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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Abdominal paracentesis | Q:A 50-year-old woman presents with esophageal varices, alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension, and recent onset confusion. The patient’s husband does not recall her past medical history but knows her current medications and states that she is quite disciplined about taking them. Current medications are spironolactone, labetalol, lactulose, and furosemide. Her temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), heart rate is 115/min, blood pressure is 105/62 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is disoriented, lethargic, and poorly responsive to commands. A cardiac examination is unremarkable. Lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdomen is distended, tense, and mildly tender. Mild asterixis is present. Neurologic examination is normal. The digital rectal examination reveals guaiac negative stool. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Basic metabolic panel Unremarkable
Platelet count 95,500/µL
Leukocyte count 14,790/µL
Hematocrit 33% (baseline is 30%)
Which of the following would most likely be of diagnostic value in this patient??
{'A': 'Noncontrast CT of the head', 'B': 'Therapeutic trial of lactulose', 'C': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy', 'D': 'Abdominal paracentesis', 'E': 'Serum ammonia level'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Apical subpleural cyst | Q:A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 8 hours after the sudden onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. She has cystic fibrosis and, during the past year, has had 4 respiratory exacerbations that have required hospitalization. Current medications include an inhaled bronchodilator, an inhaled corticosteroid, inhaled N-acetylcysteine, and azithromycin. The patient appears chronically ill. Her temperature is 37.9°C (100.2°F), pulse is 96/min, respirations are 22/min and labored, and blood pressure is 106/64 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on 2 L/min of oxygen via nasal cannula shows an oxygen saturation of 96%. Examination shows an increased anteroposterior chest diameter. There is digital clubbing. Chest excursions and tactile fremitus are decreased on the right side. On auscultation of the chest, breath sounds are significantly diminished over the right lung field and diffuse wheezing is heard over the left lung field. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's current symptoms??
{'A': 'Bronchial hyperresponsiveness', 'B': 'Inflammation of costal cartilage', 'C': 'Infection with gram-negative coccobacilli', 'D': 'Apical subpleural cyst', 'E': 'Increased pulmonary capillary permeability'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Pancreatitis | Q:A 61-year-old diabetic woman is brought to the emergency department with the complaint of multiple bouts of abdominal pain in the last 24 hours. She says that the pain is dull aching in nature, radiates to the back, and worsens with meals. She also complains of nausea and occasional vomiting. She has been hospitalized repeatedly in the past with similar complaints. Her temperature is 37° C (98.6° F), respiratory rate is 16/min, pulse is 77/min, and blood pressure is 120/89 mm Hg. On physical exam, dark hyperpigmentation of the axillary skin is noted. Her blood test report from last month is given below:
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): 9.1%
Triglyceride: 675 mg/dL
LDL-Cholesterol: 102 mg/dL
HDL-Cholesterol: 35 mg/dL
Total Cholesterol: 250 mg/dL
Serum Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL
BUN: 12 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase: 100 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase: 36 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase: 28 U/L
What is the most likely diagnosis in this case??
{'A': 'Cholecystitis', 'B': 'Choledocholithiasis', 'C': 'Pancreatitis', 'D': 'Duodenal peptic ulcer', 'E': 'Gallbladder cancer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Fluid in the alveolar space | Q:An 82-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital because of wet gangrene on her right leg. Two days after admission, she becomes increasingly confused and tachypneic. She is intubated and ventilatory support is initiated. Her temperature is 39.6°C (102.5°F), pulse is 127/min, and blood pressure is 83/47 mm Hg. The ventilator is set at a FiO2 of 100% and a respiratory rate of 20/min. An arterial blood gas checked 30 minutes after intubation shows a PCO2 of 41 mm Hg and a PO2 of 55 mm Hg. Despite appropriate care, the patient dies from respiratory failure. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Hyperinflation of the lungs', 'B': 'Emboli in the pulmonary vasculature', 'C': 'Nodular thickening of the interlobular septa', 'D': 'Abscess in the lung parenchyma', 'E': 'Fluid in the alveolar space'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Inhibits ergosterol synthesis | Q:A 57-year-old florist presents to his family physician with nodular lesions on his right hand and forearm. He explains that he got pricked by a rose thorn on his right "pointer finger" where the first lesions appeared, and the other lesions then began to appear in an ascending manner. The physician prescribed a medication and warned him of gynecomastia as a side effect if taken for long periods of time. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the medication??
{'A': 'Inhibits ergosterol synthesis', 'B': 'Binds to ergosterol, forming destructive pores in cell membrane', 'C': 'Inhibits squalene epoxidase', 'D': 'Inhibits formation of beta glucan', 'E': 'Disrupts microtubule function'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Endometrial biopsy | Q:A 58-year-old woman presents to the physician’s office with vaginal bleeding. The bleeding started as a spotting and has increased and has become persistent over the last month. The patient is G3P1 with a history of polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She completed menopause 4 years ago. She took cyclic estrogen-progesterone replacement therapy for 1 year at the beginning of menopause. Her weight is 89 kg (196 lb), height 157 cm (5 ft 2 in). Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 135/70 mm Hg, heart rate 78/min, respiratory rate 12/min, and temperature 36.7℃ (98.1℉). Physical examination is unremarkable. Transvaginal ultrasound reveals an endometrium of 6 mm thickness. Speculum examination shows a cervix without focal lesions with bloody discharge from the non-dilated external os. On pelvic examination, the uterus is slightly enlarged, movable, and non-tender. Adnexa is non-palpable. What is the next appropriate step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage', 'B': 'Medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy', 'C': 'Endometrial biopsy', 'D': 'Saline infusion sonography', 'E': 'Hysteroscopy with targeted biopsy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Non-competitive antagonist | Q:A student is reviewing the various effects that can be plotted on a dose-response curve. He has observed that certain drugs can work as an agonist and an antagonist at a particular site. He has plotted a particular graph (as shown below) and is checking for other responses that can be measured on the same graph. He learned that drug B is less potent than drug A. Drug B also reduces the potency of drug A when combined in the same solution; however, if additional drug A is added to the solution, the maximal efficacy (Emax) of drug A increases. He wishes to plot another curve for drug C. He learns that drug C works on the same molecules as drugs A and B, but drug C reduces the maximal efficacy (Emax) of drug A significantly when combined with drug A. Which of the following best describes drug C??
{'A': 'Competitive antagonist', 'B': 'Non-competitive antagonist', 'C': 'Inverse agonist', 'D': 'Full agonist', 'E': 'Reversible antagonist'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Vision loss | Q:You are seeing a patient in clinic who recently started treatment for active tuberculosis. The patient is currently being treated with rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. The patient is not used to taking medicines and is very concerned about side effects. Specifically regarding the carbohydrate polymerization inhibiting medication, which of the following is a known side effect??
{'A': 'Cutaneous flushing', 'B': 'Elevated liver enzymes', 'C': 'Paresthesias of the hands and feet', 'D': 'Vision loss', 'E': 'Arthralgias'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Explain the procedure's benefits, alternatives, and potential complications | Q:A 32-year-old man visits his primary care physician for a routine health maintenance examination. During the examination, he expresses concerns about not wanting to become a father. He has been sexually active and monogamous with his wife for the past 5 years, and they inconsistently use condoms for contraception. He tells the physician that he would like to undergo vasectomy. His wife is also a patient under the care of the physician and during her last appointment, she expressed concerns over being prescribed any drugs that could affect her fertility because she would like to conceive soon. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the physician regarding this patient's wish to undergo vasectomy??
{'A': 'Insist that the patient returns with his wife to discuss the risks and benefits of the procedure together', 'B': "Explain the procedure's benefits, alternatives, and potential complications", 'C': 'Refer the patient to a psychotherapist to discuss his reluctance to have children', 'D': "Call the patient's wife to obtain her consent for the procedure", 'E': 'Discourage the patient from undergoing the procedure because his wife wants children'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Osmotic myelinolysis | Q:A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife 20 minutes after she witnessed him vigorously shaking for about 1 minute. During this episode, he urinated on himself. He feels drowsy and has nausea. He has a history of chronic alcoholism; he has been drinking 15 beers daily for the past 3 days. Before this time, he drank 8 beers daily. His last drink was 2 hours ago. He appears lethargic. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical and neurologic examinations show no other abnormalities. On mental status examination, he is confused and not oriented to time. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 44.0%
Leukocyte count 12,000/mm3
Platelet count 320,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 112 mEq/L
Cl- 75 mEq/L
K+ 3.8 mEq/L
HCO3- 13 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 6 mEq/L
Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL
Albumin 2.1 g/dL
Glucose 80 mg/dL
Urgent treatment for this patient's current condition puts him at increased risk for which of the following adverse events?"?
{'A': 'Cerebral edema', 'B': 'Cardiac arrhythmia', 'C': 'Hyperglycemia', 'D': 'Osmotic myelinolysis', 'E': 'Wernicke encephalopathy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Fourth heart sound | Q:A 48-year-old man presents early in the morning to the emergency department with a burning sensation in his chest. He describes a crushing feeling below the sternum and reports some neck pain on the left side. Furthermore, he complains of difficulty breathing. Late last night, he had come home and had eaten a family size lasagna by himself while watching TV. His past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension. The patient admits he often neglects to take his medications and has not been following his advised diet. His current medications are aspirin, metformin, and captopril. Examination reveals a distressed, overweight male sweating profusely. Which of the following is most likely to be found on auscultation??
{'A': 'Diminished breath sounds', 'B': 'Ejection systolic murmur', 'C': 'Expiratory wheezes', 'D': 'Fixed splitting of the second heart sound', 'E': 'Fourth heart sound'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Maxillary artery | Q:A 76-year-old man is brought to the emergency room because of one episode of hemoptysis. His pulse is 110/min. Physical examination shows pallor; there is blood in the oral cavity. Examination of the nasal cavity with a nasal speculum shows active bleeding from the posterior nasal cavity. Tamponade with a balloon catheter is attempted without success. The most appropriate next step in the management is ligation of a branch of a vessel of which of the following arteries??
{'A': 'Ophthalmic artery', 'B': 'Anterior cerebral artery', 'C': 'Facial artery', 'D': 'Occipital artery', 'E': 'Maxillary artery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Interleukin 8 | Q:A researcher is studying how arachidonic acid metabolites mediate the inflammatory response in rats. She has developed multiple enzyme inhibitors that specifically target individual proteins in the arachidonic acid pathway. She injects these inhibitors in rats who have been exposed to common bacterial pathogens and analyzes their downstream effects. In one of her experiments, she injects a leukotriene B4 inhibitor into a rat and observes an abnormal cell response. Which of the following interleukins would most closely restore the function of one of the missing products??
{'A': 'Interleukin 1', 'B': 'Interleukin 2', 'C': 'Interleukin 4', 'D': 'Interleukin 5', 'E': 'Interleukin 8'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Diphenhydramine | Q:A 23-year-old man comes to the physician because of recurrent episodes of chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and a sensation of choking. The symptoms usually resolve with deep breathing exercises after about 5 minutes. He now avoids going to his graduate school classes because he is worried about having another episode. Physical examination is unremarkable. Treatment with lorazepam is initiated. The concurrent intake of which of the following drugs should be avoided in this patient??
{'A': 'Diphenhydramine', 'B': 'Phenelzine', 'C': 'Naloxone', 'D': 'Fluoxetine', 'E': 'Ondansetron'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Hypophosphatemia | Q:A 17-year-old girl with a BMI of 14.5 kg/m2 is admitted to the hospital for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. The patient is administered intravenous fluids and is supplied with 1,600 calories daily with an increase of 200 calories each day. On day 5 of treatment, the patient manifests symptoms of weakness and confusion, and dark brown urine. Which of the following clinical conditions is the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Hypercalcemia', 'B': 'Hyperkalemia', 'C': 'Hypermagnesemia', 'D': 'Hypophosphatemia', 'E': 'Thiamine deficiency'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Posterior hip dislocation | Q:A 25-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after being involved in a rear-end collision, in which she was the restrained driver of the back car. On arrival, she is alert and active. She reports pain in both knees and severe pain over the right groin. Temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 116/min, respirations are 19/min, and blood pressure is 132/79 mm Hg. Physical examination shows tenderness over both knee caps. The right groin is tender to palpation. The right leg is slightly shortened, flexed, adducted, and internally rotated. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Femoral neck fracture', 'B': 'Anterior hip dislocation', 'C': 'Femoral shaft fracture', 'D': 'Posterior hip dislocation', 'E': 'Pelvic fracture\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Prophase I | Q:An investigator is studying human genetics and cell division. A molecule is used to inhibit the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Which of the following phases of the cell cycle does the molecule target??
{'A': 'Telophase I', 'B': 'Metaphase II', 'C': 'Prophase II', 'D': 'Prophase I', 'E': 'Anaphase I'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Q:An investigator is studying neuronal regeneration. For microscopic visualization of the neuron, an aniline stain is applied. After staining, only the soma and dendrites of the neurons are visualized, not the axon. Presence of which of the following cellular elements best explains this staining pattern??
{'A': 'Microtubule', 'B': 'Nucleus', 'C': 'Lysosome', 'D': 'Golgi apparatus', 'E': 'Rough endoplasmic reticulum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Intrastrand cross-linking of thymidine residues in DNA | Q:A 67-year-old woman presents to a surgeon with a painless, slowly growing ulcer in the periauricular region for the last 2 months. On physical examination, there is an irregular-shaped ulcer, 2 cm x 1 cm in its dimensions, with irregular margins and crusting over the surface. The woman is a fair-skinned individual who loves to go sunbathing. There is no family history of malignancy. After a complete physical examination, the surgeon performs a biopsy of the lesion under local anesthesia and sends the tissue for histopathological examination. The pathologist confirms the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. When she asks about the cause, the surgeon explains that there are many possible causes, but it is likely that she has developed squamous cell carcinoma on her face due to repeated exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. If the surgeon’s opinion is correct, which of the following mechanisms is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of the condition??
{'A': 'Intrastrand cross-linking of thymidine residues in DNA', 'B': 'Gain-of-function mutations of TP53', 'C': 'Upregulation of expression of cyclin D2', 'D': 'Activation of transcription factor NF-κB', 'E': 'DNA damage caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Identification of C. difficile toxin in stool | Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the physician with profuse watery diarrhea along with fever and crampy abdominal pain. He has been taking an antibiotic course of cefixime for about a week to treat a respiratory tract infection. At the doctor’s office, his pulse is 112/min, the blood pressure is 100/66 mm Hg, the respirations are 22/min, and the temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F). His oral mucosa appears dry and his abdomen is soft with vague diffuse tenderness. A digital rectal examination is normal. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.1 g/dL
Hematocrit 33%
Total leucocyte count 16,000/mm3
Serum lactate 0.9 mmol/L
Serum creatinine 1.1 mg/dL
What is most likely to confirm the diagnosis??
{'A': 'Identification of C. difficile toxin in stool', 'B': 'Stool culture', 'C': 'Colonoscopy', 'D': 'Abdominal X-ray', 'E': 'CT scan of the abdomen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) | Q:A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with fever and easy bruising for 3 days. He has had fatigue for 2 weeks. He has no past medical history, and takes no medications. Excessive bleeding from intravenous lines was reported by the nurse. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. The temperature is 38.2°C (102.6°F), pulse is 105/min, respiration rate is 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. On physical examination, he has multiple purpura on the lower extremities and several ecchymoses on the lower back and buttocks. Petechiae are noticed on the soft palate. Cervical painless lymphadenopathy is detected on both sides. The examination of the lungs, heart, and abdomen shows no other abnormalities. The laboratory test results are as follows:
Hemoglobin 8 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 90 μm3
Leukocyte count 18,000/mm3
Platelet count 10,000/mm3
Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 60 seconds
Prothrombin time 25 seconds (INR: 2.2)
Fibrin split products Positive
Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 1,000 U/L
A Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear is shown by the image. Intravenous fluids, blood products, and antibiotics are given to the patient. Based on the most likely diagnosis, which of the following is the best therapy for this patient at this time??
{'A': 'All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)', 'B': 'Citarubin plus daunorubicin', 'C': 'Hematopoietic cell transplantation', 'D': 'Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP)', 'E': 'Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Smiles in response to face | Q:A 2-month-old is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery and is exclusively breastfed. She weighed 3,400 g (7 lb 8 oz) at birth. At the physician's office, she appears well. Her pulse is 136/min, the respirations are 41/min, and the blood pressure is 82/45 mm Hg. She weighs 5,200 g (11 lb 8 oz) and measures 57.5 cm (22.6 in) in length. The remainder of the physical examination is normal. Which of the following developmental milestones has this patient most likely met??
{'A': 'Absence of asymmetric tonic neck reflex', 'B': 'Monosyllabic babble', 'C': 'Reaches for objects', 'D': 'Smiles in response to face', 'E': 'Stares at own hand'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Cells with central mucin pool | Q:A 40-year-old female comes in with several months of unintentional weight loss, epigastric pain, and a sensation of abdominal pressure. She has diabetes well-controlled on metformin but no other prior medical history. She has not previously had any surgeries. On physical exam, her doctor notices brown velvety areas of pigmentation on her neck. Her doctor also notices an enlarged, left supraclavicular node. Endoscopic findings show a stomach wall that appears to be grossly thickened. Which of the following findings would most likely be seen on biopsy??
{'A': 'Cells with central mucin pool', 'B': 'Keratin pearls', 'C': 'Psammoma bodies', 'D': "Peyer's patches", 'E': 'Noncaseating granulomas'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Immediately administer epinephrine and sedate and intubate the patient | Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by ambulance, accompanied by his kindergarten teacher. Emergency department staff attempt to call his parents, but they cannot be reached. The boy’s medical history is unknown. According to his teacher, the boy was eating in the cafeteria with friends when he suddenly complained of itching and developed a widespread rash. Physical exam is notable for diffuse hives and tongue edema. His pulse is 100/min and blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg. The boy appears frightened and tells you that he does not want any treatment until his parents arrive. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Continue calling the patient’s parents and do not intubate until verbal consent is obtained over the phone', 'B': 'Immediately administer epinephrine and sedate and intubate the patient', 'C': 'Obtain written consent to intubate from the patient’s teacher', 'D': 'Obtain written consent to intubate from the patient', 'E': "Wait for the patient's parents to arrive, calm the patient, and provide written consent before intubating"}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Growth | Q:A 12-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at 38 weeks' gestation and was 48 cm (19 in) in length and weighed 3061 g (6 lb 12 oz); he is currently 60 cm (24 in) in length and weighs 7,910 g (17 lb 7 oz). He can walk with one hand held and can throw a small ball. He can pick up an object between his thumb and index finger. He can wave 'bye-bye'. He can say 'mama', 'dada' and 'uh-oh'. He cries if left to play with a stranger alone. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is most likely delayed in this child??
{'A': 'Language skills', 'B': 'Gross motor skills', 'C': 'Growth', 'D': 'Fine motor skills', 'E': 'Social skills'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Positive urinary beta-HCG and no intrauterine mass | Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and vaginal spotting. She denies diarrhea, constipation, or blood in the stool. The medical history is unremarkable. She does not use tobacco or drink alcohol. She is sexually active with her husband and uses an IUD for contraception. The temperature is 37.2 °C (99.0°F), the blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, the pulse is 80/min, and the respiratory rate is 12/min. The physical examination reveals localized tenderness in the right adnexa, but no masses are palpated. The LMP was 8 weeks ago. Which of the following is most likely associated with this patient’s diagnosis??
{'A': 'Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and tenderness at McBurney’s point', 'B': 'Positive urinary beta-HCG and no intrauterine mass', 'C': 'Abdominal x-ray shows free air under the diaphragm', 'D': 'Barium enema shows true diverticuli in the colon', 'E': 'Positive urinary beta-HCG and some products of conception in the uterus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Valproic acid | Q:A 58-year-old man with a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia was brought into the emergency department by his wife after she observed him go without sleep for several days and recently open and max out several credit cards. She also reports that he has quit his bartending job and has been excessively talkative and easily annoyed for the last several weeks. The patient has no previous psychiatric history. Routine medical examination, investigations, and toxicology rule out a medical cause or substance abuse. Lab results are consistent with chronically impaired renal function. What is the single best treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Valproic acid', 'B': 'Lithium', 'C': 'Gabapentin', 'D': 'Pregabalin', 'E': 'Lamotrigine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Gastric wall thickening | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of a 1-month history of dull lower abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Pelvic ultrasonography shows bilateral ovarian enlargement and free fluid in the rectouterine pouch. Biopsy specimens from the ovaries show multiple, round, mucin-filled cells with flat, peripheral nuclei. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Decreased TSH levels', 'B': 'Increased testosterone levels', 'C': 'Dark blue peritoneal spots', 'D': 'Gastric wall thickening', 'E': 'Elevated β-hCG levels'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: IL-1 | Q:A 71-year-old man presents to the clinic with complaints of right wrist pain for 2 days. On examination, redness and swelling were noted on the dorsal aspect of his right wrist. He had pain with extreme range of motion of the wrist. His history includes 2 hip replacements, 2 previous episodes of gout in both first metatarsophalangeal joints, and hypertension. Two days later, the swelling had increased in the dorsal aspect of his right wrist and hand. Wrist flexion was limited to 80% with severe pain. The pain was present on palpation of the scaphoid bone. Due to the suspicion of fracture, the patient was referred to his general practitioner for radiographs. These findings were consistent with gouty arthritis. What is the most likely cytokine involved in this process??
{'A': 'IL-1', 'B': 'IL-10', 'C': 'INFγ', 'D': 'IL-4', 'E': 'IL-5'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Chi-square test | Q:A group of investigators have conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of adding a novel adenosine A1 receptor agonist to the standard anti-epileptic treatment in reducing the frequency of focal seizures. It was found that patients taking the combination regimen (n = 200) had a lower seizure frequency compared to patients taking the standard treatment alone (n = 200; p < 0.01). However, several participants taking the novel drug reported severe drowsiness. The investigators administered a survey to both the combination treatment group and standard treatment group to evaluate whether the drowsiness interfered with daily functioning using a yes or no questionnaire. Results are shown:
Interference with daily functioning Yes (number of patients) No (number of patients)
Combination treatment group 115 85
Standard treatment group 78 122
Which of the following statistical methods would be most appropriate for assessing the statistical significance of these results?"?
{'A': 'Multiple linear regression', 'B': 'Chi-square test', 'C': 'Unpaired t-test', 'D': 'Paired t-test', 'E': 'Analysis of variance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Ascending lymphangitis | Q:A 39-year-old male presents to your office with nodular skin lesions that progress from his right hand to right shoulder. The patient reports that the initial lesion, currently necrotic and ulcerative, developed from an injury he received while weeding his shrubs a couple weeks earlier. The patient denies symptoms of respiratory or meningeal disease. Which of the following most likely characterizes the pattern of this patient’s skin lesions:?
{'A': 'Contact dermatitis', 'B': 'Hematogenous dissemination', 'C': 'Dermatophyte colonization', 'D': 'Ascending lymphangitis', 'E': 'Arthropod bite'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Malassezia yeast | Q:A 17-year-old Latin American woman with no significant past medical history or family history presents to her pediatrician with concerns about several long-standing skin lesions. She notes that she has had a light-colored rash on her chest and abdomen that has been present for the last 2 years. The blood pressure is 111/81 mm Hg, pulse is 82/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F). Physical examination reveals numerous hypopigmented macules over her chest and abdomen. No lesions are seen on her palms or soles. When questioned, she states that these lesions do not tan like the rest of her skin when exposed to the sun. The remainder of her review of systems is negative. What is the most likely cause of these lesions??
{'A': 'Malassezia yeast', 'B': 'Cutaneous T cell lymphoma', 'C': 'Post-viral immunologic reaction', 'D': 'TYR gene dysfunction in melanocytes', 'E': 'Treponema pallidum infection'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Inhibition of 60S ribosomal subunit | Q:A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of severe diarrhea. He recently returned from a business trip to Bangladesh. Since returning, he has experienced several loose bloody stools per day that are accompanied by abdominal cramping and occasional nausea and vomiting. His temperature is 101.7°F (38.7°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, he demonstrates mild tenderness to palpation throughout his abdomen, delayed capillary refill, and dry mucus membranes. Results from a stool sample and subsequent stool culture are pending. What is the mechanism of action of the toxin elaborated by the pathogen responsible for this patient’s current condition??
{'A': 'ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2', 'B': 'Phospholipid degradation', 'C': 'Stimulation of guanylyl cyclase', 'D': 'ADP-ribosylation of a G protein', 'E': 'Inhibition of 60S ribosomal subunit'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Vulvar punch biopsy | Q:An 80-year-old woman seeks evaluation at an outpatient clinic for a firm nodular lump on the left side of her labia. The medical history is notable for hypertension, coronary artery disease status post CABG, and lichen sclerosus of the vagina that was treated with an over-the-counter steroid cream as needed. She first noticed the lump about 5 months ago. On physical examination, the temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 135/89 mm Hg, the pulse is 95/min, and the respiratory rate is 17/min. Examination of the genital area reveals a small nodular lump on the left labium majus with visible excoriations, but no white plaque-like lesions. What is the next best step in management??
{'A': 'HPV DNA testing', 'B': 'Estrogen level measurement', 'C': 'Pap smear', 'D': 'Vulvar punch biopsy', 'E': 'Potassium hydroxide test after scraping of the lesion'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Obstruction of the abdominal aorta following surgery | Q:A 75-year-old male is hospitalized for bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain after meals. Endoscopic work-up and CT scan lead the attending physician to diagnose ischemic colitis at the splenic flexure. Which of the following would most likely predispose this patient to ischemic colitis:?
{'A': 'Increased splanchnic blood flow following a large meal', 'B': 'Essential hypertension', 'C': 'Obstruction of the abdominal aorta following surgery', 'D': 'Hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism secondary to type II diabetes mellitus', 'E': 'Juxtaglomerular cell tumor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Hirschsprung’s disease | Q:Two days following the home birth of her son, a mother brings the infant to the pediatric emergency room because of bilious vomiting. He is unable to pass meconium and his abdomen is distended. Endoscopic biopsy of the proximal colon demonstrates an absence of Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexi in the bowel wall. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Hirschsprung’s disease', 'B': 'Ileocecal intussusception', 'C': 'Meckel’s diverticulum', 'D': 'Juvenile polyposis syndrome', 'E': 'Volvulus of the sigmoid colon'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Restrictive cardiomyopathy | Q:A 49-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of increasing fatigue and reduced libido. He also complains of joint pain in both of his hands. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows tanned skin and small testes. The second and third metacarpophalangeal joints of both hands are tender to palpation and range of motion is limited. The liver is palpated 2 to 3 cm below the right costal margin. Histopathologic examination of a liver biopsy specimen shows intracellular material that stains with Prussian blue. This patient is at greatest risk for developing which of the following complications??
{'A': 'Colorectal carcinoma', 'B': 'Restrictive cardiomyopathy', 'C': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'D': 'Pancreatic adenocarcinoma', 'E': 'Non-Hodgkin lymphoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Monitor patient and administer acetaminophen | Q:A general surgery intern is paged to the bedside of a 59-year-old male who underwent a successful sigmoidectomy for treatment of recurrent diverticulitis. The patient's nurse just recorded a temperature of 38.7 C, and relates that the patient is complaining of chills. The surgery was completed 8 hours ago and was complicated by extensive bleeding, with an estimated blood loss of 1,700 mL. Post-operative anemia was diagnosed after a hemoglobin of 5.9 g/dL was found; 2 units of packed red blood cells were ordered, and the transfusion was initiated 90 minutes ago. The patient's vital signs are as follows: T 38.7 C, HR 88, BP 138/77, RR 18, SpO2 98%. Physical examination does not show any abnormalities. After immediately stopping the transfusion, which of the following is the best management of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Hydrate with 1 L bolus of normal saline followed by maintenance fluids at 125 cc/hr', 'B': 'Monitor patient and administer acetaminophen', 'C': 'Prescribe diphenhydramine', 'D': 'Start supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula', 'E': 'Initiate broad spectrum antibiotics'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Diazepam | Q:A 22-year-old man presents to the emergency department with anxiety. The patient states that he is very anxious and has not been able to take his home anxiety medications. He is requesting to have his home medications administered. The patient has a past medical history of anxiety and depression. His current medications include clonazepam, amitriptyline, and lorazepam. Notably, the patient has multiple psychiatric providers who currently care for him. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an anxious, sweating, and tremulous young man who becomes more confused during his stay in the emergency department. Which of the following should be given to this patient??
{'A': 'Diazepam', 'B': 'Flumazenil', 'C': 'Midazolam', 'D': 'Sodium bicarbonate', 'E': 'Supportive therapy and monitoring'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Inhibit the 60S ribosome | Q:An 18-year-old female returning from a trip to a developing country presents with diarrhea and pain in the abdominal region. Microscopic evaluation of the stool reveals the presence of RBC's and WBC's. The patient reports poor sewage sanitation in the region she visited. The physician suspects a bacterial infection and culture reveals Gram-negative rods that are non-lactose fermenting. The A subunit of the bacteria's toxin acts to:?
{'A': 'Inhibit the 60S ribosome', 'B': 'Lyse red blood cells', 'C': 'Prevent phagocytosis', 'D': 'Inhibit exocytosis of ACh from synaptic terminals', 'E': 'ADP-ribosylate the Gs protein'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Urgent CT abdomen and pelvis | Q:A 51-year-old man with a recent diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease currently treated with an oral proton pump inhibitor twice daily presents to the urgent care center complaining of acute abdominal pain which began suddenly less than 2 hours ago. On physical exam, you find his abdomen to be mildly distended, diffusely tender to palpation, and positive for rebound tenderness. Given the following options, what is the next best step in patient management??
{'A': 'Abdominal radiographs', 'B': 'Urgent CT abdomen and pelvis', 'C': 'Upper endoscopy', 'D': 'H. pylori testing', 'E': 'Serum gastrin level'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: NMDA receptor antagonist | Q:A 31-year-old male presents to the emergency room following an altercation with patrons at a local grocery store. He is acting aggressively toward hospital staff and appears to be speaking to non-existent individuals. On examination he is tachycardic and diaphoretic. Horizontal and vertical nystagmus is noted. The patient eventually admits to taking an illegal substance earlier in the evening. Which of the following mechanisms of action is most consistent with the substance this patient took??
{'A': 'Adenosine antagonist', 'B': 'Biogenic amine reuptake inhibitor', 'C': 'Mu receptor agonist', 'D': 'GABA agonist', 'E': 'NMDA receptor antagonist'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Synovial hypertrophy and pannus formation | Q:A 29-year-old female presents to her primary care provider complaining of pain and stiffness in her hands and knees. She reports that the stiffness is worse in the morning and appears to get better throughout the day. She is otherwise healthy and denies any recent illness. She does not play sports. On examination, her metacarpal-phalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints are swollen and erythematous. Her distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints appear normal. She exhibits pain with both passive and active range of motion in her knees bilaterally. Serological analysis reveals high titers of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. Which of the following processes underlies this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Precipitation of monosodium urate crystals in the intra-articular space', 'B': 'Post-infectious inflammation of the articular surfaces', 'C': 'Aseptic necrosis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone', 'D': 'Degenerative deterioration of articular cartilage', 'E': 'Synovial hypertrophy and pannus formation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Hemophilia A | Q:A 28-year-old man presents for severe abdominal pain and is diagnosed with appendicitis. He is taken for emergent appendectomy. During the procedure, the patient has massive and persistent bleeding requiring a blood transfusion. The preoperative laboratory studies showed a normal bleeding time, normal prothrombin time (PT), an INR of 1.0, and a normal platelet count. Postoperatively, when the patient is told about the complications during the surgery, he recalls that he forgot to mention that he has a family history of an unknown bleeding disorder. The postoperative laboratory tests reveal a prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT). Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Hemophilia A', 'B': 'Bernard-Soulier syndrome', 'C': 'Glanzman syndrome', 'D': 'Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'von Willebrand disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Antibiotic therapy | Q:An 11-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of high-grade fever, headache, and nausea for 3 days. She avoids looking at any light source because this aggravates her headache. She has acute lymphoblastic leukemia and her last chemotherapy cycle was 2 weeks ago. She appears lethargic. Her temperature is 40.1°C (104.2°F), pulse is 131/min and blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Examination shows a stiff neck. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. Neck flexion results in flexion of the knee and hip. Muscle strength is decreased in the right upper extremity. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Sensation is intact. Extraocular movements are normal. Two sets of blood cultures are obtained. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'CT scan of the head', 'B': 'MRI of the brain', 'C': 'Antibiotic therapy', 'D': 'Lumbar puncture', 'E': 'Acyclovir therapy\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Hemolytic anemia | Q:A 49-year-old man presents to a new primary care provider complaining of fatigue and occasional fever over the last month. These symptoms are starting to affect his job and he would like treatment. The physician runs a standard metabolic panel that shows elevated AST and ALT. The patient is then tested for hepatitis viruses. He is hepatitis C positive. The patient and his doctor discuss treatment options and agree upon pegylated interferon and oral ribavirin. Which side-effect is most likely while taking the ribavirin??
{'A': 'Hemolytic anemia', 'B': 'Drug-associated lupus', 'C': 'Leukopenia', 'D': 'Hyperthyroidism', 'E': 'Rash'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: CD14 | Q:A 45-year-old immigrant presents with unintentional weight loss, sleep hyperhidrosis, and a persistent cough. He says these symptoms have been present for quite some time. Upon imaging, many granulomas in the upper lobes are present. It is noted that these apical granulomas have centers of necrosis that appear cheese-like in appearance. Encircling the area of necrosis are large cells with cytoplasms pale in color. Of the following surface markers, which one is specific for these cells??
{'A': 'CD8', 'B': 'CD4', 'C': 'CD3', 'D': 'CD14', 'E': 'CD20'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin | Q:A 27-year-old woman comes to the emergency room because of fever and severe left knee pain for the past week. She has not sustained any trauma or injury to the area, nor has she traveled or taken part in outdoor activities in the recent past. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condoms inconsistently. She appears ill. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 98/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 106/72 mm Hg. Physical examination shows multiple painless pustular lesions on her ankles and the dorsum and soles of her feet bilaterally, as well as a swollen, erythematous, exquisitely tender left knee. Her wrists are also mildly edematous and tender, with pain on extension. X-ray of the knees shows tissue swelling. Arthrocentesis of the knee shows yellow purulent fluid. Gram stain is negative. Analysis of the synovial fluid shows a leukocyte count of 58,000/mm3 with 93% neutrophils and no crystals. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy??
{'A': 'Oral penicillin V', 'B': 'Oral hydroxychloroquine', 'C': 'Intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin', 'D': 'Oral doxycycline', 'E': 'Intramuscular ceftriaxone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Akathisia | Q:A 30-year-old man presents with restlessness and an inability to sit or lie down for the past 2 days. Past medical history is significant for schizophrenia, diagnosed 3 weeks ago and managed medically. Vital signs are a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg and a pulse of 96/min. On physical examination, the patient is fidgety and anxious but well-oriented. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Psychotic agitation', 'B': 'Essential tremor', 'C': 'Acute muscular dystonia', 'D': 'Drug-induced parkinsonism', 'E': 'Akathisia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: HBsAg | Q:In a previous experiment infecting hepatocytes, it was shown that viable HDV virions were only produced in the presence of a co-infection with HBV. To better understand which HBV particle was necessary for the production of viable HDV virions, the scientist encoded in separate plasmids the various antigens/proteins of HBV and co-infected the hepatocytes with HDV. In which of the experiments would viable HDV virions be produced in conjunction with the appropriate HBV antigen/protein??
{'A': 'HBsAg', 'B': 'HBV DNA polymerase', 'C': 'HBcAg', 'D': 'HBV RNA polymerase', 'E': 'HBeAg'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Multiple myeloma | Q:A 61-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a routine check-up. Physical examination demonstrates asymmetric peripheral neuropathy in her feet. The patient has no previous relevant history and denies any symptoms of diabetes. Routine blood work shows normal results, and she is referred to a hematologist. Subsequent serum protein electrophoresis demonstrates a slightly elevated gamma globulin level, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is diagnosed. Which of the following diseases is most likely to develop over the course of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Waldenström macroglobulinemia', 'B': 'Multiple myeloma', 'C': 'Acute myelocytic leukemia', 'D': 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia', 'E': 'Chronic myelocytic leukemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Alpha-synuclein | Q:A 71-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he is increasingly troubled by a tremor in his hands. He says that the tremor is worse when he is resting and gets better when he reaches for objects. His wife reports that he has been slowing in his movements and also has difficulty starting to walk. His steps have been short and unsteady even when he is able to initiate movement. Physical exam reveals rigidity in his muscles when tested for active range of motion. Histology in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Alpha-synuclein', 'B': 'Intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau', 'C': 'Hyperphosphorylated tau inclusion bodies', 'D': 'Large intracellular vacuoles', 'E': 'Perivascular inflammation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Inability to perform repetitive alternating movements | Q:A 52-year-old man is brought to the emergency department while on vacation with a history of sudden onset vertigo and difficulty walking. He was in normal health since starting his vacation a week ago, but today he is suffering from a loss of balance, mild headache, and has had 5–6 episodes of vomiting over the last few hours. He denies fever, neck pain, head trauma, weakness, and diplopia. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and dyslipidemia. His medications include valsartan and atorvastatin, but he missed several doses since leaving for this trip. Blood pressure is 198/112 mm Hg, the heart rate is 76/min, the respiratory rate is 16/min, and the temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). The patient is awake and oriented to time, place, and person. Extraocular movements are within normal limits. Muscle strength is normal in all 4 extremities. An urgent head CT is ordered and shown in the picture. What additional clinical features be expected in this patient??
{'A': 'Inability to comprehend commands', 'B': 'Inability to perform repetitive alternating movements', 'C': 'Inability to speak fluently', 'D': 'Right-sided neglect', 'E': 'Right-sided visual field loss'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) | Q:A 65-year-old man presents with painless swelling of the neck over the past week. He also has noted severe night sweats, which require a change of clothes and bed linens the next day. His medical history is significant for long-standing hypertension. He received a kidney transplant 6 years ago. His current medications include amlodipine, metoprolol, furosemide, aspirin, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate. His family history is significant for his sister, who died last year from lymphoma. A review of systems is positive for a 6-kg (13.2-lb) unintentional weight loss over the past 2 months. His vital signs include: temperature 37.8℃ (100.0℉) and blood pressure 120/75 mm Hg. On physical examination, there are multiple painless lymph nodes, averaging 2 cm in diameter, palpable in the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck bilaterally. Axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy is palpated on the right side. Abdominal examination is significant for a spleen of 16 cm below the cost margin on percussion. Laboratory studies are significant for the following:
Hemoglobin 9 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 88 μm3
Leukocyte count 12,000/mm3
Platelet count 130,000/mm3
Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1 000 U/L
A peripheral blood smear is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)', 'B': 'Drug-induced lymphadenopathy', 'C': 'Cytomegalovirus infection', 'D': 'Multiple myeloma', 'E': 'Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Physostigmine | Q:A 56-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his neighbor 2 hours after ingesting an unknown substance in a suicide attempt. He is confused and unable to provide further history. His temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F), pulse is 124/min, respiratory rate is 12/min, and blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. His skin is dry. Pupils are 12 mm and minimally reactive. An ECG shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Sodium bicarbonate', 'B': 'Physostigmine', 'C': 'N-acetylcysteine', 'D': 'Glucagon', 'E': 'Flumazenil'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Normal aging | Q:An 81-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for his yearly exam. His past medical history is significant for osteopenia, nephrolithiasis, and hypertension. His family history is significant for relatives who had early onset kidney failure. He takes occasional acetaminophen and supplemental calcium/vitamin D. He is physically active with a normal body mass index (BMI) and has no current concerns. Review of his laboratory results today were compared with those from 15 years ago with the following findings:
Results today:
Serum creatinine concentration: 1.1 mg/dL
Urine creatinine concentration: 100 mg/dL
Urine volume: 1000 mL/day
Results 15 years ago:
Serum creatinine concentration: 1.1 mg/dL
Urine creatinine concentration: 120 mg/dL
Urine volume: 1000 mL/day
Which is the most likely cause of these changes in his creatinine clearance??
{'A': 'Benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'B': 'Nephrolithiasis', 'C': 'Normal aging', 'D': 'Polycystic kidney disease', 'E': 'Renovascular disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Blindness | Q:A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of fatigue, mild headache, and discomfort with chewing for roughly 1 week. Before this, he felt well overall, but now is he is quite bothered by these symptoms. His medical history is notable for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, both controlled. On examination, he is uncomfortable but nontoxic-appearing. There is mild tenderness to palpation over his right temporal artery, but otherwise the exam is not revealing. Prompt recognition and treatment can prevent which of the following feared complications:?
{'A': 'Renal failure', 'B': 'Blindness', 'C': 'Pericarditis', 'D': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'E': 'Cognitive impairment'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: ssRNA enveloped viruses | Q:A 14-month-old boy is brought to the clinic for evaluation of a rash. The rash started on the face and spread to the trunk. He also had a fever and cough for the past 2 days. His mother says that they recently immigrated from Asia and cannot provide vaccination records. The physical examination reveals a maculopapular rash on the face, trunk, and proximal limbs with no lymphadenopathy. Blue-white spots are noted on the oral mucosa and there is bilateral mild conjunctival injection. The causative agent of this condition belongs to which of the following virus families??
{'A': 'ssDNA enveloped viruses', 'B': 'dsRNA enveloped viruses', 'C': 'ssRNA naked viruses', 'D': 'dsRNA naked viruses', 'E': 'ssRNA enveloped viruses'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Administer an oral, 3-hour 100 g glucose dose | Q:A 31-year-old G1P0 woman at 26 weeks gestation presents to the clinic for evaluation of an abnormal glucose tolerance test. She denies any symptoms, but states that she was given 50 g of oral glucose 1 week earlier and demonstrated a subsequent venous plasma glucose level of 156 mg/dL 1 hour later. The vital signs are: blood pressure, 112/78 mm Hg; pulse, 81/min; and respiratory rate, 16/min. Physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Repeat the 50 g oral glucose challenge', 'B': 'Administer an oral, 3-hour 100 g glucose dose', 'C': 'Advise the patient to follow an American Diabetic Association diet plan', 'D': 'Begin insulin treatment', 'E': 'Order a fetal ultrasound examination'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Compression of periaqueductal grey matter | Q:A newborn of a mother with poor antenatal care is found to have a larger than normal head circumference with bulging fontanelles. Physical examination reveals a predominant downward gaze with marked eyelid retraction and convergence-retraction nystagmus. Ultrasound examination showed dilated lateral ventricles and a dilated third ventricle. Further imaging studies reveal a solid mass in the pineal region. Which of the following is the most likely finding for this patient??
{'A': 'Normal lumbar puncture opening pressure', 'B': 'Stenotic intraventricular foramina', 'C': 'Dilated cisterna magna', 'D': 'Compression of periaqueductal grey matter', 'E': 'Hypertrophic arachnoid granulations'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon at its point of insertion | Q:A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of a progressive swelling and pain in his right ring finger for the past 2 days. The pain began while playing football, when his finger got caught in the jersey of another player who forcefully pulled away. Examination shows that the right ring finger is extended. There is pain and swelling at the distal interphalangeal joint. When the patient is asked to make a fist, his right ring finger does not flex at the distal interphalangeal joint. There is no joint laxity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon at its point of insertion', 'B': 'Closed fracture of the distal phalanx', 'C': 'Rupture of the extensor digitorum tendon at its point of insertion', 'D': 'Inflammation of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon sheath', 'E': 'Slipping of the central band of the extensor digitorum tendon'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Epidermoid cyst | Q:A 50-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine checkup. He has had a progressively increasing swelling on the nape of his neck for 2 months. He does not have a fever or any discharge from the swelling. He underwent a colectomy for colon cancer at the age of 43 years. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoarthritis of the left knee. Current medications include insulin glargine, metformin, enalapril, and naproxen. He has worked as a traffic warden for the past 6 years and frequently plays golf. He appears healthy. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 130/86 mm Hg. Examination of the neck shows a 2.5-cm (1-in) firm, mobile, and painless nodule. The skin over the nodule cannot be pinched. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A photograph of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Actinic keratosis', 'B': 'Epidermoid cyst', 'C': 'Dermatofibroma', 'D': 'Lipoma', 'E': 'Squamous cell carcinoma\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: The molecule consists of a heavy chain associated with β2 microglobulin | Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of fever, chills, headache, and fatigue. He appears ill. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Analysis of nasal secretions shows infection with an enveloped, single-stranded segmented RNA virus. In response to infection with this pathogen, certain cells present antigens from the pathogen to CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Which of the following statements about the molecules used for the presentation of these antigens is most accurate??
{'A': 'The antigens are loaded onto the molecule within lysosomes', 'B': 'The molecule consists of a heavy chain associated with β2 microglobulin', 'C': 'The molecule is made up of 2 chains of equal length', 'D': 'The molecule is selectively expressed by antigen-presenting cells', 'E': 'The molecule is a product of the HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and -DR genes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: C. difficile colitis | Q:A 58-year-old female, being treated on the medical floor for community-acquired pneumonia with levofloxacin, develops watery diarrhea. She reports at least 9 episodes of diarrhea within the last two days, with lower abdominal discomfort and cramping. Her temperature is 98.6° F (37° C), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Her physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory testing shows:
Hb% 13 gm/dL
Total count (WBC): 13,400/mm3
Differential count:
Neutrophils: 80%
Lymphocytes: 15%
Monocytes: 5%
ESR: 33 mm/hr
What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Ulcerative colitis', 'B': 'C. difficile colitis', 'C': 'Irritable bowel syndrome', 'D': 'Osmotic diarrhea', 'E': 'Giardiasis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Deficiency of type 1 collagen | Q:A 7-year-old girl presents to her primary care physician for a routine check-up. The physician allows the medical student to perform a physical examination. The medical student notes hearing impairment as well as the findings show in Figures A and B. Radiographs show indications of multiple old fractures of the humerus that have healed. After questioning the girl’s parents, the medical student learns that in addition, the patient is extremely picky with her food and eats a diet consisting mainly of cereal and pasta. What is the most likely etiology of the patient’s disease??
{'A': 'Decreased bone mineral density', 'B': 'Defective mineralization of cartilage', 'C': 'Deficiency of type 1 collagen', 'D': 'Dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid', 'E': 'Non-accidental trauma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Clostridioides difficile cytotoxin | Q:A 47-year-old man comes to the physician because of abdominal pain and foul-smelling, watery diarrhea for several days. He has not had nausea, vomiting, or blood in the stool. He has a history of alcohol use disorder and recently completed a 7-day course of clindamycin for pneumonia. He has not traveled out of the United States. Which of the following toxins is most likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Shiga toxin', 'B': 'Cholera toxin', 'C': 'Cereulide toxin', 'D': 'Clostridioides difficile cytotoxin', 'E': 'Alpha toxin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Enuresis alarm | Q:A 6-year-old boy presents to the clinic because of monosymptomatic enuresis for the past month. Urinalysis, detailed patient history, and fluid intake, stool, and voiding diary from a previous visit all show no abnormalities. The parent and child are referred for education and behavioral therapy. Enuresis decreases but persists. Both the patient and his mother express concern and want this issue to resolve as soon as possible. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Behavioral therapy', 'B': 'DDAVP', 'C': 'Enuresis alarm', 'D': 'Oxybutynin', 'E': 'Reassurance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: μ-receptor | Q:A 32-year-old homeless woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance 30 minutes after the police found her on the sidewalk. On arrival, she is unresponsive. Her pulse is 76/min, respirations are 6/min, and blood pressure is 110/78 mm Hg. Examination shows cool, dry skin. The pupils are pinpoint and react sluggishly to light. Intravenous administration of a drug is initiated. Two minutes after treatment is started, the patient regains consciousness and her respirations increase to 12/min. The drug that was administered has the strongest effect on which of the following receptors??
{'A': 'M1 receptor', 'B': 'Ryanodine receptor', 'C': 'μ-receptor', 'D': 'GABAA receptor', 'E': '5-HT2A receptor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: 90/100 | Q:An infectious disease investigator is evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of a new interferon-gamma-based assay for diagnosing tuberculosis in patients who have previously received a Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Consenting participants with a history of BCG vaccination received an interferon-gamma assay and were subsequently evaluated for tuberculosis by sputum culture. Results of the study are summarized in the table below.
Tuberculosis, confirmed by culture No tuberculosis Total
Positive interferon-gamma assay 90 6 96
Negative interferon-gamma assay 10 194 204
Total 100 200 300
Based on these results, what is the sensitivity of the interferon-gamma-based assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in this study?"?
{'A': '194/200', 'B': '90/100', 'C': '90/96', 'D': '100/300', 'E': '194/204'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Medications | Q:Several patients at a local US hospital present with chronic secretory diarrhea. Although there are multiple potential causes of diarrhea present in these patients, which of the following is most likely the common cause of their chronic secretory diarrhea??
{'A': 'Lymphocytic colitis', 'B': 'Medications', 'C': 'Lactose intolerance', 'D': 'Carcinoid tumor', 'E': 'Crohn’s disease with ileitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Positive direct Coombs test | Q:A 27-year-old woman with sickle cell disease and at 39-weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department in active labor. She has had multiple episodes of acute chest syndrome and has required several transfusions in the past. She has a prolonged vaginal delivery complicated by postpartum bleeding, and she receives a transfusion of 1 unit of packed red blood cells. One hour later, the patient experiences acute flank pain. Her temperature is 38.7°C (101.6°F), pulse is 115/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 95/55 mm Hg. Foley catheter shows dark brown urine. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray', 'B': 'Serum antibodies against class I HLA antigens', 'C': 'Positive direct Coombs test', 'D': 'Positive blood cultures', 'E': 'Low levels of serum IgA immunoglobulins'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: More of them die from homicide than cancer | Q:A 17-year-old man is brought by his mother to his pediatrician in order to complete medical clearance forms prior to attending college. During the visit, his mother asks about what health risks he should be aware of in college. Specifically, she recently saw on the news that some college students were killed by a fatal car crash. She therefore asks about causes of death in this population. Which of the following is true about the causes of death in college age individuals??
{'A': 'More of them die from suicide than injuries', 'B': 'More of them die from homicide than injuries', 'C': 'More of them die from homicide than suicide', 'D': 'More of them die from cancer than suicide', 'E': 'More of them die from homicide than cancer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Microcytosis and hypochromasia of erythrocytes | Q:A 7-month old boy, born to immigrant parents from Greece, presents to the hospital with pallor and abdominal distention. His parents note that they recently moved into an old apartment building and have been concerned about their son's exposure to chipped paint from the walls. On physical exam, the patient is found to have hepatosplenomegaly and frontal skull bossing. Hemoglobin electrophoresis reveals markedly increased HbF and HbA2 levels. What would be the most likely findings on a peripheral blood smear??
{'A': 'Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes', 'B': 'Macrocytosis of erythrocytes with hypersegmented neutrophils', 'C': 'Microcytosis and hypochromasia of erythrocytes', 'D': 'Schistocytes and normocytic erythrocytes', 'E': 'Sickling of erythrocytes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Weak achilles tendon reflex | Q:A 51-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressively worsening lower back pain. The pain radiates down the right leg to the lateral side of the foot. She has had no trauma, urinary incontinence, or fever. An MRI of the lumbar spine shows disc degeneration and herniation at the level of L5–S1. Which of the following is the most likely finding on physical examination??
{'A': 'Difficulty walking on heels', 'B': 'Exaggerated patellar tendon reflex', 'C': 'Diminished sensation of the anus and genitalia', 'D': 'Weak achilles tendon reflex', 'E': 'Diminished sensation of the anterior lateral thigh\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Degenerative disease of the joints | Q:A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of progressive pain and stiffness of the fingers of her right hand that is worse at the end of the day. She works as a hair dresser and has to take frequent breaks to rest her hand. She has hypertension, for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide. Two weeks ago, she completed a course of oral antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. Her sister has systemic lupus erythematosus. She drinks one to two beers daily and occasionally more on weekends. Over the past 2 weeks, she has been taking ibuprofen as needed for the joint pain. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows swelling, joint-line tenderness, and decreased range of motion of the right first metacarpophalangeal joint as well as the 2nd and 4th distal interphalangeal joints of the right hand. Discrete, hard, mildly tender swellings are palpated over the 2nd and 4th distal interphalangeal joints of the right hand. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism for these findings??
{'A': 'Monosodium urate crystal precipitation in the joints', 'B': 'Bacterial infection of the joint space', 'C': 'Autoimmune-mediated cartilage erosion', 'D': 'Degenerative disease of the joints', 'E': 'Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal precipitation in the joints'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Anti-desmoglein-3 antibodies | Q:A 51-year-old man presents to his dermatologist because of severe stomatitis and superficial skin erosions over his trunk. His condition started 2 months ago and was unresponsive to oral antibiotics and antiherpetic medications. He has no history of a similar rash. His medical history is remarkable for type 2 diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension. The physical examination reveals numerous flaccid blisters and bullae which rupture easily. Nikolsky's sign is positive. Which of the following best represents the etiology of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Anti-hemidesmosome antibodies', 'B': 'Increased mitotic activity of basal and suprabasal cells', 'C': 'Cutaneous T cell lymphoma', 'D': 'Anti-desmoglein-3 antibodies', 'E': 'Dermatophyte infection'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Secondary prevention | Q:A 50-year-old male presents to his primary care physician for a routine check-up. He reports that he is doing well overall without any bothersome symptoms. His past medical history is significant only for hypertension, which has been well controlled with losartan. Vital signs are as follows: T 37.0 C, HR 80, BP 128/76, RR 14, SpO2 99%. Physical examination does not reveal any concerning abnormalities. The physician recommends a fecal occult blood test at this visit to screen for the presence of any blood in the patient's stool that might be suggestive of an underlying colorectal cancer. Which of the following best describes this method of disease prevention??
{'A': 'Primordial prevention', 'B': 'Primary prevention', 'C': 'Secondary prevention', 'D': 'Tertiary prevention', 'E': 'Quaternary prevention'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with rupture of a papillary muscle | Q:A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of pain in the center of his chest that is radiating down his left arm and up the left side of his neck. The pain started suddenly 30 minutes ago while the patient was at work. The patient describes the pain as squeezing in nature, 10/10 in intensity, and is associated with nausea and difficulty breathing. He has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 15 years, hypertension for 10 years, and dyslipidemia, but he denies any history of a cardiac problem. He has a 40-pack-year history of smoking but does not drink alcohol. Vital signs include: blood pressure 80/40 mm Hg, regular pulse 90/min, and temperature 37.2°C (98.9°F). Chest auscultation reveals diffuse bilateral rales with no murmurs. ECG reveals convex ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V6 and echocardiogram shows anterolateral hypokinesis, retrograde blood flow into the left atrium, and an ejection fraction of 45%. Which of the following best describe the mechanism of this patient’s illness??
{'A': 'Occlusion of the right coronary artery, with infarction of the conduction system', 'B': 'Occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with rupture of a papillary muscle', 'C': 'Occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with interventricular septal rupture', 'D': 'Ventricular free wall rupture', 'E': 'Mitral leaflet thickening and fibrosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: History of multiple spontaneous abortions | Q:A 29-year-old African American female presents to your office with extreme fatigue and bilateral joint pain. Serologies demonstrate the presence of rheumatoid factor along with anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies. A VDRL syphilis test is positive. You order a coagulation profile, which reveals normal bleeding time, normal PT, and prolonged PTT as well as normal platelet count. Further evaluation is most likely to reveal which of the following??
{'A': 'Palmar rash', 'B': 'HLA-B27 positivity', 'C': 'Factor VIII deficiency', 'D': 'History of multiple spontaneous abortions', 'E': 'Immune thrombocytopenia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Aortic regurgitation | Q:A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 5-day history of fever, chills, and dyspnea. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F) and pulse is 90/min. Cardiac examination shows a murmur. In addition to other measures, cardiac catheterization is performed. A graph showing the results of the catheterization is shown. This patient most likely has which of the following valvular heart defects??
{'A': 'Mitral stenosis', 'B': 'Mitral regurgitation', 'C': 'Pulmonary regurgitation', 'D': 'Aortic regurgitation', 'E': 'Aortic stenosis\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Pyoderma gangrenosum | Q:A 54-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a painful skin lesion on her right leg for 1 month. It initially started out as a small red spot but has rapidly increased in size during this period. She remembers an ant bite on her leg prior to the lesion occurring. She was treated for anterior uveitis 8 months ago with corticosteroids. She has Crohn's disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Current medications include insulin, mesalamine, enalapril, and aspirin. She returned from Wisconsin after visiting her son 2 months ago. Her temperature is 37.6°C (98°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 126/88 mm Hg. Examination shows pitting pedal edema of the lower extremities. There is a 4-cm tender ulcerative lesion on the anterior right leg with a central necrotic base and purplish irregular borders. There are dilated tortuous veins in both lower legs. Femoral and pedal pulses are palpated bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Ecthyma gangrenosum', 'B': 'Pyoderma gangrenosum', 'C': 'Blastomycosis', 'D': 'Squamous cell carcinoma', 'E': 'Basal cell carcinoma\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Excessive bureaucratic tasks | Q:A primary care physician is recently receiving more negative online reviews from his patients. He is increasingly feeling tired and has written 2 wrong prescriptions over the past month alone. Currently, on his panel, he has a list of 1,051 patients, half of whom are geriatric patients. He spends approx. 51 hours per week visiting about 20 patients a day. He has no history of a serious illness and takes no medications. An evaluation by a psychiatrist shows no primary psychiatric disorders. According to recent national surveys, which of the following do physicians more frequently recognize as a contributor to this physician’s current condition??
{'A': 'The number of patients on his panel', 'B': 'Excessive bureaucratic tasks', 'C': 'Working too many hours', 'D': 'Concern over online reputation', 'E': 'The number of geriatric patients on his panel'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Purkinje fibers > atria > ventricles > AV node | Q:A 42-year-old Caucasian woman is enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to study cardiac function in the setting of several different drugs. She is started on verapamil and instructed to exercise at 50% of her VO2 max while several cardiac parameters are being measured. During this experiment, which of the following represents the relative conduction speed through the heart from fastest to slowest??
{'A': 'Atria > Purkinje fibers > ventricles > AV node', 'B': 'AV node > ventricles > atria > Purkinje fibers', 'C': 'Purkinje fibers > ventricles > atria > AV node', 'D': 'Purkinje fibers > atria > ventricles > AV node', 'E': 'Purkinje fibers > AV node > ventricles > atria'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Azithromycin therapy | Q:A 7-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a generalized rash for 3 days. Over the past 5 days, he has also had a high fever and a sore throat. His 16-year-old sister was treated for infectious mononucleosis 2 weeks ago. He returned from a summer camp a week ago. His immunizations are up-to-date. Three years ago, he required intubation after an allergic reaction to dicloxacillin. The patient appears ill. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). Examination shows circumferential oral pallor. Cervical lymphadenopathy is present. There is tonsillar erythema and exudate. A confluent, blanching, punctate erythematous rash with a rough texture is spread over his trunk and extremities. His hemoglobin concentration is 13.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 12,000/mm3, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 43 mm/h. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Acyclovir therapy', 'B': 'Doxycycline therapy', 'C': 'Amoxicillin therapy', 'D': 'Azithromycin therapy', 'E': 'Cephalexin therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Increased plasma metanephrines | Q:A 30-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a swelling on her neck for 5 months. It has gradually enlarged in size and is mildly painful. She has also had intermittent episodes of throbbing headache, sweating, and palpitations over the past 3 months. Menses occur at regular 28-day intervals and last for 4–5 days. She does not smoke, occasionally consumes alcohol on weekends. She appears thin and pale. Her temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F), pulse is 112/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Examination shows a firm, 3-cm swelling on the neck that moves with swallowing; there is no lymphadenopathy. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
Leukocyte count 9500/mm3
Platelet count 230,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 136 mEq/L
K+ 3.5 mEq/L
Cl- 104 mEq/L
TSH 2.3 μU/mL
Calcitonin 300 ng/dL (Normal < 5 ng/dL)
An electrocardiogram shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is most likely to be seen?"?
{'A': 'Increased serum gastrin', 'B': 'Increased serum cortisol', 'C': 'Increased urinary 5-HIAA', 'D': 'Increased serum T3 levels', 'E': 'Increased plasma metanephrines'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Intravenous magnesium sulfate | Q:A 31-year-old G3P1 woman who is at 37 weeks of gestation is brought into the emergency department by her husband after repeated twitching. According to the husband, they were watching TV when she suddenly became unresponsive and her hands and legs started shaking. The episode lasted about 5 minutes and she “seemed to be sleeping afterwards.” Her past medical history is significant for pregnancy induced hypertension. The patient is tired but responsive and denies urinary incontinence, paresthesia, fever, upper respiratory signs, or new medication changes. She denies a history of seizures. Her temperature is 99°F (37°C), blood pressure is 186/97 mmHg, pulse is 96/min, and respirations are 12/min. Physical examination demonstrates a lethargic patient with moderate right upper quadrant tenderness. What is the most appropriate next step for this patient??
{'A': 'Emergency cesarean section', 'B': 'Expectant management', 'C': 'Intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin', 'D': 'Intravenous infusion of oxytocin', 'E': 'Intravenous magnesium sulfate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Pick bodies | Q:A 65-year-old man was picked up by the security personnel for voiding urine and defecating at an inappropriate place in the community. On questioning, he was making offensive remarks and behaving inappropriately. On physical examination, the physician observed an ataxic gait and amnesia. Initial urine drug screen is negative for any drugs of abuse. Which is the most likely pathological finding present in this patient??
{'A': 'Drug abuse', 'B': 'PrPSC Sheets', 'C': 'Lewy bodies', 'D': 'Pick bodies', 'E': 'Amyloid plaques'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Activation of phosphorylase kinase | Q:A 52-year-old man undergoes an exercise stress test for a 1-week history of squeezing substernal chest pain that is aggravated by exercise and relieved by rest. During the test, there is a substantial increase in the breakdown of glycogen in the muscle cells. Which of the following changes best explains this intracellular finding??
{'A': 'Decrease in protein kinase A', 'B': 'Activation of phosphorylase kinase', 'C': 'Increase in glucose-6-phosphate', 'D': 'Activation of protein phosphatase', 'E': 'Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Uroporphyrinogen III | Q:A 35-year-old man presents to the general practitioner with a skin rash that has been present for 2 days. The rash appeared suddenly and has progressively gotten worse. It started off as an erythematous lesion on the back of his hands and also over his nose. The lesions over his hands have become bullous and tense. He has never experienced similar symptoms before. He just got back from a canoeing trip during a very hot and sunny weekend. Physical exam is significant for erythematous, vesicular lesions over the nape of the neck and bridge of the nose as well as tense bullae over the dorsum of both hands. The attending physician suspects a defect in the synthesis of heme and orders some blood tests. Which of the following precursors will most likely be elevated in this patient??
{'A': 'Uroporphyrinogen III', 'B': 'Hydroxymethylbilane', 'C': 'Porphobilinogen', 'D': 'δ-Aminolevulinic acid', 'E': 'Protoporphyrin IX'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Uterine rupture | Q:A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 38 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of vaginal bleeding for the past hour. The patient reports that she felt contractions prior to the onset of the bleeding, but the contractions stopped after the bleeding started. She also has severe abdominal pain. Her first child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. Her pulse is 110/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. Examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness with no rebound or guarding; no contractions are felt. The fetal heart rate shows recurrent variable decelerations. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Abruptio placentae', 'B': 'Vasa previa', 'C': 'Uterine rupture', 'D': 'Uterine inertia', 'E': 'Amniotic fluid embolism'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cyclic AMP | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for difficulty breathing. He was playing outside in the snow and had progressive onset of wheezing and gasping. His history is notable for eczema and nut allergies. The patient has respirations of 22/min and is leaning forward with his hands on his legs as he is seated on the table. Physical examination is notable for inspiratory and expiratory wheezes on exam. A nebulized medication is started and begins to relieve his breathing difficulties. Which of the following is increased in this patient as a result of this medication??
{'A': 'Diacylglycerol', 'B': 'Cyclic GMP', 'C': 'Cyclic AMP', 'D': 'Protein kinase C', 'E': 'ATP'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Low, Low, High, High | Q:A 78-year-old male with history of coronary artery disease, status post coronary stent placement currently on aspirin and clopidogrel was found down in his bathroom by his wife. His GCS score was 3 and an accurate physical exam is limited. A stat non-contrast CT scan of his brain demonstrated a large right parietal intracranial hemorrhage with surrounding edema. He was promptly transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring. Over the next day, his mental status continues to worsen but repeat CT scan shows no new bleeding. In addition, the patient’s urinary output has been >200 cc/hr over the last several hours and increasing. His temperature is 99.0 deg F (37.2 deg C), blood pressure is 125/72 mmHg, pulse is 87/min, and respirations are 13/min. Which of the following values would most likely correspond to the patient’s urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, plasma osmolality, and serum sodium??
{'A': 'High, High, Low, Low', 'B': 'Low, High, High, High', 'C': 'Low, Low, High, Low', 'D': 'Low, Low, High, High', 'E': 'High, Low, Low, High'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Echocardiography | Q:A 53-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. One month ago, she was diagnosed with carcinoma of the left breast. She underwent a lumpectomy for a 2.1-cm mass and sentinel lymph node biopsy 2 weeks ago. The biopsy of the breast mass showed margin-free invasive ductal carcinoma; immunohistochemistry showed the carcinoma is estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor negative, and HER2-receptor positive. The lymph node biopsy was negative for metastases. Examination shows a healing surgical incision over the left breast. There is no palpable axillary lymphadenopathy. Her physician decides to initiate treatment with appropriate pharmacotherapy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Echocardiography', 'B': 'Fundoscopy', 'C': 'Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan', 'D': 'X-ray of the chest', 'E': 'Endometrial biopsy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Impaired erythropoietin production | Q:Three weeks after birth, an infant girl develops episodes of apnea. She has become increasingly lethargic over the past two days, and experienced two episodes of apnea lasting 10 seconds each within the last day. She was born at 31 weeks of gestation and weighed 1600-g (3-lb 8-oz). Apgar scores were 4 and 7 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. She takes no medications. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F), pulse is 185/min, respirations are 60/min and irregular, and blood pressure is 70/35 mm Hg. She appears pale. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin of 6.5 g/dL, a reticulocyte count of 0.5%, and a mean corpuscular volume of 92 μm3. Leukocyte count, platelet count, total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin are all within reference range. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's anemia??
{'A': 'Defective δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase', 'B': 'Bone marrow suppression', 'C': 'Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency', 'D': 'Iron deficiency', 'E': 'Impaired erythropoietin production'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) | Q:A 45-year-old woman presents to the physician with a 6-month history of progressive shortness of breath. She now has to stop to rest three or four times whenever she climbs the stairs to her apartment on the third floor. She reports chronic, nonproductive cough and wheezing, for which she uses ipratropium inhalers. She has a 25 pack-year smoking history. On examination, the blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, the pulse rate is 95/min, the temperature is 36.6°C (97.8°F), and the respiratory rate is 26/min. Chest auscultation reveals bilateral crepitations. Cardiac auscultation reveals normal S1 and S2 without murmurs or added sounds. Arterial blood gas analysis shows:
pH 7.36 (reference: 7.35–7.45)
HCO3- 32 mEq/L (reference 22–28 mEq/L)
Pco2 48 mm Hg (reference: 33–45 mm Hg)
Po2 63 mm Hg (reference: 75–105 mm Hg)
O2 saturation 91% (reference: 94–99%)
Which of the following would you expect to find in this patient??
{'A': 'Decreased lung residual volume', 'B': 'Decreased diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO)', 'C': 'Increased FEV1/FVC ratio', 'D': 'Shift of the flow volume loop to the right', 'E': 'Decreased lung compliance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Dependent | Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to a psychiatrist by his mother who is concerned that he has become increasingly distant. When asked, he says that he is no longer going out because he is afraid of going outside by himself. He says that ever since he was a teenager, he was uncomfortable in large crowds and on public transportation. He now works from home and rarely leaves his house except on mandatory business. Which of the following personality disorders is most likely genetically associated with this patient's disorder??
{'A': 'Antisocial', 'B': 'Dependent', 'C': 'Histrionic', 'D': 'Paranoid', 'E': 'Schizotypal'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Disc herniation | Q:A 26-year-old woman presents with sudden-onset pain in her lower back. She says she was exercising in the gym several hours ago when she felt a sharp pain. The pain is radiating down the side of her leg and into her foot. On physical exam, her vital signs are as follows: HR 95, BP 120/70, T 37.2 degrees C. She has extreme pain shooting down her leg with a straight leg raise. Her sensation to light touch and pin-prick is intact throughout. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Disc herniation', 'B': 'Osteomyelitis', 'C': 'Cauda equina syndrome', 'D': 'Spinal stenosis', 'E': 'Ankylosing spondylitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Cytomegalovirus retinitis | Q:A 34-year-old man with AIDS comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of decreasing vision and seeing black spots in his right eye. He has no pain and the left eye is asymptomatic. He was treated for fungal esophagitis 6 months ago with fluconazole. He was diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma 2 years ago. Current medications include efavirenz, tenofovir, emtricitabine, azithromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, multivitamins, and a nutritional supplement. He is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 45 kg (99 lbs);BMI is 15.6 kg/m2. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 89/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Examination shows cervical lymphadenopathy. There are multiple violaceous plaques seen over his trunk and extremities. Fundoscopic examination shows granular yellow-white opacities around the retinal vessels and multiple areas of dot-blot hemorrhages. His CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 36/mm3. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Cytomegalovirus retinitis', 'B': 'Herpes simplex keratitis', 'C': 'Toxoplasma retinitis', 'D': 'HIV retinopathy', 'E': 'Varicella zoster retinitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Medullary carcinoma | Q:A 45-year old man comes to the physician because of a painless neck lump and a 2-month history of difficulty swallowing. He has a history of recurrent nephrolithiasis and episodic hypertension. Physical examination shows a 3 × 3-cm, nontender nodule at the level of the thyroid cartilage. A photomicrograph of a section of tissue obtained by core needle biopsy of the nodule is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Follicular carcinoma', 'B': 'Anaplastic carcinoma', 'C': 'Non-Hodgkin lymphoma', 'D': 'Papillary carcinoma', 'E': 'Medullary carcinoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Reactive arthritis | Q:A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of increasing pain and swelling of his right knee for 12 days. He has had episodes of pain with urination for 3 weeks. He had a painful, swollen left ankle joint that resolved without treatment one week ago. His mother has rheumatoid arthritis. He is sexually active with 2 female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. He appears anxious. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 68/min, and blood pressure is 100/80 mm Hg. Examination shows bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva. The right knee is tender, erythematous, and swollen; range of motion is limited by pain. There is tenderness at the left Achilles tendon insertion site. Genital examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 14.5 g/dL
Leukocyte count 12,300/mm3
Platelet count 310,000/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 38 mm/h
Serum
Urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL
Glucose 89 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Urine
Protein negative
Blood negative
WBC 12–16/hpf
RBC 1–2/hpf
An ELISA test for HIV is negative. Arthrocentesis is done. The synovial fluid is cloudy and a Gram stain is negative. Analysis of the synovial fluid shows a leukocyte count of 26,000/mm3 and 75% neutrophils. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Septic arthritis', 'B': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'C': 'Lyme arthritis', 'D': 'Reactive arthritis', 'E': 'Syphilitic arthritis\n"'}, |