opera Les cadeaux de Noël (The Christmas Gifts) which was a great success when it premiered in Paris in 1915.", "Fabre was appointed general administrator of the Comédie-Française on 2 December 1915.:227 According to Susan McCready,\nDuring Fabre's tenure, the Comédie-Française moved from the center of the theatre scene, where theatrical creation and innovation are paramount, to its periphery, where [ . . . ] its role was increasingly limited to the preservation of the past.:2\nIn 1922 he organised the Cycle Moliere, in which all of Moliere's plays were performed in chronological order.:231\nThe success of this event, encouraged him to organise the Centennial of Romanticism in 1927, the 100-year anniversary of Victor Hugo's Preface de Cromwell (Qe Waleffe).:232 Over the course of the Centennial the theatre staged twenty-one Romantic plays.\nHe resigned from the position 15 October 1936.:227", "Fabre's plays include:\nL'Argent (Money), 1895\nLa Vie publique (Public Life), 1901\nLes Ventres dorés (Gilded Stomachs), 1905\nLes Sauterelles (The Locusts), 1911", "\"Émile Fabre | French dramatist | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 December 2021.\nMcCready, Susan (2003). \"The Compromise of Commemoration: The 1927 Centennial of Romanticism at the Comédie-Française\". Modern Drama. 46 (2): 227–240. doi:10.1353/mdr.2003.0058. ISSN 1712-5286. S2CID 201757099.\nGarreau, Joseph E. (1984). \"Fabre, Émile\" in Stanley Hochman (ed.) McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama, Vol. 1, p. 136. ISBN 0070791694\nLe Figaro (13 April 1917). \"Courrier des Théâtres\", p. 4 (in French)" ]

[ "Émile Fabre", "Career at the Comédie-Française", "Plays", "References" ]

[ 4690 ]

[ 22007, 22008, 22009, 22010 ]

[ "Portrait of Faguet, by Henri Mannes" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Portrait_of_%C3%89mile_Faguet.jpg" ]

[ "Auguste Émile Faguet ([emil faɡɛ]; 17 December 1847 – 7 June 1916) was a French author and literary critic.", "Faguet was born at La Roche-sur-Yon, Vendée, and educated at the École normale supérieure in Paris. After teaching for some time in La Rochelle and Bordeaux, he returned to Paris to act as assistant professor of poetry in the university. Faguet became professor in 1897. He was elected to the Académie française in 1900, and received the ribbon of the Légion d'honneur in the next year.\nFaguet acted as dramatic critic to the Soleil; from 1892 he was literary critic to the Revue Bleue; and in 1896 took the place of Jules Lemaître on the Journal des débats. Faguet died in Paris, aged 68.", "De Aurelii Prudentii Clementis Carminibus Lyricis (1883).\nLa Tragédie Française au XVIe Siècle (1883).\nCorneille (1885).\nLa Fontaine (1889).\nNotes sur le Théatre Contemporain, (3 vols., 1889–1891).\nPolitiques et Moralistes du XIXe Siècle (1891).\nVoltaire (1895).\nCours de Poésie Française de l'Université de Paris (1897).\nDrame Ancien, Drame Moderne (1898).\nQuestions Politiques (1899).\nFlaubert (1899).\nDiscours de Réception de M. Émile Faguet (1901).\nAndré Chénier (1902).\nPropos Littéraires (5 vols., 1902–1910).\nZola (1903).\nLe Libéralisme (1903).\nPropos de Théâtre (5 vols., 1903–1910).\nSimplification Simple de l’Orthographe (1905).\nPour qu'on Lise Platon (1905).\nL'Anticléricalisme (1906).\nLe Socialisme en 1907 (1907).\nProblèmes Politiques du Temps Présent (1907).\nLe Pacifisme (1908).\nDiscussions Politiques (1909).\nLa Démission de la Morale (1910).\nLes Dix Commandements (10 vols., 1909–1910):\nDe l'Amour de Soi\nDe l'Amour.\nDe la Famille.\nDe l'Amitié.\nDe la Vieillesse.\nDe la Profession.\nLa Patrie.\nDe la Vérité.\nLe Devoir.\nDe Dieu.\nÉtudes Littéraires (1910).\nMadame de Sévigné (1910).\nLe Féminisme (1910).\nLes Amies de Rousseau (1910).\nRousseau Contre Molière (1910).\nVie de Rousseau (1911).\nEn Lisant les Beaux Vieux Livres (1911).\nLa Poésie Française (1911).\nLes Préjugés Nécessaires (1911).\nRousseau Penseur (1912).\nRousseau Artiste (1912).\nLa Prose Française (1912).\nCe que Disent les Livres (1912).\nL’Art de Lire (1912).\nDe l'Idée de Patrie (1913).\nMonseigneur Dupanloup: Un Grand Évêque (1914).\nEn Lisant Molière (1914).\nChansons d'un Passant (1921).\nIn English translation\nPoliticians & Moralists of the Nineteenth Century (1899).\nA Literary History of France (1907).\n\"French Seventeenth Century Literature and its European Influence.\" In: The Cambridge Modern History (1908).\nThe Cult of Incompetence (1911).\nBalzac (1914).\nFlaubert (1914).\nThe Dread of Responsibility (1914).\nInitiation into Literature (1914).\nInitiation into Philosophy (1914).\nOn Reading Nietzsche (1918).\nSelected articles\n\"Mme de Staël,\" Revue des Deux Mondes 83, 1887.\n\"M. Ferdinand Brunetière,\" La Revue de Paris 1, 1894.\n\"Le Livre a Paris,\" Cosmopolis 5, 1897.\n\"Mesdames, Bientot au Vote!,\" La Revue des Deux Frances 4, 1898.\n\"Corrections de Flaubert\", La Revue Bleue, 3 June 1899.\n\"All About a Hat,\" The Living Age 8, September 1900.\n\"The Symbolical Drama,\" The International Quarterly 8, September 1903/March 1904.\n\"Andrew Lang's 'The Mysteries of History',\" The Sewanee Review 16, 1908.\n\"Philosophie Scientifique.\" In: Henri Poincaré: Biographie, Bibliographie Analytique des Écrits, 1909.\n\"La Vie de Nietzsche,\" Revue des Deux Mondes 58, 1910.\n\"Essais et Notices,\" Revue des Deux Mondes, LXXXe Année, 1910.\n\"François Maynard,\" Revue des Pyrénées 23, 1911.\n\"Viele-Griffin,\" La Revue Bleue, 15 April 1912.\n\"Thiers,\" Revue des Deux Mondes, XCe Année, 1920.\n\"On the Nature of the Dramatic Emotion,\" The Tulane Drama Review 3 (2), 1958.\nMiscellany\nPreface to Guillaume Guizot's Montaigne: Études et Fragments (1899).\nIntroduction to Montesquieu's Lettres Persanes (1900).\nPreface to Édouard Ruel's Du Sentiment Artistique dans la Morale de Montaigne (1901).\nPreface to Séché & Bertaut's L'Évolution du Théâtre Contemporain (1908).\nPreface to Joseph Grasset's The Marvels Beyond Science (1910).\nPreface to André Gayot's Une Ancienne Muscadine, Fortunée Hamelin (1911).\nPreface to Arthur Meyer's Ce Que Mes Yeux On Vu (1911).\nPreface to Jean Harmand's A Keeper of Royal Secrets: Being the Private and Political Life of Madame De Genlis (1913).\nIntroduction to Pierre Marivaux's Théâtre (1915).\nIntroduction to Lessage's Gil Blas (n.d.)\nIntroduction to Paul Courier's Lettres et Pamphlets (n.d.)\nIntroduction to Alfred de Musset's Poésies (n.d.)", "Francisque Sarcey", "Kitchin, William P.H. (1917). \"Émile Faguet,\" The Catholic World, Vol. 105, No. 625, pp. 343–351.\nGosse, Edmund (1922). \"Two French Critics: Émile Faguet-Remy de Gourmont.\" In: Aspects and Impressions. London: Cassell & Company, Ltd., pp. 203–223.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Faguet, Émile\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 125.\n\"M. Émile Faguet and the Eighteenth Century,\" The Edinburgh Review, Vol. CXCVI, 1902.\n\"A Literary History of France,\" The Author, Vol. VIII, 1908.\n\"Review of A Literary History of France by Émile Faguet\". The Athenaeum (4172): 435–436. 12 October 1907.\nPutnam, James J. (1915). \"The Dread of Responsibility,\" Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 434–438.\nGarner, J.W. (1915). \"The Dread of Responsibility by Émile Faguet,\" The American Political Science Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 399–401.", "Bordeaux, Henry (1924). Portraits d'Hommes. Paris: Plon-Nourrit & Cie.\nDuval, Maurice (1911). Émile Faguet, le Critique, le Moraliste, le Sociologue. Paris: Société Française d'Imprimerie et de Libraire.\nDyrkton, Joerge (1996). \"The Liberal Critic as Ideologue: Émile Faguet and fin-de-siècle Reflections on the Eighteenth Century,\" History of European Ideas, Vol. 22, Nos. 5–6, pp. 321–336.\nGourmont, Remy de (1909). \"Le Musset des Familles\", Promenades Littéraires, 3e Série.\nScheifley, William H. (1917). Brieux and Contemporary French Society. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.\nSéché, Alphonse (1904). Emile Faguet. Paris: Sansot.\nWilmotte, Maurice (1907). Trois Semeurs d'Idées: Agénor de Gasparin, Emile de Laveleye, Emile Faguet. Paris: Fischbacher.", "Works by Émile Faguet at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Émile Faguet at Internet Archive\nWorks by Émile Faguet, at Hathi Trust\nWorks by Émile Faguet, at Gallica\nAcadémie française: Émile Faguet" ]

[ "Émile Faguet", "Biography", "Works", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Marshal Fayolle awards the flag of the Canadian Royal 22nd Regiment on the Plains of Abraham in Quebec City, Canada. Fayolle had been sent to Canada on a gratitude mission for Canada's assistance during the First World War.", "", "" ]

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[ "Marie Émile Fayolle (14 May 1852 – 27 August 1928) was a French general during World War I and a diplomat, elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France.", "Marie Émile Fayolle was born on May 14, 1852 in Puy-en-Velay, at 9 rue du Chenebouterie, a road renamed in 1961 \"rue du Maréchal-Fayolle\". He is the first of six children born from the marriage of Jean Pierre Auguste Fayolle, lacemaker in Le Puy, and his wife Marie Rosine Badiou.\nHe married in 1883 to Marie Louise Augustine Collangettes, in Clermont-Ferrand, and had two children. He is the grandfather of the pilot Émile Fayolle and the great-grandfather of Anne Pingeotb, mother of Mazarine Pingeot.\nFayolle studied at the École polytechnique from 1873, where he graduated with the class of 1875 and was commissioned into the artillery.", "During his career he served in the artillery. He participated in the Pacification of Tunisia in 1881. Promoted to Captain he entered the École de Guerre in 1889 and graduated with distinction in 1891. From 1897 to 1908 he taught artillery at the École supérieure de Guerre. Fayolle was promoted to Brigadier General on December 31, 1910, taking command of the artillery of the 12th Army Corps. Two years later he took command of the 19th Artillery Brigade. He retired on May 14, 1914.\nWith the outbreak of the First World War, Fayolle was recalled from retirement by the French Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre and given command of the 70th Infantry Division. Fayolle took part in the fighting near Nancy, notably the Battle of Grand Couronné, which helped make possible the French victory at the First Battle of the Marne. Later, Philippe Pétain took command of the Corps in which Fayolle was serving, and the two commanders became close.\nIn May 1915, Fayolle succeeded Pétain in command of the 33rd Corps. In this command he participated in the Artois Offensive.\nIn 1916, Fayolle was given command of the Sixth Army, which he commanded at the Battle of the Somme, under the command of Ferdinand Foch's Northern Army Group. In preparation for the Somme offensive, the French Sixth Army under Fayolle would attack with 8 divisions, a force reduced from the original 40 divisions because of the French needs at Verdun. During the offensive, Fayolle is credited with successfully using a combination of artillery resources and infantry tactics to push the less well-defended Germans back across an 8-mile (12.87 km) long segment of his front. In August, as the Battle of the Somme continued, General Foch, commander of French forces on the Somme, visited British General Haig at Val Vion. Foch appointed Fayolle, one of the most successful army commanders of July, to fight alongside the British forces between their right flank and the north bank of the River Somme. During the British and French Somme offensive from August 1 to September 12, Fayolle decided without consulting the high command that his troops were too exhausted to launch a major offensive. He then reduced his command's participation in the battle to 1 division. The British had lost significant French support on their right during the offensive. In October, French forces led by Fayolle advanced almost to Sailly Saillisol by successfully using the artillery-barrage system.\nOn 31 December 1916, Fayolle was transferred to command the First Army. When Philippe Pétain was appointed Chief of the General Staff in April 1917, Fayolle was put in command of the Army Group Center, to the disappointment of Foch, who had hoped for the command himself; Pétain replaced Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief in May 1917.\nOn 16 November 1917, after the Italians met disaster at Caporetto, Fayolle was transferred to Italy with six divisions and made Commander-in-Chief of the French troops supporting the Italians.\nFayolle stayed in Italy until March 1918, when he was recalled to France and put at the head of the 55 division-strong Army Group Reserve, with which he played a role in stopping the last significant German offensives. After the allied victory in the Second Battle of the Marne, he took part in the allied counteroffensive until the end of the war. From July until November Fayolle's command reduced the Marne Salient and drove towards the Rhine.\nHe commanded occupation forces in the Palatinat and Rheinhessen, occupying Mainz and the left bank of the Rhine with Charles Mangin, from December 14, 1918. He was also a member of the Allied Control Commission.", "Fayolle was named in 1920 a member of the French Conseil Supérieur de la Guerre, the highest French military council, and served as inspector general of aeronautics from 1921 to 1924. The title of Marshal of France was awarded to him on February 19, 1921.\nHe was charged with leading a mission of gratitude to Canada for the country's aid during the war and presented the Canadian government with a bronze bust called La France, made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. Fayolle also undertook diplomatic missions to Italy.", "\"For every position there must be a battle, following each other as rapidly as possible. Each one needs a new plan, a new artillery preparation. If one goes too quickly, one risks being checked; too slowly and the enemy has time to make more positions. That is the problem, and it is serious.\" (21 January 1916)", "He also has a statue in front of the Les Invalides.\nÉmile Fayolle died in Paris on August 27, 1928, at 18 avenue de La Bourdonnais. His body rests in the governors' vault at Les Invalides.\nDuring the War, Émile Fayolle had kept a diary, published by Plon in 1964 under the title Cahiers secrets de la Grande Guerre and republished digitally in December 2013; it provides deep insight into French strategic thinking at the time.", "Légion d'honneur\nKnight - 30 December 1890\nOfficer - 30 December 1911\nCommander - 11 October 1914\nGrand Officer - 3 October 1916\nGrand Cross - 10 July 1918\nMédaille militaire - 21 October 1919\nCroix de guerre 1914–1918 with 5 palms\nDistinguished Service Medal (US)", "Marshal of France is a dignity and not a rank.", "Tucker, Spencer (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. pp. 555, 556. ISBN 978-1-85109-965-8. Retrieved 14 July 2015.\n\"Bibliotheque de l'École polytechnique - Accueil site de la Bibliotheque\".\nGilbert, Martin (2006). The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 49. ISBN 0-8050-8127-5.\nGilbert, Martin (2006). The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 86. ISBN 0-8050-8127-5.\nGilbert, Martin (2006). The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 144. ISBN 0-8050-8127-5.\nPrior, Wilson, Robin, Trevor (2005). The Somme. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-300-11963-1.\nGilbert, Martin (2006). The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 209. ISBN 0-8050-8127-5.\nGovernment of the French Republic (5 July 1920). \"Decree of the Minister of War\". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 23 September 2020.", "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). \"Fayolle, Marie-Emile\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.\n\"Fayolle, Emile\" in Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2014.", "Auclair, Elie J. Pau, Fayolle, Foch au Canada. Montreal: Librarie Beauchamin, Itee., 1922. OCLC 317295480\nBurg, David F. and L. Edward Purcell. Almanac of World War I. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998. ISBN 0-8131-2072-1 OCLC 39210195\nMosier, John. The Myth of the Great War: A New Military History of World War I. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. ISBN 0-06-019676-9 OCLC 44932295\nRawson, Andrew. The Somme Campaign. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2014. ISBN 1-78303-051-8 OCLC 883432383\nTucker, Spencer and Priscilla Mary Roberts. World War I: Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. ISBN 1-85109-420-2 OCLC 61247250", "Newsreel of the British Pathé: visit of President Poincaré with Generals Joffre and Fayolle\nBiography on biographies.net\nBiography on firstworldwar.com\nBiography on theodora.com\nBattles of the Somme\nNewspaper clippings about Émile Fayolle in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW" ]

[ "Émile Fayolle", "Early life", "Military career", "Marshal of France", "Quote", "Legacy", "Honours and decorations", "Notes", "References", "General references", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 4692, 4693, 4694 ]

[ 22028, 22029, 22030, 22031, 22032, 22033, 22034, 22035, 22036, 22037, 22038, 22039, 22040, 22041, 22042, 22043, 22044, 22045, 22046, 22047 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/%C3%89mile_Flourens.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Flourens (27 April 1841, in Paris – 7 January 1920) was a French politician, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs during the Third Republic. He was son of the biologist Jean Pierre Flourens, and the younger brother of Gustave Flourens, a general of the Paris Commune.", "He was auditor of the Imperial Council from 1863 to 1868, and in 1879 was appointed head of a department in the Ministry of Education, in which capacity he took part in all anti-clerical ordinances. In March 1885, he became president of the departments of Legislation, Justice, and Foreign Affairs in the Government Council, and president of the Deliberative Commission on French protectorates in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "In 1886 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Goblet Cabinet. Following Jules Ferry's policy at the Quai d'Orsay, he maintained a pacific policy towards Germany, but sought to break the diplomatic isolation of republican France. France’s defeat by Prussia in 1870 had been followed by the defection of Italy to the Triple Alliance, inspired by colonial rivalry caused by French control of Tunisia, and by the increasingly strong hold of Pan-Germanism on the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.\nLaying the foundations of the future Triple Entente, he began the policy of rapprochement with Great Britain and Russia, both of whose royal families had personal links with those of the Central Powers but whose interests were increasingly divergent with Germany. He also conducted French policy through a number of periods of diplomatic tension with Germany, the most serious of which was the Schnaebelé Affair, named after an official of Alsatian origin arrested in Germany on the charge of spying for the benefit of France in April 1887. He opposed, with the support of the President of the Republic Jules Grévy, the warmongering policy of the Minister of War, General Boulanger, who favoured replying to the alleged German provocation with an energetic manifesto, and risked war with Germany when France lacked any reliable ally.\nDespite his own somewhat nationalistic feelings, Flourens was aware, like Grévy and Ferry, of the weakness of the country, and pursued a policy of avoiding war with Germany. In October 1887 he signed two agreements with the United Kingdom, on the Suez Canal and the New Hebrides, thus ending two possible areas of tension with France’s ally from 1904 onward.\nFlourens retained his portfolio during the Rouvier and Tirard cabinets until April 1888.", "He criticized the Permanent Court of Arbitration and critiqued the premise on which the League of Nations and the World Court were founded, claiming there were freemasonic influences creating a world government, with judicial and religious functions, from which the possibility of submission to Papal authority would be excluded. He advocated that international law ought to remain arbitral, rather than judicial, in its execution, as it would otherwise cause more war, leading in due course to the vindication of the doctrine that might makes right, thereby ultimately replacing law by force: precisely what a judicial system of international law had sought to avoid. He suggested that freemasonic circles wished to eliminate the right of self-determination of peoples, replacing it with international law.", "He published Organisation judiciaire et administrative de la France et de la Belgique de 1814 à 1875 (1875), for which a prize was awarded by the Academy.", "This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Flourens, Léopold Emile\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.\nÉmile Flourens, Un fiasco maçonnique à l'aurore du vingtième siècle de l'ère chrétienne (1912), Text online.", "Works by or about Émile Flourens at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Émile Flourens", "Biography", "Minister", "Theories", "Works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4695 ]

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[ "Portrait of Francqui" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Portrait_of_%C3%89mile_Francqui.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Francqui (French: [fʁɑ̃ki]; 25 June 1863 in Brussels – 1 November 1935 in Brussels) was a Belgian soldier, diplomat, business man and philanthropist.", "As an orphan, Émile Francqui was sent to a military school when he was just 15 years old. At the age of 21, like many young officers, he was sent to Congo Free State by king Leopold II of Belgium.\nIn 1896, he became the Belgian consul in Imperial China and stayed there until 1902. In China he met the future American president Herbert Hoover during negotiations concerning the granting of the Hankow-Canton railroad concession in China in 1901. Although they were competitors, they respected each other very much and became friends.\nFrancqui returned to Belgium in 1902, and began a financial career. He became the managing director of the Banque d'Outremer, and managing director of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). Ten years after his return to Belgium, he became Director of the Société Générale de Belgique, and in 1932 became its Governor. During World War I he was President of the Belgian Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation (National Aid and Food Committee, abbreviated to CNSA). During World War I, Herbert Hoover in the United States set up the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) to support the CNSA abroad.\nAfter the war the remaining resources of the committee were decided to be used for the rebuilding of Belgium. Émile Francqui wanted to invest in the universities as a means for rebuilding the country. In 1920 the University Foundation was founded by Émile Francqui. In addition the Belgian American Educational Foundation (BAEF) was founded for the exchange of students between Belgium and the United States. Émile Francqui was involved, with Félicien Cattier, in the establishment of the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS).\nIn April 1924, Émile Francqui participated in the creation of the Dawes Plan to find a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt following World War I.\nThe future king, Leopold III, requested Francqui take steps to improve the health of the population Belgian Congo, leading to the foundation Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine in 1931 of which Francqui served as first President.\nIn 1932 Émile Francqui and Herbert Hoover created the Francqui Foundation for the support of basic research in Belgium.", "1918: Grand Officer on the Order of Leopold.\n1926: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold.", "Francqui Prize", "Gabriel Tortella, The Origins of the Twenty First Century (2009), p. 384: \"So it was that in 1926, after a few failed attempts and thanks to the firmness of the Treasury Minister, the banker Émile Francqui, Belgium restored the gold standard, although at a parity considerably inferior (almost seven times) to that of the ... \"\nRD 8/12/1918", "Francqui Fondation\nLaureates of the Francqui Prize Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine\nNewspaper clippings about Émile Francqui in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW" ]

[ "Émile Francqui", "Career", "Honours", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4696 ]

[ 22056, 22057, 22058, 22059, 22060, 22061, 22062 ]

[ "Self-portrait, 1887", "Studio of Emile Friant, around 1887", "Young lady from Nancy in snow landscape, 1887. Musée des beaux-arts, Nancy", "Madame Coquelin Mère", "", "Chagrin d'Enfant, 1898, Frick Art & Historical Center", "", "Drawing of painter Aimé Morot, 1905" ]

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[ "Émile Friant (16 April 1863 – 9 June 1932) was a French artist.\nFriant was born in the commune of Dieuze. He would later be forced to flee to Nancy by the encroachment of the Kingdom of Prussia's soldiers. He exhibited paintings throughout his lifetime at the Paris Salon.\nFriant created works in charcoal, oil, and other media. He also used photographs to prepare finished paintings.", "Friant was born in the commune of Dieuze in 1863. His father was a locksmith and mother a dressmaker. The wife of a chemist, Madame Parisot would hire the wife of Émile Friant's father to design custom clothing. The Parisots took an early interest in the young Friant and treated him maternally, as they were without children of their own.\nIn 1870, with the defeat of the Second French Empire at hand as part of the then-ongoing Franco-Prussian War, annexation of Alsatia occurred and Dieuze was no longer under French state control. Intensely distressed by this, Monsieur Parisot intended to leave the commune for Nancy, but died shortly before having the chance. In 1871, Madame Parisot fled with Friant to Nancy; his biological family would follow later.\nFriant was sent to the lycée to learn Latin, as Madame Parisot intended for him to follow in her husband's footsteps and become a chemist. Meanwhile, friends of his biological father had suggested sending him to a municipal school of art because of his skill with the brush. Because of his poor performance at the lycée, Friant requested permission to leave and focus on his art. His father agreed, and the young Friant was placed under the guide of a private tutor who would arrange his academic work so that time remained for painting. Under the guidance of Louis-Théodore Devilly, director of a school in Nancy and a proponent of realism, Friant learned the art of still life and landscape painting.\nFriant painted La Petite Barque at the age of 15. It was exhibited in Nancy and quickly became the center of public intrigue. The municipal council granted him permission to travel to Paris a year later. There, he studied under Alexandre Cabanel, who tutored him in creating oil sketches of historical works. Friant, becoming disenchanted by the academic style of the atelier method, returned to Nancy where he worked with the painter Aimé Morot.", "In 1882, Aimé Morot encouraged him to debut two of his works at the Salon: The Prodigal Son and Studio Interior, for which he received an honourable mention. The following year, Friant again presented at the Salon and took second place in the Prix de Rome concours. In 1884 he received a third class medal at the Salon with his painting Un coin d'atelier and in 1885 a second-class medal. He would form a lasting friendship with the actors Ernest and Benoit Coquelin. With the travel grant he received from the Salon of 1886, Friant traveled to and studied in the Netherlands. His portrait of the Coquelins' mother reflects the influence of that trip. In 1889 he exhibited his 1888 painting La Toussaint at the Salon, for which he received a first prize. This painting depicts a revanchist patriotic image of a group of people visiting a cemetery in which the French victims of the Franco-Prussian War were buried. He received a gold medal for the same painting at the Universal Exposition of 1889, as well as the Legion of Honour. The painting was acquired by the State and added to the collection of the Luxembourg and is now on permanent display in the Musée des beaux-arts in Nancy. He received a second gold medal from the jury at the Universal Exposition in 1900, where he exhibited five paintings including La Discussion politique, Jours heureux and La Douleur.", "Friant was appointed a professor of painting in 1923 at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France, promoted to the position of commander in the Legion of Honour, and made a member of the Institut de France. In 1930 the art critic Arsène Alexandre published a comprehensive review of the art of Friant. In 1932, Friant fell to his death in Paris.", "Le travail du lundi, 1884. Oil on wood panel. Musée des beaux-arts de Nancy, France.\nAuto-portrait, 1885. Oil on panel. Musée des beaux-arts de Nancy, France.\nJeune Nancéienne dans une paysage de neige (Young lady from Nancy in snow landscape), 1887. Oil on canvas, 46 x 37 cm. Musée des beaux-arts de Nancy, France.\nLes Canotiers de la Meurthe (The Meurthe boating party), 1887. Musée de l'École de Nancy, France.\nLa Toussaint (All Saints' Day), 1888. Oil on canvas, 254 x 334 cm. Musée des beaux-arts de Nancy, France.\nLa discussion politique (political discussion), 1889. Oil on canvas.\nLa Lutte (The fight), 1889. Oil on canvas. Musée Fabre, France.\nThe Frugal Repast, 1894.\nPar lui-même (self-portrait). 1895. Oil on wood panel. Musée des beaux-arts de Nancy, France.\nLa douleur (The sorrow), 1898. Oil on canvas. Musée des beaux-arts de Nancy, France.\nFemme avec un lion (Lady with lion).\nPortrait de M. Émile Hinzelin, 1908. Musée d'art moderne et contemporain, Strasbourg, France.\nL'echo de la Forêt, Petit Palais, Paris, France. Exposed at the Salon de la Société nationale des Beaux-Arts, 1911.\nGuillaume Dubufe (1835-1909) à son chevalet, no date. Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France.\nL'oiseau blessé, date unknown. Exhibited at the Salon de Paris.\nLes Amoureux, Nancy, Musée des Beaux-Arts\nMarie Marvingt and her proposed air ambulance, 1914. Drawing on paper.\nPortrait de Jean Scherbeck, 1929. Drawing on paper.", "Death certificate on geneanet.org (the creation of an account is required before consulting).\n\"Émile Friant at the Dahesh Museum of Art, New York\". www.daheshmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2008-01-01.\nThomson 2004, p. 183\nHamerton, Philip Gilbert (1894). Types Of Contemporary Painting. XII \"Cast Shadows\", Painted by Emile Friant, Scribner's Magazine 16: 675-678.\nMcIntosh 1997, p. 1\nVilleneuve de Janti, C. 2016. Émile Friant (1863-1932), Le dernier naturaliste? Somogy éditions d’arts, Musée des Beaux Arts de Nancy. 208 p.\nE. Benezit, 1976. Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs. Volume 4, p. 524. Librairie Gründ. Paris, France. ISBN 2-7000-0152-4.\nFae Brauer, 2013. Rivals and Conspirators: The Paris Salons and the Modern Art Centre. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 457 p. ISBN 1-4438-5376-3\nF.-G. Dumas, 1881. Catalogue Officiel illustré de L'Exposition Décennale Des Beaux-arts de 1889 à 1900. L. Baschet, Ed. Imprimeries Lemercier et Cie, 346 p.\nAlexandre, A. (1930). Emile Friant et son oeuvre. Published by Etablissement Braun & Cie, Mulhouse-Dornach (Haut-Rhin), 48 p., 62 pl.\nMackintosh, C.R., 1997. Emile Friant: a forgotten realist of the gilded age. The Magazine Antiques 151(4), p. 585.", "Hamerton, Philip Gilbert (1 December 1894), Types Of Contemporary Painting. XII. Cast Shadows, By Emile Friant, vol. 16, Scribner's Magazine, retrieved 15 November 2009\nMcIntosh, DeCourcy E (1 April 1997). \"Emile Friant: a forgotten realist of the gilded age\". The Magazine Antiques.\nThomson, Richard (2004), The Troubled Republic, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-10465-3, retrieved 15 November 2009" ]

[ "Émile Friant", "Early life", "The Salon", "Later life", "Paintings", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 4697, 4698, 4699, 4700, 4701, 4702, 4703 ]

[ 22063, 22064, 22065, 22066, 22067, 22068, 22069, 22070, 22071, 22072, 22073, 22074, 22075, 22076, 22077, 22078, 22079 ]

[ "", "First edition of Monsieur Lecoq" ]

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[ "Émile Gaboriau (9 November 1832 – 28 September 1873) was a French writer, novelist, journalist, and a pioneer of detective fiction.", "Gaboriau was born in the small town of Saujon, Charente-Maritime. He was the son of Charles Gabriel Gaboriau, a public official and his mother was Marguerite Stéphanie Gaboriau. Gaboriau became a secretary to Paul Féval, and after publishing some novels and miscellaneous writings, found his real gift in L'Affaire Lerouge (1866).", "L'Affaire Lerouge, which was Gaboriau's first detective novel, introduced an amateur detective. It also introduced a young police officer named Monsieur Lecoq, who was the hero in three of Gaboriau's later detective novels. The character of Lecoq was based on a real-life thief turned police officer, Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857), whose own memoirs, Les Vrais Mémoires de Vidocq, mixed fiction and fact. It may also have been influenced by the villainous Monsieur Lecoq, one of the main protagonists of Féval's Les Habits Noirs book series.\nThe book was published in Le Siècle and at once made his reputation. Gaboriau gained a huge following, but when Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes, Monsieur Lecoq's international fame declined. The story was produced on the stage in 1872. A long series of novels dealing with the annals of the police court followed, and proved very popular. Gaboriau died in Paris of pulmonary apoplexy.\nGaboriau's books were generally well received. About The Mystery of the Orcival, Harper's wrote in 1872: \"Of its class of romance—French sensational—this is a remarkable and unique specimen\".\nA film version of Le Dossier n° 113 (File No. 113) was released in 1932.\nIn A Study in Scarlet, Arthur Conan Doyle has Watson ask Sherlock Holmes what he thinks of Gaboriau's work. Holmes disparages Lecoq as \"a miserable bungler\".", "", "", "Monsieur J.-D. de Saint-Roch, ambassadeur matrimonial – The Matrimonial Ambassador: Monsieur J. D. de Saint-Roch (1862)\nPromesses de mariage – Promises of Marriage (1862)", "L'Affaire Lerouge (1866) – The Widow Lerouge / The Lerouge Affair\nLe Crime d'Orcival (1867) – The Mystery of Orcival\nLe Dossier n° 113 (1867) – Dossier No. 113 / The Blackmailers\nLes Esclaves de Paris (1868, 2 vol.) – Slaves of Paris (Le Chantage – Caught in the Net) and (Le Secret de la Maison de Champdoce – The Champdoce Mystery)\nMonsieur Lecoq (1869, 2 vol. – L'Enquête – The Inquiry / Monsieur Lecoq / The Detective's Dilemma) and ( L'Honneur du nom – The Honor of the Name / The Detective's Triumph)\nLa Vie infernale (1870, 2 vol.) – The Count's Millions (Pascal et Marguerite – The Count's Millions) and (Lia d'Argeles – Baron Trigault's Vengeance)\nLa Clique dorée (1871) – The Clique of Gold / The Gilded Clique\nLa Dégringolade (1872) – Catastrophe / The Downward Path\nLa Corde au cou (1873) – Rope Around His Neck / In Peril of His Life / In Deadly Peril\nL'Argent des autres (1874) – Other People's Money / A Great Robbery\nUne Disparition (1876) – A Disappearance / Missing! / 1000 Francs Reward", "Le treizième Hussards (1861) – The 13th Hussars\nLes Gens de Bureau (1862) – The Men of the Bureau\nLes comédiennes adorées (1863)\nLe Petit Vieux des Batignolles (1876) – The Little Old Man of Batignolles\nLe Capitaine Coutanceau (1878) – Captain Coutanceau\nMaudite maison (1876) – The Unfortunate House\nCasta vixit (1876) – Love, the Conqueror\nAmours d'une empoisonneuse (1881) – Intrigues of a Poisoner / An Adventuress of France / The Marquise De Brinvilliers", "Monsieur Lecoq, directed by Maurice Tourneur (1914, based on the novel Monsieur Lecoq)\nL'Affaire d'Orcival, directed by Gérard Bourgeois (1914, based on the novel Le Crime d'Orcival)\nMonsieur Lecoq (1915, based on the novel Monsieur Lecoq), with William Morris as Lecoq\nThe Family Stain, directed by Will S. Davis (1915, based on the novel L'Affaire Lerouge)\nThe Evil Women Do, directed by Rupert Julian (1916, based on the novel La Clique dorée)\nLe Capitaine noir, directed by Gérard Bourgeois (1917)\nThou Shalt Not Steal, directed by William Nigh (1917, based on the novel Le Dossier n° 113)\nFile 113, directed by Chester M. Franklin (1933, based on the novel Le Dossier n° 113), with Lew Cody as Lecoq\nMonsieur Lecoq (TV series, 35 episodes, 1964–65), with Léo Ilial as Lecoq\nNina Gipsy, directed by Claude-Jean Bonnardot (TV film, 1971, based on the novel Le Dossier n° 113), with Henri Lambert as Lecoq\nDer Strick um den Hals, directed by Wilhelm Semmelroth (TV miniseries, 1975, based on the novel La Corde au cou)\nDie Affäre Lerouge, directed by Wilhelm Semmelroth (TV film, 1976, based on the novel L'Affaire Lerouge)\nLa Corde au cou, directed by Marcel Moussy (TV miniseries, 1978, based on the novel La Corde au cou)", "\"Biography of Emile Gaboriau\". online-literature.com. n.d. Retrieved 21 June 2017.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Gaboriau, Émile\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 381.\n\"Editor's literary record\" (PDF), Harper's Magazine: 781, April 1872\n\"A Gaboriau Novel. - The New York Times\". The New York Times. 20 February 1932.", "Works by Emile Gaboriau at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Émile Gaboriau at Internet Archive\nWorks by Émile Gaboriau at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nOnline editions of his works Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine\nÉmile Gaboriau – Bibliographie complète sur Roman-Feuilleton & HARD-BOILED site (Comprehensive Bibliographies by Vladimir Matuschenko)" ]

[ "Émile Gaboriau", "Early life", "Literary life", "Fiction", "Series", "Mariages d'aventure", "Lecoq & Others", "Non-Series", "Filmography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4704, 4705 ]

[ 22080, 22081, 22082, 22083, 22084, 22085, 22086, 22087, 22088, 22089 ]

[ "Émile Gallé, (1889) Photo for entry card to 1889 Paris Exposition", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Émile Gallé (8 May 1846 in Nancy – 23 September 1904 in Nancy) was a French artist and designer who worked in glass, and is considered to be one of the major innovators in the French Art Nouveau movement. He was noted for his designs of Art Nouveau glass art and Art Nouveau furniture, and was a founder of the École de Nancy or Nancy School, a movement of design in the city of Nancy, France.", "", "Gallé born on 4 March 1846 in the city of Nancy, France. His father, Charles Gallé, was a merchant of glassware and ceramics who had settled in Nancy in 1844, and his father-in-law owned a factory in Nancy which manufactured mirrors. His father took over the direction of his mother's family business, and began to manufacture glassware with a floral design. He also took over a struggling faience factory and began manufacturing new products.\nThe young Gallé studied philosophy and natural science at the Lycée Imperial in Nancy. At the age of sixteen he went to work for the family business as an assistant to his father, making floral designs and emblems for both faience and glass. In his spare time he became an accomplished botanist, studying with D.A. Godron, the director of the Botanical Gardens of Nancy and author of the leading textbooks on French flora. He collected plants from the region and from as far away as Italy and Switzerland. He also took courses in painting and drawing, and made numerous drawings of plants, flowers, animals and insects, which became subjects of decoration. \nAt the age of sixteen he finished the Lycée in Nancy and went to Weimar in Germany from 1862–1866 to continue his studies in philosophy, botany, sculpture and drawing. In 1866, to prepare himself to inherit the family business, he went to work as an apprentice at the glass factory of Burgun and Schwerer in Meisenthal, and made a serious study of the chemistry of glass production. Some of his early glass and faience works for the family factory at Saint-Clémont were displayed at the 1867 Paris Universal Exposition. In early 1870 he designed a complete set of dishware with a rustic animal designs for the family enterprise. During this time he became acquainted with the painter, sculptor and engraver Victor Prouvé, an artist of the romantic \"troubadour\" style, who became his future collaborator in the Nancy School.\nHe enlisted for military service in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, then was demobilised after the disastrous French defeat in 1871 and the French loss to Germany of much of the province of Lorraine, including Meisenthal where he had done his apprenticeship. Thereafter the Cross of Lorraine, the patriotic symbol of the region, became part of his signature on many of his works of art.\nAfter his demobilization Gallé went to London, where he represented his father at an exhibition of the arts of France, then to Paris, where he remained for several months, visiting the Louvre and Cluny Museum, studying examples of ancient Egyptian art, Roman glassware and ceramics, and especially early Islamic enamelled glass, a technique which influenced his own later work. After further travel to Switzerland and Italy, he returned to Nancy and established his own workshop at the glass factory. His father Charles continued as head of the company, but Émile gradually took charge of the design and production. In 1873 he took up residence in La Garenne (\"the rabbit warren\"), the three-story neoclassical house built by his father and surrounded by gardens.", "In 1874 the elder Gallé turned the family business, the Maison Gallé-Reinemer, over to Émile. The following year Émile married Henriette Grimm, and after years of traveling, settled permanently in Nancy. He regrouped and reorganized the divisions of faience and glass manufacture, and in 1883 built new and larger workshops for glass and faience manufacture also for making furniture. By 1889 he had over three hundred employees. His own office and studio was in the center of the complex. He trained the designers himself, and sent them water colors of floral designs he made in the gardens of his residence. Gallé ordered his designers to use only real flowers and plants as their models, though they could take some liberties in the final design. He wrote in 1889, \"it is necessary to have a pronounced bias in favour of models taken from flora and fauna, while giving them free expression.\"\nGallé continued to expand his activities. In 1885 he opened his first shop in Paris at 12 rue Richter, followed by other shops in Frankfurt-am-Maine and London. He also took part on a grand scale in international expositions; beginning with the 1878 Paris Universal Exposition, where his pavilion was thirty meters long; the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago; and especially the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition, which was the summit of his fame. His work at the Exposition was rewarded with two Grand Prizes, a gold medal, and the title of a commander in the Legion of Honor.", "In 1901, Gallé became the founder and first President of the École de Nancy, the organization of Nancy artists of the new style. created to encourage the arts in Nancy, the glassmaker Antonin Daum, furniture maker Louis Majorelle and Eugene Vallin as Vice Presidents. He had many distinguished patrons, including the Edmond James de Rothschild, and his works were purchased by museums. In the highest form of tribute, his works were imitated by other glass and ceramics firms.\nMuch of his later work used symbolism, and expressed conflict. On one vase, called Fiori Oscuri, he engraved the words of Robert de Montesquiou: \"I love the hour when everything changes its form, when light and dark struggle together.\"\nHe became involved in social causes. He was a founder, along with Victor Prouvé, of the Université populaire de Nancy, offering university-level classes to workers. He was treasurer of the Nancy branch of the Human Rights League of France and in 1898, at great risk for his business, one of the first to become actively involved in the defense of Alfred Dreyfus. He also publicly defended the Romanian Jews and spoke up in defense of the Irish Catholics in Britain, and supported William O’Brien, one of the leaders of the Irish revolt.\nIn 1904, his health worsened. He was diagnosed with leukemia, and died on 23 September 1904. His son-in-law, Professor Pedrizet of Nancy University, took over the direction of the firm, but the new management did not keep up with the new styles, and the firm went out of business in 1931. Only the carved wooden door survives of his original studio, now in the garden of the Musée de l'École de Nancy.\nGallé wrote a book on art entitled Écrits pour l'art 1884-89 (\"Writings on Art 1884-89\"), which was published posthumously in 1908.", "", "Cased glass and cameo glass were two techniques often used by Gallé. Cased glass was made of two different layers of glass of different colors, fused together by heat. The first case of layer is made in a cold. When it is finished and cooled, a second layer is blown inside the first Then the piece is placed into the furnace, so the two layers fuse together. This could be repeated for multiple layers of glass. Cameo glass was a means of decorating cased glass. The cased glass of two or more colors was carved with a diamond saw or etched with acid, so that the colors of the layer underneath were visible and created a design. Enamel glass was decorated on the outside by a brush of enamels colored by metallic oxides.", "Gallé continually experimented with new techniques of glass art. One of his major innovations was glass marquetry, or applying layers of glass on an object. He attached then sheets of colored glass onto a hot glass object He could join the laminations or overlay them, adding an infinite number of layers and colors. This technique had been practiced by the Venetians during the Renaissance, but Gallé pushed it much further. While it allowed him almost limitless variations, it also presented great difficulties, since the glass had to be reheated for each new layer, and could easily crack.\nAnother difficulty was the appearance of defects and imperfections caused by contamination of the glass paste by dust or ashes or other materials, which caused what glassmakers called \"bubbles\", \"grease\" or stitches\" inside the glass. Galleé decided to take advantage of the defects. He wrote in his patent application, \"Concerned about such defects, I had the idea of using them as a decorative means, which permitted me, by inducing the effect in various ways, to obtain an entirely new type of decoration, called patina.\" Gallé proposed dusting the surface of the hot glass, which would give the appearance of fabric, or thick cobweb, or other textures. He proposed to make further decoration the surface with engraving, sand blasting, and wheel carving, and to embed fragments of hot glass into this patina or outer layer. The final result would then be covered with a thin layer of clear crystal, which could be left plain or also patinated.", "Gallé was particularly innovative in the creation and use of colored glass. As early as 1878 he colored glass with a small quantity of cobalt oxide to make a delicate sapphire tone which he called \"Clair de lune\", or \"moonlight\". He sometimes covered this with a glaze of cobalt blue. It was widely imitated by other glassmakers, particularly in Germany and England, where it was called \"Mondschein\", or \"moonlight\". He wrote that he created \"yellows, some iridescent browns and greens with a base of silver and sulphur, a peacock blue with copper and iron, browns from sulphur and catechu.\" He also tried out rare metals such as thallium and iridium, which made particularly dark shadows. His most original and characteristic colors were a deep violet made with manganese, usually on an opaline ground; a pink made with selenium or copper, which he created 1889; and a green made with chromium, which he used to case pieces in three or four layers, giving nn exceptional depth and richness of color.\nHis style, with its emphasis on naturalism and floral motifs, was at the forefront of the emerging Art Nouveau movement.\nHis early work was executed using clear glass decorated with enamel, but he soon turned to an original style featuring heavy, opaque glass carved or etched with plant motifs, often in two or more colors as cameo glass.\nHe continued to incorporate experimental techniques into his work, such as metallic foils and air bubbles, and also revitalized the glass industry by establishing a workshop to mass-produce his, and other artists', designs.", "A large number of his glass works, especially vases, are inspired by and named for flowers. He was a dedicated botanist, and had an extensive flower garden at this residence as a source of models. He also required his artists to use actual plants as models if they were depicting them. They also had a strong symbolic appeal for Gallé. He wrote in 1893 that according to Saint Paul each flower and fruit has a particular symbolic meaning; the olive leaf is peace, wheat is charity and goodness; the grape is the symbol of the Eucharist; the fig is generosity; the Veronica flower is fidelity, the myrtle is joy, the narcissus is springtime in nature, and so forth.", "Natural subjects were always present in his work. Flower, plants, insects and marine creatures were frequent subjects; he created vases that seemed to be brimming with fish and other animals, and others with forest scenes abounding with colorful dragonflies and other insects.", "Gallé became interested in wood in 1885, when he was looking for exotic woods to make sculpted bases for his vases. He was intrigued by the extraordinary variety of colors and reflective qualities of the woods being imported into Europe from colonies around the world. Within a year, he had created his own furniture workshop, employing experienced carpenters, sculptors, varnishers and experts in marquetry, as well as craftsmen in bronze and iron to make the knobs, locks, and other hardware. He was aided in design by experienced collaborators such as Victor Prouvé. Unlike some designers of the Arts and Crafts movement, he was willing to use machine tools to speed up the manufacture, if it did not diminish the quality of the final product. He began to experiment, sculpting the locks, using patinas of bronze and heating the locks to get exactly the color he wanted. He created a collection of six hundred different varieties of wood. so he could create marquetry in exactly the color and shade, and nuances of the grain he wanted. By 1889 he was able to mount a very successful display of his furniture at the Paris Universal Exposition.\nHe described his inspiration for furniture design in a long article called \"Contemporary furniture decorated following nature\" published in the November–December 1900 issue of the Revue des Arts Decoratifs. He argued that true beauty could never be found \"in the acceptance of the falseness and mediocrity of prettiness without character or in opulence without spirit.\" He argued that it could only be found in the concentrated application of the principles of structural and linear growth of Nature. Following this doctrine, every detail and motif in his furniture was taken directly from nature.", "His early ceramics of Gallé were generally plates and vases with more traditional floral designs. The faience, or glazed earthenware of Gallé, rarely achieved the same level of technical quality and fame as his glassware. He largely abandoned it after 1892. However, it contained much of the same imagination and unusual as his glass. His ceramics and glazed earthenware of Gallé oftenl, looked like real earth, employing earthy brown colors, with overlays of leaves and insects", "Art Nouveau glass", "Bloch-Dermant 1980, p. 52.\nGarner 1976, p. 15.\nGarner 1976, p. 16.\nBloch-Dermant 1980, p. 53.\nBloch-Dermant 1980, pp. 53–54.\nGarner 1976, p. 136.\nEmile Gallé : maître de l'art nouveau, François Le Tacon; prologue by Henri Claude. 2004 - ISBN 2-7165-0620-5.\nBloch-Dermant 1980, pp. 54–55.\nEcrits pour l'art ed Henrietta Galle Paris 1908/Marseille 1980\nBloch-Dermant 1980, p. 195.\nWilliam Warmus. Emile Galle: Dreams into Glass. Corning: The Corning Museum of Glass, 1984. Exhibition catalog, which includes several pages of translations into English of Galle's \"Ecrits pour l'art\" (pp.181-9)\nGarner 1976, pp. 79–80.\nGarner 1976, p. 85.\nGarner 1976, pp. 65–75.", "Bloch-Dermant, Janine (1980). The Art of French Glass (1860-1914). The Vendome Press. ISBN 0-86565-000-4.\nFahr-Becker, Gabriele (2015). L'Art Nouveau (in French). H.F. Ullmann. ISBN 978-3-8480-0857-5.\nGarner, Philippe (1976). Gallé (in French). Flammarion. ISBN 2-08-012956-2.\nThomas, Valerie (2009). Le Musée de l'École de Nancy (in French). Somogy. ISBN 978-2-7572-0248-7.\nSembach, Klaus-Jürgen (2013). L'Art Nouveau- L'Utopie de la Réconciliation (in French). Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-3005-5.", "Quotations related to Émile Gallé at Wikiquote\nLe monde des arts: Émile Gallé\nEmile Gallé biography, signatures, auction results, ... en anglais - Art Deco Ceramic Glass Light\nLe site créé par les élèves du collège Emile Gallé - Académie Nancy-Metz - France\nEmile Galle - Poetry in Glass\nA practical guide to Galle furniture\nRight or Wrong - Lessons in Art Nouveau and Art Deco Glass" ]

[ "Émile Gallé", "Biography", "Early life and education", "Head of the company and international success", "Later years", "Glassware", "Cased glass, cameo glass and enamel glass", "Glass marquetry and patinated glass", "Colors", "Flowers", "Insects and undersea worlds", "Furniture", "Ceramics and pottery", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

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[ "Professor Garçon in Faculty of Law." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Facult%C3%A9_de_droit._M._le_professeur_Gar%C3%A7on.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Garçon (26 September 1851 - 12 July 1922) was a French jurist. He served as a Law Professor at the University of Paris.", "Garçon, Émile (1895). Un Prince allemand physiocrate et ses correspondants, le marquis de Mirabeau et du Pont de Nemours. Paris. OCLC 494052281.\nGarçon, Émile (1896). Les Peines non déshonorantes. Melun. OCLC 494052295.\nGarçon, Émile (1896). Projet de Code pénal russe. Melun. OCLC 490855792.\nGarçon, Émile (1901). Code pénal. Paris: Sirey. OCLC 600746341.\nGarçon, Émile (1905). 1er Congrès du groupe français de l'Union internationale de Droit pénal, Paris, 1905 : discours d'ouverture prononcé à la séance du 7 juin 1905, en présence de M. le Garde des Sceaux. Paris: Imprimerie Chaix. OCLC 490851665.\nGarçon, Émile (1922). Le droit pénal: origines — évolution — état actuel. Paris: Payot. OCLC 954621662.\nGarçon, Émile (1922). Du crime dans ses rapports avec l'Art dramatique et la littérature. Paris. OCLC 881462983.", "\"Émile Garçon (1851-1922)\". Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved August 12, 2016.\nDonnedieu de Vabres, Henri (1951). \"Le professeur Emile Garçon (1851-1922) et l'Union internationale de Droit pénal\". Revue internationale de Droit pénal. 22 (1): 191–200." ]

[ "Émile Garçon", "Works", "References" ]

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[ 22127, 22128, 22129 ]

[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Emile_Gardaz_%281980%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Gardaz (29 August 1931, Échallens, Vaud - 19 December 2007) was a Swiss radio moderator and author, working for Radio suisse romande since 1955. He was the father of comedian Sophie Gardaz.\nTen years before his death, in 1997, he was, with Jean-Pierre Thiollet, among the personalities when the township of Delphi appointed the renowned environmentalist Franz Weber a Citoyen d'honneur.", "", "Derrière les fagots\nMardi les gars avec Michel Dénériaz\nDemain-Dimanche\nadventures of Oin-Oin", "Frères comme ça, CRV, 1970.\nLe pays d'Echallens, 1977.\nPasserelle des jours : soixante mois de poésie pour accompagner des photographies de Marcel Imsand, Bertil Galland, 1981.\nNeuchâtel en eaux douces: le lac de Neuchâtel, Fabrique de Tabac réunies, 1981.\nCroix du Sud, Théâtre du Jorat, 1985.\nLe moulin à sable, éd. de la Passerelle, 1985.\nL'horizon réclamé, Fondation Pré vert du Signal de Bougy, 1986.\nLes petites boréales, éd. de la Passerelle, 1990. (poems)\nContes courants, éd. Bastian, 1994.\nLa courte échelle, éd. de la Passerelle, 1995. (poems)\nLa clé du temps, éd. Scriptar, 1995.\nEscales au pays : l'oreille à la porte, Éditions Cabédita, 1997.\nFête du blé et du pain, éd. Vie Art Cité, 1998.\nGros de Vaud, L'Echo du Gros-de-Vaud, 1999.", "some 600 songs\nRefrain, music by Géo Voumard, sung by Lys Assia, first place at the first Eurovision Song Contest in 1956.", "Romaine Crettenand-Sierro (2005). \"Émile Gardaz\". In Andreas Kotte (ed.). Theaterlexikon der Schweiz (TLS) / Dictionnaire du théâtre en Suisse (DTS) / Dizionario Teatrale Svizzero / Lexicon da teater svizzer [Theater Dictionary of Switzerland] (in French). Vol. 1. Zürich: Chronos. p. 678. ISBN 978-3-0340-0715-3. LCCN 2007423414. OCLC 62309181." ]

[ "Émile Gardaz", "Works", "Radio", "Books", "Music", "Further reading" ]

[ 4750 ]

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[ "Émile Gautier in 1904" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Emile_Gautier.JPG" ]

[ "Émile Jean-Marie Gautier (19 January 1853 – 1937) was a French anarchist and later a journalist. He coined the term \"social Darwinism\".", "Émile Jean-Marie Gautier was born on January 19, 1853 in Rennes.\nHis parents were Jean Marie Gautier, usher, and Marie Louise Marais.\nHe obtained a doctorate in law. He became a disciple of Jules Vallès.\nGautier attended the Anarchist Congress that met in London from 14 July 1881.\nOther delegates included Peter Kropotkin, Errico Malatesta, Saverio Merlino, Louise Michel and Marie Le Compte. \nWhile respecting \"complete autonomy of local groups\" the congress defined propaganda actions that all could follow \nand agreed that \"propaganda by the deed\" was the path to social revolution.\nGautier was implicated during the trial of Peter Kropotkin, and on 19 January 1883 was sentenced by the Criminal Court of Lyon to five years in prison.\nOn 15 August 1885 he was pardoned.\nGautier renounced political activism. He worked at various newspapers, including L'Écho de Paris, where he met Octave Mirbeau, and Le Figaro, where he published \"documentary chronicles\". These were published as a collection in 1992 under the title Les Étapes de la science (Steps of science).\nAccording to the historian of social thought Mike Hawkins, Emile Gautier was the first to use the term \"social darwinism\" in his pamphlet of the same name published in 1880 in Paris.\nHe became a well-known popular science writer.\nHis 1902 Fleur de Bagne (Prison flowers), written with his childhood friend Marie-François Goron, \nwas an ancestor of techno-thrillers and crime dramas with science themes.", "\"Prison as it is organized is a cesspool, pouring into society a steady stream of corruption and germs, physiological and moral contagion; it poisons, brutalizes and corrupts.\" The World of prisons (Lyon, 1889)", "Le Darwinisme social (1880 – Social Darwinism)\nÉtienne Marcel (Paris, 1881)\nPropos anarchistes (1885 – About anarchists)\nLe Parlementarisme (1885 – The Parliamentary System)\nHeures de travail (1885 – Hours of work)\nLes Endormeurs (1885 – The sleeper)\nLe Monde des prisons (Lyon, 1889 – The world of prisons)\nFleurs de bagne, with Marie-François Goron (1902 – Prison flowers)\nLes Paysans, with Louise Michel (Paris, Incomplete)", "Citations\nActe du 20 janvier 1853, pp. 13–14.\nMirbeau 2005, p. 615.\nBantman 2006, p. 965.\nHawkins 1997.\nÉmile Gautier: moutons électriques.\nSources\n\"Acte du 20 janvier 1853\". Registre des naissances. Archives municipales de Rennes, cote 2E61. 1853.\nBantman, Constance (2006). \"Internationalism without an International? Cross-Channel Anarchist Networks, 1880–1914\". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (84–4): 961–981. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5056. Retrieved 2013-08-30.\nMirbeau, Octave (2005). Correspondances générales. L'Age de Homme.\n\"Émile Gautier\". les moutons électriques. Retrieved 2013-08-31.\nHawkins, Mike (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860-1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 177." ]

[ "Émile Gautier", "Life", "Quotation", "Bibliography", "References" ]

[ 4751 ]

[ 22134, 22135, 22136, 22137, 22138, 22139, 22140 ]

[ "Émile Gentil in 1901.", "Rabih's head, a war trophy after the fighting on 22 April 1900.", "Emile Gentil in Africa, by Paul Merwart.", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/%C3%89mile_Gentil%2C_1901.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Rabih_az-Zubayr%2C_decapitated_head.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Emile_gentil.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Outre-mer_en.png" ]

[ "Émile Gentil ([emil ʒɑ̃ti]; 4 April 1866 – 30 March 1914) was a French colonial administrator, naval officer, and military leader.\nBorn at Volmunster in the department of Moselle, he later attended the École Navale, the school that formed French naval officers. As an ensign, he was assigned to conduct hydrographic soundings along the Gabonese coast from 1890 to 1892. That year, he joined the colonial administration in Gabon.", "Gentil is best known for heading two military missions to conquer and consolidate territories north from modern Gabon to Chad.", "In 1895, Gentil was ordered to find a practical route to Chad, claiming the area between for France, and hence thwarting German and British expansion. On 27 July 1895, Gentil headed up the Congo River on the French steamship Léon-Blot. The ship was then dismantled and hauled by African laborers through the forest to reach navigable portions of the Oubangui, where he founded the French station at Fort-Archambault near one of Sultan Rabih az-Zubayr's major towns, Kouno (now in the Chari-Baguirmi Region of Chad). The mission then transported the steamboat overland again to the Chari, which stretches to Lake Chad in the north.\nIn October 1897 he convinced the Sultan Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga to sign a treaty of alliance which gave France a protectorate over the Kingdom of Baguirmi, which was then threatened by Rabih az-Zubayr, the most powerful ruler in the Chad basin.\nOn 20 October Gentil's mission passed through Rabih az-Zubayr, reaching Lake Chad on the 28th.", "After returning from France, where he had successfully lobbied the government to support further expansion, Gentil made preparations for a second Mission to seize the Chari-Baguirmi region and the area around Lake Chad from Rabih az-Zubayr. In 1899–1900, the French organized three armed columns: the Gentil Mission proceeding north from French Congo, the infamous Voulet-Chanoine Mission east from Niger and the Foureau-Lamy Mission south from Algeria. The objective was to link all French possessions in Western Africa.\nAgain supported by the steamboat Léon-Blot, Gentil's force headed to the French station at Fort-Archambault Unbeknownst to them, a previous military expedition commanded by the Lieutenant de vaisseau Henri Bretonnet and the Lt. Solomon Braun, along with Sultan Gaourang's Baguirmi forces had been annihilated by Rabih's forces in the Battle of Togbao on 17 July after attacking Rabih at Kouno.\nOn 16 August, one of the three Senegalese tirailleurs who had survived reached Gentil and informed him of the battle.\nThe Gentil Mission burned the town of Kouno, and confronted Rabih at the Battle of Kouno on 28 October 1899. The French were pushed back, suffering losses, but this did not prevent them from linking up with the other missions at Kousséri on 21 April 1900, in what today is northern Cameroon. The next day the three columns commanded by Major Amédée-François Lamy confronted Rabih az-Zubayr, who still controlled most of Chad. The French won the ensuing Battle of Kousséri, ensuring them control of most of Chad, but the battle cost both commanders their lives. Rabih's son succeeded him, but his empire soon disintegrated under sustained French expansion.\nThis meant that the original expedition had now accomplished all its main aims: surveying the lands of Northern Nigeria and Niger (contributing to a clearer Franco-British delimitation of the colonial borders), uniting with the Foureau-Lamy mission and destroying Rabih's empire, which permitted the institution in September by the French government of the Military territory of Chad.\nIn Lamy's honour, Émile Gentil, who was later its first French governor, named the capital of the new French territory of Chad Fort-Lamy. In 1973 the Republic of Chad renamed it N'Djamena.", "On 5 February 1902 Gentil was named commissioner-general of the French Congo, residing at Brazzaville.\nGabon's second-largest city was named Port-Gentil for him.", "Ayakanmi Ayandele, Emmanuel (1979). Nigerian Historical Studies. Routledge, 130–131. ISBN 0-7146-3113-2.\nGentil, Émile (1971). La chute de l'empire de Rabah. Hachette, 567–577.\nPakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa. Abacus, 515–516. ISBN 0-349-10449-2.\nPetringa, Maria. Brazza, A Life for Africa. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.\nSouzy, Marcel : Les coloniaux français illustres B. Arnaud Lyon vers 1940", "Henri Bretonnet Mission\nBattle of Togbao 1899\nVoulet-Chanoine Mission\nPaul Joalland\nAmédée-François Lamy\nRabih az-Zubayr\nBattle of Kousséri\nDar al Kuti", "Newspaper clippings about Émile Gentil in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW" ]

[ "Émile Gentil", "Missions to the African Interior", "First Mission 1895–1897", "Second Mission, 1899 (the Gentil Mission)", "Governorship of French Congo", "Bibliography", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 4752, 4753, 4754 ]

[ 22141, 22142, 22143, 22144, 22145, 22146, 22147, 22148, 22149, 22150, 22151 ]

[ "Je batiri ma maison sur un roc, Israel", "Monument dedicated to Robert Buron in the garden of Castle of Laval." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/%C3%89mile_Gilioli%2CJe_batiri_ma_maison_sur_un_roc.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Robert_Buron_Monument_in_Laval.JPG" ]

[ "Émile Gilioli (b. Paris, 10 June 1911, d. Paris, 19 January 1977), was a French sculptor.\nGilioli was one of the representatives of abstract French sculpture in the 1950s.", "Émile Gilioli was born to a family of Italian shoemakers who had settled beside the Canal Saint-Martin. After the First World War, the family moved back towards Italy, settling in Nice.\nIn 1932, Gilioli took courses at the École des Arts Décoratifs de Nice, notably with the future artist Marie Raymond.\nDuring the Second World War, Gilioli was mobilized in Grenoble where he passed the remainder of the conflict. He made the acquaintance of Andry-Fracy, conservationist at the Grenoble Musée des beaux-arts, and led him to discover cubism.\nAfter the war, Gilioli settled in Saint-Martin-de-la-Cluze near Grenoble, where he sculpted in his workshop. His art was associated in a certain way with the deeds of the French Resistance. He became friendly with Thomas Gleb. He advised his friend Georges Ladrey, who wished to leave the Alpes pour Paris with the intention of perfecting his skills in an art school, to develop his personal artistic vision, judging that his technique was sufficiently refined.\nIn 1947, Gilioli exhibited in the salon des réalités nouvelles in Paris.\nIn 1949, Gilioli took part in the first Salon de la jeune sculpture in the garden and chapel of the Musée Rodin in Paris. The first salon was attended by 63 sculptors including Gilioli, Emmanuel Auricoste, Étienne Hajdu, Baltasar Lobo and Berto Lardera.\nFrom 1954 onwards, Gilioli took part in collective exhibitions with other artists such as Étienne Martin, Alicia Penalba, François Stahly and Simone Boisecq.\nIn 1997 to mark the 20th anniversary of Gilioli's death, the municipalité of Saint-Martin-de-la-Cluze decided to acquire Gilioli's house and workshop, respecting the expressed wish of his wife Babet to create a space dedicated to the artist's memory. In 2004, the workshop/house was turned into a museum/library which hosts a permanent exhibition presenting Gilioli's work.\nAlso in 1997, the Musée Maillol organised an exhibition in his honor from 27 February to 15 May .", "1946 : Voreppe Memorial;\n1950 : Monument to the dead for those deported from Grenoble;\n1951 : Monument at Chapelle-en-Vercors;\n1952 : Gisant at Vassieux-en-Vercors;\n1968 : Fountain at the hôtel de ville;\n1973 : Memorial to the Résistance on the Glières Plateau (Haute-Savoie).", "", "Atelier Gilioli – espace muséographique et bibliothèque, 38650 Saint Martin de la Cluze;\nMusée de Peinture et de Sculpture, Grenoble;\nCentre Georges-Pompidou, Paris;\nMusée National d'Art Moderne, Paris;\nMusée de Sculpture de la Ville, Paris;\nMusée de la Sculpture en plein air, Paris;\nMusée des Beaux-Arts, Dunkerque;\nMusée Fabre, Montpellier;\nMusée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen.", "Tate Gallery in London;\nMuseum of Open Air Sculpture, Antwerp;\nSão Paulo Museum of Modern Art;\nMuseum of Modern Art, New York;\nBezalel Museum, Jerusalem;\nMuseum of Fine Arts, Ostend;\nNational Museum of History and Art, Luxembourg;\nMuseo de Bellas Artes, Caracas;\nMuseo dei Bozzetti, Pietrasanta;\nKunsthaus, Zurich.", "", "(in French) Les chemins de la mémoire\n(in French) Biographie d'Émile Gilioli\n(in French) La Croix de Valchevrière\n(in French) Hommage à Émile Gilioli\nÉmile Gilioli in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website" ]

[ "Émile Gilioli", "Biography", "Large-scale works", "Museums displaying Gilioli's works", "In France", "Other countries", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4755 ]

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[ "Émile Goué in 1946" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Emile_Gou%C3%A9_%281946%29.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Goué (13 June 1904 – 10 October 1946) was a French composer.", "Born in Châteauroux (Indre), with a father inspector of primary education, a mother head teacher of a teacher-training school for young girls in Guéret (Creuse) and four sisters, all of whom became teachers, the path of the young Goué was clear: he naturally destined for the teaching profession. With a keen intelligence, he obtained in 1921 the two existing baccalaureats: that of elementary mathematics and that of philosophy. Graduated in science at the age of 20, he was appointed professor at Boulogne-sur-Mer three years later. Transferred to Agen in 1924, he successfully completed the physics and chemistry degree. In 1927, he married Yvonne Burg, who gave him three children: Michel, Bernard and Françoise. Then he taught successively at the Lycée Montaigne in Bordeaux and Lycée Buffon in Paris. He taught in so-called \"special mathematics\" classes (preparation for the Grandes Écoles competitions) and ended his university career in one of the most renowned chairs in higher education, at lycée Louis-le-Grand.\nLike Borodin, his scientific and academic career was coupled with regular music practice. Already in Toulouse in 1924, he conducted a youth symphony with a small university orchestra. He furthered his musical studies, which he completed under the direction of Charles Koechlin. Albert Roussel also encouraged him to compose. From 1936 onwards, an intense production began which was only interrupted by the war. Goué was revealed especially with the Psalm XIII (1938) and the Trio (1937). Living permanently in an inner dream, he could seem very dizzy: so he had gone to school one day to teach with shoes of two different pairs. With a very high moral conscience, his personal reactions were always guided by an idealistic point of view.\nThe Second World War broke out as orchestras and ensembles began to pay attention to his production. Mobilized in 1939 as an artillery lieutenant, taken prisoner in June 1940, he spent five years in the Nienburg, Lower Saxony/Weser Oflag. His visceral need to teach was evident from the first days of captivity through a physics course given to his young classmates to help them prepare for their future exams. At the same time, he organized introductory lectures on the history of music from its origins to the present day, to which were added over the months a course on harmony and counterpoint, a course on fugue, twenty lessons on musical aesthetics and the history of the symphony.\nDemonstrating passionate self-denial, he wanted to complete this theoretical teaching and instil in his companions of misfortune a love of music by conducting and commenting on eighteen symphonic concerts whose programs ranged from Franco-Flemish polyphonists to Arthur Honegger. Both the musicians of the orchestra and the singers of the choir were amateurs, with instruments of very poor quality, but Goué's enthusiasm won them all over.\n\"Captivity\" - he confided in 1942, a year of despair and anguish - \"removes almost all contact with real life, therefore almost all inner life\" [...] \"Frequent solitude is necessary to enrich one's inner life, and all solitude is lacking\" [...] \"The hardest thing is not to be hungry; it is to feel one's spiritual level lower\". Very quickly he started composing again, with difficulty at first, then a little more serenely. As with Olivier Messiaen, the war period saw the emergence of masterpieces, revealing an incomparable mastery and artistic maturity: Psalm CXXIII (1942), Prelude, Choral and Fugue (1943), Prehistory (1943), Quintet for piano and strings (1943), Prelude, Aria and Final (1944), Theme and Variations (1945), 3rd String Quartet (1945), etc.\nReturning home in May 1945, Goué was unable to carry out his dual activity as a musician and teacher at the same time. Very weakened, he participated in the jury of the agrégation exams, completed the orchestration of his grandiose Inscription on a stele and died on 10 October 1946 at the university sanatorium of Neufmoutiers-en-Brie. He is buried in the cemetery of Guéret, in the Creuse, whose music conservatory has been named after him since 2007.", "Following in the footsteps of the Frankish school, opposed to the romantic spirit, Goué had a predilection for Bach and Renaissance musicians. He composed Pénombres (1931), an orchestra suite, a Poème Symphonique (1933) and in 1934 a first Symphony as well as a musical action in two acts Wanda, a drama of the sea whose action is located in Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie and which will only be premiered in 1950 in Mulhouse. The colourful dough of his orchestra, as if carved with a chisel, skilfully mixes the instrumental timbres.\nStarting from ancient fashions, Goué considered it necessary for the French temperament, by tradition, to assert tonality, but an expanded tonality going without complex to polymodality. A composer of his time, Goué perfectly understood the evolution of musical language and developed his own technique, which he called \"chromatic simultaneity\", a variant of polymodality on the same tonic. The infinite resources of contrapuntal writing allowed him a multitude of combinations of subjects.\nIn his quest for perfection, his fascinating theoretical reflections on form extend those of Vincent d'Indy. His temperament as a builder concerned with unity made him prefer the use of a single theme generating the whole work, following Bach's example. Architectural concerns that became more and more imperative in his last opuses (Quintet, 3rd String Quartet, Prelude, Aria and Final...) without stifling lyricism and epic meaning. Because \"one must not hide the emptiness of thought under the efflorescence of counterpoint\", his style, by successive stripping, reached its conclusion in captivity.\nCharles Koechlin rightly characterized him: \"He is above all a sensitive, a lyrical man. However, he keeps a constant need for order: a Cartesian whose art does not abandon itself to the fantasy of musical improvisation. The monothematic form that he often likes, is extremely voluntary. It is infinitely serious, often harsh, even strange, sometimes quite austere, sometimes tragic too. But on occasion he achieves real beauty (as in the andante of his Sonata for piano and violin). I have already spoken of the emotion that emanates from a Psalm written in captivity. There is no doubt that such an emotion is also evident in many of his other works. He's not an entertainer. He's not even a skillful charmer. There's often something rough about him. But it is a living being, who loves, who suffers, who has mercy. What he leaves behind is significant enough to deserve to escape oblivion.\nAn astonishing encounter with Saint Theresa in the pen of the one who had renounced the Catholic religion of his childhood: \"I understood that resigning myself to the humble daily tasks puts me in contact with the most essential concerns of Life, and develops in me this gift of generosity that must be cultivated at all costs\". Goué remained tormented to the highest degree by the metaphysical problem. His noble and anxious spirituality gives his works a sincere depth and raises the essential questions. Exacerbated by the experience of the camps, this interiority gives Goué's message its accent of authentic originality. Rough universe where man seeks his way by feeling, anxious by his destiny, but sometimes illuminated by a ray of hope. These concerns are in line with our sad actuality: there is some Rouault in this music, exsanguinated faces, surrounded by black, who shout their despair in a burning world.", "\"More and more I feel drawn to austerity, stripping, nudity and severity of style. We must not hide the emptiness of thought under the efflorescence of the counterpoint. I would like to build works that can help men to believe in Life, in the highest and simplest, the most natural, the most primitive. I think I've already done that.\".\n\"Music is for me a metaphysical activity, and does not separate from my life\".\n\"It is as important for me to participate in Life, with its sufferings and joys, as it is to compose music. I would even say that the first activity allows me the second\".\n\"The divine task of Art is to increase in us the notion of Life\".\n\"For me, it is the spirit of Bach that matters, religious spirit: believing in Life, and, from this hope, making a lever capable of helping to accomplish one's destiny, such is the positive doctrine, this philosophy of action that is derived from the study of the Cantor's work\".\n\"Suffering is only desperate if it is sterile.\"\n\"I know that the word conviction still has a pejorative meaning today. This is a salutary reaction against romanticism and, certainly, the most absolute conviction is not enough to generate the work of art. But without conviction, it seems impossible to me to do anything big. This conviction that the artist must bring to his work is none other than the belief in the necessity of what he writes. This belief, this certainty, I have always felt it deeply\".", "Pieces for piano\n1933–1935: Ambiances, suite n° 1\n1936–1937: Sonate\n1939: Horizons (pièces descriptives)\n1942: Ambiances, suite n° 2\n1943: Prélude, Choral et Fugue\n1943: Préhistoires\n1944: Prélude, Aria et Final\n1945: Thème et Variations\nChamber music\n1937: Three Pieces for oboe, clarinet and bassoon\n1937: First String Quartet\n1941: Second String Quartet\n1941–1944: Sonata for violon and piano\n1942: String sextet\n1942: Duo for violin and cello\n1943: Quintet for piano and strings\n1944–1945: Third String sextet\nSymphonic works\n1933: Poème symphonique\n1925–1937: Première Symphonie \"classique\", in G minor\n1943: Second Symphony, with main violin, in A\n1943: Esquisse pour un paysage vu du Mont Coudreau\n1944: Macbeth\n1946: Esquisse pour une inscription sur une stèle\nLyrical works\n1934: Wanda\n1938: Psaume XIII\n1940: Psaume CXXIII\nMelodies\n1940: Ballade\n1942–1943: Trois Mélodies pour voix et quatuor à cordes\n1945: Deux Mélodies", "Mélodies (world premiere recording) by Christel Plancq, soprano, Damien Top, tenor, Jean-Jacques Cubaynes, bass, Éric Hénon, piano, collection du Festival international Albert-Roussel, 2006, Recital SyPr 054\nString quartet (world premiere recording) by the César Franck Quartet, chamber music, volume 1, collection du Festival international Albert-Roussel, 2007, Recital RCP067\nSonata for violin and piano, String Quartet No 3 (world premiere recording) by Alfred Loewenguth, violin, Françoise Doreau, piano, Loewenguth Quartet, collection du Festival international Albert-Roussel, 2008, Azur Classical AZC 081\nŒuvres pour piano, volume 1, (world premiere recording) by Samuel Ternoy, collection du Festival International Albert-Roussel, 2009, Azur Classical AZC 082\nŒuvres pour piano, volume 2, (world premiere recording) by Diane Andersen, collection du Festival International Albert-Roussel, 2011, Azur Classical AZC 083\nQuintet for strings and piano, Trio with piano, Three pieces for quartet (world premiere recording) by the Joachim Quartet and Olivier Chauzu, Chamber music, volume 2, collection du Festival international Albert-Roussel, 2012, Azur Classical AZC 100\nMélodies avec quatuor, Fleurs mortes, Duo, Trio, Sextuor à cordes (world premiere recording) by Damien Top, tenor and the musicians of the MET Orchestra, Chamber music, volume 3, collection du Festival international Albert-Roussel, 2012, Azur Classical AZC 120\nSymphonie n°2, Ballade sur un poème d'Emily Brontë Orchestre Radio Symphonique de Paris, Tony Aubin - Marie Béronita, soprano, Krettly Quartet, Louis de Froment, recordings INA 1949 and 1958, collection du Festival international Albert-Roussel, 2016, Azur Classical AZC 135", "Philippe Gordien and Bernard Goué, Émile Goué, compositeur mort pour la France, Les Amis d'Émile Goué, 1998\nÉmile Goué, Cours d'Esthétique musicale (1943), Les Amis d'Émile Goué, 1998\nÉmile Goué, Éléments fondamentaux d'écriture musicale, Les Amis d'Émile Goué, 2001\nDamien Top, Émile Goué, un alchimiste des sons, Politique Magazine, No 20, June 2004\nBernard Goué, Émile Goué, compositeur : Influence de la Creuse sur son œuvre, Mémoires de la Société des Sciences naturelles et archéologiques de la Creuse, No 50, 2004\nPhilippe Gonin, Koechlin pédagogue. Son influence sur la pensée esthétique d'Émile Goué, Charles Koechlin, compositeur et humaniste, coord. Philippe Cathé, Sylvie Douche, Michel Duchesneau, Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 2011\nDamien Top, Un aperçu de la polytonalité chez Émile Goué, Polytonalités, under the direction of Philippe Malhaire, L'Harmattan, 2011\nDamien Top, Émile Goué, biography, Bleu-Nuit, 2012\nBruno Giner, Survivre et mourir en musique dans les camps nazis, Paris, Berg International Éditeurs, 2011, Third part, chapter 4\nÉmile Goué. Chaînon manquant de la musique française, under the direction of Philippe Malhaire, Paris, L'Harmattan, series L'Univers musical, 2014, 272 p.\nPhilippe Gordien, assisted by Bernard Goué, Commentaires, analyses et conseils d'interprétation d'œuvres d'Émile Goué, texts gathered, edited, presented and annotated by Philippe Malhaire, Paris, Les Amis d'Emile Goué, April 2015, 140 p.\nÉmile Goué, Demain, je t'écrirai en majeur, correspondence, Paris, L'Harmattan, series Musiques en question(s), 2016, 382 p.", "Charles Koechlin, Contrepoints, December 1946.\nÉmile Goué. Chaînon manquant de la musique française, under the direction of Philippe Malhaire, Paris, L'Harmattan, coll. L'Univers musical, 2014, 272 p.\nJean-Marc Warszawski. \"Émile Goué, mélodies\". musicologie.org. Retrieved 2018-10-23.", "Biography (musicology.org)\nÉmile Goué, un classique oublié (bibliothèque Mahler)\nÉmile Goué (Musimen)\nSite des Amis Émile Goué\nDiscography (Discogs)\nÉmile Goué on Youtube" ]

[ "Émile Goué", "Life", "Legacy", "Quotes", "Main works", "Discography", "Bibliography", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Caricature of Émile Goudeau" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Emile_Goudeau.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Emile_Goudeau.png" ]

[ "Émile Goudeau (29 August 1849 – 18 September 1906) was a French journalist, novelist and poet. He was the founder of the Hydropathes literary club.", "He was born in Périgueux, Dordogne, the son of Germain Goudeau, an architect, and cousin of Léon Bloy. Goudeau studied at the seminary, and then was supervisor in different high schools before becoming an employee at the Ministry of Finance, \nwhich gave him the opportunity to devote most of his time to poetry.\nAccording to Maurice Donnay:\nÉmile Goudeau was from Périgord. He had a very brown complexion, very black hair and beard, a pronounced squint made him look fierce, but he was a very brave man, and he had much talent, which was original and tasty like wine ... Émile Goudeau had genius, just like that of the Duc Soulografiesky, his thirst was that of the Danaïdes. Anyway, Émile Goudeau chaired the meetings of the Hydropathes with bonhomie and authority.\nGoudeau founded the Hydropathes society on 11 October 1878. \nAccording to Goudeau, the name came from the Hydropathen-valsh (Waltz of the Hydropaths) by the Hungarian-German musician Joseph Gungl.\nThe purpose of the society was to promote the works of the members. \nThe Hydropathes Café in the rue Cujas was a large hall that could accommodate several hundred people.\nThe society staged evening entertainments in the form of poetry or prose readings and songs.\nThe society published a journal for about year, starting in January 1879, containing writings and pictures by members of the society.\nThe Hydropathes drank heavily in the bohemian way of that time, particularly green absinthe, which was rampant.\nGoudeau paid his collaborators in drink, and this salary was fatal to the most gifted of them, Jules Jouy.\nAt first the Hydropathes met on the Left Bank, but when Rodolphe Salis opened his cabaret, Le Chat Noir, in December 1881, \nhe persuaded Goudeau to move the society there.\nGoudeau helped Salis to launch his journal Le Chat Noir, which first appeared on 14 January 1882, drawing on his experience with the Hydropathes journal. Goudeau was chief editor of Le Chat Noir from 1882 to 1884.\nMuch of the Hydropathes' backstory -- including the name, the music, the drinking, the performances, the poetry, etc., the many poets, musicians, and performers (famous and not so famous), as well as the reasons for organizing it in the first place, -- is found in Goudeau's memoir, Dix ans de bohème. The ten years in question are most likely 1874-1884, which is from the time Goudeau first arrived in Paris (1874), \"très timide de tempérament, très audacieux de volonté\" (\"very timid in temperament, very audacious in will\"), to when he left his position of chief editor at Le Chat Noir journal.", "1878: Fleurs du bitume (In English translation: Flowers of Bitumen: Sunny Lou Publishing, ISBN 978-1735477664, 2021)\n1884: Poèmes ironiques (Ironic Poems)\n1884: La Revanche des bêtes (Revenge of the beasts)\n1885: La Vache enragée (The Angry Cow): novel\n1886: Voyages et découvertes du célèbre A'Kempis à travers les États-Unis de Paris (Travels and discoveries of famous A'Kempis across the United States from Paris): Fantasy, with drawings by Henri Rivière\n1887: Les Billets bleus (The Blue Tickets): novel\n1887: Le Froc: novel\n1888: Dix ans de bohème (Ten bohemian years): memoirs, The Illustrated Library, Paris, 1888; reissued by Champ Vallon, Paris, 2000. (In English translation: Ten Years a Bohemian: Sunny Lou Publishing, ISBN 978-1735477695, 2021)\n1889: Corruptrice (Corrupter): novel\n1893: Paris qui consomme (The Paris who consumes) : fantasy\n1896: Chansons de Paris et d'ailleurs (Songs of Paris and elsewhere)\n1897: Poèmes parisiens (Parisian Poems)\n1900: La Graine humaine (The Human Grain): novel", "The Place Émile-Goudeau in the 18th arrondissement of Paris is named in his honor. It is on Montmartre hill just below the Place du Tertre.", "Flowers of Bitumen. Publisher: Sunny Lou Publishing, ISBN 978-1735477664, 2021.\nTen Years a Bohemian. Publisher: Sunny Lou Publishing, ISBN 978-1735477695, 2021.\nUpside-Down Stories. Compiled and translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, ISBN 978-1732350687, 2019).", "Notes\nThe story of the Danaïdes is part of Greek Mythology. They are condemned to spend eternity carrying water in a sieve or perforated device. Goudeau's thirst could never be satisfied.\nHydropaths are afraid of water, thinking other drinks such as wine or absinthe are safer.\nAnother explanation for the name is that the Hydropathe is a Canadian animal with crystal paws, which are used as champagne glasses. \nManger La Vache enragée means to go hungry. \nCitations\nRearick, Charles (1985). Pleasures of the Belle Epoque: Entertainment and Festivity in Turn-of-the Century France. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 55.\nGoudeau 2000, p. 182.\nWeikop 2013, p. 40.\nSeigel 1999, p. 222.\nSeigel 1999, p. 217.\nSources\nGoudeau, Émile (2000). Golfier Michel; Jean-Didier Wagneur; Patrick Ramseyer (eds.). Dix ans de bohème. Editions Champ Vallon. ISBN 978-2-87673-287-2. Retrieved 2013-06-06.\nSeigel, Jerrold (1999-09-03). Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics, and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life, 1830-1930. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6063-8. Retrieved 2013-06-06.\nWeikop, Christian (2013-02-21). The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines: Europe 1880 - 1940. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965958-6. Retrieved 2013-06-06." ]

[ "Émile Goudeau", "Life", "Works", "Tribute", "English-language translations", "References" ]

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[ "Bishop Émile Grouard" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Bishop_Emile_Grouard%2C_Oblate.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Jean-Baptiste Marie Grouard O.M.I., \"one of the most influential clerics in northern Alberta,\" was Apostolic Vicar of Athabasca. A gifted linguist, Grouard learned a number of languages of the indigenous peoples.", "Grouard was born at Brulon, in Brittany, France February 1, 1840, the son of André and Anne Ménard Grouard; his father was a gendarme. Vital-Justin Grandin O.M.I. was his cousin. \nHe began seminary training at Le Mans, before emigrating in 1860 to Canada, where he completed his theological studies at the Séminaire de Québec. In May 1862, he was ordained by Alexandre-Antonin Taché, Bishop of the Diocese of Saint Boniface in Manitoba.", "In June 1862, newly ordained Father Grouard then 22 years old, was in Fort Garry with Father Émile Petitot, both having travelled there from Montreal with Bishop Taché, and fellow Oblates, Constantine Scollen and John Duffy.The two then travelled north with the Portage La Loche Brigade. He described his experience in his book \"Souvenirs de mes soixante ans d'apostolat dans l'Athabaska-Mackenzie\" (Memories of my sixty years of ministry in the Athabaska-Mackenzie)\n\"Monsignor Taché had made arrangements for our passage, Father Petitot and I, with the Hudson's Bay Company on the boats leaving that afternoon of Pentecost for Portage La Loche. On the morning of this great feast day, we received our religious habit from the Monsignor and I began my novitiate that I would spend at Lake Athabasca under the direction of Father Clut. During the journey my superior would be Father Petitot. The rule would be loosely followed.\nOn the afternoon of the Pentecost, a brigade of eight York boats would leave Fort Garry and one would have Father Petitot and I as passengers. We each had our travel case, and Monsignor Taché had supplied for our voyage: thick wool blankets wrapped in oilskin, a tent, a stove, a tea kettle, plates and iron pans, knives and forks, a bag of dried meat, a large sack of pemmican, a barrel of biscuits, some ham, tea, sugar. We were to live on this for two months. Monsignor had also arranged for a Métis to do our cooking and to help us set up our tent every night and take it down every morning. He suggested that we be quick to obey the guide's signal: \"Lève ! Lève!\" in the morning and not to delay getting into the boat. He led us to the river's edge, gave us his benediction, embraced us tenderly like a father would and we took our place on the boat.\" (translation)\nGrouard began his novitiate with the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate at Saint Boniface, and made his final profession the following year. He grew a beard in order to appear older. Grouard had a talent for languages, and learned Cree, Chipewyan and Beaver. In 1863, he preached his first sermon in Chipewyan. He would later print the Bible in the Chipewyan language.\nHe served as a missionary in such places as Fort Chipewyan, Fort Providence, Lac La Biche and Dunvegan. In 1870, during a stay at Fort Simpson, he decorated the small chapel and made an oil-painting of the Crucifixion. He returned to France for medical treatment, and while there took lessons in drawing and painting from the Christian Brothers in Paris. Upon his return, he decorated a side chapel in the church at St. Albert, and an altarpiece for Notre Dame des Victoires at Lac Ia Biche. \nHe published several books in the Cree, Chipewyan and Beaver languages with a Stanhope printing press he acquired on a trip to France in 1874. In 1877 he and Bishop Faraud printed in syllabic type the first book published in Alberta.", "He was appointed the vicar apostolic of Athabasca-Mackenzie and titular bishop of Ibora in 1890 and in 1891 he was ordained bishop of the new diocese of Athabasca.\nIn order to improve the supply of provisions, he had steamboats built to travel on the Peace, Mackenzie, Slave and Athabasca Rivers. The boats were constructed and operated by the Oblate brothers. The mission at Dunvegan ran the first sternwheeler, the St. Charles, in 1902. Built for Bishop Grouard, her primary purpose was to aid him in his missionary work. She also carried goods for the North-West Mounted Police and the HBC.\nDuring the negotiations of Treaty 8 in 1899 he advised the First Nations of Lesser Slave Lake.\nIn 1924, the French government made him a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died in Grouard, Alberta on March 7, 1931.", "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan\nApostolic Vicariate of Athabasca\nDunvegan Provincial Park\nWestern Canadian steamships of the Oblate Order of Mary Immaculate", "Leonard, David W. (March 4, 2015). \"Bishop Emile Grouard\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2013-06-18.\nHuel, Raymond. \"Grouard, Émile (Émile-Jean-Marie)\", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 16, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003\nGrouard, Émile-Jean-Baptiste-Marie (1922), Souvenirs de mes soixante ans d'apostolat dans l'Athabaska-Mackenzie, Winnipeg: La Liberté, p. 21, retrieved 2014-04-10\nLarmour, Judy. \"Émile Grouard, Artist Bishop of the North\", SSAC Bulletin, 17:4\n\"Oblates in the West (The Printing Press with Syllabic Type)\". Retrieved 2013-06-18.\nDowns, Art (1975–1979). Pioneer Days in British Columbia Volume 2. Heritage House and main author Harold Fryer. p. 120. ISBN 0-919214-68-1.", "The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church\nWorks by or about Émile Grouard at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Émile Grouard", "Life", "First journey North", "Bishop", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "View of central galleries and towers of Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 1866. Albumen print by Émile Gsell", "Group portrait of Doudart de Lagrée and other members of the Commission d'exploration du Mékong, Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 1866. Albumen print by Emile Gsell.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Émile Gsell (1838 - 1879) was a French photographer who worked in Southeast Asia, becoming the first commercial photographer based in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City). He participated in at least three scientific expeditions, and the images he produced from the first, to Angkor Wat, are amongst the earliest photographs of that site. Though he died at an early age he managed to make several hundred photographs in just over a dozen years featuring a wide range of subject matter including architecture, landscapes, and studio, ethnographic and genre portraits.", "Gsell was born in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, Haut-Rhin, France on 30 December 1838.\nIn Cochin China, Gsell was hired by the Commission d'exploration du Mékong, directed by Ernest Doudart de Lagrée (b. 1823 - d. 1868), to photograph the ruins of Angkor. Gsell accompanied the expedition to Cambodia and Siam (now Thailand, and at the time in possession of Angkor) from June to September or October 1866, often receiving suggestions for photographic points of view from Doudart de Lagrée.\nAlso in 1866, following the expedition, Gsell established himself as a commercial photographer in Saigon, becoming the first professional photographer to do so in that city.\nIn the first half of 1873 Gsell returned to Angkor and travelled through Cambodia with Louis Delaporte. On the strength of his Cambodian photographs Gsell was awarded a medal of merit at the Vienna International Exhibition, which was held from 1 May to the 31 October 1873 and during which Gsell exhibited two albums of photographs, one of the ruins of Angkor and the other of \"the mores, customs, and types of the Annamite and Cambodian populations\".\nIn April 1875, Gsell accompanied a mission, led by Brossard de Corbigny, to Huế, though he was not allowed to photograph the people he met nor the Citadel. However, two of his photographs demonstrate that he was in Hanoi at the end of 1875 and from November 1876 to January 1877 Gsell was able to take many views of Tonkin (now Northern Vietnam).\nGsell's photographs were marketed by Auguste Nicolier, who sold chemicals and photographic supplies in Saigon from 1876.\nEmile Gsell died at home in Saigon on 16 October 1879. After his death, O. Wegener succeeded Gsell, obtaining and using his stock in the early 1880s then passing it on to Vidal (also known as Salin-Vidal) who marketed it under the names Vidal and Salin-Vidal until his own death in 1883.", "", "Mekong Expedition of 1866-1868", "https://www.soundsofangkor.org/fran%C3%A7ais-1/instruments-traditionnels/%C3%A9mile-gsell-vf/\nAnglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. \"Gsell, Emile\", LC Control Number nr2002017108. Accessed 26 May 2004.\nAuer, Michèle, and Michel Auer. 'Encyclopédie internationale des photographes / Photographers encyclopaedia international: index' (Paris: Maison européenne de la photographie; Hermance, Switzerland: Camera Obscura, 1992).\nPhotographs by Emile Gsell at the Canadian Centre for Architecture\nBautze, Joachim K[arl]. 'Émile Gsell (1838–79) and Early Photographs of Angkor'. Connecting Empires and States: Selected Papers from the 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Vol. 2; ed. by Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz, Andreas Reinicke & Dominik Bonatz, Singapore: NUS Press 2012, 306-316.\nFranchini, Philippe, and Jérôme Ghesquière, sous la direction de [under the direction of]. 'Des photographes en Indochine: Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchine, Cambodge et Laos au XIXe siècle' (Paris: Marval, 2001), 224-225.\nEdwards, Gary. 'International Guide to Nineteenth-Century Photographers and Their Works' (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1988), 231.\nMinistère des Affaires étrangères, France. 'France diplomatie; Archives et patrimoine; Pages d'Histoire; Journées du Patrimoine 2003: Patrimoine spirituel autour du Monde; Une contribution à la préservation du patrimoine mondial. Les temples d'Angkor.; La mission Doudart de Lagrée à Angkor, 1866.'. Accessed 16 January 2004.\nSuriyakantha. 'France - Sri Lanka Cultural Exchanges; Culture; Photography; Nostalgia...; Emile Gsell (1838-1879) 's Indochina'. Accessed 21 February 2006.", "The Fostinum: Photographs by Emile Gsell" ]

[ "Émile Gsell", "Biography", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4760, 4761, 4762, 4763, 4764, 4765, 4766, 4767, 4768, 4769, 4770 ]

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[ "Émile Guépratte in 1925" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/%C3%89mile_Gu%C3%A9pratte_1925.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Paul Aimable Guépratte (30 August 1856 – 21 November 1939) was a French admiral.", "Guépratte was born in Granville to a family of naval officers. He studied at the Lycée impérial in Brest from 1868, and joined the École Navale on 1 October 1871.\nHe was made an officer on 5 October 1874, and promoted to Enseigne de vaisseau on 1 December 1877. He served in Tunisia aboard the Marengo. He studied torpedo operations and served on the Amiral Duperré as a torpedo expert before receiving his first command in 1889.\nIn 1891, he was second officer of the Forfait. He went on to command the gunboat Caronade in Indochina, the anti-submarine defences of Brest, a destroyer and the cruiser Foudre, rising in rank to capitaine de vaisseau.\nOn 26 May 1906, Guépratte took command of the Jeanne d'Arc.\nGuépratte was promoted to contre-amiral on 2 September 1912. At the outbreak of the First World War, he led a squadron of old battleships in the Mediterranean. He was sent to the Dardanelles to back the British Mediterranean Fleet of Admiral Sackville Carden.\nOn 3 November 1914, the Suffren, Vérité, Indomitable and Indefatigable started shelling the forts defending the strait, initiating the Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign.\nThe main attack took place on 18 March, Guépratte leading the forwards squadron. The fleet was taken into a well-prepared minefield, under fire from coastal artillery. The Irresistible, Ocean and Bouvet were sunk; the French flagship Suffren was seriously damaged, as well as the Gaulois. Nevertheless, Admiral John de Robeck lauded the spirit of the French line.\nGuépratte took part in the naval part of the later joint operation with the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, deploring the lack of first-class French units in the theater. He was eventually promoted to vice-admiral on 10 October 1915, allegedly to bring him away from combat operations, where he was deemed impetuous, to a safer area of activity.\nGuépratte was retired on 30 August 1918 and took up a career as a politician. He was elected to the National Assembly of France on 16 November 1919 on a left-wing list. He specialised in parliamentary affairs of the Navy. He retired from political life in 1924. He died in Brest in 1939.", "Guépratte's tomb is in Les Invalides, where French military heroes are buried. A street in Belgrade is named after him.\nGrand Cross of the Legion of Honour (12 December 1924)\nCross of the Order of St. George (28 December 1916)\nOrder of the White Eagle (Serbian order, 2 September 1917)\nOrder of Karađorđe's Star\nFrench frigate Guépratte named after him\nFrench destroyer Guépratte named after him. The ship was launched 1954 at ACB, Nantes and carried the pennant number D632. Decommissened 05/08/1985 it was sunk in an exercise in 1994", "Keesing's Contemporary Archives. Keesing's Limited. 1937. p. 3841.\nAcović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 640." ]

[ "Émile Guépratte", "Biography", "Honours", "References" ]

[ 4771 ]

[ 22223, 22224, 22225, 22226, 22227, 22228, 22229 ]

[ "Émile Hamonic (left) with his friend Théodore Botrel (plus Léna Botrel and Paul Barbier), at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Botrel1904.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Eugène Louis Hamonic (1861–1943) was a French photographer and publisher, associated with the picture-postcard boom of the early 20th century. He established himself as a publisher of picture postcards in Saint-Brieuc in 1893, becoming one of the first great editors of this genre.\nHis cards typically presented idealised images of his native Brittany. He was also a committed supporter of Breton regionalism, and was an active member of the Breton Regionalist Union.", "He was born on August 26, 1861 at Moncontour in Côtes-du-Nord. One of nine children. Hamonic's family operated a hardware store and bought and sold antiques. His parents took him along on their buying-trips into the surrounding countryside and he became a passionate lover of the brand new velocipede bicycle. He was apprenticed to a photographer in Dinard, and after his military service, he established himself as a professional photographer in Moncontour, later moving to Saint-Brieuc.", "Hamonic was one of the first to recognise the development of the picture postcard to France. To provide an outlet for photographers and painters like him, he founded the Éditions d'art Hamonic in Saint-Brieuc. His company was a tremendous success, exploiting the popularity of picturesque images of Brittany for tourists, which were abundant in the summer months. These postcards are usually signed \"Hamonic\", or, rarely, \"E.H.\".\nHe is particularly associated with Théodore Botrel, often reproducing on his cards the lyrics of the popular singer-songwriter. Several of Botrel's ballads were illustrated postcard-sequences, in which the stories told in the songs were acted out in a series of dramatic tableaux. He also produced a number of publicity images of Botrel with his wife Léna.\nFrom 1906 to 1909, he published the pictures of Jean-Marie Le Doaré. These cards are signed \"Hamonic, the Doaré cliché\".\nIn 1922, affected by illness, he retired, leaving his business to his son Amaury.", "Hamonic was one of the first members of the Breton Regionalist Union, founded in 1898. He actively promoted Breton regionalist identity in his publications. He also helped to develop the pan-Celticist movement, attending the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon in 1904. In July 1906 he was one of the organizers, with Octave-Louis Aubert, of a pan-Celticist historical festival held in Saint-Brieuc. He was made an honorary bard of the Gorsedd of Brittany.", "", "Baud Cartopole\nMarion Loffler, A Book of Mad Celts: John Wickens and the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon 1904, Gomer Press, 2000, pp.1ff" ]

[ "Émile Hamonic", "Life", "Postcards", "Bretonism", "External links", "Notes" ]

[ 4772 ]

[ 22230, 22231, 22232, 22233, 22234 ]

[ "Gustave Émile Haug" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gustave_Emile_HAUG_%281861-1927%29.jpg" ]

[ "Gustave Émile Haug (19 June 1861 - 28 August 1927) was a French geologist and paleontologist known for his contribution to the geosyncline theory.", "Émile Haug was born on 19 June 1861.\nIn 1884 he received his doctorate in natural sciences from the University of Strasbourg with a dissertation on the ammonite genus Harpoceras, titled \"Beiträge zu einer monographie der Ammonitengattung Harpoceras\". In 1897 he became maître de conférences at the Sorbonne in Paris, where in 1904 he was named a full professor of geology.\nIn 1902 he was appointed president of the Société géologique de France, and from 1917 to 1927, was a member of the Académie des sciences.\nThe third part of Philippe Thomas's Essai d'une description géologique de la Tunisie, which was to have described the Tertiary formations, was completed and published by his friend, Professor Léon Pervinquière (1873–1913), holder of the Chair of Geology at the Faculty of Science in Paris.\nÉmile Haug published the Essai d'une description géologique de la Tunisie after Pervinquiere had also died, and presented it to the Geological Society of France in session on 6 April 1914.\nHaug died in Niederbronn on 28 August 1927, aged 66.", "Haug's major work, \"Traité de géologie\", was published in two volumes (1907–11; Vol. I. \"Les phénomènes géologiques\", Vol. II. \"Les périodes géologiques\"), with volume II being issued in three parts. He was also the author of:\n\"Les géosynclinaux et les aires Continentales\", (1900).\n\"Les nappes de chariage de la Basse-Provence\", (two volumes; 1925, 1930).", "Haug, Émile (1907), Traité de géologie, vol. 1, Paris: A. Colin, retrieved 2012-12-04\nHaug, Gustave Émile Sociétés savantes de France\nCilleuls 1969, p. 139.\nBurollet 1995, pp. 111–122.", "Burollet, Pierre F. (21 June 1995), \"L'exploration de la Tunisie avant la première guerre mondiale\", Travaux du Comitée français d'Histoire de la Géologie (in French), Comité Français d'Histoire de la Géologie (COFRHIGEO) (séance du 21 juin 1995), 9 (3), retrieved 2017-07-29\nCilleuls, Jean des (1969), A propos des phosphates de Tunisie et de leur découverte par Philippe THOMAS, vétérinaire militaire I1843-1910) (PDF) (in French), retrieved 2017-09-01", "Works by or about Émile Haug at Internet Archive\nWorks by or about Émile Haug in libraries (WorldCat catalog)" ]

[ "Émile Haug", "Career", "Publications", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 4773 ]

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[ "Émile Henriot, 1927 at Solvay Conference", "", "" ]

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[ "Émile Henriot (2 July 1885 – 1 February 1961) was a French chemist notable for being the first to show definitely that potassium and rubidium are naturally radioactive.\nHe investigated methods to generate extremely high angular velocities, and found that suitably placed air-jets can be used to spin tops at very high speeds - this technique was later used to construct ultracentrifuges.\nHe was a pioneer in the study of the electron microscope. He also studied birefringence and molecular vibrations.\nHe obtained his DSc in physics in 1912 the Sorbonne, Paris, under Marie Curie.", "L. Marton (1961). \"Obituaries: Prof. E. Henriot\". Nature. 190 (4779): 861. Bibcode:1961Natur.190..861M. doi:10.1038/190861a0.\nBiographie Nationale publiée par L’Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Établissements Émile Bruylant: 1866-1986, vol. 12 (suppl.), col 421-423.\nAcad. Roy. Belg. Ann., 1964, 130, pp. 47–59.\nAcad. Roy. Sci. Bull. Cl. Sci., 1961, 47, p. 680.\nLe Radium, 1908, 5, pp. 41–46" ]

[ "Émile Henriot (chemist)", "References" ]

[ 4774, 4775 ]

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[ "Émile Henry", "Henry's capture" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Henry-emile.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Attentat_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_Terminus.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Henry (26 September 1872 – 21 May 1894) was a French anarchist, who on 12 February 1894 detonated a bomb at the Café Terminus in the Parisian Gare Saint-Lazare killing one person and wounding twenty. \nThough his activity in the anarchist movement was limited, he garnered much attention as a result of his crimes and of his age. He was also seen as one of the first people of a growing group of revolutionaries (largely anarchist) who subscribed to the doctrine of the \"propaganda of the deed\", which would later take the life of many governmental figures.", "Henry grew up in a liberal, aristocratic family with anarchist sympathies. They lived in exile in Spain for a time because his father, Fortuné Henry, had been a communard. He was condemned to death in absentia in 1873, and the family did not return to France until the amnesty in 1880. As a result, Henry was born in Barcelona and regaled from an early age with stories of state oppression. These anti-state attitudes were confirmed when the Spanish authorities confiscated the Henry family's property due to their political beliefs. Henry's father was forced to take a miserable factory job and died of mercury poisoning when Henry was only 10 years old. After the family returned to France, Henry's brother, an anarchist, eventually helped him establish connections with French revolutionary circles. Henry passed the writing portion of the entrance exam for the prestigious École Polytechnique, but he failed his oral exams and went on to find work as a trainee for an engineering firm.\nMotivated by \"a profound feeling of injustice\", Henry became an anarchist in 1891 or 1892. He was at first opposed to violent actions that had the potential to cause harm to ordinary people, such as Ravachol's bombings of the living quarters of government officials, where workers and children could also be present. However, police repression of anarchists following Ravachol's capture soon convinced him otherwise.", "Henry was furious over the state execution of fellow anarchist Auguste Vaillant. Motivated by the French Third Republic's endemic political corruption and the execution of Ravachol, Vaillant carried out a bomb attack on the French Chamber of Deputies on 9 December 1893. Although there were no fatalities, twenty deputies were injured. Henry took it upon himself to avenge Vaillant's death.\n \nHistorian John Merriman has suggested that the bombing of the Café Terminus, along with the Liceu bombing in Barcelona in 1893, was the first militant anarchist attack to target ordinary people, rather than representatives of the state itself. Henry saw the café as a representation of the bourgeoisie itself and his intent was to kill as many people as possible in the bombing. When brought to trial for these acts, he was asked by the courts why he had needlessly harmed so many innocent people, to which he replied, \"…there are no innocent bourgeois\", adding that his acts caused the \"insolent triumphs\" of the bourgeoisie to be shattered, and \"its golden calf would shake violently on its pedestal, until the final blow knocks it into the gutter and pools of blood.\"\nThis was not Henry's first terrorist act; already on November 8, 1892, he had placed a time bomb at the offices of the Carmaux Mining Company, which had exploded when the police removed it, killing five officers in the commissariat on the rue des Bons-enfants. Indeed, after his arrest for the Terminus bombing, Henry took credit for a series of other bombings in Paris, and in his apartment was found material to make many more explosive devices.\nHenry was executed by guillotine on 21 May 1894. His last words were reputed to be \"Courage, camarades! Vive l'anarchie!\"", "I became an anarchist only recently. It was no longer ago than around mid-1891 that I threw myself into the revolutionary movement. Previously, I had lived in circles wholly permeated with the established morality. I had been accustomed to respecting and even cherishing the principles of the nation, family, authority and property.\nBut those educating the present generation all too often forget one thing – that life, indiscreet with its struggles and setbacks, its injustices and iniquities, sees to it that the scales are removed from the eyes of the ignorant and that they are opened to reality. Which was the case with me, as it is with everyone. I had been told that this life was easy and largely open to intelligent, vagarious people, and experience showed me that only cynics and lackeys can get a good seat at the banquet.\nI had been told that society’s institutions were founded on justice and equality, and all around me I could see nothing but lies and treachery. Everyday I was disabused further. Everywhere I went, I witnessed the same pain in some, the same delights in others. It did not take me long to realize that the same great words that I had been raised to venerate: honor, devotion, duty were merely a mask hiding the most shameful turpitude.\n \nThe factory-owner amassing a huge fortune on the back of the labor of his workers who lacked everything was an upright gentleman. The deputy, the minister whose hands were forever outstretched for bribes were committed to the public good. The officer testing his new model rifle on seven-year-old children had done his duty well, and in open parliament the premier offered him his congratulation. Everything I could see turned my stomach and my mind fastened on criticism of social organization. The criticism has been voiced too often to need rehearsing by me. Suffice it say that I turned into an enemy of a society which I held to be criminal.\n \nMomentarily attracted by socialism, I wasted no time in distancing myself from that party. My love of liberty was too great, my regard for individual initiative too great, my repudiation for feathering one’s nest too definite for me to enlist in the numbered army of the fourth estate. Also, I saw that, essentially, socialism changes the established order not one jot. It retains the authoritarian principle, and this principle, despite what supposed free-thinkers may say about it, is nothing but an ancient relic of the belief in a higher power.\n \n(...)In the merciless war that we have declared on the bourgeoisie, we ask no mercy. We mete out death and we must face it. For that reason I await your verdict with indifference. I know that mine will not be the last head you will sever (...) You will add more names to the bloody roll call of our dead.\n \nHanged in Chicago, beheaded in Germany, garroted in Xerez, shot in Barcelona, guillotined in Montbrison and in Paris, our dead are many; but you have not been able to destroy anarchy. Its roots go deep: its spouts from the bosom of a rotten society that is falling apart; it is a violent backlash against the established order; it stands for the aspirations to equality and liberty which have entered the lists against the current authoritarianism. It is everywhere. That is what makes it indomitable, and it will end by defeating you and killing you.", "Merriman, John (2019), Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.), \"The Spectre of the Commune and French Anarchism in the 1890s\", The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 343–352, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_20, ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6, retrieved 2022-01-11\n\"The guillotine's sure work; Emile Henry's head severed from his body\". The New York Times. 21 May 1894.\nMitch Abidor. \"Emile Henry: Biography\". marxists.org.", "", "Was this man the first terrorist of the modern age? at BBC News\nÉmile Henry Reference Archive at Marxists.org" ]

[ "Émile Henry (anarchist)", "Early life", "Bombing of the Café Terminus", "Excerpts of Henry's address to the jury", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 4776, 4777 ]

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[ "", "", "" ]

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[ "Émile Idée (born 19 July 1920) is a French former professional road bicycle racer. Idée is a five-time winner of the Critérium National (a race that saw its name changed to Critérium International in 1979), a record he shares with Raymond Poulidor and Jens Voigt. He finished in second place in the 1948 Paris–Roubaix.", "1940\n1st Critérium National de la Route\n1942\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\n1st Critérium National de la Route\n1st Paris-Reims\n1st Grand Prix des Nations (occupied zone)\n1st GP de Provence\n1943\n1st Critérium National de la Route\n5th Grand Prix des Nations\n1944\n1st Circuit de Paris\n3rd Road race, National Road Championships\n3rd Grand Prix des Nations\n1945\n3rd Paris–Tours\n3rd Critérium National de la Route\n1946\n2nd Grand Prix des Nations\n1947\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\n1st Critérium National de la Route\n1st Ronde d'Aix-en-Provence\n2nd Paris–Tours\n2nd Critérium des As\n2nd Grand Prix des Nations\n1948\n1st Trophée du Journal d'Alger\n2nd Paris–Roubaix\n2nd Critérium National de la Route\n3rd Paris–Tours\n1949\n1st Critérium National de la Route\n1st Stage 13 Tour de France\n8th GP de Suisse\n1950\n1st Cote de Gourdon\n3rd Road race, National Road Championships\n4th Grand Prix des Nations\n5th Paris–Tours\n6th GP Lugano\n8th Road race, UCI Road World Championships\n9th Paris–Brussels\n1951\n1st Stage 4a Paris–Nice", "UNE PLÉIADE DE CHAMPIONS Avec Émile Idée, 92 ans, en tête! 25/06/2012\nÉmile Idée, bon pied bon oeil ! Publié le 26/06/2012 \"A bientôt 92 ans, le Picard s'est vu récompensé par la médaille d'honneur que lui a remis David Lappartient, Président de la Fédération Française de Cyclisme.\"\n\"46th Paris – Roubaix, 1948\". bikeraceinfo. Retrieved 15 April 2015.", "Émile Idée at Cycling Archives\nEmile Idée's page at Cycling Ranking\nOfficial Tour de France results for Emile Idée" ]

[ "Émile Idée", "Major results", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4778, 4779 ]

[ 22259, 22260 ]

[ "General Janssens speaking to Congolese civilians following riots in Léopoldville, 1959" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/General_Janssens_in_1959_cropped.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Robert Alphonse Hippolyte Janssens (15 June 1902 – 4 December 1989) was a Belgian military officer and colonial official, best known for his command of the Force Publique at the start of the Congo Crisis. He described himself as the \"Little Maniac\" (Petit Maniaque) and was a staunch disciplinarian, but his refusal to see Congolese independence as marking a change in the nature of his command has been cited as the immediate cause of the mutiny by the Force Publique in July 1960 that plunged Congo-Léopoldville into chaos and anarchy.", "Émile Janssens served in various military roles during World War II. He served in Abyssinia, Nigeria, the Middle East, France, Holland and Belgium. After the war, he taught at the Royal Military Academy in Brussels. In 1952, he was promoted to the rank of colonel and made responsible for the major military camp at Kamina. \nOn 1 February 1954, Janssens was given command of the Force Publique, the gendarmerie of the Belgian Congo which also acted as the colony's armed forces. He took over from Auguste Gilliaert who had commanded it since World War II. Since its creation, the entire Force Publique was tightly segregated along racial lines and, despite being majority black, was commanded entirely by white officers. In 1958, Janssens was further promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General.\nThe period of Janssens' command of the Force Publique coincided with the expansion of the African nationalist movement in the Congo. In 1959, he was responsible for repressing an important wave of riots in Léopoldville led by the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO) party.", "With the independence of Congo-Léopoldville on 30 June 1960, Janssens remained in charge of the Force Publique. During the final years of colonial rule, he had firmly opposed initiatives to allow black soldiers into the traditionally white officer corps of the Force Publique. Immediately prior to independence there were still no commissioned black officers in the Force, although about twenty Congolese officer cadets had commenced training at military academies in Belgium. This attitude caused unrest among the black troops under his command, already unsettled by the stress of keeping order during the independence celebrations and seeing themselves as excluded from the benefits of independence. Janssens was determined that the social order created under the Belgian colonial rule would continue even in the new independent state.\nHe called a meeting of the NCOs of the Léopoldville garrison on 5 July 1960, just six days after independence, where, in an attempt to remind the soldiers of their oaths of loyalty and obedience, he wrote on a blackboard, \"Before independence = After independence\" and gave an accompanying speech in which he argued that independence did not change anything for the army.\nThe message infuriated the soldiers under his command, who within hours mutinied and attacked Europeans resident in the Congo. The mutiny, beginning at Camp Hardy near Thysville, prompted an exodus of Europeans in the country towards Brazzaville and Stanleyville where the Belgians deployed paratroopers to rescue their citizens.\nSome have seen the rebellion as a result of Janssens' inflexible mindset. Others suspected, without evidence, that he was deliberately trying to incite a rebellion. Regardless, in the aftermath of the mutiny, Janssens resigned from his post, also resulting from differences with the government of Patrice Lumumba.\nJanssaens was replaced by Victor Lundula, who had been hastily promoted to General from the rank of Sergeant-Major. In the aftermath of the mutiny, the Force Publique was dissolved and replaced by the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC).", "Janssens returned to Belgium, via the French Congo. Returning to Brussels, and professing to be retired, he publicly approached a statue of King Leopold II, the founder of the Congo Free State (the antecedent of the Belgian Congo), then bowed his head and announced \"Sire, they've messed it all up\" (\"Sire, ils vous l'ont cochonné\"). The comment was widely reported and, because it appeared to criticize politicians and their decision to grant independence to the colony, it became a popular slogan for Belgian pro-colonialist groups. In his later years he wrote widely on his experience of the Congo Crisis and of Congolese history of the colonial period in general. He is particularly noted for his 1979 work on the history of the Force Publique.\nIn 1964, Janssens unsuccessfully stood as lead candidate for the minor far-right Parti national (National Party) party in the local elections. The party was closely associated with the neocolonialist Amitiés Belgo-Katangaises movement which supported the secession of the Katanga from the Congo. From 1983 to 1989, he served as head of the Belgian nationalist organization Pro Belgica.", "In the 2000 film Lumumba, directed by Raoul Peck, Janssens was played by Rudi Delhem.", "Auguste Gilliaert, commander of the Force Publique before Janssens\nBelgian Congo in World War II", "", "In most Bantu languages, the prefix ba- is added to a human noun to form a plural. As such, Bakongo refers collectively to members of the Kongo ethnic group.", "\"Décès du général Janssens\". Décès. Le Soir. 5 December 1989.\n\"Un Peu d'Histoire: Le Mois De Juillet 1960 à Mweka\" (PDF). CJ News. Josephiteweb.org. Retrieved 14 March 2013.\nBailly, Michel (6 December 1989). \"Emile Janssens: un officier exaspéré par la politique\". Le Soir. Retrieved 14 March 2013.\nZeilig, Leo (2008). Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader. London: Haus. p. 103. ISBN 9781905791026.\nCordier, Andrew W.; Foote, Wilder, eds. (1972). Public Papers of the Secretaries General of the United Nations. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. p. 17. ISBN 0231036337.\nGondola, Charles Didier (2002). The History of Congo. Wesport (Conn.): Greenwood. p. 118. ISBN 0313316961.\nCrawford-Young, M. (1966). \"Post Independence Politics in the Congo\". Transition. 26: 34. JSTOR 2934325.\nVan Reybrouck, David (2010). Congo. Een geschiedenis. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. p. 304. ISBN 9789023456636.\nVan Reybrouck, David (2014). Congo: The Epic History of a People. London: Fourth Estate. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-00-756291-6.\nAntheunissens, Paul (3 April 2010). \"Il y a cinquante ans: \" Sire ils vous l'ont cochonné \"\". La Voix de la Democratie Congolaise. Retrieved 14 March 2013.\n\"Congo Army Revolt Ends: Officers Imprisoned by troops are Freed; Resume Control\". The Milwaukee Journal. 7 July 1960. Retrieved 14 March 2013.\nBraeckman, Colette (28 June 2010). \"Congo retr: retour sur un pari perdu\". Le Soir blog. Retrieved 28 August 2014.\nJanssens, Émile (1979). Histoire de la Force publique. Brussels: Ghesquière.", "Janssens, Émile (1961). J'étais le général Janssens. Bruxelles: Charles Dessart. OCLC 652293466.\nJanssens, Émile (1979). Histoire de la Force Publique. Brussels: Ghesquière. OCLC 7730962.\nVanderstraeten, Louis-François (1997). \"Emile Janssens\". Nouvelle Biographie Nationale. Vol. 4. Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique. pp. 226–30." ]

[ "Émile Janssens", "Background", "1960 Mutiny", "Later life", "In popular culture", "See also", "Notes and references", "Footnotes", "References", "Further reading" ]

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[ 22261, 22262, 22263, 22264, 22265, 22266, 22267, 22268, 22269, 22270, 22271, 22272, 22273, 22274, 22275 ]

[ "", "", "Students of Jacques-Dalcroze at Le Grand-Saconnex in 1909, photographed by Frédéric Boissonnas" ]

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[ "Émile Jaques-Dalcroze (6 July 1865 – 1 July 1950) was a Swiss composer, musician, and music educator who developed Dalcroze eurhythmics, an approach to learning and experiencing music through movement. Dalcroze eurhythmics influenced Carl Orff's pedagogy, used in music education throughout the United States.\nDalcroze's method teaches musical concepts, often through movement. The variety of movement analogues used for musical concepts develop an integrated and natural musical expression in the student. Turning the body into a well-tuned musical instrument—Dalcroze felt—was the best path for generating a solid, vibrant musical foundation. The Dalcroze method consists of three equally important elements: eurhythmics, solfège, and improvisation. Together, according to Dalcroze, they comprise the essential training of a complete musician. In an ideal approach, elements from each subject coalesce, resulting in an approach to teaching rooted in creativity and movement.\nDalcroze began his career as a pedagogue at the Geneva Conservatory in 1892, where he taught harmony and solfège. It was in his solfège courses that he began testing many of his influential and revolutionary pedagogical ideas. Between 1903 and 1910, Dalcroze had begun giving public presentations of his method. In 1910, with the help of German industrialist Wolf Dohrn, Dalcroze founded a school at Hellerau, outside Dresden, dedicated to the teaching of his method. Many musicians flocked to Hellerau, among them Prince Serge Wolkonsky, Vera Alvang (Griner), Valeria Cratina, Jelle Troelstra (son of Pieter Jelles Troelstra), Inga and Ragna Jacobi, Albert Jeanneret (Le Corbusier's brother), Jeanne de Salzmann, Mariam Ramberg, Anita Berber, Gertrude Price Wollner, and Placido de Montelio. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the school was abandoned. After the Second World War, his ideas were taken up as \"music and movement\" in British schools.", "Émile Henri Jaques was born in Vienna in 1865. He later adopted the name Émile Jaques-Dalcroze. His mother, Julie Jaques, was a music teacher, so he was in contact with music since his childhood. By influence of his mother, Dalcroze formally began his musical studies still in his early years. When he was 10 years old, his family moved to Geneva, Switzerland, and in 1877, Dalcroze joined the Conservatoire de Musique. He also studied at the College of Geneva, which he did not appreciate. Dalcroze considered the college as a \"prison\" where education was basically rules, which were not concerned about the students' interests.\nIn 1881, he was part of the Belles-Lettres Literary Society, a student group dedicated to acting, writing, and performing music. At that time, Dalcroze felt more interested in composing. In 1884, he studied composition with Léo Delibes and Gabriel Fauré. Around the same year, he was part of the Comedie Francaise. Further on, he studied composition with Mathis Lussy, which influenced him in the process of rhythmic development. By the year 1886, he was the assistant conductor in Argelia, where he discovered Arab folk music. In contact with this kind of music, Dalcroze noticed that there were different worlds of rhythmic expression, each of which would require a particular way of writing, as well as a unique performance style. Accordingly, he developed a new kind of music notation. In 1887, he went to the Conservatory of Vienna, where he studied with Anton Bruckner.\nDalcroze was appointed Professor of Harmony at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève in 1892, but in 1910, he left and established his own school in Hellerau, near Dresden. Many great exponents of modern dance in the twentieth century spent time at the school, including Kurt Jooss and Hanya Holm, Rudolf Laban, Maria Rambert, Uday Shankar, and Mary Wigman. In 1911, Dalcroze and his students were invited by Prince Sergei Volkonsky to show their work in St. Petersburg and Moscow, establishing eurhythmics at the Moscow Art Theatre and inspiring Stanislavski's \"tempo-rhythm\". His work was part of the music event in the art competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics.\nDalcroze came back to Geneva in 1914 to open a new institute and in 1920, the school was moved to Helleray Laxenburg, near Vienna. However, it was closed by the Nazis. Dalcroze died in Geneva on 1 July 1950.", "In his search for a more intense rhythmic experience, Dalcroze posed some questions. First, he questioned why music theory and notation were taught as abstractions, dissociated from sound, movements, and feelings that they represented. Moreover, by taking the pianist as an example, he asked how the finger technique taught by professors could be considered a complete musical education. Finally, he was intrigued that the qualities that characterize a real musician were rarely experienced in a music class.\nDalcroze believed the first instrument that must be trained in music is the body. He developed techniques that combined hearing with a physical response, transferring to a physical response in singing and reading music. He did many experiments with his students, used to help in the process of learning and feeling music. His main goal was to develop the inner ear to facilitate musical thinking, reading, and writing music without the help of an instrument. While continuing to build his methodology, he observed his students and noticed that the students who could not play in time in the music world, were able to walk in time in the real world. The walking was completely spontaneous and easy. He observed that some of his best students could tap the beat using their feet, or shake their heads and bodies in response to music. This physical response was natural and common to all ages and cultures.\nMoreover, he noticed that students would change their movements when following a crescendo, and would respond physically to the accents of the music. They also relaxed their muscles with the endings of phrases. As they seemed to hear the music, feeling its effects, he concluded that the students themselves were the instruments, not the piano.", "Dalcroze noticed that students had a mechanical understanding instead of a musical comprehension. They were not able to hear harmonies that they wrote in the music theory classes, and they could not create simple melodies and chord sequences. This resulted in a lack of musical sensitivity that caused problems in the performance. His aim was to find ways to help students to develop skills to feel, hear, create, imagine, connect, memorize, read, and write, as well as perform and interpret music. He worked in order to free his students from the conflicts between mind and body, feeling and expression.\nDalcroze realized that the aspects of music that are more connected to the senses are rhythm and movement. Regarding the three elements of music, pitch, rhythm, and dynamic, he recognized that the last two were entirely dependent on movement. He also found their best models in the muscular system. For him, all degrees of time (tempi) can be experienced, understood, and expressed through the body. He felt that the enthusiasm of musical feelings depended on the sharpness of physical sensations. He was convinced that the combination of intense listening and the responses of the body would generate and release a powerful musical force.\nDalcroze needed a laboratory to test his theories. By working with students, he decided to hire his own workspace. He started to look for principles, teaching strategies, teaching styles, and methods that could convert music into a practical educational tool. The principles and methods which he developed were unique and new, so he gave them a special name: eurhythmics.\nIn the beginning, Dalcroze thought that the solution to many problems would be teaching musicians to contract and relax in a specific time (the speed of sound or time), in a specific space (the duration of a sound), and with a particular force (energy dynamics of a sound). Thus, he worked on a new series of exercises designed to help students strengthen their perception by the metric and its instincts by many streams of the movement, called rhythm. Then, he began to propose exercises by playing music and suggesting that students walk as they would feel the pulse. Surprisingly, students acted differently and had difficulties in different tempos. Therefore, he deduced that people still had trouble reaching the goal of speed, accuracy, and performance by being rhythmically expressive. He realized that there could be some system of quick communication between the brain, which understands and analyzes, and the muscles that perform.", "Mental and emotional: awareness, concentration, social integration, realization, and expression of nuances.\nPhysical: to make the performance easier, to make the performance accurate, to develop personal expressiveness through the performance.\nMusical: quickness, precision, comfort, expressive personal response to the listening, analysis, writing, and improvisation.\nDalcroze Eurhythmics practices 3 concepts:\nEurhythmics – Musical expression through movement; developing musical skills through kinetic exercises. The students can learn rhythm and structure by listening to music and expressing what they hear through spontaneous bodily movement.\nSolfège – Helps develop ear-training and sight-singing skills. Dalcroze utilized a fixed tonic (fixed-do) solfége system believing that all children can eventually develop perfect pitch.\nImprovisation – Using instruments, movement, and voice.", "In 1905, Dalcroze organized thousands of games and exercises by connecting beautiful music, intense listening, and consciously improvised movement. According to him, the professor must be able to improvise the songs for the activities in the music class.\nThe motions approached by Dalcroze were: movements, postures, and gestures to express the tempo, duration, dynamics, accents, and other elements that produce rhythmic material.", "12 kleine melodische und rhythmische Studien, for piano (Berlin: Simrock, 1913)\n16 plastische Studien, for piano (Berlin: Simrock, 1913)\n20 Caprices and Rhythmic Studies, for piano (London: Augener, 1920)\n50 Études miniatures de métrique et rythmique, for piano (Paris: Sénart, 1923)\n10 mehrstimmige Gesänge ohne Worte zu plastischen Studien (Berlin: Simrock)\n3 Vocalises (Paris: Heugel)\n6 Exercices pratiques d'intonation (Lausanne: Foetisch)\n6 Jeux rythmiques pour enfants et adolescents pour le piano (Paris: Heugel)\n6 Petites pièces en rythmes alternés, for piano (Lausanne: Foetisch)\nEsquisses rythmiques, for piano (Lausanne: Foetisch)\nExercices de disordination, for piano (Paris: Enoch)\nLa Jolie musique, jeux et exercices pour les tout petits, for voice (Le Locle: Huguenin)\nMarches rythmigues, for voice and piano (Lausanne: Foetisch)\nMétrique et rythmique, 200 études, for piano (Paris: Lemoine\nModerne Tonleiterschule (with R. Ruynemann) (London: Chester)\nPetites pièces de piano avec instruments à percussion (Paris: Enoch)\nRythmes de chant et de danse, for voice and piano (Paris: Heugel)", "Vorschläge zur Reform des musicalischen Schulunterrichts. Gealto Hugurich, 1905\nLa Rythmique (2 volumes) (Lausanne: Foetisch, 1906 and 1918)\nLa Portée musicale (Lausanne: Foetisch)\nLes Gammes et les tonalités, le phrasé et les nuances (3 volumes) (Lausanne: Foetisch, 1907)\nLa Bonne Chanson, in: \"Gazette Musicale de la Suisse Romande\", 1 November 1894\nLa Plastique animée (Lausanne: Foetisch)\nLa Respiration et l'innervation musculaire (Lausanne: Foetisch, 1907)\nLe Rythme, la musique et l'éducation (Paris, 1920 and 1935); as Rhythmus, Musik et Erziehung (Basel: Benno Schwabe, 1922)\nSouvenirs. Notes et critiques (Neuchâtel: Attinger, 1942)\nLa Musique et nous. Notes de notre double vie (Geneva: Perret-Gentil, 1945)\nNotes bariolées (Geneva: Jeheber, 1948)", "", "Bachmann, Marie-Laure (1993). Dalcroze Today: an education through and into music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198164005.\nCaldwell, J. Timothy (1995). Expressive Singing: Dalcroze Eurhythmics for voice. New Jersey: Pearson Education. ISBN 9780130452955.\nLois, Choksy; Abramson, Robert M.; Gillespie, Avon E.; Woods, David; York, Frank (2001). Teaching Music in the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-028027-5.\nDriver, Ethel (1951). A pathway to Dalcroze eurhythmics. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons.\nFindlay, Elsa (1999). Rhythm and Movement: applications of Dalcroze Eurhythmics. Van Nuys: Alfred Music. ISBN 978-0874870787.\nMark, Michael L. (1996). Contemporary Music Education (3 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0028719153.\nVanderspar, Elizabeth. A Dalcroze handbook : principles and guidelines for teaching eurhythmics. London: Roehampton Institute, 1984.", "Anderson, William Todd (October 2012). \"The Dalcroze Approach to Music Education: Theory and Applications\". General Music Today. 26 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1177/1048371311428979. S2CID 145804067.\nCaldwell, Timothy (March 1993). \"A Dalcroze Perspective on Skills for Learning: One of the most important aspects of teaching is how the students learn. Timothy Caldwell examines that aspect using Emile Jaques-Dalcroze's method of eurhythmies\". Music Educators Journal. 79 (7): 27–29. doi:10.2307/3398612. JSTOR 3398612. S2CID 144947962.\nVann, Jacqueline \"Getting music to move,\" ABRSM magazine Libretto (Dec. 2003)\nStrevens, Anita \"Stepping into music,\" Primary Music Today 32 (March 2005)\nStrevens, Anita \"Music and Moviment for the early ears using Dalcroze Eurythmics,\" NAME Magazine 22 (March 2007)", "Lee, James W. (August 2003). Dalcroze by any other name: Eurhythmics in early modern theatre and dance (Thesis). hdl:2346/15905.", "Mead, V. H. (1996). \"More than Mere Movement – Dalcroze Eurhythmics\". Music Educators Journal. 82 (4): 38–41. doi:10.2307/3398915. JSTOR 3398915. S2CID 148608911.\nCohen, Aaron (1987). International Encyclopedia of Women Composers. New York: Books & Music U.S.A. Inc. p. 764. ISBN 0961748516.\nLois, Choksy; Abramson, Robert M.; Gillespie, Avon E.; Woods, David; York, Frank (2001). Teaching Music in the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. p. 40. ISBN 0-13-028027-5.\nLee, James W. (August 2003). Dalcroze by any other name: Eurhythmics in early modern theatre and dance (Thesis). hdl:2346/15905.\n\"Émile Jaques-Dalcroze\". Olympedia. Retrieved 22 July 2020.\nVann, Jacqueline \"Getting music to move,\" ABRSM magazine Libretto (Dec. 2003)\nStrevens, Anita \"Stepping into music,\" Primary Music Today 32 (March 2005)\nStrevens, Anita \"Music and Moviment for the early ears using Dalcroze Eurythmics,\" NAME Magazine 22 (March 2007)\n\"The Dalcroze Method: A Primer\".", "Institut Jaques-Dalcroze Genève\nInstitut Jaques-Dalcroze Belgique\nDalcroze Australia\nDalcroze biography\nFree scores by Émile Jaques-Dalcroze at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)\nWorks by Émile Jaques-Dalcroze at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Émile Jaques-Dalcroze at Internet Archive\nDalcroze School of Music Collection" ]

[ "Émile Jaques-Dalcroze", "Biography", "Educational philosophy", "Dalcroze eurhythmics", "Objectives of Dalcroze eurhythmics", "Techniques of Dalcroze eurhythmics", "Methods and exercises", "Publications", "Further reading", "Books", "Articles", "Dissertations", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 22276, 22277, 22278, 22279, 22280, 22281, 22282, 22283, 22284, 22285, 22286, 22287, 22288, 22289, 22290, 22291, 22292, 22293, 22294, 22295, 22296, 22297, 22298, 22299, 22300, 22301, 22302, 22303 ]

[ "Émile Jonas photographed by Etienne Carjat" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/E_Jonas_par_Carjat.jpeg" ]

[ "Émile Jonas (5 March 1827 – 21 May 1905) was a 19th-century French composer.", "1855: Le Duel de Benjamin, libretto by Eugène Mestépès\n1856: La Parade, libretto by Jules Barbier and Jules Brésil)\n1857: Le roi boit, libretto by Adolphe Jaime and Eugène Mestépès\n1857: Les Petits Prodiges, libretto by Adolphe Jaime and Etienne Tréfeu\n1863: Job et son chien, libretto by Eugène Mestépès)\n1864: Le Manoir des Larenardière, libretto by Eugène Mestépès\n1865: Avant la noce, libretto by Eugène Mestépès and Paul Boisselot\n1865: Les Deux Arlequins, libretto by Eugène Mestépès\n1867: Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre, composition with Georges Bizet, Isidore Legouix and Léo Delibes, libretto by William Busnach after Paul Siraudin\n1869: Le Canard à trois becs, libretto by Jules Moinaux\n1869: Désiré, sire de Champigny\n1871: Javotte ou Cinderella the Younger, libretto by Alfred Thompson, London\n1873: Goldchignon (libretto : Eugène Grangé, Victor Bernard and Étienne Tréfeu, in German Julius Hopp), Vienna\n1874: Die Japanesin, libretto by Eugène Grangé and Victor Bernard, in German, F. Zell and Richard Genée), Vienna\n1882: La Bonne Aventure, libretto by Hector Crémieux and Albert de Saint-Albin\n1882: Estelle et Némourin, libretto by Émile de Najac and Henry Bocage\n1883: Le Premier Baiser, libretto by Émile de Najac and Raoul Toché\nLa Princesse Kelebella\nMiss Robinson", "", "Émile Jona on Classical music now\nÉmile Jonas on data.bnf.fr\nFree scores by Émile Jonas at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)" ]

[ "Émile Jonas", "Works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4782 ]

[ 22304 ]

[ "The Chapel of Lanriot by Moonlight", "Le port de Pont-Aven (1891)", "Marine View at Twilight" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Jourdan_chapelle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Jourdan_Le_port_de_Pont-Aven.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Jourdan_marine_view_at_twilight.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Jourdan (30 July 1860, in Vannes – 29 December 1931, in Quimperlé) was a French painter who became one of the artists who gathered in the village of Pont-Aven in Brittany.", "Son of Prosper Jourdan, a ranking customs officer, and his wife Aline Paturel, he enjoyed a happy childhood in Vannes in the south of Brittany. He started painting at the age of 16. In 1880, he attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he was instructed by William Bouguereau and Tony Robert-Fleury until 1886. He also went on to study at the Académie Julian. Benefitting from the money he received from his parents, he shared a large studio with fellow student Édouard Michelin.", "In the summer of 1886, he arrived in Pont-Aven where, staying at the Pension Gloanec, he met Paul Gauguin. He also became of friend of the other artists who had gathered there including Émile Bernard, Ernest de Chamaillard, Charles Laval and Henry Moret. He decided to settle in Pont-Aven and lived there until he died in 1931. Influenced by Gauguin, he adopted the Synthetist style of painting and became known as le peintre de la lumière, the painter of light.\nIn 1891, he joined Gauguin and his friends at the Lézaven atelier. He became acquainted with Maxime Maufra at the Hôtel de Bretagne in Pont-Aven where he started a romance with Catherine Guyader, a 19-year-old waitress. In 1892, they set up house together and the following year their son Yann was born to be followed by a daughter, Renée, in 1896, and a second son, Guy, in 1901.\nAfter his mother died in 1907, he quickly spent all she left him. Unable to pay his rent, the proprietor expelled him and auctioned off his furniture and paintings. Thereafter he became a pauper, moving between Pont-Aven, Riec-sur-Belon and Moëlan where he was fortunate enough to be supported for a while by friends. After 1910, his paintings became more somber, reflecting his anxiety.\nHe was soon unable to support his family who left him while he lived in an attic in Pont-Aven. In 1927, he was lucky enough to meet a Mrs. Halley, a rich Australian, who supported him for a year but as he was unwilling to work under her orders, she discontinued her assistance.\nIn 1931, he died in the hospice at Quimperlé, an alcoholic crippled by poverty.", "\"Émile Jourdan (1860–1931)\", Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pont-Aven. (in French) Retrieved 7 May 2012.\n\"Emile Jourdan\", Bretagne.com. (in French) Retrieved 7 May 2012.", "Collectif, Émile Jourdan (1860–1931), éd. Le Télégramme avec la collaboration du Musée de Pont-Aven, Collection: Petite Encyclopédie des Peintres de Bretagne , 32 p. ISBN 978-2-914552-01-1,\nDenise Delouche (ed), Pont-Aven et ses peintres. A propos d'un centenaire, Rennes, Presses Universitaires, 1986 (collection Arts de l'Ouest) 287 p." ]

[ "Émile Jourdan", "Early life", "Life in Pont-Aven", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 4783, 4784, 4785 ]

[ 22305, 22306, 22307, 22308, 22309, 22310, 22311 ]

[ "Jung in 2014", "", "" ]

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[ "Émile Jung (2 April 1941 – 27 January 2020) was a French chef, who achieved three stars in the Michelin Guide for his restaurant Au Crocodile.", "Although he was born in Masevaux, Jung spent his childhood in Lyon. It was in Lyon where he met Paul Bocuse, who taught him the richness of Lyonnaise cuisine. He began culinary school in Paris, and he frequently visited the city's most renowned establishments, such as Fouquet’s and la Marée. He also trained at La Maison Rouge in Strasbourg and La Mère Guy in Lyon. He returned to Alsace in 1965 and became head chef at L’Hostellerie alsacienne in Masevaux. He earned his first Michelin Guide star the following year.\nJung and his wife, Monique, moved to Strasbourg in 1971 and took over the restaurant Au Crocodile, the restaurant was named after a stuffed crocodile that a local general brought back from overseas whilst on Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in Egypt and Syria. The couple quickly established themselves in Alsatian cuisine and obtained three stars in 1989, which they would keep until 2002.\nJung retired in 2009. He sold the restaurant to Philippe Bohrer.\nÉmile Jung died on 27 January 2020 at the age of 78.", "Au menu de ma vie (2001)\nÀ la table du Crocodile (2001)", "\"Le chef alsacien Emile Jung est décédé\". L'Alsace (in French). 27 January 2020.\n\"L'histoire du restaurant étoilé : le crocodile\". Les Nouvelles Gastronomiques (in French). 17 June 2009.\n\"Au Crocodile\". Fodor's Travel.\nPudlowski, Gilles (2010). Dictionnaire amoureux de l'Alsace (in French). Paris: Plon. ISBN 978-2259209472.\nJournal Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace (2009). Le Crocodile (Strasbourg) change de patron (Dailymotion) (in French).\n\"Emile Jung, l'emblématique chef du Crocodile à Strasbourg, est mort\". France Bleu (in French). 27 January 2020." ]

[ "Émile Jung", "Biography", "Publications", "References" ]

[ 4786 ]

[ 22312, 22313, 22314, 22315 ]

[ "Le maire Küss au milieu des ruines de Strasbourg. Théophile Schuler, 1873 (detail).", "Strasbourg in September 1870 after the end of the siege", "Émile Küss monument", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 6, 6, 6 ]

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[ "Émile Küss (1 February 1815 – 1 March 1871) was a French physician who, with Charles-Emmanuel Sédillot, performed the first recorded biopsy on a tumour. He later entered politics in Strasbourg, became mayor, and played a significant role in the decision of the city leaders to surrender to the Germans in 1870 following the Siege of Strasbourg in the Franco-Prussian War.", "Émile Küss was born in 1815 into \"an ancient bourgeois family\" of Strasbourg. He was educated at the Protestant Gymnasium in Strasbourg and studied anatomy.\nA grandson of his nephew Edouard Küss, son of his brother Théodore, was the surgeon René Küss.", "Küss was appointed head of anatomical studies at the University of Strasbourg in 1843 and professor of physiology in 1846. His large family meant that he always needed money and he lectured regularly and gave classes on anatomical drawing despite a pulmonary infection that meant he was sometimes bedridden.", "The cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1838/39) generated a debate about the behaviour of cancer cells, the use of the microscope, and its relevance to cancer diagnosis. Not all pathologists believed that cancer cells were distinctive or that cancer could be diagnosed by looking at a collection of cells (histology) rather than individual cells (cytology). The definition of cancer did not incorporate its morphological features until many years later. It had instead relied on looking solely at the spread of the cancer, that is, its \"ability to invade locally and metastasize\".\nÉmile Küss and Charles-Emmanuel Sédillot were amongst the few who believed that cancer cells could be recognised by how they looked under the microscope, as described by Adolph Hannover in 1843. They published their research on microscopic diagnosis in Recherches sur le cancer in 1846 and by 1847 they were performing punch biopsies of tumours using a specially designed instrument, as described by Küss:\nOn plunging this instrument into a tumor to any depth, we can extract a minute portion of the tissue of which its various layers are composed. In this manner a microscopic examination of the tumor can be practiced on the living subject, and its nature ascertained before having recourse to an operation.\nThey have been described as pioneers in histopathology, and according to pathologist and historian James R. Wright, carried out \"the first surgical biopsies, predating Carl Ruge, generally considered the father of biopsy, by more than 30 years.\"", "Küss was a committed republican who opposed the Second Republic (1848–1852) of Napoleon III and twice refused the Legion of Honor. He was a leading figure locally in the 1848 June revolution. Along with many others, he was arrested when Bonaparte overturned the Second Republic in December 1851, but was acquitted of all charges by a court in Metz.\nHe re-entered politics in 1869 to campaign for Charles Boersch who later became prefect of Strasbourg while he was mayor, and in 1870 he argued against Napoleon III's plebiscite. He was idolised by young republicans in the city for his uncompromising approach to the Empire.\nKüss became mayor of Strasbourg on 14 September 1870 and soon after argued that the city should surrender to the Germans following the Siege of Strasbourg in the Franco-Prussian War to save life and because the situation was hopeless.", "Émile Küss died in Bordeaux on 1 March 1871.\nIn 1873, he was pictured walking through the ruins of Strasbourg in a painting by Théophile Schuler. Two streets are named after Küss; Rue Küss in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, and Rue du Maire Küss in Strasbourg. Pont du Maire Kuss in Strasbourg also bears his name.", "", "Questions sur diverses branches des sciences médicales . Strasbourg, 1841.\nDe l'emploi du caustique en chirurgie. Strasbourg, 1844.\nDe la vascularite et de l'inflammation. Treuttel et Würtz, Strasbourg, 1846.\nAppréciation générale des progrès de la physiologie depuis Bichat, [Thèse présentée et soutenue devant le jury. Concours pour la chaire de physiologie ouvert à la Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg], Impr. L.F. Le Roux, 1846, 57 p.\nCours de physiologie professé à la Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, par É. Küss, rédigé par le Docteur Mathias Duval, J.-B. Baillière et fils (Paris), 1872 (plusieurs éd. ultérieures), XXXV-575 p. (avec une Notice sur le Professeur Küss).\n Cours de physiologie, d'après l'enseignement du professeur Küss, publié par le Dr Mathias Duval, 2nd edition, complétée par l'exposé des travaux les plus récents, Baillière (Paris), 1873, available at Gallica; Traduction en anglais par Robert Amaury, Campbell, Boston, 1876 : A course of Lectures in Physiology as delivered by Professor Küss, Texte intégral; traduction en espagnol par Jaime Mitjavila y Ribas : Curso de Fisiología según la enseñanza del Profesor Küss. Con prologo de Ramón Coll y Pujol, Imp. Lázaro Maroto, Madrid, 1876.\n Cours de physiologie, d'après l'enseignement du professeur Küss, publié par le Dr Mathias Duval, 3rd edition, supplemented by the most recent work, Baillière (Paris), 1876. available at Gallica", "Billmann, Franck (2012). \"A pioneer in medicine and surgery: Charles Sédillot (1804–1883)\". Internmational Journal of Surgery (London, England). 10 (9): 542–546. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.08.011. ISSN 1743-9159. PMID 22939975.(subscription required)\nQuoted in Rachel Chrastil. (2014) The Siege of Strasbourg. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0674728868\nChrastil, pp. 178–179.\nDictionnaire de biographie alsacienne, volume 22 (Koe-Lag), pages 2135-2137, published by Fédération des Sociétés d'Histoire et d'Archéologie d'Alsace, in 1994, Strasbourg, France.\nKüss family genealogy on Geneanet, by Maurice Dominique Kirchner.\nWright, James (2011). \"Letter to editor- Charles Emmanuel Sédillot and Émile Küss: The first cancer biopsy\". International Journal of Surgery. 11 (1): 106–107. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.11.017. PMID 23220086.\nChrastil, pp. 180–182.\nEmile Kuss. BnF Gallica. Retrieved 18 May 2018.\nPont du Maire Kuss. Structurae. Retrieved 18 May 2018.", "Media related to Émile Küss at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Émile Küss", "Early life and family", "Medical career", "Cancer research", "Politics", "Death and legacy", "Gallery", "Selected publications", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4787, 4788, 4789, 4790 ]

[ 22316, 22317, 22318, 22319, 22320, 22321, 22322, 22323, 22324, 22325, 22326, 22327, 22328 ]

[ "Émile Lévy, Portrait of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, 1882", "" ]

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[ "Émile Lévy (August 29, 1826 in Paris – 1890) was a French genre and portrait painter.", "He was a pupil of François-Édouard Picot and Abel de Pujol. He also studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1854. On his return from Italy, he settled in Paris, and devoted himself to portrait painting. He exhibited in the Salon, receiving a first-class medal in 1878, and the Legion of Honor in 1867. Among the more important of his works are: “Noah Cursing Canaan” (1855); “Supper of the Martyrs” (1859); “Death of Orpheus” (1866), Luxembourg Museum; “Love and Folly” (1874); “Infancy” (1885); “The Elements,” Salon of Ministry of State, Louvre; “Presentation of the Virgin,” Trinity Church, Paris.", "", "Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \"Lévy, Emile\" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.", "http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/levy_emile.html\nEmile Levy at the Art Renewal Center" ]

[ "Émile Lévy", "Biography", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4791 ]

[ 22329, 22330, 22331 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Epigraphe_Labussi%C3%A8re.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Labussière (2 May 1853 — 21 February 1924) was a French politician.\nHe was member of the Radical-socialiste Party and served as mayors of Limoges from 1889 to 1892. He was a deputy for Haute-Vienne in 1910. He was appointed treasurer-pay general in Reunion on 1906.", "Émile Labussièrew was born in Bénévent-l'Abbaye, France on 1853 and died in Perpignan, France on 1924 at the age of 70.", "\"Mandats à l'Assemblée nationale ou à la Chambre des députés\" (in French). assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved June 22, 2020.\n\"LABUSSIÈRE Émile [LABUSSIÈRE Louis, Émile]\" (in French). maitron.fr. Retrieved June 22, 2020.\n\"La rue Emile-Labussière à Limoges fermée à la circulation en raison de travaux au niveau du pont SNCF\" (in French). lepopulaire.fr. Retrieved June 22, 2020.\n\"Mandats à l'Assemblée nationale ou à la Chambre des députés\" (in French). lepopulaire.fr. Retrieved June 22, 2020." ]

[ "Émile Labussière", "Biography", "References" ]

[ 4792 ]

[ 22332, 22333 ]

[ "Farmyard (1868)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Emile_Charles_Lambinet_-_Farmyard_-_20.1868_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Lambinet (1813, Versailles – 1877, Bougival) was a French painter of rural scenes. A student of Horace Vernet then Corot, he spent most of his life in Yvelines, at first in his birthplace of Versailles, then at Bougival from 1860.", "His cousin, Victor Lambinet, bequeathed the hotel Lambinet to the town of Versailles – it is now the musée Lambinet. Paintings there by Émile include : \nBanks of the Seine near Bougival.\n Fishers beside a pond, 1860.\nThe Château des Roches at Bièvres, 1874\nÎle-de-France landscape with two foreground figures, 1872.\nBouquet of flowers, 18(??).\nLandscape with boatmen, 1864.\nBanks of a river, summer.\nRoad, 18(50).\nBank of a river.\nView from the Pavillon du Butard near Versailles.", "(in French) Peintures du musée Lambinet à Versailles, ed. Somogy et Musée Lambinet, 2005, s. l. (Italy), ISBN 2-85056-938-0." ]

[ "Émile Lambinet", "Works at the musée Lambinet", "Bibliography" ]

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[ 22334, 22335 ]

[ "Émile Lauvrière" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Emile_Lauvriere.jpg" ]

[ "Émile-Joseph Lauvrière (3 December 1866, in Avranches – 1954, in Paris) was a French historian of Acadia.\nEmile Lauvrière started his studies in Paris and completed them in London. A doctor in Literature specializing in the English domain, he wrote a dissertation on Edgar Allan Poe, entitled Edgar Poe, un génie morbide later published under the title Edgar Poe, sa vie et son œuvre ; étude de psychologie pathologique (Paris: Alcan, 1904). He then wrote a biography of Alfred de Vigny, before embarking on a course of study similar of Tennyson's versification.\nUpon studying Evangeline, Longfellow's poem which follows an Acadian girl during the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians. Lauvrière discovered, on this occasion, the history of the Acadian people, and reoriented his scholarly interest. This new research subject led him to publish La Tragédie d'un peuple; histoire du peuple acadien de ses origines à nos jours (Paris: Bossard, 1922).\nLauvrière was to spend the next three decades studying Acadian history, but he would go beyond academic research by founding the Comité France-Acadie dedicated to providing grants to Acadians wishing to complete their studies in France, as well as sending French-language books to Acadia.", "(in French) Alfred de Vigny ; sa vie et son œuvre, Paris A. Colin, 1909.\nRepetition and parallelism in Tennyson, Londres, H. Frowde ; Oxford university press, 1910.\n(in French) La Tragédie d'un peuple histoire du peuple acadien de ses origines à nos jours, Paris, Bossard, 1922.\n(in French) Deux Traîtres d'Acadie et leur victime : les Latour père et fils et Charles d'Aulnaie, Montréal, Granger frères, 1932.\n(in French) Histoire de la Louisiane française, 1673-1939, Paris, Librairie Orientale et Américaine, 1940.\n(in French) Brève Histoire tragique du peuple acadien : son martyr et sa résurrection, Paris, A. Maisonneuve, 1947.\n(in French) Autobiographie, Memramcook, Université Saint-Joseph, 1952." ]

[ "Émile Lauvrière", "Publications" ]

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[ "", "The École Polytechnique" ]

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[ "Émile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine (French: [emil ləmwan]; 22 November 1840 – 21 February 1912) was a French civil engineer and a mathematician, a geometer in particular. He was educated at a variety of institutions, including the Prytanée National Militaire and, most notably, the École Polytechnique. Lemoine taught as a private tutor for a short period after his graduation from the latter school.\nLemoine is best known for his proof of the existence of the Lemoine point (or the symmedian point) of a triangle. Other mathematical work includes a system he called Géométrographie and a method which related algebraic expressions to geometric objects. He has been called a co-founder of modern triangle geometry, as many of its characteristics are present in his work.\nFor most of his life, Lemoine was a professor of mathematics at the École Polytechnique. In later years, he worked as a civil engineer in Paris, and he also took an amateur's interest in music. During his tenure at the École Polytechnique and as a civil engineer, Lemoine published several papers on mathematics, most of which are included in a fourteen-page section in Nathan Altshiller Court's College Geometry. Additionally, he founded a mathematical journal titled, L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens.", "", "Lemoine was born in Quimper, Finistère, on 22 November 1840, the son of a retired military captain who had participated in the campaigns of the First French Empire occurring after 1807. As a child, he attended the military Prytanée of La Flèche on a scholarship granted because his father had helped found the school. During this early period, he published a journal article in Nouvelles annales de mathématiques, discussing properties of the triangle.\nLemoine was accepted into the École Polytechnique in Paris at the age of twenty, the same year as his father's death. As a student there, Lemoine, a presumed trumpet player, helped to found an influential chamber music society called La Trompette, for which Camille Saint-Saëns composed several pieces, including the Septet for trumpet, string quintet and piano. After graduation in 1866, he considered a career in law, but was discouraged by the fact that his advocacy for republican ideology and liberal religious views clashed with the ideals of the incumbent government, the Second French Empire. Instead, he studied and taught at various institutions during this period, studying under J. Kiœs at the École d'Architecture and the École des Mines, teaching Uwe Jannsen at the same schools, and studying under Charles-Adolphe Wurtz at the École des Beaux Arts and the École de Médecine. Lemoine also lectured at various scientific institutions in Paris and taught as a private tutor for a period before accepting an appointment as a professor at the École Polytechnique.", "In 1870, a laryngeal disease forced him to discontinue his teaching. He took a brief vacation in Grenoble and, when he returned to Paris, he published some of his remaining mathematical research. He also participated and founded several scientific societies and journals, such as the Société Mathématique de France, the Journal de Physique, and the Société de Physique, all in 1871.\nAs a founding member of the Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Lemoine presented what became his best-known paper, Note sur les propriétés du centre des médianes antiparallèles dans un triangle at the Association's 1874 meeting in Lille. The central focus of this paper concerned the point which bears his name today. Most of the other results discussed in the paper pertained to various concyclic points that could be constructed from the Lemoine point.\nLemoine served in the French military for a time in the years following the publishing of his best-known papers. Discharged during the Commune, he afterwards became a civil engineer in Paris. In this career, he rose to the rank of chief inspector, a position he held until 1896. As the chief inspector, he was responsible for the gas supply of the city.", "During his tenure as a civil engineer, Lemoine wrote a treatise concerning compass and straightedge constructions entitled, La Géométrographie ou l'art des constructions géométriques, which he considered his greatest work, despite the fact that it was not well-received critically. The original title was De la mesure de la simplicité dans les sciences mathématiques, and the original idea for the text would have discussed the concepts Lemoine devised as concerning the entirety of mathematics. Time constraints, however, limited the scope of the paper. Instead of the original idea, Lemoine proposed a simplification of the construction process to a number of basic operations with the compass and straightedge. He presented this paper at a meeting of the Association Française in Oran, Algeria in 1888. The paper, however, did not garner much enthusiasm or interest among the mathematicians gathered there. Lemoine published several other papers on his construction system that same year, including Sur la mesure de la simplicité dans les constructions géométriques in the Comptes rendus of the Académie française. He published additional papers on the subject in Mathesis (1888), Journal des mathématiques élémentaires (1889), Nouvelles annales de mathématiques (1892), and the self-published La Géométrographie ou l'art des constructions géométriques, which was presented at the meeting of the Association Française in Pau (1892), and again at Besançon (1893) and Caen (1894).\nAfter this, Lemoine published another series of papers, including a series on what he called transformation continue (continuous transformation), which related mathematical equations to geometrical objects. This meaning stood separately from the modern definition of transformation. His papers on this subject included, Sur les transformations systématiques des formules relatives au triangle (1891), Étude sur une nouvelle transformation continue (1891), Une règle d'analogies dans le triangle et la spécification de certaines analogies à une transformation dite transformation continue (1893), and Applications au tétraèdre de la transformation continue (1894).\nIn 1894, Lemoine co-founded another mathematical journal entitled, L'intermédiaire des mathématiciens along with Charles Laisant, a friend whom he met at the École Polytechnique. Lemoine had been planning such a journal since early 1893, but thought that he would be too busy to create it. At a dinner with Laisant in March 1893, he suggested the idea of the journal. Laisant cajoled him to create the journal, and so they approached the publisher Gauthier-Villars, which published the first issue in January 1894. Lemoine served as the journal's first editor, and held the position for several years. The year after the journal's initial publication, he retired from mathematical research, but continued to support the subject. Lemoine died on 21 February 1912 in his home city of Paris.", "Lemoine's work has been said to contribute towards laying the foundation of modern triangle geometry. The American Mathematical Monthly, in which much of Lemoine's work is published, declared that \"To none of these [geometers] more than Émile-Michel-Hyacinthe Lemoine is due the honor of starting this movement [of modern triangle geometry] ...\" At the annual meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1902, Lemoine received the 1,000-franc Francœur prize, which he held for several years.", "In his 1874 paper, entitled Note sur les propriétés du centre des médianes antiparallèles dans un triangle, Lemoine proved the concurrency of the symmedians of a triangle; the reflections of the medians of the triangle over the angle bisectors. Other results in the paper included the idea that the symmedian from a vertex of the triangle divides the opposite side into segments whose ratio is equal to the ratio of the squares of the other two sides.\nLemoine also proved that if lines are drawn through the Lemoine point parallel to the sides of the triangle, then the six points of intersection of the lines and the sides of the triangle are concyclic, or that they lie on a circle. This circle is now known as the first Lemoine circle, or simply the Lemoine circle.", "Lemoine's system of constructions, the Géométrographie, attempted to create a methodological system by which constructions could be judged. This system enabled a more direct process for simplifying existing constructions. In his description, he listed five main operations: placing a compass's end on a given point, placing it on a given line, drawing a circle with the compass placed upon the aforementioned point or line, placing a straightedge on a given line, and extending the line with the straightedge.\nThe \"simplicity\" of a construction could be measured by the number of its operations. In his paper, he discussed as an example the Apollonius problem originally posed by Apollonius of Perga during the Hellenistic period; the method of constructing a circle tangent to three given circles. The problem had already been solved by Joseph Diaz Gergonne in 1816 with a construction of simplicity 400, but Lemoine's presented solution had simplicity 154. Simpler solutions such as those by Frederick Soddy in 1936 and by David Eppstein in 2001 are now known to exist.", "In 1894, Lemoine stated what is now known as Lemoine's conjecture: Every odd number which is greater than three can be expressed in the form 2p + q where p and q are prime. In 1985, John Kiltinen and Peter Young conjectured an extension of the conjecture which they called the \"refined Lemoine conjecture\". They published the conjecture in a journal of the Mathematical Association of America: \"For any odd number m which is at least 9, there are odd prime numbers p, q, r and s and positive integers j and k such that m = 2p + q, 2 + pq = 2ʲ + r and 2q + p = 2ᵏ + s. [...] the study has directed our attention to more subtle aspects of the additive theory of prime numbers. Our conjecture reflects this, dealing with interactions of sums involving primes whereas Goldbach's conjecture and Lemoine's conjecture deal with such sums only individually. This conjecture and the open questions about numbers at levels two and three are of interest in their own right because of the issues they raise within this fascinating and often baffling additive realm of the prime numbers.\"", "Lemoine has been described by Nathan Altshiller Court as a co-founder (along with Henri Brocard and Joseph Neuberg) of modern triangle geometry, a term used by William Gallatly, among others. In this context, \"modern\" is used to refer to geometry developed from the late 18th century onward. Such geometry relies on the abstraction of figures in the plane rather than analytic methods used earlier involving specific angle measures and distances. The geometry focuses on topics such as collinearity, concurrency, and concyclicity, as they do not involve the measures listed previously.\nLemoine's work defined many of the noted traits of this movement. His Géométrographie and relation of equations to tetrahedrons and triangles, as well as his study of concurrencies and concyclities, contributed to the modern triangle geometry of the time. The definition of points of the triangle such as the Lemoine point was also a staple of the geometry, and other modern triangle geometers such as Brocard and Gaston Tarry wrote about similar points.", "", "Brocard circle\nBrocard points\nGeometrography\nNagel point\nTarry point\nLemoine's problem\nModern triangle geometry", "Smith, David Eugene (1896). \"Biography of Émile-Michel-Hyacinthe Lemoine\". American Mathematical Monthly. 3 (2): 29–33. doi:10.2307/2968278. JSTOR 2968278.\nO'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. \"Émile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine\". MacTutor. Retrieved 2008-02-26.\n\"École Polytechnique - 208 years of history\". École Polytechnique. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-21.\nCharles Lenepveu. Letter to Émile Lemoine. February 1890. The Morrison Foundation for Musical Research. Retrieved on 2008-05-19\nKimberling, Clark. \"Émile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine (1840–1912), geometer\". University of Evansville. Retrieved 2008-02-25.\nGentry, F.C. (December 1941). \"Analytic Geometry of the Triangle\". National Mathematics Magazine. Mathematical Association of America. 16 (3): 127–40. doi:10.2307/3028804. JSTOR 3028804.\nWeisse, K.; Schreiber, P. (1989). \"Zur Geschichte des Lemoineschen Punktes\". Beiträge zur Geschichte, Philosophie und Methodologie der Mathematik (in German). Wiss. Z. Greifswald. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Univ. Math.-Natur. Reihe. 38 (4): 73–4.\nGreitzer, S.L. (1970). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.\nCoolidge, Julian L. (1980). A History of Geometrical Methods. Oxford: Dover Publications. p. 58. ISBN 0-486-49524-8.\nKimberling, Clark. \"Triangle Geometers\". University of Evansville. Archived from the original on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-02-25.\n\"Disseminate\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. American Mathematical Society. 9 (5): 272–5. 1903. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1903-00993-8. Retrieved 2008-04-24.\n\"Notes\" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. American Mathematical Society. 18 (8): 424. 1912. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1912-02239-5. Retrieved 2008-05-11.\n\"Séance du 18 décembre\". Le Moniteur Scientifique du Docteur Quesneville: 154–155. February 1906. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Lemoine won the Prix Francœur in the years from 1902–1904 and 1906–1912, with the single interruption by Xavier Stouff's win in 1905.\nNathan Altshiller Court (1969). College Geometry (2 ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble. ISBN 0-486-45805-9.\nLachlan, Robert (1893-01-01). An Elementary Treatise on Modern Pure Geometry. Cornell University Library. ISBN 978-1-4297-0050-4.\nLemoine, Émile. La Géométrographie ou l'art des constructions géométriques. (1903), Scientia, Paris (in French)\nEric W. Weisstein CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics (CRC Press, 1999), 733–4.\nDavid Gisch and Jason M. Ribando (2004-02-29). \"Apollonius' Problem: A Study of Solutions and Their Connections\" (PDF). American Journal of Undergraduate Research. University of Northern Iowa. 3 (1). Retrieved 2008-04-16.\nDickson, Leonard E. (1971). History of the Theory of Numbers (4 volumes). Vol. 1. S.l.: Chelsea. p. 424. ISBN 0-8284-0086-5.\nJohn Kiltinen and Peter Young (September 1984). \"Goldbach, Lemoine, and a Know/Don't Know Problem\". Mathematics Magazine. Mathematical Association of America. 58 (4): 195–203. doi:10.2307/2689513. JSTOR 2689513.\nGallatly, William (December 2005). The Modern Geometry of the Triangle. Scholarly Publishing Office. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4181-7845-1.\nSteve Sigur (1999). The Modern Geometry of the Triangle (PDF). Paideiaschool.org. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.", "O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Émile Lemoine\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews\nWorks by or about Émile Lemoine at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Émile Lemoine", "Biography", "Early years (1840–1869)", "Middle years (1870–1887)", "Later years (1888–1912)", "Contributions", "Lemoine point and circle", "Construction system", "Lemoine's conjecture and extensions", "Role in modern triangle geometry", "List of selected works", "See also", "Notes", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Commemorative plaque, Avenue du Général-Lemonnier, Paris" ]

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[ "Émile René Lemonnier (November 27, 1893 – March 12, 1945) was a French Army general who served during World War I and World War II. Stationed in French Indochina in 1945, he was beheaded by the Japanese during their March coup d'état.", "Lemonnier was born to Émile Jean Lemonnier, a saddler by trade, and Marie Ernestine Fournier on November 27, 1893, in Château-Gontier in the Mayenne. He graduated from the College Château-Gontier in 1910 and entered the École Polytechnique in 1912.", "In 1914 Lemonnier was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the 25th Artillery Regiment and received several citations. In 1918, he transferred to the French Colonial Forces, subsequently serving with various regiments of the artillerie coloniale. In 1920 Lemonnier was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour. From 1925–1936 he served in French West Africa. He left France for the last time in 1937.", "On March 9, 1945, General Lemonnier while commander of the Lang Son area received an invitation from the Japanese forces to a banquet of the headquarters of the division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Lemonnier declined to attend the event, however he allowed some of his staff to attend the banquet. The French staff officers present at the banquet were taken prisoner by the Japanese. Lemonnier was subsequently taken prisoner himself and ordered by a Japanese general to sign a document formally surrendering the forces under his command. Lemonnier refused to sign the documents causing the Japanese to take him outside of Lang Son where they forced him to dig graves along with French Resident-superior (Résident-général) (Tonkin) Camille Auphelle. Again Lemonnier was ordered to sign the surrender documents and again refused. The Japanese then beheaded him. Captain Kayakawa who had ordered Lemonnier's execution was sentenced to death by the French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon and executed after the war.", "Lemonnier was re-interred in France on March 3, 1950, at Château-Gontier.\nCamp Lemonnier, adjacent to Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport (now headquarters of the American Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa) is named after him.\nOn March 25, 1957, the former Rue des Tuileries (1st district of Paris) was renamed Avenue du Général-Lemonnier in his honor.", "McLeave, Hugh (1973). The Damned Die Hard. Saturday Review Press. pp. 199–204. ISBN 0-8415-0247-1.\nHistoire de l'Indochine - Page 270 Philippe Héduy - 1983 \"Émile, René Lemonnier est né à Château-Gontier (Mayenne), le 26 novembre 1893 de Émile, Jean Lemonnier, 36 ans, bourrelier, et de Marie, Ernestine Fournier, son épouse, sans profession, âgée de 33 ans.\"\nMichel Desrues, Magali Even Mémorial de la Mayenne, 1940-1945 - Page 76 2001 \"Émile LEMONNIER 51 ans, né à Château-Gontier. Célibataire, Général de brigade des troupes coloniales Rue Thiers - Château-Gontier Élève au collège universitaire de Château-Gontier (aujourd'hui lycée Victor Hugo), Émile Lemonnier\nWorld Statesman.org – Vietnam\nGunn, Geoffrey (2015). \"The French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon (1945–50)\". End of Empire. Retrieved 5 January 2021.\nSchoepfel, Ann-Sophie (2014). \"The War Court as a Form of State Building: The French Prosecution of Japanese War Crimes at the Saigon and Tokyo Trials\". In Cheah, Wui Ling; Yi, Ping (eds.). Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2. Torkel Opsahl Academic. p. 134. ISBN 978-82-93081-13-5.", "Gen Émile René Lemonnier at Find a Grave" ]

[ "Émile Lemonnier", "Early life", "Military service", "World War II and death", "Legacy", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4796 ]

[ 22371, 22372, 22373, 22374, 22375, 22376, 22377, 22378 ]

[ "Emile Lesieur, winner of French Rugby Championship 1908", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Emile_Lesieur_1908.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Émile Lesieur (1885–1985) was a French rugby player." ]

[ "Émile Lesieur" ]

[ 4797 ]

[]

[ "Vase, one of a pair produced by the Wedgwood Factory and painted by Lessore with Henry Brownsword. At 59 1/2x30x29 inches, it is one of the largest pieces ever produced by Wedgwood. This vase resides at the Birmingham Museum of Art, while its mate is located at the Wedgwood Museum in England.", "Jewish Feast in Algeria, from his 1835 book", "Lithograph, with Auguste Bouquet, 1837" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Lessore_Vase.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Festin_juif.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Landscape_with_River_and_Boats_MET_DP876488.jpg" ]

[ "Émile-Aubert Lessore or Lessorre (1805 in Paris – 1876 in Marlotte) was a French ceramic artist and painter.", "He originally worked in oil and water colors, but expanded into ceramic art. His ceramics work received a variety of medals, including his 1862 exhibition in London, 1867 exhibition in Paris, and 1873 exhibit in Vienna. Known for his subdued and delicate coloring, Lessore is said to have led a revolution in the decoration of pottery.\nEmile painted a variety of ceramic pieces, many for the Wedgwood pottery company. Some scenes painted on the ceramic pieces are from other works.\nLessore first studied under Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, which led to his first exhibit in the Paris Salon at age 26. At that time, it was unusual for someone so young to have a painting exhibit in official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Over the next twenty years, his paintings sold well. In 1835 he published, with William Wyld, Voyage pittoresque dans la Régence d’Alger (Paris, Charles Motte, 1835).\nIn 1851, Lessore began his ceramics work in Sèvres, a southwestern suburb of Paris, France known for its porcelain manufacture. Lessore tapped into his artistic painting experience to produce a pair of large, decorated vases. These were purchased in 1853 by the Emperor of Russia for 1,000 guineas ($5,145).\nLessore's unique artistic expression did not fit well with the techniques of the other artists in Sèvres and by 1858 Lessore had moved to England to work for English potter Thomas Minton. Lessore then moved to Etruria, Staffordshire, where he worked for the famous firm of Wedgwood. Lessore exhibits were well received and he received personal exhibition medals in London (1862), Paris (1867), and Vienna (1873).\nAt age 68, Lessore moved back to Paris to continue his work with ceramics in Fontainebleau but maintained contact with Wedgwood. Lessore died in 1876 at the age of 71.", "Auguste Demmin Guide de l'amateur de faïences et porcelaines, poteries, terres cuites 1867 Volume 2 - Page 731 \"M. Émile Lessore est un autre peintre-céramiste français qui y est attaché actuellement.\"\nJervis, William Percival (1902). The Encyclopedia of Ceramics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. p. 349.\nBirmingham Museum of Art (2010). Birmingham Museum of Art Guide to the Collection. London: Giles. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2011-06-20.\nLe journal des Goncourt, Vol IV, page 135;\nExplication des ouvrages de peinture, sculpture, architecture, gravure et... du Salon de la Société des Artistes Français\nLynne Thornton: Les Orientalistes;\nL'Écho de la Fabrique, Le Salon de 1833, N°30 du 28 Juillet;\nAndré Roussard : Dictionnaire des peintres à Montmartre au XIXe et XXe siècle, Montmartre 1999;\nOlivier Fanica: Un céramiste à découvrir: Lessore ; Les Amis de Bourbon-Marlotte; été 1983 N°13;\nSmith, Richard L.; Buten, David; Pelehach, Patricia (1979). Emile Lessore, 1805-1876 His Life and Work. Buten Museum. ISBN 978-0-912014-52-4.\nEmile Lessore and William Wyld : \" Voyage pittoresque dans la régence d'Alger\" reissue of the architect Fernand Pouillon éditeur Jardin de Flore Paris 1973;", "École à Alger\nAkoun\n Artprice\nRMN Réunion des Musées Nationaux" ]

[ "Émile Lessore", "Life", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4798, 4799, 4800 ]

[ 22379, 22380, 22381, 22382, 22383, 22384, 22385, 22386 ]

[ "", "Panhard et Levassor (1890–1895)", "Émile Levassor and Louise Sarazin-Levassor at the start of the 1895 Paris-Bordeaux-Paris.", "" ]

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[ "Émile Constant Levassor (21 January 1843 – 14 April 1897) was a French engineer and a pioneer of the automobile industry and car racing in France.", "Levassor was born in Marolles-en-Hurepoix. After studying engineering and graduating from École Centrale Paris, he started his career in 1872 in a company that produced wood-working machines, where he met René Panhard. The company also built gas engines and when, in 1886, a Belgian industrialist Edouard Sarazin got a licence to build Daimler engines he chose Levassor to build them in France. When Sarazin died in 1887, Levassor married his widow, Louise, and together with Panhard they started building cars. Levassor, Peugeot and Daimler all met in 1888 at Peugeot's Valentigny Factory to share their knowledge, a summit that led Levassor and Peugeot to cooperate in experimenting with Daimler and Benz engines. However, Levassor gave more thought to the design and operation of the new car than had Benz, Daimler or Peugeot, all of whom had been more concerned with introducing a successful engine into what was still basically a small carriage.\nThe Panhard of 1891, with an engine built under Daimler licence, introduced a series of innovations that effectively created the modern car. Levassor moved the engine from the rear to the front of the car and cooled it via a front-mounted water radiator rather than relying, as had been customary, on natural aspiration, which was often insufficient. He also introduced a crankshaft to link the engine with the gearing, eschewing the bicycle-style belt drive of previous cars; and he installed a clutch pedal and a gear stick, situated between the seats, to operate the gearbox, thus creating the first modern transmission. The siting of the engine on the front of the car rather than the rear provided far more room for passengers. The resultant configuration – unfortunately for Levassor – was soon called the systeme Panhard.\nLevassor also took part in motor racing, finishing fifth in Paris to Rouen race in 1894, and arriving first in (but not winning) the Paris–Bordeaux–Paris race the following year (both in his own cars).", "In May 1890 Emile Levassor married Mme. Louise Sarazin, the widow of Edouard Sarazin, an influential and entrepreneurial Patents lawyer who owned licences for Deutz and Daimler engine manufacture. Both types of engine were manufactured in Paris by Perin, Panhard & Cie and Panhard & Levassor.", "In 1896, when taking part in the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris race, he was seriously injured in a crash while trying to avoid hitting a dog. He never recovered from the injury, and died in Paris the following year.", "Motorsport before 1906\nArthur Constantin Krebs\n1889 - \"Première voiture de course\"", "Steven Parissien. The Life of the Automobile. pp. 9–10.\n\"Ces merveilleux fous roulants sur leurs drôles de machines\". Le Figaro (in French). 9 July 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2011.\nJames M. Laux: In First Gear. The French automobile industry to 1914. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal 1976, ISBN 0-7735-0264-5." ]

[ "Émile Levassor", "Biography", "Personal life", "Death", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4801, 4802, 4803 ]

[ 22387, 22388, 22389, 22390, 22391, 22392, 22393 ]

[ "Émile Littré, (1801–1881).", "Caricature of Émile Littré carrying one volume of his \"Dictionary of the French Language\"", "Caricature of Émile Littré and Charles Darwin depicted as performing monkeys breaking through gullibility (\"credulité\"), superstitions, errors, and ignorance. Illustration by André Gill." ]

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[ "Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (French: [litʁe]; 1 February 1801 – 2 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his Dictionnaire de la langue française, commonly called le Littré.", "Littré was born in Paris. His father, Michel-François Littré, had been a gunner and, later, a sergeant-major of marine artillery in the French navy who was deeply imbued with revolutionary ideas of the day. Settling down as a tax collector, he married Sophie Johannot, a free-thinker like himself, and devoted himself to the education of his son Émile. The boy was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where Louis Hachette and Eugène Burnouf became his friends. After he completed his studies at the lycée, he was undecided as to what career he should adopt; however, he devoted himself to mastering the English and German languages, classical and Sanskrit literature, and philology.\nHe finally decided to become a student of medicine in 1822. He passed all his examinations in due course, and had only his thesis to prepare in order to obtain his degree as doctor when, in 1827, his father died leaving his mother without means. He abandoned his degree at once despite his keen interest in medicine, and, while attending lectures by Pierre Rayer, began teaching Latin and Greek to earn a living. He served as a soldier for the populists during the July Revolution of 1830, and was one of the members of the National Guard who followed Charles X to Rambouillet. In 1831, he obtained an introduction to Armand Carrel, the editor of Le National, who gave him the task of reading English and German papers for excerpts. By chance, in 1835, Carrel discovered Littré's skills as a writer and from that time on, he was a constant contributor to the journal, eventually becoming its director.\nIn 1836, Littré began to contribute articles on a wide range of subjects to the Revue des deux mondes, and in 1837, he married. In 1839, the first volume of his complete works of Hippocrates appeared in print. Due to the outstanding quality of this work, he was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in the same year. He noticed the works of Auguste Comte, the reading of which formed, as he himself said, \"the cardinal point of his life.\" From this time forward, the influence of positivism affected his own life, and, what is of more importance, he influenced positivism, giving as much to this philosophy as he received from it. He soon became a friend of Comte, and popularised his ideas in numerous works on the positivist philosophy. He continued translating and publishing his edition of Hippocrates' writings, which was not completed until 1862, and he published a similar edition of Pliny's Natural History. After 1844, he took Fauriel's place on the committee engaged to produce the Histoire littéraire de la France, where his knowledge of the early French language and literature was invaluable.\nLittré started work on his great Dictionnaire de la langue française in about 1844, which was not to be completed until thirty years later. He participated in the revolution of July 1848, and in the repression of the extreme Republican Party in June 1849. His essays, contributed during this period to the National, were collected together and published under the title of Conservation, revolution et positivisme in 1852, and show a thorough acceptance of all the doctrines propounded by Comte. However, during the later years of his master's life, he began to perceive that he could not wholly accept all the dogmas or the more mystic ideas of his friend and master. He concealed his differences of opinion, and Comte failed to recognise that his pupil had outgrown him, as he himself had outgrown his master Henri de Saint-Simon.\nComte's death in 1858 freed Littré from any fear of alienating his master. He published his own ideas in his Paroles de la philosophie positive in 1859. Four years later, in a work of greater length, he published Auguste Comte et la philosophie positive, which traces the origin of Comte's ideas through Turgot, Kant, and Saint-Simon. The work eulogises Comte's own life, his method of philosophy, his great services to the cause and the effect of his works, and proceeds to show where he himself differs from him. He approved wholly of Comte's philosophy, his great laws of society and his philosophical method, which indeed he defended warmly against John Stuart Mill. However, he stated that, while he believed in a positivist philosophy, he did not believe in a \"religion of humanity\".\nAbout 1863, after completing his translations of Hippocrates and his Pliny, he began work in earnest on his great French dictionary. He was invited to join the Académie française, but declined, not wishing to associate himself with Félix Dupanloup, bishop of Orléans, who had denounced him as the head of the French materialists in his Avertissement aux pères de famille. At this time, he also started La Revue de philosophie positive with Grégoire Wyrouboff, a magazine that embodied the views of modern positivists.\nThus, his life was absorbed in literary work until the events that overthrew the Second Empire called him to take a part in politics. He felt himself too old to undergo the privations of the Siege of Paris, and retired with his family to Brittany. He was summoned by Gambetta to Bordeaux to lecture on history, and thence to Versailles to take his seat in the senate to which he had been chosen by the département of the Seine. In December 1871, he was elected a member of the Académie française in spite of the renewed opposition of Msgr. Dupanloup, who resigned his seat rather than receive him.\nLittré's Dictionnaire de la langue française (\"Dictionary of the French Language\") was completed in 1873 after nearly 30 years of work. The draft was written on 415,636 sheets, bundled in packets of one thousand, stored in eight white wooden crates that filled the cellar of Littré's home in Mesnil-le-Roi. The landmark effort gave authoritative definitions and usage descriptions to every word based on the various meanings it had held in the past. When it was published by Hachette, it was the largest lexicographical work on the French language at that time.\nIn 1874, Littré was elected Senator for life of the Third Republic. His most notable writings during these years were his political papers that attacked and revealed the confederacy of the Orléanists and Legitimists against the Republic; his re-editions of many of his old articles and books, among others the Conservation, révolution et positivisme of 1852 (which he reprinted word for word, appending a formal, categorical renunciation of many of the Comtist doctrines therein contained); and a little tract, Pour la dernière fois, in which he maintained his unalterable belief in the philosophy of Materialism.\n\nIn 1875, he applied for membership in the Masonic Lodge La Clémente Amitié (Grand Orient de France). When asked whether he believed in the existence of a supreme being in the presence of 1000 Freemasons, he replied: \nA wise man of ancient times, who was asked the same question by a king, thought about an answer for days, but was never able to answer. I please you not to request an answer from me. No science denies a \"first cause\", because it finds neither another warrant nor proof. All knowledge is relative and we always meet unknown phenomena and laws we don't know its cause. The one who proclaims with determination to neither believe nor disbelieve in a God proofs not to understand the problem of what makes things exist and disappear.\nWhen it became obvious that the old man would not live much longer, his wife and daughter, who had always been fervent Catholics, strove to convert him to their religion. He had long discussions with Father Louis Millériot, a celebrated Controversialist, and Abbé Henri Huvelin, the noted priest of Église Saint-Augustin, who were much grieved at his death. When Littré was near death, he converted, was baptised by the abbé and his funeral was conducted with the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Littré is interred at Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.", "", "Translation of the complete works of Hippocrates (1839–1863)\nTranslation of Pliny's Natural History (1848–1850)\nTranslation of Strauss's Vie de Jésus (1839–1840)\nTranslation of Müller's Manuel de physiologie (1851)\nRe-edition of the political writings of Armand Carrel, with notes (1854–1858)", "Reprise du Dictionnaire de médecine, de chirurgie, etc. with Charles-Philippe Robin, of Pierre-Hubert Nysten (1855)\nHistoire de la langue française a collection of magazine articles (1862)\nDictionnaire de la langue française (\"Le Littré\") (1863–1873)\nComment j'ai fait mon dictionnaire (1880)", "", "", "Dictionnaire universel de la Franc-Maçonnerie by Monique Cara, Jean-Marc Cara, Marc de Jode (Larousse, 2011).\nChisholm 1911, p. 794.\nChisholm 1911, pp. 794–795.\nChisholm 1911, p. 795.\nDelamarre, Louis Narcisse. \"Paul-Maximilien-Emile Littré\". Catholic Encyclopedia (1913). 9.\nEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. 5. Auflage, Herbig Verlag, p. 299, 519-520. ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6.\nChristopher Clark; Wolfram Kaiser (2003). Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-139-43990-9.\nThe Death-bed of a Positivist, The New York Times, 19 June 1881", "For his life consult C.A. Sainte-Beuve, Notice sur M. Littré, sa vie et ses travaux (1863); and Nouveaux Lundis, vol. v.; also the notice by M. Durand-Gréville in the Nouvelle Revue of August 1881; E Caro, Littré et le positivisme (1883); Pasteur, Discours de récéption at the Academy, where he succeeded Littré, and a reply by Ernest Renan.\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 794–795.", "(in French) Jean Hamburger, Monsieur Littré, Flammarion, Paris, 1988", "Works by Emile Littré at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Émile Littré at Internet Archive\nCollection Medic@ offers Littré's edition of Hippocrates, complete in scanned page images\nHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Paul-Maximilien-Emile Littré\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n(in French) Dictionnaire de la langue française Littré (1863–1876)" ]

[ "Émile Littré", "Biography", "Works", "Translations and re-editions", "Dictionaries and writings on language", "Philosophy", "Other works", "References", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 4804, 4805, 4806 ]

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[ "Photograph by Eugène Pirou, 1900", "Painting of Loubet", "Loubet caricatured by Guth for Vanity Fair, 1899" ]

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[ "Émile François Loubet (French: [emil lubɛ]; 30 December 1838 – 20 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France from February to December 1892 and later President of France from 1899 to 1906.\nTrained in law, he became mayor of Montélimar, where he was noted as a forceful orator. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 and the Senate in 1885. He was appointed as a Republican minister under Carnot and Ribot. He was briefly Prime Minister of France in 1892. As President (1899–1906), he saw the successful Paris Exhibition of 1900, and the forging of the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, resolving their sharp differences over the Boer War and the Dreyfus Affair.", "Loubet was born on 30 December 1838, the son of a peasant proprietor and mayor of Marsanne (Drôme). Admitted to the Parisian bar in 1862, he took his doctorate in law the next year. He was still a student when he witnessed the sweeping triumph of the Republican party in Paris at the general election in 1863, during the Second French Empire. He settled down to the exercise of his profession in Montélimar, where in 1869 he married Marie-Louise Picard. He also inherited a small estate at Grignan.", "American politician William Jennings Bryan described Loubet as \"below the medium height, even for Frenchmen. His shoulders are broad and his frame indicative of great physical strength. His hair is snow white, as are also his beard and mustache. He wears his beard square cut at the chin. . . . His voice is soft, and he speaks with great vivacity, emphasizing his words by expressive gestures.\"", "At the crisis of 1870, which brought about the Empire's end, he became mayor of Montélimar, and thenceforward was a steady supporter of Léon Gambetta. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 by Montélimar, he was one of the notable 363 parliamentarians who in the 16 May 1877 crisis passed a vote of no confidence in the ministry of Albert, the duke of Broglie.\nIn the general election of October he was re-elected, local enthusiasm for him being increased by the fact that the government had driven him from the mayoralty. In the Chamber he occupied himself especially with education, fighting the clerical system established by the Loi Falloux, and working for the establishment of free, obligatory and secular primary instruction. In 1880 he became president of the departmental council in Drôme. His support of the second Jules Ferry ministry and his zeal for the colonial expansion of France gave him considerable weight in the moderate Republican party.\nHe had entered the Senate in 1885, and he became minister of public works in the Tirard ministry (December 1887 to March 1888). In 1892 President Sadi Carnot, who was his personal friend, asked him to form a cabinet. Loubet held the portfolio of the interior with the premiership, and had to deal with the anarchist crimes of that year and with the great strike of Carmaux, in which he acted as arbitrator, giving a decision regarded in many quarters as too favourable to the strikers. He was defeated in November on the question of the Panama scandals, but he retained the ministry of the interior in the next cabinet under Alexandre Ribot, though he resigned on its reconstruction in January.", "His reputation as an orator of great force and lucidity of exposition and as a safe and honest statesman procured for him in 1896 the presidency of the Senate, and in February 1899 he was chosen president of the republic in succession to Félix Faure by 483 votes as against 279 recorded by Jules Méline, his only serious competitor.\nHe was marked out for fierce opposition and bitter insult, as the representative of that section of the Republican party which sought the revision of the Dreyfus affair. On the day of President Faure's funeral Paul Déroulède met the troops under General Roget on their return to barracks, and demanded that the general should march on the Elysée. Roget sensibly took his troops back to barracks. At the Auteuil steeplechase in June, the president was struck on the head with a cane by an anti-Dreyfusard. In that month President Loubet summoned Waldeck-Rousseau to form a cabinet, and at the same time entreated Republicans of all shades of opinion to rally to the defence of the state. By the efforts of Loubet and Waldeck-Rousseau the Dreyfus affair was settled, when Loubet, acting on the advice of General Galliffet, minister of war, remitted the ten years' imprisonment to which Dreyfus was condemned at Rennes.\nLoubet's presidency saw an acute stage of the clerical question, which was attacked by Waldeck-Rousseau and in still more drastic fashion by the Combes ministry. The French ambassador was recalled from the Vatican in April 1905, and in July the separation of church and state was voted in the Chamber of Deputies. Feeling had run high between France and Britain over the mutual criticisms passed on the conduct of the South African War and the Dreyfus affair respectively. These differences were composed, by the Anglo-French entente, and in 1904 a convention between the two countries secured the recognition of French claims in Morocco in exchange for non-interference with the British occupation of Egypt. President Loubet belonged to the peasant-proprietor class, and had none of the aristocratic proclivities of President Faure. He inaugurated the Paris Exhibition of 1900, received the emperor Nicholas II of Russia at the French maneuvers of 1901 and paid a visit to Russia in 1902.\nOn 4 July 1902 President Loubet was elected an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati.\nLoubet also exchanged visits with King Edward VII, with the king of Portugal, the king of Italy and the king of Spain. During the king of Spain's visit in 1905, an attempt was made on his life, a bomb being thrown under his carriage as he and with his guest left the Opéra Garnier. When his presidency came to an end in January 1906, he became the first President of the Third Republic to have served a full term and without resigning a second one. He retired into private life and died on 20 December 1929 at the age of 90.", "He received the following orders and decorations:\n Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 1900\n Principality of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander, in Diamonds, July 1902\n Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 1 November 1900\n Ethiopian Empire: Grand Cross of the Star of Ethiopia\n German Empire: Knight of the Black Eagle\n Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 10 April 1901\n Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 5 August 1899\n Luxembourg: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, 1902\n Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion, 1902\n Ottoman Empire: Order of Distinction\n Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, October 1902 – during the visit of King Carlos I to France\n Russian Empire:\nKnight of St. Andrew\nKnight of St. Alexander Nevsky\nKnight of St. Anna, 1st Class\nKnight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class\n San Marino: Grand Cross of the Order of San Marino\n Kingdom of Serbia: Grand Cross of the White Eagle\n Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 22 June 1902 – invested by the Duke of Sesto, special representative of the Spanish King, in a ceremony in Paris\n Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 29 August 1902\n Sweden-Norway:\nKnight of the Seraphim, 17 April 1899\nKnight of the Norwegian Lion, 1 December 1904\n Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 15 March 1901", "Émile Loubet – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior\nAlexandre Ribot – Minister of Foreign Affairs\nCharles de Freycinet – Minister of War\nMaurice Rouvier – Minister of Finance\nLouis Ricard – Minister of Justice and Worship\nJules Roche – Minister of Commerce, Industry, and the Colonies\nGodefroy Cavaignac – Minister of Marine\nLéon Bourgeois – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts\nJules Develle – Minister of Agriculture\nYves Guyot – Minister of Public Works\nChanges\n8 March 1892 – Godefroy Cavaignac succeeds Roche as Minister for the Colonies. Roche remains Minister of Commerce and Industry.", "One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Loubet, Émile François\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 26.\nBryan, The Old World and Its Ways (1907: St. Louis, Thompson Publishing), page 510\nBomb for Loubet and King Alfonso; New York Times; 1 June 1905; p. 1; Note: Regarding an error in reporting: The New York Times article does in fact give their later destination as the \"Palais d'Orsay\", however, that building had burned down in 1871.\nAlmanach national. Annuaire officiel de la République française, Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1900, pp. 469, 600–601, 603, 605, 607, 616, 623, 626, 630\nAlmanach national. Annuaire officiel de la République française, Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1903, pp. 660, 663, 676\nNieuws Van Den Dag (Het) 07-10-1900\n\"Court Circular\". The Times. No. 36811. London. 4 July 1902. p. 3.\nBille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1901) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1901 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1901] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 6. Retrieved 4 July 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.\nItaly. Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 57.\n刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.\n\"Court Circular\". The Times. No. 36913. London. 31 October 1902. p. 8.\n\"Latest intelligence - France\". The Times. No. 36801. London. 23 June 1902. p. 5.\nRoyal Thai Government Gazette (16 October 1902). \"ส่งเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ไปพระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์มหาจักรกรีบรมราชวงษ์พระราชทานแก่ มองซิเออ เอมินลูเบด์ ประธานาธิบดีแห่งฝรั่งเศส\" (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 8 May 2019. \nSveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 441, retrieved 12 March 2021 – via runeberg.org\n\"The Order of the Norwegian Lion\", The Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 10 August 2018.\nhttps://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/da6322eddd8fbaeaf706deddcded87e6.pdf", "Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). \"Loubet, Émile\" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.\nNewspaper clippings about Émile Loubet in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW" ]

[ "Émile Loubet", "Early life", "Physical description", "Political career", "President of the French Republic (1899–1906)", "Honours", "Loubet's Ministry, 27 February – 6 December 1892", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 22418, 22419, 22420, 22421, 22422, 22423, 22424, 22425, 22426, 22427, 22428, 22429, 22430, 22431, 22432, 22433, 22434, 22435, 22436 ]

[ "Émile Loubon; portrait by\n Louis Gustave Ricard", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Ricard_-_portrait_du_peintre_Loubon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/PeinturesMus%C3%A9eFabre085-Loubon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/%C3%89mile_Loubon_-_Le_Col_de_la_Gineste.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/%C3%89mile_Loubon_-_La_lev%C3%A9e_du_camp_du_midi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Loubon_-_Vue_de_Marseille.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Charles Joseph Loubon (12 January 1809, Aix-en-Provence - 3 May 1863, Marseille) was a French painter, known for his panoramic landscapes of Provence, featuring figures and animals.", "He was the son of Noël Augustin François Loubon (1777-?) a wealthy merchant. He originally studied drawing with Jean-Antoine Constantin, François Marius Granet and Louis Mathurin Clérian (1768-1851). The latter, who also served as Director of the École de dessin d'Aix-en-Provence, appears to have had the most influence on his style.\nIn 1829, Granet invited him to come along on a study trip to Rome, where he became acquainted with architecture in addition to painting. It was there he began doing landscapes and remained for two years. He returned to France in 1831 and went to Paris, where he associated with other young artists; notably Thomas Couture, with whom he collaborated on a work that he was preparing for the Église Saint-Jean-de-Malte. In 1833, he was awarded a medal at the Salon.\nThe sudden financial ruin of his father forced a quick return to Aix in 1845. His uncle, who was an assistant at the École des beaux-arts de Marseille, managed to get him a position in the drawing school. He soon attracted attention for his efforts to find new, more realistic ways to teach drawing. During that time, he also created the first salon for \"friends of the arts\" in Marseille. It drew such participants as Eugène Delacroix, Camille Corot and Prosper Marilhat. After 1848, it was suspended due to unfavorable political events. The following year, he spent some time in the Near East and produced some Orientalist paintings.\nIn 1853, he held his second exhibition at the Salon, which was favorably reviewed. It was at this time that he began to express his dislike for the color blue. In his later years, blue became gray or brown in most of his works.\nIt is generally believed that he suffered from serious marital problems. His wife had been a model and was apparently very spoiled and petulant. He also expressed some bitterness for the art world in general, saying that he had been exploited and his works misused.\nHe was in poor health for many years and succumbed to intestinal cancer in 1863. Among his notable students may be mentioned Joseph-Marius Cabasson, Édouard-Auguste Imer and Alphonse Moutte.", "", "Archives des Bouches-du-Rhône.\nLa Peinture en Provence, André Alauzen, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, Marseille, 1987, ISBN 978-2-86276-086-5\nBouillon-Landais, Le Peintre Émile Loubon, Paris, Plon, 1897.\nLoubon, Paule Brahic-Guiral, \"La Savoisienne\", 1973.", "Paule Guiral, \"Un maître du paysage provençale : Émile Loubon\", in Revue Marseille #70, Jan.-Feb. 1968\nRégis Bertrand, \"Le tombeau d'Émile Loubon\", in Revue Marseille #136, 1984", "More works by Loubon @ ArtNet" ]

[ "Émile Loubon", "Biography", "Selected paintings", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 4809, 4810, 4811, 4812 ]

[ 22437, 22438, 22439, 22440, 22441, 22442, 22443 ]

[ "Louis in court in 2004" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Emile_Louis.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Louis (21 January 1934 – 20 October 2013) was a French bus driver and the prime suspect in the disappearance of seven young women in the Yonne department, Burgundy, in the late 1970s. He confessed to their murders in 2000 but retracted this confession one month later. Louis was sentenced to life in prison by the cour d'assises of Yonne in 2004. The sentence, which was upheld on appeal in 2006, was confirmed by the Court of Cassation in 2007.", "Louis was a prime suspect in the disappearances in the Yonne Département of seven young women with mild mental deficiencies between 1975 and 1980. The disappearances initially did not attract much attention, as the girls had no close relatives and lived in homes for the handicapped; it was assumed that they had simply run away. A local detective, Christian Jambert, looked into the possible crimes as early as 1981. However, his reports were ignored.\nAfter a long depression following this episode, Jambert committed suicide by gunshot in 1997. Because of two different impacts on Jambert's skull, police doubted the suicide thesis at first. After investigations, it appeared that Jambert's carbine was modified to shoot in burst mode, and might have caused several skull wounds. The suicide thesis was then confirmed by Justice on several occasions. \nIn 1992, Pierre Charrier, the head of the Yonne APAJH association managing the home for handicapped young people where the missing girls had been staying, was sentenced to six years in prison for raping a 23-year-old handicapped woman.\nIn 2000, Louis confessed to two of the murders, and gave information as to where the bodies could be found, which police were able to use to recover the bodies from shallow graves. He later retracted his confession, but was convicted of the seven murders in November 2004, and sentenced to life in prison.", "Louis died on 20 October 2013. In the newspaper it was mentioned that he died in a secure hospital aged 79.", "List of French serial killers", "BBC News: French 'serial killer' on trial\nGuardian: Murder trial likely to reveal cover-ups\nDetailed chronology (in French)", "\"Le tueur en série Emile Louis est mort\", Le Parisien, 20 October 2013.\n\"French serial killer given life\", BBC.co.uk, 26 November 2004\n\"Serial killer's confession leads to trail of care home abuses\", The Guardian, 31 December 2000\n\"France serial killer Emile Louis dead\". BBC News. Retrieved 20 October 2013." ]

[ "Émile Louis", "Disappearances", "Death", "See also", "External links", "References" ]

[ 4813 ]

[ 22444, 22445, 22446, 22447, 22448 ]

[ "Le pêcheur by Picault, c. 1880" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Emile_Picault001.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Louis Picault (French: [emil lwi piko]; 24 August 1833 – 24 August 1915) was a French sculptor, best known for works depicting allegorical and patriotic subjects, and mythological heroes. Picault was a very prolific artist, producing sculptures in abundance—over 500 models in total—during his long sculpting career. He began to show his artwork at the Salon beginning in 1863. He signed the majority of his work as \"E. Picault\".", "", "(Source):\nLe Supplice de Tantale (1867)\nPersée délivrant Andromède (1880)\nLe Génie du progrès et Nicolas Flamel (1885)\nLe Cid (1886)\nLa Naissance de Pégase (1888)\nLa Force Domtée\nLe Génie des sciences (1894)\nLe Génie des arts (1895)\nLe Livre (1896)\nLe Drapeau \"ad unum\" (1898)\nVox progressi (1903)\nBelléphoron (1906)", "(Source):\nJoseph expliquant les songes du Pharaon (1888)\nL'Agriculture (1888)", "(Source):\nJason (1879)\nAndromède (1892)\nProméthée dérobant le feu du ciel (1894)\nLa Vaillance (1896)\nVertus civiques (1897)\nLe Minerai (1902)\nLa Forge (1905)\nScience et Industrie (1909)\nPropter gloriam (1914)", "(Source):\nPicault's work can be seen in museums in the following cities:\nChambéry (Le Semeur d'idées, 45 cm)\nClermont-Ferrand (Hébé, 93 cm)\nMaubeuge (Le devoir, Honor patria, 45 cm)\nTroyes (La famille, joies et peines)", "Kjellberg, Peter (1994). Bronzes of the 19th Century. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 542. ISBN 0-88740-629-7.", "Émile Louis Picault in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website" ]

[ "Émile Louis Picault", "Works", "Bronzes (Salon displayed)", "Medallions", "Plasters", "Museum exhibitions", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4814 ]

[ 22449, 22450 ]

[ "Portrait of Vernier by Jean-Paul Laurens", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/%C3%89mile_Louis_Vernier_by_Jean-Paul_Laurens.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Conference_Between_the_French_and_Indian_Leaders_Around_a_Ceremonial_Fire_by_Vernier.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Trois_barques_de_p%C3%AAcheurs_%C3%A0_Camfrout_%28Emile_Vernier%29.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Vernier_Bulles.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Vernier_Pierres.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Louis Vernier (29 November 1829 – 24 May 1887) was a French painter and lithographer. He was known for his marine scenes.", "Émile Louis Vernier was born on 29 November 1829 in Lons-le-Saunier, Jura.\nThe family moved to Besançon where his father owned the Café Granvelle.\nHe was enrolled in the Royal College of Besançon, for a military career, but was allowed to move to the Besançon school of drawing, and then to enter the studio of Collette, a well-known lithographer. He submitted his work to the Paris Salon for the first time in 1857, with several lithographs after Maurice Sand.\nVernier married Maria Vauthier on 27 June 1861.\nIn 1867 he exhibited two paintings of the country around Besançon and several lithographs after Jean-Jacques Henner, Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert and Gustave Courbet. These demonstrated his great ability in adapting to the style of different artists. He would receive several medals from the Salon, and in 1869 and 1870 was a member of the admission committee for the etching and lithography section. He visited Spain in 1872 with the landscape artist Paul Vayson. In 1873 he won a medal at the Vienna World Exposition. He visited Venice in the spring of 1874.\nIn 1880 he won a second class medal at the Salon, and had a great success at the Besançon exhibition.\nÉmile Louis Vernier died in Paris on 24 May 1887.\nHe is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.", "Guillemin 1905.\nBénézit 1999, p. 171.", "Bénézit, E. (1999). Dictionnaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs, Nouvelle édition sous la direction de J. Busse. Vol. 4. Gründ.\nGuillemin, V. (1905). Émile Vernier, Artiste lithographe et peintre de marines, sa vie, son œuvre, Typographie et lithographie. Besançon: Jacquin.", "\"Search results for 'VERNIER Emile Louis'\". JocondePortail des collections des musées de France. Retrieved 2015-05-18." ]

[ "Émile Louis Vernier", "Life", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 4815, 4816, 4817, 4818 ]

[ 22451, 22452, 22453, 22454 ]

[ "Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye", "Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye Street in Sofia, Bulgaria (42°41.700′N 23°19.148′E / 42.695000°N 23.319133°E / 42.695000; 23.319133)" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/%C3%89mile_Louis_Victor_de_Laveleye_%281822-1892%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/%C3%89mile_Louis_Victor_de_Laveleye_Street_in_Sofia.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye (5 April 1822 – 3 January 1892) was a Belgian economist. He was one of the co-founders of the Institut de Droit International in 1873.", "De Lavaleye was born in Bruges, and educated there and at the Collège Stanislas in Paris, a celebrated establishment in the hands of the Oratorians.\nHe continued his studies at the Catholic University of Louvain and afterwards at Ghent, where he came under the influence of François Huet the philosopher and Christian Socialist. In 1844 he won a prize with an essay on the language and literature of Provence. In 1847 he published L'Histoire des rois francs, and in 1861 a French version of the Nibelungenlied, but though he never lost his interest in literature and history, his most important work was in the domain of economics.\nHe was one of a group of young lawyers doctors and critics, all old pupils of Huet, who met once a week to discuss social and economic questions and thus was led to publish his views on these subjects. In 1859 some articles by him in the Revue des deux mondes laid the foundation of his reputation as an economist. In 1864 he was elected to the chair of political economy at the state University of Liège. Here he wrote his most important works:\nLa Russie et l'Autriche depuis Sadowa, 1870.\nEssai sur les Formes de Gouvernement dans les Sociétés Modernes, 1872.\nDes Causes Actuelles de Guerre en Europe et de l'Arbitrage, 1874.\nDe la Proprieté et de ses Formes Primitives, 1874 [dedicated to the memory of John Stuart Mill and François Huet].\nHe died at the Doyon Castle (in present-day Havelange), near Liège on 3 January 1892.\nLaveleye's name is particularly connected with bimetallism and primitive property, and he took a special interest in the revival and preservation of small nationalities. But his activity included the whole realm of political science, political economy, monetary questions, international law, foreign and Belgian politics, questions of education, religion and morality, travel and literature. He had the art of popularizing even the most technical subjects, owing to the clearness of his view and his firm grasp of the matter in hand. He was especially attracted to England, where he thought he saw many of his ideals of social, political and religious progress realized. He was a frequent contributor to the English newspapers and leading reviews. The most widely circulated of his works was a pamphlet on Le Parti clérical en Belgique, of which 2,000,000 copies had been circulated in ten languages by the beginning of the 20th century.", "On the Causes of War, and the Means of Reducing Their Number. London: Peace Society. 1872. p. 1. Retrieved 24 September 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nProtestantism and Catholicism in their Bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations. Toronto: Belford Bros., 1876.\nPrimitive Property; With an Introduction by T. E. Cliffe Leslie. Translated by Marriott, G . R. L. London: Macmillan and Co. 1878. Retrieved 24 September 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nThe New Tendencies of Political Economy. New York: The Banker's Magazine and Statistical Register, 1879.\nInternational Bimetallism and the Battle of the Standard. London: P.S. King, 1881.\nCommon-place Fallacies Concerning Money. London: P.S. King. 1882. Retrieved 3 April 2019 – via Internet Archive.\nRegulated Vice in Relation to Morality. London: K. Paul, Trench, 1884.\nThe Elements of Political Economy. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1886.\nLetters from Italy. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1886.\nThe Socialism of Today. London: Field and Tuer, 1886.\nThe Balkan Peninsula; Edited and Revised for the English Public by the Author; With an Introductory Chapter Upon the Most Recent Events and a Letter from the Right Honourable W. P. Gladstone M.P. Translated by Mrs. Thorpe. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 1887.\nLuxury. London: George Allen & Company, 1920.", "\"Land System of Belgium and Holland.\" In: Systems of Land Tenure in Various Countries. London: Macmillan & Co., 1870.\n\"The Future of France,\" The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XIV, 1870.\n\"On the Causes of War, and the Means of Reducing their Number.\" In: Cobden Club Essays. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin, 1872.\n\"The Clerical Party in Belgium,\" The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XVIII, 1872.\n\"Causes of War in the Existing European Situation,\" The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XIX, 1873.\n\"The Provincial and Communal Institutions of Belgium and Holland.\" In: Local Government and Taxation. London: Cassell Petter & Galpin, 1875.\n\"Commonplace Fallacies Concerning Money,\" Part II, The Contemporary Review, Vol. XL, July/December 1881.\n\"The Progress of Socialism,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLIII, January/June 1883.\n\"The Congo Neutralized,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLIII, January/June 1883.\n\"The Prospects of the Republic in France,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLIV, December 1883.\n\"Würzburg and Vienna,\" Part II, The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLVI, November/December 1884.\n\"A Criticism of Mr. Herbert Spencer,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLVII, January/June 1885.\n\"Pessimism on the Stage,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLVIII, July/December 1885.\n\"The Economic Crisis and its Causes,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. XLIX, January/June 1886.\n\"The Situation in the East\". The Contemporary Review. L: 609–619. November 1886. Retrieved 25 September 2018 – via Internet Archive.\n\"Civil Government and the Papacy,\" The Forum, Vol. V, April 1888.\n\"The Future of Religion,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. LIV, July/December 1888.\n\"Perils of Democracy,\" The Forum, Vol. VII, 1889.\n\"Two New Utopias,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. LVII, January/June 1890.\n\"Communism,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. LVII, January/June 1890.\n\"The Division of Africa,\" The Forum, Vol. X, 1891.\n\"The Foreign Policy of Italy,\" The Contemporary Review, Vol. LXI, February 1892.", "One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Laveleye, Émile Louis Victor de\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–292.", "Works by Emile de Laveleye at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye", "Biography", "Works in English translation", "Selected articles", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 4819, 4820 ]

[ 22455, 22456, 22457, 22458, 22459, 22460, 22461, 22462, 22463, 22464, 22465, 22466, 22467, 22468, 22469 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/%C3%89mile_Salkin.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Lucien Salkin (19 December 1900 – 27 August 1977) was a Belgian painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.", "\"Émile Lucien Salkin\". Olympedia. Retrieved 14 August 2020." ]

[ "Émile Lucien Salkin", "References" ]

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[ 22470 ]

[ "Émile Maggi in 1941", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/%C3%89mile_Maggi_en_1941.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Émile Maggi (12 March 1908 – 19 April 1986) was a French racewalker who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics.", "Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Émile Maggi\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2012." ]

[ "Émile Maggi", "References" ]

[ 4822 ]

[ 22471 ]

[ "Émile Marchoux" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Emile_Marchoux._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027730.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Marchoux (24 March 1862 - 19 August 1943) was a French physician and biologist born in Saint-Amant-de-Boixe, Charente.\nHe studied medicine in Paris, defending his doctorate with a dissertation titled Histoire des épidémies de fièvre typhoïde dans les troupes de marine à Lorient (1887). From 1888 to 1900 he served as a naval doctor in Dahomey, afterwards being responsible for vaccination services in Cochin (1890–93). In 1893 he began taking microbiology classes at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where he studied the anthrax bacterium in the laboratory of Emile Roux (1853-1933). From 1895 he was based in Saint-Louis, Senegal, where he established a laboratory of microbiology, subsequently dealing with an epidemic involving amoebic dysentery. During his stay in Senegal he published an influential account of malaria that was published in the Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (1897).\nFrom 1901 to 1905 Marchoux worked with Paul-Louis Simond (1858-1947) and Alexandre Salimbeni (1867-1942) in Brazil researching yellow fever. Here the three scientists were successful in eradicating the yellow fever epidemic from Rio de Janeiro. With Salimbeni, he conducted a detailed study of avian spirochaetosis, providing a description on its mode of transmission.\nIn 1905 he was appointed head of \"tropical microbiology\" at the Pasteur Institute, and in 1908 he was co-founder of the Société de pathologie exotique with Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922) and Félix Mesnil (1868-1938). In 1922 he was named chairman of the \"malaria commission\" to the Société de pathologie exotique.\nMarchoux is remembered today for providing prophylaxis and humanitarian treatment in his dealings with leprosy and sufferers of the disease. In 1919 he organized under the aegis of the Pavillon colonial de l'Institut Pasteur, a counseling service for tropical diseases, with a special service reserved for victims of leprosy. In 1931 with F. Sorel he founded the Institut Central de la Lèpre in Bamako, renamed the Institut Marchoux de Bamako in his honor following his death. In 1923 at Strasbourg he was elected chair of the International Leprosy Congress, afterwards being named president of the International Association of Leprosy.\nIn 1907 he was co-author of the treatise Hygiène coloniale, which was included in the Traité d'hygiène of Paul Brouardel (1837-1906) and Ernest Mosny (1861-1918). In 1910 he became a member of the Société de biologie, and from 1914 to 1918 was chief medical officer of the Paris Health Department.", "\"Author Query for 'Marchoux'\". International Plant Names Index.\nService des Archives de l'Institut Pasteur (biography)" ]

[ "Émile Marchoux", "References" ]

[ 4823 ]

[ 22472 ]

[ "Laurent circa 1917" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Emile_Laurent%2C_was_the_Prefect_of_Police_in_Paris%2C_France_from_September_of_1914_to_June_of_1917.jpg" ]

[ "Emile Marie Laurent (October 1, 1852 - October 1930), was the Prefect of Police of Paris from September 1914 to June 1917.", "He was born October 1, 1852 in Brest, France. He served in the military from 25 October 1875 to 5 October 1877. He was appointed as the Prefect of Police of Paris on September 2, 1914. He retired on June 5, 1917. He died in October 1930 in Paris.", "\"Emile Marie Laurent\" (in French). Retrieved 2015-03-24." ]

[ "Émile Marie Laurent", "Biography", "References" ]

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[ 22473 ]

[ "Masson in 1919" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Emile_Masson_Paris-Roubaix_1919.JPG" ]

[ "Emile Masson (Morialmé, 16 October 1888 — Bierset, 25 October 1973) was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer. Masson won two stages in the 1922 Tour de France. His son, Émile Masson Jr., also became a successful cyclist.", "1919\nTour of Belgium\n1922\n1922 Tour de France:\nWinner stages 11 and 12\n1923\nBordeaux–Paris\nTour of Belgium\nSclessin – St. Hubert – Sclessin\nGP Wolber\n1924\nJemeppe – Bastogne – Jemeppe\nParis-Lyon", "Official Tour de France results for Emile Masson (senior)\nEmile Masson profile at the Cycling Website (in English but with some mistakes)\n(in French) Biography of Emile Masson(in French but without any mistakes)" ]

[ "Émile Masson (cyclist)", "Major results", "External links" ]

[ 4825 ]

[ 22474 ]

[ "More than likely a portrait of Emile Mathieu drawn by Enrico Caruso, 1909, Ghent University Library" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Karikatuur_getekend_door_Enrico_Caruso%2C_Enrico_Caruso%2C_1906_%26_1909%2C_Universiteitsbibliotheek_Gent%2C910000094265_2018_0010_AC_%28cropped%29.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Louis Victor Mathieu (Lille, 18 October 1844 – Ghent, 20 August 1932) was a Belgian music teacher and composer of classical music.\nMathieu was born into a musical family: his father was the director of a theatre in Antwerp and a singer, while is mother taught singing at the Académie des Beaux-Arts of Leuven. He studied at the Conservatory of Brussels and later became a teacher of piano and harmony at the conservatory of Leuven. In 1867 Mathieu won a second prize in the Prix de Rome contest with his cantata Torquato Tasso’s dood. He won first place in the same contest in 1871 and again in 1873. Between 1873 and 1875 he lived in Paris, where he conducted the orchestra of the Théâtre du Châtelet. Afterwards, he returned to Brussels, where he held a position as accompanist at the Theatre Royal of LA Monnaie.\nHe headed the Leuven Conservatory (which today is called SLAC) from 1881, and succeeded Adolphe Samuel as director of the Ghent Conservatory from 1898 to 1924. He was also a member of the Académie Royale de Belgique.\nHis compositions include 7 operas, 3 symphonic poems, concertos for piano and violin, a Te Deum and choral works. Most of his operas used librettos of his own writing.\nHis best known work today is \"Freyhir\", an hour-long choral tone poem written in 1883 on the theme of deforestation around Ardennes where the composer grew up. Freyhir is the legendary name of the forest.", "Freyhir. Patrick Delcour, Marc Laho, Christine Solhosse, Véronique Solhosse, Chœur symphonique de Namur, Brussels Choral Society, Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège et de la Communauté Wallonie-Bruxelles / Jean-Pierre Haeck. Cypres", "Riessauw, Anne-Marie. \"Mathieu, Emile (Louis Victor)\". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 25 February 2016.\n\"SLAC Conservatorium\". Retrieved 25 February 2016.\nThe History of Music by Waldo S. Pratt\nLe Conservatoire royal de musique de Gand: Étude sur son histoire ... Charles Bergmans - 1901 Freyhir, c'est le nom légendaire de la forêt d'Andenne. C'est elle que M. Emile Mathieu, poète et musicien, a chantée, comme il avait chanté déjà le Hoyoux, poursuivant ainsi la composition d'une sorte de cycle, consacré tout .." ]

[ "Émile Mathieu (composer)", "Recordings", "Notes" ]

[ 4826 ]

[ 22475, 22476 ]

[ "Émile Mathis in 1931", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Ernest_Charles_Mathis_-_1931.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Crystal_kchart.png" ]

[ "Ernest Charles \"Émile\" Mathis (15 March 1880 – 3 August 1956) was a French businessman who founded the car firm Mathis in 1910. (Before the frontier moved in 1919, he would have considered himself a German businessman and the car firm was a German business.)\nThe son of a Strasbourg hotelier, Mathis was born in Strasbourg, which at the time was in Germany. Between 1902 and 1904, he worked for the car firm Lorraine-Dietrich, with Ettore Bugatti. In 1904, Mathis and Bugatti designed the Hermes car, which for some reason was known as the \"Burlington\" when sold in England. Mathis founded his own car company in 1910 and the following year was a protagonist of the small, multi-cylinder engine, probably inspired by Bugatti.\nIn 1907, Mathis developed a large factory in Strasbourg, where his cars were later made.\nDuring the Great Depression, Mathis looked for a partner for his firm and eventually chose Ford of America in 1934. The firm was briefly known as \"Matford\" (Mathis + Ford).\nFollowing the outbreak of the Second World War, as the German army invaded France, Mathis escaped to America, where he lived and worked throughout the war. He returned to Europe in 1946.\nMathis died after falling out of a hotel window in Geneva in 1956.", "Pierre Haas: Émile Mathis - Passionnément automobile, Portraits célèbres d'Alasce, Éditions Vent d'Est (2013) ISBN 979-10-90826-19-9", "Cecil Clutton; Paul Bird; Anthony Harding. The Vintage Motor Car Pocketbook. Batsford. pp. 160–161." ]

[ "Émile Mathis", "Literature", "References" ]

[ 4827 ]

[ 22477 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Emile_Mauchamp.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Assassination_of_Dr_Mauchamp_in_Marrakesh_%281907%2C_Petit_Journal%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/In_Morocco-_the_Assassination_of_Doctor_Mauchamp_in_Marrakesh.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Mauchamp or Pierre Benoit Émile Mauchamp (3 March 1870, in Chalon-sur-Saône, Saône-et-Loire – 19 March 1907, in Marrakesh, Morocco) was a French doctor assassinated by a mob in Marrakesh, near the pharmacy where he practiced. He was characterized as a \"martyr to civilization\" in the French press; his death, an \"unprovoked and indefensible attack from the barbarous natives of Morocco.\" His death was taken as a pretext by Hubert Lyautey and his forces in taking Oujda, marking the beginning of the French conquest of Morocco.", "Émile Mauchamp was the son of a politician who was the counselor general of Chalon-sur-Saône. After his studies in collège, he left for Paris to study medicine. He was named a marine medical officer and practiced in a number of countries: Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Greece, Russia, and Turkey.", "After a journey to Jerusalem, he was chosen by decree of the minister of foreign affairs to go to Morocco and run a pharmacy created in Marrakesh in 1905.", "He was assassinated near the pharmacy on March 19, 1907. He was accused of having \"pernicious Christian objectives.\"", "Émile Mauchamp was given a national funeral and was awareded the medal of the Legion of Honour posthumously.\nHis funeral on April 11, 1907, was attended by a massive crowd including several political figures such as the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Stephen Pichon. Mauchamp's casket arrived at the station of Chalon-sur-Saône at 9 am, draped in the French flag. His coffin was displayed on a catafalque placed in front of the town hall. No fewer than 7 speeches were made. The funeral procession then headed to the Cemetery of the East; shopkeepers lowered their curtains. He was interred in the intimacy of his family, but the citizens had an opportunity to pay their last respects.", "A bronze sculpture by Pierre Curillon placed in Chabas Square in the memory of Dr. Émile Mauchamp was inaugurated on August 21, 1910. The statue features a Moroccan woman extending an arm toward the doctor while holding her son in the other arm. German soldiers stole the statue in World War II. A road in Chalon-sur-Saône leading toward the old prison still bears his name.", "\"Dr. Pierre Benoit Emile Mauchamp\". British Medical Journal. 1 (2413): 785. 1907. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2413.785-b. PMC 2357128..\nKatz, Jonathan Glustrom (2006). Murder in Marrakech: Émile Mauchamp and the French Colonial Adventure. Bloomington et Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-253-34815-9.\nRobert Tatheraux, Émile Mauchamp : la vie généreuse et la fin tragique d'un médecin chalonnais, revue « Images de Saône-et-Loire » n° 56 (Noël 1983), pp. 17–19.", "Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9781139624695. OCLC 855022840." ]

[ "Émile Mauchamp", "Biography", "Morocco", "Assassination", "Funeral", "Monuments", "Bibliography", "References" ]

[ 4828, 4829, 4830 ]

[ 22478, 22479, 22480, 22481, 22482, 22483 ]

[ "Émile Mayade", "1894 – Panhard et Levassor driven by Émile Mayade in the 1894 Paris-Rouen. Entrant No 64", "1896 – Panhard et Levassor of Émile Mayade – Winner of Paris-Marseilles-Paris" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Emile_Mayade_1890s_v02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/1894_Panhard_No_64_driven_by_Emile_Mayade_in_the_Paris-Rouen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/1896_Panhard_Levassor_of_Emile_Mayade_-_Winner_of_Paris_Marseilles_Paris_-_GG.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Louis Mayade (21 August 1853 – 18 September 1898) (sometimes misspelled Mayard) was a French motoring pioneer and racing driver. He drove a Panhard et Levassor in the world's first 'city to city' motoring contest from Paris to Rouen in 1894 and went on win the world's first open motor race, the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris, where the first driver across the line was the winner.", "Émile Mayade was born in Clermont-Ferrand in 1853 and by the 1890s was working as 'Chef d'Atelier' at Levassor in Paris, looking after the workshop and machinery, plus participating in the development of the cars. He was married to Jeanne Marie Louise Dussutour of Tarbes and they lived above the Levassor workshop in the 'Avenue d'Ivry' in the 13th arrondissement of Paris.", "Mayade drove a Panhard et Levassor Phaeton 8 hp in the world's first motoring event from Paris to Rouen in 1894 where he finished seventh after eight hours and nine minutes. \nIn 1895 he finished sixth in the Paris–Bordeaux–Paris race after 72 hours 14 minutes.\nHis greatest success was the victory in the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris where he won three stages and finished in 67 hours 42 minutes 58 seconds, almost 30 minutes ahead of Merkel in another Panhard et Levassor 8 hp. The Panhard had been extensively upgraded for 1896, using their first four-cylinder engine which provided double the horsepower of the 1895 model. It was equipped with tiller steering and candle lamps. The brakes were a spoon-lever pressing on the solid rubber back tyre plus a belt that tightened onto a drum on the transmission. This was the same vehicle in which Émile Levassor had won 2 of the first three stages before suffering what would become fatal injury during stage 4.\nOn 14 November 1896 he finished 6th (or poss. 4th) in the inaugural London to Brighton Veteran Car Run (Emancipation Day Run) to celebrate the Emancipation of British motorists and the repeal of the Red Flag Act. He took 6 hours 8 minutes 15 seconds to complete the 54 miles (87 km) in a Panhard & Levassor 8 hp, Phaeton 4 seater. The car was subsequently sold to Charles Rolls for £1,200.\nIn July 1897 Mayade drove a Panhard in the Paris-Dieppe race which was won by the Marquis Jules-Albert de Dion in a de Dion 20 hp steamer.", "Mayade died in 1898 in Chevanceaux, Charente-Maritime, after a traffic accident with a runaway horse and cart that caused him to be thrown from his car and crushed.", "Driver Database – Internetseite: \"Émile Mayade\". Auf: www.driverdb.com. Retrieved 2012-11-08.\nForix – Internetseite: \"Grand Prix winners 1894–2012\". Auf: 8w.forix.com. Retrieved 2012-11-08.\nLa France Automobile du 1° octobre 1898, page 336 – Obituary notes (pointer – Illustrations in Le Monde on 6–7 January 1991)\nMercedes And Auto Racing In The Belle Epoque, 1895–1915 By Robert Dick\nTeamDan Motoring Results Archive – 1894\nTeamDan Motoring Results Archive – 1895\nGenesis2Scale LLC Museum – 1896 Panhard-Levassor Vehicle\nTeamDan Motoring Results Archive – 1896\nTeamDan Early results database – 1896", "European Motoring Museum, Drawing of the 1894 Panhard & Levassor, number 64 driven by Émile Mayade, equipped with \"four-poster\" draperies." ]

[ "Émile Mayade", "Biography", "Racing", "Death", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4831, 4832, 4833 ]

[ 22484, 22485, 22486, 22487, 22488, 22489, 22490 ]

[ "Portrait of Emile Mayrisch, by Théo van Rysselberghe" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe_-_Portrait_of_%C3%89mile_Mayrisch.jpg" ]

[ "Jacob Émile Albert Mayrisch (10 October 1862 – 5 March 1928) was a Luxembourgian industrialist and businessman. He served as president of Arbed.\nHe was married to Aline de Saint-Hubert, who was a famous women's rights campaigner, socialite and philanthropist, and was President of the Luxembourg Red Cross.\nHe died in a car accident at Châlons-sur-Marne, in France, in 1928.", "Émile Mayrisch's father was Edouard Mayrisch, a doctor at court, and his mother was Mathilde Metz, the daughter of Adolf Metz, and niece of Norbert Metz, an industrialist at Eich and Dommeldange, and a government minister. He grew up in Eich, which was in those days the industrial centre of Luxembourg. For his secondary education, he attended the Athénée de Luxembourg and the Institut Rachez in Belgium. From 1881 to 1885 he studied at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule in Aachen, without graduating, as he did not sit the exams. In those days, however, it was possible in Luxembourg to do engineering work, without having to have a diploma.\nIn 1885, he went to work in the Dudelange foundry, which had been founded three years previously by his great-uncle Norbert Metz. A year later, he went to Rodange, where he became head of production of the blast furnaces. On 1 February 1891 he went to Dudelange as an engineer-chemist, where he became head of the laboratory two months later. In July 1893 he became general secretary of the board of directors, and on 21 April 1897 was appointed director of the Dudelange foundry.\nAs such, he modernised and enlarged the foundry, made contracts with German suppliers and brought the foundry into the Stahlwerkverband. He also set new standards regarding the social well-being of his workers: health insurance for the workers, a retirement fund for the employees, paid holiday, an \"Economat\", where the workers could buy cheap groceries, etc.\nIn 1894 he married Aline de Saint-Hubert. The couple had two children: Jean (d. 1899) and Andrée (1901–1976).\nIn 1911, after long negotiations, Émile Mayrisch brought about a merger of the three largest Luxembourgish steelworks: ARBED (Aciéries Réunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange) was born, of which he became the technical director. Up until the war, he made ARBED one of the most important members of the Stahlverband.\nIn the war years of 1914–1918, Mayrisch had ARBED continue production (which also prevented massive unemployment), and thus supplied Germany with vital raw materials for wartime production. For this reason, the Dudelange foundry was bombarded in 1916/1918 by the Allies. Mayrisch also had a military hospital installed in his former villa for German and French soldiers.\nGermany violated Luxembourg's neutrality by occupying the country, which was a real shock for not only political concerns, but also to the business world. The country felt shaken in its foundations, referencing to the respect of international treaties to which it owes its existence.\nThe war puts Mayrisch to the test. He had three main tasks, such as to supply his factories with coal, to find railway carriages, as well as to provide his workers with supplies. He made frequent trips to the Ruhr area and to Berlin, the base of the decision-makers of the Foreign Office and the War Ministry. His good relations with the German employers served Luxembourg well. He ensured the supply of his workers by direct food purchases in Germany without passing the Luxembourg government purchasing office.\nThis not only portrayed the power and influence of ARBED, but also Mayrisch's ability to act on an international level. It also illustrated his concern for his workers. Economic calculations, political and social considerations, as well as humanitarian feelings formed an inextricable tangle in Mayrisch's mind. \nA man of his stature could not fail to think about the future of his society, which was closely linked to the fate of the country. As a Luxembourger, he placed himself between the belligerents. As a responsible and far-sighted man, Mayrisch had to consider all eventualities.\nIf Germany would have won the war, which during November/December 1914 was still a possibility, Luxembourg would remain in the German sphere and may even be annexed. ARBED, on the contrary, will lose nothing. Mayrisch had the confidence of the German circles, regarding political and business situations. \nIn 1918, with the ending of the Great War, the Grand Duchy was faced with some issues: the Allies pushed Luxembourg out of the Zollverain. The steel industry risked losing its main market and its direct access to Ruhr coal.\nTowards the end of the war, he made contact with the French, and sent Jean Schlumberger, a writer and intelligence officer, a report on German wartime production.\nAfter the war, Luxembourg left the Zollverein, and ARBED had to seek out new export markets. In 1919 Émile Mayrisch founded Terres Rouges together with Schneider-Creusot, against the resistance of ARBED's president, the Belgian Gaston Barbanson. Mayrisch soon became president of the board, and it was he who negotiated an agreement between the German, French, Belgian and Luxembourgish steel industry.\nIn 1920, the Mayrisch family moved to Colpach-Bas, where they had bought Colpach Castle. In the following years, this became an important meeting point for writers, artists, politicians, and economists of Europe could come together. The Colpach group included André Gide, Walter Rathenau, Jacques Rivière, Paul Claudel, Jean Guéhenno, Annette Kolb, Théo van Rysselberghe, Maria Van Rysselberghe, Karl Jaspers, Bernard Groethuysen, Ernst Robert Curtius and Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi. Mayrisch's goal was to find a rapprochement between Germany and France.\nOn 30 September 1926, after long negotiations, the Entente Internationale de l’Acier (EIA) was founded in Luxembourg, in which Luxembourg and neighbouring countries set quotas for their steel production. Émile Mayrisch became the president of this cartel.\nIn 1922 Mayrisch bought most of the shares in the liberal Luxemburger Zeitung, in which he could bring his ideas on German-French understanding to the fore. In addition, he founded the Comité Franco-Allemand d'Information et de Documentation (Deutsch-Französisches Studienkomitee) in 1926. This committee, with offices in Paris and Berlin, made an effort to combat misinformation that the two countries spread about each other.\nIn 1926, he was honoured by his alma mater, the RWTH in Aachen, and received an honorary doctorate.\nHe died in 1928 in a car accident, on his way to Paris for a meeting of the EIA.", "Jean-Paul Barbier Ils sont passés à Châlons 2003\n\"Le maître de forges Émile Mayrisch et son épouse Aline\" (PDF). cere.public.lu. Retrieved 12 January 2021.\nLe maître de forges Émile Mayrisch et son épouse Aline. cere.public.lu ( https://cere.public.lu/dam-assets/fr/publications/cere/publications-en-ligne/21-le-maitre-de-forges-Emile-Mayrisch.pdf (. Retrieved 12 January 2021. \n\"Le maître de forges Émile Mayrisch et son épouse Aline\" (PDF). cere.public.lu. Retrieved 12 January 2021.", "Newspaper clippings about Émile Mayrisch in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW\nLe maître de forges Émile Mayrisch et son épouse Aline" ]

[ "Émile Mayrisch", "Life", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4834 ]

[ 22491, 22492, 22493, 22494, 22495, 22496, 22497, 22498, 22499, 22500, 22501, 22502, 22503, 22504, 22505 ]

[ "Mireaux on 27 August 1940" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/%C3%89mile_Mireaux.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Mireaux (21 August 1885 – 27 December 1969) was a French economist, journalist, politician and literary historian.\nIn the 1930s he edited Le Temps and contributed to other right-leaning journals.\nHe became a senator in 1936, and briefly served as a minister in 1940.\nFrom 1940 until his death he held a chair in political economy, statistics and finance at the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.", "Émile Mireaux was born in Mont-de-Marsan, Landes, on 21 August 1885.\nHis father was of Pyrenean origin, was an ordnance officer under General Georges Ernest Boulanger and was serving in the Mont-de-Marsan garrison.\nHis father died when Émile was three years old.\nAfter this Émile lived as a boarder at Tarbes and then as an officer's son at the Prytanée National Militaire in La Flèche, where he developed a love of rugby football.\nMireaux was a brilliant secondary school student.\nHe entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1906, and graduated in History and Geography in 1910.\nHe taught at high schools in Alençon and Orléans, and at the Institut Français in Madrid in 1913–14.\nDuring World War I (1914–18) he was mobilized as an infantry officer in August 1914 and served until March 1919.\nHe was wounded twice, cited three times and made a knight of the Legion of Honour.", "Mireaux was a professor at the preparation center for the grandes écoles in 1919 and 1920, then prepared students for their agrégation at the École Normale Supérieure from 1920 to 1922.\nFor obscure reasons he left the university and went to work for the Société d'études et d'informations économiques (Society for Economic Studies and Information) chaired by Jacques Bardoux.\nThis had been created in 1922 to study economic evolution after the First World War.\nHe was first editor-in-chief of the studies section, then in 1924 took over as managing director in place of André François-Poncet.\nIt was here that he became familiar with economics.\nMireaux was economics editor for Le Temps from 1928 to 1931.\nHe was a member of the Redressement Français movement led by Ernest Mercier, and asserted that he was an ardent supporter of economic liberalism.", "Mireaux was a member of the Société d'économie politique in Paris.\nHe served as its secretary-general from 1930 to 1937, then president from 1937 to 1940.\nHe belonged to the young school that helped adapt the old orthodox doctrines to the modern economy.\nHe was co-editor of Le Temps from 1 January 1932 to November 1942.Le Temps, which first appeared on 25 April 1861, was a major moderate and liberal newspaper.\nAfter World War I (1914–18) it moved towards the right and aligned with the major French employers.\nIn 1924 the paper opposed the Cartel des Gauches.\nÉmile Mireaux and Jacques Chastenet were put in charge of the paper in 1931.\nTheir diplomatic positions evolved to match those of Great Britain.\nMireaux became a municipal councilor in Bazordan, Hautes-Pyrénées.\nHe competed in the Hautes-Pyrénées senatorial election on 20 October 1935, and was elected on the second ballot.\nHe joined the Democratic and Radical Union in the Senate.\nHe sat in committees on the army, hygiene and social welfare, foreign affairs and education.", "On 18 May 1940 Mireaux was elected to the political economy, statistics and finance chair in the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, which had been vacated by the death of Clément Colson.\nOn 10 July 1940 at the Vichy Congress he voted for granting full constitutional powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain.\nMireau replaced Albert Rivaud, Minister of National Education, on 12 July 1940, taking the title of Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.\nMireaux concentrated all decision-making in his hands by abolishing the university advisory councils and suspending university elections.\nThis gave him freedom to appoint or dismiss academics at will.\nOn 6 September 1940 he was replaced by Georges Ripert, who was named Secretary of State for Public Instruction and Youth.\nAfter the defeat of France the distribution of Le Temps was restricted to the zone libre.\nMireaux and Chastenet decided to suspend publication on 29 November 1942 following the German invasion of the zone libre.\nFrom 1942 to 1945 Mireaux lived quietly.", "Mireaux was tried by the High Court during the process of political cleansing of parliamentarians who voted the constitutional bill on 10 July 1940.\nOn 23 January 1947 he obtained a judgement dismissing the charges due to his involvement in resistance.\nAfter this he withdrew from political life.\nMireaux was president of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques for 1951 and president of the Institut de France for 1951.\nÉmile Mireaux died in Paris on 27 December 1969.", "Émile Mireaux contributed to many French and foreign reviews, including the Revue des deux Mondes, Revue de Paris, Revue Hebdomadaire, Revue politique et parlementaire and the Encyclopédie française and Encyclopædia Britannica.\nÉmile Mireaux was the author of:\nÉmile Mireaux (1921), Les Actions de travail, Paris: Société d'études et d'informations économiques, p. 18\nÉmile Mireaux (1921), Les Crédits à l'exportation, Paris: Société d'études et d'informations économiques, p. 38\nAndré François-Poncet; Émile Mireaux (1922), La France et les huit heures, Paris: Société d'études et d'informations économiques, p. 272\nÉmile Mireaux (1922), Le Problème financier, rapport présenté au Congrès annuel du parti républicain démocratique et social, par E. Mireaux... octobre 1922, Paris: Parti républicain démocratique et social, p. 12\nÉmile Mireaux (1923), La participation aux bénéfices\nÉmile Mireaux (1923), Les conseils d'usine dans le grand-duché de Luxembourg\nÉmile Mireaux (1925), \"Les réparations en nature\", Revue de Paris, Paris: Société d'études et d'informations économiques, p. 24\nÉmile Mireaux (1928), Petite histoire des finances du Cartel\nÉmile Mireaux (1928), L'expérience financière de M. Poincaré\nÉmile Mireaux (1929), La Gestion publique et la gestion privée des entreprises, Paris: Comité national français de la Chambre de commerce internationale / Librairie du \"Recueil Sirey\", p. 44\nÉmile Mireaux (1930), Les Miracles du crédit. 18e édition, Paris: Éditions des Portiques, p. 255\nJacques Chastenet; Émile Mireaux; René Puaux (1936), Le dîner du 75e anniversaire du \"Temps\", 9 décembre 1936, p. 27\nÉmile Mireaux (1943), La Chanson de Roland et l'histoire de France, Paris: Albin Michel, p. 300\nÉmile Mireaux (1948), Les poèmes homériques et l'histoire grecque, 1 Homère de Chios et les routes de l'étain..., Paris: A. Michel, p. 379\nÉmile Mireaux (1949), Les poèmes homériques et l'histoire grecque, 2 \"L'Iliade\", \"l'Odyssée\" et les rivalités coloniales..., Paris: A. Michel, p. 445\nÉmile Mireaux (1949), Philosophie du libéralisme, Bibliothèque de philosophie scientifique, Paris: Flammarion ; (Mayenne, impr. de Floch), p. 349\nÉmile Mireaux (1951), La reine Bérénice, Paris: Albin Michel, p. 252\nÉmile Mireaux (1951), Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Clément Colson, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot, p. 22\nÉmile Mireaux (1951), Discours de M. Emile Mireaux,..., Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot, p. 19\nÉmile Mireaux (1954), L'Organisation du crédit dans les territoires d'outre-mer, Paris: Librairie du Recueil Sirey ; (Toulouse, impr. de F. Boisseau), p. 152\nÉmile Mireaux (1954), La vie quotidienne au temps d'Homère, Paris: Hachette, p. 267\nÉmile Mireaux (1956), Problèmes actuels de la route française\nÉmile Mireaux (1957), Guizot et la renaissance de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot, p. 18\nÉmile Mireaux (1958), Le Moyen Âge (in Neuf siècles de littérature française)\nÉmile Mireaux (1958), Une province française au temps du Grand Roi, la Brie, Paris: Hachette (impr. Brodard et Taupin), p. 352\nÉmile Mireaux (1958), La Brie: une province française au temps du Grand Roi, Paris: Hachette, p. 350\nÉmile Mireaux (1958), La Vie et l'oeuvre de Maurice Muret, ..., Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot, p. 16\nÉmile Mireaux (1959), Tocqueville et la démocratie, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Typographie de Firmin-Didot et Cie, p. 16\nÉmile Mireaux (1960), L'Académie des sciences morales et politiques en 1848, Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie / Académie des sciences morales et politiques, p. 18\nÉmile Mireaux (1961), Louis-René Villermé, 1782–1863, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot, p. 16\nÉmile Mireaux (1962), Gregorio Marañon et l'histoire, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot et Cie, p. 20\nÉmile Mireaux (1963), Le Coup d'état académique du 14 avril 1855, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques (impr. Firmin-Didot et Cie), p. 16\nÉmile Mireaux (1964), Un Témoin critique de la monarchie bourgeoise et de la Révolution de 1848, Louis Reybaud, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot, p. 18\nÉmile Mireaux (1965), Actualité de Malthus, Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie / Académie des sciences morales et politiques, p. 16\nÉmile Mireaux (1966), Réflexions sur le rôle et l'originalité des sciences morales, Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques / Firmin-Didot, p. 16\nÉmile Mireaux (1967), Adolphe Chéruel, l'histoire philosophique, grandeur, décadence et résurrection éventuelle, Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie / Académie des sciences morales et politiques, p. 10\nMireaux wrote prefaces to:\nNicolas-Edme Rétif de La Bretonne (1734–1806) (1963), La vie de mon père (1788), Collection du Flambeau, Preface by Émile Mireaux, Paris: Paris : Hachette (impr. Crété), p. 239\nLe Rhum et le sucre dans les territoires français d'outre-mer, Preface by Henri Sicé, Introduction by Émile Mireaux, Paris: S.E.D.E.I.S. (impr. de J. Chaffiotte), 1949, p. 103", "The Bulletin de la société d'études et d'information was published by the Comité des forges, the iron and steel manufacturers' association.", "Émile Mireaux – ASMP.\nBousquet 1983, p. 64fn.\nJolly 1960–77.\nBousquet 1983, p. 65fn.\nComité des forges – Éditions Larousse.\nAlbert.\nBousquet 1983, p. 63.\nGueslin 1994, p. 134.\ncollectif 2005.\nÉmile Mireaux (1885–1969) – BnF.", "Albert, Pierre, Fondation du quotidien Le Temps (in French), Archives de France, retrieved 2017-07-07\nBousquet, Pierre (1983), Histoire de l'administration de l'enseignement en France, 1789–1981, Librairie Droz, ISBN 978-2-600-03393-0, retrieved 2017-07-08\ncollectif (2005), \"MIREAUX (Emile)\", Dictionnaire des parlementaires français 1940–1958 (in French), 5, retrieved 2017-07-08\n\"Comité des forges\", Encyclopédie Larousse (in French), Éditions Larousse, retrieved 2017-07-03\n\"Émile Mireaux\", Académiciens (in French), ASMP: Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, retrieved 2017-07-07\nÉmile Mireaux (1885–1969), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France, retrieved 2017-07-07\nGueslin, André (1994), Les facs sous Vichy: étudiants, universitaires et Universités de France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : actes du colloque des Universités de Clermont-Ferrand et de Strasbourg – Novembre 1993 (in French), Presses Univ Blaise Pascal, ISBN 978-2-87741-068-7, retrieved 2017-07-08\nJolly, Jean (1960–77), \"MIREAUX Emile\", Dictionnaire des parlementaires français 1889–1940 (in French), retrieved 2017-07-08" ]

[ "Émile Mireaux", "Early years", "1920s", "1930s", "World War II (1939–45)", "Later career", "Publications", "Notes", "Citations", "Sources" ]

[ 4835 ]

[ 22506, 22507, 22508, 22509, 22510, 22511, 22512, 22513, 22514, 22515, 22516, 22517, 22518, 22519, 22520, 22521, 22522, 22523, 22524 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

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[ "Émile Molinier (26 April 1857 – 5 May 1906) was a 19th-century French curator and art historian.", "Following his elder brother Auguste, Émile Molinier studied at the École Nationale des Chartes. He wrote a thesis on medieval history entitled Étude sur la vie d'Ernoul, sire d'Audrehem, maréchal de France which earned him the archivist paleographer degree in 1879.\nHe first worked at the Département des Estampes et de la Photographie de la Bibliothèque nationale de France before joining the Louvre, where he served as curator of the newly created art objects department. He published books on stained glass, ceramics, enamels and furniture and organized major exhibitions, including the Exposition Rétrospective held at the Petit Palais in 1900. A specialist of French decorative art, he wrote the first catalog of the Wallace Collection at the time of its opening.", "1882: Chronique normande du XIVe siècle, (editor, with Auguste Molinier)\n1882: Catalogue de la collection Timbal, (in collab.)\n1883: Étude sur la vie d'Arnoul d'Audrehem, maréchal de France, 1302-1370\n1883: Les Majoliques italiennes en Italie\n1884: Les Della Robbia, leur vie et leur œuvre, d'après des documents inédits, suivi d'un catalogue de l'œuvre des Della Robbia en Italie et dans les principaux musées de l'Europe, (in collab.)\n1885: Dictionnaire des émailleurs, depuis le moyen âge jusqu'à la fin du XVIII,\n1886: Le Château de Fontainebleau au XVIIe siècle, d'après des documents inédits, (in collaboration with Eugène Müntz)\n1888: La Céramique italienne au XVe siècle,\n1888: Le Trésor de la basilique de Saint-Marc à Venise,\n1889: Venise, ses arts décoratifs, ses musées et ses collections\n1891: L'Émaillerie, Hachette, series \"La Bibliothèque des merveilles\"\n1894: Benvenuto Cellini\n1896: Catalogue des ivoires\n1897: Histoire générale des arts appliqués à l'industrie du Ve à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, (codir. Et collab.)\n1902: Le mobilier français du XVIIe et du XVIIIe\n1890-1891 L'Art. Revue bi-mensuelle illustrée (Director and chief editor)", "École des Chartes, promotion 1879\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Molinier, Auguste s.v. Emile\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 667.\nE. Molinier, La Collection Wallace : meubles et objets d'art français des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris : E. Lévy, 1902, 2 vol.", "Notice on Emile Molinier on INHA" ]

[ "Émile Molinier", "Career", "Selected works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4836 ]

[ 22525, 22526, 22527, 22528, 22529, 22530 ]

[ "Governor of the Banque de France, 1926-1930" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10396%2C_Emilie_Moreau.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Moreau (September 29, 1868 – November 9, 1950) was Governor of the Banque de France from 1926 to 1930 and chairman of Paribas from 1931 to 1940. After retiring from his role as governor he took a job in a private bank. His contribution to the Poincare Stabilization helped the French Franc to gain credibility in the 1920s following the Russian Default post the Bolshevik Revolution. As pointed out in his memoirs, Emile Moreau took active measures to increase French influence in Eastern Europe. It was under his governorship that French Money Doctors were sent to Romania as advisors.", "In 1902 French Finance Minister Maurice Rouvier chose Moreau as his chef de cabinet. He served numerous positions within the French civil service, including was Inspector General of Finance in 1896, Chief of Staff of the Minister of Finance in 1902, and Director General of the Banque de l'Algérie. While at the Ministry of Finance, he presided over an international community that would oversee the repayment of debts from the First World War.", "Moreau was the Governor of the Banque de France from 1926 to 1930. The preceding years were marked by hyperinflation in Germany and contention over the German reparation issue. As such, he led efforts at the Bank for the stabilization of the Poincaré franc in 1926 and was an avid supporter of de facto devaluation. This involved a negotiation with several international banking firms for a loan that would allow the Bank to defend the franc from severe exchange-rate fluctuations. Moreau also advocated the accumulation of gold reserves in the years leading up to the Great Depression, as well as create a stabilization fund (fonds de stabilisation). He sought to establish the Banque de France as an international leader in monetary policy, comparable to the likes of the Bank of England and the Reichsbank.\nMoreau retired in 1930 and was succeeded by Clément Moret. In 1935 he became the chairman of the State Bank of Morocco.", "Moreau Emile, (1954), Souvenirs d'un Gouverneur de la Banque de France. Histoire de la stabilisation du Franc (1926-1928), Editions Genin, Paris\nTorre, Dominique. \"Charles Rist and the French missions in Romania, 1929-1933. Why the \"Money Doctors\" failed?\" (PDF). National Bank of Serbia. Fourth Conference of Southeast Europe Monetary History Network.\nMouré, Kenneth (1996). \"Undervaluing the Franc Poincare\". The Economic History Review. 49 (1): 137–153. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1996.tb00561.x.\nYee, Robert. \"The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank's Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898-1940\" (PDF). Studies in Applied Economics. Johns Hopkins University.\nPease, Neal (1986). Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919-1933. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 87.", "Accominotti, Olivier. “The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-19.” European Review of Economic History Volume 13, Number 3. 2009.\nAhamed, Liaquat. Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. New York: Penguin Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59420-182-0.\nMoreau, Emile. \"Souvenirs d'un Gouverneur de la Banque de France. Histoire de la stabilisation du Franc (1926-1928).\" Paris: Editions Genin. 1954.\nMouré, Kenneth. “The Gold Standard Illusion: France and the Gold Standard in an Era of Currency Instability, 1914-1939.” In Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918-1962, eds. Kenneth Mouré, Martin S. Alexander. New York: Berghahn Books. 2002.\nMouré, Kenneth. “Undervaluing the Franc Poincaré.” The Economic History Review. Volume 49, Number 1. 1996.\nYee, Robert. \"The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank’s Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898-1940.\" Johns Hopkins University: Studies in Applied Economics. Number 128. 2018." ]

[ "Émile Moreau (banker)", "Finance Ministry", "Banque de France", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 4837 ]

[ 22531, 22532, 22533, 22534, 22535, 22536, 22537, 22538 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/%C3%89mile_Moreau.png" ]

[ "Émile Moreau (20 June 1877 – 28 January 1959) was a Francophone Canadian politician of the Quebec Liberal Party. He was elected member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for Lac-Saint-Jean (1919–1931) and then Roberval (1931–1935), at the 15th, 16th and 18th Assemblies. He was also Legislative Councillor for Lauzon (6 June 1935 – 1959).", "\"Biography\". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec." ]

[ "Émile Moreau (politician)", "References" ]

[ 4838 ]

[ 22539 ]

[ "Émile Moselly" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Emile_Moselly-01.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Moselly (real name: Émile Chenin; 12 August 1870 – 2 October 1918) was a French novelist.", "Moselly was born in Paris. He graduated with an Associate of Arts degree in the exams of 1895 (he was then 25 years old). He taught at Montauban, Orleans, in Paris (Lycée Voltaire) and Neuilly-sur-Seine (Lycée Pasteur). He appeared with Charles Péguy, among the first authors of the Cahiers de la Quinzaine (founded in 1901 by Peguy).\nHe was a regionalist author, deeply rooted in rural Lorraine where he is often in the paternal home of Chaudeney-sur-Moselle (Canton of Toul). He received the Prix Goncourt in 1907 for Le Rouet d'Ivoire. He died suddenly (heart attack) between Lorient and Quimper, in Chaudeney-sur-Moselle on 2 October 1918 in the Quimper-Paris train, back from holidays spent at Lesconil.\nHis archives (manuscripts, corrected proofs) were given in 2007 by his family to the city of Nancy; they are deposited at Bibliothèque municipale de Nancy.", "", "André Markiewicz, dir., Achats et dons : Quinze années d'enrichissement des collections de la Bibliothèque municipale (1993-2008), Ville de Nancy, Nancy, 2009, 48 p., p. 42 .", "Works by or about Émile Moselly at Internet Archive\nLa Bibliothèque Municipale Nancy" ]

[ "Émile Moselly", "Biography", "Works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4839 ]

[ 22540, 22541, 22542 ]

[ "Aux temps des aieux (Musée des Beaux-Arts, Mons)" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/E_Motte_aieux.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Motte (1860 in Mons – 1931 in Brussels) was a Belgian painter. He was the director of l'Académie de Mons.", "", "Works by or about Émile Motte at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Émile Motte", "Works", "External links" ]

[ 4840 ]

[ 22543 ]

[ "Mpenza with Manchester City in 2007" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Emile_mpenza.jpg" ]

[ "Eka Basunga Lokonda \"Émile\" Mpenza (born 4 July 1978) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a striker. He has been capped at international level by Belgium. His older brother, Mbo, was also a footballer who represented Belgium and South Africa.", "", "Mpenza started his career at K.V. Kortrijk, and then moved to R.E. Mouscron and Standard Liège in quick succession, with older brother Mbo playing alongside in all three clubs. In 2000, he moved to Bundesliga side FC Schalke 04, in an exchange with Michaël Goossens. At Schalke he was very successful together with his compatriot Marc Wilmots and other striker Ebbe Sand but they failed to win the German title on the last day of competition. Mpenza returned to Standard three years later. In 2004–05 he returned to Germany, signing for Hamburger SV. However, in January 2006 he made a surprise move to Qatari team Al Rayyan.", "Mpenza signed for Manchester City, after playing and scoring in a specially arranged match at Eastlands on 14 February 2007. \"I am not finished and I will prove it in Manchester\", Mpenza told Belgian radio station Bel RTL. \"I make this move as revenge, with respect to all those who criticised my decision to play in Qatar\". He made his debut against Wigan Athletic on 3 March 2007 as a half-time substitute replacing Georgios Samaras. He scored his first goal for the club in the 2–0 win at Middlesbrough on 17 March 2007, and his second in the 1–0 victory at Newcastle United on 30 March. He scored once more in the 2006–07 season, away to Tottenham Hotspur on the last day of the season, as City lost 2–1.\nHaving signed until the end of the 2007–08 season, Mpenza scored on City's first pre-season game of the 2007–08 season away to Doncaster Rovers. He would also equalise against Fulham and put City ahead against Bristol City and Newcastle United. However, facing competition for his place from Rolando Bianchi, Valeri Bojinov, Geovanni and Elano, all signed by new City manager Sven-Göran Eriksson in summer 2007, Mpenza did not score again after September, and was released in July 2008.", "He then signed for Championship side Plymouth Argyle on 2 September 2008. Mpenza went on to make his Argyle debut as a sub on 70 minutes in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 13 September. He then scored his first goal for the club against Charlton Athletic in a 2–2 draw, and scored again in a 2–1 win over Cardiff City. However Mpenza's time at Plymouth Argyle was blighted by injury and therefore he was not offered a new contract.", "For the 2009–10 season, Mpenza signed a one-year contract with Swiss Topflight club FC Sion. Here he rediscovered his eye for goal by scoring 21 goals in 32 matches.", "In August 2010, Mpenza signed a three-year contract with Azerbaijan Premier League club Neftchi Baku. He left the club in January 2012, having lost his place in the team during the 2011–12 season.\nIn June 2015, Neftchi Baku were ordered by FIFA to pay Mpenza €1 million in unpaid wages.", "After searching a club for over a year, Mpenza finally signed a one-year contract with Eendracht Aalst on 1 October 2013.", "Mpenza played for the Belgium national football team between 1997 and 2009, though he was frequently injured in times of international call-ups. He played alongside his brother Mbo in the 1998 World Cup and in Euro 2000 where he scored a goal in the opening match against Sweden (which ended with Belgium's victory 2–1), but missed out on the World Cup in 2002 with a groin injury.", "", "", "", "Schalke 04\nDFB-Pokal: 2000–01, 2001–02\nHamburger SV\nUEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005\nNeftchi Baku\nAzerbaijan Premier League: 2010–11", "Belgian Young Professional Footballer of the Year: 1996–97\nBelgian Ebony Shoe: 1997\nBest Belgian Footballer Abroad: 2000\nkicker German Football Rankings - International Class Player: 2000-01\nStandard Liège Man of the Season: 2003–04", "\"Emile Mpenza\". Soccerway. Global Sports Media. Retrieved 7 August 2011.\n\"Emile Mpenza\". ESPNsoccernet. Retrieved 7 August 2011.\n\"Man City set to seal Mpenza deal\". ESPN FC. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Man City complete Mpenza signing\". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 16 February 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\nMay, John (3 March 2007). \"Man City 0–1 Wigan\". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Premiership clockwatch\". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\nStewart, Rob (19 March 2007). \"City still not united as Distin snaps at Dunne\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Mpenza eases City's relegation fears\". Independent Online (South Africa). 31 March 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\nBurnton, Simon (14 May 2007). \"Tottenham find progress in parity while City suffer\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Club confirms released players list\". Manchester City FC. 3 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008.\n\"Mpenza pens deal\". Plymouth Argyle FC. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.\n\"Plymouth 2–2 Charlton\". BBC. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2009.\n\"Plymouth 2–1 Cardiff\". BBC. 22 November 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2009.\n\"Ex-Schalke Emile Mpenza changes to Azerbaijan\". Goal.com. Retrieved 26 November 2013.\n\"Emile Mpenza de retour au Standard?\" (in French). RTL Sport. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.\nAliyev, Elmir (20 January 2012). \"Belgian footballer Emile Mpenza leaves Neftchi\". News.az. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2012.\n\"ФИФА пригрозила Нефтчи: Выплатите Мпензе миллион евро или клуб ждут санкции!\". azerifootball.com (in Russian). Azerifootball. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.\n\"Eendracht Aalst brings back forgotten Mpenza\" (in Dutch). sporza.be. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.\n\"Schalke 04 | Palmarès\".\n\"Valencia 0-0 Hamburg (Aggregate: 0 - 1)\". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2020.\n\"FC Neftci Baku | Trophies\".\n\"Jonge Prof van het Jaar\".\n\"Erelijst Ebbehouten Schoen\". Eurosport. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.\n\"Kevin De Bruyne volgt zichzelf op als Beste Belg in het buitenland\". Eurosport. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.\n\"Kicker Ranking / Rangliste 1955 to 2017 (in German)\".", "Émile Mpenza at Soccerbase \nÉmile Mpenza at National-Football-Teams.com" ]

[ "Émile Mpenza", "Club career", "Belgium, Germany and Qatar", "Manchester City", "Plymouth Argyle", "Sion", "Neftchi Baku", "Eendracht Aalst", "International career", "Career statistics", "International goals", "Honours", "Club", "Individual", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4841 ]

[ 22544, 22545, 22546, 22547, 22548, 22549, 22550, 22551, 22552, 22553, 22554, 22555, 22556, 22557, 22558 ]

[ "Émile Munier c.1893", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Émile Munier (2 June 1840 – 29 June 1895) was a French academic artist and student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau.", "Émile Munier was born in Paris on 2 June 1840 and lived with his family at 66 rue des Fossés, St. Marcel. His father, Pierre François Munier, was an artist upholsterer at the Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins and his mother, Marie Louise Carpentier, was a polisher in a cashmere cloth mill. Émile and his two brothers, François and Florimond, were talented artists and each spent some time at the Gobelins. At the factory Abel Lucas trained Munier as a draughtsman and he developed a close relationship with Lucas and his family, eventually marrying Lucas' daughter, Henriette, in 1861. In 1867, Henriette gave birth to a son, Emile Henri. Six weeks after the birth, having contracted severe rheumatism, Henriette died prematurely. Sargine Augrand, a student of Lucas and a close friend of Émile and Henriette (before she died), caught Émile's eye; they married in 1872 and lived in a small apartment and studio. The couple had one child, a daughter, Marie-Louise, born in 1874.", "During the 1860s, Munier received three medals at the Beaux-Arts and in 1869 he exhibited at the Paris Salon. He became a great supporter of the Academic ideals and a follower of Bouguereau, whose subject matter would be an important inspiration to the young Munier. Bouguereau's quality of work and composition are reflected in Munier's artworks. The pair became close friends and Munier frequently visited Bougereau's studio; the latter used the nicknames \"La sagesse\" or \"Le sage Munier\" when referring to Munier. The glass designer Émile Gallé was another artist Munier was known to work with from around 1869.\nMunier ceased work at the tapestry factory in 1871 and devoted his time solely to painting; he also began teaching classes to adults three nights a week. Leland Stanford, Jr., the only child of Governor Leland Stanford of California and his wife Jane Stanford, died aged fifteen in 1884, and during that year Munier was commissioned by Jane Stanford to immortalise their son by way of a painting. The oil on canvas entitled Angel comforting his grieving mother shows the boy with his hand on his mother's shoulder returning to earth as an angel to comfort her. Today, in the 21st century, the painting forms part of a display in the Cantor Centre for the Visual Arts at Stanford University.\nIn 1885 he painted, and exhibited at the Paris Salon, Trois Amis (Three Friends). This painting, representing a chubby girl playing on her bed with a kitten and a dog, was an extremely successful work, being reproduced in many forms and used for publicity posters by Pears soap. With this work, Emile asserted himself as one of 'the' painters of young children and their pets; it was eventually acquired by an American collector.\nAmong his many American patrons were Chapman H. Hyams and his wife, who were important collectors of contemporary French paintings during the nineteenth century and favoured artists like Henner, Bouguereau, Gérôme, Vinel and Schreyer. Munier painted their portrait in 1889, and it, along with much of their collection, is now in the New Orleans Museum of Art.\nDuring the 1890s Munier continued to paint peasant, mythological and religious subjects; he also portrayed animals, scenes depicting fishing, landscapes and seascapes. Many of his works featured his children as his models, particularly his daughter. In 1893 he exhibited L'esprit de la chute d'eau, at the Paris Salon, a nude nymph which is not unlike Naissance de Vénus by Bouguereau.\nIn 1895 Munier painted La jeune fille et le panier de chatons, but on 29 June, a few weeks after his 55th birthday, he died.", "Citations\n\"Biography\", Emile Munier, Rehs Galleries Inc., retrieved 19 August 2014\n\"Munier, Émile\", Benezit Dictionary of Artists, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 22 June 2015\n\"Émile Munier (French, 1840-1895)\", Christies, archived from the original on 22 June 2015, retrieved 22 June 2015\nMills (2014).\nJohnston, Theresa, \"Grief's Beauty\", Stanford University, archived from the original on 22 June 2015, retrieved 22 June 2015\n\"Emile Munier (French, 1840-1895)\", Bonhams, archived from the original on 23 June 2015, retrieved 23 June 2015\nBibliography\nMills, Cynthia (2014), \"Afterlives\", Beyond Grief: Sculpture and Wonder in the Gilded Age Cemetery (EBOOK), Smithsonian, ISBN 978-1-935623-38-0", "Emile Munier – Catalogue Raisonné project\nÉmile Munier at the Art Renewal Center\nMunier Gallery at MuseumSyndicate\nMunier's Girls and Cats" ]

[ "Émile Munier", "Biography", "Career", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Émile Naoumoff" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Emile_Naoumoff_Pianist.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Naoumoff (Bulgarian: Емил Наумов; born 20 February 1962 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian pianist and composer. He revealed himself a musical prodigy at age five, taking up study of the piano and adding composition to his studies a year later. At the age of eight, after a fateful meeting in Paris, he became the last disciple of Nadia Boulanger, who referred to him as \"the gift of my old age\". He studied with her until her death in late 1979. Boulanger gave him the opportunity to work with Clifford Curzon, Igor Markevitch, Robert and Gaby Casadesus, Nikita Magaloff, Jean Françaix, Leonard Bernstein, Soulima Stravinsky, Aram Khachaturian and Yehudi Menuhin. Lord Menuhin conducted the premiere of Naoumoff's first Piano Concerto, with the composer as a soloist when he was ten years old. He pursued studies at the Paris Conservatory with Lélia Gousseau, Pierre Sancan, Geneviève Joy-Dutilleux, as well as at the Ecole Normale de Musique de Paris with Pierre Dervaux (conducting).\nIn 1981, at age 19, he was signed as a composer with the music publisher Schott, Mainz. He was the youngest on their roster.\nUpon the death of Mlle. Boulanger, Naoumoff took over her classes at the summer sessions of the Conservatoire d'Art Americain in Fontainebleau. Later, in 1984, he was appointed at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique, Paris.\nNaoumoff's reputation as a piano virtuoso dates from 1984 when he substituted without notice for a stricken pianist in a performance of Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 in Monte Carlo. He is regularly invited by the world's premier orchestras: the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Symphony, the Vienna Symphony, the San Francisco Symphony, National Symphony in Washington, Moscow Symphony, NHK Symphony, the Residentie Orkest of the Hague, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio-France, Camerata Bern, and has collaborated closely with renowned conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Igor Markevitch, Leonard Slatkin, Mstislav Rostropovich, Eliahu Inbal and others. He also earned a personal invitation from Rudolf Serkin to perform at the Marlboro Festival and has given recitals throughout Europe, the US and Asia. Naoumoff was invited to the Evian Festival, presided by Mstislav Rostropovich, with whom he performed.\nHis own piano concerto version of Moussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition was premiered with the National Symphony Orchestra at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C. under the baton of Mstislav Rostropovich. He has received numerous awards, including the Médaille d'honneur de Paris, an honour bestowed upon him by Jacques Chirac, and the Prix de Composition de l'académie des Beaux Arts.\nIn 1995 he served on the jury of the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition in Spain.\nIn 1996, he opened his own summer academy at the Chateau de Rangiport in Gargenville, France in the spirit of Nadia Boulanger. Since 1998, he has been a professor at Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, where he teaches applied piano and graduate-level seminars on keyboard interpretation.", "\"Emile Naoumoff : Jacobs School of Music\".\n\"Emil Naumov, composer, pedagogue, pianist - Union of the Bulgarian Composers\".\nMontagne, Denis Havard de la. \"Obituaires de janvier - septembre 1997\".\n\"Pierre Sancan - Biography & History - AllMusic\".\nPaloma O’Shea Santander International Piano Competition “Winners, members of the jury and artistic guests”", "Émile Naoumoff Official Website\nDaily Improvisations\nArchive Videos\nÉmileNaoumoff on Facebook" ]

[ "Émile Naoumoff", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Émile Nelligan as a young man", "Émile Nelligan bust, Saint-Louis Square, Montreal", "Nelligan monument in Quebec City" ]

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[ "Émile Nelligan (December 24, 1879 – November 18, 1941) was a Canadian Symbolist poet from Montreal who wrote in French. Even though he stopped writing poetry after being institutionalized at the age of 19, Nelligan remains an iconic figure in Quebec culture and was considered by Edmund Wilson to be the greatest Canadian poet in any language.", "Nelligan was born in Montreal on December 24, 1879, at 602, rue de La Gauchetière (Annuaire Lovell's de 1879). He was the first son of David Nelligan, who arrived in Quebec from Dublin, Ireland at the age of 12. His mother was Émilie Amanda Hudon, from Rimouski, Quebec. He had two sisters, Béatrice and Gertrude.\nA follower of Symbolism, he produced poetry profoundly influenced by Octave Crémazie, Louis Fréchette, Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Georges Rodenbach, Maurice Rollinat and Edgar Allan Poe. A precocious talent like Arthur Rimbaud, he published his first poems in Montreal at the age of 16.\nIn 1899, Nelligan began to exhibit odd behavior. He was said to have loudly recited poetry to passing strangers and slept in chapels. He was also experiencing hallucinations and he attempted suicide. He was committed to a mental hospital at the request of his parents. There he was diagnosed with dementia praecox (now more commonly referred to as schizophrenia). He did not write any poetry after being hospitalized.\nAt the time, rumor and speculation suggested that he went insane because of the vast cultural and language differences between his mother and father. In recent years, however, a number of literary critics have theorized that Nelligan may have been gay. Some of these sources allege that he became mentally ill due to inner conflict between his sexual orientation and his Catholic Faith, while others suggest that he was never insane at all, but was involuntarily committed to the asylum by his family to escape the stigma of his alleged sexual orientation. No biographical sources published during Nelligan's lifetime contain any confirmed record of Nelligan having had any sexual or romantic relationships with either men or women, although some posthumous biographers have suggested that he may have been the lover of poet Arthur de Bussières. Within the École littéraire de Montréal circle with which both Nelligan and Bussières were associated, it was believed that Nelligan was confined to the asylum because his mother discovered him and Bussières in bed together, although this allegation was not widely publicized until the late 20th century and remains unproven. Conversely, the 1991 biographical film Nelligan depicts Nelligan as a celibate bisexual, portraying him as sexually ambivalent in the face of romantic attractions to both Bussières and feminist activist Idola Saint-Jean, and implying that his mother attempted to commit incest with him.\nIn 1903, his collected poems were published to great acclaim in Canada. He may not have been aware that he was counted among French Canada's greatest poets.\nOn his death in 1941, Nelligan was interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal, Quebec. Following his death, the public became increasingly interested in Nelligan. His incomplete work spawned a kind of romantic legend. He was first translated into English in 1960 by P.F. Widdows. In 1983, Fred Cogswell translated all his poems in The Complete Poems of Émile Nelligan. In the fall of 2017, Montreal's Vehicle Press will be releasing Marc di Saverio's English translations of Nelligan, Ship of Gold: The Essential Poems of Emile Nelligan.\nNelligan is considered one of the greatest poets of French Canada. Several schools and libraries in Quebec are named after him, and Hotel Nelligan is a four-star hotel in Old Montreal at the corner of Rue St. Paul and Rue St. Sulpice.\nIn her 2013 book Le Naufragé du Vaisseau d'or, Yvette Francoli claimed that Louis Dantin, the publisher of Nelligan's poems, was in fact their real author. This claim was also previously advanced by Claude-Henri Grignon in his 1936 essay Les Pamphlets de Valdombre, although Dantin himself denied having had anything more than an editing role in the poems' creation. In 2016, the University of Ottawa's literary journal Analyses published an article by Annette Hayward and Christian Vandendorpe which rejected the claim, based on textual comparisons of the poetry credited to Nelligan with the writings of Dantin.", "English-language translation/adaptation for \"Nelligan, the Musical\" by Michel Tremblay and Andre Gagnon\nA vessel of great might /\nWas hewn of solid gold /\nMasts billowed in the air /\nOn seas beyond compare\nThere Venus came in sight /\nBare-skinned with tousled hair /\nSpread upon the prow for sunlight to behold\nBut then came fateful night /\nA great reef sealed her doom /\nIn the deceiving ocean /\nWherein sirens sing\nHer hull was tilted forth /\nThe wreck slipped tapering /\nDown to the chasm's depths /\nToward a silent tomb\nA vessel hewn of gold /\nDiaphanous as air /\nRevealed its treasure hold /\nTo vulgar sailors, there\nDisgust and Hate and Fear /\nAmongst themselves did rage /\nThe vessel's gone amiss /\nIn sudden storm it seems /\nWhat's happened to my heart, lost on the thankless waves? /\nAlas! It sank into the dark abyss... of dreams", "Je remarquais toujours ce grand Jésus de plâtre\n\nDressé comme un pardon au seuil du vieux couvent,\n\nÉchafaud solennel à geste noir, devant\n\nLequel je me courbais, saintement idolâtre.\n\nOr, l'autre soir, à l'heure où le cri-cri folâtre,\n\nPar les prés assombris, le regard bleu rêvant,\n\nRécitant Eloa, les cheveux dans le vent,\n\nComme il sied à l'Éphèbe esthétique et bellâtre,\n\nJ'aperçus, adjoignant des débris de parois,\n\nUn gigantesque amas de lourde vieille croix\n\nEt de plâtre écroulé parmi les primevères;\n\nEt je restai là, morne, avec les yeux pensifs,\n\nEt j'entendais en moi des marteaux convulsifs\n\nRenfoncer les clous noirs des intimes Calvaires!\n\nTranslation by Konrad Bongard\nThe gypsum Jesus always stalled me in my steps\nLike a curse at the old convent door;\nCrouching meekly, I bend to exalt an idol\nWhose forgiveness I do not implore.\nNot long ago, at the crickets' hour, I roamed dim\nMeadows in a restful reverie\nReciting 'Eloa', with my hair worn by the wind\nAnd no audience save for the trees.\nBut now, as I lie with knees bent beneath Christ's scaffold,\nI see his crumbling mortar cross\nWith its plaster buried in the roses, and am saddened -\nFor if I listen close enough, I can almost hear\nThe sound of coal-black nails being wrung in\nTo his wrists, the savage piercing of Longinus' spear.", "Several schools and libraries of Quebec bear the name of Émile Nelligan. Since 1979 the Prix Émile-Nelligan has rewarded the authors of a French-language poetry book written by a young poet in North America.\nOn June 7, 2005, the Fondation Émile-Nelligan and the City of Montreal inaugurated a bust to his memory in the Carré Saint-Louis. Another monument to his memory stands in Quebec City.\nThe poetry of Nelligan inspired numerous music composers:\nAndré Gagnon. Nelligan, Toronto: Disques SRC, 2005, 2 disks (Concert recorded at the Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier of the Place des Arts in Montréal, on February 18 and 19 2005)\nGilbert Patenaude. Compagnons des Amériques : poètes québécois mis en musique, Montréal: Disques XXI, 2005, 1 disk\nJean Chatillon. Clair de lune sur les eaux du rêve, Bécancour: Éditions de l'Écureuil noir, 2001 (1 disk)\nJacques Hétu. Le tombeau de Nelligan : mouvement symphonique opus 52, Saint-Nicolas: Doberman-Yppan, 1995 (1 partition: 44 pages)\nJohn Craton. Jardin sentimental : Cinq poèmes d'Émile Nelligan, Bedford, Ind: Wolfhead Music, 2004, 18 pages.\nAndré Gagnon and Claude Léveillée. Monique Leyrac chante Emile Nelligan, Verdun: Disques Mérite, 1991, 1 disk\nAndré Gagnon. Nelligan : livret d'opéra, Montréal: Leméac, 1990, 90 pages (text by Michel Tremblay)\nJacques Hétu. Les abîmes du rêve : opus 36, Montréal: Sociéte nouvelle d'enregistrement, 1987, duration 30:21\nRichard G. Boucher. Anges maudits, veuillez m'aider! : cantate dramatique sur des poèmes d'Émile Nelligan, Montréal: Radio Canada international, 1981, duration 38 min.\nOmer Létourneau. Violon de villanelle : choeur pour voix de femmes, Québec: Procure générale de musique enr., 1940 (1 partition: 8 pages)\nMatthew de Lacey Davidson •\tQUATRE MÉLODIES QUÉBÉCOISES : Music set to four poems by three Québécois authors: Albert Lozeau (1878-1924), Blanche Lamontagne-Beauregard (1889-1958), and Émile Nelligan (1879-1941), 2012 (1 partition: 44 pages, available from the Canadian Music Centre, The American Composers Alliance, and SOUNZ - The New Zealand Music Centre).", "", "1903 - Émile Nelligan et son œuvre, Montréal: Beauchemin (Louis Dantin) online\n1952 - Poésies complètes : 1896-1899, Montréal: Fides (Luc Lacourcière)\n1966 - Poèmes choisis, Montréal: Fides (Eloi de Grandmont)\n1980 - Poèmes choisis, Montréal: Fides (Roger Chamberland)\n1982 - 31 Poèmes autographes : 2 carnets d'hôpital, 1938, Trois-Rivières: Forges\n1991 - Le Récital des anges : 50 poèmes d'Émile Nelligan, Trois-Rivières: Forges (Claude Beausoleil)\n1991 - Oeuvres complètes, Montréal: Fides, 2 volumes (Réjean Robidoux and Paul Wyczynski)\n1991 - Poèmes autographes, Montréal: Fides, 1991, (Paul Wyczynski)\n1995 - Poésie en version originale, Montréal: Triptyque (André Marquis)\n1997 - Poèmes choisis : le récital de l'ange, Saint-Hippolyte: Noroît (Jocelyne Felx)\n1998 - Poésies complètes, La Table Ronde: Paris, 1998\n2004 - Poésies complètes, 1896-1941, Montréal: Fides (text established, annotated and presented by Réjean Robidoux and Paul Wyczynski)\n2006 - Oeuvres complètes, Montréal: Bibliothèque québécoise (critical edition by Jacques Michon, reviewed, corrected and augmented by André Gervais in collaboration with Jacques Michon)\n2020 – Émile Nelligan et son œuvre, Québec, Codicille éditeur (« Bibliothèque mobile de littérature québécoise »). (HTML)", "Selected Poems - 1960 (translated by P. F. Widdows)\nThe Complete Poems of Emile Nelligan - 1982 (translated by Fred Cogswell)\nShip of Gold: The Essential Poems of Emile Nelligan - 2017 (translated by Marc di Saverio)", "American classical composer John Craton utilized five of Nelligan's poems in the song cycle Jardin sentimental (2004).\nIn 1946, Watson Kirkconnell published a literary translation of Émile Nelligan's sonnet Devant deux Portraits de ma Mère (\"Before Two Portraits of My Mother\").", "\"Nelligan, Emile | Representative Poetry Online\". rpo.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-06.\n\"Émile Nelligan, interné parce que gai?\" Désautels, January 14, 2011.\nGaëtan Dostie, \"Nelligan et de Bussières créés par Dantin ?\". Le Patriote. Republished by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal, July 22, 2015.\nÉmile J. Talbot, Reading Nelligan. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. ISBN 0773523189.\nDomenic Dagenais, Grossières indécences: Pratiques et identités homosexuelles à Montréal, 1880-1929. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2020. ISBN 9780228002420. p. 205.\n\"A revisionist adjusts the halo: Emile Nelligan; Rather than placing Quebec's beloved tragic poet on a pedestal, director Robert Favreau portrays his subject as a rather gloomy adolescent\". The Globe and Mail, October 26, 1991.\n\"L’imposture Nelligan\". L'actualité, November 14, 2014.\nAnnette Hayward; Christian Vandendorpe (2016). \"Dantin et Nelligan au piège de la fiction: Le naufragé du Vaisseau d'or d'Yvette Francoli\". @nalyses: 232–327. ISSN 1715-9261.\nSeraphin Marion & Watson Kirkconnell (1946), The Quebec Tradition: Tradition de Quebec, Les Éditions Lumen, Montreal. Pages 90-93.", "Jacques Michon. \"Émile Nelligan Biography (1879–1941)\", in Literature Reference: American Literature, English Literature, Classics & Modern Fiction, 2009\nNina Milner. \"Émile Nelligan (1879-1941)\", in Canadian Poetry Archive, November 28, 2003\nTalbot, Emile (2002). Reading Nelligan, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 221 p. ISBN 0-7735-2318-9\nFred Cogswell (1983). The Complete Poems of Émile Nelligan, Montréal: Harvest House, 120 p. ISBN 0-88772-218-0\nP.F. Widdows (1960). Selected Poems by Émile Nelligan, Toronto: Ryerson, 39 p.", "On his work and life\nSui Caedere, \"Thrène\" (2009). Music album is a tribute to Quebec's damned poet Émile Nelligan, a man who saw beyond the dream, beyond the paradox of life. Contains 9 haunting tracks.\nLemieux, Pierre Hervé (2004). Nelligan et Françoise : l'intrigue amoureuse la plus singulière de la fin du 19e siècle québécois : biographie reconstituée à l'occasion du centième anniversiare de la publication du recueil de poésie d'Émile Nelligan, 1904-2004, Lévis: Fondation littéraire Fleur de lys, 537 p. ISBN 2-89612-025-4\nWyczynski, Paul (2002). Album Nelligan : une biographie en images, Saint-Laurent: Fides, 2002, 435 pages ISBN 2-7621-2191-4\nWyczynski, Paul (1999). Émile Nelligan : biographie, Saint-Laurent: Bibliothèque Québécoise, 1999, 345 p. ISBN 2-89406-150-1 (édition originale : Nelligan, 1879-1941, Montréal: Fides, 1987)\nBeausoleil, Claude. \"Émile Nelligan et le temps\", in Nuit blanche, numero 74, Spring 1999\nBeaudoin, Réjean (1997). Une Étude des Poésies d'Émile Nelligan, Montréal: Boréal, 106 p.\nVanasse, André (1996). Émile Nelligan, le spasme de vivre, Montréal: XYZ, 201 p. ISBN 2-89261-179-2 (biographie romancée)\nLemieux, Pierre H. \"La nouvelle édition critique de Nelligan\", in Lettres québécoises, numero 66, Summer 1992\nWhitfield, Agnès (1988). \"Nelligan, de l'homme à l'œuvre\", in Lettres québécoises, numéro 49, Spring 1988\nBertrand, Réal (1980). Émile Nelligan, Montréal: Lidec, 62 p. ISBN 2-7608-3249-X\nWyczynski, Paul (1973). Bibliographie descriptive et critique d'Emile Nelligan, Ottawa : Editions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 319 p. ISBN 0-7766-3951-X\nWyczynski, Paul (1965). Poésie et symbole : perspectives du symbolisme : Emile Nelligan, Saint-Denys Garneau, Anne Hébert : le langage des arbres, \tMontréal: Librairie Déom, 252 p.\nWyczynski, Paul (1960). Émile Nelligan : sources et originalité de son oeuvre, Ottawa: Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 349 p.", "(in French) Fondation Émile Nelligan\nEnglish translation of La Romance du Vin\nWorks by or about Émile Nelligan at Internet Archive\nWorks by Émile Nelligan at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)" ]

[ "Émile Nelligan", "Biography", "Le Vaisseau d'Or", "Christ en Croix", "Tribute", "Selected bibliography", "Collections", "In translation", "Musical adaptations", "References", "In English", "In French", "External links" ]

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[ "", "The first sketch of the 300 m metallic pylon made by Maurice Koechlin on 6 June 1884" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/%C3%89mile_Nouguier.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Maurice_koechlin_pylone.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Nouguier (17 February 1840 – 23 November 1897) was a French civil engineer and architect. He is famous for co-designing the Eiffel Tower, built 1887–1889 for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France, the Garabit viaduct, the highest in the world at the time, near Ruynes-en-Margeride, Cantal, France, and the Faidherbe Bridge over the Sénégal River in Senegal.\nIn 1861 he attended and graduated the École Polytechnique in Paris, in 1862 he joined the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris from which he graduated in 1865 with the title of mining construction engineer.", "After graduating, Émile Nouguier started to work for Ernest Goüin et Cie. and was involved in the construction of:\nExpo Palace in Paris, 1867;\nRoad bridge on Rue Brémontier in Paris;\nRybinsk Bridge over the Volga in Russia;\nMargaret Bridge over the Danube in Budapest, Hungary.", "In 1867 Émile Nouguier was employed by Eiffel et Cie, later the Compagnie des Establissments Eiffel owned by Gustave Eiffel and between 1867 and 1893 he contributed to many construction projects:\nEmpalot Bridge, Valentine Bridge and Sarrieu Bridge over the Garonne;\nCubzac-les-Ponts Bridge over the Dordogne;\nTardes viaduct over the Tardes;\nGarabit viaduct;\nPort-Mort Dam over the Seine;\nEiffel Tower in Paris;\nMaria Pia Bridge in Porto, Portugal;\nVianna Bridge over the Lima River in Portugal;\nRailroad bridges in Portuguese provinces Minho, Douro Litoral and Beira Alta;\nRailroad bridge over the Tagus in Spain;\nRailroad bridges in the Spanish provinces Asturias, León and Galicia;\nRailroad bridges on the Ploiești – Predeal railway in Romania;\nBridge over the Tisza near Szeged, Hungary.", "In 1884 Nouguier and the structural engineer Maurice Koechlin, who also worked for Eiffel, came up with the idea of a large tower to act as the centerpiece of the Universal Exposition which was to be held in 1889. The two engineers consulted Stephen Sauvestre, head of the architectural division of the Eiffel company, who added embellishments including the decorative arches of the base and the glazed pavilion on the first level.\nThe proposal was put before Eiffel, who approved the project, and presented it to the French Minister for Trade and Industry.\nIn 1884 Gustave Eiffel, Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin registered a patent for the construction of pylons with heights of over 300 m. Later Gustave Eiffel bought the rights from the other two for one percent of the total earnings of the tower if it will be built. They received around 50,000 francs.", "In 1893 Nouguier resigned from the Gustave Eiffel Entreprise and became co-president of Nouguier, Kessler et Cie in Argenteuil, Île-de-France. He continued to work on many important projects, including:\nTourville Bridge and Oissel Bridge over the Seine on the Paris – Rouen railway\nThe compressed air foundations for the bridges at Maisons-Laffitte for the Paris – Rouen railway\nFaidherbe Bridge over the Sénégal River in Senegal\nThe bridge at Disuq over the Nile in Egypt\nRoad bridges in La Chapelle Boulevard and Rue de Jessaint in Paris\nSaint-Bernard Bridge in Paris.\nHe died, at the age of 57, on 23 November 1897, three months before the Saint-Bernard Bridge in Paris was officially opened.", "Émile Nouguier is a main character in the 2016 novel To Capture What We Cannot Keep by British author Beatrice Colin.", "\"To Capture What We Cannot Keep | Beatrice Colin | Macmillan\". us.macmillan.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016.", "Eiffel Tower\n(in French) Biografie\n(in French) Biografie Èmile Nouguier" ]

[ "Émile Nouguier", "Early career", "Career with Gustave Eiffel", "Contribution to the Eiffel Tower", "Last years of activity", "In popular culture", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/USO_-_UBB_-_20150829_-_Emile_N%27Tamack.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Émile \"Milou\" Ntamack (born 25 June 1970) is a French former rugby union footballer. \nHe played professionally for Stade Toulousain and France, winning 46 caps. Ntamack made his French debut against Wales during the 1994 Five Nations Championship. Ntamack was part of the Grand Slam winning sides in 1997. He was in the 1995 and 1999 World Cup squads. He initially announced his retirement in 2003 due to a facial injury, however he then stayed on for another year before retiring in 2004. His younger brother, Francis Ntamack was also capped by France. Ntamack coached the Espoirs team of the Stade Toulousain and the French U21 team which was the first Northern Hemisphere side to win the World Championships in this age category, held in the Auvergne in 2006.\nNtamack was the first man to lift the Heineken Cup, winning it in Cardiff Arms Park in 1996. He captained the Toulouse team to victory on the day against Cardiff. Toulouse won 21-18. He won the Heineken Cup for a second time in 2003.\nAs of 2007 he has been backs coach for the international French team.", "Ntamack was born in France to a Cameroonian father, and a French Pied-Noir mother. His brother Francis also was a professional rugby union player. His oldest son Romain Ntamack is also a professional rugby union player like his uncle and dad since 2017.", "Emile Ntamack player profile ESPN Scrum.com\n\"Retiring Ntamack seeks redress for 'nightmare' humiliation by Wasps\". Independent. 22 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 26 September 2019.\n\"IRB U21s World Champs glory for France\". ESPN Scrum.com. 25 June 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2010.\n\"Toulouse regain European crown\". BBC. 24 May 2003. Retrieved 25 September 2019.\n\"Lievremont is new coach of France\". ESPN Scrum.com. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2010.\n\"Ntamack, la grande star\". 1 February 2008.\n\"France name Ntamack, 19, against Wales\". BBC Sport.", "Media related to Émile Ntamack at Wikimedia Commons\nInterview of Milou Ntamack after the U21 French team that he coached won the 2006 World Cup" ]

[ "Émile Ntamack", "Personal life", "Notes", "External links" ]

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[ "", "\"The Parliamentary Empire\". Caricature by Coïdé published in Vanity Fair in 1870." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/%C3%89mile_Ollivier_by_Pierre-Louis_Pierson%2C_1870.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Olivier_%C3%89mile_Ollivier%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1870-01-15.jpg" ]

[ "Olivier Émile Ollivier (French: [emil ɔlivje]; 2 July 1825 – 20 August 1913) was a French statesman. Starting as an avid republican opposed to Emperor Napoleon III, he pushed the Emperor toward liberal reforms and in turn came increasingly into Napoleon's grip. He entered the cabinet and was the prime minister when Napoleon fell.", "Émile Ollivier was born in Marseille. His father, Démosthène Ollivier (1799–1884), was a vehement opponent of the July Monarchy, and was returned by Marseille to the Constituent Assembly in 1848 which established a republic. The father's opposition to Louis Napoleon led to his banishment after the coup d'état of December 1851, and he returned to France only in 1860.\nWith the establishment of the Second Republic, his father's influence with Ledru-Rollin secured for Émile Ollivier the position of commissary-general of the département of Bouches-du-Rhône. Ollivier, then twenty-three, had just been called to the Parisian bar. Less radical in his political opinions than his father, he suppressed a socialist uprising at Marseille, commending himself to General Cavaignac, who made him prefect of the department. He was shortly afterwards removed to the comparatively unimportant prefecture of Chaumont-la-Ville (Haute-Marne), a demotion perhaps brought about by his father's enemies. He resigned from the civil service to take up a practice at the bar, where his abilities assured his success.", "He re-entered political life in 1857 as deputy for the 3rd circumscription of the Seine département. His candidacy had been supported by the Siècle, and he joined the constitutional opposition. With Alfred Darimon, Jules Favre, JL Hénon and Ernest Picard he formed a group known as Les Cinq (the Five), which wrung from Napoleon III some concessions in the direction of constitutional government.\nAlthough still a republican, Ollivier was a moderate who was prepared to accept the Empire in return for civil liberties even if it was a step-by-step process.\nThe imperial decree of 24 November, permitting the insertion of parliamentary reports in the Moniteur, and an address from the Corps Législatif in reply to the speech from the throne, were welcomed by him as an initial piece of reform. This marked a considerable change of attitude, for only a year previously he attacked the imperial government, in the course of a defence of Étienne Vacherot, brought to trial for the publication of La Démocratie. This resulted in his suspension from the bar for three months.\nHe gradually separated from his old associates, who grouped themselves around Jules Favre, and during the session of 1866–1867, Ollivier formed a third party, which supported the principle of a Liberal Empire.\nOn the last day of December 1866, Count AFJ Walewski, continuing negotiations begun by the duc de Morny, offered to make Ollivier the Minister of Education, representing the general policy of the government in the Chamber. The imperial decree of 19 January 1867, together with the promise inserted in the Moniteur of a relaxation of the stringency of the press laws and of concessions in respect of the right of public meeting, failed to satisfy Ollivier's demands, and he refused the office.", "On the eve of the general election of 1869, he published a manifesto, Le 19 janvier, on his policy. The sénatus-consulte of 8 September 1869 gave the two chambers ordinary parliamentary rights, and was followed by the dismissal of Eugène Rouher and the formation in the last week of that year of a ministry of which Ollivier was really premier, although that office was not nominally recognized by the constitution.\nThe new cabinet, known as the ministry of 2 January, had a hard task before it, complicated a week after its formation by the shooting of Victor Noir, a Republican journalist, by Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor's cousin. Ollivier immediately summoned the high court of justice for the judgment of Prince Bonaparte and Joachim Murat. The riots following the murder were suppressed without bloodshed; circulars were sent round to the prefects forbidding them to put pressure on the electors in favour of official candidates; Baron Haussmann was dismissed from the prefecture of the Seine département.\nThe violent press campaign against the emperor, to whom he had promised a happy old age, was broken by the prosecution of Henri Rochefort; and on 20 April a sénatus-consulte was issued which accomplished the transformation of the Empire into a constitutional monarchy. Neither concessions nor firmness sufficed to appease the \"Irreconcilables\" of the opposition, who since the relaxation of the press laws were able to influence the electorate.\nOn 8 May, however, the amended constitution was submitted, on Rouher's advice, to a plebiscite, which resulted in a vote of nearly seven to one in favour of the government. This appeared to confirm that Napoleon III' son would succeed him and was a bitter blow to the Republicans.\nThe most distinguished members of the Left in the cabinet – LJ Buffet, Napoleon Daru and Auguste de Talhouët-Roy – resigned in April over the plebiscite. Ollivier himself held the ministry of foreign affairs for a month, until Daru was replaced by the duc de Gramont, a close aly of Ollivier. The other vacancies were filled by J.P. Mège and Charles Ignace Plichon, both of them of Conservative tendencies.", "The revival of the candidature of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen for the Spanish throne early in 1870 disconcerted Ollivier's plans. The French government, following Gramont's advice, instructed their ambassador to Prussia, Benedetti, to demand from the Prussian king a formal disavowal of the Hohenzollern candidature. Ollivier allowed himself to be won over by the war party. It is unlikely that he could have prevented the eventual outbreak of war, maybe he might have postponed it if he had heard Benedetti's account of the incident. He was outmanoeuvered by Otto von Bismarck, and on 15 July he made a hasty declaration in the Chamber that the Prussian government had issued to the powers a note announcing the rebuff received by Benedetti, the Ems Dispatch. He obtained a war vote of 500,000,000 francs, and said that he accepted the responsibility of the war \"with a light heart,\" saying that the war had been forced on France.\nOn 9 August, the French Army had lost three battles in three days (Battle of Wissembourg, of Spicheren and of Wörth), the Ollivier cabinet was driven from office, and Ollivier sought refuge from the general rage in Italy. He returned to France in 1873, but although he carried on an active campaign in the Bonapartist Estafette his political power was gone, and even in his own party he came into collision in 1880 with Paul de Cassagnac.", "He had many connections with the literary and artistic world, being one of the early Parisian champions of Richard Wagner. Elected to the academy in 1870, he did not take his seat. His first wife, Blandine Rachel Liszt, was the daughter of Franz Liszt and Marie d'Agoult. They had one son, Daniel. She died in 1862, and in September 1869 Ollivier married Marie-Thérèse Gravier, then 19 years old. They had three children.", "During his retirement he employed himself in writing a history of L'Empire libéral, the first volume of which appeared in 1895. The work really dealt with the remote and immediate causes of the war, and was the author's apology for his blunder. The 13th volume showed that the immediate blame could not justly be placed entirely on his shoulders. \nL'Empire libéral can be considered as an important document for the history of his time.\nVol. 1 (1895): le principe des Nationalités (online)\nVol. 2 (1897): Louis-Napoléon et le coup d' état (online)\nVol. 3 (1898): Napoléon III (online)\nVol. 4 (1899): Napoléon III et Cavour (online)\nVol. 5 (1900): L'Inauguration de l'Empire libérale roi Guillaume (online)\nVol. 6: La Pologne; les élections de 1863, la loi des coalitions (online)\nVol. 7 (1903): Le démembrement du Danemark; Le syllabus; La mort de Morny; L'entrevue de Biarritz (online)\nVol. 8 (1903): L' Année fatale – Sadowa (1866) (online)\nVol. 9 (1904): Le Désarroi (online)\nVol. 10 (1905): l' Agonie de l' Empire autoritaire (online)\nVol. 11 (1907): La veillée des armes. L'affaire Baudin. Préparation militaire prussienne. Le plan de Moltke. Réorganisation de l'armée française par l'empereur et le maréchal Niel. Les élections en 1869. L'origine du complot Hohenzollern (online)\nVol. 12 (1908): Le ministère du 2 janvier. Formation du ministère. L'affaire Victor Noir. Suite du complot Hohenzollern. (online)\nVol. 13 (1909): Le guet-apens Hohenzollern. Le concile œcuménique. Le plébiscite (online)\nVol. 14 (1909): La guerre. Explosion du complot Hohenzollern. Déclaration du 6 juillet. Retrait de la candidature Hohenzollern. Demande de garantie. Soufflet de Bismarck. Notre réponse au soufflet de Bismarck. La déclaration de guerre (online)\nVol. 15 (1911): Étions-nous prêts? Préparation. Mobilisation. Sarrebruck. Alliances (online)\nVol. 16 (1912): Le suicide. Premier acte: Woerth. Forbach. Renversement du ministère (online)\nVol. 17 (1915): La fin (online)\nVol. 18 (1918): Table générale et analytique (online)\nThe Franco-Prussian War and its hidden causes (1913, online)\nHis other works include:\nDémocratie et liberté (1867, online)\nLe Ministère du 2 janvier, mes discours (1875)\nPrincipes et conduite (1875)\nL'Eglise et l'Etat au concile du Vatican (2 vols., 1879)\nSolutions politiques et sociales (1893)\nNouveau Manuel du droit ecclésiastique français (1885).", "\"Family tree of Emile OLLIVIER\". Geneanet. Retrieved 30 October 2020.", "Houston, Douglas W. \"Émile Ollivier and the Hohenzollern Candidacy,\" French Historical Studies (1965) 4#2 pp 125–49.\nWilliams, Roger L. The World of Napoleon III 1851-1870 (1962); also published as Gaslight and Shadow: The World of Napoleon III, 1851-1870 (1957); ch 10 on Olliver\nZeldin, Theodore. Émile Ollivier and the Liberal Empire of Napoleon III (1963)\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ollivier, Olivier Émile\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–90." ]

[ "Émile Ollivier", "Biography", "Calls for a Liberal Empire", "Politics", "Franco-Prussian War 1870/71", "Private life", "Literary works", "References", "Further reading" ]

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[ "Photograph by Appert of the Ollivier Ministry with Napoléon III (seated, centre). From left to right: Segris [fr], Buffet, Rigault de Genouilly, Le Bœuf, Vaillant, Daru, Chevandier de Valdrome [fr], Louvet [fr], Émile Ollivier, Talhouët-Roy, Esquirou de Parieu and Richard [fr]" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gouvernement_Ollivier.jpg" ]

[ "The Émile Ollivier ministry was the penultimate government of the Second French Empire. Led by Émile Ollivier, a republican opponent of the Empire, it was initially composed of moderate bonapartists and orléanists. However following the constitutional referendum on 8 May liberal members of the cabinet resigned and were replaced with politicians of a more authoritarian type. It lasted from 2 January 1870 until 10 August 1870, on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, when it was replaced by the Cousin-Montauban ministry. It was often referred to at the time as the Ministry of 2 January (French: ministère du 2 janvier).", "", "Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p.673 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7\nÉmile Zola (2018). His Excellency Eugène Rougon. Oxford University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-19-874825-0.\nDavid Wetzel (2003). A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-299-17494-1.\nMichael Howard (2013-05-13). The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 1-136-75306-0.\nRobert, Alphonse; Cougny, Gaston. \"Félix, Marie, Louis, Pierre Esquirou de Parieu\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 9 February 2020.\n\"LEBOEUF Edmond\". senat.fr. French Senate. Retrieved 9 February 2020.\nRachel Chrastil (2014-04-08). The Siege of Strasbourg. Harvard University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-674-41628-4.\nRobert, Alphonse; Cougny, Gaston. \"Charles Louvet\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 9 February 2020.\nRobert, Alphonse; Cougny, Gaston. \"Auguste, Elisabeth, Joseph Bonamour de Talhouët-Roy\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 9 February 2020.\nRobert, Alphonse; Cougny, Gaston. \"Ignace, Charles Plichon\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 9 February 2020.\nRobert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston. \"Emile, Alexis Segris\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 10 February 2020.\nRobert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston. \"Maurice, Louis Richard\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 10 February 2020.\nRobert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston. \"Philippe, Jacques Mège\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 10 February 2020.\n\"RIGAULT DE GENOUILLY Charles\". senat.fr. French Senate. Retrieved 10 February 2020.\nRobert, Alphonse; Cougny, Gaston. \"Napoleon Daru\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 10 February 2020.\nGramont, Antoine Agénor Alfred, Duc de . Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911 – via Wikisource.\nBuffet, Louis Joseph . Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911 – via Wikisource.\nRobert, Alphonse; Cougny, Gaston. \"Eugène, Jean-Pierre, Napoléon Chevandier de Valdrôme\". assemblee-nationale.fr. French National Assembly. Retrieved 10 February 2020.\n\"VAILLANT Jean-Baptiste-Philibert\". Senat.fr. French Senate. Retrieved 10 February 2020." ]

[ "Émile Ollivier ministry", "Composition", "References" ]

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[ "Reconstructing the dodo in the studio of Professor Oustalet, 1903", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Dodo_painting_jardin_des_plantes.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/D%C3%BCrer_-_Rhinoceros.jpg" ]

[ "Jean-Frédéric Émile Oustalet (24 August 1844 – 23 October 1905 Saint-Cast) was a French zoologist.\n \nOustalet was born at Montbéliard, in the department of Doubs. He studied at the Ecole des Hautes-Etudes and his first scientific work was on the respiratory organs of dragonfly larvae. He was employed at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, where he succeeded Jules Verreaux as assistant-naturalist in 1873. In 1900 he succeeded Alphonse Milne-Edwards as Professor of Mammalogy.\nFrench ornithologist Émile Oustalet described a specimen from Branco as a separate species Passer brancoensis in 1883, which was recognised as the subspecies Passer iagoensis brancoensis by W. R. P. Bourne, who claimed to observe differences between Iago sparrows from different islands.\nHe co-authored Les Oiseaux de la Chine (1877) with Armand David, and also wrote Les Oiseaux du Cambodge (1899).\nOustalet was president of the third International Ornithological Congress held in Paris in 1900.\nA species of Malagasy chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti, was named in his honor by François Mocquard in 1894.", "1874 : Recherches sur les insectes fossiles des terrains tertiaires de la France, (Research of Tertiary insect fossils from France).\n1877 : with Armand David, Les Oiseaux de la Chine, (The Birds of China, two volumes).\n1878 : with Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Études sur les Mammifères et les Oiseaux des Îles Comores, (Studies on Mammals and Birds of the Comoro Islands).\n1880-1881 : Monographie des oiseaux de la famille des mégapodiidés, (Monograph of birds of the family Megapodiidae, two parts).\n1889 : Oiseaux dans le compte rendu de la mission scientifique du Cap Horn. 1882-1883, (Birds in the report of the scientific mission of Cape Horn. 1882–1883).\n1893 : La Protection des oiseaux, (The Protection of Birds) — reprinted in 1895 & re-edited in 1900.\n1895 : Les Mammifères et les Oiseaux des îles Mariannes, (Mammals and Birds of the Mariana Islands, two parts).\n1899 : Oiseaux du Cambodge, du Laos, de l'Annam et du Tonkin, (Birds of Cambodia, Laos, Annam and Tonkin).", "Category:Taxa named by Émile Oustalet\nEuropean and American voyages of scientific exploration", "Hellmayr CE (1906). \"Emile Oustalet [obituary]\". Ornithologische Monatsberichte 14 (4): 57-59. Scan.\nSummers-Smith 1988, pp. 93–95\n\"Description et Énumération des Espèces\". Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux (in French). 38. 1883.\nBourne WRP (1955). \"The Birds of the Cape Verde Islands\". Ibis. 97 (3): 508–556. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1955.tb04981.x.\nBeolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. (\"Oustalet\", p. 198).", "List of publications copied from an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia." ]

[ "Émile Oustalet", "Selected writings", "See also", "References", "Sources" ]

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[ "Émile Paladilhe." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Emile_Paladilhe.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Paladilhe (3 June 1844 – 6 January 1926) was a French composer of the late romantic period.", "Émile Paladilhe was born in Montpellier. He was a musical child prodigy, and moved from his home in the south of France to Paris to begin his studies at the Conservatoire de Paris at age 10. He became an accomplished pianist, and was the youngest winner of the Prix de Rome, three years after Bizet, in 1860. For a time Galli-Marié was his lover, and she helped create some of his works. Paladilhe married the daughter of the librettist Ernest Legouvé. He formed a friendship with the elderly Charles Gounod.", "He wrote a number of compositions for the stage, a symphony, over a hundred mélodies, piano works, and a wide range of sacred music, including cantatas, motets, masses, chorales, and a noted oratorio, Les Saintes-Marie de la mer.\nHis opera Patrie! of 1886 was his greatest success, and was one of the last grand operas to premiere at the Paris Opéra. It was a piece d'occasion, created for a gala in honour of the French colony in Monaco, but had a Flemish-nationalist theme. The librettists were Victorien Sardou and Louis Gallet\nA few of Paladilhe's works for solo woodwind and solo voice are still performed today, the most notable being his Solo pour hautbois, alternatively titled Solo de concert, written in 1898.", "La fiancée d'Abydos, 1864–66, fragments\nLe passant, opéra-comique in one act, (F. Coppée), first performed (f.p.) Opéra-Comique, 24 April 1872\nL'amour africain, opéra-comique in two act, (E. Le Gouvé), f.p. Opéra-Comique, 8 May 1875\nSuzanne, opéra-comique in 3 acts, (de Lockroy & Cormon), f.p. Opéra-Comique, 30 December 1878\nDiana, opéra-comique in 3 acts, (Regnier & Normand), f.p. Opéra-Comique, 23 February 1885\nPatrie!, grand opera in 5 acts, (Sardou & Gallet), f.p. Opéra de Paris (Palais Garnier), 16 December 1886\nVanina, opéra in 4 acts, (Legouvé & Gallet), composed 1890 (unperformed)\nDalila, opéra in 3 acts, (Feuillet et Gallet), composed 1896 (unperformed)", "The Cambridge companion to grand opera David Charlton - 2003 p300 \"The Flemish patriots Rysoor and Karloo seek to cast off the yoke of oppression. Karloo is the lover of Dolores, Rysoor's wife. ... Another difference between the two works is that whereas Paladilhe accords considerable musical weight to ...\nLe guide musical 54 1908 \"La semaine dernière, nous avons eu, au Théâtre royal français, la première représentation de Patrie, grand-opéra en cinq actes, poème de Victorien Sardou et Gallet, musique de Paladilhe, qui fut exécuté pour la première fois au théâtre \"", "Classical Archives site\nMusica et Memoria : Émile Paladilhe (in French)\nFree scores by Emile Paladilhe at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)" ]

[ "Émile Paladilhe", "Biography", "Works", "Operas", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Parisien in concert, Frankfurt 2015", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Deutsches_Jazzfestival_2015_-_Duo_Belle_Epoque_-_%C3%89mile_Parisien_-_02.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG" ]

[ "Émile Parisien (born 12 October 1982) is a French soprano and alto saxophonist, jazz musician, and composer.", "Émile Parisien entered the fifth class at the age of 11 in the first class of Marciac's College de jazz, where he studied music with established musicians such as Pierre Boussaguet, Guy Lafitte and Christian \"Tonton\" Salut.\nFrom 1996, he studied at the Conservatoire de Toulouse, where he also studied classical and contemporary music. During these years, he has had the opportunity to perform alongside major jazz figures such as Wynton Marsalis, Christian McBride, Johnny Griffin and Bobby Hutcherson, during the Jazz in Marciac festival.", "Parisien moved to Paris in 2000 and in 2004 founded his own quartet with Julien Touery (piano), Ivan Gélugne (double bass), and Sylvain Darrifourcq (drums). With compositions inspired by Hector Berlioz, Igor Stravinski, Arnold Schönberg, Richard Wagner, as well as John Coltrane and Wayne Shorter, this quartet gives an expressionist character to his music, where improvisation takes precedence.\nParisien performs in France and internationally with, among others, Michel Portal, Jacky Terrasson, Yaron Herman, Joachim Kühn, Stéphane Kerecki, John Taylor, Éric Serra, Paco Sery, Rémi Vignolo, Manu Codjia, Anne Paceo, Daniel Humair, Jean-Paul Céléa, Vincent Peirani.", "June 2017 Echo Jazz (Germany), category international instrumentalist\nArtist of the year at the Victoires du Jazz 2014\nWinner of the Prix Django Reinhardt 2012 awarded 15 January 2013 by the Académie du Jazz\nWinner at the Victoires du Jazz 2009 in the Révélation Instrumentale Française de l'Année (Prix Frank Ténot) category\nIn 2007, Émile Parisien is elected Talent Jazz of the Fonds d'Action Sacem for three consecutive years; with this support, the Quartet recorded two records at Laborie Jazz in 2007: Au Revoir Porc-épic, and in 2009, Original Pimpant, both unanimously hailed by generalist and specialized critics.\nWinner of the program Jazzmigration of the AFIJMA (Association des Festivals Innovants en Jazz et Musiques Actuelles) in 2009.\nWinner Jazz Primeur 2009, awarded by Culturesfrance, deputy operator of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Culture for international cultural exchanges.", "As leader or co-leader\nÉmile Parisien Quintet: Éphémère (2000 – CD auto-produit Famimra)\nÉmile Parisien 4tet: Au revoir porc-épic (2006 – Laborie (label))\nÉmile Parisien 4tet: Original pimpant (2009 – Laborie)\nÉmile Parisien 4tet: Chien Guêpe (2012 – Laborie)\nÉmile Parisien 4tet: Spezial Snack (2014 – ACT)\nÉmile Parisien and Vincent Peirani: Belle Époque (2014 – ACT)\nÉmile Parisien Quintet feat. Joachim Kühn: Sfumato (2016 – ACT)\nÉmile Parisien Quintet feat. Joachim Kühn: Sfumato live in Marciac (2018 – ACT)\nÉmile Parisien Quartet: Double Screening (2019 – ACT)\nÉmile Parisien and Vincent Peirani: Abrazo (2020 – ACT)\nÉmile Parisien Sextet: Louise (2022 – ACT)\nAs sideman\nDaniel Humair: Sweet and Sour (2012 – Laborie)\nJean-Paul Céléa: Yes Ornette (2012 – Out Note Records)\nYaron Herman: Alter Ego (2012 – ACT)\nGueorgui Kornazov 5tet: Sila (2013 – BMC)\nHugo Carvalhais: Particula (2013 – Clean Feed Records)\nRomain Cuoq - Anthony Jambon 5tet: Awake (2013 – Cristal Records)\nStéphane Kerecki: Nouvelle Vague (2014 – Out Note Records)\nVincent Peirani 5tet: Living Being (2015 – ACT)\nJan Lundgren: Into the Night (2021 – ACT)", "Jazz in Marciac since 1978\nLe Prix Django Reinhardt on Académie du Jazz", "Serge Loupien, Émile Parisien, élève devenu maître, Libération\nÉmile Parisien on France Musique\nÉmile Parisien on France Culture\nÉmile Parisien on Le Triton" ]

[ "Émile Parisien", "Career", "Influences", "Awards", "Discography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4870 ]

[ 22657, 22658, 22659, 22660, 22661, 22662, 22663, 22664 ]

[ "Émile Perrin" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/%C3%89mile_Perrin_-_Ivor_Guest_1981_p62f.jpg" ]

[ "Émile-César-Victor Perrin was a French painter, mainly known as a theatre director and impresario, born in Rouen on 9 January 1814, died 8 October 1885. His son-in-law was Camille du Locle.", "Perrin studied under Gros and Delaroche, and pursued a career as a history painter, exhibiting at the Salon. In between his appointments at the Opéra-Comique he briefly returned to painting.\nHe was director of the Opéra-Comique from May 1848 to November 1857, then briefly in 1862, when he 'discovered' Galli-Marié singing in Rouen. From July 1854 to September 1855 he was concurrently director of the Théâtre Lyrique, and during his short tenure the artistic and social standing of the theatre rose, although he resigned, disappointed with the results at the theatre. Wagner described him around this time as \"a well-to-do bel esprit and painter\".\nHe became director of the Opéra de Paris in December 1862. During this time he employed Bizet to play through scores submitted to the Opéra, although Perrin did not assist the composer in getting his work performed there. Victorien Sardou in a letter described Perrin as \"the most volatile, the most capricious, the most changeable of men\". He was dismissed from the Opéra after being accused of insufficient patriotism in May 1870.\nIn 1875, he was brought in to arbitrate in a dispute between Bizet and the directors of the Opéra-Comique over the preparations for Carmen, despite the fact that he loathed the piece.\nHe was administrator-general of the Comédie-Française from 1871 up to his death. In 1876 he became a member of the Académie des beaux-arts.", "Dean W. Bizet. London, JM Dent & Sons, 1978.\nBudden J. Verdi. London, J M Dent & Sons, 1985.\nWalsh T J. Second Empire Opera: The Théâtre Lyrique Paris 1851-1870. John Calder, London, 1981.\nCurtiss M. Bizet and his world. New York, Vienna House, 1974.\nGourret J. Ces hommes qui ont fait l'Opéra. Editions Albatros, Paris, 1984." ]

[ "Émile Perrin", "Biography", "References" ]

[ 4871 ]

[ 22665, 22666, 22667, 22668, 22669 ]

[ "Émile Pessard; photograph by Charles Reutlinger (about 1880).", "Le Char, poster by Edward Ancourt [fr], 1878" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/%C3%89mile_Pessard.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Emile_Pessard%2C_Le_Char%2C_002.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Louis Fortuné Pessard (29 May 1843 – 10 February 1917) was a French composer.\nPessard was born and died in Paris. He studied at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he won 1st prize in Harmony. In 1866 he won the Grand Prix de Rome with his cantata Dalila which was performed at the Paris Opera on February 21, 1867. From 1878 to 1880 he was inspector of singing at Paris Schools, in 1881 he became professor of Harmony at the Paris Conservatory.\nHis students included Maurice Ravel, Jacques Ibert, William Molard, Albert Seitz and Justin Élie. After 1895 he was a critic and director. He composed many comic operas and operettas, as well as masses.", "Dalila (cantata, 1866) Prix de Rome.\nLa Cruche cassée (opéra comicque in 1 act, libretto by Hyppolite Lucas and Emile Abraham, premiered on February 21, 1870 at the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique in Paris)\nDon Quichotte (opera, premiered on February 13, 1874, at the Salle Érard in Paris)\nLe Char (opera, premiered on January 18, 1878, at the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique in Paris)\nLe Capitaine Fracasse (opera, premiered on July 2, 1878 at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris)\nTabarin (opera, premiered on January 12, 1885, at the Théâtre de l'Opéra in Paris)\nTartarin sur les Alpes (comic opera, premiered on November 17, 1888, at the Théâtre de la Gaîté in Paris)\nLes Folies amoureuses (comic opera, premiered on April 15, 1891 at the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique in Paris); Work in three acts from Regnard, by André Lénéka and Emmanuel Matrat, with Lise Landouzy (1861-1943) (Agathe, soprano), Zoé Molé-Truffier (1855-1923) (Lisette, soprano), Ernest Carbonne (Eraste, ténor), Gabriel Soulacroix (Crispin, baryton), Lucien Fugère (Albert, basse), Edmond Clément (Clitandre, ténor) and Mr. Thierry (Ragotin, basse) ; Jules Danbé, conductor, and Henri Carré (1848-1925), choir director.\nUne Nuit de Noël (opera, premiered in 1893 at the Ambigu in Paris)\nMam'zelle Carabin (comic opera, premiered on November 3, 1893 at the Bouffes-Parisiens, Salle Choiseul, in Paris)\nLe Muet (opera in 1 act, 1894)\nLa Dame de trèfle (comic opera, premiered on May 13, 1898 at the Bouffes-Parisiens, Salle Choiseul, in Paris)\nL'Armée des vierges (comic opera in 3 acts, premiered on October 15, 1902, at the Bouffes-Parisiens, Salle Choiseul, in Paris)\nL'Epave (comic opera in 1 act, premiered on February 17, 1903, at the Bouffes-Parisiens, Salle Choiseul, in Paris)", "Émile Pessard - Vingt-cinq pièces pour le piano. Olivier Godin. XXI-21 Productions. 2011\n2 songs on collection: L’invitation au voyage Mélodies from La belle époque : Le spectre de la rose (Théophile Gautier), Oh! quand je dors (Victor Hugo). John Mark Ainsley (tenor) Graham Johnson (pianist). Hyperion Records\nDans la Forêt, Op. 130 on album Chant d'Automne Forgotten Treasures Vol. 6 Ulrich Hubner (horn) Kolner Akademie, Michael Alexander Willens\nOne song on collection: L'adieu de matin, from Cinq Mélodies; rec. Richard Crooks (tenor) on RCA Victor, 1940; on collection Richard Crooks in Songs and Ballads (Nimbus Records)\nPetite Messe brève, op.62, for one or two voces and organ : Maîtrise d'Enfants Notre-Dame de Brive ; soloists : Virginie Verrez, Alice Imbert ; choir director : Christophe Loiseleur des Longchamps. Recorded in Gramat (Lot), with Junck organ. June 2004. Studio création n°200402.", "Free scores by Émile Pessard at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)", "Stephen Zank Irony and Sound: The Music of Maurice Ravel 2009 Page 236 \"Through Schmitt and Delius, then, Ravel entered the differently Bohemian salons of Gauguin and the Franco-Norwegian composer William Molard, a government clerk and composition student of Émile Pessard,..\"\nNancy Toff - Monarch of the Flute: The Life of Georges Barrère Page 30 2005 \" the young violist Albert Seitz, which received its premiere. Seitz was an auditor in Émile Pessard's harmony class ...\"\nMichael D. Largey Vodou Nation: Haitian Art Music And Cultural Nationalism 2006 \"Justin Elie (1883–1931) enjoyed the most prominent international reputation of all the Haitian composers; ... Wilfred Bériot for piano, Émile Pessard for harmony, and Paul Vital for composition (Dalencour 1983; Herissé n.d.).\"\nPeter Lamothe Theater Music in France, 1864-1914 2008 Page 286, \"Revived at the Odéon, 11 April 1901 with musical direction by Émile Pessard.\"\nAnnegret Fauser, Mark Everist Music, Theater, and Cultural Transfer: Paris, 1830-1914 2009 Page 136 \"(Its final round required the contestants to compose a lyric scene, an unstaged mini-opera referred to as a cantata.) ... Théodore Dubois (1861), Charles Ferdinand Lenepveu (1865), Émile Pessard (1866), and Henri Maréchal ...\nThe Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, p. 332, 1940, Blue Ribbon Books, Inc. (Original (c) 1903)\nEmile Pessard's Works (in German)" ]

[ "Émile Pessard", "Works", "Recordings", "External links", "Sources" ]

[ 4872 ]

[ 22670, 22671, 22672, 22673, 22674, 22675, 22676, 22677, 22678, 22679 ]

[ "Émile Peynot by Charles Mengin", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4 ]

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[ "Émile Edmond Jean Peynot (November 22, 1850 – December 12, 1932) was a prominent French artist sculptor and medallist.", "Peynot was born in Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, Burgundy. He became well known following his Grand Prize at the Prix de Rome sculpture competition in 1880, and a left a legacy of numerous monuments and reliefs in France as well as Argentina and Ecuador. He died in Paris in 1932.", "Marianne, Place Carnot, Lyon.\nMonument to Henri Schneider, Le Creusot.\nMonument to François-Louis Français, Plombières-les-Bains, Vosges.\nMarchand Tunisien (\"Tunisian Mechant\"), portraying an Arab merchant cleaning his weapon.\nLa Aurora (\"The Twilight\"), Parque Centenario, Buenos Aires.\nOfrenda Floral a Sarmiento (\"Flowers for Sarmiento\"), Palermo Rose Garden, Buenos Aires.\nLa Lucha Eterna (\"The Eternal Fight\"), El Ejido park, Quito.\nFrancia a la Argentina A gift from the French government created for Argentina centenary in 1910; it depicts two female figures, representing both countries, an angel of prosperity “Gloria” and four smaller figures: Science, Industry, Agriculture and the Arts.", "Prix de Rome\nFrench art", "L. Forrer, Peynot, Émile Edmond (1909). Biographical Dictionary of Medallists. Vol. IV. London: Spink & Son Ltd. p. 472.\nfr:Prix de Rome#Liste de lauréats en sculpture\n\"Emile PEYNOT\". www.maisons-champagne.com. Archived from the original on 2004-12-23.\n\"Emile Edmond PEYNOT (Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, 1850 - Paris, 1932) Marchand Tunisien Bronze à patine brune\". Artfact." ]

[ "Émile Peynot", "Bio", "Famous works", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4873, 4874, 4875, 4876, 4877, 4878, 4879 ]

[ 22680, 22681, 22682, 22683 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Photo_d%27%C3%89mile_Picot.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Picot (13 September 1844, in Paris – 24 September 1918, in Saint-Martin-d'Écublei) was a French Romance philologist.\nIn 1865 he obtained his law degree, and afterwards served as a lawyer at the Court of Appeals in Paris. He later worked as a French vice-consular agent in Hermannstadt (from 1868) and Témesvar (from 1869). From 1875 to 1909 he taught classes in Romanian philology at the École spéciale des Langues orientales in Paris. In 1888 he received the title of professor.\nFrom 1897 to 1918 he was a free member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and from 1914 to 1918 he served as director of the Société des antiquaires de Normandie. He was also an editor of the journal, Revue de linguistique et de philologie comparée.", "Les Serbes de Hongrie, leur histoire, etc., 1873 – The Serbs of Hungary, their history, etc.\nLes Roumains de la Macédoine, 1875 – The Romanians of Macedonia.\nBibliographie Cornélienne; ou, Description raisonnée de toutes les éditions des oeuvres de Pierre Corneille, 1875 – Bibliography of Pierre Corneille; description of all editions of his works.\nPierre Gringore et les comédiens italiens, 1878 – Pierre Gringore and the Italian actors.\nChronique de Moldavie depuis le milieu du XIVe siècle jusqu'a l'an 1594, 1878 – Chronicle of Moldavia from the middle of the 14th century to the year 1594.\nCollection de documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'ancien théâtre, 1879 – Collection of documents to be used for the history of the former French theater.\nThéâtre mystique de Pierre du Val et des libertins spirituels de Rouen, au 16e sìecle, 1882 – Mystic theatre of Pierre du Val and spiritual libertines of Rouen in the 16th century.\nCatalogue de livres composant la bibliothéque de feu M. le baron James de Rothschild, 1884 – Catalogue of books in the library of Baron James de Rothschild.\nChants populaires des roumains de Serbie, 1889 – Popular folksongs of Romanians in Serbia.\nŒuvres poétiques de Guillaume Alexis; with Arthur Piaget (3 volumes, 1896–1908) – Poetic works of Guillaume Alexis.\nLes Italiens in France au XVIe siècle, 1901 – Italians in France in the 16th century.\nLes imprimeurs rouennais en Italie au xve siècle, 1911 – Rouen printers in Italy in the 15th century.\nPour et contre l'influence italienne en France au XVIe siècle, 1920 – Pros and cons regarding Italian influence in France in the 16th century.", "Picot, Émile Sociétés savantes de France\nRevue de linguistique et de philologie comparée fr.Wikisource\nHathiTrust Digital Library (published works)" ]

[ "Émile Picot", "Selected works", "References" ]

[ 4880 ]

[ 22684, 22685, 22686, 22687 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/%C3%89mile_Pladner.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Pladner (2 September 1906 – 15 March 1980) was a French boxer who was flyweight champion of France, Europe, and the world, and bantamweight champion of France and Europe.", "Born in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, Pladner won a gold medal at the 1925 European Amateur Boxing Championships, and made his professional debut in January 1926 with a win over Rene Boriello. He won his first 13 fights before being held to a draw in January 1927 by Kid Socks. Awarded the French flyweight title after opponent Francois Moracchini withdrew at the last minute, he defended it successfully against Moracchini in February 1927, and over the course of that year added wins over Michel Montreuil, Alf Barber, Nicolas Petit-Biquet, and two further wins over Moracchini. He suffered the first defeat of his career in December 1927 when he lost a points decision to Johnny Hill at the National Sporting Club in London.\nPladner had been due to challenge Victor Ferrand for the latter's European title, but when the champion pulled out, Pladner was awarded the title. Pladner was beaten again by Hill in March 1928 in a fight incorrectly reported in some places as for the European title. He made a successful defence of his French and European titles in May 1928, knocking out Marcel Josie in the twelfth round at the Salle Wagram.\nPladner beat French featherweight champion Robert Tassin in October 1928, and Ernie Jarvis in December, and in February 1929 faced Hill again, this time beating the Scotsman via a sixth-round knockout, the only defeat of Hill's career.\nIn March 1929, Pladner challenged for Frankie Genaro's IBU and NBA world titles at the Vélodrome d'hiver, Paris. Pladner knocked Genaro out with a body shot within the first minute of the first round to become world champion. Pladner and Genaro met again the next month, with Genero regaining the world title after Pladner was disqualified for a low blow. Pladner expressed an intention to move up to bantamweight, but in June 1929 defended his European and French flyweight titles against Eugene Huat. Huat stopped him in the fifteenth and final round to take the titles.\nPladner won his first fight at bantamweight, beating Kid Socks on points in October 1929. In December 1929, Pladner beat European bantamweight champion Carlos Flix in a non-title fight. After losing to Huat again in May 1930, he put together a run of eleven fights unbeaten, before losing a points decision in April 1931 to Benny Sharkey. In May 1931, he beat Francois Biron on points to take the French bantamweight title, making a successful defence against Biron in September.\nIn 1932 Pladner travelled to Canada for a series of fights, including a tournament to find a challenger for world champion Panama Al Brown. Pladner won five of these fights, the last a win over Newsboy Brown, with one drawn, and in September 1932 faced the world champion at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto. The fight was a short one, with Brown knocking Pladner out in the first round. His Canadian adventure over, Pladner was beaten again by Brown in Paris in November 1932, and was beaten by Young Perez in Tunis in January 1933.\nOver the next two years, Pladner lost only two fights (to Perez and Kid Francis), a period that included successful defences of his French bantamweight title against Joseph Decico, Frank Harsen, and Huat. He lost the title in April 1935, Decico taking a points verdict. In July 1935, the IBU recognised Pladner as the European bantamweight champion.\nIn October 1935, Pladner lost his European title to Maurice Dubois, losing on points. He retired in 1936 with a final record of 104 wins, 16 losses, and 13 draws.", "\"Johnny Hill's Victory Over Emile Pladner\". Belfast News-Letter. 20 December 1927. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Johnny Hill Wins European Flyweight Title\". Sheffield Independent. 20 March 1928. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Emile Pladner Wins\". Belfast News-Letter. 5 October 1928. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Ernie Jarvis Beaten by Pladner\". Dundee Courier. 24 December 1928. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Johnny Hill's Defeat\". Leeds Mercury. 8 February 1929. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Johnny Hill, Scotland's first boxing world champion 1928\", BBC, 16 October 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2018\n\"World's Title for Emile Pladner\". Dundee Courier. 4 March 1929. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"French Fight Fiasco: Pladner Disqualified for Foul Blow\". Western Daily Press. 19 April 1929. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Phil Scott and Title Bout\". Derby Daily Telegraph. 30 October 1929. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Emile Pladner Beaten\". Leeds Mercury. 12 May 1930. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Win for Sharkey: Enile Pladner Beaten on Points\". Hull Daily Mail. 23 April 1931. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\"Emile Pladner...\". Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. 5 July 1935. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.", "Boxing record for Émile Pladner from BoxRec (registration required)" ]

[ "Émile Pladner", "Career", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4881 ]

[ 22688, 22689, 22690, 22691, 22692, 22693, 22694, 22695, 22696, 22697, 22698, 22699 ]

[ "Émile Poillot at the console of St. Benignus organ, Oct. 2, 1938" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Emile_Poillot_console_St_B%C3%A9nigne.2_oct_1938_001.jpg" ]

[ "Émile André Poillot ([emil ɑ̃dʁe pwajo]) (10 March 1886 – 22 June 1948) was a French pianist, organist, and pedagogue.", "Émile Poillot was born in Dijon, Côte-d'Or, France, on 10 March 1886. He received his first musical training from his father, Jules Poillot, who has been playing the choir organ of the Saint-Michel church in Dijon during 54 years.\nIn 1895, Émile Poillot joined the choir of the Dijon Cathedral, directed by the Reverend Father René Moissenet, whose brother and assistant, the Reverend Father Joseph Moissenet, gave him piano lessons and introduced him to play the organ. In 1900, he went to the Dijon Conservatory in Adolph Dietrich's piano and harmony classes. He won a first prize in piano performance in 1901 and in harmony in 1902.\nIn October 1903, he entered the Conservatoire de Paris, where he studied piano in Isidor Philipp’s class and received a first prize in piano performance under Philipp's successor, Édouard Risler, in 1907.\nThen he studied organ with Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne and received a first prize in organ performance and improvisation under Guilmant's successor, Eugène Gigout, in 1911:\nThat year the great favorite was Émile Poillot. He had won his first prize in piano in Diémer’s [sic; actually Risler’s] class and his organ work foretold an unusually good competition – the prophecy was not wrong … Poillot, keen to emulate his predecessors, had held the school’s banner high.\n— Louis Vierne, Mes souvenirs.\nPoillot also studied the history of music with Maurice Emmanuel.\nFrom 1904 to 1907, at the Basilica of Sainte-Clotilde in Paris, Poillot was assistant to Maurice Emmanuel, the choirmaster, and substitute for Leon Cazajus, the choir organist, during the tenure of Charles Tournemire at the great organ.\nIn 1911, he was named the regular organist at the Cathedral of St. Benignus in Dijon. He played the organ during 36 years, until his death.\nIn 1919, he was appointed as professor of piano at the Conservatory of Dijon and this position he held for 25 years.\nHe died in Dijon on 22 June 1948 (aged 62). André Fleury took over from him in 1949 as organist at the Cathedral of St. Benignus and professor of piano at the Conservatory of Dijon.\nAmong his students were Michel Chapuis and Ralph L. Grosvenor.\nHis grandson, Michel Poillot, is the organist of the Basilica Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Garde in Longpont-sur-Orge, Essonne, France, since 1997.\nA street is named after him in Dijon.", "As an organist, Poillot falls within the tradition of performers and improvisers of the French school of the early twentieth century. He was particularly known for his brilliant improvisations. At that time, it was rare to hear the organ outside the offices or religious events. However, some concerts have marked his career, such as the broadcast performance he gave on 19 March 1932 at the Salle Pleyel in Paris.\nAs a pianist, Émile Poillot gave many concerts, solo or as accompanist. He accompanied his friend cellist Maurice Maréchal during several tours in Spain (1925 and 1926), in France (1928), in Singapore (7 August 1933), and in the Dutch East Indies (August and September 1933).", "Allegretto in E (May 1913), revised by Yves Cuenot, who interpreted it on 2 June 2013 at the great organ of Dijon Cathedral.\nAve Maria (1918), Lyon, Janin Frères, Éditeurs, J.F. 1023, To my dear and revered Master the Canon René Moissenet, Chapel Master of the Dijon Cathedral.", "Maurice Emmanuel, Three pieces for organ or harmonium Op. 14 (1892-1911), to Émile Poillot (1892).\nCharles Tournemire, The Mystical Organ, 51 Offices of the Liturgical Year based on the freely paraphrased Gregorian chants, cycle after Pentecost, No. 40, Op. 57, Domenica XIV post Pentecosten, to his friend Poillot, organist of the Dijon Cathedral (1934).\nLouis Vierne, Twenty-four pieces in free style, Op. 31, Book II (1913), 24. Postlude, Quasi fantasia to Émile Poillot.", "3 anacreontic odelets, Op. 13 (1911), written by Maurice Emmanuel, on 27 March 1912 in Paris.\nFirst sonatina for piano, called Burgundian, Op. 4 (1893), written by Maurice Emmanuel, on 14 March 1923 in Dole, Jura.\nSecond sonatina for piano, called Pastoral, Op. 5 (1897), written by Maurice Emmanuel, on 11 November 1922 in Beaune, Côte d'Or.", "Smith, Rollin (1999). \"Louis Vierne's Mes Souvenirs – Chapter IV. Guilmant's Class – Our Pupils\". Louis Vierne: Organist of Notre-Dame Cathedral. The Complete Organ No. 3. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. p. 805. ISBN 1-57647-004-0.\n\"Pupils of Félix-Alexandre Guilmant\". Felix Alexandre Guilmant.\nOchse, Orpha (2000). Organists and Organ Playing in Nineteenth-Century France and Belgium. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-253-21423-2.\nShuster Fournier, Carolyn (April 2008). \"The Musical Tradition at the Sainte-Clotilde Basilica in Paris, France\" (PDF). The Diapason. Arlington Heights, IL: Scranton Gillette Communications, Inc. 99th Year: No. 4 (1181): 26–28. ISSN 0012-2378.\nSadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John, eds. (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-333-60800-3.\nMusic Composers, Authors & Songs: A Biographical Dictionary (2nd ed.). American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. 1952. p. 203.\nBaker, Theodore (1958). Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Completely Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky (5th ed.). G. Schirmer, Inc. p. 616.\nSchloesser, Stephen (2005). \"Charles Tournemire: Mystical Dissonance\". Jazz Age Catholicism: Mystic Modernism in Postwar Paris, 1919-1933. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 978-0802087188.\n\"Maurice Maréchal And His Art. An Evening With A Master Cellist\". The Straits Times. Singapore. 8 August 1933. p. 12.\nAdrian Self (January 2014). \"Louis Vierne (1870 - 1937) - 24 Pièces en style libre\" (PDF). Cumbrian Society of Organists." ]

[ "Émile Poillot", "Life", "Performer", "Compositions", "Dedications", "Premieres", "References" ]

[ 4882 ]

[ 22700, 22701, 22702, 22703, 22704, 22705, 22706, 22707, 22708, 22709, 22710, 22711, 22712, 22713, 22714 ]

[ "Portrait by Aristide Delannoy", "Heading of Pouget's review Le Sabotage.", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/%C3%89mile_Pouget.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Pouget.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Nuvola_apps_ksig_horizonta.png" ]

[ "Émile Pouget (12 October 1860 in Pont-de-Salars, Aveyron, now Lozère – 21 July 1931 Palaiseau, Essonne) was a French anarcho-communist, who adopted tactics close to those of anarcho-syndicalism. He was vice-secretary of the General Confederation of Labour from 1901 to 1908.", "The Anarchist Papers III, page 97", "Almanach du Père Peinard, Paris, 1894 (in French)\nAlmanach du Père Peinard, Paris, 1896 \nAlmanach du Père Peinard, Paris, 1897 \nAlmanach du Père Peinard, Paris, 1898 \nComment nous ferons la Révolution, in collaboration with Émile Pataud, Paris, J. Taillandier, 1909\nL'action directe, Nancy, Édition du \"Réveil ouvrier\", coll. « Bibliothèque de documentation syndicale » \nLa Confédération générale du travail, Bibliothèque du Mouvement Prolétarien, Librairie des sciences politiques et sociales Marcel Rivière, Paris, 1910 \nLe Parti du Travail\nLe Sabotage, Mille et une nuits, coll. « La petite collection », Paris, 2004\nLes Caractères de l'action directe\nLes lois scélérates de 1893-1894, en collaboration avec Francis de Pressensé, Paris, Éditions de la \"Revue blanche\", 1899", "Barbarie française, Le Père Peinard, n°45, 12 janvier 1890\nFaramineuse consultation sur l'avenir, Almanach du Père Peinard, Paris, 1896\nJabotage entre bibi et un fiston, Almanach du Père Peinard, Paris, 1894\nL'Automne, Almanach du Père Peinard, 1896\nL'été, Almanach du Père Peinard, 1897\nL'Hiver, Almanach du Père Peinard, 1897\nLe Muselage Universel, Almanach du Père Peinard, 1896\nLe Printemps, Almanach du Père Peinard, 1897\nLe Sabotage, Almanach du Père Peinard, Paris, 1898\nLes Lois Scélérates de 1893-1894, Éditions de la Revue blanche, 1899\nPatron assassin, Le Père Peinard, 4 juin 1893\nPourquoi et comment Le Père Peinard s'est bombardé Journaleux, Almanach du Père Peinard, 1894\nQu'on châtre la frocaille ! En attendant mieux, Le Monde libertaire, 31 janvier 2002\nUn cochon, Le Père Peinard, 10 août 1890", "Roger Langlais, Émile Pouget, Le Père Peinard, Éditions Galilée, 1976\nFrançois Bott, « Le Père Peinard, ce drôle de Sioux », Le Monde, 30 janvier 1976.\nDominique Grisoni, « Le Père Peinard de la révolution », Le Magazine Littéraire, n°111, avril 1976, 42-43.\nEmmanuel de Waresquiel, Le Siècle rebelle, dictionnaire de la contestation au XXe siècle, Larousse, coll. « In Extenso », 1999. \nXose Ulla Quiben, Émile Pouget, la plume rouge et noire du Père Peinard, Éditions Libertaires, 2006.\nEmile Pouget, Le Père Peinard, Journal espatrouillant. Articles choisis (1889–1900). Les Nuits rouges, 2006 .", "Dominique Sommier, Émile Pouget et Le Père Peinard, Almanach et hebdomadaire anarchiste (1889-1902), sur 19e.org, 2004.\nLucien Orsane, À la mémoire d'Emile Pouget, Anarchiste syndicaliste révolutionnaire aveyronnais 1860-1931, sur Jccabanel.free.fr.\nPaco, La Plume rouge et noire du « Père Peinard », sur Monde-libertaire.info, 2006. \nPaul Delesalle, Émile Pouget, Histoire du syndicalisme révolutionnaire et de l'anarcho-syndicalisme, sur Pelloutier.net.", "Émile Pouget page at Anarcho-Syndicalism 101\nÉmile Pouget Archive at marxists.org\njccabanel.free.fr\n19e.org\nfondation-besnard.org\nmonde-libertaire.info\npelloutier.net\nEditions CNT-RP\nERREURS ET BRUTALITÉS COLONIALES (1927)\nEnglish translation of 'Sabotage'\n\"Emile Pouget: a biography\" by Renée Lamberet" ]

[ "Émile Pouget", "Footnotes", "Works", "Articles", "Bibliography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4883, 4884 ]

[ 22715, 22716, 22717, 22718, 22719, 22720, 22721 ]

[ "Bust by Antoine Bourdelle in Montauban" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Mus%C3%A9e_Ingres-Bourdelle_-_Buste_d%27Emile_Pouvillon%2C_1883_-_Terre_cuite_-_Antoine_Bourdelle%2C_MI.25.1.1.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Pouvillon (1840 in Montauban – 1906 in Chambéry) was a French novelist.\nHe published a collection of stories entitled Nouvelles réalistes in 1878. Making himself the chronicler of his native province of Quercy in southwestern France, he described its scenery and its life. His rustic novels were in the same vein as those of Jean de Noarrieu and André Theuriet. His L'Innocent (1884) was dedicated to his friend Pierre Loti (the pseudonym of the French naval lieutenant Julien Viaud), later author of Madame Chrysanthème (1887).", "His books include:\nCésette (1881), the story of a peasant girl\nL'Innocent (1884)\nJean-de-Jeanne (1886)\nLe Cheval bleu (1888)\nLe Vœu d'être chaste (1900)\nChante-pleure (1890)\nLes Antibel (1892)\nPetites âmes (1893)\nMademoiselle Clémence (1896)\nPays et paysages (1895)\nPetites gens (1905)\nBernadette de Lourdes (1894), a mystery\nLe Roi de Rome (1898), a play", "Marcel Clavié Émile Pouvillon: 1840-1906 : un grand écrivain régionaliste- 1933\nEdmond Galabert Souvenirs Sur Émile Pouvillon 1910\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Pouvillon, Émile\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 222.\nDavid Coward A history of French literature: from chanson de geste to cinema 2003 p488 \"This kind of reassurance was to be had in the rustic novels of Émile Pouvillon (Jean de Jeanne, 1886) and Jean de Noarrieu, and in the tales of small-town and country life of André Theuriet (1833–1907).\"\nA Vision of the Orient: Texts, Intertexts, And Contexts of Madame p226 J. L. Wisenthal, Sherrill E. Grace, Melinda Boyd - 2006 \"following conversation, reported in Loti's Journal intime 1882–1885, between Loti and his friend Émile Pouvillon: 'I am going to get to work on some Tonkineries, but I find this country so odious that I will do them only with difficulty'\".\nLa Nouvelle revue 1922 \"Ce sont d'Émile Pouvillon, le Roi de Rome paru en 1898\"", "Works by or about Émile Pouvillon at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Émile Pouvillon", "Works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4885 ]

[ 22722, 22723, 22724, 22725 ]

[ "Émile Prisse d'Avennes", "Image of a reclining Muslim woman from the Oriental Album." ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Prisse_D%27Avesnnes.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/A_Muslim_lady_reclining_in_her_harem_by_a_smoking_hooka._Col_Wellcome_V0019293.jpg" ]

[ "Achille-Constant-Théodore-Émile Prisse d'Avennes (27 January 1807, Avesnes-sur-Helpe – 16 February 1879, Paris) was a French archaeologist, Egyptologist, architect and writer.", "Prisse d'Avennes was born in Avesnes-sur-Helpe, France, on 27 January 1807, to a noble family of French origin. After the early death of his father in 1814, on the guidance of his grandfather he enrolled at college a year later to train for a career within the legal profession. Prisse d'Avennes decided to become an archaeologist in 1836 after a period teaching at the infantry school in Damietta.", "In 1827 when he reached Egypt, he was hired by the viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, as a civil engineer. He spent many years living as an Egyptian, adopting the name Idriss-effendi, learning to speak Arabic and practicing Islam. He stated that adopting Egyptian culture resulted in a greater understanding of Egyptian society and people.", "In 1848, he contributed 30 lithograph images depicting the people living on the Nile Valley to a costume book titled Oriental Album written by James Augustus St. John who was a British author and traveler.", "Arabic Art: monuments after Cairo from the 7th century to the end of the 18th century (1869-1877)(with Schmidt,C) NY public library archive retrieved GMT12:56 25.9.11\nArabic Decoration (1885)\nAtlas of Egyptian Art, with an introduction by Maarten J. Raven, captions by Olaf E. Kaper (reedition AUC Press 2000) \nEgyptian monuments, bas-reliefs, paintings, sculptures (1842) NY public library archive retrieved GMT12:51.25.9.11\nMonuments of Egypt and of the Nubie: descriptive Notices and the letters of Egypt and the Nubie retrieved 13:07GMT 24/09/2011\nHistoire de l'art égyptien d'après les monuments depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la domination romaine par Prisse d'Avennes; ouvrage publié sous les auspices du Ministère de l'instruction publique, des cultes et des beaux-arts. Texte par P. Marchandon de La Faye ... (d'après les notes de l'auteur) Published 1878\nHistoire de l'art egyptien : d'après les monuments retrieved 12:25 24/09/11\npage.393 of text retrieved (approx') GMT13:45 24/09/11\nhttp://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199006/prisse-a.portrait.htm", "Arabic Art\nPrisse Papyrus", "[catalogue of exhibition Visions d’Égypte Émile Prisse d’Avennes (1807–1879),Bibliothèque nationale de France] retrieved 14:44GMT 25.9.11\nopenlibrary retrieved 13:00GMT 24/09/2011\nA-Z&person=15153 (content unused in this article) retrieved GMT 12:46 24/09/11\npage 783 of Dictionary of the orientalists of French language François.Pouillon retrieved GMT 14:21 24/09/11\n(content of this link is currently unused within this article) retrieved GMT 14:28 24/9/11\nfrench language site retrieved 19:00GMT 24.9.11\nCopyright © 2009 Commune de Braives retrieved (approx') 18:50GMT 24.9.11\nAndré Monclus (p.40) & Jean Vuillemin (p.40)- Arts et Métiers Magazine - November 2002-Biographie de Prisse d'avennes rédigée par C.N. Peltrisot membre de la société archéologique et historique de l'arrondissement d'Avennes (published 1934) retrieved 15:03 25.9.11\negypt.com-french language retrieved 19:00GMT 24.9.11\nMercedes Volait. Surveying monuments in Egypt: the work of Emile Prisse d’Avennes (1807- 1879). Lecture given at the General Consulate of Egypt in Djeddah, 30 November 2013. 2013.\n\"Oriental album. Characters, costumes, and modes of life, in the valley of the Nile. - NYPL Digital Collections\". digitalcollections.nypl.org. Retrieved 2017-10-31.\nSt. John, James Augustus (1795-1875) (1848). Oriental album, characters, costumes and modes of life in the valley of the Nile / illustrated from designs taken on the spot by E. Prisse. ; With descriptive lettrer-press by James Augustus St John, author of. London: Madden.\nonline book catalogue retrieved 13:17 24/09/11\nforumrarebooks\ndkm160230-(Professor N.Poppe(Dawson:Egyptology)(approx')13:27 24/09/2011\ntime of publication and times within scope of study retrieved GMT14:35 24.9.11\ndkm160230-(Professor N.Poppe(Dawson:Egyptology)(approx')13:27 24/09/2011\ntext image and brief description retrieved GMT19:16 24.9.11", "french language link list of publications retrieved GMT 12:55 24/09/2011\nlist of texts and documents retrieved GMT 14:30/1 24.9.11\nCopyright © 2004-2010 Aramco Services Company. retrieved GMT 09:41 02/07/07\narchives\n©2002-2011 \nhttp://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199006/prisse-a.portrait.htm" ]

[ "Émile Prisse d'Avennes", "Biography", "Life in Egypt", "Oriental Album", "Selected bibliography", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4886, 4887 ]

[ 22726, 22727, 22728, 22729, 22730, 22731, 22732, 22733, 22734 ]

[ "Émile Racine Gauthier Prudent", "Montmartre Cemetery" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Prudent_by_Tournachon_Gaspard_Felix.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tombe_d%27%C3%89mile_PRUDENT_%28Racine_GAULTIER%29_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_Montmartre_01.JPG" ]

[ "Émile Racine Gauthier Prudent (3 February 1817 – 14 May 1863) was a French pianist and composer. His works number about seventy, and include a piano trio, a concerto-symphony, many character pieces, sets of variations, transcriptions and etudes, in addition to his celebrated fantasies on operatic airs. As a teacher, he was very successful and produced several distinguished pupils.", "Born at Angoulême, he never knew his parents and was adopted at an early age by a piano tuner, who gave him his first musical instruction. At ten, he entered the Paris Conservatoire, winning a first prize in piano in 1833, and a second prize in harmony in 1834. Upon graduation from the conservatory, with no patrons, he had to struggle financially for a while before he finally met with success at his first public performance. The concert was shared with the then-renowned virtuoso Sigismond Thalberg. The young Prudent performed his Fantasy on Lucia di Lammermoor, Op. 8, to great public acclaim, leading soon after to constant concertizing in France and abroad, including two trips to England in 1848 and 1852 to premiere his own works. He died in Paris in 1863, where he had spent most of his life.", "Blom, Eric, ed; \"Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians\". 5th. 1954. Print.", "Media related to Émile Prudent at Wikimedia Commons\nFree scores by Émile Prudent." ]

[ "Émile Prudent", "Biography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4888 ]

[ 22735, 22736 ]

[ "Émile Renouf, selfportrait", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

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[ "Émile Renouf (23 June 1845 – 4 May 1894) was a French painter and draughtsman of the realism-impressionism school.\nHe studied at the Académie Julian and was a pupil of Gustave Boulanger, Jules Lefebvre and Charles Duran, and first exhibited his works at the Salon de peinture et de sculpture in Paris between 1877 and 1881. He received a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle (1889) in Paris.\nHe painted marine and peasant themes especially after a trip to the Île de Sein. Because of the state of his Paris studio, he built a new atelier in Le Havre where he died. His works are in museums in France, Amiens, Le Havre, Rouen, Liège and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.", "Environs de Honfleur, printemps, 1870\nEnvirons de Honfleur, le soir, 1875\nAux environs de Honfleur, l'hiver, 1877\nMaison du Haut-du-Vent, à l'embouchure de la Seine, 1878\nLit de rivière dans un vallon, 1878, oil on canvas\nLa veuve de l'Île de Sein, 1880, Musée des beaux-arts de Quimper\nUn coup de main or La main tendue (The Helping Hand), 1881\nAprès un orage, 1881\nSoleil couchant, 1884\nUn loup de mer, 1885\nEn dérive, 1886\nFin du jour, 1886\nLes guetteurs, 1889\nLe pont de Brookling, 1889\nPique-nique dans un parc\nBord de rivière, oil on canvas transferred to wood\nPersonnages sur la plage, oil on canvas\nBord de plage, oil on canvas\nSur la montre (between 1880 and 1890) (inspired a work by George Emerick Essig)\nAprès la pluie, 1876\nSoleil couchant, 1876\nUne vallée dans le Finistère, 1877\nUn sauvetage, 1883\nLe pilote (Der Looste), 1883\nPaysage (ruisseau) (Musée des beaux-arts de Liège)\nLe canal d'Harfleur, 1892\nDernier radoub, gravure, 1885\nLa partie de pêche, 1892\nChutes du Niagara, 1893", "", "\"Emile Renouf: \"la veuve de l'île de sein\" - Site officiel de l'association des Amis de la Maison Marie Henry\". Retrieved 29 December 2013.\n\"Renouf Emile, principales oeuvres de l'artiste en image\". universdesarts.com. Retrieved 29 December 2013.\n\"Le Peintre De Marines Emile Renouf Fait Construire Son Nouvel Atelier Au Havre\". priceminister.com. Retrieved 29 December 2013.\n\"17th, 18th & 19th C. Paintings\". alhambraantiques.com. Retrieved 29 December 2013." ]

[ "Émile Renouf", "Major works", "Examples of his work", "References" ]

[ 4889, 4890, 4891, 4892, 4893, 4894, 4895, 4896, 4897, 4898 ]

[ 22737, 22738 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

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[ "Émile Reuter (2 August 1874 – 14 February 1973) was a Luxembourgish politician. He was the 13th Prime Minister of Luxembourg, serving for six years, from 28 June 1918 until 20 March 1925.\nAfter finishing school in 1893 at the Athénée de Luxembourg, Émile Reuter studied law in Strasbourg, Nancy and Paris from 1894 to 1898 and then registered at the bar in Luxembourg. In 1903 he became president of the Association populaire catholique and in 1911 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. In 1914 he was a founding member of the Party of the Right. Shortly before the end of World War I, on 28 September 1918 Reuter became prime minister and Director-General (Minister) for Foreign Affairs and the Interior. In 1925 there was a crisis in the government when the Chamber rejected the government's proposals to amalgamate the railway companies Guillaume-Luxembourg and Prince-Henri under Belgian direction. The Reuter Ministry then resigned. From 1926 to 1959 (apart from the war years) he was president of the Chamber of Deputies. Until 1964 he was also the first president of the Christian Social People's Party (CSV), founded in 1944. In 1957 he became ambassador of Luxembourg to the Holy See.\nHe died on 14 February 1973 in Luxembourg City, aged 98. The Avenue Émile-Reuter was named after him in the city.", "Thewes, Guy. \"Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché depuis 1848.\" Service information et presse. Luxembourg: Imprimerie Centrale, 2011.\nProfile of Émile Reuter" ]

[ "Émile Reuter", "References" ]

[ 4899, 4900 ]

[ 22739 ]

[ "", "The Mittellegi ridge on the Eiger", "The Aiguille du Plan from La Flégère, showing the Glacier du Plan descending from its summit", "The Dent du Géant", "The Brouillard ridge, with labels showing the Col Emile Rey and other significant features" ]

[ 0, 1, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Emile_Rey_%281846_-_1895%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Eiger_Mittellegi-Ridge.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Aiguille_du_Plan_from_La_Fl%C3%A9g%C3%A8re_2.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Dent_du_G%C3%A9ant%2C_2010_July_2%2C_bw.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Brouillard_ridge_with_labels.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Rey (August 1846 – 24 August 1895) was an alpine mountain guide from Aosta Valley in Italy. Dubbed \"the Prince of Guides\" in Courmayeur, he was one of the most renowned guides at the end of the 19th century, making many first ascents on some of the highest and most difficult mountains in the Mont Blanc massif of the Alps. He has been described as \"one of the greatest guides of his generation.\"", "Émile Rey was born and lived his life in La Saxe, a small hamlet near Courmayeur. By trade, he was a menuisier (joiner or carpenter), and is known to have contributed to the construction of a number of the alpine huts used at that time by mountaineers to reach more easily the high summits. These huts included the refuges of the Grand Paradis, Col du Géant, Aiguilles Grises and Grandes Jorasses.\n\nRey's career as a mountain guide did not begin until the \"great age of conquest\" of the Alps was over. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not learn his craft by serving an apprenticeship with other, older guides. One British mountaineer wrote in detail about Rey's achievements in \"Pioneers of the Alps\" (1888)\nHis reputation as one of the first rock-climbers in the Alps, and the position he holds among other guides, are the result of his own aptitude and ability, the great enthusiasm he has for his profession, and the energy and earnestness with which he pursues it.\n— C.D. Cunningham 1888\nThe first offer that Rey received of a long-term engagement as a guide came only after he had reached the age of thirty, when Lord Wentworth retained him for the greater part of the 1876 climbing season, and for the subsequent two seasons. In 1877 they made notable first ascents together of the Aiguille (Noire) de Peuterey, and Les Jumeaux de Valtournanche. However it was with two other clients, J. Baumann and John Oakley Maund, that Rey started to make his name as one of the most skillful and boldest rock-climbers in the Alps. Not all of their attempts at bold new routes were successful, including their attempt at the Aiguille du Plan from the Plan des Aiguilles.\n\nAnother unsuccessful, but nevertheless very bold early attempt took place in 1881 when J. Baumann, Rey, and his two fellow guides, Johann Juan and J. Maurer, attempted to climb the Eiger's Mittellegi ridge. They were thwarted by the difficult big step on that ridge which is nowadays adorned with a fixed rope strung from it, and which was finally climbed for the first time in 1925. Referring to their unsuccessful attempt, J. Baumann wrote about his guide's efforts:\nRey alone and unroped succeeded in turning a very difficult overhanging rock, and proceeded along the arete to a point which has never before been reached.\n— Baumann on Rey\nRey's first major achievement as a mountaineer and guide came in 1877 when he successfully made the first ever ascent of the Aiguille Noire de Peuterey. Thereafter, Mont Blanc became an important venue for his mountaineering exploits, and he had many regular wealthy clients from across Europe, including Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed, Paul Güssfeldt and Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi.\nIn 1882, Rey was leader of a team that retrieved the bodies of Francis Maitland Balfour and his guide Johann Petrus, who together had attempted to make the first ascent of the Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey. Balfour had invited Rey to join his party, but Rey declined, considering the snow to be in a dangerous condition. It was to be another three years later before Rey was involved in the first successful attempt to reach its summit.\nCommenting in the Alpine Journal on the series of audacious first ascents and new routes that had recently taken place on the Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey, the soldier and mountaineer, J. P. Farrar, who was later to become president of the Alpine Club, noted:\nThe evolution of these expeditions, among the greatest ever carried out in the Alps, is exceedingly interesting, nor will the names of the greatest guides who rendered their employers such brilliant service be readily forgotten, least of all that of the Italian, Émile Rey, who played such a leading role in the expeditions of 1880, 1885 and 1893.\n— J. P. Farrar\nRey was married to Faustina Vercelin and had sons Adolphe and Henri, the eldest, and a grandson, Emile. He was evidently very proud of his children. Adolphe Rey (1878–1969) went on to become a mountain guide like his father.", "He made more than a dozen first ascents, including:\n1877: First ascent of the Aiguille Noire de Peuterey with Lord Wentworth (the grandson of Lord Byron) and Jean-Baptiste Bich on 5 August.\n1879: First ascent of the Aiguille de Talèfre (3,730 m) with Johan Baumann, F. J. Cullinan, G. Fitzgerald, Joseph Moser and Laurent Lanier on 25 August.\n1880: First ascent of the Col de Peuterey with Georg Gruber and Pierre Revel, the Freney, August 13.\n1882: First ascent of the Calotte de Rochefort, the main summit of Les Périades, with C. D. Cunningham.\n1883: First ascent of the Lower Peak of the Aiguille du Midi, with C. D. Cunningham.\n1885: First ascent of the Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey with Henry Seymour King and guides Ambros Supersaxo and Alois Andenmatten on 31 July.\n1887: First traverse of the Grand Dru to the Petit Dru with Henri Dunod and François Simond on 31 August.\n1888: First winter traverse of Mont Blanc from the Italian side, with Alessandro, Corradino, Erminio and Vittorio Sella, Joseph Jean-Baptiste and Daniele Maquignaz and Giuseppe Maquignaz and two porters. They went from the Aiguilles Grises, cutting many steps in the Bosses Ridge to reach the summit, and then descended to the Grand Mulets, on 5 January. It was later described as a \"very remarkable and daring enterprise\".\n1888: New route to Mont Blanc by the Aiguille de Bionnassay east ridge with Katharine Richardson and Jean-Baptiste Bich on 13 August.\n1889: First traverse from Petit Dru to the Grand Dru with Katharine Richardson and Jean-Baptiste Bich on 30 August (with assistance from guides positioned at Grand Dru).\n1890: Castor North Face (in descent) with Katharine Richardson and Jean Baptiste Bich.\n1893: First ascent of Mont Blanc by the Aiguille Blanche and the Peuterey Ridge with Paul Güssfeldt, Christian Klucker and Cesar Ollier. Four-day climb from 14 to 17 August.\n1895: Mont Maudit NW Ridge, via Col du Mont Maudit. First climbed (in descent) with George Morse, after a celebratory 50th birthday ascent for Rey of Mont Blanc, on 21 August. He was killed three days later.\nOther significant ascents with which Rey was involved include:\n1879: Second ascent of the Grand Dru.\nThe third, fourth, and fifth ascents of the higher peak of the Dru over four consecutive days. One of these ascents, with W.E. Davidson, was made direct from Montenvert without an overnight stop beforehand. It was also made totally unaided by fixed ropes or ladders, a feat that impressed the first ascensionist, C. T. Dent, who had spent innumerable hours on the route.\nOn 16 August 1892 he made the first ascent of the 'variant Güssfeldt', marking the fourth ascent of the Brenva ridge route onto Mont Blanc, with Paul Gussfeldt, Laurent Croux and Michel Savoye. During this ascent Gussfeldt's ice axe fell into the dangerous couloir which nowadays bears his name.\n1877: First traverse of the Grands Charmoz.\nGran Paradiso from the glacier of the Tribulation.\nDent d'Hérens to the crest Tiefenmatten.", "In the winter of 1884 Rey travelled to Britain where he spent some weeks with alpine mountaineer C. D. Cunningham in England. His trip included an intellectual afternoon visit to Madame Tussaud's in the company of the editor of the Nineteenth Century literary magazine and a visit to Scotland where on 11 February after a spell of bad weather, Rey, Cunningham and a local man, John Cameron, made a winter ascent to the top of Ben Nevis. At the summit they visited the new observatory which had been opened just a few months earlier, and enjoyed hot steaming coffee and toasted ship's biscuits in the company of the observer and his two assistants. Cunningham later observed that Rey was known to have referred to their trip up Ben Nevis more frequently than some of his other great achievements in the Alps.\nWhilst in Scotland Rey also visited Edinburgh where he went to the top of Arthur's Seat, local tradition stating that before doing so he estimated it would take much of the day to achieve.\nRey is known to have spent a winter in Meiringen in order to learn German so that, as a leading guide himself, he would be better equipped to work with some of the top Swiss guides such as Andreas Maurer whose mountaineering skills he much admired. He knew they would constantly come into contact with one another, and that this would better help him work together with the Oberland guide.", "Rey was known to have always kept himself fit and in condition. He never smoked and was described as always having a temperate manner in whatever he did, and was always courteous – a characteristic which gained him many acquaintances well beyond the usual climbing circles.\nIn the autumn of 1886 Rey was climbing on the Schreckhorn in the Bernese Oberland and narrowly avoided being killed in an avalanche. However another guided party some ten minutes behind his was struck by falling ice, and their client, a Herr Munz, was killed, and his guide, Meyer, very severely injured, and subsequently died. Rey took the lead in retrieving Munz's body and taking it back down to Grindelwald. One of the alpine climbers who was with Rey, C.D. Cunningham, later wrote how impressed he was with the \"great force of character and power of organisation that Rey displayed\". He observed how Rey's ability to take the lead without seeming to take command of his fellow guides provided \"the moving spirit of the whole party\".\nRey has, however, been described as a man who never underestimated his own abilities as a mountain guide, nor did he try to conceal the pride he got from having gained such a good reputation. Writing in 'Pioneers of the Alps (1888) Cunningham, with whom he had made numerous alpine ascents over many years, wrote thus:\nHe always draws a most distinct line between those of the higher and those of the lower grades in his craft. One morning, at the Montanvert, we were watching the arrival of the 'polyglots,' as an ingenious person once christened that crowd composed of nearly every nationality, who may daily be seen making their toilsome pilgrimage from Chamonix. Among them was an Englishman, who had first provided himself with green spectacles, a veil, and socks to go over his patent leather shoes, and who only wanted a guide to complete his preparations. Going up to Rey, and pointing first to the Mer de Glace, and then to the Chapeau, he inquired \"Combiang?\" \" Voilà, Monsieur,\" replied Rey, taking off his hat, and indicating with his left hand a group of rather poor specimens of the distinguished Société des Guides, \" Voilà les guides pour la Mer de Glace; moi, je suis pour 'la Grande Montagne.'\"\n— C.D. Cunningham, 1888\nCunningham also noted how willing Rey always was to attend to his clients' needs first, rather than his own, whether more immediate needs in the hut following a long and very tiring day, or in being bold on the rock to ensure they would overcome all difficulties to attain their summit. Despite this determination to succeed, he was always prepared to draw the line \"when foolhardiness was about to take the place of courage\".\nWriting about his life amongst the high alpine summits, Rey once said: \"it is not the earnings that push me up to the peaks, it is the great passion I have for the mountains. I have always considered the payment secondary in my life as a guide.\"", "The account below is extracted almost verbatim from True Tales of Mountain Adventure: For Non-Climbers Young and Old (1903):\nIn August 1880 Émile Rey and Andreas Maurer were guiding an English 'climber', who wanted to reach the summit of the Aiguille du Plan by means of the steep ice slopes [of the Glacier du Plan] above the Chamonix Valley. After step-cutting all day, they reached a point where to go on was impossible, and retreat looked hopeless. To add to their difficulties, bad weather came in with snow and intense cold. They had no alternative but to remain exactly where they were for the night, and, if they survived it, to attempt the descent of the almost precipitous ice-slopes they had with such difficulty ascended. Through the long hours of the bitter night, they stood, roped together, without daring to move, on a narrow ridge, hacked level with their ice-axes. They believed their case was hopeless. Although Andreas Maurer's own back was frozen hard to the ice-wall against which he leaned, and in spite of driving snow and numbing cold, he opened his coat, waistcoat and shirt, and through the long hours of the night he held, pressed against his bare chest, the half-frozen body of the traveller who had urged him to undertake the expedition. The morning broke, still and clear, and at six o'clock, having thawed their stiffened limbs in the warm sun, they commenced the descent. Probably no finer feat in ice-work has ever been performed than that accomplished by Maurer and Rey on that day. Had the bad weather continued, the party could not possibly have descended alive. It then took ten hours of continuous down-climbing on steep ice to reach safety, after eighteen hours of continuous effort without food on the previous day, followed by a night of horrors such as few can realise.\n— Mrs Aubrey Le Blond, 1903.", "Rey was killed in a fall whilst descending the lower, easy rocks at the base of the Dent du Géant on 24 August 1895 with his client, A. Carson Roberts. They were unroped. Roberts subsequently wrote at very great length and detail about the events, suggested that Rey might have fallen because of some malaise which might have led to a \"physical seizure\" at an inopportune moment — he previously observed that Rey had not been displaying his usual good form or temperament. Another source later suggested the slip might have been \"due to excessive and incorrect hobnailing of his boots\".\nOn hearing of Rey's death, Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi was said to have been devastated by the news.\nRey was buried in Courmayeur, the form of his gravestone somewhat resembling that of the Dent du Géant, with an ice axe and rope hung over one corner. It bore the following epitaph:\nIN MEMORIA DI EMILIO REY\nGUIDA ITALIANA VALENTISSIMA\nAMATO DEI SUOI ALPINISTI\nIN LUNGA SERIA D'IMPRESE\nMAESTRO LORO\nDI ARDIMENTI DI PRUDENZA\nFATALMENTE CADUTO AL DENTE DEL GIGANTE\nIL 24 AGOSTO 1895\nAmongst the wreaths left at his funeral were those from some of the famous names in the annals of alpine mountaineering, including Katharine Richardson, Paul Güssfeldt and C. D. Cunningham, all of whom had climbed with this guide. In a short obituary in the Alpine Journal, Güssfeldt described Rey as \"the great guide of Courmayeur [whose death] is generally felt as an irreparable loss\".  \nForty years after Rey's death, mountaineer Frank S. Smythe described him as \"the greatest guide of his generation\".", "The Col Emile Rey (4030 m), located on the Italian side of Mont Blanc (between Mont Brouillard and Picco Luigi Amedeo), is named in Rey's honour. Described as \"a superb col in wild surroundings\", it can be subject to bad stonefall on both sides. It is not used as a route between adjacent glaciers, but can be used by mountaineers to access the Brouillard Ridge. The first traverse of the Col Émile Rey was made in 1899 by G.B. and G.F. Gugliermina with N. Shiavi, exactly four years to the day after Rey's death.\nA memorial tablet to Rey, figuring a coiled rope and ice axe, stood in the Piazza Abbé Henry in Courmayeur until at least 1957. It was subsequently replaced with a monument containing a sculpted figure, showing him in a similar pose to that of his photograph, wearing his guide's hat.\n\nIt bears the words \"Emile Rey, 1846–1895, Prince Des Guides\". It stands between monuments to two other alpine guides from Courmayeur, Giuseppe Petigax (1860–1926) and Mario Puchoz (1918–1954).", "Gos, Charles (1937). \"A Winter's Day at Courmayeur\" (PDF). The Alpine Journal. 49–50: 232. Retrieved 12 November 2015.\nSmythe, Frank (1940). A Mountaineering Holiday: An Outstanding Alpine Climbing Season, 1939 (TBC ed.). TBC. p. ?. ISBN 9781906148867.\nThe Alpine Club/Royal Geographical Society (October 2011). The Mountaineers. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 156. ISBN 978-0241198902.\nCunningham, C.D.; Abney, W. de W. (1888). The Pioneers of the Alps (2nd ed.). Retrieved 22 November 2015.\nCollomb, Robin (1976). Mont Blanc Range Volume 1. The Alpine Club. p. 133. ISBN 0900523204.\nDumler, Helmut; Burkhardt, Willi P. (1994). The High Mountains of the Alps (1st ed.). London: Diadem. ISBN 0898863783.\nTenderini, Mirella; Shandrick, Michael (May 1997). The Duke of the Abruzzi: An Explorer's Life. ISBN 0898864992.\nMatthews, Charles Edward (1900). The Annals of Mt Blanc. Boston: L.C.Page & Co. p. 238. Retrieved 16 November 2015.\nJones, H.O. (May 1911). \"Some Climbs on the South Side of Mt. Blanc, addendum to\". The Alpine Journal. 25 (192): 520.\n\"Ritratto di Faustina Vercelin, moglie della famosa guida Emile Rey\". dimensionmontagne.org. Dimension Mantagne. Retrieved 19 December 2015.\nRoberts, A. Carson (May 1936). \"Aiguilles: The Tragedy of Emile Rey\" (PDF). The Alpine Journal. 48 (252): 38. Retrieved 12 November 2015.\nThompson, Simon (2012) [2010]. Unjustifiable Risk?: The Story of British Climbing. TBC: TBC. ISBN 978-1-85284-627-5.\nGriffin, Lindsay (1990). Mont Blanc Massif Volume 1. London: Alpine Club. ISBN 0900523573.\nChabod, Grivel & Saglio, p. 289\nRébuffat, Gaston (1987) [1962]. Mont-Blanc Jardin féerique + Historique des Ascensions du Mont-Blanc, Établi par Alex Lucchesi (in French). Paris: Denoël. ISBN 2-207-23396-0.\nRussell, C.A. (1988). \"One Hundred Years Ago (With extracts from the Alpine Journal)\" (PDF). The Alpine Journal: 207–212. Retrieved 13 November 2015.\nRussel, C.A. (1979). \"One hundred years ago (with extracts from the Alpine Journal)\". The Alpine Journal: 204–210.\nRussell, C.A. (1992). \"One Hundred Years Ago (with extracts from the Alpine Journal)\" (PDF). The Alpine Journal. 97: 240. Retrieved 26 November 2015.\nRussell, C.A. (1984). \"One Hundred Years ago (with extracts from the Alpine Journal)\" (PDF). The Alpine Journal: 63. Retrieved 26 November 2015.\nGraham Brown, T. (1933). \"Review of .An Epitome of Fifty Years Climbing\" (PDF). The Alpine Journal. 45 (246): 174–178. Retrieved 25 November 2015.\nMaestri, Cesare. \"Alpine Guides: A Story of Love and Responsibility for the Mountains\". www.ecodelledolomiti.net. Retrieved 26 November 2015.\nLe Blond, Mrs Aubrey (1903). True Tales of Mountain Adventure: For Non-Climbers Young and Old. New York: Dutton & Co. pp. 45–46. Retrieved 18 November 2015.\n\"Untitled article on history of crampons\". www.grivel.com. Grivel. Retrieved 12 November 2015.\nGüssfeldt, Paul (1895). \"Correspondence. Emile Rey\". Alpine Journal. 17: 568.\n\"Col Émile Rey\". www.camptocamp.org. Retrieved 15 November 2015.\n\"Enrico Rey con il figlio Piero davanti al monumento in memoria di Emile Rey\". dimensionmontagne.org. Dimension Montagne. Retrieved 19 December 2015.\n\"Emile Rey e Mario Puchoz, Courmayeur\". www.flickr.com. Roberto Figueredo Simonetti. Retrieved 19 December 2015.\n\"Courmayeur, Giuseppe Petigax & Emile Rey 2015\". www.summitpost.org. SummitPost. Retrieved 19 December 2015.", "Scott, Doug (1974) Big Wall Climbing, Oxford University Press « Émile Rey ». pp. 54–55.", "Portions of the text are from Cunningham, C.D.; Abney, W. de W. (1888). The Pioneers of the Alps (2nd ed.). Retrieved 22 November 2015. which is in the public domain.", "Col Émile Rey on French IGN mapping portal\nÉmile Rey Residence (now accessible as holiday accommodation)" ]

[ "Émile Rey", "Biography", "First ascents", "Travels abroad", "Personality", "Survival against the odds", "Death and legacy", "Honours", "References", "Further reading", "Acknowledgement", "External links" ]

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[ "Émile Rigaud (1824-1890) was a French lawyer and politician. He served as the Mayor of Aix-en-Provence from 1849 to 1863 and as a member of the National Assembly from 1852 to 1862.", "", "(Joseph) Émile Rigaud was born on 27 March 1824 in Pourrières. His father, Jean-Joseph Rigaud, was a notary. He had a brother, Constantin Michel Rigaud, and two sisters, Marie Léontine Rigaud and Marie Claire Rigaud.", "He started his career as a lawyer. He served as President of the Court of Appeals of Aix in 1862.\nHe attended a salon in Aix started by Polish-born Constantin Gaszinski, the editor of Le Mémorial d'Aix, a bi-weekly newspaper. He decided to embark upon a career in politics and joined the Parti de l'Ordre, an Orleanist and Legitimist conservative political party. He served as the Mayor of Aix-en-Provence from 1849 to 1863. During his tenure, he oversaw the construction of the Gare d'Aix-en-Provence in 1856 and the Fontaine de la Rotonde in 1860. He then served as a member of the National Assembly from 1852 to 1862.", "He resided in a hôtel particulier located at number 16 on the Cours Mirabeau in Aix. In 1858, he also purchased the Château de la Mignarde in Aix-en-Provence from Sauveur Mignard, where he resided until his death. In August 1863, he married Rose Ernestine de Roccas. They had a son:\nPaul Rigaud. He ran for Mayor in Trets but lost.\nHe died on 19 March 1890 in Aix-en-Provence. His descendants still live in the Château de la Mignarde.", "Pourrières: History\nNational Assembly\nHommes, idées, journaux: mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre Guiral, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1988, p. 328 \nDannery Letizia, Les Sechiari, L'Express, 14/11/2002\nM. Constantin, 'Les Pinchinats' in Les paroisses du diocèse d'Aix: leurs souvenirs et leurs monuments, Aix-en-Provence: Imprimerie Makaire, 1890-1898, Volume 1, p. 318-320\nProvence Historique, Archives départementales, 1971, Issues 83-86, p. 183" ]

[ "Émile Rigaud", "Biography", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

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[ "Émile Ripert on the left, Louis Le Cardonnel on the right" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Emile_Ripert_%26_Louis_Le_Cardonnel.jpg" ]

[ "Émile Ripert (1882–1948) was a French academic, poet, novelist and playwright. He served as the inaugural Chair of Provençal Language and Literature at Aix-Marseille University. He was the author of three novels, four poetry collections, three plays and five non-fiction books about Provençal culture.", "Émile Ripert was born on 19 November 1882 in La Ciotat near Marseille in Provence. His father was Joseph Casimir Ripert and his mother, Marie-Louise Beranger. His paternal grandfather came from Cadenet in Vaucluse.\nRipert graduated from the École Normale Supérieure. He completed a PhD from the University of Paris.", "Ripert began his career as a teacher in Toulon, followed by Marseille. He was appointed as the first-ever Chair of Provençal Language and Literature at Aix-Marseille University in Aix-en-Provence in 1920.\nMeanwhile, Ripert published poetry collections as early as 1908. He published a travel narrative in 1925, and several plays from 1933 onward. He also published some novels.\nRipert was inducted into the Académie de Marseille in 1916, replacing Frédéric Mistral. At Mistral's funeral in 1914, Ripert had praised Giuseppe Bottai, a Fascist politician. Moreover, Ripert was part of an official delegation to Fascist Italy alongside Jean Rivain, Philippe de Zara, Rémy Roux and Marius Jouveau.", "Ripert married Adrienne Eugénie Gras on 25 April 1908. His father-in-law, Dr Evariste Gras, served as the mayor of La Ciotat.\nRipert died on 23 April 1948 in Marseille.", "", "Ripert, Emile (1908). Le Golfe d'amour. Paris: Edition du Feu. OCLC 464984759.\nRipert, Emile (1912). La terre des lauriers. Paris: Grasset. OCLC 860307360.\nRipert, Emile (1926). Le poème d'Assise. Paris: Spès. OCLC 370685152.\nRipert, Emile (1929). Le Train bleu. Paris: Flammarion. OCLC 918026088.", "Ripert, Emile (1921). L'or des ruines. Paris: La Renaissance du livre. OCLC 10768856.\nRipert, Emile (1925). Le double sacrifice. Paris: Editions de la France vraie. OCLC 300096518.\nRipert, Emile (1930). Mireille des amours. Paris: Editions Spes. OCLC 2792393.", "Normand, Jacques; Ripert, Emile (1934). Le Roi René. Aix-en-Provence: Editions du Feu. OCLC 313280664.\nMignon, Maurice; Ripert, Emile (1937). Laure et Pétrarque. Paris: Éditions Billaudot. OCLC 7620352.\nPicard, Gaston; Ripert, Emile (1939). La Marseillaise. Paris: Les Éditions Denoël. OCLC 19000330.", "Ripert, Emile (1918). La Renaissance provençale : (1800-1860). Paris: E. Champion. OCLC 6574586.\nRipert, Emile (1918). La Versification de Frédéric Mistral. Paris: Champion. OCLC 2334469.\nRipert, Emile (1924). Le Félibrige. Paris: A. Colin. OCLC 2584821.\nRipert, Emile (1929). La Provence: Choix de textes précédés d'une étude. Paris: H. Laurens. OCLC 1972530.\nRipert, Emile (1931). La Côte vermeille et le Languedoc méditerranéen. Grenoble: B. Arthaud. OCLC 489831877.\nRipert, Emile (1937). Louis Le Cardonnel. Ses derniers moments. Ses obsèques. Avignon-Valence. Avignon: Maison Aubanel père. OCLC 9652132.", "\"Emile RIPERT\". Le Musée de l' Association des Amis du Vieux La Ciotat. Retrieved June 9, 2016.\n\"Émile Ripert (1882-1948)\". Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved June 9, 2016.\nChélini, Jean; Reynaud, Félix; Villard, Madeleine (2006). Dictionnaire du marseillais. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. p. 292. ISBN 9782744902543. OCLC 52159149.\nPoupault, Christophe (2009). \"Les voyages d'hommes de lettres en Italie fasciste\". Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire (in French). 4 (104): 67–79. doi:10.3917/ving.104.0067." ]

[ "Émile Ripert", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life and death", "Works", "Poetry", "Novels", "Plays", "Non-fiction", "References" ]

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[ "Émile Calixte Rochard (3 July 1851, Wissembourg – May 1918, Paris) was a 19th–20th-century French playwright, novelist and poet.", "He made his debut in literature in 1870 with a comedy, Un Amour de Diane de Poitiers and volunteered during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870.\nA drama critic at Gil-Blas, codirector of Théâtre du Châtelet (1880–1883) with Félix Duquesnel, director of Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique (1884–1903) then of Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (1991–1903), his plays were presented on the most important Parisian stages of the 19th century.\nRochard was made a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur 9 July 1892.", "1870: Un Amour de Diane de Poitiers, one-act comedy, in verse\n1873: La Conscience, one-act episode, in verse\n1874: Les Petits ours, futilités parisiennes, poetry\n1875: La Botte secrète, one-act play, with Georges Guilhaud\n1875: Plus de journaux, one-act comedy\n1879: Le Loup de Kevergan, drama in five acts and tableaux, with Eugène Hubert and Christian de Trogoff\n1903: Les Dernières cartouches, drama in 5 acts and 10 tableaux, with Mary\n1903: Les deux Eves, novel, 2 vols., Flammarion ed.\n1906: Roule-ta-bosse, drama in 5 acts, 6 tableaux, preceded by a prologue\n1906: Sonnez, clairons ! roman contemporain (1865–1898), Flammarion ed.\n1908: La Bête féroce, drama in 5 acts, 8 tableaux, with Mary\n1908: La Beauté du diable, drama in 5 acts and 8 tableaux, including a prologue, with Mary\n1909: Les Deux jeunesses, poems, Lemerre\n1910: Le Péché de Marthe, drama in 2 parts, 5 acts and 7 tableaux, after the novel by Paul Bertnay\n1911: L'Enfant des fortifs, play in 5 acts and 8 tableaux, with Mary\n1911: Toute la femme en cent rondels : cœur, corps, atours, frivolités, poems\n1912: L'Avocat des gueux, drama in 5 acts and 7 tableaux, derivec from the novel published in Petit Parisien, with Jules Mary\n1913: Jésus selon les Évangiles, novel, Lemerre\n1913: La Passion, drama in 5 acts and 8 tableaux derived from Jésus selon les Évangiles\n1917: Le Berceau de Jésus, drama in 2 parts and 6 tableaux\n1919: Jésus, (vie publique), drama in 5 acts and 10 tableaux\n1919: La Résurrection, two-part drama", "Études religieuses, historiques et littéraires, 1919, (p. 43)\nHenry Philips, Aude Pichon, Louis-Georges Tin, Le théâtre catholique en France au XXe siècle, 2007, (p. 292)", "" ]

[ "Émile Rochard", "Biography", "Works", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

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[ "Émile Roche in 1963" ]

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[ "Émile Roche (Estaires, 24 September 1893 – 1990), was a French economist, radical politician and journalist.\nHe was born the son of a grocer, who entered politics after the First World War. He was best known as a supporter of the politician Joseph Caillaux from 1927 during the 1930s through the newspaper he founded La République. Under the German Occupation, Émile Roche wrote for the collaborationist newspaper Les Nouveaux Temps where he criticised the parties of the 1930s and supported the single party. After the Liberation he intervened on behalf of the former German ambassador to Vichy, Otto Abetz in 1950. From 1954 to 1974 he was the Président of the French Conseil économique. He was also well known as a distinguished collector of art.", "Revue française de science politique Association française de science politique, Fondation nationale des sciences politiques – 1974 – Volume 24, Nos 1 to 3 – Page 261 \"Emile Roche est le fils d'un commerçant d'Estaires (Nord), où il est né en 1893. Presque aussitôt ses études terminées au collège d'Estaires (l'enseignement est aux mains du clergé dans la très catholique Flandre intérieure), il entre, dès ...\"\nRevue du Nord Volume 76, Numéros 304 à 305 Alexandre Saint-Léger, Université de Lille, Université Charles de Gaulle-Lille III. – 1994 – Page 347 \"L'aventure prit source un jour de 1893, le 24 septembre pour être précis, en Flandre intérieure à Estaires dans un univers semi-industriel, semi-agricole. Emile Roche se plaisait à répéter qu'il avait vécu son enfance «entre une pièce de toile, ...\"\nJacques Lafitte, Stephen Taylor (1969) Qui est qui en France Vol. 9, p. 1263 \"ROCHE (Emile), Président du Conseil économique et social. Né la 24 sept. 1893 â Estaires (Nord). Rte d'Emile Roche, Commerçant, et da Mme. née Félicie Loridan. Veuf de Mme, née Marie-Louise Prillard; remarié le 28 fév 1945 à Mme ...\"\n(in French) Émile Roche et Joseph Caillaux at the Wayback Machine (archived May 24, 2009). centre-histoire.sciences-po.fr\nClaude Lévy (1974) Les Nouveaux temps et l'idéologie de la collaboration, Armand Colin, pp. 88–89\nGilles Richard, Jacqueline Sainclivier (2007) Les partis et la république: la recomposition du système partisan, p. 290, ISBN 2753505217\nFranck Tison (April–June 1994) \"Un homme d'influence: Émile Roche (1893–1990)\", Revue du Nord, LXXV1, 305, pp. 347–357.\"\nAnna Durez (1987) Henri Durez: un maire en Nord, ISBN 2708225472, p. 81: \"Émile Roche né à Estaires en 1893 a eu une carrière exceptionnelle de journaliste et d'homme politique qu'il est impossible de retracer ici. Il fut le plus proche collaborateur de ...\"\nBarbara Lambauer (2001) Otto Abetz et les Français ou l'envers de la collaboration, Paris Fayard, pp. 696–697, ISBN 2213610231\nEl Consejo Económico at the Wayback Machine (archived March 2, 2008). conseil-economique-et-social.fr", "biography on Centre d'Histoire (fr.)" ]

[ "Émile Roche", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Émile Roubaud (1882–1962)", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Emile_Roubaud.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Nuvola_apps_biology.png" ]

[ "Émile Roubaud (2 March 1882 in Paris – 30 September 1962 in Paris) was a French biologist and entomologist known for his work on paludism, yellow fever and sleeping sickness.", "In 1906-08 he worked in the French Congo, where he studied the transmission of trypanosomiasis and the role of tsetse flies. In 1909-12 he took part in a mission in Senegal, Casamance and Dahomey, where he performed research of animal trypanosomiasis. On this mission he conducted geographical distribution studies of nine tsetse fly species.\nIn 1920, he and Félix Mesnil achieved the first experimental infection of chimpanzees with Plasmodium vivax.\nHe made his career at Pasteur Institute — from 1914 to 1958 he was director of a research laboratory for medical entomology and pest biology at the Institute. Here, he also taught classes in medical entomology.\nHe was president of the Société entomologique de France in 1927 and a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1938. In 1936 he was named president of the Société de pathologie exotique. He is a recipient of the Montyon Prize.", "La Glossina palpalis, sa biologie, son rôle dans l'étiologie des Trypanosomiases, 1909 (doctoral thesis); Glossina palpalis, its biology, its role involving the etiology of trypanosomiasis.\nLa maladie du sommeil au Congo français, 1909 (in collaboration with G. Martin and A. Lebœuf) – Sleeping sickness in the French Congo.\nÉtudes sur la faune parasitique de l’Afrique occidentale française, 1914 – Studies of parasitic fauna in French West Africa.", "History of malaria", "Emile Roubaud (1882-1962) Service des Archives de l'Institut Pasteur\nMesnil F, Roubaud E (1920). \"Essais d'inoculation du paludisme au chimpanzé\". Ann Inst Pasteur, Paris. 34: 466–480.\nROUBAUD Émile Charles Camille Sociétés savantes de France\nIPNI.  Roubaud.\nC. Toumanoff (1962). \"Nécrologie d'Émile Roubaud\". Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique. (French)", "Émile Roubaud on www.pasteur.fr (French)" ]

[ "Émile Roubaud", "Biography", "Selected works", "See also", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "Émile Roumer", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/%C3%89mile_Roumer.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Dante_icon.png" ]

[ "Émile Roumer (5 February 1903 - April 1988) was a Haitian poet. Roumer wrote mostly satirical poems and poems dealing with love and nature. Born in Jérémie, he was educated in France before studying business in Manchester, England.", "Poèmes d'Haïti et de France (1925)\nPoèmes en Vers (1947)\nLe Caïman Etoilé (1963)\nRosaire Couronne Sonnets (1964)", "Roumer died in Frankfurt, Germany in April 1988.", "HASENET - Haitian / American Sports and Education Network", "Schutt-Ainé, Patricia (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture. p. 105. ISBN 0-9638599-0-0." ]

[ "Émile Roumer", "Bibliography", "Death", "References", "Notes" ]

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