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Premier Inn [SEP] Whitbread bought Premier Lodge in 2004 and merged it with Travel Inn to form the current business under the name "Premier Travel Inn", which was then shortened to "Premier Inn". Premier Inn accounts for 70% of Whitbread's earnings. The chain started trading in 1987 as Travel Inn. The first site to open was next to "The Watermill" Beefeater restaurant in Basildon. In 2004, Whitbread acquired another hotel chain, Premier Lodge, for £536 million.

Premier Inn [SEP] This added 141 hotels to the portfolio. Whitbread renamed every hotel "Premier Travel Inn". In 2005, Premier Travel Inn opened its 500th hotel in Hemel Hempstead. In early 2006, Premier Travel Inn purchased 11 Holiday Inn hotels in England and Wales. These sites kept their leisure facilities such as a swimming pool and gym, except the hotel situated at Norman Cross.

Premier Inn [SEP] Premier Travel Inn started to launch a new bedroom design during this year to move away from the differences of "Travel Inn" and "Premier Lodge". Until then rooms had remained as they had been before and new hotels were designed as "Travel Inns". Whitbread shortened the name to "Premier Inn" in 2007; by 2009 the business accounted for more than 70% of Whitbread's earnings.

Premier Inn [SEP] In September 2007, Whitbread announced the purchase of Golden Tulip UK including six hotels trading in the UK under the Tulip Inn and Golden Tulip brands. The hotels were converted to Premier Inns. In April 2008, Whitbread announced a £100 million expansion of Premier Inn in London over the following three years. In July 2008, Whitbread bought 21 Express by Holiday Inn hotels in exchange for 44 Beefeater & Brewers Fayre restaurants where it was not possible to build a Premier Inn.

Premier Inn [SEP] In 2011, the 600th hotel was opened in Stratford-upon-Avon. Premier Inn have sold off some of their smaller hotels (which had fewer than 30 rooms) to Good Night Inns. Most of these were Premier Lodge sites in less prominent locations. In July 2015, the 700th Premier Inn was opened in Kingston-upon-Thames, London. The company plans to operate 85,000 bedrooms in the UK by 2020.

Premier Inn [SEP] The Premier Inn chain can be found from Inverness in the north of Scotland to Helston, Cornwall in south-west England. Hotels are found either in city centres or on the outskirts near to major A roads and motorways. In October 2010, the Premier Inn hotels located at Roadchef and Moto motorway service stations were sold to Days Inn after the franchise agreement was terminated. Hotels vary in size, with many smaller inns and large purpose-built city centre hotels.

Premier Inn [SEP] Most Premier Inn hotels are newly built, although many of the chain's inner city locations in the UK are housed within redeveloped office buildings which would otherwise have been demolished. Some hotels such as "Bristol Airport" in Sidcot are housed in older buildings. In the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire, Premier Inn said three of their hotels in Maidenhead, Brentford and Tottenham were built with cladding. In 2007, Premier Inn entered Ireland, when it took over the Tulip Inn in Swords.

Premier Inn [SEP] Premier Inn offer bus transfers to and from Dublin Airport, which is nearby. As of 2019, Premier Inn is currently pursuing an expansion in Dublin and has bought three sites in the city centre and Docklands area. In 2006, Premier Inn announced that it had entered into a joint venture agreement with Emirates Group to launch in the Gulf Cooperation Council region. This was the first move to expand the brand beyond the UK. The joint venture identified three sites in Dubai, creating more than 800 new rooms.

Premier Inn [SEP] The first Premier Inn in Dubai to open was a 300-room hotel at Dubai Investment Park. A similar size hotel at Dubai Airport, and a 220-room hotel at Dubai Silicon Oasis on Emirates Road, were opened. Dubai Ibn Battuta Mall Hotel has also been opened, connected to Ibn Battuta Mall. There is also a Premier Inn located in the Abu Dhabi Capital Centre, and another Premier Inn located in Abu Dhabi International Airport which opened on 19 November 2013.

Premier Inn [SEP] Next to Qatar National Convention Centre (QNCC), there is Doha Education City Hotel. In 2007, Premier Inn announced that it has entered into a 50:50 joint venture agreement with Emaar-MGF – one of India's leading real estate developers, to develop Premier Inn in India. This will be Premier Inn's third international market following the joint venture with Emirates announced in 2006.

Premier Inn [SEP] A total equity investment of up to £300m was to be invested in the joint venture over the following 10 years of which Whitbread's share was to be 50%. Over the 10-year period, the venture was to create some 80 hotels and over 12,000 rooms. The sites were targeted in the Delhi Region (National Capital Region), Chennai, Goa, Hyderabad and Chandigarh. In 2016, Premier Inn launched its first hotel in the German market – Frankfurt Messe.

Premier Inn [SEP] Since then two further sites have been secured in Essen and Freiburg with plans to launch hotels across the principal German cities. As well as the standard Premier Inns, there are two sub-brands. " Hub by Premier Inn" is a city centre format with in-room technology such as tablets. " Zip by Premier Inn" is lower-priced. Some rooms do not have windows and there is a simplified food and drink service. The first Zip hotel opened in Roath, Cardiff in 2019.

Premier Inn [SEP] All Premier Inns have an on-site restaurant, with the exception of hotels which were formerly Holiday Inn Express, where kitchen facilities were added to the hotel for breakfasts only. Most hotels are accompanied by a Whitbread restaurant such as Whitbread Inns, Table Table, Brewers Fayre or Beefeater. The majority of town and city centre hotels have an in-house restaurant called Thyme. City centre hotels used to have a Slice or BarEst restaurant, whose design and menus were very similar.

Premier Inn [SEP] Hotels that used to be Premier Lodges have a range of different restaurants, operated by Spirit Pub Company such as Chef & Brewer or Fayre & Square. Former Express by Holiday Inn sites have a Mitchells & Butlers restaurant, either Harvester, Toby Carvery or Vintage Inns. Some hotels have a third-party restaurant that used to be owned by Whitbread, such as TGI Fridays. Newer inner city Premier Inns which have been built in smaller spaces have a restaurant called The Kitchen.

Premier Inn [SEP] Premier Inn was the first major budget hotel chain in the UK to invest in prime time television advertising. After Travel Inn and Premier Lodge merged, animated adverts were used to advertise the merger. In late 2007, comedian Lenny Henry became the face of the campaign and is now in every advert.

Premier Inn [SEP] In May 2011, the BBC's consumer television programme "Watchdog" criticised its widely advertised £29 promotion, having received complaints from viewers that it was almost impossible to book for that price because very few promotional rooms were available. Premier Inn stated that this was due to its rooms being "popular". Online and digital promotion now drive a significant proportion of bookings made for the brand.

Premier Inn [SEP] Premier Inn have made substantial investments in both its main website and mobile app for smartphone bookings, and these are further complemented by affiliate marketing, whereby third party websites drive bookings onto the Premier Inn website.

Puerto Píritu [SEP] Puerto Píritu is a Venezuelan city located in the north-central coast of Anzoátegui State, with a population more than 11,000. It is the capital of the Fernando de Peñalver Municipality, and located 46 km from the centre of Barcelona, the capital of the State. By road it is approximately 25 minutes from the city of Barcelona and 45 minutes from Uchire Boca.

Puerto Píritu [SEP] Puerto Píritu founded in 1513 as "El Manjar" and abandoned few years later, still retains an enormous amount of colonial buildings in the historic centre of the city. Modern history starts from the arrival of Franciscan missionaries in 1652. Puerto Píritu was the point of entry and departure in the 17th and 18th centuries for colonization, evangelization and immigration into what is now Anzoátegui State. Puerto Píritu began its history with its own identity in the mid-19th century.

Puerto Píritu [SEP] Thanks to many margariteñas families, that people became the major commercial port output products of the guariqueños Plains and in the basin of river Unare point such that for 1928 was already district as it is today the municipality Peñalver. The current Puerto Píritu still retains an enormous amount of colonial buildings in the historic centre of the city. Tourism and fishing and trade are the main sources of income of Puerto Píritu.

Puerto Píritu [SEP] The altitude of the city is eight m The city is located in a 10.04495 'n LAT and Long 65.033272 ' o Port Píritu is a tourist area as well as the other cities of Anzoátegui State, with its beaches and lagoons. This region is characterized by a sparse vegetation in contrast to large areas of beaches that are mostly frequented by domestic visitors.

Puerto Píritu [SEP] The eastern seaboard of Anzoátegui has a tourist infrastructure of recent data, the resort of Puerto Píritu has a length of 600 meters of beaches in turbid waters that turn brown when the sea is rough. Services include restaurants type "caneys", rent sunshades and umbrellas. Port Píritu's tourist attractions include its scenery, flora, fauna and beaches.

Gigi Galli [SEP] Gianluigi Galli (born January 13, 1973), better known as Gigi Galli, is an Italian rally driver, best known for his spectacular driving style. He comes from, and lives in Livigno, Italy. Galli debuted in the World Rally Championship at the 1998 San Remo Rally with a Group N Mitsubishi Carisma GT. His first world rally with a WRC car was the 2004 Monte Carlo Rally. In 2005, Galli drove for Mitsubishi and competed in 13 events with a Mitsubishi Lancer WRC05.

Gigi Galli [SEP] He finished 11th in the drivers' world championship. In 2006, he drove a Peugeot 307 WRC in six world rallies. He achieved his first podium place by finishing third in the Rally Argentina. In the 2007 season, he competed in three rallies with a Citroën Xsara WRC for the Italian privateer outfit Aimont Racing. His best result was sixth at the Rally Norway. In 2008 Galli drove for the Stobart Ford team in all rounds of the WRC, replacing Jari-Matti Latvala.

Gigi Galli [SEP] His first outing with the new team, after 10 months of absence in the series was quite successful - Galli managed to score 3 points in the drivers' and manufacturers' championship by finishing sixth overall. The Italian had some problems with the power steering on day two which cost him over a minute, but he was able to keep a good position.

Gigi Galli [SEP] In Sweden, after three days of consistent pace, Galli equalled his best WRC result, finishing third and scoring another 6 points, which gave him fourth position in drivers' championship after two rounds. After Rally Finland, Galli was eighth in the drivers' championship, only three points behind teammate Henning Solberg. However, at the following event, the Rallye Deutschland, Galli crashed heavily fracturing his left femur. As the recovery was expected to take five months, Galli would miss the five last rallies of the season.

Gigi Galli [SEP]

Mrs. Pepper Pot (TV series) [SEP] Mrs. Pepper Pot, known in Japanese as and in the United States as Madame Peppermint, is a Japanese anime television series, based on the children's books of "Mrs. Pepperpot" by the Norwegian author Alf Prøysen. The series premiered on NHK General TV from April 4, 1983 to March 30, 1984, spanning a total of 130 10-minute episodes. Mrs. Pepper Pot lives in a small little village with her husband.

Mrs. Pepper Pot (TV series) [SEP] She wears a small magical teaspoon around her neck which every now and then shrinks her to the size of her teaspoon which does not shrink as well, and she must drag it along with her on her back when she gets shrunk. She always changes back to her original size after a certain amount of time. This special condition had its advantages — she can communicate with animals and enjoy wonderful adventures in the woods. This way she wins new and interesting friends on a regular basis.

Mrs. Pepper Pot (TV series) [SEP] She is a good friend of Lily, a mysterious little girl who lives in the forest alone, she is also friends with a mouse family. She can not reveal her secret or show herself in the shrunk condition, which sometimes gets quite difficult. Her husband Mr. Pepperpot eventually finds out his wife's secret later on in the series.

Mrs. Pepper Pot (TV series) [SEP] The series was, as many anime aimed at children of the time were, based on a European children's novel, in this case the eponymous series of Norwegian children's books by Alf Prøysen.

Fannefjord [SEP] Fannefjorden is a fjord located in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is a long extension of the Moldefjorden, running east-west near the south side of the Romsdal peninsula. The fjord begins just east of the city of Molde on the north shore with the island of Bolsøya on the south side. It is believed that "Fannefjorden" is very old name, and perhaps a name originally applied to the whole area.

Fannefjord [SEP] European Route E39 runs along the north side of the fjord from the city of Molde to the village of Hjelset on the northern shore of the fjord, where the road turns northward. The village of Kleive is located near the end of the fjord. County Road 64 crosses under the fjord in the Fannefjord Tunnel.

Lord Robert Manners-Sutton [SEP] Lord Robert Manners, later Manners-Sutton (21 February 1722 – 19 November 1762) was the second son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland by his wife the Hon. Bridget Sutton, and younger brother of the famous soldier Lord Granby, under whom he served as Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the 21st Light Dragoons.

Lord Robert Manners-Sutton [SEP] He was a captain in the Duke of Kingston's Light Horse in 1745 and a lieutenant-colonel in the Duke of Cumberland's Dragoons in 1746-48, with whom he served in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. He was then appointed Colonel commandant of the 21st Light Dragoons from 1760 to his death. Becoming a courtier, he served as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Frederick, Prince of Wales from 1749 to 1751.

Lord Robert Manners-Sutton [SEP] He was appointed Master of the Staghounds on 26 April 1744 and Master of the Harriers from 11 April 1754 until 13 January 1756. From 6 July 1747 until his death he was one of the Members of Parliament for Nottinghamshire. He adopted the additional surname of Sutton on succeeding to the estates of his maternal grandfather the 2nd Lord Lexinton in 1734. These included Kelham Hall, near Newark, Nottinghamshire.

Lord Robert Manners-Sutton [SEP] He died without having married, and so the estates passed to his next brother Lord George Manners, who also adopted the name Manners-Sutton.

Albin Ström [SEP] Albin Ström (1892 in Ånimskog – 1962) was a Swedish socialist politician from Gothenburg. As a young Social Democrat, Ström joined Zeth Höglund in 1917 when the party was split in two, as Höglund's radical left-wing was expelled. The left-wing soon formed the Swedish Communist Party, but in 1923 Ström left the CP and rejoined the Social Democratic Party.

Albin Ström [SEP] From 1928 Albin Ström was member of the Riksdag, first as a Social Democrat, then as a member of the Kilbom Communist Party, and from 1940 as party leader for the Left Socialist Party.

Emilio Floris [SEP] Emilio Floris (born September 15, 1944) is an Italian politician. A trained physician, he started his political career in the mid-1990s as a member of Forza Italia. In 2001, he was elected mayor of the Sardinian capital Cagliari. Emilio Floris specialized in radiology, cardiology and occupational medicine. After graduating, he worked temporarily for public hospitals in Cagliari and Guspini. Later he became administrative leader of two privately owned hospitals in Cagliari and Oristano, in which he also performed medical work.

Emilio Floris [SEP] During this time he was also engaged in public functions, becoming leader of the Italian Association of Private Hospitals 'AIOP' as well as president of the cultural society "La Radice" and of a local soccer club. In 1994, Emilio Floris was among the founding members of Forza Italia in Sardinia. He became chairman of the party's group in the regional council after receiving one of the best results of all candidates. Later during his term he was also elected as provincial coordinator of his party.

Emilio Floris [SEP] After confirming his electoral success in the 1999 elections, Floris retained his position as group leader in the council. Two years later, he was elected mayor of his home town Cagliari with the respectable result of 56.9% of all votes, giving him a simple majority already in the first round. He was reelected as mayor in the 2006 elections, with 53.6% in the balloting vote.

Tony Carreira [SEP] Tony Carreira (born António Manuel Mateus Antunes on December 30, 1963) is a Portuguese musician. Born in the small rural locality of Armadouro, Pampilhosa da Serra, he moved to Paris at age 10 with his emigrant parents. He lived there for 20 years. Carreira has had several hits since 1991, becoming during the 2000s one of the most renowned and best-selling popular singers in his home country.

Tony Carreira [SEP] Tony Carreira sold out concerts in one of the largest venues in Portugal, the Pavilhão Atlântico in Lisbon, and also at the Olympia in Paris. "O Homem Que Sou" has been certified seven times platinum in Portugal. Until 2009 he sold over 700,000 records in Portugal.

Tony Carreira [SEP] "Nos fiançailles France/Portugal", released in February 2014, includes duets with several French artists such as Natasha St-Pier, Vincent Niclo, Gérard Lenorman, Michel Sardou, Dany Brillant, Serge Lama, Anggun, Didier Barbelivien, Lisa Angell and Hélène Ségara. The album "Sempre" was released in 2014. His most recent album, "Mon Fado", was released in 2016.

Tony Carreira [SEP] Tony Carreira is the father of three children, Sara, a TV personality and the pop singers David Carreira and Mickael Carreira. In August 2008, the Portuguese Society of Authors (SPA) announced that it had received several complaints about possible plagiarism by Tony Carreira. The complaints related to three songs: "Depois de Ti (Mais Nada)", "Ai Destino, Ai Destino" and "Leva-me ao Céu".

Tony Carreira [SEP] SPA concluded that the song "Depois de Ti (Mais Nada)", is an apparent unauthorized copy of the song "Después de Ti Qué?", made popular by Christian Castro. No action was taken however because SPA had not received an official complaint from the rights owners, who were represented by Universal Music Publishing. According to Universal Music the matter was "under investigation". In 2017, Tony Carreira was formally accused of plagiarism by the Portuguese Public Prosecution Service.

Gert Bastian [SEP] Gert Bastian (26 March 1923 – presumably 1 October 1992) was a German military officer and politician with the German Green Party. Born in Munich, Bastian volunteered for the Wehrmacht at the age of nineteen. In World War II he served on the Eastern Front being wounded by a bullet in the right arm and in the head by a grenade fragment. He was also hit by American machine gun fire in France. After the war he started a business which failed and he rejoined the military.

Gert Bastian [SEP] From 1956 to 1980 Bastian served in the Bundeswehr, retiring as a divisional commander with the rank of Major General. During this period Bastian's politics changed radically. In the 1950s he had been a member of the Christian Social Union in his native Bavaria. Yet Bastian was also an opponent of the planned stationing of medium-range missiles with nuclear warheads in Europe and joined the peace movement. In 1981 he was the joint founder of a group called "Generals for Peace".

Gert Bastian [SEP] Bastian was, from 29 March 1983 until 18 February 1987, an elected member of the Greens in the German Federal Parliament. Between 10 February 1984 and 18 March 1986, he was an independent member of Parliament having separated from the Green's Parliamentary group several times over his opposition to the rotation principle for leadership then enforced in the Greens. He was then deselected by the Green Party.

Gert Bastian [SEP] In the 1980s, Bastian was, together with his partner Petra Kelly, one of the most important West German supporters of the opposition in the German Democratic Republic. On 19 October 1992, the decomposing bodies of Bastian and Kelly were discovered in the bedroom of their house in Bonn by police officials after they received a call from both Bastian's wife and Kelly's grandmother who reported that they hadn't heard from either Bastian or Kelly for a few weeks.

Gert Bastian [SEP] The police asserted that Kelly was shot dead while sleeping by Bastian, who then killed himself. Police estimated the deaths had most likely occurred on 1 October but the exact time of death could not be pinpointed due to the delay in finding the bodies and their resultant state of decomposition. Neither Bastian nor Kelly left any written message or other evidence useful to explain the reason of the homicide-suicide.

Gert Bastian [SEP] Theories have been put forward that Bastian was afraid of an imminent opening of Stasi files revealing his role as an agent of the East German secret police; anyway at present no such evidence has emerged. Bastian was buried in the Nordfriedhof in Schwabing, Munich.

Splake [SEP] The splake or slake ("Salvelinus namaycush x Salvelinus fontinalis") is a hybrid of two fish species resulting from the crossing of a male brook trout ("Salvelinus fontinalis") and a female lake trout ("Salvelinus namaycush"). The name itself is a portmanteau of speckled trout (another name for brook trout) and lake trout, and may have been used to describe such hybrids as early as the 1880s.

Splake [SEP] Hybrids of the male lake trout with the female brook trout (the so-called "brookinaw") have also been produced, but are not as successful. The intrageneric hybrid is of the genus "Salvelinus" and, hence, is most properly known as a char or charr. In some locales, the fish is referred to as the wendigo. Although the hybrid is genetically stable and is, theoretically, capable of reproducing, splake reproduction is extremely rare, for behavioural reasons, outside the hatchery environment.

Splake [SEP] The only known natural reproduction has occurred in five lakes in Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada and, in each case, only a handful of progeny were produced. Because splake typically do not reproduce, they are used as a sport fish in many lakes across the US. Fishery managers are able to control populations numbers due to the extremely poor spawning success rate. The fish possesses characteristics of both parent species.

Splake [SEP] Splake exhibit higher growth rates than either parent species and can attain 46 cm (18 in) in length only two years after being planted as fingerlings ("i.e.", at 2½ years of age). By way of contrast, lacustrine brook trout would approach 25 cm (10 in) in length at a similar age and similarly aged lake trout would be expected to be less than 40 cm (16 in) long.

Splake [SEP] Splake are considered "easier to catch" than other salmonids and often live longer and fare better in certain situations. Hence, splake are well suited for stocking in a variety of coldwater lakes and ponds. The maximum size is about 9 kg (20 lb), but fish over 4 kg (9 lb) are rare and are considered trophies. An example would be in Ontario, where both F1 splake and the lake trout backcross have been planted for several years.

Splake [SEP] The backcross is the result of an F1 splake male being crossed with a female lake trout ("i.e.", 75% lake trout and 25% brook trout). Although splake were first described in 1880, Ontario began experimenting with the hybrids in the 1960s in an effort to replace collapsed lake trout stocks in the Great Lakes. Due to mediocre results, the experiment never really progressed beyond Georgian Bay.

Splake [SEP] The theory was that splake would grow more quickly and mature sooner than lake trout with the hope that they would be able to reproduce before being attacked by the invasive sea lamprey. Unfortunately, although splake are relatively unusual among hybrids in that they are fertile, fertility in nature is behaviourally problematic—very few natural progeny are produced by introduced splake populations.

Splake [SEP] After some experimentation in the late 1970s, stocking in the Great Lakes and, especially, in Georgian Bay, was converted entirely to the so-called lake trout backcross in the early 1980s. Although the backcross program did succeed in creating some localised angling opportunities, it never achieved any degree of success in terms of natural reproduction—the backcross was only marginally better at reproducing than was the F1 splake.

Splake [SEP] The F1 splake has proved to be a success, however, in providing angling opportunities in smaller lakes and most of the planting of splake in Ontario now goes to those situations. In the first of two cases, former brook trout waters which have become infested with spiny-rayed fish to the point where they no longer produce brook trout are stocked with splake.

Splake [SEP] The splake grow more quickly than do wild-strain brook trout and become piscivorous at a younger age and, hence, are more tolerant of competitors than are brook trout. In the second case, relatively small lake trout lakes that experienced poor recruitment due to insufficient deep-water juvenile lake trout habitat will support fairly good splake fisheries, since splake are less dependent on extreme deep water than are the lake trout and they grow more quickly, providing a better return to anglers.

Splake [SEP] In both cases, due to the behavioural sterility of splake, all such fisheries are entirely dependent on artificial propagation.

Probainognathia [SEP] The probainognathians are members of one of the two major clades of the infraorder Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathians. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some species eventually also evolved herbivorous traits. The earliest and most basal Probainognathian is "Lumkuia", from South Africa. Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: the Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, who both survived until the Jurassic—the latter possibly even into the Cretaceous (Xenocretosuchus)—and Mammaliaformes, who gave rise to the mammals.

Probainognathia [SEP] Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:

John Koukouzelis [SEP] John Koukouzelis or Jan Kukuzeli (; , "Yoan Kukuzel"; , "Ioannis Koukouzelis"; 1280 – 1360) was a Byzantine medieval Orthodox Christian composer, singer and reformer of Orthodox Church music. He was recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church after his death. Koukouzelis was born in Durazzo, at the time part of the Angevin Kingdom of Albania in the late 13th century to an Albanian father and a Bulgarian mother. He was orphaned in childhood.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] According to some sources he was born in Džerminci, near Debar, which is presently uninhabited. Koukouzelis' last name is allegedly derived from the Greek word for broad beans (κουκιά, "koukia") and a Slavic word for cabbage (зеле, "zele"). Most scholars, including David Marshall Lang, state that his mother was simply of Bulgarian origin, while Robert Elsie generalizes her as being of Macedonian Slav descent.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] However, according to Raymond Detrez, despite that his mother may have been a Bulgarian, her Slavic origin is obscure. At a young age, he was noted and accepted into the school at the imperial court at Constantinople. Koukouzelis received his education at the Constantinople court vocal school and established himself as one of the leading authorities in his field during the time. A favourite of the Byzantine emperor and a principal choir chanter, he moved to Mount Athos and led a monastic way of life in the Great Lavra.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Because of his singing abilities, he was called "Angel-voiced". Koukouzelis established a new melodious ("kalophonic") style of singing out of the sticherarion. Some years after the fall of Constantinople Manuel Chrysaphes characterised the sticheron kalophonikon and the anagrammatismos as new genres of psaltic art which were once created by John Koukouzelis. Despite his innovations, Manuel assured that John Koukouzelis never contradicted the traditional method of the old sticherarion, not even in his anagrammatismoi.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] But, O my friend, do not think that the manner of the whole musical art and its practice is so simple and uniform that the composer of a kalophonic sticheron [the soloistic sticheron kalophonikon ()] with appropriate theseis who does not adhere to the manner of old sticheron [the conventional simple way to perform a sticheron with two choirs] can think that he has done well and that which he has written quite good and free from every condemnation – since, if what he has composed does not include the method of the old sticheron, it is not correct.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Do not think therefore, that the performance of chant is simple, but rather that it is complex and of many forms. [...] Thus even in the kalophonic stichera the composers of these do not depart from their original melodies [] but follow them accurately, step by step, and retain them.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Therefore, they take over some melodies unchanged from tradition and from the music thus preserved (as it is recorded in the old Sticherarion [the simple sticherarion according to the redaction and its variants since the 14th century]), and they all follow the path unaltered throughout the entire composition. The second composer always follows his predecessor and his successor follows him and, to put it simply, everyone retains the technique of the art. [...]

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Ioannes Koukouzeles, the maistor, does not alter the stichera in his anagrammatismoi [the more deliberate compositions of a sticheron kalophonikon about the final section of a certain sticheron which usually also changed its text and reworked its melodic structure], but follows them step by step, although, like composers now, he was entirely able (indeed he was much more able) to create his own original chants which had nothing in common with their prototype stichera [the simple sticheron as it was traditionally notated in the books of the sticherarion].

John Koukouzelis [SEP] But, had he acted thus, he would neither acted correctly nor would he have thought that he had interpreted the science of composition befittingly. Therefore, he follows the path of the old stichera precisely and does not alter them at all, obeying the rules of the science. The school of John Glykys and his followers like John and Xenos Korones created the "Late Byzantine" system of round notation.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] But the use of just one notation system could seduce to the conclusion, that every chant genre has to be performed in the same way. Instead a huge number of different methods had to be observed, which were part of an oral tradition, sometimes even of a particular one which depended on a certain local school.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] However, the notation itself is sometimes not regarded as one system of its own, since it simply continued an already existing synthesis of many different notations (like the one of the asmatikon) within the notation developed in the monastic books of the sticherarion and the heirmologion. John Koukouzelis is also regarded as the creator of a new chant book which replaced the former books of the cathedral rite, the book of the choir (asmatikon), and the book of the lampadarios or monophonaris who sometimes replaced the left choir.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] The latter book was called "psaltikon" or "kontakarion", while the new book which combined the content of the older books, was called "order of services" () and these manuscripts are conventionally ascribed to John Koukouzelis. The Constantinopolitan redaction of the sticherarion and the heirmologion during the fourteenth century were often ascribed to John as well, but it was obviously neither the redaction of just one scribe, nor did the new kalophonic method intend any changes which contradicted the traditional ways.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] John Koukouzelis was obviously just one among a group of very talented musicians and reformers. Nevertheless, his legendary reputation caused that he is often identified with the reform itself. This identification is a common phenomenon in many Oriental and Andalusian traditions whose orally based transmission had never been completely abandoned. The kalophonic method of John Koukouzelis can be studied by means of a vocal exercise "Mega Ison" which offered 60 designations of vocal signs.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Also this didactic chant was a redaction of a similar one by John Glykys which probably developed from a simple list of notation signs as an essential part of a treatise genre called Papadike. The "exercise" (mathema) Mega Ison instead is a complex composition whose melos changes between all the echoi of the Papadic octoechos.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] In general it is useful to make a distinction between compositions which can be verified as the compositions by John Koukouzelis, and those which are simply based on the method which he taught (as a stylistic category based on the kalophonic melos as exemplified by Mega Ison).

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Even concerning famous compositions, their authorship is often a subject of scholarly debates whose concern is not always the talent of one individual composer—like the "Polyeleoi of the Bulgarian Woman" dedicated to his mother that, according to some researchers, contains elements of traditional Bulgarian mourning songs. Greek editions of the same Polyeleos are different and especially the authorship of the Kratema used in the Bulgarian edition has been a controversial issue.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Concerning stichera kalophonika, there are numerous compositions made up in his name, but his authorship must be regarded as a certain school which had a lot of followers and imitators.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Modern print editions of chant books have only a very few compositions (different melismatic echos varys realisations of , several Polyeleos compositions, the cherubikon palatinon, the Mega Ison, the Anoixantaria) which are almost never sung, except the short Sunday koinonikon, for the very practical reason that most of John Koukouzelis' compositions, at least based on the exegetic transcriptions by Chourmouzios Chartophylakos (GR-An Ms. ΜΠΤ 703), are simply too long.

John Koukouzelis [SEP] Koukouzelis is regarded as the most influential figure in the music of his period. He was later recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, his feast day being on 1 October. He is known as Saint John Koukouzelis (, "Hagios Ioannis Koukouzelis", , "Sveti Yoan Kukuzel", , , ). A musical school in his native Durrës bears his name. Kukuzel Cove in Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Koukouzelis, using the Slavic form of his name.

John Koukouzelis [SEP]

Llangain [SEP] Llangain is a village and community in Carmarthenshire, in the south-west of Wales. Located to the west of the River Towy, the community contains three standing stones, and two chambered tombs as well as the ruins of 15th century great house, Castell Moel. In 2001 the community's population was recorded at 574, decreasing slightly to 573 at the 2011 census.

Llangain [SEP] Situated near the bank of the Afon Tywi, the parish extends from near Johnstown to Llansteffan in one direction and from Llangynog to the river in another and consists of very pleasant countryside with gentle hills reaching 350 ft/105m (Trig Point) and stretches of woodlands. The parish encloses an area of almost . Prehistory There are a few cromlechs or dolmens, the best examples being Meini Llwydion (Greystones) and Merlin's Quoits.

Llangain [SEP] They were communal burial places for family groups dating back to the Neolithic period (c.3000 BC). The community is bordered by the communities of: Carmarthen; Llandyfaelog; Llansteffan; and Llangynog, all being in Carmarthenshire. In 1846 the only school was a Sunday School. Llangain Board School was built in 1875 and officially opened in 1876, and was in use until superseded by the new school in 1977, to which only about 30-35 children go.

Llangain [SEP] There was an after school club but it closed down because not enough children went. The present church of St Cain was built in 1871. There is a tiled mural on either side of the altar in memory of the Gwyn family of Pilroath and Plas Cwrthir. An Elizabethan chalice is dated 1576. Capel Smyrna, a congregational chapel, is a prominent landmark within the parish. Originally built in 1835, it was rebuilt in 1865 and restored in 1915. The white building provided stabling for horses during chapel services.

Llangain [SEP] The loft served as the vestry. Castell Moel (Green Castle) is a local landmark at the sharp bend on the B4312. The ruins of the impressive, late medieval residence still stand. It was never a castle but a residence built for the Reed family in the early 15th century and was in ruin in Elizabethan times. It is possible there had been some earthen fortification there at one time. Some believe this to be at Old Castle. Doubtless this would have been a motte and bailey.

Llangain [SEP] Until recent times ships used to lie at anchor below to off load onto lighter vessels for transport to Carmarthen. Coedmor was built in 1968 for Mr and Mrs E.J.Williams, retired farmers of Penycoed. Coedmor Avenue is named in recognition of their ownership of the land and the family's continuing local connection. Bwthyn-y-Felin is an old woollen mill which employed four full-time workers in its heyday. Llangain Mill closed in the 1940s.

Llangain [SEP] Llwyndu mansion, a Grade II listed building, was built in the early 19th century. In 1821-1823 Captain Henry Harding lived there and it was afterwards the home of Frederick Philipps, JP. In 1906 the owner was Charles Bankes Davies. It has an upper and lower lodge. The original name for the upper lodge The Beeches, was Chweched meaning Sixth, indicating the six lanes. The main mansion building was largely destroyed by fire in June 2015 with only the front and side elevations remaining.

Llangain [SEP] Pilroath mansion is situated at the southern end of the parish above the confluence of the Rhoth Brook and the Afon Tywi. In 1902 the property was purchased by T J Harries, Esq. who built the present mansion. The property was occupied by the Harries family for three generations and owned until 1994 by County Councillor Arthur Harries. The courtyard and outbuildings are now being adapted into a production base where films and TV programmes reflecting local life can be made.

Llangain [SEP] Fernhill, a small gentry house dating back to 1723 and listed as a grade II building for its architectural and cultural connections. Famous as a frequent childhood holiday retreat of the world-renowned poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953), it became immortalised in one of his best-known poems, Fern Hill. Fernhill is also known for its association with the notorious county hangman, Robert Rickets Evans who lived there at the turn of the 20th century. His daughter was heiress to a fortune.

Llangain [SEP] He imprisoned her in a cell in the courtyard (which can still be seen today) to gain her fortune, but her lover helped her to escape, according to folklore. The story has been confirmed in more recent research, which has also described Thomas' stays at Fernhill and the extent of his family connections in the Llangain area. Pantydderwen was a small cottage originally and once housed the Post Office and local sweet shop. It became a public house c.1979. The golf course opened in 1993.

Llangain [SEP] Pantyrathro mansion was built by James Richards in the early 19th century. It was developed as a direct result of selling local milk products to London with the coming of the railway to Carmarthen. It became a local hotel in 1970.

Torsti Lehtinen [SEP] Torsti Lehtinen, Finnish writer and philosopher, was born in Helsinki in 1942. He studied philosophy, theology and literature at the University of Helsinki. In 1959 he made his first trip abroad, to Copenhagen, a city that became and has remained a foreign focal point for him. The years 1979-1982 he lived in Stockholm before returning to Finland, first to Central Finland and then, in 1999, to his native Helsinki.

Torsti Lehtinen [SEP] Since his youth he tried his hand in some 40 different professions, the more serious of which were working as a teacher for the socially handicapped for five years and as a software consultant for Nokia computers for nine years. In 1982 he published his first novel, "Kun päättyy Pitkäsilta / Where ends the Longbridge" (second edition 1992, third 1997).

Torsti Lehtinen [SEP] With the publication of his second novel, "Kuin unta ja varjoa / Like dream and shadow", in 1983, he became a full-time writer. Since then he has written more than 20 works, including novels, aphorisms, poems, essays, plays and non-fiction. He has also edited several books and been a co-writer of around 50 books. Parts of his production have been translated into Danish, Swedish, German, Estonian and Russian.