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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Finasteride | Q:A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care provider to discuss the frequency with which he wakes up at night to urinate. He avoids drinking liquids at night, but the symptoms have progressively worsened. The medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He takes lisinopril, atorvastatin, and a multivitamin every day. Today, the vital signs include: blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg, heart rate 90/min, respiratory rate 17/min, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, he appears tired. The heart has a regular rate and rhythm and the lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. A bedside bladder ultrasound reveals a full bladder. A digital rectal exam reveals an enlarged and symmetric prostate free of nodules, that is consistent with benign prostatic enlargement. He also has a history of symptomatic hypotension with several episodes of syncope in the past. The patient declines a prostate biopsy that would provide a definitive diagnosis and requests less invasive treatment. Which of the following is recommended to treat this patient’s enlarged prostate??
{'A': 'Tamsulosin', 'B': 'Finasteride', 'C': 'Prazosin', 'D': 'Tadalafil', 'E': 'Leuprolide'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Malignant melanoma | Q:A 63-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a skin lesion on his chest. He first noticed the lesion 2 months ago and thinks that it has increased in size since then. The lesion is not painful or pruritic. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and glaucoma. The patient has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the last 40 years and drinks two to three beers on the weekend. Current medications include metformin, atorvastatin, topical timolol, and a multivitamin. Vital signs are within normal limits. The lesion is partly elevated on palpation and does not change its form on pinching. A photograph of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Malignant melanoma', 'B': 'Keratoacanthoma', 'C': 'Lentigo maligna', 'D': 'Seborrheic keratosis', 'E': 'Basal cell carcinoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Reporting bias | Q:A case-control study looking to study the relationship between infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and having multiple sexual partners was conducted in the United States. A total of 100 women with newly diagnosed chlamydial infection visiting an outpatient clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were compared with 100 women from the same clinic who were found to be free of chlamydia and other STDs. The women diagnosed with this infection were informed that the potential serious consequences of the disease could be prevented only by locating and treating their sexual partners. Both groups of women were queried about the number of sexual partners they had had during the preceding 3 months. The group of women with chlamydia reported an average of 4 times as many sexual partners compared with the group of women without chlamydia; the researchers, therefore, concluded that women with chlamydia visiting the clinic had significantly more sexual partners compared with women who visited the same clinic but were not diagnosed with chlamydia. What type of systematic error could have influenced the results of this study??
{'A': 'Ascertainment bias', 'B': 'Lost-to-follow-up bias', 'C': 'Response bias', 'D': 'Detection bias', 'E': 'Reporting bias'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Superficial peroneal nerve | Q:A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after being bitten by a rattlesnake. He was hiking in the Arizona desert when he accidentally stepped on the snake and it bit his right leg. His pulse is 135/min and blood pressure is 104/81 mm Hg. Examination shows right lower leg swelling, ecchymosis, and blistering. Right ankle dorsiflexion elicits severe pain. A manometer inserted in the lateral compartment of the lower leg shows an intracompartmental pressure of 67 mm Hg. In addition to administration of the antivenom, the patient undergoes fasciotomy. Two weeks later, he reports difficulty in walking. Neurologic examination shows a loss of sensation over the lower part of the lateral side of the right leg and the dorsum of the right foot. Right foot eversion is 1/5. There is no weakness in dorsiflexion. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured in this patient??
{'A': 'Tibial nerve', 'B': 'Sural nerve', 'C': 'Deep peroneal nerve', 'D': 'Superficial peroneal nerve', 'E': 'Saphenous nerve'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Irritable bowel syndrome | Q:A 31-year-old woman visits the clinic with chronic diarrhea on most days for the past four months. She also complains of lower abdominal discomfort and cramping, which is relieved by episodes of diarrhea. She denies any recent change in her weight. Bowel movements are preceded by a sensation of urgency, associated with mucus discharge, and followed by a feeling of incomplete evacuation. The patient went camping several months earlier, and another member of her camping party fell ill recently. Her temperature is 37° C (98.6° F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Her physical examination is unremarkable. A routine stool examination is within normal limits and blood test results show:
Hb% 13 gm/dL
Total count (WBC): 11,000/mm3
Differential count:
Neutrophils: 70%
Lymphocytes: 25%
Monocytes: 5%
ESR: 10 mm/hr
What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Irritable bowel syndrome', 'B': 'Crohn’s disease', 'C': 'Ulcerative colitis', 'D': 'Giardiasis', 'E': 'Laxative abuse'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Rest and primary care follow up | Q:A 24-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a persistent and low grade headache as well as trouble focusing. The patient was seen in the emergency department 3 days ago after hitting his head on a branch while biking under the influence of alcohol. His head CT at the time was normal, and the patient was sent home with follow up instructions. Since the event, he has experienced trouble focusing on his school work and feels confused at times while listening to lectures. He states that he can’t remember the lectures and also says he has experienced a sensation of vertigo at times. On review of systems, he states that he has felt depressed lately and has had trouble sleeping, though he denies any suicidal or homicidal ideation. His temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 122/65 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient’s neurological and cardiopulmonary exam are within normal limits. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Cognitive behavioral therapy', 'B': 'CT scan of the head without contrast', 'C': 'Fluoxetine', 'D': 'Rest and primary care follow up', 'E': 'Thiamine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: A recently divorced man states he will finally be able to watch a football game without nagging | Q:While playing the catcher position in baseball, a 27-year-old male sustained a blow to his left testes which required surgical removal. Upon awakening from anesthesia, he jokes to his wife that he is now half the man that she once knew. Which of the following scenarios is a similar ego defense as the one above??
{'A': 'A religious woman with homosexual desires speaks out against gay marriage', 'B': 'A husband angry at his wife takes out his anger on his employees', 'C': 'A short-tempered male lifts weights to deal with his anger', 'D': 'A cheating husband accuses his wife of doing the same', 'E': 'A recently divorced man states he will finally be able to watch a football game without nagging'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity | Q:A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe muscle pain and fever for 4 days. He likes to go hunting and consumed bear meat 1 month ago. Examination shows periorbital edema and generalized muscle tenderness. His leukocyte count is 12,000/mm3 with 19% eosinophils. The release of major basic protein in response to this patient’s infection is most likely a result of which of the following??
{'A': 'Immune complex-dependent complement activation', 'B': 'Interaction between Th1 cells and macrophages', 'C': 'Increased expression of MHC class I molecules', 'D': 'Increased expression of MHC class II molecules', 'E': 'Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Opening the canal of Schlemm by contracting the ciliary muscle | Q:A 65-year-old patient with a history of COPD and open-angle glaucoma in the left eye has had uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) for the last few months. She is currently using latanoprost eye drops. Her ophthalmologist adds another eye drop to her regimen to further decrease her IOP. A week later, the patient returns because of persistent dim vision. On exam, she has a small fixed pupil in her left eye as well as a visual acuity of 20/40 in her left eye compared to 20/20 in her right eye. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the medication most likely prescribed in this case??
{'A': 'Inhibiting the production of aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium', 'B': 'Closing the trabecular mesh by relaxing the ciliary muscles', 'C': 'Opening the canal of Schlemm by contracting the ciliary muscle', 'D': 'Increasing reabsorption of aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium', 'E': 'Increasing the permeability of sclera to aqueous humor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Colonoscopy | Q:A 47-year-old man presents to the clinic with a 10-day history of a sore throat and fever. He has a past medical history significant for ulcerative colitis and chronic lower back pain. He smokes at least 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 10 years. The father of the patient died of colon cancer at the age of 50. He takes sulfasalazine and naproxen. The temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), the blood pressure is 131/87 mm Hg, the pulse is 74/min, and the respiratory rate is 16/min. On physical examination, the patient appears tired and ill. His pharynx is erythematous with exudate along the tonsillar crypts. The strep test comes back positive. In addition to treating the bacterial infection, what else would you recommend for the patient at this time??
{'A': 'Fecal occult blood testing', 'B': 'Flexible sigmoidoscopy', 'C': 'Low-dose CT', 'D': 'Colonoscopy', 'E': 'PSA and digital rectal exam'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: The patient is not a good candidate for Noxbinle due to her history of diabetes | Q:A patient with HCC and a long history of alcohol dependence and chronic hepatitis C has been using the mTOR inhibitor Metalimus 100 mg for cancer treatment. Her cancer has shown a partial response. She also has a history of hypertension and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic retinopathy. Current medications include enalapril and insulin. She asks her oncologist and hepatologist if she could try Noxbinle (tumorolimus) for its purported survival benefit in treating HCC. Based on the data provided in the drug advertisement, which of the following statements is most accurate??
{'A': 'The patient is not a good candidate for Noxbinle due to her history of hypertension', 'B': 'The patient is not a good candidate for Noxbinle due to her history of diabetes', 'C': 'The patient should start Noxbinle 50 mg because of the survival benefit relative to Metalimus 100 mg', 'D': 'The patient should start Noxbinle 100 mg because of the survival benefit relative to Metalimus 100 mg', 'E': 'The patient should start Noxbinle 50 mg because of her history of alcohol use disorder and hepatitis C'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hemorrhagic shock | Q:A 22-year-old G4P2 at 35 weeks gestation presents to the hospital after she noticed that "her water broke." Her prenatal course is unremarkable, but her obstetric history includes postpartum hemorrhage after her third pregnancy, attributed to a retained placenta. The patient undergoes augmentation of labor with oxytocin and within four hours delivers a male infant with Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Three minutes later, the placenta passes the vagina, but a smooth mass attached to the placenta continues to follow. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 20/min. What is the most likely complication in the absence of intervention??
{'A': 'Heart failure', 'B': 'Hemorrhagic shock', 'C': 'Hypertension', 'D': 'Hyperthermia', 'E': 'Tachypnea'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Meigs syndrome | Q:A 40-year-old nulliparous woman with no significant medical history presents to your office with shortness of breath and increased abdominal girth over the past month. The initial assessment demonstrates that the patient has a right-sided hydrothorax, ascites, and a large ovarian mass. Surgery is performed to remove the ovarian mass, and the patient's ascites and pleural effusion resolve promptly. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Metastatic colon cancer', 'B': 'Metastatic lung cancer', 'C': 'Metastatic ovarian cancer', 'D': 'Meigs syndrome', 'E': 'Nephrotic syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Primary sclerosing cholangitis | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has a 2-month history of increasing generalized fatigue and severe pruritus. He has hypertension and ulcerative colitis which was diagnosed via colonoscopy 5 years ago. Current medications include lisinopril and rectal mesalamine. He is sexually active with 2 female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 86/min, and blood pressure is 130/84 mm Hg. Examination shows scleral icterus and multiple scratch marks on the trunk and extremities. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.5 g/dL
Leukocyte count 7500/mm3
Platelet count 280,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 138 mEq/L
Cl- 101 mEq/L
K+ 4.7 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL
Glucose 91 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL
Bilirubin
Total 1.5 mg/dL
Direct 0.9 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 460 U/L
AST 75 U/L
ALT 78 U/L
Anti-nuclear antibody negative
Antimitochondrial antibodies negative
Abdominal ultrasound shows thickening of the bile ducts and focal bile duct dilatation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Autoimmune hepatitis', 'B': 'Primary sclerosing cholangitis', 'C': 'Primary biliary cholangitis', 'D': 'Hepatitis B infection', 'E': 'IgG4-associated cholangitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Elevated blood urea nitrogen concentration | Q:An 82-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after losing consciousness at her nursing home. She had been watching TV for several hours and while getting up to use the bathroom, she fell and was unconscious for several seconds. She felt dizzy shortly before the fall. She does not have a headache or any other pain. She has a history of hypertension, intermittent atrial fibrillation, and stable angina pectoris. Current medications include warfarin, aspirin, hydrochlorothiazide, and a nitroglycerin spray as needed. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), pulse is 100/min and regular, and blood pressure is 102/56 mm Hg. Physical exam shows a dry tongue. A fold of skin that is pinched on the back of her hand unfolds after 2 seconds. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Elevated serum concentration of cardiac enzymes', 'B': 'Absent P waves on ECG', 'C': 'Elevated blood urea nitrogen concentration', 'D': 'Hypodense lesions on CT scan of the head', 'E': 'Elevated serum creatine kinase concentration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Tumor in the lung without metastasis | Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 10-month history of nonbloody diarrhea and recurrent episodes of flushing and wheezing. She does not take any medications. Physical examination shows a hyperpigmented rash around the base of her neck. Cardiac examination shows a grade 4/6, holosystolic murmur in the 5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. Echocardiography shows left-sided endocardial and valvular fibrosis with moderate mitral regurgitation; there are no septal defects or right-sided valvular defects. Urinalysis shows increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Tumor in the pancreas without metastasis', 'B': 'Tumor in the lung without metastasis', 'C': 'Tumor in the left atrium with hepatic metastasis', 'D': 'Tumor in the appendix without metastasis', 'E': 'Tumor in the descending colon with hepatic metastasis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: ELISA for parvovirus B-19 IgM and IgG antibodies | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother with fever and a rash. The patient’s mother says his symptoms started 1 week ago with the acute onset of fever and a runny nose, which resolved over the next 3 days. Then, 4 days later, she noted a rash on his face, which, after a day, spread to his neck, torso, and extremities. The patient denies any pruritus or pain associated with the rash. No recent history of sore throat, chills, or upper respiratory infection. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications. The vital signs include: temperature 37.2°C (99.9°F) and pulse 88/min. On physical examination, there is a maculopapular rash on his face, torso, and extremities, which spares the palms and soles. The appearance of the rash is shown in the exhibit (see image below). Which of the following would most likely confirm the diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Throat culture', 'B': 'Assay for IgM and IgG against measles virus', 'C': 'Serology for human herpesvirus-6 IgM antibodies', 'D': 'ELISA for IgG antibodies against Rubella virus', 'E': 'ELISA for parvovirus B-19 IgM and IgG antibodies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Intravenous ciprofloxacin | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her physician’s office complaining of a worsening cough with large volumes of mucoid sputum in her phlegm every morning and thickened foul smell sputum almost every time she coughs. She says that this cough started about one month ago and has been increasing in intensity. Over the counter medications are ineffective. Past medical history is significant for cystic fibrosis diagnosed at the age of 6 years old, and pneumonia twice in the past 2 years. Other than a cough, she has no fever or any other concerns. A sputum samples grows aerobic, non-lactose fermenting, oxidase-positive, gram-negative bacillus. Which of the following treatment regimens is the most beneficial for her at this time??
{'A': 'Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid', 'B': 'Postural drainage of the chest', 'C': 'Surgical therapy', 'D': 'Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole', 'E': 'Intravenous ciprofloxacin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Aldolase B | Q:A 7-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for a change in his behavior. The patient has been breastfeeding up until this point and has been meeting his developmental milestones. He is in the 90th percentile for weight and 89th percentile for height. This past week, the patient has been lethargic, vomiting, and has been refusing to eat. The patient's parents state that he had an episode this morning where he was not responsive and was moving his extremities abnormally followed by a period of somnolence. The patient's past medical history is notable for shoulder dystocia and poorly managed maternal diabetes during the pregnancy. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 60/30 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, you note a lethargic infant with a sweet smell to his breath. Which of the following is most likely deficient in this patient??
{'A': 'Aldolase B', 'B': 'Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase', 'C': 'Glucose', 'D': 'Branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase', 'E': 'Ornithine transcarbamolase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Measure electrolytes | Q:A 21-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for severe malnutrition with a BMI of 15 kg/m2. Past medical history is significant for chronic anorexia nervosa. During the course of her stay, she is treated with parenteral fluids and nutrition management. On the 4th day, her status changes. Her blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg, heart rate is 120/min, respiratory rate is 25/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, her heart is tachycardic with a regular rhythm and her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. She appears confused, disoriented, and agitated. Strength in her lower extremities is 4/5. What is the next step in management??
{'A': 'MRI of the brain', 'B': 'Arrange for outpatient counseling', 'C': 'Measure electrolytes', 'D': 'Administer insulin', 'E': 'Doppler ultrasound on lower extremities'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Leucovorin | Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 5-day history of fatigue, fever, and chills. For the past 9 months, he has had hand pain and stiffness that has progressively worsened. He started a new medication for these symptoms 3 months ago. Medications used prior to that included ibuprofen, prednisone, and hydroxychloroquine. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. Examination shows a subcutaneous nodule at his left elbow, old joint destruction with boutonniere deformity, and no active joint warmth or tenderness. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. His hemoglobin concentration is 10.5 g/dL, leukocyte count is 3500/mm3, and platelet count is 100,000/mm3. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's laboratory abnormalities??
{'A': 'Cobalamin', 'B': 'Amifostine', 'C': 'Pyridoxine', 'D': 'Leucovorin', 'E': 'Mesna\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Diffuse, concave ST-segment elevations | Q:Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
An ECG is most likely to show which of the following findings in this patient?"
"Patient Information
Age: 64 years
Gender: F, self-identified
Ethnicity: unspecified
Site of Care: emergency department
History
Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “My chest hurts, especially when I take a deep breath.”
History of Present Illness:
2-hour history of chest pain
pain described as “sharp”
pain rated 6/10 at rest and 10/10 when taking a deep breath
Past Medical History:
rheumatoid arthritis
major depressive disorder
Medications:
methotrexate, folic acid, fluoxetine
Allergies:
penicillin
Psychosocial History:
does not smoke
drinks one glass of bourbon every night
Physical Examination
Temp Pulse Resp BP O2 Sat Ht Wt BMI
36.7°C
(98°F)
75/min 17/min 124/75 mm Hg –
163 cm
(5 ft 4 in)
54 kg
(120 lb)
20 kg/m2
Appearance: sitting forward at the edge of a hospital bed, uncomfortable
Neck: no jugular venous distension
Pulmonary: clear to auscultation
Cardiac: regular rate and rhythm; normal S1 and S2; no murmurs; a scratching sound is best heard over the left sternal border; pain is not reproducible on palpation; pain is worse when the patient is lying back and improved by leaning forward
Abdominal: no tenderness, guarding, masses, bruits, or hepatosplenomegaly
Extremities: tenderness to palpation, stiffness, and swelling of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers; swan neck deformities and ulnar deviation of several fingers; firm, nontender nodules on the extensor aspects of the left forearm; no edema
Neurologic: alert and oriented; cranial nerves grossly intact; no focal neurologic deficits"?
{'A': 'S waves in lead I, Q waves in lead III, and inverted T waves in lead III', 'B': 'Diffuse, concave ST-segment elevations', 'C': 'Sawtooth-appearance of P waves', 'D': 'Peaked T waves and ST-segment elevations in leads V1-V6', 'E': 'Alternating high and low amplitude QRS complexes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Pheochromocytoma | Q:A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up appointment. He has a seizure disorder treated with valproic acid. He has always had difficulties with his schoolwork. He was able to walk independently at the age of 2 years and was able to use a fork and spoon at the age of 3 years. Ophthalmic examination shows hyperpigmented iris nodules bilaterally. A photograph of his skin examination findings is shown. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following conditions??
{'A': 'Vestibular schwannoma', 'B': 'Hemangioblastoma', 'C': 'Pheochromocytoma', 'D': 'Leptomeningeal angioma', 'E': 'Cardiac rhabdomyoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Episodic hypertension and headaches | Q:A 52-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of diarrhea. She states that it has been going on for the past month and started after she ate a burger cooked over a campfire. She endorses having lost 10 pounds during this time. The patient has no other complaints other than hoarseness which has persisted during this time. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and anxiety. Her current medications include insulin, metformin, levothyroxine, and fluoxetine. She currently drinks 4 to 5 alcoholic beverages per day. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, you note a healthy obese woman. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. HEENT exam is notable for a mass on the thyroid. Abdominal exam is notable for a candida infection underneath the patient's pannus. Pelvic exam is notable for a white, fish-odored discharge. Laboratory values are as follows:
Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 4,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 190,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 141 mEq/L
Cl-: 102 mEq/L
K+: 5.5 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
Glucose: 122 mg/dL
Ca2+: 7.1 mg/dL
Which of the following could also be found in this patient??
{'A': 'Acute renal failure', 'B': 'Acute liver failure', 'C': 'Episodic hypertension and headaches', 'D': 'Bitemporal hemianopsia', 'E': 'Schistocytes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Perform an HPV DNA test | Q:A 27-year-old female presents to her OB/GYN for a check-up. During her visit, a pelvic exam and Pap smear are performed. The patient does not have any past medical issues and has had routine gynecologic care with normal pap smears every 3 years since age 21. The results of the Pap smear demonstrate atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Repeat Pap smear in 1 year', 'B': 'Repeat Pap smear in 3 years', 'C': 'Perform an HPV DNA test', 'D': 'Perform colposcopy', 'E': 'Perform a Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Genetic analysis | Q:A 19-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of progressive difficulty climbing stairs over the last 2 years. During this period, he has also had problems with running, occasional falls, and standing from a chair. He has not had any vision problems or muscle cramping. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. Neurological examination shows deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally and sensation to pinprick and light touch is normal. Musculoskeletal examination shows enlarged calf muscles bilaterally. He has a waddling gait. Laboratory studies show a creatine kinase level of 1700 U/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step to confirm the diagnosis??
{'A': 'Tensilon test', 'B': 'Anti-Jo-1 antibodies measurement', 'C': 'CT scan of the chest', 'D': 'Electromyography', 'E': 'Genetic analysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Positive anti-streptococcal serology | Q:An 11-year-old man presents with fever and joint pain for the last 3 days. His mother says that he had a sore throat 3 weeks ago but did not seek medical care at that time. The family immigrated from the Middle East 3 years ago. The patient has no past medical history. The current illness started with a fever and a swollen right knee that was very painful. The following day, his knee improved but his left elbow became swollen and painful. While in the waiting room, his left knee is also becoming swollen and painful. Vital signs include: temperature 38.7°C (101.6°F), and blood pressure 110/80 mm Hg. On physical examination, the affected joints are swollen and very tender to touch, and there are circular areas of redness on his back and left forearm (as shown in the image). Which of the following is needed to establish a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in this patient??
{'A': 'Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)', 'B': 'Elevated leukocyte count', 'C': 'No other criterion is needed to establish the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever', 'D': 'Prolonged PR interval', 'E': 'Positive anti-streptococcal serology'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Hamartomatous polyp | Q:A 41-year-old woman is referred by her radiation oncologist to the medical genetics clinic. She was recently diagnosed with an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. She has a previous history of colonic polyps for which she undergoes bi-annual colonoscopy. The maternal and paternal family history is unremarkable for polyps and malignant or benign tumors. However, the patient reports that her 10-year-old son has dark brown pigmentation on his lips, and she also had similar pigmentation as a child. Histology of colonic polyps in this patient will most likely reveal which of the following??
{'A': 'Hyperplastic polyps', 'B': 'Adenomatous polyps', 'C': 'Inflammatory polyps', 'D': 'Retention polyps', 'E': 'Hamartomatous polyp'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Interstitial cystitis | Q:A 40-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a 5-month history of worsening bladder discomfort. Her discomfort is relieved by voiding. She voids 10–15 times per day and wakes up 2–3 times per night to void. She has not had any involuntary loss of urine. She has tried cutting down on fluids and taking NSAIDs to reduce the discomfort with minimal relief. Her past medical history is significant for bipolar disorder. She is sexually active with her husband but reports that intercourse has recently become painful. Current medications include lithium. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 65/min, and blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg. Examination shows tenderness to palpation of her suprapubic region. Urinalysis shows:
Color clear
pH 6.7
Specific gravity 1.010
Protein 1+
Glucose negative
Ketones negative
Blood negative
Nitrite negative
Leukocyte esterase negative
WBC 0/hpf
Squamous epithelial cells 2/hpf
Bacteria None
A pelvic ultrasound shows a postvoid residual urine is 25 mL. A cystoscopy shows a normal urethra and normal bladder mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Urinary tract infection', 'B': 'Overactive bladder', 'C': 'Interstitial cystitis', 'D': 'Urinary retention', 'E': 'Diabetes insipidus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Adhesive capsulitis | Q:A 55-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with a 2-month history of insidious onset of left shoulder pain. It only occurs at the extremes of her range of motion and has made it difficult to sleep on the affected side. She has noticed increasing difficulty with activities of daily living, including brushing her hair and putting on or taking off her blouse and bra. She denies a history of shoulder trauma, neck pain, arm/hand weakness, numbness, or paresthesias. Her medical history is remarkable for type 2 diabetes mellitus, for which she takes metformin and glipizide. Her physical examination reveals a marked decrease in both active and passive range of motion of the left shoulder, with forwarding flexion to 75°, abduction to 75°, external rotation to 45°, and internal rotation to 15° with significant pain. Rotator cuff strength is normal. AP, scapular Y, and axillary plain film radiographs are reported as normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Degenerative cervical spine disease', 'B': 'Adhesive capsulitis', 'C': 'Rotator cuff injury', 'D': 'Subacromial impingement syndrome', 'E': 'Glenohumeral arthritis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Degree of mitotic activity | Q:A 70-year-old man comes to the physician because of right-sided back pain, red urine, and weight loss for the last 4 months. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a large right-sided renal mass. Biopsy of the mass shows polygonal clear cells filled with lipids. Which of the following features is necessary to determine the tumor grade in this patient??
{'A': 'Size of malignant proliferation', 'B': 'Invasion of surrounding structures', 'C': 'Degree of mitotic activity', 'D': 'Response to chemotherapy', 'E': 'Involvement of regional lymph nodes\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Lymphocytes at the dermoepidermal junction | Q:A previously healthy 46-year-old woman comes to her physician because of an itchy rash on her legs. She denies any recent trauma, insect bites, or travel. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the oral cavity shows white lace-like lines on the buccal mucosa. A photograph of the rash is shown. A biopsy specimen of the skin lesion is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Decreased thickness of the stratum granulosum', 'B': 'Inflammation of subcutaneous adipose tissue', 'C': 'Lymphocytes at the dermoepidermal junction', 'D': 'Proliferation of vascular endothelium', 'E': 'Deposition of antibodies around epidermal cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Lung cancer | Q:A 48-year-old female presents to the emergency room with mental status changes.
Laboratory analysis of the patient's serum shows:
Na 122 mEq/L
K 3.9 mEq/L
HCO3 24 mEq/L
BUN 21 mg/dL
Cr 0.9 mg/dL
Ca 8.5 mg/dL
Glu 105 mg/dL
Urinalysis shows:
Osmolality 334 mOsm/kg
Na 45 mEq/L
Glu 0 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Aspirin overdose', 'B': 'Diarrhea', 'C': 'Diabetes insipidus', 'D': 'Primary polydipsia', 'E': 'Lung cancer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Stool culture for bacterial isolation and toxin presence | Q:On the 4th day of hospital admission due to pneumonia, a 69-year-old woman develops non-bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. She is currently treated with ceftriaxone. Despite the resolution of fever after the first 2 days of admission, her temperature is now 38.5°C (101.3°F). On physical examination, she has mild generalized abdominal tenderness without abdominal guarding or rebound tenderness. Laboratory studies show re-elevation of leukocyte counts. Ceftriaxone is discontinued. Given the most likely diagnosis in this patient, which of the following is the most sensitive test?
?
{'A': 'Endoscopy ', 'B': 'Enzyme immunoassay glutamate dehydrogenase ', 'C': 'Gram stain of stool sample ', 'D': 'Nucleic acid amplification test', 'E': 'Stool culture for bacterial isolation and toxin presence'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: CFTR gene mutation | Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. Since infancy, he has frequently had large-volume stools that are loose and greasy. He was treated for otitis media twice in the past year. He has a history of recurrent respiratory tract infections since birth. He is at the 5th percentile for height and 3rd percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows softening of the occipital and parietal bones. Scattered expiratory wheezing and rhonchi are heard throughout both lung fields. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Deficient α1 antitrypsin', 'B': 'Gliadin autoantibodies', 'C': 'CFTR gene mutation', 'D': 'Absent T cells', 'E': 'Impaired ciliary function'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Lewy body dementia | Q:A 77-year-old woman is brought to her primary care provider by her daughter with behavioral changes and an abnormally bad memory for the past few months. The patient’s daughter says she sometimes gets angry and aggressive while at other times she seems lost and stares at her surroundings. Her daughter also reports that she has seen her mother talking to empty chairs. The patient says she sleeps well during the night but still feels sleepy throughout the day. She has no problems getting dressed and maintaining her one bedroom apartment. Past medical history is significant for mild depression and mild osteoporosis. Current medications include escitalopram, alendronic acid, and a multivitamin. The patient is afebrile, and her vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, the patient is alert and oriented and sitting comfortably in her chair. A mild left-hand tremor is noted. Muscle strength is 5 out of 5 in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally, but muscle tone is slightly increased. She can perform repetitive alternating movements albeit slowly. She walks with a narrow gait and has mild difficulty turning. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': "Alzheimer's disease", 'B': 'Delirium', 'C': 'Frontotemporal dementia', 'D': 'Lewy body dementia', 'E': 'Serotonin syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Herniation of nucleus pulposus into vertebral canal | Q:A 49-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe, shooting pain in his lower back for the past 2 weeks. The pain radiates down the back of both legs and started after he lifted a concrete manhole cover from the ground. Physical examination shows decreased sensation to light touch bilaterally over the lateral thigh area and lateral calf bilaterally. Patellar reflex is decreased on both sides. The passive raising of either the right or left leg beyond 30 degrees triggers a shooting pain down the leg past the knee. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's current condition??
{'A': 'Involuntary contraction of the paraspinal muscles', 'B': 'Inflammatory degeneration of the spine', 'C': 'Compromised integrity of the vertebral body', 'D': 'Herniation of nucleus pulposus into vertebral canal', 'E': 'Inflammatory reaction in the epidural space'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: P450 induction | Q:A 23-year-old patient with a past medical history of anxiety and appropriately treated schizophrenia presents to the emergency department for a first time seizure. The patient was at home eating dinner when he began moving abnormally and did not respond to his mother, prompting her to bring him in. His symptoms persisted in the emergency department and were successfully treated with diazepam. The patient is discharged and scheduled for a follow up appointment with neurology the next day for treatment. The patient returns to his neurologist 1 month later for a checkup. Physical exam is notable for carpopedal spasm when his blood pressure is being taken. Cranial nerves II-XII are grossly intact and his gait is stable. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of this patient's current presentation??
{'A': 'Acute renal failure', 'B': 'Elevated blood levels of a medication', 'C': 'Increased water consumption', 'D': 'P450 induction', 'E': 'Sub-therapeutic dose'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Arrested endodermal migration from pharyngeal floor | Q:A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of difficulty swallowing, a foreign body sensation at the back of his throat, and trouble breathing at night. He has just recovered from an upper respiratory tract infection that began 5 days ago. On questioning, he reports that he has had similar symptoms in the past each time he has had an upper respiratory tract infection. Physical examination shows a 3 x 2-cm, nontender, rubbery midline mass at the base of the tongue. His skin is dry and cool. An image of his technetium-99m pertechnetate scan is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Ductal obstruction of the sublingual salivary glands', 'B': 'Chronic infection of the palatine and lingual tonsils', 'C': 'Arrested endodermal migration from pharyngeal floor', 'D': 'Persistent epithelial tract between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus', 'E': 'Failure of obliteration of the second branchial cleft'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Ice water immersion | Q:A previously healthy 44-year-old man is brought by his coworkers to the emergency department 45 minutes after he became light-headed and collapsed while working in the boiler room of a factory. He did not lose consciousness. His coworkers report that 30 minutes prior to collapsing, he told them he was nauseous and had a headache. The patient appears sweaty and lethargic. He is not oriented to time, place, or person. The patient’s vital signs are as follows: temperature 41°C (105.8°F); heart rate 133/min; respiratory rate 22/min; and blood pressure 90/52 mm Hg. Examination shows equal and reactive pupils. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. His neck is supple. A 0.9% saline infusion is administered. A urinary catheter is inserted and dark brown urine is collected. The patient’s laboratory test results are as follows:
Laboratory test
Blood
Hemoglobin 15 g/dL
Leukocyte count 18,000/mm3
Platelet count 51,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 149 mEq/L
K+ 5.0 mEq/L
Cl- 98 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 42 mg/dL
Glucose 88 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.8 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) 210
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT) 250
Creatine kinase 86,000 U/mL
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in patient management??
{'A': 'Acetaminophen therapy', 'B': 'Dantrolene', 'C': 'Evaporative cooling', 'D': 'Ice water immersion', 'E': 'Hemodialysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Immune due to infection | Q:A 35-year-old male anesthesiologist presents to the occupational health clinic after a needlestick exposure while obtaining an arterial line in a patient with cirrhosis. In addition to a standard bloodborne pathogen laboratory panel sent for all needlestick exposures at his hospital, additional hepatitis panels are ordered upon the patient's request. The patient's results are shown below:
HIV 4th generation Ag/Ab: Negative/Negative
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Negative
Hepatitis C antibody: Negative
Anti-hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb): Positive
Anti-hepatitis B core IgM antibody (HBc IgM): Negative
Anti-hepatitis B core IgG antibody (HBc IgG): Positive
What is the most likely explanation of the results above??
{'A': 'Acute infection', 'B': 'Chronic infection', 'C': 'Immune due to infection', 'D': 'Immune due to vaccination', 'E': 'Window period'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Ventricular hypertrophy with sarcomeres duplicated in parallel | Q:A 75-year-old woman presents to her physician with a cough and shortness of breath. She says that cough gets worse at night and her shortness of breath occurs with moderate exertion or when lying flat. She says these symptoms have been getting worse over the last 6 months. She mentions that she has to use 3 pillows while sleeping in order to relieve her symptoms. She denies any chest pain, chest tightness, or palpitations. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. Her medications are amiloride, glyburide, and metformin. Family history is significant for her father who also suffered diabetes mellitus type 2 before his death at 90 years old. The patient says she drinks alcohol occasionally but denies any smoking history. Her blood pressure is 130/95 mm Hg, temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), and heart rate is 100/min. On physical examination, she has a sustained apical impulse, a normal S1 and S2, and a loud S4 without murmurs. There are bilateral crackles present bilaterally. A chest radiograph shows a mildly enlarged cardiac silhouette. A transesophageal echocardiogram is performed and shows a normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Which of the following myocardial changes is most likely present in this patient??
{'A': 'Ventricular hypertrophy with sarcomeres duplicated in series', 'B': 'Macrophages with hemosiderin', 'C': 'Ventricular hypertrophy with sarcomeres duplicated in parallel', 'D': 'Asymmetric hypertrophy of the interventricular septum', 'E': 'Granuloma consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages surrounding necrotic'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Malignancy | Q:A 62-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 2-hour history of sharp chest pain. She says that the pain is worse when she inhales and is relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. Her past medical history is significant for rheumatoid arthritis, myocardial infarction status post coronary artery bypass graft, and radiation for breast cancer 20 years ago. Physical exam reveals a rubbing sound upon cardiac auscultation as well as increased jugular venous distention on inspiration. Pericardiocentesis is performed revealing grossly bloody fluid. Which of the following is most specifically associated with this patient's presentation??
{'A': 'Malignancy', 'B': 'Myocardial infarction', 'C': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'D': 'Uremia', 'E': 'Viral illness'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Increased insulin release | Q:Four days after admission to the hospital for anorexia nervosa, a 20-year-old woman has new-onset palpitations and paresthesias in all four limbs. Prior to admission, she was found unconscious by her parents on the floor of a residential treatment center. The patient was started on a trial of nutritional rehabilitation upon arrival to the hospital. Her temperature is 36°C (96.8°F), pulse is 47/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg. She is 160 cm tall and weighs 35 kg; BMI is 14 kg/m2. The patient appears emaciated. Examination shows lower leg edema. A 2/6 holosystolic murmur is heard over the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line. AN ECG shows intermittent supraventricular tachycardia and QTc prolongation. Serum studies show:
Day 2 Day 4
Potassium (mEq/L) 3.5 2.7
Calcium (mg/dL) 8.5 7.8
Magnesium (mEq/L) 1.2 0.5
Phosphorus (mg/dL) 3.6 1.5
Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?"?
{'A': 'Thiamine deficiency', 'B': 'Rapid gastric emptying', 'C': 'Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis', 'D': 'Increased insulin release', 'E': 'Euthyroid sick syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Disseminated gonococcal infection | Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of pain in his left wrist. That morning the pain increased and he started to have chills and malaise. Last week he had self-resolving left knee pain. He is otherwise healthy and has not had any trauma to the wrist. He recently returned from a camping trip to Minnesota. He is sexually active with one female partner, who uses a diaphragm for contraception. His temperature is 37.7°C (99.9°F). Examination shows several painless violaceous vesiculopustular lesions on the dorsum of both wrists and hands; two lesions are present on the left palm. There is swelling and erythema of the left wrist with severe tenderness to palpation and passive movement. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Lyme arthritis', 'B': 'Acute rheumatic fever', 'C': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'D': 'Disseminated gonococcal infection', 'E': 'Reactive arthritis\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Digoxin | Q:A 53-year-old man with obesity and heart disease presents to your outpatient clinic with complaints of orthopnea, significant dyspnea on minimal exertion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. He says that his old doctor gave him "some pills" that he takes in varying amounts every morning. Physical exam is significant for a severely displaced point of maximal impulse, bilateral rales in the lower lung fields, an S3 gallop, and hepatomegaly. You decide to perform an EKG (shown in figure A). Suddenly, his rhythm changes to ventricular tachycardia followed by ventricular fibrillation, and he syncopizes and expires despite resuscitative efforts. High levels of which medication are most likely responsible??
{'A': 'Digoxin', 'B': 'Propranolol', 'C': 'Verapamil', 'D': 'Amiodarone', 'E': 'Lidocaine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: The patient should receive serogroup B meningococcal vaccination at the age of 10 years. | Q:A 7-year-old African-American boy presents to his physician with fatigue, bone and abdominal pain, and mild jaundice. The pain is dull and remitting, and the patient complains it sometimes migrates from one extremity to another. His mother reports that his jaundice and pain have occurred periodically for the past 5 years. At the time of presentation, his vital signs are as follows: the blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, the heart rate is 87/min, the respiratory rate is 17/min, and the temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F). On physical examination, the patient appears to be pale with mildly icteric sclera and mucous membranes. On auscultation, there is a soft systolic ejection murmur, and palpation reveals hepatosplenomegaly. His musculoskeletal examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory investigations show the following results:
Complete blood count
Erythrocytes
3.7 x 106/mm3
Hgb
11 g/dL
Total leukocyte count
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
7,300/mm3
51%
40%
2%
7%
0
Platelet count
151,000/mm3
Chemistry
Total bilirubin
3.1 mg/dL (53 µmol/L)
Direct bilirubin
0.5 mg/dL (8.55 µmol/L)
A peripheral blood smear shows numerous sickle-shaped red blood cells. Among other questions, the patient’s mother asks you how his condition would influence his vaccination schedule. Which of the following statements is true regarding vaccination in this patient??
{'A': 'The patient should not receive meningococcal, pneumococcal, or Haemophilus influenzae vaccines, because they are likely to cause complications or elicit disease in his case.', 'B': 'The patient should receive serogroup B meningococcal vaccination at the age of 10 years.', 'C': 'The patient should receive serogroup D meningococcal vaccination as soon as possible, because he is at higher risk of getting serogroup B meningococcal infection than other children.', 'D': 'The patient should receive the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine as soon as possible, because he is at higher risk of getting pneumococcal infection than other children.', 'E': 'The patient’s condition does not affect his chances to get any infection; thus, additional vaccinations are not advised.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Hearing loss | Q:A 52-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for generalized pain. The patient states that he feels like his muscles and bones are in constant pain. This has persisted for the past several weeks, and his symptoms have not improved with use of ibuprofen or acetaminophen. The patient has a past medical history of alcohol abuse, repeat episodes of pancreatitis, constipation, and anxiety. He has a 22 pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 140/95 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On physical exam, you note generalized tenderness/pain of the patient's extremities. Abdominal exam reveals normoactive bowel sounds and is non-tender. Dermatologic exam is unremarkable. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.
Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 7,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 147,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 138 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 4.2 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase: 252 U/L
Lipase: 30 U/L
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L
Which of the following is associated with this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Hearing loss', 'B': 'Bence Jones proteins', 'C': 'Hypercalcemia', 'D': 'Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder', 'E': 'Obstructive jaundice'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Topical erythromycin | Q:A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of redness, foreign body sensation, and discharge of both eyes. She reports that her eyes feel “stuck together” with yellow crusts every morning. She has a 3-year history of nasal allergies; her sister has allergic rhinitis. She is sexually active with 2 male partners and uses an oral contraceptive; they do not use condoms. Vital signs are within normal limits. Visual acuity is 20/20 in both eyes. Ophthalmic examination shows edema of both eyelids, bilateral conjunctival injection, and a thin purulent discharge. Examination of the cornea, anterior chamber, and fundus is unremarkable. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy??
{'A': 'Topical natamycin', 'B': 'Topical prednisolone acetate', 'C': 'Topical erythromycin', 'D': 'Artificial tears', 'E': 'Oral erythromycin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Traumatic aortic dissection | Q:A 59-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by paramedics following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. The patient complains of excruciating chest pain, which he describes as tearing. Further history reveals that the patient is healthy, taking no medications, and is not under the influence of drugs or alcohol. On physical examination, his heart rate is 97/min. His blood pressure is 95/40 mm Hg in the right arm and 60/30 mm Hg in the left arm. Pulses are absent in the right leg and diminished in the left. A neurological examination is normal. A chest X-ray reveals a widened mediastinum. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Rib fracture', 'B': 'Traumatic aortic dissection', 'C': 'Myocardial rupture', 'D': 'Pulmonary contusion', 'E': 'Diaphragmatic rupture'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: IM epinephrine | Q:A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. The patient was at a lunch hosted by his employer. He started to feel his symptoms begin when he started playing football outside with a few of the other employees. The patient has a past medical history of atopic dermatitis and asthma. His temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 87/58 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 85% on room air. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Albuterol and norepinephrine', 'B': 'Albuterol and prednisone', 'C': 'IM epinephrine', 'D': 'IV epinephrine', 'E': 'IV fluids and 100% oxygen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Rubella infection | Q:A 32-year-old G1P0 woman presents to her obstetrician for a prenatal visit. She is 30 weeks pregnant. She reports some fatigue and complains of urinary urgency. Prior to this pregnancy, she had no significant medical history. She takes a prenatal vitamin and folate supplements daily. Her mother has diabetes, and her brother has coronary artery disease. On physical examination, the fundal height is 25 centimeters. A fetal ultrasound shows a proportional reduction in head circumference, trunk size, and limb length. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s presentation??
{'A': 'Antiphospholipid syndrome', 'B': 'Cigarette smoking', 'C': 'Gestational diabetes', 'D': 'Pre-eclampsia', 'E': 'Rubella infection'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) | Q:A 71-year-old male presents to the emergency department after having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. His son reports that he does not have a history of seizures but has had increasing confusion and weakness over the last several weeks. An electrolyte panel reveals a sodium level of 120 mEq/L and a serum osmolality of 248 mOsm/kg. His urine is found to have a high urine osmolality. His temperature is 37° C (98.6° F), respirations are 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/88 mm Hg. On examination he is disoriented, his pupils are round and reactive to light and accommodation and his mucous membranes are moist. His heart has a regular rhythm without murmurs, his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally, the abdomen is soft, and his extremities have no edema but his muscular strength is 3/5 bilaterally. There is hyporeflexia of all four extremities. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms??
{'A': 'Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)', 'B': 'Sheehan’s syndrome', 'C': 'Lithium use', 'D': 'Diabetic ketoacidosis', 'E': 'Hereditary diabetes insipidus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Loss of joint space and osteophytes | Q:A 69-year-old woman presents with pain in her hip and groin. She states that the pain is present in the morning, and by the end of the day it is nearly unbearable. Her past medical history is notable for a treated episode of acute renal failure, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension. Her current medications include losartan, metformin, insulin, and ibuprofen. The patient recently started taking high doses of vitamin D as she believes that it could help her symptoms. She also states that she recently fell off the treadmill while exercising at the gym. On physical exam you note an obese woman. There is pain, decreased range of motion, and crepitus on physical exam of her right hip. The patient points to the areas that cause her pain stating that it is mostly over the groin. The patient's skin turgor reveals tenting. Radiography is ordered.
Which of the following is most likely to be found on radiography??
{'A': 'Loss of joint space and osteophytes', 'B': 'Hyperdense foci in the ureters', 'C': 'Femoral neck fracture', 'D': 'Posterior displacement of the femoral head', 'E': 'Normal radiography'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Replace didanosine with lamivudine | Q:A 35-year-old woman presents to a physician’s office for a follow-up visit. She recently underwent a complete physical examination with routine laboratory tests. She also had a Pap smear and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Since her divorce 2 years ago, she had sexual encounters with random men at bars or social events and frequently did not use any form of contraception during sexual intercourse. She was shown to be positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Combination anti-retroviral treatment is initiated including zidovudine, didanosine, and efavirenz. One week later, she is rushed to the hospital where she is diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following precautions will be required after pancreatitis resolves with treatment??
{'A': 'Frequent monitoring of CD4+ cell count', 'B': 'Add ritonavir to the HIV treatment regimen', 'C': 'Replace efavirenz with nevirapine', 'D': 'Check hemoglobin levels', 'E': 'Replace didanosine with lamivudine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Saddle nose | Q:A primigravida at 10+5 weeks gestation registers in an obstetric clinic for prenatal care. She has noted a rash that is rough with red-brown spots on her palms. The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is positive. The diagnosis is confirmed by darkfield microscopy. What is the fetus at risk for secondary to the mother’s condition??
{'A': 'Seizures', 'B': 'Vision loss', 'C': 'Saddle nose', 'D': 'Chorioretinitis', 'E': 'Muscle atrophy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Isoniazid | Q:A 35-year-old woman that has recently immigrated from Southeast Asia is brought to the emergency department due to a 3-week history of fatigue, night sweats, and enlarged lymph nodes and persistent fever. These symptoms have been getting worse during the past week. She has no history of any cardiac or pulmonary disease. A chest X-ray reveals ipsilateral hilar enlargement and a rounded calcified focus near the right hilum. A Mantoux test is positive. Sputum samples are analyzed and acid-fast bacilli are identified on Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The patient is started on a 4 drug regimen. She returns after 6 months to the emergency department with complaints of joint pain, a skin rash that gets worse with sunlight and malaise. The antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-histone antibodies are positive. Which of the following drugs prescribed to this patient is the cause of her symptoms??
{'A': 'Rifampicin', 'B': 'Isoniazid', 'C': 'Pyrazinamide', 'D': 'Ethambutol', 'E': 'Streptomycin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Proliferation of tumor cells | Q:A 71-year-old African American man is brought to the emergency department with sudden onset lower limb paralysis and back pain. He has had generalized bone pain for 2 months. He has no history of severe illnesses. He takes ibuprofen for pain. On examination, he is pale. The vital signs include: temperature 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse 68/min, respiratory rate 16/min, and blood pressure 155/90 mm Hg. The neurologic examination shows paraparesis. The 8th thoracic vertebra is tender to palpation. X-ray of the thoracic vertebrae confirms a compression fracture at the same level. The laboratory studies show the following:
Laboratory test
Hemoglobin 9 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 95 μm3
Leukocyte count 5,000/mm3
Platelet count 240,000/mm3
ESR 85 mm/hr
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
K+ 4.2 mEq/L
Cl− 113 mEq/L
HCO3− 20 mEq/L
Ca+ 11.8 mg/dL
Albumin 4 g/dL
Urea nitrogen 38 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.2 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely mechanism underlying this patient’s vertebral fracture??
{'A': 'Acidosis-induced bone lysis', 'B': 'Bone demineralization', 'C': 'Increased mechanical pressure', 'D': 'Increased osteoblastic activity', 'E': 'Proliferation of tumor cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Fat microglobules in the microvasculature | Q:A 24-year-old male was in a motor vehicle accident that caused him to fracture his femur and pelvis. After 2 days in the hospital, the patient became delirious, tachypneic, and a petechial rash was found in his upper extremities. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Thrombotic clot in the pulmonary artery', 'B': 'Fat microglobules in the microvasculature', 'C': 'Type I and type II pneumocyte damage due to neutrophils', 'D': 'Aspiration of oropharyngeal contents', 'E': 'Alveolar foamy exudates with disc shaped cysts seen with methenamine silver stain'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cisplatin-etoposide therapy and radiotherapy | Q:A 48-year-old man with a 30-pack-year history comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 6 months after a chest CT showed a solitary 5-mm solid nodule in the upper lobe of the right lung. The follow-up CT shows that the size of the nodule has increased to 2 cm. Ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node involvement is noted. A biopsy of the pulmonary nodule shows small, dark blue tumor cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scarce cytoplasm. Cranial MRI and skeletal scintigraphy show no evidence of other metastases. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Wedge resection', 'B': 'Radiation therapy', 'C': 'Cisplatin-etoposide therapy and radiotherapy', 'D': 'Right lobectomy', 'E': 'Gefitinib therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Respiratory distress syndrome | Q:A newborn born at 33 weeks of gestation has a respiratory rate of 70/min and a heart rate of 148/min 2 hours after birth. He is grunting and has intercostal and subcostal retractions. He has peripheral cyanosis as well. An immediate chest radiograph is taken which shows a fine reticular granulation with ground glass appearance on both lungs. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Pneumothorax', 'B': 'Transient tachypnea of the newborn', 'C': 'Respiratory distress syndrome', 'D': 'Cyanotic congenital heart disease', 'E': 'Bacterial pneumonia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia | Q:A hospitalized 70-year-old woman, who recently underwent orthopedic surgery, develops severe thrombocytopenia of 40,000/mm3 during her 7th day of hospitalization. She has no other symptoms and has no relevant medical history. All of the appropriate post-surgery prophylactic measures had been taken. Her labs from the 7th day of hospitalization are shown here:
The complete blood count results are as follows:
Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
Hematocrit 38%
Leukocyte count 8,000/mm3
Neutrophils 54%
Bands 3%
Eosinophils 1%
Basophils 0%
Lymphocytes 33%
Monocytes 7%
Platelet count 40,000/mm3
The coagulation tests are as follows:
Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 85 seconds
Prothrombin time 63 seconds
Reticulocyte count 1.2%
Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control
The lab results from previous days were within normal limits. What is the most likely cause of the thrombocytopenia??
{'A': 'DIC', 'B': 'Thrombotic microangiopathy', 'C': 'Immune thrombocytopenia', 'D': 'Myelodysplasia', 'E': 'Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Smoking | Q:A 57-year-old man presents to his physician with dyspnea on exertion and rapid heartbeat. He denies any pain during these episodes. He works as a machine operator at a solar panels manufacturer. He has a 21-pack-year history of smoking. The medical history is significant for a perforated ulcer, in which he had to undergo gastric resection and bypass. He also has a history of depression, and he is currently taking escitalopram. The family history is unremarkable. The patient weighs 69 kg (152 lb). His height is 169 cm (5 ft 7 in). The vital signs include: blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg, heart rate 95/min, respiratory rate 12/min, and temperature 36.6℃ (97.9℉). Lung auscultation reveals widespread wheezes. Cardiac auscultation shows decreased S1 and grade 1/6 midsystolic murmur best heard at the apex. Abdominal and neurological examinations show no abnormalities. A subsequent echocardiogram shows increased left ventricular mass and an ejection fraction of 50%. Which of the options is a risk factor for the condition detected in the patient??
{'A': 'The patient’s body mass', 'B': 'History of gastric bypass surgery', 'C': 'Exposure to heavy metals', 'D': 'Smoking', 'E': 'Escitalopram intake'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Gatifloxacin eye drops | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department with bilateral eye pain. The patient states it has slowly been worsening over the past 48 hours. He admits to going out this past weekend and drinking large amounts of alcohol and having unprotected sex but cannot recall a predisposing event. The patient's vitals are within normal limits. Physical exam is notable for bilateral painful and red eyes with opacification and ulceration of each cornea. The patient's contact lenses are removed and a slit lamp exam is performed and shows bilateral corneal ulceration. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Acyclovir', 'B': 'Erythromycin ointment', 'C': 'Gatifloxacin eye drops', 'D': 'Intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime', 'E': 'Topical dexamethasone and refrain from wearing contacts'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Lumbar puncture | Q:A 73-year-old man is brought in by his wife with a history of progressive personality changes. The patient’s wife says that, over the past 3 years, he has become increasingly aggressive and easily agitated, which is extremely out of character for him. His wife also says that he has had several episodes of urinary incontinence in the past month. He has no significant past medical history. The patient denies any history of smoking, alcohol use, or recreational drug use. The patient is afebrile, and his vital signs are within normal limits. A physical examination is unremarkable. The patient takes the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) and scores 28/30. A T2 magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the head is performed and the results are shown in the exhibit (see image). Which of the following is the next best diagnostic step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Noncontrast CT of the head', 'B': 'Contrast MRI of the head', 'C': 'Lumbar puncture', 'D': 'Brain biopsy', 'E': 'Serum ceruloplasmin level'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Beta cell tumor of the pancreas | Q:A 25-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with palpitations, sweating, and blurry vision after playing volleyball on the beach. She denies chest pain and shortness of breath. She states that these episodes occur often, but resolve after eating a meal or drinking a sugary soda. Past medical history is unremarkable, and she takes no medications. Temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 18/min. Fingerstick blood glucose level is 42 g/dL. ECG reveals sinus tachycardia. Urinalysis and toxicology are noncontributory. Appropriate medical therapy is administered and she is discharged with an appointment for a fasting blood draw within the week. Laboratory results are as follows:
Blood glucose 45 mg/dL
Serum insulin 20 microU/L (N: < 6 microU/L)
Serum proinsulin 10 microU/L (N: < 20% of total insulin)
C-peptide level 0.8 nmol/L (N: < 0.2 nmol/L)
Sulfonylurea Negative
IGF-2 Negative
What is the most likely cause of this patient’s hypoglycemia??
{'A': 'Heat stroke', 'B': 'Delta cell tumor of the pancreas', 'C': 'Exogenous insulin', 'D': 'Beta cell tumor of the pancreas', 'E': 'Alpha cell tumor of the pancreas'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Limit milk intake | Q:A 12-month-old boy is brought in by his mother who is worried about pallor. She says that the patient has always been fair-skinned, but over the past month relatives have commented that he appears more pale. The mother says that the patient seems to tire easy, but plays well with his older brother and has even started to walk. She denies bloody or black stools, easy bruising, or excess bleeding. She states that he is a picky eater, but he loves crackers and whole milk. On physical examination, pallor of the conjunctiva is noted. There is a grade II systolic ejection murmur best heard over the lower left sternal border that increases when the patient is supine. Labs are drawn as shown below:
Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Hemoglobin: 6.4 g/dL
Platelet count: 300,000/mm^3
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 71 µm^3
Reticulocyte count: 2.0%
Serum iron: 34 mcg/dL
Serum ferritin: 6 ng/mL (normal range 7 to 140 ng/mL)
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC): 565 mcg/dL (normal range 240 to 450 mcg/dL)
On peripheral blood smear, there is microcytosis, hypochromia, and mild anisocytosis without basophilic stippling. Which of the following is the next best step in management for the patient’s diagnosis??
{'A': 'Administer deferoxamine', 'B': 'Echocardiogram', 'C': 'Limit milk intake', 'D': 'Measure folate level', 'E': 'Measure lead level'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: pH: 7.30, PaCO2: 15 mmHg, HCO3-: 16 mEq/L | Q:A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint of ringing in his ears that started several hours previously that has progressed to confusion. The patient denies any history of medical problems except for bilateral knee arthritis. He was recently seen by an orthopedic surgeon to evaluate his bilateral knee arthritis but has opted to not undergo knee replacement and prefers medical management. His wife noted that prior to them going on a hike today, he seemed confused and not himself. They decided to stay home, and roughly 14 hours later, he was no longer making any sense. Physical exam is notable for a confused man. The patient's vitals are being performed and his labs are being drawn. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on blood gas analysis??
{'A': 'pH: 7.30, PaCO2: 15 mmHg, HCO3-: 16 mEq/L', 'B': 'pH: 7.31, PaCO2: 31 mmHg, HCO3-: 15 mEq/L', 'C': 'pH: 7.37, PaCO2: 41 mmHg, HCO3-: 12 mEq/L', 'D': 'pH: 7.41, PaCO2: 65 mmHg, HCO3-: 34 mEq/L', 'E': 'pH: 7.47, PaCO2: 11 mmHg, HCO3-: 24 mEq/L'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Occupation | Q:A 56-year-old woman is referred to your office with mammography results showing a dense, spiculated mass with clustered microcalcifications. The family history is negative for breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. She was formerly a flight attendant and since retirement, she has started a strict Mediterranean diet because she was "trying to compensate for her lack of physical activity". She is the mother of two. She breastfed each infant for 18 months, as recommended by her previous physician. Her only two surgical procedures have been a breast augmentation with implants and tubal ligation. The physical examination is unremarkable. There are no palpable masses and no nipple or breast skin abnormalities. The patient lacks a family history of breast cancer. Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for the development of breast cancer in this patient??
{'A': 'Sedentarism', 'B': 'Breastfeeding', 'C': 'Mediterranean diet', 'D': 'Breast implants', 'E': 'Occupation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Intravenous ceftriaxone | Q:A 29-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after an episode of syncope. For the past 10 days, she has had dyspnea and palpitations occurring with mild exertion. The patient returned from a hiking trip in Upstate New York 5 weeks ago. Except for an episode of flu with fever and chills a month ago, she has no history of serious illness. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 45/min, respirations are 21/min, and blood pressure is 148/72 mm Hg. A resting ECG is shown. Two-step serological testing confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment??
{'A': 'Intravenous ceftriaxone', 'B': 'Beta blocker', 'C': 'Oral doxycycline', 'D': 'Atropine', 'E': 'Permanent pacemaker implantation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: New-onset lower back pain | Q:A 64-year-old male presents to his primary care physician. Laboratory work-up and physical examination are suggestive of a diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. A tissue biopsy is obtained, which confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following is indicative of metastatic disease??
{'A': 'Decreased serum alkaline phosphatase', 'B': 'Elevated prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)', 'C': 'Involvement of the periurethral zone', 'D': 'New-onset lower back pain', 'E': 'Palpation of a hard nodule on digital rectal examination'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Left-sided Brown-Sequard (hemisection) | Q:A patient with a known spinal cord ependymoma presents to his neurologist for a check up. He complains that he has had difficulty walking, which he attributes to left leg weakness. On exam, he is noted to have 1/5 strength in his left lower extremity, as well as decreased vibration and position sensation in the left lower extremity and decreased pain and temperature sensation in the right lower extremity. Which of the following spinal cord lesions is most consistent with his presentation??
{'A': 'Left-sided Brown-Sequard (hemisection)', 'B': 'Right-sided Brown-Sequard (hemisection)', 'C': 'Anterior cord syndrome', 'D': 'Posterior cord syndrome', 'E': 'Syringomelia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Decreased amniotic fluid ingestion | Q:A 2500-g (5-lb 8-oz) female newborn delivered at 37 weeks' gestation develops rapid breathing, grunting, and subcostal retractions shortly after birth. Despite appropriate lifesaving measures, the newborn dies 2 hours later. Autopsy shows bilateral renal agenesis. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this newborn's respiratory distress??
{'A': 'Decreased amniotic fluid ingestion', 'B': 'Injury to the diaphragmatic innervation', 'C': 'Displacement of intestines into the pleural cavity', 'D': 'Collapse of the supraglottic airway', 'E': 'Surfactant inactivation and epithelial inflammation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: CD15/30 positive cells | Q:A 53-year-old man comes to the physician for recurring fever and night sweats for the past 6 months. The fevers persist for 7 to 10 days and then subside completely for about a week before returning again. During this period, he has also noticed two painless lumps on his neck that have gradually increased in size. Over the past year, he has had an 8.2-kg (18.1 lbs) weight loss. Two years ago, he had a severe sore throat and fever, which was diagnosed as infectious mononucleosis. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years. He does not drink alcohol. His job involves monthly international travel to Asia and Africa. He takes no medications. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 105/60 mm Hg. Physical examination shows 2 enlarged, nontender, fixed cervical lymph nodes on each side of the neck. Microscopic examination of a specimen obtained on biopsy of a cervical lymph node is shown. Which of the following additional findings is most likely present in this patient??
{'A': 'Anti-viral capsid antigen IgG and IgM positive', 'B': 'CD15/30 positive cells', 'C': 'Auer rods on peripheral smear', 'D': 'Leukocyte count > 500,000/μL', 'E': 'Acid fast bacilli in the sputum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Neuronal hyperpolarization due to potassium efflux | Q:A 17-year-old male presents with altered mental status. He was recently admitted to the hospital due to a tibial fracture suffered while playing soccer. His nurse states that he is difficult to arouse. His temperature is 98.6 deg F (37 deg C), blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 6/min. Exam is notable for pinpoint pupils and significant lethargy. Which of the following describes the mechanism of action of the drug likely causing this patient's altered mental status??
{'A': 'Neuronal hyperpolarization due to potassium efflux', 'B': 'Neuronal depolarization due to potassium influx', 'C': 'Neuronal hyperpolarization due to sodium influx', 'D': 'Neuronal depolarization due to sodium efflux', 'E': 'Neuronal hyperpolarization due to chloride influx'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Enzyme deficiency in red blood cells | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of sudden-onset abdominal pain that began 1 hour ago. Three days ago, he was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and was treated with nitrofurantoin. There is no personal history of serious illness. His parents emigrated from Kenya before he was born. Examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness, mild splenomegaly, and scleral icterus. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 9.8 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 88 μm3
Reticulocyte count 3.1%
Serum
Bilirubin
Total 3.8 mg/dL
Direct 0.6 mg/dL
Haptoglobin 16 mg/dL (N=41–165 mg/dL)
Lactate dehydrogenase 179 U/L
Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?"?
{'A': 'Enzyme deficiency in red blood cells', 'B': 'Defective red blood cell membrane proteins', 'C': 'Defect in orotic acid metabolism', 'D': 'Lead poisoning', 'E': 'Absent hemoglobin beta chain'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Random point mutations within viral genome | Q:A 72-year-old man comes to the physician with chills, nausea, and diffuse muscle aches for 3 days. His niece had similar symptoms 2 weeks ago and H1N1 influenza strain was isolated from her respiratory secretions. He received his influenza vaccination 2 months ago. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F). A rapid influenza test is positive. Which of the following mechanisms best explains this patient's infection despite vaccination??
{'A': 'Random point mutations within viral genome', 'B': 'Complementing with functional viral proteins', 'C': 'Exchange of viral genes between chromosomes', 'D': 'Reassortment of viral genome segments', 'E': 'Acquisition of viral surface proteins'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Continuous systolic and diastolic murmur at left upper sternal border | Q:A 34-year-old G1P0 woman gives birth to a male infant at 35 weeks gestation. The child demonstrates a strong cry and moves all his arms and legs upon birth. Respirations are slow and irregular. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 100/55 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 18/min. At a follow up appointment, the physician notices that the infant’s torso and upper extremities are pink while his lower extremities have a bluish hue. Which of the following will most likely be heard on auscultation of the patient’s chest??
{'A': 'Rumbling noise in late diastole', 'B': 'Early diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left sternal border', 'C': 'Holosystolic murmur radiating to the right sternal border', 'D': 'Holosystolic murmur radiating to the axilla', 'E': 'Continuous systolic and diastolic murmur at left upper sternal border'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Staphylococcus aureus | Q:Blood cultures are sent to the laboratory. Intravenous antibiotic therapy is started. Transesophageal echocardiography shows a large, oscillating vegetation attached to the tricuspid valve. There are multiple small vegetations attached to tips of the tricuspid valve leaflets. There is moderate tricuspid regurgitation. The left side of the heart and the ejection fraction are normal. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism of this patient's conditions??
{'A': 'Streptococcus sanguinis', 'B': 'Enterococcus faecalis', 'C': 'Staphylococcus epidermidis', 'D': 'Neisseria gonorrhoeae', 'E': 'Staphylococcus aureus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Decrease preload | Q:A 59-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of substernal chest pain. He reports a three-hour history of dull substernal chest pain that radiates into his left arm and jaw. He has experienced similar chest pain before that was brought on with exertion, but this pain is more severe and occurred with rest. His past medical history includes gout, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. An EKG demonstrates ST segment depression. Serum troponin is elevated. In addition to aspirin, oxygen, and morphine, he is started on a sublingual medication. What is the main physiologic effect of this medication??
{'A': 'Decrease preload', 'B': 'Increase preload', 'C': 'Decrease afterload', 'D': 'Increase contractility', 'E': 'Decrease heart rate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Increasing frequency of breastfeeding | Q:A 6-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician by his mother for the evaluation of yellowing of his skin and eyes for one day. The mother reports that she is breastfeeding her son about 7 times per day. She also states that her son had two wet diapers and two bowel movements yesterday. He was born at 38 weeks' gestation and weighed 3500 g (7.7 lb); he currently weighs 3000 g (6.6 lb). His newborn screening was normal. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 180/min, and blood pressure is 75/45 mm Hg. Physical examination shows scleral icterus, widespread jaundice, and dry mucous membranes. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show:
Bilirubin
Total 9 mg/dL
Direct 0.7 mg/dL
AST 15 U/L
ALT 15 U/L
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?"?
{'A': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin', 'B': 'Phenobarbital', 'C': 'Increasing frequency of breastfeeding', 'D': 'Abdominal sonography', 'E': 'Phototherapy\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Administer 100% oxygen | Q:A 25-year-old woman is rushed to the emergency department after she was found unconscious in a house fire. She has no previous medical history available. At the hospital, the vital signs include: blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, temperature 36.0°C (97.0°F), and heart rate 76/min with oxygen saturation 99% on room air. On physical exam she is unconscious. There are superficial burns on her hands and parts of her face. Her face and clothes are blackened with soot. What is the 1st best step while treating this patient??
{'A': 'Penicillamine', 'B': 'Sodium nitrite', 'C': 'Administer 100% oxygen', 'D': 'Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)', 'E': 'N-acetylcysteine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Serum blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) > 20 | Q:A 39-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department in a semi-unconscious state by her neighbor who saw her lose consciousness. There was no apparent injury on the primary survey. She is not currently taking any medications. She has had loose stools for the past 3 days and a decreased frequency of urination. No further history could be obtained. The vital signs include: blood pressure 94/62 mm Hg, temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), pulse 105/min, and respiratory rate 10/min. The skin appears dry. Routine basic metabolic panel, urine analysis, urine osmolality, and urine electrolytes are pending. Which of the following lab abnormalities would be expected in this patient??
{'A': 'Urine osmolality < 350 mOsm/kg', 'B': 'Urine Na+ > 40 mEq/L', 'C': 'Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) > 2%', 'D': 'Serum blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) > 20', 'E': 'Serum creatinine < 1 mg/dL'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Continued management of his burn wounds | Q:A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department following a house fire. Following initial stabilization, the patient is transferred to the ICU for management of his third-degree burn injuries. On the second day of hospitalization, a routine laboratory panel is obtained, and the results are demonstrated below. Per the nurse, he remains stable compared to the day prior. His temperature is 99°F (37°C), blood pressure is 92/64 mmHg, pulse is 98/min, respirations are 14/min, and SpO2 is 98%. A physical examination demonstrates an unresponsive patient with extensive burn injuries throughout his torso and lower extremities.
Hemoglobin: 13 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 10,670/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 180,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 135 mEq/L
Cl-: 98 mEq/L
K+: 4.7 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
BUN: 10 mg/dL
Glucose: 123 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.8 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 4.3 µU/mL
Triiodothyronine: 48 ng/dL
Thyroxine: 10 ug/dL
Ca2+: 8.7 mg/dL
AST: 89 U/L
ALT: 135 U/L
What is the best course of management for this patient??
{'A': 'Continued management of his burn wounds', 'B': 'Immediate administration of propanolol', 'C': 'Increase opioid dosage', 'D': 'Regular levothyroxine sodium injections', 'E': 'Start patient on intravenous ceftriaxone and vancomycin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Heterophile agglutination test | Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the physician because of fever, fatigue, and a sore throat for 12 days. He was prescribed amoxicillin at another clinic and now has a diffuse rash all over his body. He was treated for gonorrhea one year ago. He has multiple sexual partners and uses condoms inconsistently. He appears lethargic and thin. His BMI is 19.0 kg/m2. His temperature is 38.4°C (101.1°F), pulse 94/min, blood pressure 106/72 mm Hg. Examination shows a morbilliform rash over his extremities. Oropharyngeal examination shows tonsillar enlargement and erythema with exudates. Tender cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy is present. Abdominal examination shows mild splenomegaly. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 14 g/dL
Leukocyte count 13,200/mm3
Platelet count 160,000/mm3
Which of the following is the next best step in management?"?
{'A': 'Throat swab culture', 'B': 'Anti-CMV IgM', 'C': 'ELISA for HIV', 'D': 'Heterophile agglutination test', 'E': 'Flow cytometry'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Q:A 71-year-old man presents to the primary care clinic with non-specific complaints of fatigue and malaise. His past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, non-seminomatous testicular cancer, and hypercholesterolemia. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a glass of wine per day, and he currently denies any illicit drug use. His vital signs include: temperature, 36.7°C (98.0°F); blood pressure, 126/74 mm Hg; heart rate, 87/min; and respiratory rate, 17/min. On examination, his physician notices cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy bilaterally, as well as splenomegaly. The patient comments that he has lost 18.1 kg (40 lb) over the past 6 months without a change in diet or exercise, which he was initially not concerned about. The physician orders a complete blood count and adds on flow cytometry. Based on his age and overall epidemiology, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Acute lymphocytic leukemia', 'B': 'Acute myelogenous leukemia', 'C': 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia', 'D': 'Chronic myelogenous leukemia', 'E': 'Hairy cell leukemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Natriuretic peptides | Q:A 69-year-old man comes to his cardiologist for a follow-up visit. He is being considered for a new drug therapy that works by modulating certain proteins released from the heart in patients with heart failure. A drug called candoxatril is being investigated for its ability to inhibit the action of an endopeptidase that breaks down a vasodilatory mediator released from the heart, as well as, endothelin and bradykinin. This mediator is known to promote the excretion of sodium from the body and improve the ejection fraction. One of its side effects is its ability to increase angiotensin II levels which causes harm to patients with heart failure. Therefore, to improve efficacy and reduce its adverse effects, candoxatril has to be used in conjunction with angiotensin receptor blockers. Which of the following is most likely to increase as a result of this drug regimen??
{'A': 'Thromboxane', 'B': 'Nitric oxide', 'C': 'Leukotrienes', 'D': 'Acetylcholine', 'E': 'Natriuretic peptides'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Rupture of the chordae tendinae | Q:Seventy-two hours after admission for an acute myocardial infarction, a 48-year-old man develops dyspnea and a productive cough with frothy sputum. Physical examination shows coarse crackles in both lungs and a blowing, holosystolic murmur heard best at the apex. ECG shows Q waves in the anteroseptal leads. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is 23 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s current condition??
{'A': 'Postmyocardial infarction syndrome', 'B': 'Aortic root dilation', 'C': 'Rupture of the chordae tendinae', 'D': 'Rupture of the ventricular free wall', 'E': 'Rupture of the interventricular septum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Fibrin-rich infiltrate | Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of a productive cough and dyspnea. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 15 years. His temperature is 38.8°C (102°F). Physical examination shows decreased breath sounds and dullness on percussion above the right lower lobe. An x-ray of the chest shows a right lower lobe density and a small amount of fluid in the right pleural space. The patient's symptoms improve with antibiotic treatment, but he develops right-sided chest pain one week later. Pulmonary examination shows new scratchy, high-pitched breath sounds on auscultation of the right lobe. Histologic examination of a pleural biopsy specimen is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Cholesterol-rich infiltrate', 'B': 'Fibrin-rich infiltrate', 'C': 'Dense bacterial infiltrate', 'D': 'Epithelioid infiltrate with central necrosis', 'E': 'Red blood cell infiltrate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Lumpectomy | Q:A 50-year-old obese woman presents for a follow-up appointment regarding microcalcifications found in her left breast on a recent screening mammogram. The patient denies any recent associated symptoms. The past medical history is significant for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), for which she takes metformin. Her menarche occurred at age 11, and the patient still has regular menstrual cycles. The family history is significant for breast cancer in her mother at the age of 72. The review of systems is notable for a 6.8 kg (15 lb) weight loss in the past 2 months. The vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 130/70 mm Hg, pulse 82/min, respiratory rate 17/min, and oxygen saturation 98% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is alert and cooperative. The breast examination reveals no palpable masses, lymphadenopathy, or evidence of skin retraction. An excisional biopsy of the left breast is performed, and histologic examination demonstrates evidence of non-invasive malignancy. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Observation with bilateral mammograms every 6 months', 'B': 'Tamoxifen', 'C': 'Radiotherapy', 'D': 'Lumpectomy', 'E': 'Bilateral mastectomy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Atopic dermatitis | Q:An 18-month-old boy presents to the clinic with his mother for evaluation of a rash around the eyes and mouth. His mother states that the rash appeared 2 weeks ago and seems to be very itchy because the boy scratches his eyes often. The patient is up to date on all of his vaccinations and is meeting all developmental milestones. He has a history of asthma that was recently diagnosed. On examination, the patient is playful and alert. He has scaly, erythematous skin surrounding both eyes and his mouth. Bilateral pupils are equal and reactive to light and accommodation, and conjunctiva is clear, with no evidence of jaundice or exudates. The pharynx and oral mucosa are within normal limits, and no lesions are present. Expiratory wheezes can be heard in the lower lung fields bilaterally. What is this most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Viral conjunctivitis', 'B': 'Bronchiolitis', 'C': 'Impetigo', 'D': 'Atopic dermatitis', 'E': 'Scalded skin syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Apple green birefringence with Congo red staining | Q:A 63-year-old man presents to the emergency department with periorbital swelling. He states that he was gardening, came inside, looked in the mirror, and then noticed his eyelids were swollen. He denies pain, pruritus, or visual disturbances. He states that he was drinking “a lot of water" to prevent dehydration, because it was hot outside this morning. His medical history is significant for rheumatoid arthritis. He takes methotrexate and acetaminophen as needed. The patient’s temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 168/108 mmHg, and pulse is 75/min. Physical examination is notable for periorbital edema, hepatomegaly, and bilateral 1+ pitting lower extremity edema. Labs and a urinalysis are obtained, as shown below:
Leukocyte count: 11,000/mm^3
Hemoglobin: 14 g/dL
Serum:
Na: 138 mEq/L
K+: 4.3 mEq/L
Cl-: 104 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen: 26 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.4 mg/dL
Glucose: 85 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT): 15 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT): 19 U/L
Albumin: 2.0 g/dL
Urine:
Protein: 150 mg/dL
Creatinine: 35 mg/dL
An abdominal ultrasound reveals an enlarged liver with heterogeneous echogenicity and enlarged kidneys with increased echogenicity in the renal parenchyma. A biopsy of the kidney is obtained. Which of the following biopsy findings is associated with the patient’s most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Apple green birefringence with Congo red staining', 'B': 'Glomerular basement membrane splitting', 'C': 'Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules', 'D': 'Subepithelial dense deposits', 'E': 'Tubulointerstitial fibrosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: If measured in this patient, there would be an increased PTH level. | Q:A 68-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a regular check-up. She complains of swelling of her legs and face, which is worse in the morning and decreases during the day. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus a year ago and prescribed metformin, but she has not been compliant with it preferring ‘natural remedies’ over the medications. She does not have a history of cardiovascular disease or malignancy. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure measured on the right hand is 130/85 mm Hg, on the left hand, is 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 79/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and the temperature is 36.6℃ (97.9°F). Physical examination reveals S1 accentuation best heard in the second intercostal space at the right sternal border. Facial and lower limbs edema are evident. The results of the laboratory tests are shown in the table below.
Fasting plasma glucose 164 mg/dL
HbA1c 10.4%
Total cholesterol 243.2 mg/dL
Triglycerides 194.7 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.8 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen 22.4 mg/dL
Ca2+ 9.6 mg/dL
PO42- 38.4 mg/dL
Which of the following statements best describes this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'If measured in this patient, there would be an increased PTH level.', 'B': 'The calcitriol level is unlikely to be affected in this patient.', 'C': 'Hypoparathyroidism is most likely the cause of the patient’s altered laboratory results.', 'D': 'Increase in 1α, 25(OH)2D3 production is likely to contribute to alteration of the patient’s laboratory values.', 'E': 'There is an error in Ca2+ measurement because the level of serum calcium is always decreased in the patient’s condition.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Diffuse mesangial IgA deposition | Q:An otherwise healthy 27-year-old man presents to the Emergency Department with dark urine and left flank pain. He has had a fever, sore throat, and malaise for the last 2 days. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 38.1°C (100.5°F), blood pressure of 120/82 mm Hg, and a pulse of 95/min. His family history is noncontributory. Physical examination reveals enlarged tonsils with tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. Urinalysis shows pink urine with 20–25 red cells/high power field and 2+ protein. This patient’s condition is most likely due to which of the following??
{'A': 'Inherited abnormalities in type IV collagen', 'B': 'Autoantibodies against alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen', 'C': 'C3 nephritic factor', 'D': 'Immune complex deposition', 'E': 'Diffuse mesangial IgA deposition'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Ibuprofen | Q:A 70-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain for the last 2 hours. He had been discharged from the hospital 10 days ago when he was admitted for acute myocardial infarction. It was successfully treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. During the physical exam, the patient prefers to hunch forwards as this decreases his chest pain. He says the pain is in the middle of the chest and radiates to his back. Despite feeling unwell, the patient denies any palpitations or shortness of breath. Vitals signs include: pulse 90/min, respiratory rate 20/min, blood pressure 134/82 mm Hg, and temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F). The patient is visibly distressed and is taking shallow breaths because deeper breaths worsen his chest pain. An ECG shows diffuse ST elevations. Which of the following should be administered to this patient??
{'A': 'Ibuprofen', 'B': 'Heparin', 'C': 'Levofloxacin', 'D': 'Propranolol', 'E': 'Warfarin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Desmin | Q:A 55-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of a mass in her mid-thigh. The mass has grown slowly over the past six months and is not painful. The patient’s past medical history is notable for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. She takes lisinopril and rosuvastatin. On examination, there is a firm, immobile mass on the medial aspect of the distal thigh. She has full range of motion and strength in her lower extremities and patellar reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. A biopsy of the mass reveals multiple pleomorphic smooth muscle cells with nuclear atypia. The patient subsequently initiates radiation therapy with plans to undergo surgical resection. This tumor will most strongly stain for which of the following??
{'A': 'Chromogranin', 'B': 'Desmin', 'C': 'Cytokeratin', 'D': 'Glial fibrillary acidic protein', 'E': 'Neurofilament'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Suppurative inflammation with interstitial neutrophilic infiltration | Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for fever and generalized malaise. Her symptoms began approximately 3 days ago, when she noticed pain with urination and mild blood in her urine. Earlier this morning she experienced chills, flank pain, and mild nausea. Approximately 1 month ago she had the "flu" that was rhinovirus positive and was treated with supportive management. She has a past medical history of asthma. She is currently sexually active and uses contraception inconsistently. She occasionally drinks alcohol and denies illicit drug use. Family history is significant for her mother having systemic lupus erythematosus. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 125/87 mmHg, pulse is 101/min, and respirations are 18/min. On physical examination, she appears uncomfortable. There is left-sided flank, suprapubic, and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urine studies are obtained and a urinalysis is demonstrated below:
Color: Amber
pH: 6.8
Leukocyte: Positive
Protein: Trace
Glucose: Negative
Ketones: Negative
Blood: Positive
Nitrite: Positive
Leukocyte esterase: Positive
Specific gravity: 1.015
If a renal biopsy is performed in this patient, which of the following would most likely be found on pathology??
{'A': 'Diffuse capillary and glomerular basement membrane thickening', 'B': 'Focal and segmental sclerosis of the glomeruli and mesangium', 'C': 'Mesangial proliferation', 'D': 'Normal appearing glomeruli', 'E': 'Suppurative inflammation with interstitial neutrophilic infiltration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Fulminant hepatic failure | Q:A 20-year-old man, who was previously healthy, is taken to the emergency department due to agitation during the past 24 hours. During the past week, his family members noticed a yellowish coloring of his skin and eyes. He occasionally uses cocaine and ecstasy, and he drinks alcohol (about 20 g) on weekends. The patient also admits to high-risk sexual behavior and does not use appropriate protection. Physical examination shows heart rate of 94/min, respiratory rate of 13/min, temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F), and blood pressure of 110/60 mm Hg. The patient shows psychomotor agitation, and he is not oriented to time and space. Other findings include asterixis, jaundice on the skin and mucous membranes, and epistaxis. The rest of the physical examination is normal. The laboratory tests show:
Hemoglobin 16.3 g/dL
Hematocrit 47%
Leukocyte count 9,750/mm3
Neutrophils 58%
Bands 2%
Eosinophils 1%
Basophils 0%
Lymphocytes 24%
Monocytes 2%
Platelet count 365,000/mm3
Bilirubin 25 mg/dL
AST 600 IU/L
ALT 650 IU/L
TP activity < 40%
INR 1,5
What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Hemolytic uremic syndrome', 'B': 'Alcoholic hepatitis', 'C': 'Fulminant hepatic failure', 'D': 'Ecstasy intoxication', 'E': 'Cocaine-abstinence syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 5-HT2Areceptor antagonism | Q:A 31-year-old woman is brought to the physician because of increasing restlessness over the past 2 weeks. She reports that she continuously paces around the house and is unable to sit still for more than 10 minutes at a time. During this period, she has had multiple episodes of anxiety with chest tightness and shortness of breath. She was diagnosed with a psychotic illness 2 months ago. Her current medications include haloperidol and a multivitamin. She appears agitated. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. The examination was interrupted multiple times when she became restless and began to walk around the room. To reduce the likelihood of the patient developing her current symptoms, a drug with which of the following mechanisms of action should have been prescribed instead of her current medication??
{'A': 'H2 receptor antagonism', 'B': 'NMDA receptor antagonism', 'C': 'GABA receptor antagonism', 'D': '5-HT2Areceptor antagonism', 'E': 'α2 receptor antagonism'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Thiamine | Q:A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath on exertion and fatigue. He says that his symptoms onset gradually 5 days ago and have progressively worsened. Past medical history is significant for chronic alcoholism. His vital signs are blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg, temperature 36.9°C (98.4°F), respiratory rate 18/min, and pulse 98/min. On physical examination, there is bilateral pedal edema and decreased sensation in both feet. Basal crackles and rhonchi are heard on pulmonary auscultation bilaterally. Cardiac exam is unremarkable. A chest radiograph shows a maximal horizontal cardiac diameter to a maximal horizontal thoracic ratio of 0.7. A deficiency of which of the following vitamins is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?
?
{'A': 'Thiamine', 'B': 'Riboflavin', 'C': 'Vitamin C', 'D': 'Niacin', 'E': 'Folic acid'}, |