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Russian cruiser Rurik (1906) [SEP] The ship was worn out by 1918. She was hulked in 1922 and sold for scrapping in 1930.

Alscheid [SEP] Alscheid () is a village in the commune of Kiischpelt, in northern Luxembourg. , the village had a population of 47. Alscheid gave its name to the former commune of Kautenbach until 17 April 1914, when the commune was given the name Kautenbach, after its largest town. Kautenbach was merged with Wilwerwiltz to form Kiischpelt in 2006.

New York State Route 100C [SEP] New York State Route 100C (NY 100C) is an east–west spur route of NY 100 located in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It extends for as Grasslands Road along the Greenburgh–Mount Pleasant town line from an intersection with NY 9A (Saw Mill River Road) to a junction with NY 100 and NY 100A. NY 100C has a junction with the Sprain Brook Parkway near its eastern terminus.

New York State Route 100C [SEP] The eastern terminus of NY 100C also serves as NY 100A's northern endpoint. NY 100C begins at an interchange with NY 9A (Saw Mill River Road) in the town of Greenburgh. The route heads eastward as Grasslands Road, a continuation of County Route 303 (CR 303, an unsigned route) which heads towards the hamlet of Eastview.

New York State Route 100C [SEP] Just east of the interchange, NY 100C crosses through a commercial park, entering the town of Mount Pleasant for a short distance before paralleling the Greenburgh town line. Along this line, NY 100C enters a grade-separated interchange with the Sprain Brook Parkway. A short distance from the interchange, NY 100C intersects with NY 100 (Bradhurst Avenue) and NY 100A (Knollwood Road).

New York State Route 100C [SEP] This intersection serves as the eastern terminus of NY 100C, as Grasslands Roads continues east as NY 100. All of what is now NY 100C was originally designated as part of NY 142 . At the time, NY 142 overlapped with NY 9A along Old Saw Mill River Road (modern CR 303) to the east end of Neperan Road, where it broke from NY 9A and proceeded toward Hawthorne on then-Saw Mill River Road.

New York State Route 100C [SEP] The NY 142 designation was short-lived, however, as it was eliminated . By 1940, the portion of NY 142's former routing northeast of the NY 9A overlap was replaced by an extended NY 141 while the section east of the concurrency on Grasslands Road was redesignated as NY 100C. In the late 1940s, NY 9A was extended northward through Hawthorne to Ossining by way of a realigned Saw Mill River Road.

New York State Route 100C [SEP] The portion of Old Saw Mill River Road between Grasslands Road and the new highway became a short extension of NY 100C. The entire route is on the border between the towns of Greenburgh and Mount Pleasant, Westchester County.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Club Juan Aurich S. A., commonly known as Juan Aurich, is a professional football club based in Chiclayo, Peru. The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922, this incarnation however was founded in 2005; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú. They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight, three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado. The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991. Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich–Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Finally, a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú. This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002. The club's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú. Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado, defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout.

Juan Aurich [SEP] The first incarnation of the football club was founded by a group of workers of the "hacienda" Batán Grande on 3 September 1922 as Club Deportivo Juan Aurich, after the owner of the "hacienda", Juan Aurich Pastor. The club played two spells in the first division, the first between 1967 and 1983 and the second between 1988 and 1991.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Following their relegation at the end of the 1991 Torneo Descentralizado, a new football club was formed, albeit a merge, between the remaining Juan Aurich club and Deportivo Cañaña. This merged club—led by manager Horacioa Baldessari—won the 1993 Copa Perú and gained promotion. They held a brief spell between 1994 and 1996 until their relegation at the end of the 1996 season. A new reincarnation of Juan Aurich was formed as Juan Aurich de Chiclayo shortly after Aurich–Cañaña was relegated.

Juan Aurich [SEP] The new Juan Aurich achieved promotion through the 1997 Copa Perú and played from 1998 until 2002 when they were relegated. Due to the financial strain created by playing in the top flight, Juan Aurich de Chiclayo also folded as its predecessors. In November 2004, Juan Merino Aurich took control of the waning football club Mariscal Nieto of the La Victoria district of the Chiclayo Province. Merino converted the club to Juan Aurich de La Victoria and founded the current incarnation of Juan Aurich on 28 January 2005.

Juan Aurich [SEP] In 2006, they finished first in the regional stage of the 2006 Copa Perú advanced to the national stage of the tournament. They overcame their rivals in the Round of 16 and the quarter-finals but fell to Hijos de Acosvinchos in the semifinals. The following season they again reached the regional stage of the 2007 Copa Perú and finished first. This time, however, they achieved promotion to the 2008 Torneo Descentralizado by advancing to and winning the finals.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Baldessari, as in 1993, led the team and defeated Sport Águila in the finals in a penalty shootout. Their first season in the first division was not remarkable. In the Torneo Apertura, they finished eighth and in the Torneo Clausura they finished twelfth. Consequently, the club finished twelfth on the aggregate table and tied on points with Atlético Minero, which finished thirteenth. The two teams played an extra match to determine the relegated team. Juan Aurich defeated Atlético Minero 2–1 and remained in the first division.

Juan Aurich [SEP] In the 2009 Torneo Descentralizado, the club made a huge improvement with manager Franco Navarro. They finished first in the first stage of the season and were one of the favorites to reach the finals. As leading team of the first stage, they started first in their group of the second stage. However, in October, two months before the end of the season, the club and Navarro terminated the manager's contract. The club hired Luis Fernando Suárez to finish coaching what was left of the season.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Alianza Lima, which was second of the group at the start of second stage, surpassed Juan Aurich and failed to advance to the finals. At the end of the season the club finished third on the aggregate table, qualifying for the 2010 Copa Libertadores. The club continued with Suárez into the 2010 season, which began on a high note after they eliminated Estudiantes Tecos in the first stage of the 2010 Copa Libertadores.

Juan Aurich [SEP] They advanced to Group 3 of the competition with Copa Libertadores defending champions Estudiantes de La Plata, Alianza Lima, and Bolívar. They did not advance to the following stage as they finished third behind Estudiantes and Alianza Lima. In the 2010 Torneo Descentralizado the club's performance suffered which led to Suárez's exit from the club but they managed to obtain the last berth to the 2011 Copa Sudamericana under Juan Reynoso. In mid-2010 he became Anonymous Society. The following season they achieved their greatest success yet.

Juan Aurich [SEP] The club started by hiring Colombian Diego Umaña after Reynoso resigned from the managing position. Under Umaña's direction, they returned as contenders for the title and successfully reached the finals of the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado. They lost the first leg at home 1–2 against Alianza Lima and were in danger of losing the chance to win their first professional championship. Surprisingly, in the second leg they held their own against Alianza at the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and achieved a narrow 1–0 win with a memorable goal from Ysrael Zúñiga in the second half.

Juan Aurich [SEP] As both teams had won a match of the finals, a third leg was forced to be played in the Estadio Nacional. A scoreless draw at the Nacional led to a penalty shootout. The final score of the shootout was 3–1 in favor of Juan Aurich. They were the first club outside the Lima Region to win the Torneo Descentralizado since FBC Melgar in 1981. The original Club Deportivo Juan Aurich's colors were red and white.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Both Juan Aurich de Chiclayo and Juan Aurich de La Victoria adopted the same colors and the same badge. Juan Aurich plays in the multi-purpose stadium Estadio Elías Aguirre which has a capacity of 25,000. Built between 1968 and 1970 by the municipality of the Chiclayo Province, it was named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero. The municipality transferred administration of the stadium to the Instituto Peruano del Deporte.

Juan Aurich [SEP] The stadium was renovated for the 2004 Copa América and again for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship in which artificial turf was installed. The stadium is also home to many football clubs of the Chiclayo province that compete in the Ligas Distritales. In 2013, the stadium was closed for renovations in preparation for the 2013 Bolivarian Games to be held in Trujillo. Consequently, Juan Aurich has temporarily moved its home matches to the Estadio Francisco Mendoza Pizarro, located in Olmos. Juan Aurich has a total of three major achievements.

Juan Aurich [SEP] Their first important achievement was their conquest of the Copa Perú in 1997 which led to the promotion of the club to the first division. Their most important achievement, however, was their first Primera División title won in 2011. In addition, their reserve team won the reserve league Torneo de Promoción y Reserva in 2012. The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of Juan Aurich or led the team to an important achievement.

Red Dog (Kipling short story) [SEP] "Red Dog" is a Mowgli story by Rudyard Kipling. Written at Kipling's home in Brattleboro, Vermont between February and March 1895, it was first published as "Good Hunting: A Story of the Jungle" in "The Pall Mall Gazette" for July 29 and 30 1895 and "McClure's Magazine" for August 1895 before appearing under its definitive title as the 7th and penultimate story in "The Second Jungle Book" later the same year. It was also the penultimate Mowgli story to be written.

Red Dog (Kipling short story) [SEP] Mowgli the feral child is about 16 years old and living contentedly with his wolves in the Seeonee jungle, when the peace is disturbed by 'Won-tolla', a solitary wolf whose mate and cubs have been killed by dholes, who warns the Seeonee wolves that the dhole-pack will soon overrun their territory. Later that night, Mowgli meets Kaa, the huge old python, and tells him the news.

Red Dog (Kipling short story) [SEP] Kaa does not believe that Mowgli and the pack will survive a direct attack by the dholes, and enters a trance to search his century-long memory for an effective strategy. When he awakens, Kaa takes Mowgli to the Bee Rocks: a gorge where huge hives produced by millions of wild bees overhang the river, and Mowgli and Kaa devise a plan to lure the dholes to the gorge so that the bees will attack them.

Red Dog (Kipling short story) [SEP] Mowgli therefore lies in wait for the dholes in a tree-branch and smears himself with garlic to repel the bees. When the dholes arrive he taunts their leader into a furious rage and cuts off the leader's tail, before fleeing to the gorge. Just before leaping into the water Mowgli kicks piles of stones into the beehives, to arouse the bees.

Red Dog (Kipling short story) [SEP] The garlic prevents the bees from attacking Mowgli, and he dives safely into the river where Kaa swiftly coils around his body to prevent the current from sweeping him away. Some of the dholes are stung to death by the enraged bees, while others drown in the torrent. The rest flee downstream, pursued by Mowgli.

Red Dog (Kipling short story) [SEP] Eventually Mowgli and the surviving dholes reach shallower water, where Mowgli and the wolves fight a ferocious and bloody battle with the remaining dholes, and Won-tolla kills the dhole leader before dying of his own wounds. As the battle comes to its end, Mowgli finds Akela, mortally wounded, who tells Mowgli that he must soon return to the human race. When Mowgli asks who will drive him there, Akela replies: "Mowgli will drive Mowgli. Go back to thy people. Go to Man".

Red Dog (Kipling short story) [SEP] The result thereof is told in "The Spring Running". Publication information is taken from the appendix to "The World's Classics" edition of "The Second Jungle Book", Oxford University Press, 1987, .

New York State Route 100A [SEP] New York State Route 100A (NY 100A) is a loop route of NY 100 in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It follows West Hartsdale Avenue and Knollwood Road in the town of Greenburgh. The route starts in the hamlet of Hartsdale and ends in the community of Grasslands at the boundary between the towns of Greenburgh and Mount Pleasant.

New York State Route 100A [SEP] NY 100A begins at an intersection with NY 100 (Central Park Avenue) in the town of Greenburgh, a short distance north of Hartsdale. NY 100A winds northwest through the hills of Greenburgh as West Hartsdale Avenue, passing multiple residences on its way up. Just after Woods End Lane, the route turns northward through Greenburgh, passing Ridge Road County Park and the Metropolis Country Club before reaching a junction with NY 100B (Dobbs Ferry Road).

New York State Route 100A [SEP] At this junction, NY 100A changes monikers to Knollwood Road, winding northward through Greenburgh into a junction with NY 119 as it crosses into the village of Elmsford. After NY 119, NY 100A passes Yosemite Park and enters exit 4 off the Cross Westchester Expressway (I-287). NY 100A continues northeast through Elmsford, running along the southeastern edge of the Knollwood Country Club and passing an entrance to Westchester Community College.

New York State Route 100A [SEP] After passing the entrance, the route winds northward through Greenburgh, passing multiple residences before reaching a junction with NY 100 (Grasslands Road) and NY 100C (Grasslands Road). This junction marks the northern terminus of NY 100A and the eastern terminus of NY 100C, with NY 100 turning north onto Bradhurst Avenue, the continuation of Knollwood Road. Several blocks away from this junction is the Kensico Cemetery.

New York State Route 100A [SEP] NY 100A was designated in the 1930 state highway renumbering and has not had any major changes since.

La Presse (French newspaper) [SEP] La Presse was the first penny press newspaper in France. "La Presse" was founded on 16 June 1836 by Émile de Girardin as a popular conservative enterprise. While contemporary newspapers depended heavily on subscription and tight party affiliation, "La Presse" was sold by street vendors. Girardin wanted the paper to support the government, without being so tied to specific cabinets that it would limit the newspaper's readership.

La Presse (French newspaper) [SEP] The initial subscription to "La Presse" was only 40 francs a year while other newspapers charged around 80 francs. "La Presse" and "Le Siècle" are considered the first titles of the industrialized press era in France.

Bernina International [SEP] Bernina International AG is a privately owned international manufacturer of sewing and embroidery systems. The company was founded in 1893 in Steckborn, Switzerland, by a Swiss inventor Fritz Gegauf. The company develops, manufactures, and sells goods and services for the textile market, primarily household sewing-related products in the fields of embroidery, quilting, home textiles, garment sewing, and crafting. The origins of the company lie in the invention of the hemstitch sewing machine, invented in 1893 by a Swiss inventor and entrepreneur Karl Friedrich Gegauf.

Bernina International [SEP] Currently, the company's products include sewing machines, embroidery machines, serger/overlocker machines, and computer software for embroidery design. The present-day Bernina International AG was founded by Karl Friedrich Gegauf in 1893, when he decided to pursue an apprenticeship as a mechanic instead of studying medicine. After completing his apprenticeship, he worked in the Baum embroidery machine factory in Rorschach.

Bernina International [SEP] In 1890, Karl Friedrich Gegauf set up his own business in Steckborn, Switzerland, opening an embroidery and mechanical workshop for the manufacture of his own invention, a monogram embroidery machine. Together with his brother Georg, a salesman, Karl Friedrich ran the "Gebrüder Gegauf" (Bros. Gegauf) company. Through his involvement in the textile industry, he noticed how laborious it was to produce hemstitching, which until then could only be done manually.

Bernina International [SEP] Consequently, in 1893, Karl Friedrich Gegauf invented the world’s first hemstitch sewing machine, capable of sewing 100 stitches per minute. In 1895, the Bros. Gegauf workshop was completely destroyed by fire, except for the prototype of the hemstitch sewing machine, which was the only thing that could be rescued. Karl Friedrich built a new workshop in an old barn, where the focus was no longer on embroidery, but on the construction of the hemstitch sewing machine.

Bernina International [SEP] About 70 people were employed in the serial production of the hemstitch sewing machine. The mechanical production of hemstitching, whether as embellishment for handkerchiefs, tablecloths, or bedspreads, was commonly referred to as ""gegaufing"", because the name Gegauf became famous in the industry.

Bernina International [SEP] In 1919, Fritz Gegauf, one of Karl’s sons, together with his father, filed a patent application for the "Wotan" hemstich sewing machine, which became another international success for the company, which changed its name to "Fritz Gegauf". After being in Paris selling the company’s tin openers, which had no market in Switzerland, he returned to his home town. His brother Gustav and he took control of the factory after their father’s death in 1926.

Bernina International [SEP] During the Great Depression, Fritz Gegauf joined forces with the embroidery factory, Brütsch & Sohn in St. Gallen, which was also operating in the red. By the end of 1932, they had developed the company's first household sewing machine, which they named Bernina. The Bernina was soon being produced as furniture-cum-sewing-machine, which required the building of a new, attached furniture factory in Steckborn. As of October 26, 1937, a total of 20,000 machines had left the factory in Steckborn.

Bernina International [SEP] In 1937, he introduced the first Bernina zigzag machine and in 1945 the world’s first portable zigzag machine on the market. In 1947, Gustav Gegauf left the company. By mid-1963, one million Bernina zigzag sewing machines had been manufactured in Steckborn. Since then, the company has commonly been called Bernina, although, since 1947, its official name has been "Fritz Gegauf Aktiengesellschaft, Bernina Nähmaschinenfabrik". Since 1959, Odette Ueltschi, Fritz Gegauf's daughter, took the lead role at Bernina.

Bernina International [SEP] She took over the management after the death of her brother in 1965. In 1963, the first Bernina sewing machine with a patented knee-activated presser foot lifter, the 730, appeared on the market. From 1963 onwards, the subsequent model, the 730, was produced, and in the same year, the millionth Bernina sewing machine was manufactured. The top-seller of all the models was the 830 class, which came into production in 1971 and continued until 1981.

Bernina International [SEP] In 1981, the company took a further step in the development of household sewing machines. The 930 model was the first machine with a stretch-stitch function. It was followed by the 1130, the first fully automated sewing machine, the 1130, launched in 1986. The enduring mark which Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi left on the company is reflected in the name of the "bernette" sewing machine line, formed by a combination of the first half of the brand name and the second half of her given name.

Bernina International [SEP] Hanspeter Ueltschi took over the management of Fritz Gegauf AG in 1988 from his mother Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi, and currently runs the company as owner and chairman of the board of directors. After studying business administration at the University of St. Gallen, Ueltschi spent seven years gaining professional experience in the USA before getting into the leadership of the family company in Switzerland. Ueltschi further expanded the leading position of the company in the sewing machine technology sector, brought down manufacturing costs, and promoted product innovations and marketing.

Bernina International [SEP] He ushered the computer age into the business with the artista 180, Bernina’s first sewing computer, and ensured the continuous development and optimization of computer technology in the sewing sphere, as shown by the successive models of the artista, as well as the aurora series. In doing so, he made strides toward his declared goal of making sewing more appealing and more popular worldwide. Under the chairmanship of Hanspeter Ueltschi, a manufacturing outlet was set up in Thailand, in addition to the parent factory in Steckborn.

Bernina International [SEP] He is also largely responsible for establishing the US as a key market and expansion to the new markets in Eastern Europe, Russia, South America, and India, as well as in the Middle East. He renamed "Fritz Gegauf AG" to "Bernina International AG" to accommodate the trend toward globalization and the success of the company brand and at the same time, Ueltschi incorporated the flag of Switzerland into the company logo as a sign of patriotism.

Bernina International [SEP] Linking to the 830, the most successful Bernina model from the 1970s, the new B830, in 2008 and its sister model, the B820, in 2009, were introduced as the most advanced sewing machines of the brand to date, with a total of 15 patents filed for the new B830. The Bernina Textile Group is a globally active group of 15 companies doing business in 80 countries.

Bernina International [SEP] The company operates in the product categories such as household sewing and embroidery machines, household overlocker machines, longarm quilting machines, multineedle embroidery machines, accessories (presser foot, embroidery hoops and other accessories for sewing, quilting and overlocking), and computer software for embroidery design. Subsidiaries are established in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the USA. The subsidiary Benartex, headquartered in the United States, sells printed textiles and quilting fabrics in particular.

Bernina International [SEP] OESD, another subsidiary, develops and sells embroidery designs. Brewer, engaging in the sewing supplies market, offers sewing and crafting notions, patterns, books etc. The company supplies 80 markets worldwide via business-to-business connections. The latest model, B 880, is the company’s current flagship model, while the 7 series models are Bernina’s most advanced products, equipped with the Bernina hook system for 9 mm stitch width at up to 1,000 stitches per minutes.

Bernina International [SEP] Bernina developed embroidery design editing and full digitizing software branded under its own name and written by industrial digitizing software manufacturer Wilcom International Pty Ltd.

Deanery Garden [SEP] Deanery Garden, or The Deanery, is an Arts and Crafts style house and garden in Sonning, Berkshire, England. The house was designed and built by architect Edwin Lutyens between 1899 and 1901. It is a Grade I listed building. The gardens, laid out by Lutyens and planted by garden designer Gertrude Jekyll, are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Deanery Garden [SEP] The house was built for the founder of the early lifestyle magazine "Country Life", Edward Hudson, essentially as a show home. It was featured in the magazine. The house has subsequently been considerably extended on its north side. The garden (c. 1 hectare) was planted by Gertrude Jekyll, like many for Lutyens country houses. Although in the centre of the village next to St Andrew's Church and the Bull Inn, the house and garden are very secluded, being surrounded by high walls.

Deanery Garden [SEP] However, the garden can be viewed from the church tower. Deanery Garden was owned by Nigel Broakes and Stanley Seeger during the 1980s. Marian Thompson helped to restore the garden. The house and gardens, which are now owned by Jimmy Page, guitarist with the group Led Zeppelin, are not open to the public.

Cynognathia [SEP] Cynognathia ("dog jaw") is one of two major clades of cynodonts, the other being Probainognathia. Cynognathians included the large carnivorous genus "Cynognathus" and the herbivorous traversodontids. Cynognathians can be identified by several synapomorphies including a very deep zygomatic arch that extends above the middle of the orbit. The cynognathians are the longest-lived non-mammalian therapsid clade extending from Triassic to the Late Triassic. Cynognathian fossils are currently known from South America, Antarctica, and South Africa.

August Spångberg [SEP] August Spångberg (29 March 1893 - 19 June 1987) was a Swedish labor politician. He was a member of the Riksdag (Swedish parliament), elected initially as a Communist and later as a Social Democrat. August Konrad Ferdinand Spångberg was born in Skärhyttan, Nora, Örebro län, Sweden. In his autobiography, "I tidens ström" (1966), he writes that his father, August Carlsson, left for America before he was born.

August Spångberg [SEP] Spångberg spent his early years living with his maternal grandfather, Karl Fredrik Spångberg, a coal burner, in a small cottage deep in the forests of Nora. For a short time he lived in a foster home and then moved back to live with his mother, Anna Lovisa Spångberg. August's two half-siblings—Sten Spångberg (1900-1970) and Linnéa Spångberg (1904-1981), a Swedish movie actress—were the children of his mother and Anders Gustav Olsson.

August Spångberg [SEP] As a young man, Spångberg found work as a railroad worker in Charlottenberg, and was active in the temperance movement and the socialist youth movement. In the 1917 split of the Social Democratic Party, Spångberg joined the Communist group headed by Zeth Höglund. In 1922, Spångberg was the youngest member ever to be elected to the Swedish parliament. In 1929 Spångberg, together with the majority of the Swedish Communists, were expelled from the Party.

August Spångberg [SEP] He then joined Karl Kilbom in the independent communist party (later renamed as the Socialist Party). In 1937 August Spångberg travelled with Ture Nerman to Spain to participate in the fight against the Nationalists of General Francisco Franco. They were caught in the crossfire of a battle on 3 May at the Hotel Victoria in Barcelona, which resulted in 2000 casualties. When Spångberg and Nerman return to Sweden soon after, they came home to see their party falling apart in a struggle between Karl Kilbom and Nils Flyg.

August Spångberg [SEP] Spångberg then joined the Swedish Social Democratic Party. During World War II Spångberg participated in the Norwegian resistance movement against the Nazi occupation of Norway. He helped many people escape Nazis-occupied Norway including Willy Brandt, who would later become the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. For his efforts Spångberg was appointed to the Order of St. Olav. Spångberg served 46 sessions in parliament until 1964 when he retired at the age of 71.

August Spångberg [SEP] The Eda Municipality Library in Charlottenberg, Sweden holds a special collection of Augustus Spångberg's parliamentary documents, letters, and literature. There is a memorial park in Charlottenberg, next to the public library, named after August Spångberg. MILITANT FRIEND OF PEACE Idealist and parliament member August Spångberg, of Charlottenberg, has died at the age of 94. He was born in Nora parish, Örebro.

August Spångberg [SEP] During the years 1922-1964, he was a member of the lower chamber of parliament, first for the Socialist party and later for the Social Democrats. During that period, he participated in 46 sessions of parliament. He was known as a fighting member and several times introduced legislation leading to a more democratic form of government. At one time, his efforts were opposed by then Prime Minister Tage Erlander as being impractical.

August Spångberg [SEP] For his role in Norway's resistance effort during World War II, he was awarded the Norwegian Order of St. Olav. In 1967, he was presented with the Eldhs peace award for his "unfaltering efforts in the cause of peace and disarmament." He labored many years in the Swedish peace and neutrality societies."

August Spångberg [SEP] At the age of 82, he authored a novel, "Radmannen, the Tale of a Crime" ["Rådmannen: En historia om ett brott"] which dealt with the Unman affair, of the 1950s, in which he had been involved and against which he fought. The nearest survivors include his wife, Sofie, nee Nilsson, a son Arne, his wife Anne-Marie, and several grandchildren and great-grandchildren. More books: LIBRIS

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Perpetua is a serif typeface that was designed by English sculptor and stonemason Eric Gill for the British Monotype Corporation. Perpetua was commissioned at the request of Stanley Morison, an influential historian of printing and adviser to Monotype around 1925, at a time when Gill's reputation as a leading artist-craftsman was high. Perpetua was intended as a crisp, contemporary design not following any specific historic model, with a structure influenced by Gill's experience of carving lettering for monuments and memorials.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Perpetua is commonly used for covers and headings and also sometimes for body text; it has been particularly popular in fine book printing. Perpetua was released with characters for the Greek alphabet and a matching set of titling capitals for headings. Perpetua is named for the Christian martyr Vibia Perpetua, an account of whose life was used in one of its first showings; its companion italic is named "Felicity" for her companion of that name. The choice had appeal to Morison and Gill, both converts to Catholicism.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Perpetua is often classified as a transitional serif font, with a delicate structure somewhat similar to British fonts from the eighteenth century such as Baskerville and stonecarved (lapidary) inscriptions in the same style. However, it does not directly revive any specific historical model. Characteristic "transitional" features in Perpetua include considerable contrast in stroke width, crisp horizontal serifs, a delicate colour on the page and a reasonably vertical axis, with letters such as ‘O’ having their thinnest points at the top and bottom.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Along with these characteristics, Perpetua bears the distinct personality of Gill's characteristic preferences in carving monumental lettering for uses such as tombstones, dedications and war memorials. Fine book printer Christopher Sandford of the Chiswick Press, who knew Gill, commented that "all Gill's types…are variants of Gill's own very lovely, very personal hand-lettering."

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Letter designs in Perpetua common in Gill's work include the 'a' that forms a sharp point without serif, the extended leg of the 'R' and the flat-topped 'A'. In italic, the 'a' has a smooth top and the 'g' is a "single-storey" design recalling handwriting. The top of the 'f' has a wedge-shaped serif.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Historian James Mosley suggests that a rubbing of a 1655 engraving at Rye may have been an influence on the design. Perpetua's italic also has some flourishes in the capitals. However, rather than being fully cursive in style, some characters resemble oblique type or the "sloped roman" style, a style rarely used for serif fonts in which letters are slanted but do not take on as many handwriting characteristics as in a "true italic".

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Examples of this are the flat foot serifs on letters like 'h', 'm' and 'n', where most body text italics would have a curl or no serif at all. In structure, Perpetua appears relatively light in colour and rather "small" on the page, although this is less problematic in the carefully designed metal type, in which every size was carefully drawn differently, than in digital facsimile.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Gill began work on Perpetua in 1925 at the request of Stanley Morison, typographical advisor to Monotype; they had met in 1913. Morison sought Gill's talent to design a new typeface for the foundry, asking for a "roman letter suitable for book reading, which while being new, was to be of general utility and in no respect unusual."

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] In his memoir and assessment of Monotype's work, "A Tally of Types" (1953, after Gill's death), Morison claimed that he had chosen to collaborate with Gill because of a desire to create a new typeface on a pattern following no past model, and an impression that previous artistically inclined typefaces cut as niche products for the private use of fine press printing companies had been too eccentric:it still remained desirable to cut…an original face [which] required a living artist capable of the work.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] There was no lack of fine calligraphers or fine printers in Britain and Germany [but] the possibility was remote of securing from this source a satisfactory set of drawings of a new roman and italic suitable for work of every sort…with the possible exceptions of the Doves and Golden Type, their efforts had been new and peculiar... Morison wrote that he felt that Gill as a sculptor, with a trade of work more akin to the engraving process used to sculpt the master punches traditionally used to make metal type, could succeed where these designers, mostly trained in calligraphy, had not:The finely bracketed serif with which the sculptors of the roman inscriptions dignified their alphabet is symbolic; it signified their sense of the fundamental difference between private and public writing; between script and inscription.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Thus the function of the serif must be understood by the artist if his book-type is to have a chance of succeeding. The fine serif is not in origin calligraphic but epigraphic; not written but sculptured. It follows that a set of drawings of a finely serifed type by a contemporary practitioner of lettering could best be made by "[a sculptor]" and Gill was the obvious man to solve it. He was asked to make drawings of the letters he had long been habitually carving.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Morison engaged Gill to develop drawings for the face around 1925. Mosley, in an article on Perpetua's development, comments that the design's:openness and small x-height make it far from economical in use, and the delicacy - even spindliness - of its cutting are a severe handicap. It reveals its qualities best in the richly-inked and crisply machined first specimen text.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Ultimately, despite Morison's high hopes for Perpetua, it has remained something of a niche face, particularly popular for high-quality printing projects and uses such as headings. Morison late in life conceded thatthe question whether the sizes 8- to 14-point fully realise the ambition with which they were begun, i.e. to create an original type serviceable for all kinds of books, does not permit of an answer in the unqualified affirmative.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Perpetua, it may be said at once, is eminently suitable for certain kinds of books...with which a certain obvious degree of 'style' is desired, as for example, the semi-private printing with which Gill was for a long time intimately associated. Perpetua's appeal to fine book printers has been long-standing since its release, both in the UK and abroad.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Christopher Sandford wrote of Perpetua and Gill’s similar type for the Golden Cockerel Press that “it is important that type in combination with finely cut engravings should not be so ‘bold’ as to 'kill' the artists' work, it is also important that it should not be too light to make a comfortable combination.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] While Gill's Perpetua is probably better suited to combine with line-engravings in copper, etchings, mezzotints or watercolour paintings, the [somewhat bolder] 'Golden Cockerel' type undoubtedly fulfilled Gill's intention for it to combine most charmingly with surface printing from wood-blocks." Vivian Ridler, some years later to become Printer to the University of Oxford, was so inspired by Gill's work around this time that he named his side printing project the Perpetua Press after the font in 1933.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] OUP book designer Hugh Williamson, in his "Methods of Book Design" (1956), however warned that Perpetua's 12 pt size was smaller than "any other series now in general use" but commented that Gill had proven that "the design of alphabets for printing has further achievements to offer to artists of the stature to reach them." Two connected designs created around and after the time of its project at Morison's instigation became among the most popular typefaces ever designed.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Morison was consulted to advise on a custom typeface for the "Times" around the end of Perpetua's convoluted development. One of several options proposed was a modified version of Perpetua, increased in bulk for the conditions of newspaper printing. ( Robin Kinross has noted that Perpetua's basic design is "hardly robust enough for newspaper printing.")

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] In the end Monotype created a new font, Times New Roman, for that project instead, basing it on an earlier typeface named Plantin, but one of the key modifications was sharpening Times's serifs, similar to Perpetua's design; Morison's cited reason for the change was to resemble the previous fonts used. Times New Roman when released to general use rapidly became one of the most popular fonts in the history of printing.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] In Monotype's sales chart through to 1984 Times ranks top of all, with Perpetua eighteenth out of forty-three. The "Times" did use Perpetua Titling for some sections in the metal type period. While working on the project Morison engaged Gill also to begin work on a sans-serif project, which became the extremely successful Gill Sans series, ranking fifth on Monotype's sales chart.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Mosley describes this as "a best-selling design whose sales record must have compensated Monotype for many well-meaning failures." The process of Perpetua's development was extremely convoluted. After Gill had produced his drawings, Morison decided not to send them to the Monotype engineering department at Salfords, Surrey, with which he had had disagreements. Instead, he commissioned at his own expense for the punchcutter of Paris in 1926 to manually engrave punches which were used to cast trial metal type.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Manually cutting punches was the standard method of creating the matrices, or moulds used to cast metal type, in the previous century, but was now effectively a niche artisanal approach replaced by machine pantograph engraving. Once the Malin type had been cast, Gill found some of his decisions unsatisfying seen in extended passages of text, leading him to propose changes and corrections. These were ultimately used to develop a final set of working drawings for commercial release. Gill made several attempts at designing a companion italic face for Perpetua.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] One was a sloped roman, in which the regular style is slanted without the different letterforms of italic type. This unusual design decision was done under the influence of Morison's opinion that a sloped roman form was preferable to that of cursive italics for use in book text, providing less of a contrast with the roman. However, the oblique was not accepted by Monotype management, who went so far as to declare it "worthless." Ultimately a more conventional italic was used instead.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Morison commented to his friend Jan van Krimpen that "we did not give enough slope to it. When we added more slope, it seemed that the fount required a little more cursive to it." A slightly condensed italic alphabet Gill had drawn for Gerald Meynell of the Westminster Press was also considered as a basis for its italic.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] An early showing of Perpetua in "The Fleuron", a journal edited by Morison, suggested that Gill might design a script or calligraphic font, "Felicity Script", as a companion, but this was never developed. Perpetua was set in a limited edition of a new translation by Walter H. Shewring of "The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity," giving birth to the name of the typeface and its companion italic. The book was printed in 1929.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] The same type and illustrations (also done by Gill) for that book subsequently appeared in the journal on printing "Fleuron" (number 7) which was edited by Morison and printed in 1930; Gill Sans was also promoted in an issue of it. Also set in Perpetua and published in 1929 was Gill's "Art Nonsense and Other Essays". While some sources give Perpetua a release date of 1929 based on these early uses, Perpetua was not to enter full commercial sale until 1932.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Once on sale, it was sold for Monotype's typesetting machines, which cast metal type under the control of a keyboard, and also sometimes offered in metal type for hand-setting for the use of larger sizes and smaller printers. Perpetua has been digitised by Monotype and a basic release is included with Microsoft Office. The professional release adds additional features likely to be used in professional printing, such as small capitals and text figures. Lapidary 333 by Bitstream is an unofficial digitisation.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] As many of Gill's faces and lettering projects show characteristic features, many of Gill's other families are similar in spirit. Joanna has similarities to Perpetua but a more robust colour on the page with regular slab serifs and an only slightly slanted italic; Gill described it as "a book face free from all fancy business". Gill's family for the Golden Cockerel Press, which has been digitised as ITC Golden Cockerel, also has similarities.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Monotype's Gill Facia family from the digital period, reviving Gill's lettering projects such as for WH Smith, is a more festive and decorative family in the same style particularly intended for display-size text. After Gill's death Monotype's competitor Linotype, seeking to have a Gill design for their line-up, licensed rights to a roman type by Gill for the Bunyan Press, and released it with a Gill-style italic under the name of "Pilgrim".

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] This proved very successful: Frank Newfeld has praised it as "a gutsier Perpetua". Financier, by Kris Sowersby, is a respected revival influenced by Perpetua and other Gill designs, in particular the more solid Solus and Joanna. Particularly acclaimed for being released in optical sizes for small and large text unlike the official Monotype digitisations, it was commissioned by the "Financial Times" and has also been commercially released.

Perpetua (typeface) [SEP] Also loosely inspired by Perpetua is Constantia, a typeface by John Hudson for Microsoft and intended to render well for onscreen display.

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