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Mania is a persistently elevated, irritable, or elated mood. Mania occurs in some mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder. It also can result from diseases, such as hyperthyroidism, or develop as a side effect of some medicines, such as steroids or antidepressants. Other characteristics of mania include: Mania is usually treated with professional counseling and medicines, such as mood stabilizers. If mania is caused by a reaction to a medicine, it usually goes away when the person stops taking the medicine. March 1, 2012 Patrice Burgess, MD - Family Medicine & Lisa S. Weinstock, MD - Psychiatry How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. This Site and third parties who place advertisements on this Site may collect and use information about your visits to this Site and other websites in order to provide advertisements about goods and services of interest to you. If you would like to obtain more information about these advertising practices and to make choices about online behavioral advertising, please click here

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Other than having the dubious quality of being named after a South American delicacy, Enceladus is one of the largest moons of Saturn. Discovered in 1789 by William Herschel it is now attracting some attention. Why? Because a group of NASA scientists have recently claimed that it’s possibly the best candidate to find extra-terrestrial life within our solar system. “It just about ticks every box you have when it comes to looking for life on another world,” says NASA astrobiologist Chris McKay. “It has got liquid water, organic material and a source of heat. It is hard to think of anything more enticing short of receiving a radio signal from aliens on Enceladus telling us to come and get them.” Enceladus of course is not actually named after enchiladas, but after one of the children of Gaia, Earth Goddess. Hopefully if we do one day, receive a radio signal from “Aliens” to come get them, we’ll politely decline…

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Childhood Vision Therapy Childhood developmental vision problems Has your child been diagnosed with or labeled by terms such as the following? - ADHD, ADD - Autism spectrum disorder - Developmental delay - Nonverbal learning disorder - Non-specific learning disorder - Behavioral problem - Slow learner - Juvenile delinquent Sadly, many children with visual development disorders are mislabeled, misdiagnosed or mistreated. As a result, you, your child and your family suffer needlessly. The Vision & Conceptual Development Center (VCDC) is about putting an end to needless suffering. They have helped thousands of children and families go on to lead happier, healthier and more productive lives. Highly trained, experienced vision therapists Though they work with the wide variety of vision problems, their specialty is working with visuo-cognitive difficulties, often described as visuo-spatial, visual perceptual or visual processing disorders. They tailor their approach to your child’s particular needs, to remedy his or her condition in the most positive and nurturing way. Their staff is well-trained and highly experienced with autism, PDD, ADD, dyslexia and other so-called learning disabilities. They see children who have not yet learned how to use their eyes and vision correctly and have not integrated their visual skills with the rest of their senses and movements. These difficulties are often not observed until second or third grade, when reading demands increase and learning requires: - Convergence: pointing both eyes at the same object - Focus: seeing clearly & changing from near & far distances - Tracking: following a moving object smoothly & accurately - Binocular fusion: using both eyes together as a team - Visual acuity: clarity of sight - Stereopsis: binocular depth perception These are learned skills. And the vision therapy specialists at VCDC know how to teach them. They’re great with children, too. Each one delivers compassionate, patient care combined with great dedication and passion. Instead of living with your child’s symptoms, get the experienced, trusted, effective care you need. Call the Vision & Conceptual Development Center and ask for help. It just might be the best thing you’ve ever done for your child. The Vision & Conceptual Development Center offers specialized treatment and care solutions for visual challenges in both children and adults. Call our office today at 301.951.0320 or fill out our online Request an Appointment form to schedule your appointment.

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Inside All Graded Readers (14) Over the years hunters, poachers, and war have killed many of the gorillas of central Africa. But there are still a few hundred living high in the mists of the Virunga Mountains. When Dian Fossey first saw a family of wild mountain gorillas in the Virungas she knew that she must help these wonderful animals. This true story tells of the twenty years she lived with them, watched them, wrote about them, and protected them. In the end, she gave her life for them. Text adaptation by Susan Kingsley Thomas Gradgrind believes that facts and money are more important than feelings and imagination. After Cissy Jupe - a circus child - is left alone in the world, Gradgrind takes her into his house, looking after her and teaching her facts with his own children Tom and Louisa. Some years later the Gradgrind family meets hard times. Louisa becomes a prisoner in a loveless marriage, and Tom has problems at work. In the end, Thomas Gradgrind learns the importance of feelings and imagination. Text adaptation by Bill Bowler The weather in England that summer had been so awful that Gerald's mother sold the family house and took her children to live on the Mediterranean island of Corfu. Between lessons, the ten-year-old Gerald was free to walk round the sunny island and discover the wonderful people and animals living there. This is the story of Gerald's adventures with the fascinating animals of Corfu, and, of course, with his surprising family and their friends. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Text adaptation by Jeremy Page Miss Mary Morstan has a strange story to tell. Since her father disappeared, she has received a large pearl through the post on the same day, every year, for six years. Who is sending them? And what about her father's paper with the words 'The Sign of Four' written on it? Sherlock Holmes alone can solve these mysteries. Text adaptation by Lesley Thompson Adolf Verloc is a double agent, working for both the British police and a foreign country. He pretends to live a normal life, with his wife, Winnie, and has a shop in London, which, at night, becomes a meeting place for anarchists. One day Verloc is told to plant a bomb - but the plan goes terribly wrong Does Verloc really love Winnie, or is she just part of his cover? Can Winnie ever forgive him? Who is Verloc really working for? Laura Ingalls Wilder Text adaptation by Jann Huizenga 'Let's go see the West,' said Pa. 'The land is flat and the grass grows thick and high. Animals run freely and there are no settlers. Only Indians live there.' So, more than a hundred years ago, the Ingalls family went by covered wagon into Kansas - Indian Territory. This is the true story of how they lived in those exciting, difficult, and sometimes dangerous, times. Text adaptation by Clare West 'Why shouldn't we offer to take care of her? She could live with us at Mansfield.' In this way Mrs Norris persuades her sister, Lady Bertram, and Lady Bertram's husband, Sir Thomas, to ask their poor niece Fanny Price to live with them at Mansfield Park. At first Fanny is unhappy there. Then, after she makes friends with her young cousins, things improve. But what happens when the cousins are older, and starting to think of love? James Fenimore Cooper Text adaptation by Bill Bowler The year is 1757. The English and the French are at war in North America. Two sisters - Cora and Alice - want to visit their father, General Munro. They begin their dangerous journey with the handsome English officer, Duncan Heyward and the Indian guide, Magua. On the way they meet friends and enemies, and many adventures. Some people will be heroes and some people will die. And what will happen to their friend Uncas, the last of the Mohican Indians? Jann Huizenga and Linda Huizenga 'All men are created equal...' When Thomas Jefferson wrote these words in June 1776, in the American Declaration of Independence, he started something that was very much bigger than he imagined. This book looks at the history around that Declaration, and at the Revolution that led to the birth of the United States of America.

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George KennanAge: 101 influential diplomat and historian who, while working at the U.S. embassy in Moscow in 1946, devised the U.S. policy of containment to deal with the Soviet Union during the cold war. He believed that instead of declaring all-out war against communist countries and attempting to defeat them, the U.S. should keep the countries in their current state and prevent them from growing more powerful. Kennan also presciently stated that a drastic military solution was not necessary to defeat communism and would lead to unnecessary death and destruction. He left the foreign service in 1953 to head Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study.Died: Princeton, N.J., March 17, 2005 Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. More on George Kennan from Infoplease:

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Any of a series of thirty-five human nearbaseline explorers and journalists, famous for their explorations and reports along the periphery of the Terragen expanse. All are enhanced scions of an Inner Sphere zar named John Xiang, who lived on public support in a series of Terran Federation nanotopias and died without backup in a sports accident in 9674. Magellans IV, XII, and XIX are particularly famous for their independent reports. Magellans II and XIV are agents for the Andian Mission, and Magellan XXIII is affiliated with the Ozymandias Institute. Magellan VII is said to be on a relativistic mission to the Greater Magellanic Cloud. Most of the Magellans are still extant and active in their original profession, though some have retired or died and the whereabouts of some others is presently unknown. A few exist only as uploads. One, probably Magellan XXI, is believed to have passed the first toposophic after an encounter with a godseed, and to have founded a civilization somewhere on the fringes of NoCoZo territory. Magellan, Ferdinand: - Text by Stephen Inniss A 5th century BT (16th century c.e./AD) human male, leader of the first maritime expedition to circumnavigate Old Earth. Magellanic Clouds - Text by M. Alan Kazlev Irregular-shaped nearby galaxies. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is near the constellation Dorado (as seen from SolSys), and is 163,000 light-years away. The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is near the constellation Tucana, and is under 200,000 light-years away. There have been at least two thousand major, and several million minor, relativistic expeditions mounted to each of the Clouds to date.

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Industrial Relations in Kenya refer to the regulations that occur in the relationship that exist between an employer and an employee in an organization. It is the study of how employees, employers and the government relate and make decisions which define and shape the employment relationship between employer and employees Significance of good Industrial Relations in Kenya Industrial Relations in Kenya ease supervision work among the employers. Good relations create a good working environment among the employees. Increases productivity of employees i.e. smooth the work will be done well. It helps both employees and employers know what procedures to follow when there is grievances and conflict Industrial Relations in Kenya enhances the welfare and safeguards the interest of both employers and employers i.e. salaries, compensation. It helps in economic progress of a country. It also leads to smooth collective bargaining in case of dispute solving. Industrial Relations in Kenya help the government in framing and implementing labor laws. One of the objectives of Industrial Relations in Kenya is to have peace and stability in the industries. Another objective of Industrial Relations in Kenya is to ensure that interests of both parties are secured. To ensure increase in productivity of organization. To enhancing industrial democracy-employees are involved in decision making. Industrial Relations in Kenya enhance collective bargaining. Industrial Relations in Kenya minimize or eliminate disputes, strikes, lock outs. Determinants of good Industrial Relations in Kenya There are various factors that influence Industrial Relations in Kenya. They include; - Economic Conditions, - Institutional and Political Factors, - Level of Education and Awareness of Employees, - Management Styles of Organization, - Nature of Business, - Employee Condition and Welfare - Negotiating Ability of Unions and Management The first determinant of good Industrial Relations in Kenya is economic conditions. Fluctuations in economic conditions may influence industrial relations. During recessions there may be more conflicts as employees demand higher pay and employers are hesitant due to inability of the organization to increase their salaries. However during boom the situation is different because the organization is in position to meet the demands of the employees. Institutional and Political Factors This is another determinant of good Industrial Relations in Kenya which include government legislation, politics, trade unions, employer associational and other lobby groups such as human rights commissions that ensure that industrial climate is peaceful. The intervention of the groups or the lack of it influences industrial relations Level of education and awareness of employees Level of education and awareness of employees is another determinant of good Industrial Relations in Kenya. The more educated the employees are the more they will make reasonable demands concerning their welfare, conditions of employment and involvement in decision making. It is easier for management to negotiate with more educated employees than less educated ones. Management Styles in the Organization Another determinant of Industrial Relations in Kenya is management styles. They may be autocratic, persuasive or convulsive. Other managers may limit industrial democracy thus refusing the participation of employer in decision making. The way management handles employees determines the relations in the organization. Nature of business Nature of Business is yet another determinant of Industrial Relations in Kenya. In some organization employment are not allowed to join unions and in others the number of employees are few to make any significant contribution to union activities. Some employers also don’t join employer association. This reduces the power and strength of trade union and employer association thus affecting industrial association. Employees’ condition and welfare This is another determinant of Industrial Relations in Kenya. As a result of globalization, various changes take place in organization everyday. If these changes are not implemented well, they may lead to conflict in the organization thus influencing industrial relations. Try out Business Training in Kenya for further information. Negotiating Ability of Unions and Management The negotiation ability of the two parties affects prevailing relations. If they are armed with concrete facts and are persuasive in their bargaining it will ensure that industrial peace is maintained. This is the last determinant of good Industrial Relations in Kenya Incoming search terms: - employee relations in kenya (15) - development of industrial relations in kenya (9) - kenya industrial relations system (6) - developments of industrial relations in kenya (5) - obstacles of good labour relations (4) - factors influencing location of industries in kenya (4) - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL UNREST IN KENYA (4) - collective bargaining process in industrial relations in kenya (3) - discuss the trends and strategies in industrial relation in kenya (3) - relationship between education and employment in kenya (3)

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About 77% of Guatemalans live in poverty — and among the indigenous populations in the Guatemalan Highlands, that number rises to 91%. That’s why the work of Falcon Reviews Instructor Meg Sullivan, MD, who serves as Medical Program Director for the Pop Wuj Clinic in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, is so important. The Pop Wuj Healthcare Project is a collaborative effort to bring quality, sustainable healthcare to the most vulnerable residents of Quetzaltenango and surrounding villages in the rural highlands. Through healthcare, education and cultural exchange, participants in the program work to bring lasting economic and social change to the region. The Pop Wuj Clinic provides free and low-cost primary health care, as well as follow-up medical care, to approximately 70 patients per month. Through a partnership with the Timmy Foundation, an Indianapolis-based non-profit organization that helps underserved communities around the world, the Pop Wuj Clinic also offers a weekly mobile clinic. Dr. Sullivan coordinates these medical brigades to provide follow-up and specialty care, treat ongoing conditions, and serve rural communities, including the villages of Pacaxoj, Xelabaj — which is being rebuilt after Hurricane Stan — and La Guarderia, a shelter and daycare center for mothers and their children. In her role as Medical Program Director at the Pop Wuj Clinic, Dr. Sullivan supervises, lectures, and mentors first-year and fourth-year U.S. medical students enrolled in the Medical Spanish program offered by Pop Wuj. The majority of the patient population is indigenous to the region, and many speak the native dialects of K’iche or Mam. During her work in Guatemala, Dr Sullivan has been struck by the challenges of integrating local cultural traditions with current medical practices. “While knowledge of the latest standards of care is integral, being able to adapt such standards to be effective locally has been an extremely educational and rewarding experience,” says Dr. Sullivan. A graduate of Yale University, Dr. Sullivan completed medical school at the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Sullivan conducted her pediatric residency at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, where she was selected to participate in the Community Pediatrics Track — which focused on community medical care in Washington Heights, a primarily Latino neighborhood. Now a Board Certified Pediatrician, Dr. Sullivan serves as a Falcon Reviews Pediatrics Instructor. Click here for more information on our Pediatrics Courses. How are you using your medical training and knowledge to serve others?

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Maps showing the coastal itinerary leading to Jeddah from the port of Aden. The map was designed for the Sultan of Yemen Al-Malik Al-Mu’ayyad Dawud at the end of the 13th century. Conserved at the library of King Fahd in Riyadh, this unique manuscript was edited by Muhammad And Al-Rahim Jazim, researcher at the French center of archaeology and social sciences of Sanaa. The history of Jeddah is closely tied to the history of the pilgrimage and to its strategic position on regional and international trade routes connecting the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, according to a professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. Eric Vallet, an associate professor at the university, analyzed the most relevant moments that characterized the history of the city in the first 10 centuries of the Muslim era. The researcher shared the results of his studies during an exclusive lecture at the French Consulate General. He said: “No other port is linked to the history of Islam as the port of Jeddah. “Certainly a small settlement existed in this area during the pre-Islamic era but it is only with the advent of Islam in the seventh century and the establishment of the caliphate that the city came really out of the shadows. “According to the most ancient Islamic sources, it was the third Caliph Uthman b. Affan who decided in 648 CE to design Jeddah as the port of Makkah, replacing d’Al-Shuayba port. “This is considered the first determinant episode in the history of the city.” Jeddah didn’t represent at that time the center of a political power like other Islamic capitals (Cairo, Baghdad, Istanbul, etc.) and narrating its history was not an easy task for Vallet who had to rely on few and incomplete sources. A useful point of reference for his research was “Al-sila wa-l-‘udda fi ta’ ri Bandar Judda”, a book written in the second half of the 16th century by the Preacher of the Grand Mosque of Jeddah Abd al-Qadir Amad Ibn Faraj al-Shafi. “Ibn Faraj doesn’t offer a chronologically continuous account of the history of Jeddah but distinguishes between two periods. “The initial one covers the first centuries of Islam until the end of the 11th century and is characterized by the presence of the Persians who surrounded the city by a defensive wall, dug numerous cisterns and built several houses. “The second period starts in the 12th century with the end of the Persian domination and continues until the 16th century. “This period is closer to the epoch of Ibn Faraj who mentions the construction of a new defensive wall around Jeddah in 1505 by the Mameluke Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri and the increasing power obtained by the Ottomans.” Vallet attached ample relevance during his lecture to the importance of the Persian presence in Jeddah until the end of the 11th century. The main sources of reference used by the researcher are the accounts of the 10th century Arab Geographer al-Maqdisi and the 13th century Arab traveler Ibn al-Mujawir, who attributed to the Persians the commercial booming of Jeddah in the first centuries of Islam. “According to Al-Mujawir, the initial development of Jeddah was particularly due to merchants from the grand port of Siraf on the Persian coast of the Arab Gulf. “Famous for their trades with India and China, these merchants supplied the Hijaz with a variety of goods from the Orient. “Their network comprised all the main ports of the Arab Gulf and their key distribution point was in Sharma, a site on the Hadhramaut coast that was an ideal conjunction point between three major maritime routes. “Political instability and increasing concurrence with Egyptian traders caused a gradual decline of these merchants’ activity. “The Sirafi were obliged in the end of the 11th century to leave Jeddah.” With the decline of the Siraf merchants and end of the Persian rule, the activity of Jeddah started to appear, according to Vallet, more closely tied to the pilgrimage. The researcher mentioned two episodes in particular, including the establishment of the maritime Aydhab-Jeddah route as obligatory passage for pilgrims coming from Egypt and the Maghreb and the development of maritime relations with Yemen. “Every year during the period of Hajj tens of small navies, called ‘Jilab,’ arrived in Jeddah full of pilgrims, merchants and numerous goods destined to the Hijaz. “The coastal itinerary leading to Jeddah from the port of Aden also appeared on a unique map designed for the Sultan of Yemen al-Malik al-Mu’ayyad Dawud at the end of the 13th century. “On this map, Jeddah looked as an integral part of the sultanate of Yemen. However, this authority wasn’t exclusive. “Also, the emirs of Makkah in fact claimed a control over the seasonal port of the pilgrimage and started in the 14th century to confiscate the goods carried on the ‘Jilab’. “As a consequence, the sultans of Yemen boycotted the port of Jeddah for five years at the beginning of the 15th century until the balance of powers in the Red Sea drastically changed.” Vallet highlighted in the conclusive part of his lecture the veritable renaissance experienced by Jeddah between the 15th and 16th centuries. During this period the big Muslim merchants of India started to experiment with a new maritime route connecting them directly to Jeddah without passing through the port of Aden. Until then, Aden was considered the only possible passage for whoever wanted to reach the Red Sea from the Indian Ocean. “The arrival of navies from India to the port of Jeddah caused an incredible urban development. “The city started to expand with the construction of new monuments like the Shumayla mosque and the installation of numerous families that chose Jeddah as their residence. “Surrounded by a strong defensive wall in 1505 to 1507, the city acquired the physiognomy of a traditional Muslim town.”

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IPod Experiment at Duke University Plays Out With Mixed Results Download MP3 (Right-click or option-click the link.) I'm Bob Doughty with the VOA Special English EDUCATION REPORT. A year ago, we told you about an experiment at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. The university gave each first-year student an iPod from Apple Computer. More than one thousand six hundred students received one last August. Apple iPods are small digital players most commonly used for music. But the ones at Duke also came with a voice recorder. University officials wanted to know how students and professors would put iPods to educational use. Now, Duke researchers from the Center for Instructional Technology have reported the results of the experiment. In all, about fifty classes with a total of more than one thousand two hundred students used iPod technology. The classes included not only foreign languages and music, as expected, but also economics, education and engineering. Seventy-five percent of the first-year students questioned reported having used their iPod for at least one purpose in their studies. The most popular use was to record such things as classroom lectures or field notes. Sixty percent of students said they used the recording ability for educational purposes. The iPods could also be used to store files, to move them from one computer to another. Yet many users said they did not know that. The report says the extent to which recorded lectures improve student performance remains unknown. Many students and faculty expressed concerns that class attendance could suffer. One student commented: "It gives the message that coming to lecture or paying attention is not important because everything will be online later anyway." The report says students were more likely to use content if it came already loaded on their iPod. But some professors found only limited uses for the technology. The recording quality was not very good in all situations. Not only that, some publishers refused to permit students to record copyrighted material. There were also some technical difficulties. Yet the report says even several faculty members who had never used educational technology before had success in the project. In any case, Duke University does not plan to give iPods to all first-year students this fall, just those in classes that used them the most. This VOA Special English EDUCATION REPORT was written by Nancy Steinbach. Our reports are all on the Web at voaspecialenglish.com. I'm Bob Doughty.

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November 15, 2010 On 23 Sept., a panel of experts gathered in Washington, DC for a congressional briefing to discuss current challenges for female scientists. The panel members agreed that the current environment of academic science faulty could be changed to better support the career of female scientists, but they were not sure that legislation changes would be the best route for these changes. The “Women in Science: 21st Century Politics and Policy” briefing was sponsored by representative Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-Texas), L’Oreal USA, and DISCOVER Magazine in response to recent research that concluded female scientists have more difficulty than their male colleagues in obtaining full-time, tenured faculty positions at elite universities. A Congressional briefing called “Women in Science: 21st Century Politics and Policy” was held in September 2010. Source: DiscoverMagazine.com The research, which was sponsored by L’Oreal and conducted by the American Association for the Advancement in Science (AAAS), showed that over 98% of female scientists interviewed in the study said they knew a female colleague who has left the field because of what they felt were insurmountable professional barriers. “Our priorities when we’re entering graduate school shift in a big way by the time we’re on our way to becoming tenured faculty,” says Sheril Kirshenbaum, who moderated the recent panel discussion. Kirshenbaum, a researcher in the engineering department at University of Texas at Austin (UT) and author of the book Unscientific America that explore the state of science in the United States, knows several female colleagues who have experienced obstacles in their scientific careers. “I think that affects people’s trajectory and leads to a drop off over time.” she says. In response to the AAAS survey, which sampled 1300 male and female scientists currently working in the United States, 61% of the female respondents said they struggled to balance career and life, 52% said they experienced gender bias, and 37% said that they confronted hurdles when having or raising children while pursuing a scientific career. These statistics came as no surprise to Malcom. While the study showed that both genders struggle with getting support for their scientific careers, Malcom says that women often feel their performances are judged by an arbitrary scorecard in university settings, which may lead to women choosing to leave an academic research career behind. “We get some different choices being made. Not necessarily a leaking, but a different set of choices—like opting for industry.” Industry sometimes provides female scientists with greater flexibility and more support in their careers than academia currently offers, according to Malcom. For instance, some companies offer their female employees with emergency daycare benefits—identified as a major dilemma for working scientists by 50% of female respondents to the AAAS survey—which began when they started getting more female associates. Malcom says that private companies are often willing to negotiate scheduling, accept work done remotely, and provide clear expectations. “They did the math, and they determined that it was a lot cheaper to help people arrange their lives,” said Malcom. But academic institutions have not done the math as quickly as industry. They have been slow to adapt to the needs of their female employees. And when they do, it’s tends to be on a case-by-case basis. “I’ve talked to a lot of very senior women who have made incredible contributions to science, whom everybody recognizes as superstars, and they all have something in common: an institution that was willing to be flexible and invest in them,” says Malcom. The panel discussed several solutions that would create more flexible and support institutions. These solutions included regular gender-bias audits, career workshops, and more flexible work options to help scientists with families maintain their careers. These options include flexible hours, work-from-home programs, and part-time schedules for scientists who shoulder the biological and cultural responsibilities of having children. “[There is] this notion that you have to be in the lab all the time, that you have to be seen. Your physical presence becomes a proxy for your productivity,” said Malcom. Another solution discussed was the expansion of mentoring programs under the Title IX: The Education Amendment Act of 1972. Title IX, which prohibits sexual discrimination in all educational activities, has been controversial in its application to college and high school sport activities, which some critics have argued actually discriminates against male athletics while creating opportunities for female athletes. Some analysts believe that using Title IX to increase the number of female science faulty members at academic universities may do less to help women, and more to hurt the next generation of men in STEM. Jamie Vernon, assistant director for biology labs at American University and a member of the women in science expert panel, has stated that he is not sure that legislation is in the best way to help women in science on his blog. But Vernon and most of the panelists agreed that changes in academia were in order to support female scientists balance their work and family life, but exactly how to implement and regulate these changes remains an unanswered question. In the meantime, multiple efforts are underway to bring more visibility to the unequal distribution of women in science and encourage a new generation of women to see it as a viable career path. “You have to move on many fronts. Because the face of discrimination is not just the issue of how someone is treated, it is also the kinds of structures that are in place which legitimize certain treatment,” Malcom told BioTechniques.

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How To: Prune Spring-Flowering Shrubs Often, landscape crews are sent out to prune all the shrubs in a landscape. The result: All the shrubs are pruned the same regardless of their growth and flowering habits. The timing of pruning can affect how and how much a plant blooms. Deciduous shrubs are divided into several categories depending upon whether they bloom on old wood (one year or older), new wood (current season), both old and new or whether the flowers are insignificant and are not affected by when they are pruned. Shrubs that bloom on old wood have buds that are formed in summer or early fall. These buds are carried over the winter and, if they survive without winter injury, bloom the following spring. Many spring-flowering shrubs, such as lilac, forsythia, pyracantha, mock orange, chokeberry, deutzia, beautybush, azaleas and rhododendrons, viburnum, flowering almond, weigela, winter daphne and some hydrangeas, bloom on old wood. To insure next year's color show, prune with the following in mind: Identify your blooming shrubs and research whether the buds are formed on new wood, old wood or both. The above list of plants represent only a portion of spring-bloomers in our landscapes. Hydrangeas are a class unto themselves. The following bloom on old wood: Hydrangea macrophylla (includes Hortensias and Lacecaps) and H. quercifolia. New-wood bloomers include H. paniculata and H. arborescens. Determine if pruning is needed. For instance, azaleas and rhododendrons will tolerate pruning but, generally, pruning is required only to remove dead or unruly branches. Look for diseased or dead branches and remove these at the base of the injury. This will allow you to more clearly see the shape of the shrub and determine the number of healthy branches that you can remove and still maintain the integrity of the shrub. In general, plants produce more flowers on young, vigorous shoots. On multistem shrubs, remove ¼ of the oldest branches at ground level. Not only will this provide more energy (and blooms) on the younger shoots, it will also encourage more young shoots to develop. Time your pruning to occur no later than 6 to 8 weeks after bloom. This will allow you the shape the plant and control the size, and the plant will have time to produce more vigorous stems on which to form flower buds for next year. Flowering shrubs that are “hedged out” will eventually decline in number of blooms, and the remaining blooms will occur sporadically on the plant. The hedging process reduces the amount of young, vigorous shoots and, if performed late enough, simply removes the flower buds. To reclaim “hedged out” spring flowering shrubs, remove ¼ of the oldest branches, spaced equally throughout the shrub. This will allow light into the plant, and buds will form more uniformly around it. Allow new growth to develop beyond the hedge height. Repeat the process for 2 to 3 years. Eventually, the shrub will become more freeform and floriferous. Want to use this article? Click here for options! © 2013 Penton Media Inc.

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Posted: 23 March 2007 Aspartame is escalating Alzheimers as explained in "Defense Against Alzheimers Disease" and Aspartame Disease: An Ignored Epidemic by H. J. Roberts, M.D., http://www.sunsentpress.com or 1-800-827-7991. NEW STUDIES IN GREECE HAVE IMPLICATED ASPARTAME WITH NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS (LEARNING AND MEMORY PROCESSES) http://www.wnho.net/new_greek_aspartame_studies.htm On review, Dr. Roberts said: "The demonstration that large concentrations of aspartame can influence acetylcholine metabolism in any model is important, especially relative to brain function. It has profound implications concerning the evolution of Alzheimer's disease .." In FDA's list of 92 documented symptoms from aspartame "memory loss" is #9. Aspartame Contributes to Memory Loss: Konen, J.A., T.L. Sia, M. Czuchry, P.M. Stuntz, G.S. Bahr, T.M. Barth. D.F. Dansereau, 2000. "Perceived Memory Impairment in Aspartame Users," Presented at the Society for Neuroscience 30th Annual Meeting, November 6, 2000. It is well known that diet pop in fountains is saccharin because aspartame can destroy the equipment. James Bowen, M.D., said, .."Aspartame is a potent chelating agent. The FDA told the manufacturers 30 years ago, that this fact alone would never allow Aspartame's approval for human beings, because it rapidly chelates the heavy metal poisons from any metal or ceramic container it is poured into, and carries the metal right into the body. Because they are in chelated form, those heavy metal poisons are highly adsorbed from the digestive tract. Aluminum is not absorbed from the digestive tract unless it is chelated. My friends, who deliver pop and service pop machines, tell me that sugar pop never eats its way through the cans. It is only the aspartame pop that chelates its way through the aluminum can and makes a mess. Billions of cans of aspartame pop, full of toxic chelated aluminum are consumed every year. Is it any wonder that we are seeing an epidemic of Alzheimer's disease?" We have Diet Coke cans used as props that have completely been eaten through. After taking case histories of aspartame victims for over 15 years the memory loss problem is so bad that I've been told repeatedly how women forget to pick up their children at school, or end up somewhere they weren't going. Mission Possible Aviation was founded when a pilot on aspartame suffered such confusion and memory loss he crashed his plane. Wrote Craig Chiodi on March 31, 1996: "Betty, about two years ago I was driving my brother out to Las Vegas and stopped in a local gas station, as I was about to buy a Diet Pepsi, and the delivery driver for Pepsi approached me. What he told me then was to stay away from NutraSweet and any products that contain it. He told me that he was "demoted" from his position as a chemical engineer when he began to raise objections to the use of aspartame in their diet drinks. At that time they were beginning to receive the results of the ten year trials conducted by the soft drink industry. Blindness, birth defects, ALZHEIMERS!... Please send me information on what I can do to help spread the world." (Martini: Interesting that some years later I mentioned this study to someone who worked for the NSDA. She said, "You couldn't possibly have a copy of those studies.") HEARSAY FROM INFORMANTS: A hospice nurse, Susan Laird, called in l995 to say Alzheimer patients being admitted were as young as 30 years old. She reported she had 6 friends who were Diet Coke addicts and they all had been diagnosed with MS, beyond coincidence. A nurse from California during the Olympics reported she was a friend of someone in the manufacturers family and they tell all their friends not to use aspartame because it causes Alzheimers. My friend Kathy, whose ex-husband worked for Monsanto, said the day he went to work he was told not to use it, its a poison, and that no one in his family was to use it. He also was sent to work with the FDA (showing their close association) and asked them why it had not been removed from the market. He was told, "we approved it, nothing we can do". Then he was sent to work with Searle at which time he quit saying their research was negotiable. This is interesting since ILSI, the research front group, is a spin off of the NSDA. My husband and I stopped in St. Louis on the way to New Mexico and were giving out warning flyers. A lady on our flight mentioned her mother rented a room to a physician who told her physicians were warned if they told anyone aspartame causes Alzheimers they would be sued. Health & Nutrition Secrets to Save Your Life by Russell Blaylock, M.D.,: Page 125: Aspartame Disease: An Ignored Epidemic by H. J. Roberts, M.D.: The Aspartame Alzheimer Connection: page 572, "Benign senescent forgetfulness" and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) probably represent a continuum reflecting basic pathophysiologic processes (Brayne 1988). A diagnosis of "mild cognitive impairment" (MCI) could be the "slippery slope" to AD. (An estimated 12 percent of such persons progress to full-blown AD annually.) This perspective assumes significance in the present context as aspartame disease accelerates this process "to the right." Dr. Roberts in this medical text lists continual cases of young people experiencing memory loss just as received through Mission Possible International for the past 15 years. Where there is smoke there is fire. In the case of the Aspartame - Alzheimer Link its a blazing conflagration! Read on for the New York Times article below. Dr. Betty Martini Founder, Mission Possible World Health International 9270 River Club Parkway Duluth, Georgia 30097 Aspartame Toxiocity Center: http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame NEW YORK TIMES March 21, 2007 Prevalence of Alzheimer's Rises 10% in 5 Years By < a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/jane_gross/index.html?inline=nyt-per">JANE GROSS More than five million Americans have Alzheimer's disease, a 10 percent increase from the last official tally five years ago, and a number expected to more than triple by 2050, absent a cure, as the 85-and-over population soars and the baby boomers move into their late 60s and 70s. The updated estimates, based on the rising occurrences of the disease with age, not new disease research, were released yesterday by the Alzheimer's Association, along with a compilation of other information about a progressive brain disease that afflicts 13 percent, or one in eight people 65 and over, and 42 percent of those past 85. Much of the report is a synthesis of existing research on the prevalence and costs of the disease. But the report includes the startling finding that 200,000 to 500,000 people younger than 65 have some form of early onset form of dementia, including a rare form of Alzheimer's disease that strikes people in their 30s and 40s. Mary Mittelman, an Alzheimer's researcher at New York University, had mixed feelings about disproportionate attention to early onset Alzheimer's disease. On the one hand, Dr. Mittelman said, these cases are such a small minority that she fears will take focus and resources "from the majority who are much older." On the other, she said, "because of the ageism of this society" far too many people still believe dementia to be part of normal aging and attention to this younger group will clarify that it is a "real disease." Apart from early onset cases, the primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is age. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, affects memory, reasoning and communication. In the advanced stage, people need help dressing, using the bathroom and eating. In the final stages, they cannot speak or recognize family members. The disease is ultimately fatal. Currently, there are five drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration that slow the disease's symptoms for 6 to 12 months in half the individuals who take them. Nine other drugs are in late-stage trials. Yesterday's report was released at a hearing in Washington, where Congress is considering a bipartisan bill to increase research money. The report itemizes the cost to the federal government in Medicare spending. Care for a patient with dementia costs three times as much as care for the average beneficiary $13,207 a year vs. $2,454 and overall dementia-related Medicare costs are expected to more than double, to $189 billion, by 2015. Other costs include the value of unpaid care provided by family and friends to the vast majority of Alzheimer's patients who live at home. Estimates were based on research by the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center in Chicago, which analyzed incidence of the disease locally. That incidence information was then extrapolated to national prevalence using census population figures and census projections.

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<cell biology> Microtubular, hairlike structures that some single-celled organisms use for locomotion through liquids. They also cover the cells of certain tissues, such as the epithelium lining the lungs, and help those cells sweep away fluids or particles. Cilia are smaller than flagella. (09 Oct 1997) |Bookmark with:||word visualiser||Go and visit our forums|

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By EatingWell Editors, "Balance Your Diet," EatingWell In Season: The Farmers' Market Cookbook (2009) More Healthy Recipes Recipes Fresh from the Farmers’ Market Recipes from the Mediterranean Diet Side Dish Recipes for Whole Grains Low-Calorie Dinners Packed with Produce Diet Meal Plans Vegetables and fruits form the foundation of a healthy diet. But you can’t live on produce alone. To get all your essential nutrients, you’ll also need to eat whole grains, lean protein (fish, lean meat, beans or low-fat dairy foods) and healthy fats, including nuts and olive oil. How much do you need? Balance your diet in three easy steps. Does your plate look more like A or B? Whatever you answered, you should aim to model (or keep modeling) your plate after B. Low-calorie—yet satisfying—vegetables fill half the plate. The other half is divided into two equal portions (quarters). One is filled with a lean protein, the other with a whole-grain or starchy vegetable.

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Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan Posted July 08, 2007 This multimedia presentation of two scrolls, one formerly believed to be an accurate copy of the other, depicts the Mongol Invasion of Japan, a key event in the development in Japanese self-identity and mythology. These two scrolls are placed side by side for the first time and the discrepancies between them are revealed. As cultural artifacts, these scrolls, presented in such detail with new educational technology, give students the opportunity to explore numerous areas of Japanese history, from warfare and social structures to mythology and national identity. The Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan have been used by multiple classes at Bowdoin and are an ongoing part of several courses in Asian Studies. The site is now available for public use. - Tom Conlan, Asian Studies Kevin Travers, Information Technology This is the third iteration of the project. It has grown considerably in complexity and robustness and is still being developed further today. - The uniqueness of the Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan website is that users can scroll through and compare four different versions of the scrolls simultaneously. Through the use of technology that allows fast viewing of huge digital images, scholars and students have the opportunity to delve deeply into the historical importance of each manuscript as well as the implications of the differences between them. The Guided View feature allows Professor Conlan to add commentary and guided analysis for teaching. - The site was developed using Macromedia Flash™ and an add-on component called Zoomify™. These technologies allowed the creation of a seamless digital version of the scrolls, with smooth, rapid zooming and high-resolution details of the painting and calligraphy. Through this reconstruction, scholars, students and casual browsers alike can experience the scroll as it was originally created - something impossible to convey in the pages of a book. - Partial funding has been provided by the John A. Gibbons Student Summer Internship Fund. Scholar, Web Designer Create Digital Japanese Scroll, April 19, 2005 « Back | More Featured Projects... | Have a Project Idea? Let us know...

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What To Think About - Usually, two sweat tests are done to confirm a diagnosis of Reference cystic fibrosis Opens New Window. - A sweat test can't identify Reference carriers Opens New Window of the cystic fibrosis gene. If your child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, you may wish to talk with your doctor about Reference genetic counseling Opens New Window. For more information, see the topic Reference Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Screening. - Adults generally have higher salt concentrations in their sweat than children. Also, sweat test results in adults can vary widely. This is especially true in women, because the amount of salt in their sweat can vary with the phase of their Reference menstrual cycle Opens New Window. Enough sweat must be collected to get accurate test results. - If results of a sweat test are positive or unclear (especially in babies), a blood test may be done to detect changes in the genetic material (Reference DNA Opens New Window) that causes cystic fibrosis. Blood test results are usually ready in 10 to 21 days. For more information, see the topic Reference Genetic Test. - Sweat tests should be done at labs that are certified by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (www.cff.org). These labs perform a large number of sweat tests and are skilled at sweat test techniques and interpretation. |By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: Reference June 15, 2011| |Medical Review:||Reference John Pope, MD - Pediatrics Reference Susanna McColley, MD - Pediatric Pulmonology

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Long before freeways and parking lots, a naturally occurring asphalt first appeared on roads in about 600 B.C. You can still see patches of it in the ancient city of Babylon. Under the onslaught of 21st century traffic, modern asphalt isn't likely to hold up for anywhere near 2,700 years. But at Michigan Technological University, Zhanping You is paving the way for brand-new asphalt blends to fight off cracks, rutting and potholes. One of his papers on the subject made SciVerse ScienceDirect's Top 25 Hottest Articles of 2011 for the journal Construction and Building Materials. "Nanoclay-Modified Asphalt Materials: Preparation and Characterization" reviews recent literature on asphalt that has been doctored with nanomaterials. It also presents new discoveries from You's team suggesting that adding nanoclays to asphalt materials could make for safer, longer-lasting roadways. "Asphalt is now made from petroleum, so it's very expensive," said You, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering. "As a result, a lot of people are looking at ways to make it more durable." Heat, cold and stress in the form of traffic take their toll on asphalt pavement, made from a mix of asphalt and aggregates like gravel. That leads to cracks, potholes and a process called rutting. Ruts are most likely to form on busy roads, sections with slow traffic, and areas with stop signs and stoplights, where the rubber hits the road hard thousands of times a day. "Rutting can be very dangerous, especially in snow and ice," You said. "If we could use advanced materials to reduce rutting, that would be very beneficial to the public." You's team tested two types of nanoclays, adding 2-4 percent by weight to the asphalt. That's a smidgeon—less than half of a percent of the total weight of the asphalt pavement itself. But it made a big difference. "It improved the viscosity significantly," You said. "That means it will provide better stiffness, which means that it won't deform as much in hot weather or under heavy traffic." They don't yet know if nanoclay can help asphalt resist cracking in cold weather or under heavy loads, since their testing isn't completed. "But it is always our goal to develop new asphalt mixtures with those qualities," You said. His lab is also testing how other nanomaterials, including nano-silica and nano-composites, will affect asphalt durability. In addition to You, coauthors of "Nanoclay-Modified Asphalt Materials: Preparation and Characterization" are Assistant Professor Qingli Dai, PhD students Julian Mills-Beale and Shu Wei Goh and former undergraduate Justin Foley of Michigan Tech's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Samit Roy of the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa; and Associate Professor Gregory Odegard of Michigan Tech's Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics. AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

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There is a slim blue book on display on the museum’s first floor. In the chapter entitled “Patriotism,” you can read rules for displaying the American flag, learn of Maryland’s history of religious freedom, and memorize all four stanzas of “The Star-Spangled Banner” (not yet the national anthem when the book was published in 1916). You will also find this sentence: The work of today is the history of tomorrow, and we are its makers. For me, as a curator, this reads as a rallying cry, a call to represent the everyday lives of people in museums. The book is an early Girl Scout handbook entitled How Girls Can Help Their Country. The quote is attributed to the founder of Girl Scouts, Juliette Gordon Low, who oversaw its publication. It is just one of several “ordinary” objects that mark the centenary of Girl Scouts, objects that belonged to history makers like you and me. This anniversary presents an opportunity to grow the scouting collection and discover more stories. Already this year, I’ve fielded several donation offers, and I’ve reached out to find even more. While we can’t collect everything (sorry!), some wonderful artifacts have found a home here over the past few months. Uniform sash belonging to Louise Davis, c.1930. Some of the twenty-nine proficiency badges include Rock Tapper, Pathfinder, Star Gazer and Home Nurse. Her Golden Eaglet pin is at the top. Through the Girl Scout’s National Historic Preservation Center, we received a uniform sash that belonged to Louise Davis (later Louise Davis Jones). Louise was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina in 1914. According to her children, she loved the outdoors from an early age, so it was not surprising that she became an enthusiastic Girl Scout and an adult troop leader. As a member of Goldsboro’s Troop #2, her dedication earned her the highest Girl Scout award of her day – the Golden Eaglet. Golden Eaglet pin, 1930. The pin is 10K gold with “Louise Davis / 1930” engraved on the reverse. The Golden Eaglet was a precursor to today’s Gold Award, the highest achievement in Girl Scouts. Introduced around 1916, the requirements fluctuated, but earning an exceptional number of proficiency badges was a prerequisite. Juliette Gordon Low provided this summary in 1923: The five requirements for winning the Golden Eaglet are character, health, handicraft, happiness and service, and that others will expect to find in our Golden Eaglets a perfect specimen of girlhood: mentally, morally, and physically. “A perfect specimen of girlhood” – a daunting goal, yet between 1918 and 1939 (the year it was retired), over 10,000 Girl Scouts earned the award. If that seems like a high number, consider that when Louise earned hers in 1930, there were over 200,000 active Girl Scouts, and the numbers would continue to grow. Louise would go on to further achievements (she was an academic stand-out at the newly-coeducational UNC–Chapel Hill, a businesswoman and mother of three) but this was an honor she treasured her whole life. Newspaper photograph of Louise Davis (right) with a fellow Golden Eaglet, c.1930. The girls’ sashes are unofficial – they pre-date official Girl Scout uniform sashes by several years. When it came to uniforms, Goldsboro Troop #2 was apparently ahead of its time. Over a decade later, another history maker joined the Girl Scouts in the midst of the WWII. Joan Clark (later Joan Morris) was born in Needham, Massachusetts in 1933. By her own account, she took great pride in wearing her uniform to school. When she “flew up” from Brownies to Girl Scouts in 1943, her mother took up a large hem in her new uniform so she could wear it for several years. Her father sewed on the proficiency badges, using a special cross-stitch he had learned while serving in France in the First World War. It was this uniform, with twenty-two badges lovingly sewn, that Joan donated this year. Uniform belonging to Joan Clark c.1943-1948. This style of uniform was introduced just before WWII and originally included a zipper. Wartime rationing saw the zipper replaced with green buttons. Many of those badges were earned at summer camps, and Joan worked many hours as a babysitter each year to help cover the annual cost. Camping was central to her scouting experience, and she attended several day and overnight camps while growing up, culminating in the Vineyard Sailing Camp on Martha’s Vineyard in 1948. There, she received her sailing badge and a special pin, which she also donated to the Museum. Photograph of Joan Clark in her uniform at Four Winds in Manomet, MA in 1943 – her first overnight Girl Scout summer camp. “I did not realize it then,” Joan related, “but for decades to come, I would continue to be involved in some of the activities in which I earned badges in Girl Scouting.” Indeed, as a scout, she volunteered as a nurse’s assistant – “we tried to help others the best way that we knew how” – and a few years later, she would attend the Newton-Wellesley Hospital School of Nursing to become a Registered Nurse. Of course, Girl Scouts don’t have a monopoly on scouting experiences. A century ago, following the British example, organized scouting exploded onto the American scene, beginning with Boy Scouts of America in 1910. Camp Fire Girls followed a year later. Camp Fire Girls combined Native American motifs, woodcraft, and a focus on hearth and home to create a scouting experience for girls. The “Blue Bird” level for younger girls was introduced in 1913, just as Girl Scouts would develop Brownies some years later. Around 1971, a five year old girl named Lori Whiteman, living with her grandparents in the Montana mining community of Butte, would join the Blue Birds. Though she would go on to become a Girl Scout rather than a Camp Fire Girl (the Girl Scout troop leader lived on her street), Blue Birds was Lori’s first taste of scouting. Blue Bird uniform belonging to Lori Whiteman c.1971 – note the patriotic color scheme. When Lori donated her uniform, she related to me her strongest memory from that time – selling white boxes of Camp Fire Candy. At that time, her family travelled to visit her great-uncle Joe – “my rich uncle” she recalled. When she asked Uncle Joe if he would buy some candy at a dollar a box, he offered her five $100 bills for five boxes. Having never seen a $100 bill, Lori stubbornly refused to sell him the candy, despite the urging of her relatives, insisting on a dollar each. In the end, she accepted five dollar bills and the story passed into family lore. Lori’s experience in scouting helped her to become a “tough salesperson” and earning badges always provided a genuine sense of achievement. Three girls from very different places and times, each working, in their own day and in their own way, to make the history of tomorrow. Turn around and tomorrow is today. Tim Winkle is an associate curator with the Division of Home and Community Life at the National Museum of American History.

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Russian, early 20th century The Tsar, the Priest, and the Kulak. 1918 Lithograph printed in two colors on paper Purchased with the Elizabeth Halsey Dock, class of 1933, Fund Photograph by Stephen Petegorsky The earliest antireligious posters needed to be instantly legible to a wide audience. Often, they paired an image of the Tsar with a religious figure and stereotypical “rich man” (a kulak is a rich person of the peasant class), recognizable by his girth and a black top hat or bowler. By allying religious figures with Tsarist and class oppression, the Communists sought to convince the peasantry that religious leaders were actively working against the well-being of the common man. Among those peasants who could read, the printed word was generally accepted to be “true.” Often the only people who could read in a village were the clergy, and the only books were religious, so peasants developed a sense that the written word was some how “holy.” The Communists exploited this connection by translating posters such as this (which is in Estonian) into many languages to appeal directly to the wide range of ethnicities represented in the lands they sought to control. The religious figure, here a Catholic priest, and the kulak were also customized according to regional stereotypes. This poster was also issued in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Tatar, Hebrew, Chuvash, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldovan, and Mari. Estonia had been a part of the Russian empire since 1721, but was declared an independent republic in 1920. The country was placed under Russian influence as part of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939, and the territory was reabsorbed by the Soviet Union following World War II. Estonia officially regained independence in 1991.

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Septima Poinsette Clark (1898-1987), an educator and civil and human rights activist, is often referred to as the “Grandmother of the Civil Rights Movement.” One of her greatest contributions to the movement was the development of citizenship schools throughout the South. From 1962 to 1964 she trained more than 10,000 teachers for the schools and registered 700,000 black voters. “Many phenomenal African American women remain unrecognized for their contributions to the progression of the Civil Rights Movement. These women were behind the scenes working just as hard as men for little to no acknowledgment…Clark is perhaps the only woman to play a significant role in educating African Americans for full citizenship rights without gaining sufficient gratitude. ” Source: http://bit.ly/YveOCW “Septima Clark was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on May 3, 1898, and was the second of eight children. In 1916 she finished 12th grade and, unable financially to attend Fisk University as her teachers had hoped and, as an African American, forbidden to teach in the Charleston public schools at that time, Poinsette took the state examination that would permit her to teach in rural areas. Her first job was on John’s Island, South Carolina. The racial inequity of teachers’ salaries and facilities she experienced while there motivated her to become an advocate for change. Clark left John’s Island in 1919 in order to teach and to campaign for a law allowing black teachers in the Charleston public schools. The same year that the law was passed (1920), Septima Poinsette married Nerie Clark, a navy cook. The marriage ended five years later when Nerie Clark died of kidney failure. The couple had two children; one died in infancy. Clark returned to teaching on John’s Island until 1927, when she moved to Columbia, South Carolina. There she continued to teach and to pursue her own education, studying during summers at Columbia University in New York City and with W.E.B. Du Bois at Atlanta University in Georgia. She received a bachelor’s degree from Benedict College in 1942 and a master’s degree from Hampton Institute in 1945. During this time she was also active in several social and civic organizations, among them the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) with whom she campaigned, along with attorney Thurgood Marshall, for equal pay for black teachers in Columbia. In an effort to diminish the effectiveness of the NAACP, the South Carolina state legislature banned state employees from being associated with civil rights organizations, and in 1956 Clark was forced to leave South Carolina for a job in Tennessee when she refused to withdraw her membership from the NAACP. In Tennessee she helped found citizenship schools that were designed to achieve literacy and political empowerment within the black community. Clark joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1961 as director of education and teaching. In 1962 the SCLC joined with other organizations to form the Voter Education Project, which served to train teachers for citizenship schools and assisted in increased voter registration among African Americans. A decade later the first African Americans since Reconstruction were elected to the U.S. Congress. After Clark retired from active SCLC work in 1970, she fought and won reinstatement of the teaching pension and back pay that had been canceled when she was dismissed in 1956. She later served two terms on the Charleston County School Board. In 1979 Clark received a Living Legacy Award from U.S. President Jimmy Carter. She died on John’s Island, South Carolina, on December 15, 1987.” Source: http://bit.ly/XaKr6G Here’s the story behind the famous photo of Septima Clark, taken when she was 89 years old by Brian Lanker for “I Dream a World: Portraits of Black Women Who Changed America,” the book he collaborated on with Maya Angelou.

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Vær Sentral Norway On Vær Sentral Norway you will find current weather data, local weather forecasts and a treasure of useful information around weather. Thanks to our high-resolution weather radar and current severe weather warnings there will be no nasty surprise any more. The climate in Norway Norway extends over 13 degrees of latitude, from 58 to 71 degrees north. Thus, it shares the same latitude with Alaska, Greenland and Siberia. Despite its geographic location, the climate in many Norwegian regions is more pleasant than one might expect. The most important reasons therefore are its location in the westerlies and the influence of the northernmost extensions of the gulf stream. The largest annual temperature differences are found in the regions north of the arctic circle (66.56 degrees north). On the Finnmark plateau, average temperatures lie around -16 degrees. A record value of -51.4 degrees was measured on 1 January 1886 at the station Karasjok. In the inland regions of the Østlandet temperatures below -40 degrees are possible as well, they do not occur every winter, though. In summer, however, temperatures may rise above 30 degrees even in the far north of Norway. As a result, a temperature span of more than 50 degrees between summer and winter is not uncommon. With almost 84 degrees, the largest annual temperature amplitude was measured in Karasjok. In the coastal areas moderate climate prevails. In Bergen, the average winter temperature lies around 1 degree. In Lofoten, despite being situated much farther north, it is only slightly cooler with 0 degrees. During the summer months, temperatures reach 10 to 14 degrees on average on the west coast. The warmest regions are Østlandet and Sørlandet. Because of the mild winters, the highest annual mean temperatures are found on the western and southern coasts of Norway. The annual mean temperature in Lindesnes is 7.7 degrees. The coldest region is the Finnmark plateau with an average temperature of -3.1 degrees in Sihccajavri. The Scandinavien mountains, ranging from the Skagerrak coast in the south to the Nordkap, have a major influence on Norway's climate by blocking the humid air masses from the Atlantic Ocean. Accordingly, most precipitation occurs on the west coast, especially in the region between the Hardangerfjord and the province of Møre og Romsdal.The annual precipitation amounts measured in this area are among the highest in Europe. Brekke in Sogn og Fjordane county has an average annual precipitation of 3575 liters per square meter, whereas fall and winter account for two thirds of these amounts. The driest regions are in the lee of the mountains as well as in the provinces in the far north of Norway. The average annual precipitaion amount in Øygarden (Provinz of Oppland) is 278 liters per square meter, which is less than some of the monthly sums of Brekke! Dividalen (Troms) and Kautokeino (Finnmark) with annual amounts of 282 and 360 liters per square meter, respectively, are also worth mentioning.

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Children are best encouraged to engage in an activity when they see others participating in it. This is why it is important for educators of young children to model the writing process. Outlined below are a few ways in which this can be 1. Many teachers like to begin each class with writing a short morning message. This message outlines what activities are planned for the day. As the teacher is writing she models the writing process. She might focus on how words make a sentence, stretching sounds to determine how they are spelled or the use of capitals and periods. This modeling is a very important component in a child's learning process as it demonstrates to them that writing is an important means of communication. 2. Within a learning environment should be a safe and encouraging place where the children can develop this skill which would be the "Writing Center". The "Writing Center" would consist of a table, chairs, paper, envelopes, pencils, crayons, felts, tracers, rulers, whiteboard, chalkboard and clipboard. The alphabet, in upper and lower case letters should be posted nearby at the child's level. Plenty of print should be displayed within the classroom for the children to use as models for reading and writing. As a member of the Kinderplans website you will have access to hundreds of picture cards related to specific themes. Each of the cards have the words printed on them. These were designed to use for this 3. Writing develops at different rates. For many children in the younger years they draw pictures to convey their ideas. This begins with scribbling to something that resembles a picture. The educator (teacher) may ask the child to dictate what the picture conveys and print this in words and read it back to the child. This is another means of modeling the writing process. 4. Large classroom books can be made for the children to read. These books were designed around each child's conveyed message. for example, if you are working on a "Colors Theme", each child would dictate a sentence telling what their favorite color is. After, they would would draw a picture displaying the color. The teacher would include the printed text of what each child said below the picture drawn. This would be bound together to make a It is important to understand that writing is a process and each child develops at their own pace. The more support and encouragement provided the greater the success! In the link below you will find some suggested craft/writing activities that can be done together as a class. Preschool-Kindergarten Writing Activities

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Protecting Youth from Sexual Predators Research shows that one in five girls and 1 in 10 boys will be sexually victimized before they reach adulthood[i] in the United States. To put this in real numbers: In 2011 there were 75.6 million children living in the United States. Assuming a 50/50 split by gender, this would mean the following: - 11,340,00 of these children will be sexually exploited by the age of 18. - 7,560,000 of these sexually exploited children will be girls. - 3,780,000 will be boys. Most victims will be abused by someone they know – a family member or trusted adult -- while some will be abused by people they met exclusively online, and some will be abducted. To reduce the chances of your child becoming a victim, or becoming a repeat victim, it is imperative that children be taught key safety concepts, how to set boundaries, and when to find an adult to get help. You can help protect your child from sexual exploitation in both physical and digital forms by leveraging the following points: - Talk, and keep on talking to your children about appropriate and inappropriate conversations, pictures and touching. Start when kids are young, talk frequently, and make the conversation’s focus practical, not scary. - Keep your perspective. Yes, there are sexual predators offline and online, and yes they are trawling for targets, but they are not stalking every child every moment of the day or night. Only a fraction of youth will experience full-blown solicitation or exploitation, but all children should be forearmed. - Warning kids about “creepy strangers” is off target. Predators look like anyone else – even family members. - Instead of saying don’t let “strangers” talk to you about inappropriate topics, or touch you… (which implies it’s ok if others do), say no one – not mommy, not daddy, not brother, not uncle, not family friend, no one – is allowed to make you feel uncomfortable, talk to you about your body, touch you in private places or take photos of you undressed or barely dressed. - Leverage internet family safety tools (also called parental controls), and monitor online communications. Depending on the age and maturity of your child/teen, use family safety settings and tools (also called parental controls) that are transparent so your child knows what’s being monitored, which can help detect potentially at-risk communications. Bear in mind that family members and trusted adults often use the internet as a tool in their grooming processes, so watch all communications -- not just those from strangers. - Though Facebook is the most popular social networking site, it isn’t the best site for young teens – and it does not allow access for users under 13. - Instead, use one of the social networking sites that was actually designed with safety as a core principle from the ground up. You want a site that uses moderators and screening since these vastly decrease the likelihood that your child will be solicited by a predator – whether that be a sexual predator, an emotional predator, a physical predator or a reputational predator. - Help tweens and teens understand that sending a sexual image of themselves to someone else can have far-reaching consequences. There is a whole segment of the population beyond their boyfriends and girlfriends who is very interested in seeing these pictures, touching the pictures, kissing the pictures and masturbating to the pictures. Should their photos fall into the hands of a person interested in child pornography, it is likely to be traded and shared many thousands of times. - Listen, and keep on listening to your children. Your kids won’t tell you about risks if you aren’t listening and being thoughtful about your reactions and comments. - If you have a history of freaking out, taking away their internet access, etc., when they come to you about something, then you’ve taught them not to come to you. This increases their vulnerability as the very people they should be able to turn to have become unapproachable. - Build trust that you will be calm, listen, and find the right solution no matter what they bring to you. - It is never the victim’s fault. It’s tragic if any child is abused, but statistics say a percentage of kids will experience sexual exploitation instigated either online or offline. It is never their fault. As with all sexual crimes, there is only one person at fault: the predator. - Sexual acts with minors are illegal and exploitive. And as a society, everyone must be committed to protecting minors, even when they act against their own best interests. Yes, they might have done something to put themselves at greater risk, but they are the victim, not the abuser. - Understand that sexual predators frequently try to make a child believe that the abuse was the child’s fault or something they wanted, because if the child feels guilty or ashamed they will be much less likely to report it. Predators may say, “You wouldn’t have contacted me if you didn’t want it,” or, “I only did this because I thought it was what you wanted.” - If a parent or authority figure makes a remark to an abused child or teen like and says, “What were you thinking?” or, “What was your part in this?” the child or teen may see that comment as a sign you are siding with the predator and placing the blame on him or her. You need to start your response to your child with, “It is not your fault, and you are safe. I will protect you.” If you or any other adult in any way reinforces the predator’s message that the victim bears the guilt, you remove the last shreds of hope from the child that they will be believed, nurtured and protected by those they need support from the most. If you believe a child is being abused or know a child abuser, don’t hesitate. Call the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children’s CyberTipline 1-800-THE-LOST, and use its website’s reporting tool or call your local law enforcement agency. [i] [D. Finkelhor. “Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse.” The Future of Children: Sexual Abuse of Children, 1994, volume 4, page 37.]

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Search Result for "mouth": 1. the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge; - Example: "he stuffed his mouth with candy" [syn: mouth, oral cavity, oral fissure, rima oris] 2. the externally visible part of the oral cavity on the face and the system of organs surrounding the opening; - Example: "she wiped lipstick from her mouth" 3. an opening that resembles a mouth (as of a cave or a gorge); - Example: "he rode into the mouth of the canyon" - Example: "they built a fire at the mouth of the cave" 4. the point where a stream issues into a larger body of water; - Example: "New York is at the mouth of the Hudson" 5. a person conceived as a consumer of food; - Example: "he has four mouths to feed" 6. a spokesperson (as a lawyer); [syn: mouthpiece, mouth] 7. an impudent or insolent rejoinder; - Example: "don't give me any of your sass" [syn: sass, sassing, backtalk, back talk, lip, mouth] 8. the opening of a jar or bottle; - Example: "the jar had a wide mouth" 1. express in speech; - Example: "She talks a lot of nonsense" - Example: "This depressed patient does not verbalize" [syn: talk, speak, utter, mouth, verbalize, verbalise] 2. articulate silently; form words with the lips only; - Example: "She mouthed a swear word" 3. touch with the mouth; The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48: Mouth \Mouth\ (mou[th]), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mouthed (mou[th]d); p. pr. & vb. n. Mouthing.] 1. To take into the mouth; to seize or grind with the mouth or teeth; to chew; to devour. --Dryden. [1913 Webster] 2. To utter with a voice affectedly big or swelling; to speak in a strained or unnaturally sonorous manner; as, mouthing platitudes. "Mouthing big phrases." --Hare. [1913 Webster] Mouthing out his hollow oes and aes. --Tennyson. [1913 Webster] 3. To form or cleanse with the mouth; to lick, as a bear her cub. --Sir T. Browne. [1913 Webster] 4. To make mouths at. [R.] --R. Blair. [1913 Webster]The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48: Mouth \Mouth\ (mouth), n.; pl. Mouths (mou[th]z). [OE. mouth, mu[thorn], AS. m[=u][eth]; akin to D. mond, OS. m[=u][eth], G. mund, Icel. mu[eth]r, munnr, Sw. mun, Dan. mund, Goth. mun[thorn]s, and possibly L. mentum chin; or cf. D. muil mouth, muzzle, G. maul, OHG. m[=u]la, Icel. m[=u]li, and Skr. mukha mouth.] 1. The opening through which an animal receives food; the aperture between the jaws or between the lips; also, the cavity, containing the tongue and teeth, between the lips and the pharynx; the buccal cavity. [1913 Webster] 2. Hence: An opening affording entrance or exit; orifice; aperture; as: (a) The opening of a vessel by which it is filled or emptied, charged or discharged; as, the mouth of a jar or pitcher; the mouth of the lacteal vessels, etc. (b) The opening or entrance of any cavity, as a cave, pit, well, or den. (c) The opening of a piece of ordnance, through which it is discharged. (d) The opening through which the waters of a river or any stream are discharged. (e) The entrance into a harbor. [1913 Webster] 3. (Saddlery) The crosspiece of a bridle bit, which enters the mouth of an animal. [1913 Webster] 4. A principal speaker; one who utters the common opinion; a mouthpiece. [1913 Webster] Every coffeehouse has some particular statesman belonging to it, who is the mouth of the street where he lives. --Addison. [1913 Webster] 5. Cry; voice. [Obs.] --Dryden. [1913 Webster] 6. Speech; language; testimony. [1913 Webster] That in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. --Matt. xviii. 16. [1913 Webster] 7. A wry face; a grimace; a mow. [1913 Webster] Counterfeit sad looks, Make mouths upon me when I turn my back. --Shak. [1913 Webster] Down at the mouth or Down in the mouth, chapfallen; of dejected countenance; depressed; discouraged. [Obs. or Colloq.] Mouth friend, one who professes friendship insincerely. --Shak. Mouth glass, a small mirror for inspecting the mouth or teeth. Mouth honor, honor given in words, but not felt. --Shak. Mouth organ. (Mus.) (a) Pan's pipes. See Pandean. (b) An harmonicon. Mouth pipe, an organ pipe with a lip or plate to cut the escaping air and make a sound. To stop the mouth, to silence or be silent; to put to shame; to confound. To put one's foot in one's mouth, to say something which causes one embarrassment. To run off at the mouth, to speak excessively. To talk out of both sides of one's mouth, to say things which are contradictory. [1913 Webster +PJC] The mouth of them that speak lies shall be stopped. --Ps. lxiii. 11. [1913 Webster] Whose mouths must be stopped. --Titus i. 11. [1913 Webster]The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48: Mouth \Mouth\, v. i. 1. To speak with a full, round, or loud, affected voice; to vociferate; to rant. [1913 Webster] I'll bellow out for Rome, and for my country, And mouth at Caesar, till I shake the senate. --Addison. [1913 Webster] 2. To put mouth to mouth; to kiss. [R.] --Shak. [1913 Webster] 3. To make grimaces, esp. in ridicule or contempt. [1913 Webster] Well I know, when I am gone, How she mouths behind my back. --Tennyson. [1913 Webster]The Devil's Dictionary (1881-1906): MOUTH, n. In man, the gateway to the soul; in woman, the outlet of the heart.Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0: 263 Moby Thesaurus words for "mouth": Brillat-Savarin, Lucullus, access, announce, aperture, arm, armlet, articulate, audacity, back talk, backchat, bay, bayou, bazoo, be hypocritical, belt, betray, bight, bite, blandish, blow, blubber, blue, board-and-roomer, boarder, boasting, boca, boldness, bombast, bon vivant, brag, braggadocio, bragging, brashness, cannibal, cant, carnivore, champ, chaps, chatter, chaw, cheek, chew, chew the cud, chew up, chomp, chops, claptrap, cock-a-doodle-doo, connoisseur of food, consumer, converse, cove, creek, crestfallen, crow, debate, debouch, debouchment, declaim, dejected, delta, demagogue, despondent, diner, diner-out, disclose, discover, disheartened, dispirited, disrespect, divulge, door, doorway, downcast, drone, eater, eater-out, elocute, embouchure, entrance, entree, entry, enunciate, epicure, estuary, euripus, exit, express, face, feeder, fjord, flesh-eater, flippancy, freshness, frith, fruitarian, fustian, gab, gabble, gas, gasconade, gastronome, gate, gateway, gibber, give away, give lip service, give mouth honor, glutton, gnash, gnaw, gob, gourmand, gourmet, grain-eater, graminivore, granivore, grimace, grind, gulf, gum, gut, harangue, harbor, herbivore, high liver, hold forth, hot air, hungry mouth, idle talk, impertinence, impudence, inlet, insolence, jabber, jaw, jaws, jowls, kisser, kyle, lactovegetarian, lap, lick, lip, lips, loch, luncher, make a face, make a mouth, man-eater, mandibles, masticate, maunder, maw, maxilla, meat-eater, melancholy, mop, mop and mow, moue, mouthing, mouthpiece, mow, mug, mumble, munch, murmur, mush, mutter, muzzle, narrow, narrow seas, narrows, natural harbor, nibble, omnivore, omophagist, opening, oral cavity, orate, orifice, out-herod Herod, outfall, outlet, pantophagist, passage, passageway, patter, perorate, pertness, phytophage, picnicker, plant-eater, play the hypocrite, pout, prate, predacean, premaxilla, presumptuousness, pronounce, puff, pull a face, rabble-rouse, rant, rave, reach, read, recite, reek of piety, render lip service, road, roads, roadstead, rodomontade, rudeness, ruminate, sad, sass, sauce, sauciness, say, snivel, snuffle, soapbox, sob, soft-soap, sorrowful, sound, speak, speak incoherently, speaker, spiel, spill, splutter, spokesperson, spokeswoman, spout, sputter, stoma, strait, straits, susurrate, sweet-talk, talk, tell, tongue, trap, trencherman, tub-thump, unhappy, utter, vaunt, vegetarian, vent, vocalize, voice, wag the tongue, way, way in, way out, whisper, yap

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Race and Ethnicity in the US Historical memories, everyday experiences, and possible futures are powerfully shaped by racial and ethnic differences. Categories of race and ethnicity structure social relationships and cultural meanings in the United States and beyond. In this course we will track the theoretical and historical bases of ideas of race and ethnicity in modern America. We will investigate how race and ethnicity intersect at particular historical moments with other forms of difference including gender, sexuality, nation, and class. The course offers an approach informed by critical studies of race including texts in history, political theory, cultural studies, and anthropology. 3 hrs. lect.

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User:RekonDog/Definitive History of the United States Marine Corps/Institutions/Prologue |This is a Wikibooks user page. If you find this page on any site other than Wikibooks, you are viewing a mirror site. Be aware that the page may be outdated, and that the user this page belongs to may have no personal affiliation with any site other than Wikibooks itself. The original page is located at The oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Roman ships had to be capable of fighting the rowers of opposing ships hand-to-hand. Though hoplites began appearing on Greek ships specifically for the boarding of enemy ships. The Roman Navy's two legions, I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix, were among the first distinct naval infantry units. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the origin of seafaring soldiers was lost throughout the archaic history of the world, being revived when the cannon became practical for use on naval vessels. Lord High Admiral's Regiment Perhaps the earliest lineal predecessor of the modern Marine Corps was the creation and evolution of marines dating back the European naval wars during the 16th and 17th centuries. The monarchies of Netherlands, France, Spain, and England all contended with each other in control over territorial water, which would increase naval organization and stability. The first organized corps of marines was created when Charles V first assigned the naval infantry of the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles (Naples Sea Old Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons) in 1537, progenitors of the current Infantería de Marina corps. James II of England, the brother of King Charles II, was confirmed as Lord High Admiral, an office that has authoritative responsibility over the British Crown's Navy. The position at this time was exercised by a single person, usually an Admiral to oversee the structure and institution of naval affairs. As France and the Netherlands were opting to train seamen for infantry combat, England instead in 1664 formed a special regiment, the Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, or also known as the "Lord High Admiral's Regiment", the progenitors of the modern Royal Marines. This maritime infantry regiment was directed to be under the complete control of the Admiralty. The Lord High Admiral's Regiment saw action in the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), and the Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74). However, due to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, King James II was overthrown by British Parliament, leading to the disbandment of the regiment. Two years later, two new regiments were formed, the 1st and 2nd Regiment of Marines, their functions assumed the same roles as the subsequent marine regiments in the past; however the ensuing wars of the Second Hundred Years' War (1689–1815), like the Royal Navy, the marine regiment would quickly dissolve only to be reassembled during the events of war. The general military service type of "marines" first appeared throughout the Dutch and French wars, but the majority of the marine infantry regiments were perpetually drawn from the British Army; all the regiments had little permanence. By 1702, during the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1714), the British government assembled six maritime regiments of foot for combative naval service with the fleet against Spain. But unlike the earlier campaigns from previous regiments of the past which British marines had fought as detachments aboard ships. In 1704, these marines found themselves fighting ashore the beaches of Gibraltar and Spain as part of an amphibious assault landing force, with the help of Dutch forces under the command of Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt. By the time the war ended, once again the marine regiments were disbanded, or returned to fill the ranks of the British Army. Twenty-five years later in 1731, an incident involving master mariner Robert Jenkins, an English captain of a British merchant ship, allegedly had his ear severed by Spanish coast guardsmen off the coast of New Granada (modern countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama), initiating the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1742). This affair and a number of similar incidents sparked a war against the Spanish Empire. Two companies of Marine Boatmen drawn from the Georgia Militia, commanded by Captains Mike Carr and Noble Jones under General James Oglethorpe, helped in defeating an amphibious landing attempted by the Spanish on St. Simons Island in the Battle of Gully Hole Creek and the Battle of Bloody Marsh. Gooch's Marines The British government formed ten regiments of marines for a naval campaign against the Spanish colonies in the West Indies and north coast of South America. Admiral Edward Vernon, a British naval officer, was given command of a squadron of five vessels. And again, most of the marines were drafted from the British Army. The British Admiralty requested that its American colonies form a regiment of three thousand men for naval service aboard Admiral Edward Vernon's fleet. Edward Vernon can be considered by many military history enthusiasts the first naval fleet commander over American marines. The American colonial marines were raised in the colony of Virginia and from other Middle Colonies, under the command of Governor William Gooch. Although it may had been composed of men from surrounding colonies intent for a Crown commission, it was also used as a dumping ground for its debtors, criminals, scoundrels, and vagrants. This "four-battalion" regiment, the 43rd Regiment of Foot, better known as "Gooch's Marines", has a lineage that can be traced to the origin of the United States Marine Corps. On 21 November 1739, Admiral Vernon, along with Sir Gooch and his marines, headed toward the West Indies and successfully captured the Spanish colonial possession of Portobelo (present-day Panama). However, because of the conditions of its service—thinned by diseases, bad weather, and a near-mutinous crew— the regiment had only three hundred of its most trustworthy men serve ashore in Vernon's unsuccessful deadly amphibious assault against the strategic defenses on the colonial seaport of Cartagena, forcing a retreat to Jamaica. As a successful method in social purification, the only remaining 10-percent survived the Cartegena expedition. Thereafter, Vernon's fleet returned to the United Kingdom of England toward the end of 1742. Like their British components, the colonial marines disbanded as a regiment. One of the regiment's surviving officers, marine captain Lawrence Washington, a half-brother of George Washington, served aboard Admiral Vernon's flagship HMS Princess Caroline. The future patriot General George Washington later named his estate Mount Vernon (current location of the Presidential White House) in honor of his half-brother's commander. British Corps of Royal Marines Time again, the recall of reforming maritime regiments was in need when the War of Jenkins' Ear had escalated into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), which brought another set of ten British marine regiments into naval service. The remaining independent companies within the British marine regiments merged with another regiment in 1746; by the end of the war it too was dissolved, their officers placed on half pay. In 1755, British Parliament allowed the marines to be institutionalized on some grounds of permanence as they were insistent in building their own military force, particularly its naval fleet under the Admiralty. Thus, the Corps of Royal Marines was born; over five thousand marines were recruited and were assembled into fifty independent companies, assigned as "divisions" to three large English naval bases. During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), also known as the French and Indian War in the colonies, the marines were then appropriately dispersed amongst the Royal navy warships, the Royal Marines played an integral part in successful naval expeditions. These ship detachments soon formed expeditionary battalions that fought ashore Canada, Cuba, and the Philippines. Now being strictly under the control of the Admiralty, the marines were used exclusively for expeditions and raids, becoming so essential to the maritime strategy of Prime Minister William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. Their primary mission in ship-to-ship combat and ship seizures were to pick off officers with expert musketry, to repel boarders with skilled bayonetry, and to augment as gun crew members when necessary. Also, they played a major part of a ships landing party for operations ashore, raiding naval bases, stores, etc, etc. But during cruising conditions, the marines policed and enforced ship regulations about fires, thievery, and unlawful conduct by sailors, to include prevention and deterrence against a mutinous crew. By the end of the war, the Corps of Royal Marines remained an important force within the Royal Navy. On the eve of the American War of Independence, roughly 4,500 marine officers and enlistees were still in existence. It was the same quantum of traditions by the British marines that influenced the likelihood from the rebelled American colonies in establishing its own legion of [Continental] marines, adopting the same ethics and traditions alike.

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pulse fm parent help tip Keep Kids Healthy and Safe this Summer It’s summer, and for kids that means it’s time for sports, swimming, biking and picnics. And while active outdoor time is healthy and fun, experts say it’s crucial for parents and kids to brush up on some seasonal safety tips. According to the experts at the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the summer poses its own set of risks. In order to help parents keep kids happy, healthy and safe all summer long, they are offering these timely tips: Sunburns are not only unpleasant, they are damaging to skin health. Minimize your family’s exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation by dressing your children (and yourself for that matter) in cotton clothing with a tight weave, sunglasses and hats with a brim or bill. Stay in the shade whenever possible and use a sunscreen with an SPF 15 or greater, even on cloudy days, and reapply it every two hours, or after swimming or sweating. Always keep plenty of water on hand when you’re playing or exercising outside. Unless kids are exercising vigorously for extended periods, plain water – not sports drinks – is the best way to rehydrate. Drowning is a leading cause of death among children, including infants and toddlers, but parents can make swimming safer for kids with the right safety equipment, instruction and supervision. “While swimming lessons are helpful, they are not a foolproof plan. Parents should never -- even for a moment -- leave children alone near open bodies of water,” says Dr. Thomas K. McInerny, the 2013 president of the AAP. Home swimming pools should be surrounded by a four-foot-high, non-climbable, four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate. Parents, caregivers, and pool owners should learn CPR and keep equipment approved by the U.S. Coast Guard, such as life preservers and life jackets at poolside. Even with netting, padding and adult supervision, experts say that home trampolines are dangerous. “Trampoline injuries are common, and can be potentially catastrophic,” says Dr. McInerny. “From temporarily debilitating sprains, strains and contusions to cervical spine injuries with lasting consequences, the risks associated with recreational trampoline use are easily avoided.” Thousands of people are injured on trampolines annually. Encourage your child to get exercise in safer ways. Children should wear a helmet on every bike ride. Accidents can happen anywhere, anytime. Get your child a helmet specific for biking. Football helmets, for example, are made to protect the head from other types of injuries. Teach your children traffic and bike safety before allowing them to bike in the street. For example, they should always ride with traffic and use hand signals. If your child doesn’t have the skills necessary to use hand signals without swerving, he or she shouldn’t be riding in the street. For more summer safety tips, visit the AAP’s website for parents, www.HealthyChildren.org. By taking proper precautions, you can maximize the fun this summer by keeping kids healthy, safe and sound.

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This hawk was perched in a bush less than four feet from an American crow. The crow and the Red-shouldered have a sometimes mutually-beneficial relationship. This is from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology: “Although the American Crow often mobs the Red-shouldered Hawk, sometimes the relationship is not so one-sided. They may chase each other and try to steal food from each other. They may also both attack a Great Horned Owl and join forces to chase the owl out of the hawk’s territory.” Below is another photo of the Red-shouldered Hawk a few minutes earlier. This hawk appears to have the paler coloring of the Florida subspecies. The head and breast markings of the Florida subspecies, Buteo lineatus extimus and Buteo lineatus alleni, are slightly paler than other Red-shouldered hawks.

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bulb is part of the Basic English 850. - A solid object that has one large, round end and another thin end. - A light bulb. - Can you change that bulb, please? It's broken. - The bulb-shaped part of the root of a plant.

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Cool Things - Pink Pills for Pale People In the 19th century--an era when medicine and the human body were little understood--patent medicines or nostrums like these "Pink Pills for Pale People" offered hope. Slick advertising and catchy names led millions to send away for a chance at good health. Given the fact that an estimated 80% of human illnesses cure themselves without medical intervention, many people were led to believe that patent medicines were effective. During this time, illness was often attributed to an imbalance of the humors (forces of Earth, Air, Fire, and Water). These forces were supposed to be embodied in blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. The body was viewed as a unified system and the key to good health required maintaining the equilibrium of these forces by regulating the intake and outflow of the body. To do this, the secretions of the body, including urine, feces, sweat and menstrual flow were to be controlled. A "patent" medicine was a ready-mixed nostrum that was self-prescribed, as opposed to a doctor-prescribed medicine whose ingredients were mixed together by a pharmacist for an individual patient. In England, patents were granted at the pleasure of the sovereign, however, in America few remedies were actually patented but rather their name was trademarked. The trademark or "patent" medicine did not have to actually work and its contents could change over time, but the use of the name belonged solely to the proprietor. Devices such as alliteration were used to catch the consumer's attention. Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People used this concept by stringing together four words that start with the letter 'P.' Carter's Little Liver Pills, Dr. Coderre's Red Pills for Pale and Weak Women, and Dr. Wilson's Blue Pills for Blue People also used this device to attract customers. George Fulford, Brockville, Ontario, formed G. T. Fulford & Company in 1887 to manufacture and distribute patent medicines. Three years later, the company acquired the rights to Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People. By marketing the pills through Dr. Williams' Medicine Company (the trading arm of G. T. Fulford & Company), George Fulford made his fortune. Within five years, Dr. Williams' Medicine Company expanded throughout North America, Europe and the British Empire; in all, the pills were advertised in 82 countries. Containing a combination of iron oxide and epsom salts, Dr. Williams' Pink Pills were touted to Civil War veterans with digestive problems, malaria, wounds, and emotional disturbances. Later advertisements claimed that the pink pills were a remedy for many female ailments and could restore the blood and nerves. In 1899, the pills were said to be a restorative for locomotor ataxia, partial paralysis, St. Vitus' dance, sciatica, neuralgia, rheumatism, nervous headache, the after effects of la grippe, palpitation of the heart, pale and sallow complexions, all forms of weakness either in male or female, and all diseases resulting from the vitiated humors in the blood. Some "patent" medicines were simply a combination of flavoring, coloring and aromatics. Others contained dangerous opiates or alcohol and could be lethal if the dosage was too high; children were particularly susceptible. During the Progressive Era (1900-1920), some Americans grew increasingly wary of medicines that contained addictive drugs and alcohol. As a result, legislation to protect the consumer was greatly expanded in the 20th century. This included the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 that required more accurate and honest labeling of medicines. Despite the law, proprietors did not have to prove their medicine was effective. The label on this package of Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People reads: - Safe and Effective Tonic for the Blood and Nerves. - Anemic conditions, diseases caused by or dependent thin, impoverished blood and for nervous disorders resulting from malnutrition. Useful wherever a nervine or digestive tonic is required. These pills are guaranteed to contain no opiates or narcotics. Contents 40 pills. - Price 50 cents. 6 boxes for $2.50. - The Dr. Williams Medical Company. Schenectady, N.Y. and Brockville, Ontario. - W.T. Hanson Company, Schenectady, N.Y. U.S. distributors. - Directions inside in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian. Entry: Cool Things - Pink Pills for Pale People Author: Rebecca Martin Date Created: July 2002 Date Modified: August 2011 The author of this article is solely responsible for its content.

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Standard Chartered Bank was formed in 1969 through the merger of two separate banks, the Standard Bank of British South Africa and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. These banks had capitalised on the expansion of trade between Europe, Asia and Africa. The Chartered Bank The Chartered Bank was founded by James Wilson following the grant of a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1853. The bank opened in Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata and Shanghai in 1858, followed by Hong Kong and Singapore in 1859. The traditional trade was in cotton from Mumbai, indigo and tea from Kolkata, rice from Burma, sugar from Java, tobacco from Sumatra, hemp from Manila and silk from Yokohama. The bank played a major role in the development of trade with the East following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the extension of the telegraph to China in 1871. In 1957 Chartered Bank bought the Eastern Bank, together with the Ionian Bank's Cyprus Branches and established a presence in the Gulf. The Standard Bank The Standard Bank was founded in the Cape Province of South Africa in 1862 by John Paterson, and started business in Port Elizabeth in the following year. The bank was prominent in financing the development of the diamond fields of Kimberley from 1867. It later extended its network further north to the new town of Johannesburg when gold was discovered there in 1885. The bank expanded in Southern, Central and Eastern Africa and had 600 offices by 1953. In 1965, it merged with the Bank of West Africa, expanding its operations into Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. In 1987 Standard Chartered Bank sold its stake in the Standard Bank, which now operates as a separate entity. Our interactive timeline gives a fascinating insight into key moments from our history. We aspire to be the world's best international bank, leading the way in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. We're well placed to expand into emerging economies because of our geographic focus.

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Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also known as the Pacific Trash Vortex, is a gyre of marine litter in the central North Pacific Ocean located roughly between 135°W to 155°W and 35°N to 42°N. The patch runs over an indeterminate area, with estimates ranging very widely depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area. The area is an oceanic desert, filled with tiny phytoplankton but few big fish or mammals. Due to its lack of large fish and gentle breezes, fishermen and sailors rarely travel through the gyre. But the area is filled with something besides plankton: trash, millions of pounds of it, most of it plastic. It’s the largest landfill in the world, and it floats in the middle of the ocean. The Patch is is known fory high concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre.Interestingly,despite its size and density, the patch is not visible from satellite , since plastics break down to even smaller polymers, concentrations of submerged particles are not visible from space, nor do they appear as a continuous debris field. Instead, the patch is defined as an area in which the mass of plastic debris in the upper water column is significantly higher than average. The Great Garbage Patch was predicted in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) . The prediction was based on results obtained by several Alaska-based researchers between 1985 and 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean.Charles J. Moore, returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpac sailing race in 1997,saw an enormous stretch of floating debris. Moore alerted the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer, who subsequently dubbed the region the “Eastern Garbage Patch” (EGP).The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of marine pollution.Moore’s claim of having discovered a large, visible debris field is, however, a mischaracterization of the polluted region overall, since it consists primarily of particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye. A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch formed gradually as a result of marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents. The patch occupies a large and relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bound by the North Pacific Gyre (a remote area commonly referred to as the horse latitudes). The gyre’s rotational pattern is such that it draws in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean, including coastal waters off North America and Japan. Once material is captured in the currents, wind-driven surface currents gradually move floating debris toward the center, trapping it in the region. Links and Sources: - Ocean’s plastic pollution turned into art (thezigzagger.com) - Documenting the Great Pacific Garbage Patch a.k.a. ‘Plastic Island’ (12160.info) - Great Pacific Garbage Patch Expanding (inquisitr.com) - Seas of Garbage (mybigearth.com) - Great Pacific Garbage Patch: Japanese tsunami debris could drift to West Coast of US, experts say (vancouversun.com)

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Definition of Psychological imprinting Psychological imprinting: A remarkable phenomenon that occurs in animals, and theoretically in humans, in the first hours of life. The newborn creature bonds to the type of animals it meets at birth and begins to pattern its behavior after them. In humans, this is often called bonding, and it usually refers to the relationship between the newborn and its parents.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary Last Editorial Review: 3/30/2012 Get tips on therapy and treatment.

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Psychology / Industrial/Organizational Psychology Autor: swtnsour1026 15 April 2012 Words: 758 | Pages: 4 When most people think of psychology they think of it as referring to the study of the human mind or the human condition but many do not realize that psychology is used in many factors of a person everyday life. The field of psychology does indeed pertain to the study of the human mind but it does not only exist in that context. Psychology exists in many other aspects of a person life whether he or she realizes it or not he or she utilize and exhibit and undergo aspects of the field every single day. Take businesses for example, industrial/organizational psychology is a field of psychology that is utilized in businesses to help the business and its employees perform more efficiently. In this paper it will attempt to describe the evolution of the field of industrial/psychology as well as try to explain how industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology is different from other disciplines of psychology. It will also discuss how industrial/organizational psychology can be used in organizations and along with explain the roles of research and statistics in industrial/organizational psychology. I/O psychology began in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. It was founded by Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scotts (Spector, 2008). The true history of I/O psychology took a stronghold during World War I relying heavily on the industrial side of the where the roots were set in research on assessment, individual differences, and making performance predictions. In the war I/O psychology was used to resign new troops to his duty stations. In 1919 Walter Dill Scotts was elected President of the American Psychological Association and highly considered to be the most prevalent I/O psychologists of his time. The evolution of I/O psychology was to introduce of scientific study of the workplace and apply the study to make the workplace more efficient for both employees and the organizations. For that to happen the methods of psychology has to be applied ...

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By: Erin Roon, MA CCC SLP Over the course of the last month, I have been doing some renewed thinking on language processing. With this reflection, I have come to realize that I take processing for granted so often that I wonder just how much gets missed on a day to day basis. If we really stop and think about processing and the great deal of effort it takes, it is a wonder that we are able to have so many rapid fire exchanges. Earlier this year, a few of us in the office tested out a processing exercise that one of my colleagues had created for some of the families with whom she works. She wanted to be sure it would work, so we were the guinea pigs. She gave one of the staff members the easy version, and I was stuck with the harder rendition of the task. Of course, the other person finished within minutes, while I took at least 15 minutes to finish mine. For me it was not a matter of if I would finish, but only when. The task took a tremendous amount of brain power, and I commented when finished that I was tired and my brain felt like it needed a rest. Having that experience made me think about how important it is to remember that many children on the autism spectrum have language processing delays that must, in some way, make them feel just how I was feeling. The other thing I thought about was my determination and resilience to keep going, even though it was hard. How many of our children on the spectrum have this resilience when we first start remediation in the RDI process? Not many. That is why it is so important to slow down and allow for processing time, take away as many distractions as possible, and work for a while on one mode of communication at a time. Can children on the autism spectrum become better processors? You bet they can! I’ve seen it with my own eyes on numerous occasions; but it requires that the adults in the environment be aware of the need to allow time for the child to process. Once your brain gets experience in processing information so as to make sense of it, the better it gets at doing this. Just like the processing task in my example above, I was very slow at first; but once I had processed through a few of the problems, I got faster. Our children on the autism spectrum can become faster as well; but only if we start giving them the opportunity to process information rather than just accepting any old answer from them, giving them the answer, or prompting all the time. What would take a neuro-typical child 5 seconds to process might take a child on the spectrum upwards of 30-60 seconds; and then they may not even process the whole message. For others, it may take as many as 5 minutes; and for those in the extreme, it may be as long as 20 minutes. Now think about that in the context of our ever changing world, especially in the context of school. I’m not putting down schools, as there is a ton of information that needs to be taught in a day; but would a little processing time hurt anyone? Have you ever been in a classroom when the teacher is asking questions? The scenario usually goes something like this: The teacher asks a question, and within 5-10 seconds he/she is calling on a student to answer. Now if you are a slow processor, will you ever get a chance to answer; or will your answer most often be wrong if you by some chance just randomly get called upon? Interestingly enough, it isn’t just our students on the spectrum that need more processing time. Even the children who are quick to answer may actually come up with more thoughtful answers given a little more time to think and process. I read a book about creative intelligence not that long ago claiming that processing time is directly tied to a person’s ability to respond creatively. The thing is, people who are slow processors may actually have some of the most creative answers/solutions to questions/problems if given the chance to respond. Think about how frustrating it must be always to be several steps behind. It is no wonder that our children’s responses often don’t make sense to us or are echolalic – repeating what was said. Children on the autism spectrum quickly learn the rule that when someone asks me a question, I need to give a response whether it makes sense or not; and I need to hurry, because they aren’t going to wait. They have also learned that if they just use echolalia, people will quickly give up and stop asking questions. There is, however, what I would call “good” echolalia – and we all do it from time to time. We all use “good” echolalia to help us process, but we might not do it out loud. You can tell the difference between “good” echolalia and meaningless echolalia. The difference is that good echolalia, is being used to help process what has just been said. You don’t have to admit it to anyone but yourself, but you know you do this. We often call this self-talk, and it is our brains way of making sense of the world. The amazing thing is that I see children with autism spectrum disorder’s processing speed increase as they begin to use this type of processing. So modeling self-talk not only helps with self awareness, but also with processing. So how do we help our children with processing? Slow down, slow down, slow down. Give your child time to process. A good way to do this is to count to ten slowly in your head after making a comment, to give your child time to process what you have said. If they don’t respond after this, you can try a prompt. Modeling self-talk as a way of processing information is another great strategy that can assist your child in understanding how we process information. Processing is a difficult task, and it takes time and effort to improve the speed at which an individual processes information it can however, be learned and improved!

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Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Dr. Eugene Heimler developed the Heimler Method of Human Social Functioning (Human Social Functioning, HSF, sometimes referred to as The Heimler Method). He worked the approach out of his work in the United Kingdom within the National Health Service in the late 1950s and early 1960s (drawing on his earlier life experience in WWII concentration camps). He formulated a precise and powerful structure for counselling along with a sensitive questionnaire, The Heimler Scale of Social Functioning (HSSF).

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Eye vision enables us to see clearly the objects in our surroundings at different distances and under numerous conditions of lights. How Eye sees? Eye works by changing the curvature of the lens to bring the image to a focus from any light from a single point of a distant object and/or a near object called as eyesight or eye vision. The eyes are the windows to the world; it allows us to see objects both far and near. Light reflects off an object enters the eye. The light enters the eye through the front window of the eye, called the cornea. A clear covering helps to focus the light. Other sides of the cornea are clearer, watery fluid is the aqueous humor. After light passes through the aqueous humor, it passes through the pupil, the central circular opening in the colored part of the eye called the iris. Depending on the amount of light available, the iris can contract or dilate, limiting or increasing the amount of light needed that gets deeper into the eye. The light then goes through the lens, which focuses the light (Just like the lens of a camera). The suspended lens changes shape with the help of ciliary muscle to focus on light reflecting from near or distant objects. Lens focuses the light on the retina at the back of the eye. The retina is a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains millions of tiny light sensing nerve cells called rods and cones, which are naming for their distinct shapes. Cones are concentrated in the center of the retina; an area called the macula. In bright light conditions, cones provide clear, sharp central vision and detect colors and fine-details. Rods are located outside the macula and extend all the way to the outer edge of the retina. They provide peripheral or side vision. Rods also allow the eyes to detect motion and help us see in dim light and at night. These cells in the retina convert the light into electrical impulses. The optic nerve sends these impulses to the brain where it produces an image. Visual information as impulses from the retina is transfers from the eye to the brain via the optic nerve. Because both eyes seeing from slightly different position and got different images, the brain has the ability to mix properly these two images in such a way to receive a complete clear actual picture. Sometimes eyeball shape makes it difficult for the cornea, lens, and retina to work properly as a team. When this happens, the person eye sees will be out of focus. In addition, they need to wear eyeglasses to focus images correctly on to the retina and allow them to see clearly.

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Political parties are at the core of our political system. They mediate the relationship between the people and the state. However, they do not always display sincerity while representing the people. As a result, public confidence in the political parties is waning, and has reached a new low with the failure of the CA. Without fundamental reform of party finance and measures aimed at controlling corruption, political parties will continue to be a means for political leaders to accumulate money and power rather than a vehicle to address the needs of the people. The failure of the political parties, in the last decade has been instrumental in tarnishing the image of the parliamentary system. Political parties claim to represent the interests of various social cleavages in the country (caste, class, ethnicity, region), however, it does not reflect in their behavior. Political parties have failed to drive economic development and ensure justice. Existing parties have failed to resolve political issues over restructuring of the state and a new constitution (a new political system). Existing political parties are deepening the existing cleavages along ethnic, regional, caste and class lines rather than offering a project identity that addresses concerns related to recognition of rights and identity. Nepal needs a political party that can drive change and put an end to political malpractices, injustice, misgovernance and social schisms. While it is important to regulate how political parties raise and spend money, it is even more important to monitor how individual politicians raise and spend money. Corruption control is a difficult prospect given Nepal’s resistance to comply with international requirements regarding anti-money laundering initiatives due to strong objection from political parties, including the UCPN-Maoist. With the two ordinances on Mutual Legal Assistance Bill and Extradition Bill, the government, for the time being, has succeeded in buying three more months from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). However, Nepal has to endorse the Bill Against Organised Crime by October, and carry on further reforms if it is to show its commitment against organized crime and terrorist financing. Conventional political parties normally do not work because they are unwilling to initiate reforms or to adopt democratic means to attain their goals. Usually, the means that the political parties adopt ultimately subvert their ends. For example, the Maoists adopted violence to gain power and resources. However, because of their means, they are no longer able to support legal and constitutional provisions aimed at controlling financial crime and punishing crimes against humanity. Political parties are unwilling to initiate reforms in the party allowing for financial transparency and democratic decision-making processes. As a result, leaders who control the party’s purses also control the party. Most people can only dream of a political party that represents them in such a way that it reflects in the day to day running of the state and the services and results it delivers. The relationship with their representative needs to be personal and immediate, but at the same time their representative needs to have control and say over the running of the state. Hopefully, the major political parties will reform themselves and become more responsive to the wishes of the individual citizens they claim to represent. The road widening drive was halted almost two months ago ostensibly due to lack of money. In the meantime the roads were left unattended after the demolition of illegal structures. So far so good. But the roads which saw demolition caused air pollution from dust in the dry season raised by passing vehicles. Apart from this, the debris strewn all over the streets made it risky for pedestrians as they had to contend with mountains of bricks and the like. The speeding vehicles in the narrow roads because of the obstruction by debris posed danger to all commuting on them. Now that the responsibility of the widening of the roads has been taken by the Kathmandu Valley Town Development Authority which was formed on April 13, it is expected that there will be speeding up of this endeavour.

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On Saturday, January 28, 2012 BES hosted a daylong workshop on Environmental Justice at the Parks & People Foundation in Baltimore. The workshop is part of the NSF-funded Pathways to Environmental Science Literacy project for middle and high school science teachers from Baltimore City and County. Dr. Ali Whitmer, Associate Dean at Georgetown University, taught teachers about Baltimore's distribution of environmental advantages (like access to parks) and disadvantages (like proximity to a toxic release inventory site). Nationwide it has been found that environmental disadvantages are typically located in poor and minority areas. However, BES researcher Chris Boone found that in Baltimore this is not the case. In the past it was considered advantageous to live close to where you worked (the industrial areas) so in Baltimore there are more Toxic Release Inventory sites in white neighborhoods than black. Dr. Whitmer also engaged teachers with a game called "Whose Resource Is It Anyway?" The goal of the activity was to help increase participants understanding of environmental justice, what constitutes equitable distribution of environmental resources and services, and the factors involved in the decision making process. Part of the workshop included a tour led by renowned environmental justice activist Glenn Ross. Ross’ Baltimore Toxics Bus Tour around East Baltimore gave teachers the opportunity to learn about local environmental justice issues. To achieve sustainable development, problems regarding the fair distribution of resources among today’s population and for future generations must be confronted. Teachers left the workshop with new ideas and heightened motivation for exploring these issues with their students. By: Tammy Newcomer

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Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help |Sally Ride Science| |An educational outreach program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), EarthKAM stands for "Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students." Search the collection of images of specific locations on Earth, as photographed from space, along with accompanying learning guides and activities -- or request your own pictures during an EarthKAM mission. Initiated in 1995 by Dr. Sally Ride, America's first woman in space under the name KidSat. See also Sally Ride Science's GRAIL MoonKAM (Moon Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students).| |Levels:||Middle School (6-8)| |Resource Types:||Graphics, Lesson Plans and Activities| |Math Topics:||Astronomy, Geography| The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education.

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Visualizing the Solution of Two Linear Differential Equations The analytical solutions of the two differential equations and , subject to the initial conditions and are used to create two plots, a parametric plot of a curve with horizontal coordinate and vertical coordinate and a standard plot of and as functions of from 0 to . The initial conditions and are set by locators on the parametric plot; you can use more than one. A locator's horizontal and vertical coordinates give and , respectively. After changing from the parametric plot to the standard plot, locators appear on the standard plot if and is in the plot range. The expressions for and given by the Mathematica built-in function DSolve are not applicable when . For this special case the solutions are simplified using Mathematica's Limit function. Thus our function twoDSolve correctly computes and for all parameters specified.

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Giant Pacific octopuses, Enteroctopus dofleini, are found throughout the Pacific Ocean. They have been documented as far north as the Alaskan Aleutian Islands and as far south as the Baja California region of Mexico. This species ranges as far northeast as Japan. (Scheel, 2002) Giant Pacific octopuses are generally found in tidal pools and up to depths of 110 m, although they can also reside in deeper waters of up to 1,500 m. They often live in dens or lairs, under boulders, and in rock crevices. Ideal habitat for this species includes a soft substrate of mud, sand or gravel that includes large boulders for creating dens. Giant Pacific octopuses are found in greater densities near dense kelp fields. Members of this species are ectothermic, and their metabolism is dependent upon water temperature. Optimal water temperatures for giant Pacific octopuses range between 7 and 9.5 degrees Celsius. (Scheel, et al., 2007; "North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)", 2010) Giant Pacific octopuses are larger than any other species of octopus. Specimens have weighed as much as 272 kg and measured 9.6 m in radius. However, most reach an average weight of 60 kg with a dorsal mantle length of 50 to 60 cm. Giant Pacific octopuses are usually reddish in color but are able to change color and texture when threatened or for camouflage. The dorsal mantle is shaped like a sack and contains the brain, reproductive organs, digestive organs, and eyes. Giant Pacific octopuses have two eyes, one on each side of their head, which provide extremely acute vision. Giant Pacific octopuses also have four pairs of arms that extend from the mantle. Each pair is covered with up to 280 suckers, which contain thousands of chemical receptors. (Anderson, et al., 2002; Schwab, 1987; "North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)", 2010) The lifespan of giant Pacific octopuses is characterized by a fast growth period that continues throughout its entire life of 4 to 5 years. Larvae hatch from a cluster of eggs and are on average 9.5 to 10.1 mm in length. The larvae, with limited swimming ability, move to the surface to begin a planktonic existence that lasts 1 to 3 months. At the end of the planktonic stage, juveniles descend to the benthos where they undergo rapid growth. Giant Pacific octopuses continue to grow until they reproduce. Within 3 months of breeding, males normally undergo a period of senescence and die. Symptoms of senescence in this species include reduced food intake, retraction of skin around the eyes, aimless movement (wandering) and lesions that do not heal. Females that survive brooding undergo a similar period of senescence and die within weeks of the eggs hatching. (Anderson, et al., 2002; Kubodera, 1991) Male reproductive organs of great Pacific octopuses are enclosed inside the mantle cavity within a genital bag. Spermatozoa are encapsulated in a spindle-shaped spermatophoric sac. Males utilizes a hectocotylized arm, a specialized tentacle used for the transfer of sperm, to insert the two spermatophores (each 1 m in length) into an oviduct located in the mantle of the female. The balloon part of the spermatophore remains inside the oviduct while the remainder of the sac hangs from the female. Eventually, the sac bursts and releases millions of spermatozoa. The entire mating process takes 2 to 3 hours. Giant Pacific octopuses are polygynous. (Anderson, et al., 2002; High, 1976; Kubodera, 1991) Giant Pacific octopuses breed throughout the year, though spawning peaks in winter. Males may breed with several females, but females mate only once in their lifetime. Over several days, females lay 20,000 to 100,000 rice-shaped eggs (avg. 50,000) in grape-like clusters of 200 to 300 eggs each. These clusters are hung from the ceiling of the den. Females remain with the eggs throughout the entire brooding period, guarding them from predators and using her syphon to aerate and clean the clusters. Hatching can take anywhere from 150 days to almost 1 year depending on water temperature. Cooler temperatures delay the development of the embryo and therefore lengthen incubation time. (Anderson, et al., 2002; High, 1976; Kubodera, 1991; "North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)", 2010) Female giant Pacific octopuses remain with their eggs throughout the entire brooding period, guarding them from predators and using their syphon to aerate and clean the clusters. Females do not leave the den during this period, not even to eat. Females die during the brooding period or shortly thereafter, and males die within three months of breeding. Therefore, there is no post-hatching parental investment evident in giant Pacific octopuses. (High, 1976) Giant Pacific octopuses on average live 4.5 to 5 years in the wild. A similar lifespan has been observed for members this species held in public aquariums. (High, 1976) Giant Pacific octopuses are solitary and often remain inside the same den for weeks at a time, leaving only to capture food, mate, or escape predation. Members of this species are timid and rarely display aggressive behavior toward humans unless challenged. (Anderson and Mather, 2007; High, 1976; Scheel, et al., 2007) Giant Pacific octopuses have a small home range of less than 5 square km. Each pair of arms of giant Pacific octopuses has up to 280 suckers, which have thousands of chemical receptors. These provide an acute sense of touch and taste, which this species use to help detect prey. Typically calm animals, giant Pacific octopuses are unusually adept at navigating by using landmarks in the wild and at adapting objects as tools. They are the only invertebrate known to use their well-developed vision to learn through observation. Giant Pacific octopuses are considered extremely intelligent, partially do to their larger-than-average brain-to-body weight ratio. Individuals in captivity are known for having having unique temperaments and personalities, ranging from playful to destructive. Their high level of intelligence and desire to interact with human caretakers have earned captive members of this spices a reputation as notorious escape artists. (Anderson and Mather, 2007; Anderson, et al., 2002; Mather, 2008; Schwab, 1987; "North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)", 2010) Giant Pacific octopuses are considered generalist foragers. They return to their den in order to consume their prey, and they deposit the prey's remains at the entrance of their den. This collection of skeletal remains is known as a middens. Examination of middens indicates that the diet of giant Pacific octopuses is primarily composed of clams, crabs, fish, and squid. Giant Pacific octopuses are visual hunters that utilize a variety of hunting strategies including stalking, chasing, and camouflaging themselves in order to ambush prey. They possesses a well-developed sense of vision, allowing them to coordinate the use of all eight arms to attack their victim. Members of this species also use different methods to prepare meals for consumption. One method includes pulling the protective shell apart in order to reach the meat contained inside. Another method involves crushing prey with their strong beak located in the center of its appendages. The most common method of obtaining food, however, involves drilling a hole in the prey's shell, in which an octopus injects its toxic saliva. (Anderson and Mather, 2007; Schwab, 1987) Giant Pacific octopuses avoid predation by remaining in a protective den, camouflaging itself, or hiding among kelp. Although juveniles are eaten by a variety marine life, adult giant Pacific octopuses have few predators other than humans, which have hunted this species to use as food and as bait for Pacific halibut. Giant Pacific octopuses are known for their ability to release an ink cloud, although they rarely do so as a direct form of defense. Instead, they tend to fight off predators with their arms. Once released, they use their propulsion abilities to jet away. As giant Pacific octopuses escape, they then expel a cloud of ink as a screen, allowing them to seek safe refuge. (High, 1976) Giant Pacific octopuses do not specialize on any one particular species of prey and are not the main source of food for any particular predator. They do, however, serve as host to some dicyemid mesozoans. Dicyemennea nouveli is a large, conical-shaped species that reaches up to 12,000 um in length. Dicyemennea nouveli inserts the pointed anterior end of its body into the folds of the renal appendages of giant Pacific octopuses. Other members of g. Dicyemennea are also found in shallow-water cephalopods. (Furuya, 2008) Giant Pacific octopuses were commonly used as bait for Pacific halibut during the late 1950s and 1960s, though this is no longer a common practice. In some ares, this species is commercially fished and is eaten in some countries in the Pacific. (High, 1976; "North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)", 2010) There are no known adverse effects of giant Pacific octopuses on humans. Giant Pacific octopuses are not considered at risk by the IUCN Red List, CITES, or the US Federal List of Endangered Species. Although this spices is commercially fished in some areas, this does not appear to be greatly affecting population sizes. ("North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)", 2010) Colleen Hartis (author), Radford University, Karen Francl (editor), Radford University, Gail McCormick (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff. body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface. Referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. Also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. Bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. an animal that mainly eats meat uses smells or other chemicals to communicate the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline. having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature union of egg and spermatozoan A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing. fertilization takes place within the female's body eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. having more than one female as a mate at one time mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water. remains in the same area offspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.), after which the parent usually dies. Semelparous organisms often only live through a single season/year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. In both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction. reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female uses touch to communicate uses sight to communicate breeding takes place throughout the year Wildscreen. 2010. "North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)" (On-line). ARKive: Images of Life on Earth. Accessed February 02, 2011 at http://www.arkive.org/north-pacific-giant-octopus/enteroctopus-dofleini/#text=All. Anderson, R. 1987. Cephalopods at the Seattle aquarium. International Zoo Yearbook, 26: 41-48. Anderson, R., J. Wood. 2001. Enrichment for giant Pacific octopuses: happy as a clam?. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 4/2: 157-168. Anderson, R., J. Mather. 2007. The packaging problem: bivalve prey selection and prey entry techniques of the octopus Enteroctopus dofleini. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 121/3: 300-305. Anderson, R., J. Wood, R. Byrne. 2002. Octopus senescence: the beginning of the end. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 5/4: 275-283. Furuya, H. 2008. Redescription of Dicyemennea nouveli (Phylum: Dicyemida) from Enteroctopus dofleini (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda). The Journal of Parasitology, 94/5: 1064-1070. High, W. 1976. The giant Pacific octopus. Marine Fisheries Review, 38/9: 17-22. Kubodera, T. 1991. Distribution and abundance of the early stages of octopus, Octopus dofleini wulker, 1910 in the north Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science, 49: 235-243. Mann, T., A. Martin, J. Thiersch. 1970. Male reproductive tract, spermatophores and spermatophoric reaction in the giant octopus of the north Pacific Octopus dofleini martini. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of London, 175: 31-61. Mather, J. 2008. Cephalopod consciousness: behavioural evidence. Conciousness and Cognition, 17/1: 37-48. Ortiz, N., M. Re, F. Marquez. 2006. First description of eggs, hatchlings and hatchling behaviour of Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae). Journal of Plankton Research, 28/10: 881-890. Rigby, P., Y. Sakurai. 2005. Multidimensional tracking of giant Pacific octopuses in northern Japan reveals unexpected foraging behaviour. Marine Technology Society Journal, 39/1: 64-67. Scheel, D., A. Lauster, T. Vincent. 2007. Habitat ecology on Enteroctopus dofleini from middens and live prey surveys in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Pp. 434-458 in N Landman, R Davis, R Mapes, eds. Cephalopods Present and Past: New Insights and Fresh Perspectives. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Scheel, D. 2002. Characteristics of habitats used by Enteroctopus dofleini in Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet, Alaska. Marine Ecology, 23/5: 185-206. Schwab, I. 1987. A well armed predator. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 87/7: 812. Semmens, J., G. Pecl, R. Villanueva, D. Jouffre, I. Sobrino, J. Wood, P. Rigby. 2004. Understanding octopus growth: patterns, variability and physiology. Marine and Freshwater Research, 55: 367-377. Wood, J., R. Anderson. 2004. Interspecific evaluation of octopus escape behavior. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 7/2: 95-106.

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Volume 18, Number 1—January 2012 Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009 After a typhoon in September 2009, an outbreak of leptospirosis occurred in Metro Manila, the Philippines; 471 patients were hospitalized and 51 (10.8%) died. A hospital-based investigation found risk factors associated with fatal infection to be older age, hemoptysis, anuria, jaundice, and delayed treatment with antimicrobial drugs. Leptospirosis is highly endemic to the Philippines. Outbreaks usually occur during the typhoon season (July–October) (1–3). On September 26, 2009, a typhoon caused serious flooding in Metro Manila (4). Starting in the first week of October, the number of patients with suspected signs and symptoms of leptospirosis increased sharply. Until mid-November, 2,299 patients, including 178 who died (case-fatality ratio [CFR] 8%), in 15 hospitals in Metro Manila were reported to the Department of Health (4,5). For this outbreak, we conducted a hospital-based investigation to describe the characteristics of hospitalized patients, investigate risk factors for death, and identify the causative Leptospira species and serogroups. We conducted our investigation at San Lazaro Hospital, a national 500-bed referral infectious disease center for Metro Manila and neighboring provinces, which mostly serves economically disadvantaged persons. On October 11, 2009, this hospital initiated prospective surveillance and retrospective data collection. The study ended on October 31, when cases had decreased to baseline level (<1 case/d). The list of patients was obtained from the inpatient database with International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, coding. Vital sign information and laboratory findings at admission were collected from medical charts. Eligible were all hospitalized patients who had 1) fever plus at least 2 other signs and symptoms of leptospirosis (headache, myalgia, eye pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, conjunctival suffusion, jaundice, tea-colored urine, oliguria, anuria, or unusual bleeding) (6); 2) history of wading in floodwater; and 3) symptoms that started September 26–October 31. We evaluated prognostic factors and the effect of therapeutic factors by using univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses with robust SEs (7). A total of 486 cases met clinical criteria for leptospirosis; 15 were excluded because of insufficient data. Patients were predominantly young and male (Table 1). The most common clinical features were conjunctival suffusion and myalgia, followed by abdominal pain and oliguria. Among 471 patients, 51 died (CFR 10.8%); 12 (2.6%) were discharged before improvement; and 7 (1.5%) were transferred to other hospitals, mainly for dialysis. Primary causes of death were pulmonary hemorrhage (18 [35%]) and acute respiratory distress syndrome/severe respiratory failure (12 [24%]), followed by acute renal failure (10 [20%]) and multiple organ failure/disseminated intravascular coagulation (8 [16%]). Mean time ± SD from illness onset to death was 7.7 ± 5 days; 36 (71%) died within 2 days of admission. Univariate analysis showed the following to be associated with death: older age, jaundice, anuria, and hemoptysis (Table 1). Of the initial laboratory findings, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, increased blood urea nitrogen, and increased creatinine levels were associated with death. Most patients received antimicrobial drugs (mainly penicillin G) as first-line treatment. Delayed initiation of treatment increased risk for death (Table 2). No patient received prophylactic antimicrobial therapy. Administration of rapid volume replacement therapy and diuretics was associated with death but probably reflected severe renal disease. Only 1 patient received peritoneal dialysis and 1 received mechanical ventilation. During the outbreak, 2 kinds of rapid diagnostic tests for leptospirosis—Leptospira Serology Kit (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) and PanBio IgM ELISA (Panbio Diagnostics, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia)—were available in the hospital, although the number of kits was limited. Plasma collection for additional laboratory confirmation started October 11. Samples were initially stored at –4°C in the hospital laboratory and then frozen at –40°C in the National Reference Laboratory, STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, San Lazaro Hospital. In June 2010, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and PCR were performed in the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, as described (8,9). A case was defined as laboratory confirmed if 1) specific antibodies were detected with titer >400 or at least a 4-fold increase in reciprocal MAT titer between paired samples, 2) PCR for Leptospira flaB gene was positive for at least 1 blood sample, or 3) rapid diagnostic test result (either test) was positive for at least 1 blood sample. A total of 134 plasma samples were collected from 93 patients. From 25 patients, 2–4 samples were collected; mean time from first to last collection was 6.1 (range 1–18) days. Among the 93 patients, 15 had a single MAT titer >400 and 4 showed a 4-fold increase in the MAT titer in paired samples. Most antibodies were against L. borgpetersenii serovar Tarassovi, followed by serovars Poi and Sejroe and L. interrogans serovars Losbanos and Manilae. PCR produced positive results for 4 patients, 2 of whom had a negative MAT titer. PCR-detected Leptospira strains were phylogenetically characterized by the flaB sequence (8,9); 3 were identical to those of isolates from rats in Metro Manila, but 1 was distinct (Figure). Rapid-test results were available for 85 case-patients; 48 of 78 samples were positive by Leptospira Serology Kit and 5 of 7 were positive by ELISA. Of 27 cases tested by MAT and Leptospira Serology Kit, 6 were positive by both tests. One sample was negative by MAT and ELISA. Taken together, 149 (32%) of all cases underwent any diagnostic testing for leptospirosis, and results for 67 (45%) of these were laboratory confirmed. Clinical and laboratory findings of laboratory-confirmed and suspected cases, respectively, were almost identical except for the presence of jaundice (61.2% vs. 45.5%; p = 0.018), convulsions (4.5% vs. 0%; p = 0.003), and death (3% vs. 12.1%; p = 0.03). No plasma sample test results have been validated; thus, deduced incidence should be considered with caution. To explore the possibility of hantavirus co-infection contributing to the high CFRs, we screened samples for antibodies against hantavirus (10), but all were negative. Risk factors for fatal leptospirosis were jaundice, anuria, and hemoptysis at admission. These are typical signs of the severe form of leptospirosis called Weil disease (11), confirming earlier work (12,13). Hemoptysis with high CFR (7 [47%] of 15) may have represented leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome (14). Some clinical features, including cough, seemed to be associated with lower risk for death, but minor symptoms in dying patients might have been overlooked. High leukocyte counts, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, and lower platelet counts were also associated with death. Deaths could be reduced if these indicators are detected and appropriate management introduced early. Laboratory data such as potassium level might also be helpful, but these tests are often not available for all suspected cases in resource-poor settings, especially during outbreaks. The trend of most patients being male is compatible with previous reports and thought to reflect higher exposure to contaminated water (6,12–14). Although all patients received antimicrobial therapy, a considerable proportion died of acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal failure within only 2 days of admission, indicating that most patients sought care too late. The World Health Organization recommends starting antimicrobial therapy before the fifth day of disease onset (6), but for half of the case-patients reported here, it was started after the fifth day. Our results support the benefits of early initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Renal failure was clearly a cause of death, but only 1 patient received peritoneal dialysis and another 7 were transferred to other hospitals for hemodialysis after only 3.4 days of hospitalization. This lack or delay of dialysis might have affected outcomes. San Lazaro Hospital is not sufficiently equipped for intensive care. Expanded access to peritoneal dialysis might reduce deaths from severe leptospirosis complicated by acute renal failure. Leptospirosis is typically seen in resource-poor settings, where costly medical equipment such as dialyzers and ventilators are rarely accessible. For leptospirosis outbreak control and CFR reduction in leptospirosis-endemic regions, continuous case and environmental monitoring and early introduction of appropriate treatment for suspected cases are warranted. Dr Amilasan is a senior resident physician at San Lazaro Hospital. His primary research interest is leptospirosis. We thank Kenta Shimizu and Jiro Arikawa for testing for hantavirus, Maki Muto for testing for leptospirosis, and Mariko Saito for providing useful information in the field. This work was supported by the Global Centers of Excellence Program, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan. - Victoriano AF, Smythe LD, Gloriani-Barzaga N, Cavinta LL, Kasai T, Limpakarnjanarat K, Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region.BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:147. - Yanagihara Y, Villanueva SY, Yoshida S, Okamoto Y, Masuzawa T. Current status of leptospirosis in Japan and Philippines.Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;30:399–413. - Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends.Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:351–7. - Republic of the Philippines, National Disaster Coordinating Council. Situation report No. 52 on Tropical “Ondoy” (Ketsana) glide no. TC-2009–000205-PHL and Typhoon “Pepeng” (Parma) glide no. TC-2009–000214-PHL [cited 2011 Nov 4]. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/D87F541373D245BC4925767A000C5761-Full_Report.pdf - Asian Disaster Reduction Center. Philippines’ country profile 2009 [cited 2011 Nov 4]. http://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/PHL/2009/PHL2009.pdf - World Health Organization, International Leptospirosis Society. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. Geneva: The Organization; 2003. - Barros AJ, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio.BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:21. - Villanueva SY, Ezoe H, Baterna RA, Yanagihara Y, Muto M, Koizumi N, Serologic and molecular studies of Leptospira and leptospirosis among rats in the Philippines.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82:889–98. - Koizumi N, Muto M, Yamamoto S, Baba Y, Kudo M, Tamae Y, Investigation of reservoir animals of Leptospira in the northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture.Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008;61:465–8. - Truong TT, Yoshimatsu K, Araki K, Lee BH, Nakamura I, Endo R, Molecular epidemiological and serological studies of hantavirus infection in northern Vietnam.J Vet Med Sci. 2009;71:1357–63. - Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance.Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:757–71. - Dupont H, Dupont-Perdrizet D, Perie JL, Zehner-Hansen S, Jarrige B, Daijardin JB. Leptospirosis: prognostic factors associated with mortality.Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:720–4. - Panaphut T, Domrongkitchaiporn S, Thinkamrop B. Prognostic factors of death in leptospirosis: a prospective cohort study in Khon Kaen, Thailand.Int J Infect Dis. 2002;6:52–9. - Gouveia EL, Metcalfe J, de Carvalho AL, Aires TS, Villasboas-Bisneto JC, Queirroz A, Leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome, Salvador, Brazil.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:505–8. Suggested citation for this article: Amilasan AT, Ujiie M, Suzuki M, Salva E, Belo MCP, Koizumi N, et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis after flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2012 Jan [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101892 1These authors contributed equally to this article. Comments to the Authors Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A

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THE EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC PHONICS TEACHING ON READING AND SPELLING ATTAINMENT CHAPTER NINE OVERALL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS LONG TERM EFFECTS OF LITERACY ATTAINMENT 9.1 At the beginning of Primary 1, one group of children learnt to read using the synthetic phonics programme. They were compared with two groups learning to read by analytic phonics programmes; one of these programmes was a standard analytic phonics programme, but the other one contained intensive training to enable children to hear sounds such as phonemes and rhymes in spoken words. At the end of the 16 week training period, the synthetic phonics group were reading words around 7 months ahead of chronological age, and were 7 months ahead of the other two groups. The synthetic phonics group's spelling was also 7 months ahead of chronological age, and was around 8 to 9 months ahead of the two analytic phonics groups. These groups were spelling 2 to 3 months behind chronological age. The synthetic phonics group also showed a significant advantage in ability to identifying phonemes in spoken words, performing even better than the group that had experienced direct training in this skill, despite the fact that these children were from significantly less advantaged homes than the other children. The phonemic awareness programme was found to have no benefits for literacy acquisition. 9.2 The two analytic phonics taught groups then carried out the synthetic phonics programme, completing it by the end of Primary 1. In the meantime the initial synthetic phonics group consolidated their learning rather than moving on to learn new grapheme to phoneme correspondences. During the course of Primary 2 some children in the original analytic phonics taught groups received extra help, but this was not necessary for the initial synthetic phonics taught group. At the end of Primary 2, the initial synthetic phonics taught children were significantly better spellers, and there was a trend towards better word reading skills. When separate analyses of word reading were carried for boys and girls, it was found that early or late synthetic phonics teaching had no impact on the boys reading attainment. However, the analysis for the girls showed that the early synthetic phonics trained group read words significantly better than the group that had received the standard analytic phonics programme first. We conclude that in order to foster good spelling skills, and to assist girls in learning to read, synthetic phonics should start early in Primary 1. 9.3 We have conducted an analysis of the children's performance from Primary 2 to Primary 7, comparing the same children right through in word reading, spelling and reading comprehension. This was to gain an exact measure of whether the gains the children experienced from the Primary 1 programme were maintained, or whether they increased or decreased. It was found for word reading and spelling that the gain in skill compared with chronological age had increased significantly over the years, even though the training programme had ended in Primary 1. In Primary 2, word reading was found to be 11.5 months ahead of chronological age, but in Primary 7 it was 3 years 6 months ahead. For spelling, in Primary 2 it was 1 year ahead, whereas by Primary 7 it was 1 year 9 months ahead. However, for reading comprehension, a different pattern was shown. In Primary 2 the children were comprehending what they read 7 months ahead of chronological age, but by Primary 7 this had dropped to a 3.5 months advantage. COMPARISON OF BOYS VERSUS GIRLS IN LITERACY ATTAINMENT 9.4 We also compared the performance of the boys and the girls. In Primary 2, they were found to read words equally well, and there were also no sex differences in spelling ability and reading comprehension. However, in Primary 3 the boys pulled ahead of the girls in word reading and by Primary 7 were reading 11 months ahead of the girls. The boys also spelt better than the girls in Primaries 4, 6 and 7, and by Primary 7 were 8.6 months ahead. The boys were also 3 months ahead of the girls in reading comprehension in Primary 7, but this was not statistically significant. It is very unusual for boys to perform better than girls; in a recent international study of reading comprehension, girls were significantly ahead of boys in all 35 countries (Mullis et al, 2003). ATTITUDES TO READING 9.5 The girls, despite not having superior literacy skills, had a significantly more positive attitude to reading than the boys on the ATR2 (Ewing and Johnstone, 1981). When answering a direct question about how much they liked reading, girls were found to like reading significantly more than boys. They were also significantly more likely to be a member of a public library. However, when questioned about how much fiction they read, no difference was found between the boys and the girls. This is an atypical finding, as boys are generally found to read less fiction than girls (Mullins et al 2003). It would be desirable to study controls in Scotland in order to determine whether this is unusual. A positive attitude to reading was associated with better word reading and spelling skills, more reading of fiction, and greater use of the public library by the children (and their parents). It was also associated with being able to read and write letters before starting school. However, as these analyses are correlational, one should be cautious about assuming that the findings indicate causation. FEEDBACK FROM TEACHERS ON THE PROGRAMME 9.6 In response to a request from SEED for final feedback at the end of the seven-year research period, a brief questionnaire was sent to the eight Head Teachers of the schools included in the study. All the Head Teachers responded that, in their view, reading, spelling and writing skills had been accelerated by the synthetic phonics programme. One Primary 2 teacher, with thirty years' experience, also responded, observing that not only had the literacy skills been accelerated but also the results were "the best ever achieved" and would not normally have been expected until the Primary 3 stage. It was also stated that the children were very motivated, enjoyed the programme and had improved confidence in their literacy skills. Indeed, one Head Teacher commented that the synthetic phonics programme had empowered both teachers and pupils and had also provided both staff and curricular development opportunities. Another Head Teacher said that it was a professional 'life-changing' experience. All of the respondents agreed that teachers now had higher expectations of their pupils, one Head Teacher remarking that the accelerated pace of teaching and learning had become the norm. Another Head Teacher of a school in an area of deprivation said that they now knew what the children could achieve and that it was possible to help less able pupils to keep pace with the class. In terms of detecting children needing learning support, most Head Teachers commented that they were able to do this much earlier and one said that for some children only a low level of support time was needed for them to catch up. EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS 9.7 An examination was made of the effects of differing socio-economic background, using Clackmannanshire Council's deprivation index. Using this index we divided our sample into advantaged and disadvantaged, according to the Council's categorisation. The expectation was that children from advantaged homes would outperform those from disadvantaged homes. However, for word reading and spelling this was only found to be significant in Primary 7 (only marginally so for reading), where the advantaged children's reading was 6.2 months ahead of that of the disadvantaged children's reading and spelling was 5.8 months ahead. For reading comprehension, the advantaged children were significantly ahead only in Primaries 5 and 7, the superiority at the end of the study being 5.5 months. It is very likely that children learning by the standard analytic phonics approach would show these socio-economic differences much earlier on in their schooling, but further work with a control sample will be needed to examine this issue. 9.8 A questionnaire was sent to the parents in Primary 7, and we achieved a 46.4% response rate. These data were used in correlational analyses, together with Clackmannanshire Council's Deprivation Index. From these analyses we have found that the less deprived the homes the children came from, the better they read and spelt in Primary 7. The parents from less deprived homes reported having more children's and adults' books, and the adults said they made greater use of public libraries. This greater availability of books may explain why socio-economic differences emerge by Primary 7, where home influences may become more important as children spend more time reading independently outside the school curriculum. The children from the less deprived homes were more likely to have attended a mother and toddler group, but virtually all of the children had attended a nursery class. There was no correlation between the deprivation index and the extent to which parents valued learning to read. This equal value placed on education by the less well off may not be found in other parts of the UK, and it would be interesting to establish whether this is so. Having more adults' books in the home was associated with both mothers and fathers having high educational levels, whereas the number of children's books in the home was associated only with the mother's educational level. Interestingly, the more educated the father the more likely the children were to read and write letters of the alphabet before starting school. 9.9 Although the synthetic phonics programme has clearly had a major effect on the literacy skills of these children, it is important to know whether it is just the high achieving pupils who have received a boost, or whether there have also been gains for the lower achieving children. We have no controls for comparison, but we can examine the proportions of low achievers, and the progress of one such child has been studied in detail. We have taken a performance level of more than two years below chronological age as indicating underachievement. This measure cannot be meaningfully made for the children in Primary 2, but is useful from Primary 3 onwards. In Primary 3, only 0.8% of the children were more than 2 years behind in word reading, 0.4% in spelling, and 1.2% in reading comprehension. By Primary 7, 5.6% were more than 2 years behind in word reading, 10.1% behind in spelling, and 14.0% were behind in reading comprehension. 9.10 The question arises as to whether these low achieving children can be helped to attain normal performance levels. Although a revisiting programme was devised and offered to learning support teachers, we only know of a few children who definitely received the programme. One in particular, AF, has had his progress closely monitored over the last 7 years. AF entered school a year late, primarily due to difficulties in language development. He was entered into our analytic phonics and phonemic awareness training programme, having at the start of schooling no measurable level of phonemic awareness, and being unable to give a single rhyme for a spoken word. His only indication of any literacy skills was being able to give the name of one letter of the alphabet. At the end of the analytic phonics and phonemic awareness training programme he was still a non-reader, had no phonemic awareness or rhyme ability, could only give 3.8% of letter names, and knew no letter sounds. He and his class then carried out the synthetic phonics programme, completing it by the end of Primary 1. At the end of Primary 2 we found that he now had a reading age of 5.6 years, but his spelling age was 5.0 years which indicates that he was not able to spell at this stage. In Primary 3, his reading was 6.1 years and he did not sit the spelling test. By January of Primary 4, his reading age was 6.8 years, his spelling was 7.0 years, and his phonemic awareness and nonword reading scores were 100% correct. At this point, he carried out the Phonics Revisited programme. By the end of Primary 5, his word reading was 9.2 years, his spelling age was 8.9 years, and his reading comprehension was 8.0. This performance was quite creditable given that the actual age of his class was 9.7 years, but as he had entered school a year late, his chronological age was 10.6 years. In Primary 5, we tested his receptive vocabulary knowledge, and he gained a score of only 75, where the average is 100. By the end of Primary 6 his reading age was 10.2 years, and his spelling age was 10.1 years, but this still meant he was lagging behind his chronological age of 11.4 years. At this point he carried out a programme which developed advanced blending skills and a more visual approach to spelling. At the end of Primary 7, when he was 12.4 years old, his reading age was 13.1 years and his spelling was 10.5 years. His reading comprehension, however, had fallen back to 7.1 years. Juel (1988) has argued that children who make a slow start always lag behind. However, it is clear that a child whose low achievement that has its basis in severe language development difficulties can achieve a very creditable level of literacy skills with appropriate teaching methods and learning support tailored to his needs. 9.11 It is evident that the children in this study have achieved well above what would be expected for their chronological age according to standardised tests. The actual gains may be much larger than this comparison indicates, as many of the children came from homes experiencing economic deprivation, and receptive vocabulary knowledge scores for the whole sample were somewhat below average. It is hoped that in future work controls matched on socioeconomic background can be studied, so that we can gauge the true gain. 9.12 Overall, we can conclude that a synthetic phonics programme, as a part of the reading curriculum, has a major and long lasting effect on children's reading and spelling attainment. Indeed, these skills were found to be increasing many years after the end of the programme. It is evident that the children have learnt a technique that they can use for themselves, that they have learnt a self teaching technique. Furthermore, although in a recent international study boys were found to have significantly lower levels of reading comprehension than girls in all 35 countries surveyed, the boys in this study comprehended text as well as the girls'. In fact they were slightly ahead, and if this trend continues in the future, it may become statistically significant. Socio-economic differences in literacy skills were non -existent in the early years of the study, only emerging in the upper primary years. Further work will be needed, however, to establish just how great the gains are in comparison with other approaches to teaching reading.

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As the oldest successful form of human-carrying flight technology, the ingenious application of basic scientific principles for hot air balloons have transcended from the centuries-old creations to use for recreation and sport today. Festivals and competitions have spawned a wide array of contraptions from inventive forms of advertising to some of the most bizarre and crazy designs in the form of hot dogs, funky animals, weird monsters, ‘fearsome’ dragons, and even space shuttles. The first clearly recorded instance of balloon passengers were not humans, but a sheep, a duck and a chicken on an 8-minute flight over France on September 19 1783, in the Montgolfier brothers’ first demonstration flight for King Louis XVI, proving that humans would be able to breathe at these higher elevations. The 2 Montgolfier brothers, Joseph and Etienne, first began experimenting with paper vessels elevated by heated air, and after a couple years of experimentation they developed a hot air balloon similar in design to the ones used today, but with one major difference — they were powered by burning straw, manure and other material in an attached fire pit instead of propane. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first tethered balloon flight with humans on board was on October 19, 1783 with scientist Jean-François Pilatre de Rozier, the manufacture manager, Jean-Baptiste Réveillon and Giroud de Villette, at the Folie Titon in Paris. The first manned free flight with human passengers was made by the physics professor Jean-François Pilatre de Rozier and François Laurent d’Arlandes, a major in the infantry, on November 21 1783, in Paris, France, in a hot air balloon created by the Montgolfier brothers. King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but de Rozier and Marquis Francois d’Arlandes successfully petitioned for the honor. Modern hot air balloons with an onboard heat source were pioneered by Ed Yost in the early 1950’s with his first successful flight on October 22, 1960. He began designing and building hot air balloons for the U.S. Navy’s Office of Naval Research (ONR) which wanted the balloons for short-range transport of small loads. Refining the Montgolfier brothers’ concept, he designed the propane burner system, new envelope material, the modern light-bulb-style envelope shape we see today, a new inflation system, and many safety features. The ONR lost interest in hot air balloons in the early 1960’s, so Yost began selling his balloons as sporting equipment. Over the years, others have jumped the bandwagon, continually modifying the concept with new materials, safety features, creative envelope shapes, and even baskets that can hold up to 20 passengers. The first modern day hot air balloon to be built in the UK was the Bristol Belle in 1967. Today there are some 7,500 hot air balloons operating in the U.S. Unmanned hot air balloons were popular in Chinese history. During the Three Kingdoms era from 220 to 280 AD, Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom used airborne lanterns — known as Kongming lanterns — for military signaling. There is also some speculation that hot air balloons could have been used by people of the Nazca culture of Peru some 1500 years ago as a tool for designing the famous Nazca ground figures and lines. The first documented balloon flight in Europe was by the Portuguese priest Bartolomeu de Gusmão. On August 8 1709, in Lisbon, Bartolomeu de Gusmao managed to lift a small balloon made of paper full of hot air about 13 feet (4 meters) in front of King John V and the Portuguese court. Hot air balloons can fly to extremely high altitudes. Vijaypat Singhania set the world altitude record for highest hot air balloon flight, reaching 68,986 feet (21,027 meters) on November 26 2005. Setting out from downtown Bombay, India, he landed 149 miles (240 kilometers) south in Panchale. The previous record of 64,997 feet (19,811 meters) had been set by Per Lindstrand on June 6 1988 in Plano, Texas. As with all registered aircraft, oxygen is needed for all crew and passengers for any flight that reaches and exceeds an altitude of 12,500 feet (3,810 meters). The Virgin Pacific Flyer balloon completed the longest flight in a hot air balloon on January 15 1991, when Per Lindstrand and Richard Branson flew 4,767 miles (7,671 kilometers) from Japan to Northern Canada. With a volume of 2.6 million cubic feet (74,000 cubic meters), the balloon envelope was the largest ever built for a hot air craft. Designed to fly in the trans-oceanic jet streams the Pacific Flyer recorded the highest ground speed for a manned balloon at 245 mph (394 km/h). The longest duration hot air balloon flight ever made is 50 hours and 38 minutes by Michio Kanda and Hirosuke Tekezawa of Japan on January 2 1997. The largest manufacturer of hot air balloons in the world is Cameron Balloons of Bristol, England, who also own Lindstrand Balloons of Oswestry, England. Aerostar International Inc. of Sioux Falls, South Dakota was North America’s largest balloon manufacturer and a close second in world manufacturing before ceasing to build balloons in January 2007. Cameron Balloons, Lindstrand Balloons and another English balloon manufacturing company, Thunder and Colt (since acquired by Cameron), have been the main innovators and developers of special shaped balloons. Balloon tours are a multi-million dollar business, and it’s even become fashionable for the uber-rich to build high-tech balloons for trips around the world. Balloon races and festivals are now popular international sports aviation events held annually in many places throughout the year, featuring hot air balloons of all shapes, sizes and colors, attracting hundreds of balloon pilots and thousands of spectators from around the world. Visit the Hot Air Balloon website to find one near you.

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Weapons of the Faithful Defining Orthodoxy through Sermons Chapter 5 shows how an aggressive missionary movement in the eighteenth century prompted Coptic clergymen to mount a moral campaign against ‘heretical’ Catholic teachings. Missionaries had used the pulpit to spread their message among Arabic-speaking Christians, and Coptic leaders responded by disparaging contact with Catholics and scorning their heterodox practices, which were proliferating as a consequence of intermarriage, socialization, or outright conversion. At times, Coptic leaders sermonized for the expulsion of believers who fell outside the lines of moral and spiritual orthodoxy. The intensifying engagement with outsiders also spawned overtly sectarian language and fostered the characterization of an authentic Coptic identity opposed to the perceived depravity of other communities. Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter. If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.

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Teaching ActivitiesThese teaching activities have been submitted by participants at one of several PKAL-MnSCU workshops. They may be complete, ready-to-use activities or activity ideas or somewhere in between. If you would like to see activities from a particular workshop, select the workshop in the navigation menu at the right and then check out the workspace or activities page that appears underneath it. Authors wishing to edit their submissions can go to http://serc.carleton.edu/serc/cms/single_page.html for instructions on making an account as well as links to help in editing your submission. View the collection of Peer Reviewed Teaching Activities generated by Sharing Our Work. Subjectshowing only Environmental Science Show all Subject Subject Show all Subject Results 1 - 3 of 3 matches Wonder Lake, a Case Study part of PKAL-MnSCU Activities A town board based classroom scenario where students decide what to do with a parcel of land on the shoreline of a lake. Various interested parties try to purchase, but must answer town board questions in the process. Real issues of land-use, resource allocation, ethics, planning, and impacts. Characterization of Freshwater Ecosystems: Group Collaborative Learning and Peer review part of PKAL-MnSCU Activities Field based characterization of freshwater ecosystems using group collaborative learning and peer review in an undergraduate research class. Students work in teams to collect data, evaluate and synthesize results to generate and present a scientific poster. Case Study of Nitrogen in various parts of the Nitrogen cycle: How nitrogen affects human activity and the Environment part of PKAL-MnSCU Activities In this activity, students will be exposed to aspects of many disciplines of biology to understand how interconnected ALL of the many microcosms of science courses are actually interrelated.

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Skip to Main Content Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is an IEEE 802.16 standard-based broadband cellular wireless solution in which orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is the method of sharing communication resources among large numbers of users. This is in contrast with multiple access technologies such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) that were dominant in 1G (first generation cellular systems), 2G, 2.5G, and 3G cellular networks. As the demand for wireless communications grows almost exponentially, the ability to access these networks becomes an important commodity. This is particularly the case in cellular networks where the demand for broadband access is pushing the industry to advance into the next generation of wireless mobile networks.

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The D-subminiature or D-sub is a common type of electrical connector. They are named for their characteristic D-shaped metal shield. When they were introduced, D-subs were among the smaller connectors used on computer systems. Description, nomenclature, and variants A D-sub contains two or more parallel rows of pins or sockets usually surrounded by a D-shaped metal shield that provides mechanical support, ensures correct orientation, and may screen against electromagnetic interference. The part containing pin contacts is called the male connector or plug, while that containing socket contacts is called the female connector or socket. The socket's shield fits tightly inside the plug's shield. The plug also may have screws on either side of the shield that fasten into holes in the socket (although sometimes the screws are on the socket: see the DE-9 pictured to the left). When screened cables are used, the shields are connected to the overall screens of the cables. This creates an electrically continuous screen covering the whole cable and connector system. The D-sub series of connectors was invented by ITT Cannon, part of ITT Corporation, in 1952. Cannon's part-numbering system uses D as the prefix for the whole series, followed by one of A, B, C, D, or E denoting the shell size, followed by the number of pins or sockets, followed by either P (plug) or S (socket) denoting the gender of the part. Each shell size usually (see below for exceptions) corresponds to a certain number of pins or sockets: A with 15, B with 25, C with 37, D with 50, and E with 9. For example, DB-25 denotes a D-sub with a 25-position shell size and a 25-position contact configuration. The contacts in either row of these connectors are spaced 326/3000 of an inch apart, or approximately 0.109 inches (2.77 mm), and the rows are spaced 0.112 inches (2.84 mm) apart (the pins in the two rows are offset by half the distance between adjacent contacts in a row). This spacing is called Normal Density. The suffixes M and F (for male and female) are sometimes used instead of the original P and S for Pin and Socket. This naming pattern is not always followed, however. Because personal computers first used DB-25 connectors for their serial and parallel ports, when the PC serial port began to use 9-pin connectors, they were often labeled as DB-9 instead of DE-9 connectors, due to an ignorance of the fact that B represented a shell size. It is now common to see DE-9 connectors sold as DB-9 connectors. DB-9 nearly always refers to a 9-pin connector with an E size shell. The non-standard 23-pin D-sub connectors for external floppy drives and video output on most of the Amiga computers are usually labeled DB-23, even though their shell size is two pins smaller than ordinary DB sockets. There are now D-sub connectors which have the original shell sizes, but more pins, and their names follow the same pattern. For example, the DE-15, usually found in VGA cables, has 15 pins in three rows, all surrounded by an E size shell. The pins are spaced at 0.090 inches (2.3 mm) horizontally and 0.078 inches (2.0 mm) vertically, in what is called high density. The other connectors with the same pin spacing are the DE-15, DA-26, DB-44, DC-62, and DD-78. Reflecting the same confusion of the letters DB with just D as mentioned above, these connectors are also often called DB-15HD (or even DB-15 or HD-15), DB-26HD, DB-44HD, DB-62HD, and DB-78HD connectors, respectively, where HD stands for "high density". They all have three rows of pins, except the DD-78, which has four. The "double density" series of D-sub connectors features even denser arrangements and consists of the DE-19, DA-31, DB-52, DC-79, and DD-100. These each have four rows of pins. Cannon also produced "combo" D-subs with larger contacts in place of some of the normal contacts that could be used for high-current, high-voltage, or co-axial inserts. The DB-13W3 variant was commonly used for high-performance video connections; this variant provided 10 regular (#20) pins plus three coaxial contacts for the red, green, and blue video signals. Combo D-subs are currently being manufactured in a broad range of configurations by other companies, including Amphenol, Conec, Teledyne Reynolds, Assmann Electronics, Norcomp, Positronic Industries, Cinch, 3M, and Tyco. Some variants have current ratings up to 40A or operating voltages as high as 13,500V; others are waterproof and meet IP67 standards. A smaller type of connector derived from the D-sub is called the microminiature D, or micro-D, which is a trademark of ITT Cannon. It is about half the length of a D-sub. There is yet another similar family of connectors that is easy to confuse with the D-sub family. These connectors have names like HD-50 and HD-68, and have a D-shaped shell that is about half the width of a DB25. They are common in SCSI attachments. The original D-sub connectors are now defined by an international standard, IEC 60807-3 / DIN 41652. The United States military also maintains another specification for D-subminiature connectors, the MIL-DTL-24308 standard. Typical applications Communications ports The widest application of D-subs is for RS-232 serial communications, though the standard did not make this connector mandatory. RS-232 devices originally used the DB25, but for many applications the less common signals were omitted, allowing a DE9 to be used. The standard specifies a male connector for terminal equipment and a female connector for modems, but many variations exist. IBM PC-compatible computers tend to have male connectors at the device and female connectors at the modems. Early Apple Macintosh models used DE9 connectors for RS-422 serial interfaces (which can operate as RS-232). Later Macintosh models use 8-pin miniature DIN connectors instead. On PCs, 25-pin and (beginning with the IBM-PC/AT) 9-pin plugs are used for the RS-232 serial ports; 25-pin sockets are used for the parallel printer ports (instead of the Centronics socket found on the printer itself which was inconveniently large for direct placement on the expansion cards). Many uninterruptible power supply units have a DE9F connector on them in order to signal to the attached computer via an RS-232 interface. Often these do not send data serially to the computer but instead use the handshaking control lines to indicate low battery, power failure, or other conditions. Such usage is not standardized between manufacturers and may require special cables. Network ports The Attachment Unit Interfaces that were used with 10BASE5 "thick net" in the 1980s and 1990s used DA15 connectors for connectivity between the Medium Attachment Units and (Ethernet) network interface cards, albeit with a sliding latch to lock the connectors together instead of the usual hex studs with threaded holes. The sliding latch was intended to be quicker to engage and disengage and to work in places where jack screws could not be used for reasons of component shape. Computer video output A female 9-pin connector on an IBM compatible personal computer may be a video display output such as MDA, Hercules, CGA, or EGA (rarely VGA or others). Even though these all use the same DE9 connector, the displays cannot all be interchanged and monitors or video interfaces may even be damaged if connected to an incompatible device using the same connector. Later analog video (VGA and later) adapters generally replaced these connectors with DE15 high-density sockets (though some early VGA devices still used DE9 connectors). DE15 connectors are similar to DE9 connectors (see above). Many Apple Macintosh models (beginning with the Macintosh II) used DA15 sockets for analogue RGB video out. Just prior to this, the Apple IIgs used the same connector for the same purpose, but in a non-compatible way. A digital (and thus also incompatible) RGB adapter for the Apple IIe also used a DA15F. And the Apple IIc used a DA15F for an auxiliary video port which was not RGB, but provided the necessary signals to derive RGB. Game controller ports Starting in the late 1970s the Atari 2600 game console used modified DE9 connectors (male on the system, female on the controller) for its game controller connectors. The Atari connectors had bodies entirely of molded plastic without the metal shield, and they omitted the pair of fastening screws. In the years following, various video game consoles and home computers adopted the same connector for their own game ports, though they were not all interoperable. The most common wiring supported five digital connections (for up, down, left, and right movement, and one fire button), plus one pair of analog 100 kΩ potentiometers or paddles. Some computers supported additional buttons, and on some computers additional devices, such as a computer mouse, a light pen, and/or a graphics tablet were also supported via the game port. Unlike the basic one-button digital joysticks and the basic paddles, such devices were not typically interchangeable between different systems. Systems utilizing the DE9 connector for their game port included the Atari 8-bit and ST lines; the Commodore VIC-20, 64, 128, and Amiga; the Amstrad CPC (which employed daisy-chaining when connecting two Amstrad-specific joysticks); the MSX, Sharp X68000, and FM-Towns, predominantly used in Japan; the Sega Master System and Sega Mega Drive/Genesis; and the Panasonic 3DO. The Sinclair ZX Spectrum lacked a built-in joystick connector of any kind but aftermarket interfaces provided the ability to connect DE9 joysticks. Many Apple II computers also used DE9 connectors for joysticks, but they had a female port on the computer and a male on the controller, used analog rather than digital sticks, and the pin-out was completely unlike that used on the aforementioned systems. DE9 connectors were not used for game ports on the Apple Macintosh, Apple III, IBM PC systems, or most newer game consoles. DA15S connectors are used for PC joystick connectors, where each DA15 connector supports two joysticks each with two analog axes and two buttons. In other words, one DA15S "game adapter" connector has 4 analog potentiometer inputs and 4 digital switch inputs. This interface is strictly input-only, though it does provide +5V DC power. Some joysticks with more than two axes and/or more than two buttons use the signals designated for both joysticks. Conversely, Y-adapter cables are available that allow two separate joysticks to be connected to a single DA15 game adapter port; if a joystick connected to one of these Y-adapters has more than two axes or buttons, only the first two of each will work. The IBM DA15 PC game connector has been modified to add a (usually MPU-401 compatible) MIDI interface, and this is often implemented in the game connectors on third-party sound cards, for example the Sound Blaster line from Creative Labs. The "standard" straight game adapter connector (introduced by IBM) has three ground pins and four +5V power pins, and the MIDI adaptation replaces one of the grounds and one of the +5V pins, both on the bottom row of pins, with MIDI In and MIDI Out signal pins. (There is no MIDI Thru provided.) Creative Labs introduced this adaptation. The Neo Geo (system) AES game console also used the DA15 connector, however the pins are wired directly to the controller switches and is therefore not compatible with the regular DA15 PC game controllers. 25-pin sockets on Macintosh computers are typically single-ended SCSI connectors, combining all signal returns into one contact (again in contrast to the Centronics C50 connector typically found on the peripheral, supplying a separate return contact for each signal), while older Sun hardware uses DD50 connectors for Fast-SCSI equipment. As newer SCSI variations (Ultra2 onwards) used differential signalling, the Macintosh DB25 SCSI interface became obsolete. The complete range of D-sub connectors also includes DA15s (one row of 7 and one of 8), DC37s (one row of 18 and one of 19), and DD50s (two rows of 17 and one of 16); these are often used in industrial products, the 15-way version being commonly used on rotary and linear encoders. The early Macintosh and late Apple II computers used an obscure 19-pin D-sub for connecting to external floppy disk drives. The Commodore Amiga used an equally unusual 23-pin version for both its video output and connection to an external floppy disk drive. TASCAM used DB25 connectors for their multi-track recording audio equipment (TDIF), and Logitek Audio later did the same for its broadcast consoles, though with different pinouts. Roland used DB25 connectors for their multi-track recording audio equipment (R-BUS). A few patch panels have been made which have the DB25 connectors on the back with phone jacks (or even TRS phone connectors) on the front, however these are normally wired for TASCAM, which is more common outside of broadcasting. In broadcast and professional video, "parallel digital" is a digital video interface that uses DB25 connectors, per the SMPTE 274M specification adopted in the late 1990s. The more common SMPTE 259M "serial digital interface" (SDI) uses BNC connectors for digital video signal transfer. Wire-contact attachment types There are at least seven different methods used to attach wires to the contacts in D-sub connectors. - Solder-bucket (or solder-cup) contacts have a cavity into which the stripped wire is inserted and hand-soldered. - Insulation displacement contacts (IDCs) allow a ribbon cable to be forced onto sharp tines on the back of the contacts; this action pierces the insulation of all the wires simultaneously. This is a very quick means of assembly whether done by hand or automatically. - Crimp contacts are assembled by inserting a stripped wire end into a cavity in the rear of the contact, then crushing the cavity using a crimp tool, causing the cavity to grip the wire tightly at many points. The crimped contact is then inserted into the connector where it locks into place. Individual crimped pins can be removed later by inserting a special tool into the rear of the connector. - PCB pins are soldered directly to a printed circuit board and not to a wire. Traditionally through hole plated (THP) board style pins were used but increasingly gull wing surface mount (SMD) connections are used. These connectors are frequently mounted at a right angle to the PCB, allowing a cable to be plugged into the edge of the PCB assembly. Electrical/mechanical anchor points (often soldered) for the connector shell and locking screws are also provided. - Wire wrap connections are made by wrapping solid wire around a square post with a wire wrap tool. This type of connection was traditionally used in prototyping. The wire wrap and IDC connections styles had to contend with the issues of incompatible pin spacing to the 0.1 inch ribbon or proto board grid especially for larger pin counts. The 25-pin D-sub connector is occasionally used in recording studios for multi-channel analog audio and AES digital audio. The D-sub connector family is now in decline for general usage in the computer industry, due to size and cost. For portable devices such as PDAs, MP3 players or mobile phones, the D-sub connector is usually too large to fit. In the laptop computer sector, where weight and size are crucial, many models no longer include D-subs. Even small form factor desktop PCs may find D-sub connectors too large for their value. Because of its relative complexity (the D-shaped metal shield, the screws and nuts), D-sub connectors are now quite expensive compared to other, mostly simpler, common connectors. In the retail PC world where margins are very thin, these connectors are a natural target for removal. The physical design of D-sub connectors is ill-suited for consumer plug-and-play applications. Thin metal pins, especially in higher-density connectors, are easily bent or broken, particularly if frequently plugged in by touch behind equipment. The need to tighten screws for a secure connection is cumbersome. Although ESD- and EMI-resistant D-sub connectors exist, the fundamental design was never intended to protect from electrostatic discharge or electromagnetic interference or facilitate very high frequency interconnections. For video purposes, the DE15HD connector is in the process of being replaced by DVI and HDMI connectors. A notable exception to this replacement is on the many analog CRT monitors still in use: the analog version of the DVI connector is similar in price and more complex than the D-sub, so the shift away from D-subs is slow in this case. For the majority of other consumer applications, D-sub serial and parallel connectors have been replaced by the physically much simpler and cheaper IEEE 1394 (FireWire), SATA, USB, or modular connectors. All of these connectors are much less rugged and durable than D-sub connectors—for example, the SATA connector as part of a cable assembly is specified to withstand only 50 manual insertions—but the robustness of the D-sub is more than is needed in many consumer product applications. Due to the environments within factories and mills, serial and parallel protocols are commonly used (and in some cases current standards) for their combination of maximum cable length, sufficient speed, and compatibility with old equipment with long life expectancies. As D-Sub connectors have remained popular with these specifications, D-Subs are still commonly in use today where their robustness is required. The connectors' pricing is also less of a concern as most industrial equipment is limited in production with higher mark up per unit and is generally expected to be supported by service contracts. See also - Gender of connectors and fasteners - RS-232 Technical Manual - Micro ribbon - Game port - Centronics Parallel Printer Port - "25 pin D‐sub male connector", Connector, RU: Pinouts. Comprehensive DB25 wiring diagrams: Tascam, Apple, SCSI, etc. - Ishmael Stefanov-Wagner's web page on D-Subminiature Nomenclature at the Wayback Machine (archived January 11, 2009) - Connector, RU: Pinouts. A list of common computer connectors, including most D-sub. - "9 pin D‐sub female connector", Connector, RU: Pinouts. Devices with DE-9 connectors. - DE-9 connector RS-232 pinout.

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A Quick Intro to Social Media Social media are software applications or tools, which allow widespread communication using user-generated content. In plain English, they’re places where you can communicate online with your peers and friends, colleagues, or other groups such as national organizations, directly and immediately. Some examples of social media include Facebook, Foursquare, Twitter and YouTube. Guidelines for Social Media Tips for Using Social Media to Promote UCF 1. Be Accurate Are you sure your information is accurate and appropriate? If not, just don’t post it. Social media are fast-paced environments, and facts can be hard to distinguish from opinions or false information. Don’t answer questions on behalf of another department, or questions you aren’t confident answering. Help your reader by directing them to the right department. It’s best to be honest and tell them you don’t know. Finally, don’t guess. 2. Remember Your Audience Determine your interaction’s level of formality and choose your language accordingly; for instance, write in first-person only if it’s casual. 3. Don’t Misrepresent Yourself If you aren’t an authority on a subject, don’t represent yourself as one. Also, don’t represent yourself as speaking for all of UCF. Present yourself as an individual, including the uniqueness of your role at UCF. Share your personality. 4. Be Respectful and Thoughtful Be thoughtful and respectful of how other UCF groups may be affected by your actions. All UCF accounts can be viewed (correctly or incorrectly) as representative of the university as a whole, regardless of your intentions. 5. Notify Your Manager or Boss Obtain your manager’s or your boss’ permission before you use social media to promote anything related to UCF, including your group or your department. When leadership backs your social media ideas, it can increase the importance of these new media channels to your overall communications plan. 6. Provide Context Make sure your audience understands the purpose of your site. Be clear to state, for example, that you intend to generate excitement about UCF events, or to provide services and resources to certain student groups. 7. Add Value, Not Noise or Clutter If you join a social network, such as Facebook, or comment on someone’s site, contribute valuable insight. Don’t post information about topics, such as personal events or a book you’ve authored, unless you’re sure readers will be interested. Self-promotion is viewed negatively and can cause you to be banned from Web sites or groups. 8. Give Private Feedback Public feedback in social networks is acceptable, but you can also give feedback privately. Give someone private feedback and be willing to receive offline feedback. However, be explicit about the reasoning behind your actions. Always respond to and address any feedback – don’t ignore it. 9. Always Follow UCF Graphic Standards UCF does not have specific social media logos, personality can also define a brand. Be sure to follow specific graphic standards on UCF trademark use but work to embody the spirit or the UCF brand in your social media endeavors. More formally, the core UCF brand concept can be summed-up in our Brand Value Proposition: UCF is the university that seeks opportunities, creates opportunities, and brings them to fruition. The university’s culture of opportunity is driven by the diverse people it attracts, its Orlando environment, its history of entrepreneurship, and its youth, relevance, and energy. 10. Be the First to Respond to Your Mistakes Be up-front about your mistakes and correct them quickly. For example, if you choose to modify an earlier blog or other post, give your readers a reason. If you delete a post and repost it, make that clear too. Also, if a fellow UCF account makes a mistake, let them know offline and help them make corrections. 11. Use Your Best Judgment Remember that social media can be public, and anything published to social media sites can have consequences. If you are on the fence about publishing any content, then don’t. When in doubt, ask your supervisor or a co-worker for input – ask more than one person. Also, seek advice from your university peers who use social media. 12. Protect Confidential and Proprietary Information Though our university is a public institution with laws governing the availability of our information, not all content and topics are appropriate for social media. The university is required to comply with the federal Family Education Right and Privacy Act (FERPA) when it comes to certain student information; it may also apply to some faculty and staff information. 13. Don’t Forget Your Day Job You should make sure that your online activities do not interfere with your primary job or responsibilities, and social media should not be the only environment you communicate with your audience. Consider a more balanced communications plan of traditional, online and social media to maximize your efforts. Resources and Documents Information from the Social Networks Themselves Facebook Timeline Cover Images Add Some UCF Spirit to Your Facebook Page To download a UCF image for your Facebook cover image, right click and select “Save Image As…” or “Save Image to Desktop.”

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Common link between autism, diabetes identified Washington: A new study has revealed a possible link between autism and type 2 diabetes. Autism and ASD are neurological disorders that have a strong but poorly understood genetic basis. “It appears that both Type 2 diabetes and autism have a common underlying mechanism -- impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia,” said Rice University biochemist Michael Stern, author of the paper. Hyperinsulinemia, often a precursor to insulin resistance, is a condition characterized by excess levels of insulin in the bloodstream. Insulin resistance is often associated with both obesity and Type 2 diabetes. “It will be very easy for clinicians to test my hypothesis,” said Stern, professor of biochemistry and cell biology at Rice. “They could do this by putting autistic children on low-carbohydrate diets that minimize insulin secretion and see if their symptoms improve.” Stern said the new finding also suggests that glucose tolerance in pregnant women may need to be addressed more seriously than it is now. Stern said at least four genes associated with increased frequency in autism are known to produce proteins that play key roles in a biochemical pathway known as PI3K/Tor. Stern said he had been studying a form of abnormal function in the synapses of fruit flies that was remarkably similar to abnormalities observed in rats and mice with defects in a different pathway known as mGluR-mediated long-term depression. From his studies in both areas, Stern knew two things: PI3K/Tor was the major pathway for insulin signals within cells, and insulin could affect synapses in a remarkably similar way to the mGluR defects associated with autism. Stern said he also found preliminary studies that indicated that low-carb diets were therapeutic for some individuals with autism and ASD. The study has been published in the journal Frontiers in Cellular Endocrinology.

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Bad Air, Ill Health: Air Pollution in Urban Slums | Source: By Thaddaeus Egondi and Diana Warira, African Population & Health Research Center, March 1, 2013 | Although there is a wealth of information on the health consequences of air pollution, little information exists on the level of air pollution in LMICs (Lower-middle-income countries), in general, and in urban areas, in particular. In Nairobi, Kenya’s capital city, for example, the few studies that have assessed air pollution levels have been conducted along roads and provide a limited picture of exposure levels in residential areas. Yet we know that air pollution – obviously present in poor urban areas– has been linked to respiratory infections, heart problems, lung cancer and undesirable pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight and still births. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution leads to 3.1 million premature deaths worldwide every year. More than half of the global burden of disease stemming from air pollution occurs in LMICs. Research indicates that young children, expectant mothers, old people, and those with chronic health problems, such as asthma, heart and lung disease, suffer more when exposed to air pollution. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on thetotal exposure to pollutants, a measure of the duration of exposure and the concentration of the pollutants. Slums are a pervasive feature of many cities in LMICs. The level of air pollutants in slum settlements is likely to be higher than in non-slum settings due to close proximity to industries, dust from unpaved roads, poor waste disposal, burning of trash and heavy use of solids fuels such as charcoal and wood. Nairobi as one of the rapidly growing cities is not exceptional from these environmental concerns. Research we have done at the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC) on the main fuel type for household energy needs in two slums (Korogocho and Viwandani) indicates that 84% of households use kerosene/paraffin, 14% charcoal and 2% use other fuels such as firewood, animal waste and gas. Outdoor air pollution in slum setting contributes to the level of indoor air pollution because of infiltration of air pollutants into poorly ventilated structures. It’s Time to Monitor Air Quality Establishing air pollution levels and associated health impacts is critical for programmatic and policy action to reduce air pollution levels. Quantifying the health impact of air pollution is a challenge faced by LMICs due to the lack of health outcome registries and air monitoring data. In response to this gap, APHRC has recently initiated a study on air pollution in two urban slums in Nairobi (Korogocho and Viwandani). This study, which is nested in the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS), aims to understand community perceptions on air pollution, and assess the level of air pollution and related health effects. In addressing these objectives, the Center will start monitoring indoor and outdoor air pollution levels in the two slums. The study provides an important first step in providing community-level air pollution information to policy makers. In addition, it is envisaged that sharing the findings from the study with community residents will create awareness on exposure risk and encourage urban slum residents to take measures to reduce pollution levels in their community. In the long run, this vital information about urban environments may not only decrease the health burden associated with pollution, but also serve to decrease emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming.

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No one, not the Liberians or any other immigrant or refugee group, should have to worry about returning to a country where they would fear for their lives. The effects of a civil war that began in Liberia 10 years ago are still being felt by its exiles in the United States today. In the seven states where Liberians most often set up communities, it is common to hear men quietly recount memories of seeing their parents beheaded or women tell of being raped. Children who remain in Liberia are forced into fighting at the age of 12. Yet Liberians who have made it to the seemingly safe haven of the United States have reason to be afraid. They might be sent back before conditions are safe to return. In the English-speaking West African country, brutal fighting and rampant human rights violations have led to the deaths of 200,000 Liberians, and thousands of others have fled for their lives. A decade ago, the United States granted 5,000 refugees temporary protected status so that they could find safe haven while conditions in Liberia remained unsafe. Eleven years later, conditions in Liberia have not improved. The majority of Liberians express the desire to go back to Liberia, yet many are afraid of returning under the current regime and fear the power of the current president, Charles Taylor, who was educated at Bentley College near Boston. A few months ago, students at the University of Liberia held a peaceful protest in support of four members of the press who had been detained without charges; the president ordered troops to quell the demonstration. More recently, the United Nations imposed sanctions on Liberia for continuing to support rebels in Sierra Leone. Fighting persists in some areas of Liberia and skirmishes along the border with Guinea have led to another wave of refugees crossing the border. With rebels advancing toward the capital of Monrovia, war has again broken out in the northern part of the country. This has led to a renewed wave of attacks on civilians and a corresponding rise in the number of refugees crossing the border and entering camps. As if continued destabilization wasn't enough of a reason for Liberians to fear returning home, Taylor has been openly hostile toward those with temporary protected status, recently calling the provision a "bread and butter safe haven for many Liberians who were never victims of our civil war." The Liberian population is spread throughout the United States, with the largest concentrations in Texas, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., New York and Providence, R.I. In many states, they have organized community associations where they discuss the situation in Liberia and adjustment to the United States. Like other refugee populations, the Liberians retain close ties to their home countries while also participating fully in U.S. society. In fact, as a country originally founded by freed American slaves and as the United States' strongest ally in Africa, Liberia has always had a special relationship with this country. The United States has a responsibility not only to protect those who are fleeing violence but also to allow refugees to feel secure in their new home. No one, not the Liberians or any other immigrant group, should have to worry about returning to a country where they would fear for their lives. Families with children born here would be separated if Liberian parents were forced to return, and states would bear the cost of caring for the children left behind. While there are currently bills in both the House and Senate proposing the granting of permanent status to those Liberians who arrived in the United States after March 1991, HR1806 and S656 will require vocal public support to pass. As a matter of life and death, what happens to these people is in no way a partisan issue. Democrats and Republicans coming together around these bills would demonstrate that the value of freedom and America's reputation as a safe haven is not divided along party lines. Have we forgotten the deaths of the hundreds of Jews who were returned to Germany after being denied refuge by the United States? Do we want to relive this black moment in our history? Republished by permission, Brown University News Service. Distributed June 4, 2001. Contact (401) 863-2476 [email protected]

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In the last 5 summers a white goose have been observed in between the barnacle geese observed near the dogyard, just outside Longyearbyen. The bird is in fact a leucistic barnacle goose. Leucistic birds lack all or some pigmentation in the feathers, but they are not albinos. They have normal colored eyes, unlike albinos and the condition does not necessarily affect all the birds’ The white geese are believed to have the same breeding and survival potential as the normal barnacle geese. However their lifespan is estimated at only 2-3 yeas (compares to 8-10 years for barnacle geese in general) as their unusual color makes them more attractive to hunters and possibly also predators. However, the light colored goose currently residing in Adventdalen have been observed for the past 5 years and leucistic barnacle geese have been known to lived to at least 18 years of age. Owen, M. and Skimmings, P. (1992). The occurrence and performance of leucistic Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis. Ibis, 134 ,1, pp.22-26. Leucistic barnacle goose, Svalbard. Photo Inge Bakkeland/

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A Brief History of Dolphins Turning Up in New York City "Does anybody have a canoe?" So asked a distraught police officer on the edge of Brookyln's Gowanus Canal this morning, The New York Times reports. The officer had responded to a call about a dolphin, as basically all of Twitter has no doubt informed you by now. The sea mammal in question appears to have been stuck in the canal since early this morning. Onlookers say the dolphin seems like it's struggling to swim through the filthy 1.8-mile waterway. Officials say they will wait until the canal hits high tide around 7 p.m. before trying to help. At that point, they'll see whether the dolphin is able to free itself. It couldn't have gotten stuck in a worse place. For years, the Gowanus has been a dumping ground for industrial waste and sewage spill-off. According to New York magazine, business men were describing the canal's water as "almost solid with sewage"...in 1910. The canal was fitted with a 6,200-foot underground tunnel the next year. Fresh seawater was flushed in until 1961, when the pump broke. (Legend has it "a city worker dropped a manhole cover on it."). Officials left the pump broken until 1999; its bottom hasn't been dredged since 1975. The canal has proven a particularly fertile ground for bacteria. New York reports (emphasis ours): Cholera, typhoid, typhus, gonorrhea: They’ve all been found in the water. A team of biology professors at New York City College of Technology have also studied a curious white goo oozing along the bottom, which turned out to be a mix of bacteria, protozoans, and various contaminants. The microbes appear to have evolved resistance to the filth, and the scientists have been trying to figure out whether their disease-fighting mechanisms could be adapted for medical use. But despite it's nasty reputation, a stray wild animal or two has seen fit to wander in over the years. In 1952, a shark swam into the canal; it was shot by a police officer. A minke whale was beached in the canal in 2007 and died. It's also not the first dolphin to make its way to New York. In 2012, a dolphin washed up on the beach in Far Rockaway, Queens. For hours, police poured water over the dolphin to keep her alive while a rescue crew rushed in from a marine biology center 60 miles away. By the time they got there, it was too late. The dolphin died while being hoisted onto a stretcher. That same year, a dolphin made its way into the Hudson River. Onlookers said the dolphin swam from 90th Street to the George Washington Bridge. A different dolphin was found dead Pier 59, at the end of 18th Street later that week.

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Disasters and Emigration of Our Hellenic Ancestors All Greek families have stories about being profoundly impacted by disasters, both natural and man-made. And for the purposes of genealogical research, understanding the types and chronologies of these disasters can be useful and illuminating. Most common are earthquakes and wars, both often bringing about a collapse of family holdings and necessitating emigration to other areas of Greece or to cities abroad. Understanding these influences can shed light upon reasons for emigration, as well as offer colorful narratives to personalize the experiences of distant ancestors. Read entire article. Writing Family Genealogies in Register Style Lynn Betlock, the editor of The Weekly Genealogist, a weekly e-zine of The New England Histoic Genealogical Society, offers tips about writing in register style. "Whether you just want to write about your grandparents or compile a whole book, the basic building block is the family sketch, treating a couple and their children in an organized and interesting way. What is a family sketch? It’s just a story with a beginning, middle and end. The beginning is the first paragraph that contains the vital information about the parents all of it. So, if the reader later wants to check back to see just when your great-grandmother married her second husband, it’s easy to find." Read full article. Ireland Develops a Reaching Out Diaspora Genealogical Project: Could Greece Do the Same? Lynn Betlock, the editor of The Weekly Genealogist, a publication of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, recently learned about the Ireland Reaching Out (Ireland XO) Diaspora project. According to the groups website, the Ireland XO project is based on a simple idea; instead of waiting for Irish-Americans and their global counterparts to come to Ireland to trace their roots, we go the other way. Working through voluntary effort at a townland, village and parish level, we identify who left, and trace them and their descendants worldwide, proactively engaging with them and inviting them to become part of an extended virtual community with their place of origin. In this way, the entire Irish Diaspora of 70 million can be systematically reunified online and invited back to engage with their ancestral parish for the benefit of all. Read more. Holiday Gatherings as Genealogical Research Tools--by Joan Young You probably travel to visit relatives during the holidays. These holiday visits can result in a goldmine for the family genealogist in many ways.Visits to grandmother or Aunt Anna's home can also provide access to family heirlooms and photos in their possession. Ask other relatives who are visiting for the holidays to bring their albums of old family photos with them as well. Have them identify and label the people in the photos where possible. Discuss the photos during your visit to see if anyone can identify the unknowns. Read entire article. Word Processing and Genealogical or Historical Writing--by Mary Harrell-Sesniak Whether you're transcribing a historical document or writing a family history, a word processor can polish the finished product. An entry-level program will suffice but to make a document shine, a more sophisticated product, such as Microsoft Word or Open Office Writer, is required. Here are a few ideas to get started. Read more. Mikrasia Revisited: A Glimpse of Peristasi in Eastern Thrace--by James L. Marketos, Esq. Marketos writes eloquently and poignantly about a trip taken by his mother to her ancestral Greek village in occuped Thrace. Although nearly all traces of the village's Greek character and origin had been erased or lost since the exchange of populations, one village elder recalled her family, offering a tenuous link to the childhood stories her own mother had related often. Read more. New Online Databases for Genealogical Research on Lancaster County in Pennsylvania The New England Historic Genealogical Association recently reported that a new series of related online databases have been made available to researchers through the Lancaster County Historical Society and the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society. Hellenic Historical and Genealogical Association has reviewed the utility of these online databases for research on Greek subjects. Read more. Review of "English Equivalents to Foreign Given Names" Posted by US GenWeb Project New England Historic Genealogical Society (NEHGS) recently posted a review of a project of US GenWeb: the "English Equivalents to Foreign Given Names." Reviewer Michael J. Leclerc reported that the data of the project was a "valuable research tool" for genealogists. The project consists of a 114-page-long list of given names, arranged alphabetically by their root names. Leclerc elaborated on details of the list and how to use it. HHGA undertook to assess the specific utility of the project for Greek-American subjects. But in order for the names of this US GenWeb project to offer meaningful assistance in researching Greek family history, there must be a column dedicated to representations of Greek given names. And, of course, the project doesn't have one. Read entire review. St. George SocietyTsamantas [Epirus] Newsletter--Spring 2010 St. George Benefit Society has undertaken a number of philanthropic projects, one of which is the translation into English of a village history penned originally by Nikos Nitsios in 1926 and republished in Athens in 1991. Publication of the translation is expected in 2010-2011. The Tsamantas fraternal society recently celebrated its centennial history, posting information online about its own history and the village Tsamantas. New members warmly welcomed. For more information, read release or visit website at http://www.100yearsinamerica.org Review of The Greeks of Today 1907 by George Horton and Republished by Hellenic Electronic Center George Horton served as the American Consul General in Smyrna during the heinous events of 1922. Following the Turkish burning of the city and massive American rescue efforts, Horton returned to the U.S. and lectured widely about the events of 1922 and about the accomplishments of Modern Greeks. For those Greek-Americans who are interested in the accomplishments of notable Greeks and their struggles to overcome adversity, this volume by HEC is a delight. Horton's speech is uplifting because it showcases our cultural heritage. Of particular interest in this reprint edition is the generous inclusion of supplementary biographical data on persons mentioned in the speech and reactions in the American press to Horton's appearances across the country. Read more. Secretary of World Council of Hellenes Abroad (SAE) Visits Greeks of Hungary and Slovakia and Veterans of Greek Civil War Dr. Olga Sarantopoulos, SAE Secretary, attended a meeting of Hungarian physicians of Greek descent at the invitation of Greek community leaders in Budapest. She also visited the Greek language school there, meeting with instructors who taught in Budapest and in the two schools of Belogiannis and Miskolt. Sarantopoulos also visited with veterans of the Greek Civil War, refugees who had fled Greece after the defeat of Communist insurgents. She was warmly received by the community, now numbering about 4500 Greeks, mostly elderly veterans and second- and third-generation descendants. Community leaders discussed with her personal accounts of war tribulations and the loss of Greek citizenship and properties because of partisan activities in the Civil War. She later viewed exhibits detailing the history of Greeks in Hungary dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries during the Ottoman Empire. Her visit concluded with a trip to Slovakia where she met with Greek community leaders there. Read entire press release. Click here for Greek version of article-release. Calculating Cousin Relationships Next time you attend an extended family gathering, you're sure to get acquainted with relatives like your first cousin's children or Papou's (grandfather's) first cousin. How do you calculate these relationships? Are they cousins or removed cousins? Read more. What's on a Death Certificate? When requesting death certificates, researchers may be surprised by the “depth or dearth” of information recorded. Death certificates were not always required and were rare before the late 1800s. This article offers a historical overview of the types of information included on certificates and uses images to illustrate changes in the records over time. Click here to read entire article. Searching for Their Stefana: Locating My Grandparents' Marriage Record My father had told me several times how upset his mother had been at the apparent loss of her marriage record. When she had applied for citizenship in the late 40's, she couldn't seem to find the certificate. Together with my grandfather she searched everywhere, through more than three decades of American family records and memorabilia. As my father related the story, my grandparents had to re-create another civil marriage record as part of the naturalization process, and no record of her marriage could be found at the family church. I wanted a copy of this civil record, so I set out on an odyssey to try to find it. Readers may find some of these tips useful in searching for their own family records. Read entire article. British Telephone Directories and Passenger Lists In recent years Ancestry.co.uk and Findmypast.com have introduced respectively the ability to search UK telephone directories (1880 to 1984), and passenger lists (1890 to 1939). Read more. Newspaper Research Tips for Genealogical Research Ten excellent tips for researching newspaper archives, presented by genealogist Pam Walton at Kingwood College in Texas, and reported by Mary Harrell-Sesniak in Rootsweb Review. Separating Sticky Document and Photo Pages: Genealogists' and Archivists' Tips A compilation of successful strategies, quick tips, for separating sticky pages and photos. Make a copy of these tips and take them with you to libraries and archives when researching your family history. Genealogical Sleuthing: Understanding Rootsweb's Social Security Death Index One of the things that made RootsWeb famous was the Social Security Death Index (SSDI). When it was first added to the site around 2000, it was free, was updated more frequently than any other online version, and was accompanied by the best search engine. Today, RootsWeb continues to be one of the most convenient and effective places to access this index. How much do you know about the SSDI? Click here for entire text. International Genealogical Symbols Rootsweb Review recently published a lengthy list of symbols frequently used in international genealogy, often simple abbreviations, to render concise large amounts of data. For persons who intend to conduct research abroad, understanding these abbreviations may prove useful.Click here for full article. Digital Records for New Jersey Research Now Available Online for Genealogists The e-newsletter of the New England Historic & Genealogical Society (NEHGS) recently announced the availability of new, free databases on the Internet for researchers (eNews, Vol. 11, No. 8, Whole #415, February 25, 2009). Valerie Beaudrault, writing for NEHGS recently, outlined the new information posted to the Atlantic County Library System of New Jersey (http://www.atlanticlibrary.org/collections/digitized/index.asp). Hellenic Historical and Genealogical Association examined some of these digital records for their utility to Greek-Americans and found some surprising gems, among which are a scanned collection of local newspapers and indexes of immigration records with more than two thousand names. Click here to read about our brief review of this database. Review of Surname Suggestion List Genealogists' Freeware HHGA tested out a new, free software program designed to assist surname genealogy searches on Google. This software, essentially a share-ware program, is called Surname Suggestion List. Reviews by professional genealogists gave the program positive marks for its overall utility, aiding researchers by listing surname variations sometimes overlooked. Although it has been our experience that surname-based electronic searches usually have only limited usefulness for Hellenic surnames, we still put Surname Suggestion List through its paces to discover the extent of its applicability for Greek-Americans. Read entire review. Start with non-invasive techniques, including using digital software to enhance images. After that, consult the cemetery staff and local boards, as local laws and rules determine which techniques are allowed. Ask them to put on workshops and organize groups to transcribe and photograph as many cemeteries as possible. Read entire article. Preventing Identity Theft Does Not Mean Hiding Your Ancestors Does your genealogical information on the Internet pose a security risk for the so-called identify theft problem? The simple answer is no. While we all need to be cautious about revealing too much personal information about ourselves and our living family members on the Internet (and elsewhere) the most common sources of identity theft are those we encounter in our daily lives. In a recent New York Times article by John Leland, it is noted that this crime often begins at home with more half of the victims revealing that the ID thief was a family member, a friend, a neighbor or an in-home employee. Read more. Red Star Line Shipping Company. From 1873 to 1935 the Red Star Line shipping company transported nearly three million people from Antwerp, Belgium to the USA and Canada. There's considerable data concerning the ships and the company and pictures with a link to the Belgium-Roots Project, which contains an alphabetical list of individuals who emigrated from Belgium and are being researched by others. See the URL's (RED STAR LINE) http://www.redstarline.eu/ and (BELGIUM-ROOTS PROUJECT) http://belgium.rootsweb.com/_fam/emigrants/ Using Rootsweb: Military Records Flesh Out Family Histories If military records can be located they often provide insight into important events and commitments in your ancestors' lives. Military service records can bring your ancestors to life though they may have served long ago and far, far away. The challenge is to identify which military records exist and then figure out how to search for them. You might find answers to such questions in the archives of RootsWeb's military mailing lists, on the military topic message boards, in RootsWeb's user-contributed databases, or in RootsWeb's Guide to Tracing Family Trees. Read more. Massachusetts Vital Records Online The Massachusetts State Archives office has now placed some databases online: The Index to Vital Records (1841-1910), Index to Passenger Manifests (1848-1891), and Massachusetts Archives Collections Database (1629-1799). All are searchable with surname; the Vital Records index search engine also permits first name, town, and a range of years. Michigan Naturalizations Index Databases Volunteers in Michigan have indexed naturalizations for all counties in the state. Use of the online indexes is free, hosted by official webpages of state government. Some indexes are searchable, while others are downloadable PDF files. They are arranged separately by county at the following URL: Land Regsitry on the Move Greece and Albania are the only two European countries without a national land registry. The current effort to compile one started in the mid-90s but is being plagued by delays. Click here to read full Athens News article. Find Your Ancestor's Age Quickly with Online Calculator Finding an ancestor's age at death is a common calculation conundrum. An easyand freesolution is the Days Between Calculator (http://www.easycalculation.com/days-between-dates.php), which shows you how many years, months and days have elapsed between two dates. For 88 more fabulous genealogy freebies, see the June 2006 Family Tree Magazine, available at http://www.familytreemagazine.com/mags/display.asp?id=1768. Ancestry.com Adds Index of All Databases, Making Searches Easier Finally, Ancestry.com, the online database subscription giant, has added a tool to make searching through its site easier: an online index of its more than 23,000 databases. Visitors can narrow down their searches--and in many cases make them more productive--by selecting out the databases in which they are interested. Use of this new tool represents a great improvement for visitors, especially persons researching Hellenic ancestry, because it will eliminate scrolling through thousands of returns in order to find specific entries. http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/alldblist.aspx. New Bipolar Family Tree Program Bipolar disorder (manic depression) is a treatable medical condition that affects approximately 5.7 million American adults. But, the condition can be hard to recognize because it may come across as depression, euphoria, trouble at work, out-of-control spending, substance abuse or even suicide attempts. Now, a new program that addresses the family connection of bipolar disorder is available to help families get their doctors to more accurately and quickly diagnose this complex condition. The Mental Health Family Tree program (www.MentalHealthFamilyTree.org <https://chiowa.edelman.com/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL= http://www.mentalhealthfamilytree.org/>), launched by the national non-profit organization Families for Depression Awareness (FFDA), draws attention to the important role a person's family mental health history can play in diagnosing bipolar disorder, while helping individuals identify some of the common - but sometimes unknown - behaviors associated with the condition. People concerned about the existence of bipolar disorder in themselves or in family members can visit www.MentalHealthFamilyTree.org <https://chiowa.edelman.com/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL= http://www.mentalhealthfamilytree.org/>; to build their own Mental Health Family Tree by completing a simple, interactive questionnaire. This family tree can be printed out and used to spark conversations with doctors or (Originally published in UpFront with NGS, The Online Newsletter of the National Genealogical Society, Volume 5, Number 6 -- 1 June 2006, http://www.NGSgenealogy.org/upfront.cfm) (Edd: Links given above are broken up into two sections. To use them properly, copy and past each line separately into your browser URL window, the second line of the address immediately following the first with no intervening spaces.) Missouri Death Index Now Online (1910-1955) The Missouri State Archives has recently made available an online index containing more than 2,000,000 names. Visitors can also view images of the certifcates at the online site http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/deathcertificates/. According to the National Genealogical Society, "over 600 volunteers and students from across the nation and other coutnries logged over 27,000 hours" to create the database. Because of overwhelming numbers of requests for copies of certificates, staff are now releasing additional scanned images as each year is completed, rather than by decade as originally planned. Somerville (MA) Museum to Feature Exhibitions on Greek Immigration & Greek-American World War I Hero From September 10, 2006 through March 25, 2007, a fascinating, thought-provokding two-part exhibition--New Lives in a New Land: Immigration in Somerville & the Greater Boston area--The Greek Community and Hope, Valor, & Inspiration: 1896-1918: The World of George Dilbory--Greek Immigrant & American Hero--will be at the Somerville Museum, One Westwood Road, Somerville, MA 02143. This exhibition, organized by the Somerville Museuma nd Historic Somerville, Inc. will chronicle the Greek migration to the Somerville-Greater Boston area during the past century, the contributions that these newcomers to America's shores have made and George Dilbory, the Greek immigrant from Alatsata in Asia Minor/ Somerville resident who became the first Greek-American to be awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor. Read more. Colorado's Historic Newspaper Collection--Articles Available Online Search for digitized Colorado newspapers from 1859 to 1923. Index of Early Pennsylvania Obituaries Now Online Search Pennsylvania Obituaries Online Pennsylvania's state library has posted microfilmed images of scrapbooks containing newspaper obituaries published between Oct. 16, 1891, and March 3, 1904. Search for your ancestor's obituary at http://22.214.171.124:2005/cdm4/search.php (the search page doesn't give you much clue where you are). At the bottom of the page, unclick everything except State Library of PennsylvaniaGenealogy. Type your keywords (such as a name or place) in the All of the Words field and click Search. If you're not sure whether Great-grandma would be listed under her maiden or married name, enter both surnames in the Any of the Words field and type her first name in the All of the Words field. The Proximity tab lets you type two search terms and specify the number of words apart they can occur, letting you net obituaries containing variations such as john smith; john charles smith; and smith, john c. Still can't find the deceased? Try searching for people who might be listed as survivors. Results show thumbnails of each matching obituary, its page number in the original scrapbook and surnames of everyone whose obituaries appear on that page. Click on the thumbnail to enlarge the page; use the icons at the top to zoom in and navigate around the article. New York Bride and Bridegroom Indexes Now Available Online The bridegroom index is for the entire city (1909-1936). The bride index is incomplete and is only for the boroughs of Bronx (1891-1937), Brooklyn (1891-1937), and Queens (1904-1937). Plans call for adding the Manhattan bride index to the online system. The Stephen P. Morse site at http://stevemorse.org/ now has cross-links between the two indexes for New York City located at the Italian Genealogy Group site at: http://www.italiangen.org/ Missouri Death Certificates Now Indexed Online (1910-1955) The Missouri State Archives now offers the Missouri Death Certificate Database. It's a new online index and images. Currently the index covers from 1910 to 1955 and the images date from 1910 to 1920. It is at the URL: Copying Old Photographs: Infringement of Copyright Laws? In the case of photographs, it is sometimes difficult to determine who owns the copyright and there may be little or no information about the owner on individual copies. Ownership of a "copy" of a photograph is distinct from the "work" itself -- the intangible intellectual property. Read more. New Book Chronicles History of Greek Americans of Cleveland, Ohio Greek Americans of Cleveland Since 1870, a 416-page history of Greek immigrants who settled in Cleveland (Ohio), traces the lives of the first immigrants to settle in this area, life in communes, the nomadic search for work, the establishment of the first businesses, and the creation and growth of the first Greek Orthodox Church Community and those that followed. The book is now available from The Hellenic Preservation Society of Northeastern Ohio, an expanded and upgraded version of an earlier book that was published in 1984. Read more. U.S. Diplomatic Personnel Submit Partial List of Persons Safe and Evacuated after Smyrna Catastrophe Submitted by Stavros T. Stavridis. Click here to read brief list of names cabled by Admiral Bristol to State Department. A few of the names appear to be Hellenic. All were evacuated to Salonica and eventually to New York. These persons seem to have received direct assistance from the American Consulate during the Catastrophe, unlike the majority of the hundreds of thousands of refugees from Smyrna, Pontus and Asia Minor who were evacuated to the Greek mainland follwing the Catastrophe. Black Book: The Tragedy of Pontus, 1914-1922 The Black Book: The Tragedy of Pontus is invaluable for its historical and genealogical information. This pamphlet details the numbers of Pontic Greeks killed in each village by the Turks, with some lists of actual names, and eyewitness accounts of massacres and genocide. Compiled in Athens in 1922, it serves as valuable testimony to the crimes committed. Although copies of this pamphlet are rare, there are about a dozen in the U.S. and Europe. Printed bilingually (English and French) in Athens in 1922 for the Central Council of Pontus, the aim of the pamphlet was to disseminate publicly the details of an irreparable loss of culture, history, and human life. Click here to view the pamphlet [large pdf file--16.2 Mb--Adobe Acrobat needed to view]. Beginning a Greek Genealogical Search in the U.S. A revised, online article by Hellenic Historical and Genealogical Association for persons researching Hellenic ancestry. This simple, five-step plan helps researchers make effective use of their time by showing where and how to research. The goal of this recommended plan is to find the original Greek name of one's immigrant ancestor and his or her village, the information necessary to do research abroad. Click here for the full article.

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Dictionary Meaning and Definition on 'Agreeable' - suitable to your needs or similar to your nature; "a congenial atmosphere to work in"; "two congenial spirits united...by mutual confidence and reciprocal virtues"- T.L.Peacock [syn: congenial] [ant: uncongenial] - to your own liking or feelings or nature; "Is the plan agreeable to you?"; "he's an agreeable fellow"; "My idea of an agreeable person...is a person who agrees with me"- Disraeli; "an agreeable manner" [ant: disagreeable] - in keeping; "salaries agreeable with current trends"; "plans conformable with your wishes"; "expressed views concordant with his background" [syn: accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant] - prepared to agree or consent; "agreeable to the plan" - Agreeable \A*gree"a*ble\, a. [F. agr['e]able.] - Pleasing, either to the mind or senses; pleasant; grateful; as, agreeable manners or remarks; an agreeable person; fruit agreeable to the taste. A train of agreeable reveries. --Goldsmith. - Willing; ready to agree or consent. [Colloq.] These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that they may enter into the said town. --Latimer. - Agreeing or suitable; conformable; correspondent; concordant; adapted; -- followed by to, rarely by with. That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many times contrary to the nature of another. --L'Estrange. - In pursuance, conformity, or accordance; -- in this sense used adverbially for agreeably; as, agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report. Syn: Pleasing; pleasant; welcome; charming; acceptable; amiable. See Pleasant. Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Agreeable' Agreeableness is a tendency to be pleasant and accommodating in social situations. In contemporary personality psychology, agreeableness is one of the five major dimensions of personality structure, reflecting individual differences in concern for cooperation and social harmony. People who score high on this dimension are empathetic, considerate, friendly, generous, and helpful. They also have an optimistic view of human nature. They tend to believe that most people are honest, decent, and trustworthy. People scoring low on agreeableness place self-interest above getting along with others. They are usually more cautious about other's agendas; they may feel that others are out to better their own self-interest. People scoring low on the agreeableness chart are generally less concerned with others' well-being, report less empathy, and are therefore less likely to go out of their way to help others. Their skepticism about other people's motives may cause them to be suspicious and unfriendly. People very low on agreeableness have a tendency to be manipulative in their social relationships. They are more likely to compete than to cooperate.[See more about Agreeable at Dictionary 3.0 Encyclopedia] Words and phrases related to 'Agreeable' 'Agreeable' in famous quotation sentence * And yet a little tumult, now and then, is an agreeable quickener of sensation such as a revolution, a battle, or an adventure of any lively description. - George Gordon Byron * My idea of an agreeable person is a person who agrees with me. - Benjamin Disraeli Click here for more related quotations on 'Agreeable' Agreeable Sample Sentences in News - Rashid proves agreeable for Yorkshire Adil Rashid made an unbeaten hundred and proclaimed he and Yorkshire were 'getting along nicely' after a difficult period Read more on this news related to 'Agreeable' - Sweep of Wiesbaden keeps Ramstein perfect Agreeable weather, a pristine pitch, a special occasion - all of the elements were in place for a memorable day of Wiesbaden soccer Saturday. Read more on this news related to 'Agreeable' - Car Dealers warn of flex fuel problems for some engines The demand for more ethanol in gasoline is getting a lot of support from some lawmakers in Washington D.C., along with the Environmental Protection Agency. The move could be good for farmers, but not everyone is agreeable for more of a higher ethanol blended fuel being used in more vehicles. Read more on this news related to 'Agreeable'

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Father Peter Pernin, about 1874 A COUNTRY COVERED with dense forests, in the midst of which are to be met with here and there, along newly opened roads, clearings of more or less extent, sometimes a half league in width to afford space for an infant town, or perhaps three or four acres intended for a farm. With the exception of these isolated spots where the trees have been cut down and burned, all is a wild but majestic forest. Trees, trees everywhere, nothing else but trees as far as you can travel from the bay, either towards the north or west. These immense forests are bounded on the east by Green Bay of Lake Michigan, and by the lake itself. The face of the country is in general undulating, diversified by valleys overgrown with cedars and spruce trees, sandy hills covered with evergreens, and large tracts of rich land filled with the different varieties of hard wood, oak, maple, beech, ash, elm, and birch. The climate of this region is generally uniform and favorable to the crops that are now tried there with remarkable success. Rains are frequent, and they generally fall at a favorable time. The year 1871 was, however, distinguished by its unusual dryness. Farmers had profited of the latter circumstance to enlarge their clearings, cutting down and burning the wood that stood in their way. Hundreds of laborers employed in the construction of a railroad had acted in like manner, availing themselves of both axe and fire to advance their work. Hunters and Indians scour these forests continually, especially in the autumn season, at which time they ascend the streams for trout-fishing, or disperse through the woods deer-stalking. At night they kindle a large fire wherever they may chance to halt, prepare their suppers, then wrapping themselves in their blankets, sleep peacefully, extended on the earth, knowing that the fire will keep at a distance any wild animals that may happen to range through the vicinity during the night. The ensuing morning they depart without taking the precaution of extinguishing the smouldering embers of the fire that has protected and warmed them. Farmers and others act in a similar manner. In this way the woods, particularly in the fall, are gleaming everywhere with fires lighted by man, and which, fed on every side by dry leaves and branches, spread more or less. If fanned by a brisk gale of wind they are liable to assume most formidable proportions. Twice or thrice before October 8, the effects of the wind, favored by the general dryness, had filled the inhabitants of the environs with consternation. A few details on this point may interest the reader, and serve at the same time to illustrate more fully the great catastrophe which overwhelmed us later. The destructive element seemed whilst multiplying its warning to be at the same time essaying its own strength. On September 22 I was summoned, in the exercise of my ministry, to the Sugar Bush,1 a place in the neighborhood of Peshtigo, where a number of farms lie adjacent to each other. Whilst waiting at one of these, isolated from the rest, I took a gun, and, accompanied by a lad of twelve years of age, who offered to guide me through the wood, started in pursuit of some of the pheasants which abounded in the environs. At the expiration of a few hours, seeing that the sun was sinking in the horizon, I bade the child reconduct me to the farmhouse. He endeavored to do so but without success. We went on and on, now turning to the right, now to the left, but without coming in view of our destination. In less than a half hour's wanderings we perceived that we were completely lost in the woods. Night was setting in, and nature was silently preparing for the season of rest. The only sounds audible were the crackling of a tiny tongue of fire that ran along the ground, in and out, among the trunks of the trees, leaving them unscathed but devouring the dry leaves that came in its way, and the swaying of the upper branches of the trees announcing that the wind was rising. We shouted loudly, but without evoking any reply. I then fired off my gun several times as tokens of distress. Finally a distant halloo reached our ears, then another, then several coming from different directions. Rendered anxious by our prolonged absence, the parents of my companion and the farm servants had finally suspected the truth and set out to seek us. Directed to our quarter by our shouts and the firing, they were soon on the right road when a new obstacle presented itself. Fanned by the wind, the tiny flames previously mentioned had united and spread over a considerable surface. We thus found ourselves in the center of a circle of fire extending or narrowing, more or less, around us. We could not reach the men who had come to our assistance, nor could we go to them without incurring the risk of seriously scorching our feet or of being suffocated by the smoke. They were obliged to fray a passage for us by beating the fire with branches of trees at one particular point, thus momentarily staying its progress whilst we rapidly made our escape. The danger proved more imminent in places exposed to the wind, and I learned the following day, on my return to Peshtigo, that the town had been in great peril at the very time that I had lost myself in the woods. The wind had risen, and, fanning the flames, had driven them in the direction of the houses. Hogsheads of water were placed at intervals all round the town, ready for any emergency. I was driving homeward after having visited my second parish situated on the banks of the River Menominee, about two leagues distant.2 Whilst quietly following the public road opened through the forest, I remarked little fires gleaming here and there along the route, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other. Suddenly I arrived at a spot where the flames were burning on both sides at once with more violence than elsewhere. The smoke, driven to the front, filled the road and obscured it to such a degree that I could neither see the extent of the fire nor judge of the amount of danger. I inferred, however, that the latter was not very great as the wind was not against me. I entered then, though at first hesitatingly, into the dense cloud of smoke left darkling behind by the flames burning fiercely forward. My horse hung back, but I finally succeeded in urging him on, and in five or six minutes we emerged safely from this labyrinth of fire and smoke. Here we found ourselves confronted by a dozen vehicles arrested in their course by the conflagration. "Can we pass?" inquired one. "Yes, since I have just done so, but loosen your reins and urge on your horse or you may be suffocated." Some of the number dashed forward, others had not the hardihood to follow, and consequently returned to Peshtigo. 1 There were three of these farming communities: the Lower Sugar Bush, comprising settlements extending for about seven miles west of Peshtigo on the road leading to Oconto; the Middle Sugar Bush, made up of settlements along a road running to the southwest; and the Upper Sugar Bush, containing settlements along what was known as the Lake Noquebay Road. In all, they consisted of about 300 families. Frank Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo, the Sugar Bush, Menekaune, Williamsonville . . . (Green Bay, 1871), 7. 2 A league varies from about 2.4 miles to 4.6 statute miles, depending on the nation involved. Pernin was probably using the English league which is about 3 miles, since Peshtigo is about seven miles from Marinette.

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georgicArticle Free Pass georgic, a poem dealing with practical aspects of agriculture and rural affairs. The model for such verse in postclassical literature was Virgil’s Georgica, itself modeled on a now lost Geōrgika (Greek: “agricultural things”) by the 2nd-century bc Greek poet Nicander of Colophon. What made you want to look up "georgic"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Place: Kleiner Physik-Hörsaal, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz Date: 27.11.09, Time: 15:30 h Spintronics at the atomic limit Our ability to quickly access the vast amounts of information available on the internet is at least in part owed to the miniaturization of magnetic data storage. From the invention of the hard disk drive at IBM in 1956 to our present day life, magnetic bits have shrunk from millimeter size to a few tens of nanometers. If magnets shrink even further, down to a point where only a few atoms comprise the magnetic structure, they undergo a fundamental change in their behavior. While classical magnets allow for a continuous rotation of their magnetization direction, small spin systems behave like quantum objects. Studying excitations between the discreet energy eigenstates of such nanomagnets allows insight into the quantum mechanics of spin systems. Here we show how the magnetic properties of individual atoms and artificially created nanostructures can be probed with a low-temperature, high-field scanning tunneling microscope (STM) when the atoms are placed on a thin insulator. Using inelastic tunneling spectroscopy, we find clear evidence of large magnetic anisotropy – the energy of the system depends strongly on the spatial orientation of the spin. The STM allows further to place magnetic atoms in close proximity and study their interactions. In one-dimensional chains we find a surprisingly good match to the simple theory of the Heisenberg interaction. Finally, when spin-polarized currents are employed, one can pump a spin system far out of thermal equilibrium and probe the spin lifetimes of excited states. Taken together, the STM allows one to see, build, and probe magnetic nanostructures - all in the same tool and with atomic-scale precision.

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Is it necessary to always remove tonsils or adenoids when problems arise? Perhaps not. Tonsils, adenoids and Peyer's patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue in the body (some sources consider them specialized lymph nodes). These tissues serve to prevent infection in the body in areas where bacteria is abundant. There are five tonsils that form a "ring" around the throat that helps trap and remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat through breathing, eating, or drinking. Peyer's patches, which resemble tonsils, are located in the small intestine. The macrophages of Peyer's patches prevent infection of the intestinal wall by destroying the bacteria always present in the moist environment of the intestine. Certainly, there are times it makes sense to remove tonsils and adenoids even though they are an integral part of the lymph/immune system. When they are removed, the body adapts and moves functions elsewhere; however, there are cases when natural alternatives are enough to relieve the problem. It's also important to remember that unless the problem is, in fact, naturally large tonsils that restrict the throat, removing the tonsils doesn't actually get rid of the problem – merely the place it's manifesting. When dealing with enlarged tonsils, then, the key question you need to ask is whether the problem is intrinsic or extrinsic. Are you actually dealing with very large tonsils, or are the tonsils merely continuously enlarged because of immune and lymph problems? If the latter, removing the tonsils and adenoids won't get rid of the problem -- it merely removes one location the symptoms manifest. You might want to see what happens short term if you try and boost the immune system. Do the tonsils shrink at all? If so, then you know that the problem is changeable. If improving immunity has no effect on the tonsil size, then they may indeed be abnormally large and need to come out. If the size of the tonsils changes from day to day, that means you most likely have an immune system problem. If so, the key focus for tonsil and adenoid health is improving immunity by following some general guidelines: - Removing dairy from the diet has also been shown to shrink enlarged tonsils and adenoids, indicating relief for the immune system by reducing Circulating Immune Complexes. - Using digestive enzymes with meals to help break down proteins that contribute to Circulating Immune Complexes can also be helpful. - You might want to see what happens short term if you use immune boosters and pathogen destroyers. - And finally, if you're old enough, you can work on cleaning out and optimizing your lymph system.

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Visual Arts training on The Hill encompasses more than producing art. Students gain knowledge and skills in the areas of Visual Arts history, aesthetic awareness, and Visual Arts criticism. Visual Arts encourage the development of cognitive, higher order thinking and problem-solving skills. Students gain these skills in Visual Arts classes by learning to perceive, conceptualize, and produce Visual Arts. Visual Arts helps Lower School children develop their ability to think in visual and verbal terms. They attend Visual Arts classes on a weekly basis throughout the school year. Middle School students spend a year exploring a variety of Visual Artists and media to expand their visual language and technical skills. Upper School students are offered year-long Visual Arts courses that encompass a wide array of opportunities to examine various aspects of the Visual Arts and fashion that challenge the ability levels of each individual student. Students of the Visual Arts display work throughout the TSA campus, the community and media sources. Students’ Visual Arts work is often selected for entry into various contests and exhibitions. TSA Visual Artists are also encouraged to attend local Visual Arts showings and museum exhibits. The primary goal, however, of the Visual Arts department is to produce students who can think, interpret, and reflect upon what they have learned. Visual Arts Club The TSA Visual Arts Club is an opportunity for High School students to participate artistically within the Visual Arts community, TSA campus, and exchange knowledge and information with other Visual Arts Club members. Members participate creatively with Fall Festival, Christmas of the Visual Arts, Tuomey’s tree decorating, Accessibility, Shenanigan’s, and fundraising opportunities for the Visual Arts department. All Visual Arts students are taught from the inspiration of master Visual Artists and designers. They learn about Visual Arts history, technique processes, conceptual thinking, critique methods, as well as developing a sense of personal style. Lower School students attend Visual Arts class once a week for 45 minutes. There they learn about Visual Artists and craftsmen’s lives, techniques, and Visual Artwork. Students work from the inspiration of these Visual Artists creating their own artwork, journals, and ideas. Middle School students attend a year-long course in Visual Arts. They work with a variety of media and techniques exploring all genres of Visual Arts, Visual Artists, and materials. Visual Arts I Students are offered a year-long Visual Arts I course that follows the framework of the “elements of design and principles of Visual Arts” studies through various media and techniques. Visual Arts II Students expand their knowledge of the elements and principles through developing their personal style and conceptual process. Visual Arts III Students focus on building their portfolios for scholarship and college entrance requirements while they explore new techniques. Students are encouraged to think conceptually, follow visual and verbal instruction, and to develop a sense of personal style. Students learn the basics of hand and machine sewing as well as understand fashion history and trends. They will learn to work from a pattern, construct various clothing and accessory items, take part in a fashion show, as well as many other fashion/Visual Arts methods. They will also develop an awareness of their personal fashion style. Special Events Programs The TSA Visual Visual Arts Department enters students’ Visual Artwork in various competitions throughout the year. They include but are not limited to: S.C. State Fair The SC Safe Kids Calendar competition “Christmas with the Visual Arts” presentation TSA’s annual Christmas card design contest Visiting Visual Artists program Veteran’s Day exhibition Sumter’s annual Accessibility Visual Arts exhibit Ways to Help The Visual Arts Department is always looking for individuals to help with projects and exhibitions. We always appreciate supplies and donations. If you are able to help in any way, please contact us at 499-3378.

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"One of the main reasons the territory was purchased from the Russians back in 1867 was because people knew that what some called 'Seward's Icebox' was actually packed with fish," said fisheries historian Bob King. "Spurred on by cod interests from Seattle, the industry was very quick to move in. Commercial fishing was Alaska's first industry." King is chronicling the importance of commercial fishing in Alaska's history as part of a 50th anniversary project by the Dept. of Fish and Game. It was salmon, he says, that drove the push. "The canned salmon plants started in the 1870s and by the early 20th century, canned salmon was the largest industry in the state and generated 80% of the territorial tax revenues. It had a position in the state economy that oil enjoys today," King said. Until statehood, the federal government managed Alaska's salmon fisheries and used highly efficient traps to catch the fish. At one time more than 800 traps operated in Alaska, primarily for pinks in Southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound. "Alaskans hated the traps with a passion right from the beginning, because they took jobs and revenues out of the communities. Alaskans wanted to be out catching those fish themselves," King said. "When the state constitution was being crafted in 1955-56, the delegates did not want to micro-manage fisheries, so they didn't ban fish traps outright," he continued, "But they did put in a clause that said there will be no exclusive right of fishery allowed in the state. And they put in the model principles of sustained yield and management that Alaska follows today." The 55 delegates cleverly used the issue of fish traps to get people to the polls to ratify the constitution, King said. "They included a ballot measure that asked should the state ban fish traps. They knew that people were so opposed to the traps that they would go to vote on that, even if they had questions about the constitution. And in fact, the gimmick worked," King said with a laugh. "The constitution passed by a 2-1 margin, but the measure to ban the traps passed 5-1. So a lot of people came out to voice their opinion about fish traps, and the constitution passed easily along the way." The fisheries that the new state inherited from the feds were in bad shape. The salmon catch in 1959 of 25 million fish was the worst since the turn of the century, and total seafood production was just 324 million pounds. In contrast, salmon catches today regularly top 200 million fish, and more than 5 billion pounds of seafood cross the Alaska docks. "The success in our fisheries today got started at statehood," King said. The commemorative booklet on the role fisheries played in Alaska's statehood will be available by the end of the year. It used to be that halibut prices would dip during the summer when salmon fisheries were in full swing. But that hasn't been the case for several years, and this year is no exception. Halibut prices are higher now than when the fishery opened in early March. Halibut prices are broken out into three weight classes - under 20 pounds, 20-40 pounds and "40 ups". At Kodiak, dock prices last week were at $4.10 - $4.30 - and $4.60-$4.70 per pound for larger sizes. At Homer, halibut prices were reported at $4.20 - $4.60 and $4.80. Dutch Harbor prices were holding steady at $4.05 - $4.30 and $4.65. . In Southeast Alaska, halibut was fetching $4.40- $4.55 and $4.70 a pound at the docks. One big buyer called the Alaska halibut market 'an amazing thing,' adding that more fish has moved at higher prices than ever before. Another said despite its 'elite' and high priced status, a 'huge and expanding distribution network' of smaller markets demands the popular fish. Federal data show that about 16 million pounds remain out of Alaska's 50 million pound catch limit for this year. Homer holds the lead for halibut landings, followed by Kodiak, Seward, Sitka, Juneau and Petersburg. Alaska's halibut fishery ends in mid-November - and fewer fish are likely to be available for harvest next year. Chemicals and fish don't mix Common pesticides widely used by agriculture and livestock industries pose "a serious risk of extinction" for Northwest salmon, say federal experts. The findings were released in a draft report last week as part of a 10 year court battle between NOAA Fisheries and a coalition of fishing and environmental groups. A court ruled earlier this year that the Environmental Protection Agency must assess the effects of 37 pesticides on 28 salmon stocks, listed as threatened or endangered. The court agreed that the chemicals had been placed on the market without a complete understanding of their biological effects. In the first of at least nine studies, researchers have concluded that pesticides can harm salmon, even when they are used as approved by the EPA. The pesticides can affect the fishes' sense of smell, their ability to feed and avoid predation. By law, the finding of jeopardy means changes must be made to protect the fish. The court issued interim measures requiring that pesticide users must apply toxic chemicals a certain distance from streams. That could be what the agencies propose as a permanent solution. The EPA results follow a stream of similar reports on how contaminants disrupt the chemical balance of aquatic creatures. Last year, for example, a study by Oregon State University and federal scientists showed how low levels of copper impairs the noses and avoidance ability of small salmon. OSU's - "In the environment that has some serious implications. If there are predators around and the fish are not able to respond to these danger signals in the water, they would be the next snack for these larger predators in the water," said study author Jason Sandahl. Scientists for years have said federal agencies are underestimating the hazard pesticides pose to salmon. The collapse of West Coast salmon stocks this summer drew headlines to the fact that chemicals and fish don't mix.

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luciferinArticle Free Pass luciferin, in biochemistry, any of several organic compounds whose oxidation in the presence of the enzyme luciferase produces light. Luciferins vary in chemical structure; the luciferin of luminescent bacteria, for example, is completely different from that of fireflies. For each type luciferin, there is a specific luciferase. See also bioluminescence. What made you want to look up "luciferin"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Credit: Ray Ng Mark LaLiberte, partner with Construction Instruction, is a highly regarded green building consultant who helps builders nationwide understand and apply proper building science construction principles to improve their homes. www.construction-instruction.com; www.laliberteonline.com. The continuing effort to improve energy efficiency has affected nearly every aspect of buildings—most notably, changes to building enclosure designs driven by new codes, more stringent rating system requirements, higher energy costs, and ongoing research. Results from recent field studies and decades of laboratory research demonstrate that, because of increasing levels of wall and attic insulation, coupled with cladding system changes and complexities, we need to enhance the drying potential of walls in every climate. Our wall systems have to withstand ongoing variable conditions that change hourly, daily, and seasonally. These fluctuations affect energy use, wetting and drying potential, and therefore the life of the building. To explain this idea, let’s define the performance expectation for sheathings. What We Know Most sheathing materials we use are moisture sensitive. While providing structural and nail base functions, exterior materials also need to manage rain, possibly contribute to air barrier functions, provide thermal resistance, and have some vapor-tolerant features if the conditions and climate dictate. This explains why the complexity of making good decisions for a building enclosure is critical to its long-term success. After the cladding is installed we have few options to improve missing features. What We Can Do The complex performance challenges buildings experience are variable enough that we need to begin designing in some “forgiveness” for when material tolerances are exceeded. It is often assumed that sheathing can provide a safe storage capacity for moisture. In almost every case, these materials have little additional storage capacity other than what they store seasonally. It is therefore recommended that drainage planes be enhanced and, in many cases, coupled with rainscreen techniques that accelerate the removal of liquid water and when properly designed use air flow to enhance the drying rate significantly.

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Thyroid function testsDefinition: Thyroid function tests are common tests used to tell how well your thyroid is working. See the following articles for details: How the test is performed: How to prepare for the test: Why the test is performed: What abnormal results mean: Kim M, Ladenson P. Thyroid. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 233. Salvatore D, Davies TF, Schlumberger MJ, Hay ID, Larsen PR. Thyroid physiology and diagnostic evaluation of patients with thyroid disorders. In: Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2011:chap 11. |Review Date: 6/26/2012| Reviewed By: Shehzad Topiwala, MD, Chief Consultant Endocrinologist, Premier Medical Associates, The Villages, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, and David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

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I need some help on the following questions: 1) Use L'Hopital's rule to obtain: so if x=0, i get 0 however book's answer says 2) Use L'Hopital's rule to obtain: The only problem i am having is what does equal to? (And even for that you would NOT get "0"- you would get which does not exist. Your f' does not have a limit.) L'Hopital's rule says that if, at x= a, is the indeterminant form " " then provided the limits on the right exist. That is, you differentiate the numerator and denominator separately NOT using the "quotient law". Here, the numerator is and the denominator is which are 0 when x= 0, giving the form so we can apply L'Hopital's rule. The derivative of is and the derivative of is . Those are both 0 at x= 0 so apply L'Hopital's rule again. The derivative of is and the derivative of is which are 1 and 6 at x= 0. The limit is . Okay, here you did differentiate numerator and denominator separately- although it should not be labeled "f' ".2) Use L'Hopital's rule to obtain: It doesn't equal anything- is not a number, just shorthand for "gets larger without bound."The only problem i am having is what does equal to? Here you have a fixed number, 1, over a denominator that gets larger and larger without bound- think of , , , etc. What is happening to those numbers as the denominator gets larger and larger?

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Dust plumes blow across the Pacific from cities and factories and dump pollutants on the Northwest Friday, November 24, 2006 The enormous dust clouds gather in the Gobi Desert. They sail on Siberian winds to China. They pick up mercury, aerosols and carbon monoxide spewed by Chinese coal plants and factories. Then every five or six days in spring, eastern China flushes like a gigantic toilet. The dust plumes, now as large as countries, ride high over the Pacific Ocean, pushing hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and ozone. They reach Oregon in less than a week, sullying springtime views at Crater Lake and scattering dust as far as Maine. Researchers climb an ice-encrusted ladder atop Mount Bachelor's Summit Express ski-lift tower and collect the evidence. Beyond the views, China's contaminants affect Oregon in two key ways: A growing amount of the greenhouse gases that trap heat, shrink Northwest glaciers and raise ocean levels comes from China. A substantial share of the mercury that pollutes the Willamette River, making fish unsafe to eat, has traveled thousands of miles across the Pacific. "It's kind of frustrating because it's limiting our choices here," says Bruce Hope, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality researcher who estimated the share of global mercury reaching the Willamette. "As long as these foreign sources are there -- and God forbid that they should get any bigger -- we'll be hard-pressed." But China's emissions are getting bigger. It plans to add at least 500 coal plants to more than 2,000 operating already. It spews more soot than any other country. Yet it's all too easy to blame China for the mess. U.S. consumers, who buy China's goods and use far more resources than the Chinese, share responsibility. "Americans in our cleverness are not good Boy Scouts," says Greg Carmichael, a University of Iowa atmospheric chemist, "because we've put the latrine upstream of the campsites."

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Process improvement is a series of actions taken to identify, analyze and improve existing processes within an organization, including education, to meet new goals and objectives. These actions often follow a specific methodology or strategy to create successful results. A sampling of these are listed below. - Benchmarking is the process of comparing the cost, cycle time, productivity, or quality of a specific process or method to another that is widely considered to be an industry standard or educational best practice. Essentially, benchmarking provides a snapshot of the performance of the organization and helps in understanding the status of the organization in relation to a particular standard. - Systematic Improvement is a systematic approach to help any organization optimize its underlying processes to achieve more efficient results. Systematic Improvement focuses on "doing things right" more than it does on "doing the right thing." In essence, it attempts to reduce variation and/or wastage in processes, so that the desired outcome can be achieved with better utilization of resources. Systematic Improvement works in the following ways: - Defining the organization's strategic goals and purposes (Who are we, what do we do, and why do we do it?) - Determining the organization's customers (or stakeholders) (Who do we serve?) - Aligning the processes to realize the organization's goals (How do we do it better?) The goal is a radical change in the performance of an organization, rather than a series of incremental changes. - Process Re-engineering (PRE) is an approach aimed at improvement by means of elevating efficiency and effectiveness of the process that exists within and across organizations. The key to PRE is for organizations to look at their processes from a "clean slate" perspective and determine how they can best construct these processes to improve how they conduct business. - Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) in organizational development is a process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements for effective process improvement. It can be used to guide process improvement across a project, a division, or an entire organization. CMMI helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes.

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Children As Curators: Mapping a Continuum of Aesthetic Development in Visual Arts This paper outlines a recent Australian research study examining how children understand the meaning of paintings in art. The study demonstrates the developmental significance of pictorial reasoning as the bases for aesthetic development during middle to late childhood. In the study 36 participants aged 6, 9 and 12 years adopted the role of a curator and constructed an exhibition of portrait paintings. These young curators provided critical reasons in justifying their choices of portraits. Their responses were analysed in qualitative and quantitative terms. The findings indicate that, with age, children are able to formulate increasingly more integrated critical judgments and ascribe intentional meanings to paintings. Three curatorial performances are described to illustrate this continuum of aesthetic development as children advance into representational thinking and increasing critical autonomy. Understanding conceptual shifts in patterns of reasoning in children’s critical picture talk is the first step for teachers to know when and how to intervene in children’s learning and assist them in building more complex interpretations of artworks as artefacts. Keywords: Pictorial Reasoning, Aesthetic Development, Aesthetic Judgments, Children as Critics Dr. Karen Maras Senior Lecturer - Visual Arts Education, School of Education, Australian Catholic University

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The individual in a family in whom an inherited trait is first identified. The first person to be studied, from whom genetic descent may be traced. The first member of a family to come to the notice of a researcher, and through whom investigation of a pedigree began. Normally the individual is selected because of the presence of a disorder whose inheritance is to be studied. Individual in a family who brought the family to medical attention.

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Time – The Evolution of Reality Time is perhaps the most important element that exists in our world. It is hard to imagine the existence of any form of life without time. Indeed, I daresay that as long as there is life and motion, the presence of time is inevitable. One should not confuse himself by concluding that time is the cause of all life. This statement would be highly inaccurate and deeply flawed. On the contrary, one should view time and life as inseparable. One of the basic characteristic of living matter is motion. As long as there is motion, the object that is subject to movement must also be subjected to time. In other words, time is change as surely as change is time. Our early ancestors would have most probably measured time with the rising and setting of the sun and the changing of seasons. Both of these natural situations would essentially be a measure of the interval taken for a cycle to complete. Humanity has since measured time using the same method all around the world. If you ever wondered why your clock is round, the answer is that the only way we know how to measure time is through the repetition of one event back to its original state. In physics, time is considered one of the fundamental quantities that is used to generate other units. For some philosophers, time is one of the fundamental structures of the universe itself. While some people think time as an illusion, the truth is that as long as we choose to believe that we exist (a wise choice indeed), we are all subjected to time. Time waits for no man and is independent of the observer. How can time be an illusion when there is movement? Even if all life were to be extinct, the movement of any non-living matter would still prove the existence of time. We normally think we know what is time. More often than not, we are wrong. Time as far as human beings can observe is unidirectional. It is in essence a continuous process from past to future that grows as it changes. One need not think too deep to prove the unidirectional flow of time. If time can move backwards, why is it we can remember the past but not the future? Similarly, if time is not unidirectional, we should be able to see broken cups recreating themselves into their original state. Even the movement of planets around the sun shows that time is unidirectional as they move not in all directions (a physical impossibility) but in a constant one-way direction. Time is not universally the same for all individuals. It is an old myth that there is a universal quantity called time that all clocks measure. Absolute and universal time is an illusion! Instead, every separate individual has his own personal time that is independent to a certain extent from another individual. Einstein’s theory of relativity proves that universal time is a lie because two accurately precise timepieces would show a difference in ‘time’ if one is stationary while the other is moving. Many experiments conducted on this subject have indeed proven the relativity of time. Thus, the relativity of time simply shows that the measurement of time is relative to the observer. Fundamentally, the principle of time remains the same because no matter what difference is shown between two different time pieces, time is still a continuous movement from the past to the future. For our world, this fundamental principle of time is a priori, a truth that is independent of experience. In saying so, all our ancestors would be subjected to the same principle of time. Of the Past and the Future The connection of the past and the future is time. The fundamental difference is that the past is unalterable and set in stone while the future is usually seen as a variable that to some people seem random. The possibilities of total randomness is highly unlikely. I consider it logical to belief that even if we do not know what will happen, it does not mean that future events are totally random. My birth is certainly not random. This shows that the past defines who we are and set a scope in which the future is to unfold. This is in line with the principle of causality to which every effect must have a cause. The cause of my existence in this world is because of my parents and the cause of their existence is because of their parents. To say that my birth is a random occurrence would be really ridiculous because everything that happens in the future is due to something that happened in the past. Without the seed, the plant would not exists. If the planting of the seed is not random, how can the existence of the plant be random? Randomness would then simply be an excuse when one cannot predict the future. Similarly, the laws of physics can be applied as an action is always followed by a reaction. Without an action, the reaction would not happen and since an action in history is not random, the reaction must also not be random. The past is unchangeable unless the Creator should will it. The arrow of time would point in one direction as long as reality persist. If time was to flow backwards, all reality that we know would crumble and all life would cease to exist. The closest we can achieve in reversing time would be to rewind a recorded film and watch everything backwards. Memory, a tapestry woven by time however, cannot be rewinded so easily. Imagine remembering the future and not past memories! Of Free-will and Fate In establishing that the past and the future are not just random occurrences, one must question the validity of free-will and of fate. The concept of free-will in which every individual is free to choose is often a misleading philosophy. While I am an ardent supporter of human rights and the freedom of speech, I must admit that there are rather rigid limitations to free-will. First and foremost, we cannot choose who our parents are. Because of this, the immediate choice of what environment we are thrown into when we come into this world is also not for us to decide. Second, to say that a child with down-syndrome has the freedom to choose to be a genius is an outright lie. Whether we like it or not, different people are born with different talents, competence, characteristics, physical appearances and mental faculties. In terms of these aspects, we almost never have a choice. While I admit that a person who learns music would become more and more proficient in playing a musical instrument, talent would ultimately be the determining factor of how far a person’s musical achievement can reach. Of all the numerous schools teaching music and students learning music, the number of famous composers and virtuosos, are limited to only a small number in comparison! This shows that both talent and training is needed to create a Mozart out of a man! The third limitation of free will, is the necessity of choice. Whenever we reach a crossroad in our lives, we are force to choose where we want to go next. There is no escaping the necessity of choice. Even if an individual decides not to make a choice between two or more alternatives, this event itself is a choice. Since choosing not to choose is also a choice, one has no freedom in escaping this reality set by time. I consider it a great folly when one says that he has decided not to make anymore choices in his life. An absurd statement. Even with its limitations, free-will to a small degree is available to us. Because we are all relative to time, we are unable to know the full consequences of our actions. When we look in retrospect, we should understand that things are fated to happen as the past is unalterable and out of the realm of choice and free-will. Events of the past has already happened and cannot happen in any other way. The future on the other hand, is only predictable to a certain extent and holds many possibilities. In relation to the future, free-will is present at a magnitude relative to the individual. As time passes and the ‘future’ is transformed into history, free-will concerning that event in the past disappears. Of Illusion and Reality Time defines almost every aspect of life. As long as we believe that we exist, time is present. How then do we know whether we exist when our senses usually mislead us on a daily basis? Sometimes we wake up in the morning not knowing whether we are still in a dream that might be as vivid as reality itself. While it is common to pinch ourselves to prove we are awake, one must admit that one can experience ‘pain’ even when one is dreaming. The lack of our senses as an absolute agent to sense reality would cause us to doubt on whether everything or anything is actually real. The answer to this question is simple. Whether reality is an illusion is inconsequential. Even if everything we know, touch and see is a lie, we cannot choose do deny our own existence. If we decide to kill ourselves, we are acknowledging that there is something to be killed. Similarly, if we choose not to eat, hunger would inevitably cause great discomfort to our bodies and would serve as a reminder of the futility of denying our own existence. Our mind simply cannot handle the notion that we do not exist. Even if we wake up to a different reality everyday, the laws of time would still hold. As long as we can see motion, we exist and thus a reality to which we reside in exists. The only way that our reality would crumble is that if everything become static and time stops to a halt. If there is no dynamic movement of any kind, even thought, reality would crumble indefinitely. Therefore, whether our reality is an illusion is really inconsequential because we cannot choose to deny our own existence as long as dynamic movement is possible. The Time Machine It is a common mistake to think that humanity can control time with a time machine. Being able to travel back and forth through time does not mean that one controls time. This is due to the fact that the ‘time’ taken to travel from either the past to future or future to past is also unidirectional even though the direction of time for the person in the time machine has changed. Furthermore, as one exits the time machine, he is subjected once again to the limitations of time and space. Even if a time machine becomes a reality one day, complete control of time would most probably be beyond the ability of mortals. With that being said, nobody knows what the future holds. Only ‘time’ can tell.

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Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry BiologyLive in freshwater areas as adults, estuaries and seas as young (Ref. 12693). Found in lowland rivers as well as upland tributaries (Ref. 2847). While in river, the sex gland does not develop. But in winter when they move from the stream to river mouth, the sex gland begins to develop as mature individuals go to deep sea to breed (Ref. 45563). The spawning grounds are deep sea gullies among the south of the Philippines, east of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (Ref. 45563). Are active at night, feeding on a wide range of prey (Ref. 7248, 79840), especially crabs, frogs and fish (Ref. 7248). Thought to breed east of Madagascar where the young are wafted to the East Coast by ocean currents (Ref. 13337, 79840).

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Kokanee salmon have been added to the Aquarium’s salmon hatchery trough—and this is the first time we’ve ever exhibited them. Hatched two weeks ago, they came from the Lakewood Hatchery in Auburn. After growing up in the display trough for several months, they will be moved into our stream exhibit. Kokanee salmon are the landlocked form of sockeye salmon. They live in freshwater streams their whole lives and never migrate to the ocean; therefore, they’re much smaller than sockeye. Locally, kokanee populations can be found in Lake Washington, Lake Sammamish, Issaquah Creek and other small creeks that feed into these bodies of water. Kokanee range in length from 10 to 18 inches and spawn from early August through late December. What distinguishes kokanee salmon from other salmon species? Males: back and sides are bright red to dirty red-gray; head is bright to olive green; tail is green to black; large dorsal hump. Females: colors aren’t as bright, but they’re red above the lateral line. Both: possible spots on back or tail fin. Come see the kokanee salmon next time you visit the Aquarium!

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Sagittarius is the ninth sign of the zodiac. Because this constellation is located low in the sky, it is best viewed where there is a clear southern horizon during the summer months. It has a very distinctive shape; some call it a teapot because of the outline found in the middle area of the constellation, as shown in image on your right. Sagittarius has plenty of interesting viewable objects that will draw the interest of any backyard astronomer. In the Northern hemisphere, the Sagittarius constellation appears during the early morning hours of the spring and vanishes from sight in the autumn. At no other place in the sky is the glow of the Milky Way as strong as in the Sagittarius region. When looking at constellation Sagittarius, our eyes are looking towards the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Constellation Sagittarius Mythology The constellation has its roots in Sumerian culture, but is traditionally depicted as a centaur, half-man, half-horse found in Greek myths. This centaur, named Chiron was the son of the titan Cronos and the nymph Philyra. Chiron was good natured, unlike most centaurs who were violent. He is depicted wearing a cloak and drawing his bow, aiming an arrow at the star Antares, which represents the heart of the Scorpio constellation. As such, he is often called “The Archer”. After Hercules accidentally wounded him, Zeus saw that Chiron was in great pain and let him die and then placed him in the heavens. Stars and DSO’s in Constellation Sagittarius Sagittarius is the constellation that contains the greatest number of stars with known planets. It contains many bright stars. The brightest ones are The brightest ones delta, epsilon, zeta, phi, lambda, gamma-2, sigma and tau Sagittarii. These are the stars that form the Teapot asterism. Another star of interest in Sagittarius is the Pistol Star. It is a bright blue hypergiant, a variable star, that is one of the most luminous stars discovered in the Milky Way. Altought it is amongst the brightest stars of our galaxy, it cannot be seen by the naked eye because it is hidden by a cloud of interstellar dust that surrounds it. Constellation Sagittarius is filled with interesting deep sky objects. Popular sights include one of the brightest star clusters in the region: Messier 55, or NGC 6809, located near delta Sagittarii. The Omega Nebula, or Messier 17 (NGC 6618) gives birth to new stars. The nebula contains about 35 young stars. These radiate energy and produce a reddish glow in the nebula. The stars themselves are hidden in the nebulosity and cannot be observed. The Omega Nebula is known by many names including the Swan Nebula, the Horseshoe Nebula and the Lobster Nebula. The Trifid Nebula, or Messier 20 (NGC 6514), is another hot spot for star formation within Sagittarius. It contains a reddish emission nebula, a blue reflection nebula, a dark nebula, and an open cluster of stars. The name Rrifid means “divided into three lobes.” In 2005, the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope made an interesting observation. It discovered 30 embryonic stars as well as 120 newborn stars inside the nebula. The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is on of the closest satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. It contains at least four globular star clusters. Messier 54 (NGC 6715) is located in the center of the galaxy and was the first globular cluster ever discovered outside the Milky Way. It is located near zeta Sagittarii. Great Telescopes to View Sagittarius DSO’s Orion StarSeeker 130 GoTo Reflector Telescope & SkyLine Kit Orion SkyQuest XT10i IntelliScope Dobsonian Telescope Orion SkyQuest XT8g Computerized GoTo Dobsonian Telescope Filed Under: Advice and Guides

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Treatments & Acquired Immunity by Dr. Tara Nath Gaire Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Complete Article: Avian Aspergillosis by Dr. Tara Nath Gaire Abstract ... Introduction ... Etiology ... Growth ... Toxins ... Epidemiology ... Transmission ... Pathogenesis ... Clinical Signs, Gross Lesions, Histopathology & Diagnosis ... Treatments & Acquired Immunity (below) ... Prevention and Control ... References Cited Treating avian aspergillosis is a challenge due to a number of factors. These include the limited knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents in different bird species, the granulomatous inflammation that makes it difficult for the drug to reach the target fungus, the presence of concurrent disease and/or immunosuppression, and the late stage at which birds are usually presented (McMillan & Petrak, 1989; Flammer, 1993; Orosz & Frazier, 1995). The best way to overcome the disease is topical therapy after removing the granulomatous tracheal lesions by suction (Westerhof, 1995), and this can be used in combination with an early, aggressive systemic antifungal therapy. In most birds, however, granulomatous lesions are difficult to remove because of their location within the respiratory system and because of the risk of surgical trauma and anaesthesia (Hernandez-Divers, 2002). Hence, in most cases, only antifungal therapy is applied. Topical therapy can be administered by nebulization, nasal or air sac flushing, or surgical irrigation of the abdominal cavities (Bauck et al., 1992; Oglesbee, 1997; Abrams et al., 2001), while systemic therapy can be administered intravenously and orally. The role and prevalence of acquired resistance to antifungal drugs as a potential contributing factor is not well known. Since drug resistance has been increasingly reported in human medicine (Snelders et al., 2008), standardized susceptibility testing is also becoming necessary in avian medicine. Literature regarding in vitro susceptibilities of antifungal agents for avian A. fumigatus strains in birds is scarce. The minimal inhibitory concentration of thiabendazole, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole for a limited number of A. fumigatus strains isolated from raptors has been determined using non-standardized methods (Redig & Duke, 1985; Silvanose et al., 2006, 2009). Currently, a reference method is available to test the antifungal susceptibility of filamentous fungi (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M38-A2), thus solving the lack of standardization. Using this method, the in vitro susceptibility of 59 avian A. fumigatusstrains against amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole has been determined. Four isolates showed acquired resistance to both itraconazole and voriconazole, a fact that may harbour implications for the treatment (Beernaert et al., 2009c). The role of acquired immunity in aspergillosis resolution still remains unclear. A previous nonfatal challenge with A. fumigatus did not protect turkeys against a second inoculation and even worsened airsacculitis severity. Transfer of activated splenocytes from convalescent 12-to-14-week-old Beltsville small white turkeys to naive birds did not confer any protection against experimental infection to the latter. A culture filtrate vaccine, a conidial vaccine, a mycelial vaccine, and 2 germling vaccines were compared in different trials for their protective efficiency against A. fumigatus infection in poults, with limited results. This underlines the actual importance of animal models in therapeutic protocols evaluation. Information contained on this website is provided as general reference only. For application to specific circumstances, professional advice should be sought. High Quality Species Photos, Videos and/or Articles Contributions are welcome! Click here to upload articles and images. Please Note: The images on this page are the sole property of the photographers (unless marked as Public Domain). Please contact the photographers directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you. The Avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up-to-date information; however, mistakes do happen. If you would like to correct or update any of the information, please send us an e-mail. THANK YOU!

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American Samoa Community College Book Report Format Name: Fa’ateaina Tauta Date: March 8, 2011 Title of the Book: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author: Jayne Anne Phillips Setting: The story of “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn takes place at the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, which lies on the bank of the Mississippi River. Favorite Characters and Why: My favorite character is Huckleberry Finn which is also known as “Huck”. I like the way he act in the story and also the way he do things (I mean the way he face his problems with his father). When he ran away from home, he did everything just to keep himself safe. Also he never let the Widow’s security to catch him. He is also an understandable person to any kind of people. And also my favorite character is Jim which is Huck’s friend. He helped Huck to survive and to get away from their enemies. Jim was one of the Widow’s servant or security. But he ran away when Huck disappeared and that makes the Widow think that Jim kidnap Huck. Jim’s stubborn reliance on the “authorities” of romance novels him to acts of incredible stupidity and startling unkindness. His severe devotion to societies aligns Jim with the “civilizing” forces that Huck learns to see through and gradually abandons. Moral of the story: The story was nice and good, because it tells about the life of this young boy and his father with no mother. It’s a great story and also it mentioned some of the things that are happening in our lifetime. Some kids run away from home with good and bad reasons. But this kid didn’t try to get away from home because he did something bad but anyways, he ran away because he was tired and he wants to be free from the Widow that adopted him. It was a good and a nice story that tells about the adventure of his life, and this story basically about the Journey of Huckleberry Finn. Huck is the thirteen year old son of Pap which is the local drunk of St. Petersburg, Missouri, a town of the... [continues] Cite This Essay (2011, 04). The Young Boy and His Father. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 04, 2011, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Young-Boy-And-His-Father-669243.html "The Young Boy and His Father" StudyMode.com. 04 2011. 04 2011 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Young-Boy-And-His-Father-669243.html>. "The Young Boy and His Father." StudyMode.com. 04, 2011. Accessed 04, 2011. http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Young-Boy-And-His-Father-669243.html.

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Diacetyl chemical in artificial butter popcorn linked to Alzheimer's plaque build-up (CBS News) An ingredient used in artificial butter flavoring for popcorn may worsen the effects of an abnormal brain protein that's been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A new study in Chemical Research in Toxicology examined diacetyl (DA), an ingredient used to produce the buttery flavor and smell in microwave popcorn, margarine, candy, baked goods, and even pet food. It is also created naturally in fermented drinks like beer, and gives some chardonnay wines its buttery taste, according to the study. Scientists at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis conducted an analysis of DA, a chemical which previously has been linked to respiratory problems in employees at microwave popcorn and food-flavoring factories. They found that DA has a structure that's similar to a substance that makes beta-amyloid proteins. Too much amyloid that clumps together to form plaques are a tell-tale marker of Alzheimer's disease in the brain. The researchers wanted to see whether DA would clump those proteins in a similar fashion to form plaques. They found DA did lead to an increase in levels of beta-amyloid clumping, leading to toxic effects on nerve cells the scientists grew in a laboratory. The experiments also showed that DA easily penetrated the blood-brain barrier, a layer of cells that is supposed to keep harmful substances from entering the brain but allows other helpful materials to cross. The chemical was also found to mitigate the effects of glyoxalase I, a protein that protects nerve cells. The study however did not show a cause and effect relationship between the chemical and Alzheimer's, and the results haven't been replicated in people, only in test tubes. "In light of the chronic exposure of industry workers to DA, this study raises the troubling possibility of long-term neurological toxicity mediated by DA," the researchers, led by Dr. Robert Vince, director of the University of Minnesota Center for Drug Design, said in a written statement. Popular in Health - Skin cancer self-exam: What to look for (PHOTOS) - A test for throat cancer caused by HPV? - Air pollution exposure while pregnant linked to autism risk - Deep vein thrombosis: Don't ignore these silent symptoms - Japanese "eyeball licking" trend carries blindness risk - Facebook organ donor status option upped number of donors - Moderate drinking during pregnancy may not harm baby's brain - Scientists grow new organs on scaffolding 12 Photos

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The First Turn, 1680-1720 Lesson 5: Native American Presence in Deerfield, Massachusetts Activity 1 - 45 minutes Activity 2 - 45 minutes Activity 3 - 60 minutes Activity 4 - 60 minutes top of page |Key Content Ideas Taught in this Lesson and Teacher Background With the increased competition between Native groups because of the beaver trade for European goods, the Kanien'kehaka attacked the Pocumtuck homeland, diminishing their numbers and thus their power. The Pocumtucks were now more vulnerable to domination by the English who wished to expand settlements and trade further up the Connecticut River. The English soon pressured the Pocumtucks to sign deeds transferring land ownership. The Native peoples did not share the European concept of land ownership, the basis of which was individual rights to specific bounded parcels of land. When the Pocumtucks signed the English deeds, which they did not fully understand, they believed they were only agreeing to share their homeland with the newcomers. In the language of these deeds, the Pocumtucks reserved traditional rights of "fishing in ye Rivers, to hunt Deere and other creatures, ...to gather walnuts, and other nuts on ye Common." Although they retained these rights, the Pocumtuck found it increasingly difficult to remain in their homeland due to English restrictions and encroachments. As a result of these problems, wars broke out, including "The Bloody Brook Massacre" and "The Falls Fight" which were part of King Philip's War, and the 1704 Attack on Deerfield. For more information read: Teacher Background Essay: Native American Presence in Deerfield, Massachusetts top of page |Intended Learning Outcomes Students will understand that: 1. There was no longer a permanent Native American settlement in Deerfield at this time and most had left the area because of English encroachment on their land and livelihood. 2. Land transfers, in the form of deeds, occurred between the Pocumtucks and English. 3. A state of war existed in New England at this time, involving the French, English and Native Americans. 4. The 1704 attack on Deerfield by the Native Americans and French had a significant impact on the town, resulting in deaths and the removal of English settlers to Canada. Students will be able to: 1. Read and extract information from background materials. 2. Read primary source materials from the period. 3. Write a summary of an article and discussion. top of page |In Preparation for Teaching 1. Read Teacher Background Essay: Native American Presence in Deerfield, Massachusetts 2. Review teacher essay from Lesson 2, Teacher Background Essay: Native American History 3. Read Student Background Essay: Pocumtuck Identity top of page Primary and Secondary Sources: 1. Teacher Background Essay: Native American Presence in Deerfield, Massachusetts 2. Five study prints: 3. "July 14th, 1703, Prices of Goods" 4. Dedham Grant Deed of Transfer of Pacomtuck land to Dedham residents 5. "Bloody Brook Massacre", from The History of Deerfield, Vol. I, George Sheldon, 1895, excerpt of pgs. 100-103 6. History of Deerfield, Vol. I, George Sheldon, 1895, excerpts of pgs. 155-157 (Turners Falls Attack) 7. "Colonial Wars Timeline Images:" 1. Individual student notebooks top of page ||Materials in Context A. The Beaver Trade 1. Divide class into smaller groups and distribute a picture or two from the following list to each group: a. Abenaki couple b. Huron couple c. Tee Yee Nee Ho Ga Row d. "Philip, King of Mt. Hope" e. Sash given to Stephen Williams by Arosen Ask students to study the pictures carefully for evidence of items the Native Americans would have received in trade from the English. Make a list of these items on the board. 2. Ask: What else might the Indians want that they had never had before? What might they have given in trade to receive these new things? Add items they may have wanted to the list on the board and start a new list of things that could be traded to the English. 3. Give each student a copy of the broadside, "July 14th, 1703, Prices of Goods." Have the students check the items on their existing list of English items they recognized from the broadside. a. According to the broadside, what are the Indian people trading to the English for these items? b. If the Indian people had no beaver skins, what else might they use for trade? (corn, land) c. Before the Native Americans met Europeans, they hunted only what they needed and no more. As you can see from the broadside, beaver pelts became the most popular trade item. With so many Europeans and Native Americans now wanting these pelts, what problems might arise? Eventually, the beaver population in New England was depleted. What could the Native Americans do to continue receiving European goods? (give up their land) top of page "Tee Yee Nee Ho Ga Row" "Philip, King of Mt. Hope" photo of finger woven sash in Memorial Room "July 14th, 1703, Prices of Goods" B. The Deerfield Deed 1. Discuss with students what makes them want to stay in their home and "home area" or homeland. What is important to them about that space? 2. Now have them imagine that a stranger who is interested in their home area has approached them. The stranger doesn't speak English very well but he seems interested in staying around. He has asked them to put their mark on a document but they can't understand what that document says. They know that if they do sign, they will receive a new skateboard, a computer complete with all sorts of extra games, CDs of music they happen to like, and awesome new clothes. These are all things they'd really like and they are excited about them. Remind students of how much they understand of the document. The stranger does not speak their language and cannot explain it any further. Do they sign that document so that they can have all those great trade items? Why or why not? 3. Distribute the Deerfield deed. Have students examine the deed. Ask: a. Can you make out any of the words? If so, list them. b. Can you figure out what this document is about? If so, explain. If not, that is ok. 4. Now ask students to put themselves in the place of the Pocumtucks who were asked to sign this deed. Tell them they were chosen by the English to represent their whole village, whether their village saw them as leaders or not. They understand that by signing, their village will receive all sorts of new trade items such as wool cloth, glass beads, guns, and metal knives, axe heads and pots. Their village has never had these things before and they are excited about them. However, ownership is not a concept that their people understand, especially when it refers to land, and they cannot understand the deed at all. Do they sign the deed anyway? Why or why not? They can see that "Chauk" did sign the deed on behalf of his people. Because he did this, what might have happened? top of page Dedham Grant Deed of Transfer of Pacomtuck land to Dedham residents C. King Philip's War 1. Ask students to think back to the two previous lessons on trade and the Deerfield deed. Discuss the Indians' problems in dealing with the Europeans and why they might want to go to war against them. 2. Divide the class into smaller groups and assign each a nineteenth century source to read about one of the attacks from the list below: - "Bloody Brook Massacre", from The History of Deerfield, George Sheldon, 1895, pgs. 100-103 (abridged) - History of Deerfield, George Sheldon, 1895, pgs. 155-157, (Turners Falls Attack) (abridged) 3. Explain that these excerpts were written in the late nineteenth century and discuss how the views of the author were shaped by his time. Note that the late nineteenth century was a time when the United States was fighting various Native American groups to acquire their land and place the people on reservations. This author was also a direct descendant of the English settlers whom he discusses in his history, and he uses some family stories about the time period to support his point of view. This is likely to be one important source of his bias. 4. Ask each group to pretend to be modern journalists or reporters whose job is to create a shorter, more balanced oral report using other groups' (such as the French, Abenaki, or Kanien'kehaka) accounts and perspectives of what took place. Before students begin, discuss the meaning of the word "bias". As they prepare their presentations, ask them to make a list of words or phrases they chose not to include (because of the bias they carry) with notes on why they chose not to use the words. 5. Have each group give their report to the class. They should follow up their presentation with comments on their feelings toward the original excerpts. top of page Bloody Brook Massacre History of Deerfield social studies notebooks D. Colonial Wars 1. Provide a quick summary for the class discussing how these wars are different: a. Read the background essay and refer to the Student Background Essay Relationship between the English, the French, and the Native People (part 1 of Lesson 4). b. Explain to the students that between 1689 and 1763 there were a series of colonial wars known collectively as the French and Indian Wars. They are: King William's War, 1689-1697; Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713; King George's War, 1744-1748; the French and Indian War, 1754-1763. These wars were waged in North America between England and France and their respective Native American allies. The period between 1713 and 1744 was a time of relative peace when former enemies visited one another. 2. Circulate the "Colonial Wars Timeline Images" in random order throughout the class. 3. As a class, number the pictures in chronological order. 4. Discuss the pattern the pictures reveal. Group the items into three time periods on a chalkboard or a bulletin board under the following headings: a. 1689-1713 (first two colonial wars: King William and Queen Anne's) b. 1713-1744 (time of relative peace) c. 1744-1763 (last two colonial wars: King George's and French and Indian War) 5. Use the "Colonial Wars Timeline Images", which lists the items in sequential order to check your sequence and provide information for further discussion. Questions to think about: - Do all these items have to do with war? - Do they all relate to the same war? - Why might Native Americans have participated in these wars within the three time periods? "Colonial Wars Timeline Images" (lists items in sequential order) Ensign John Sheldon House Old "Indian House" Door The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion Table of Losses John Sheldon snow shoes A Sermon Preach'd at Mansfield New England Captives Carried to Canada Memorabilia from the Bars Fight top of page Use the "news reports" from Activity 3 to assess the degree to which students have accomplished the intended learning outcomes. top of page

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VaultsJune 2009 Molecule of the Month by David Goodsell doi: 10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2009_6 (PDF Version, ePub Version ) Our cells are filled with compartments, each performing a specific function. Some of these compartments, such as mitochondria and lysozomes, are very large and enclose many different molecular machines. Other intracellular compartments are smaller, such as the transport vesicles that shuttle proteins from site to site inside the cell. Most of these compartments, including mitochondria, lysozomes and transport vesicles, are surrounded by membranes. However, in special cases, cells build smaller compartments surrounded by a protein shell. In our own cells, vaults are a spectacular example of these protein-enclosed compartments. Vaults are composed of many copies of the major vault protein, which assembles to form a hollow football-shaped shell. The one shown here is from rat liver cells (PDB entries 2zuo, 2zv4, and 2zv5) and contains 78 copies of the protein. Inside cells, the vault also encloses a few other molecules, which were not seen in the crystal structure because they don't have a symmetrical structure inside the vault. These molecules include several small RNA molecules, a protein that binds to RNA, and an enzyme that adds nucleotides to proteins. Mystery of the Vault Vaults still pose great mysteries. Researchers have been struggling to find out what they do. They are found in many types of cells (each of our own cells contain about 100,000 of them) but some organisms, such as fruit flies and yeast cells, don't have them at all. They are often found in the cytoplasm, where they are transported rapidly from site to site. But, they are also found occasionally in the nucleus, and even more interestingly, they have been found in nuclear pores. These findings, along with lots of other observations, suggest that vaults may be used for transport. Definitive proof, however, still remains to be discovered. Bacteria also contain protein-enclosed compartments. Two examples are shown here. The one on the left is encapsulin (PDB entry 3dkt), a protein that forms a virus-like shell. The inner surface has binding sites for antioxidant enzymes. This crystal structure contains a short peptide from these enzymes (in blue) bound to the inner surface. The proteins on the right, PDB entries 2qw7 and 3bn4, are the building blocks for a much larger protein shell called a carboxysome. It is found in photosynthetic bacteria, where it packages two of the enzymes of carbon fixation. This improves the efficiency of the slow carbon-fixing reaction by packaging carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme that makes carbon dioxide, next to rubisco, the enzyme that fixes it into sugars. click on the image for an interactive Jmol Exploring the Structure The vault is a huge symmetrical structure composed of 78 identical chains. In this picture, one of the chains is colored white and the others are colored from red to blue from one end of the chain to the other. Part of the protein folds into a string of small domains that together assemble into the wide body at the center. The rest of the protein forms a long alpha helix that assembles into the narrow cap at the ends. The vault is so large that the coordinates have been split into three PDB entries ( 2zuo, 2zv4, and 2zv5) so watch your step when you go to explore this structure yourself! Additional reading about vaults - W. Berger, E. Steiner, M. Grusch, L. Elbling and M. Micksche (2009) Vaults and the major vault protein: novel roles in signal pathway regulation and immunity. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 66, 43-61. - S. Tanaka, C. A. Kerfeld, M. R. Sawaya, F. Cai, S. Heinhorst, G. C. Cannon and T. O. Yeates (2008) Atomic-level models of the bacterial carboxysome shell. Science 319, 1083-1086 © 2013 David Goodsell & RCSB Protein Data Bank

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Lab Manual - Inguinal Region Upon completion of this session, the student will be able to: - Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canal. (explanation) - Describe the anatomy of the various kinds of abdominal wall hernias (indirect and direct inguinal, umbilical, lumbar). (explanation) - Define the layers of the anterior abdominal wall, their contributions to the coverings of the spermatic cord and round ligament, and the origin of these coverings as related to the descent of the gonads. (explanation) - Identify the anatomical landmarks on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall and their relationships to the types of inguinal hernias. (explanation) Readings and Modules: - Prelab Learning Module and the Prelab Images - Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy: pgs. 181-217 1. Examine the round ligament of uterus or spermatic cord and inguinal canal. (Play movie; View images: N 259A, 259B, 260, 262, 263387, 390, 400, 497, 498, TG 3-14, 5-08, 5-09A, 5-09D, 5-10A, 5-10B, 5-10C, 6-31) Review the descent of the gonads in your text. In the inguinal region (male) carefully incise and probe beneath the cremasteric layer (muscle and fascia) from above downward toward the scrotum. On the deep surface of the cremasteric layer, lateral to the cord, you may notice the small genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. What does it innervate? Note that the cremaster muscle increases in density as it is traced upward toward the superficial ring. Note its continuity with the internal oblique muscle, as well as the manner in which it overlies the cord. In the female, if identifiable, dissect the cremaster muscle within the inguinal canal, removing it from the round ligament of the uterus. Pull the round ligament or spermatic cord laterally, exposing the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. Examine the falx inguinalis. Note that the falx is composed of fibers of both the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis muscles. Between the falx and the inguinal ligament identify the weak fascia. Does it have a thickened lateral border (interfoveolar ligament)? Deep to the lateral border of the weak fascia locate the inferior epigastric artery and vein. Note the relationship between the insertion of the falx fibers and the attachment of the lacunar ligament. The covering of the round ligament of the uterus or spermatic cord now is an extension of the transversalis fascia, called the internal spermatic fascia in the male. Trace this layer toward the labia majora or testis and then proximally up to the deep (internal) inguinal ring. What tissue forms the deep ring, and how does it do so? What does the deep ring transmit (male, female)? Locate its position along the length of the inguinal ligament. Review the inguinal canal from deep to superficial rings. Dissect and identify the structures of the spermatic cord: ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (may be difficult to find). The testicular artery lies embedded within the pampiniform plexus of veins. 2. Incise the complete thickness of the abdominal wall transversely at the umbilicus. (Play movie; View images: N 253, 259, 260, TG 5-07, 5-10A, 5-10B) Along a transverse line immediately inferior to the umbilicus, completely cut through the anterior abdominal wall, including the deepest layer of the wall, the parietal peritoneum. From the umbilicus inferiorly to the pubic symphysis, cut through the anterior abdominal wall slightly to the left of midline. The anatomy of the inguinal region may now be more easily studied in detail, since both superficial and deep surfaces of the anterior abdominal wall must be seen to appreciate relationships. Some structures can be seen best (or perhaps only) from within the abdominopelvic cavity. 3. Examine the anterior abdominal wall below the incision, defining the folds and fossae in the peritoneum. (Play movie; View images: N 253, 259, 260, TG 5-07, 5-10A, 5-10B) Along the cut edge of the lower abdominal wall flap, try to identify the sequence of layers, from deep to superficial: parietal peritoneum, extraperitoneal connective tissue, transversalis fascia, transversus abdominis muscle, internal abdominal oblique muscle, external abdominal oblique muscle. Recall that you have already removed the two outermost layers: subcutaneous tissue and skin. Now lift or pull down on the lower abdominal wall flap, look on its deep surface, and identify 3 upraised folds in the peritoneum created by structures lying just superficial to the peritoneum: median umbilical fold, medial umbilical fold, and an epigastric (lateral umbilical) fold. These are created by the presence of, respectively: the median umbilical ligament (urachus), medial umbilical ligament (obliterated umbilical artery), and inferior epigastric vessels. Note how these form borders for 3 depressions: supravesical fossa, medial inguinal fossa, and lateral inguinal fossa. What are the relationships of the latter two to the weak fascia and the deep inguinal ring? 4. Examine the internal aspect of the inguinal region, defining the deep inguinal ring, inguinal triangle, and associated structures. (Play movie; View images: N 253, 255, 259A, 259B, 262, 261, 263, 386, 389, 390, TG 5-07,5-08, 5-09, 5-10, 5-11B, 5-11C, 5-30, 6-31, 5-33) Carefully pull the parietal peritoneum and extraperitoneal connective tissue from the anterior abdominal wall to uncover the deep surface of the transversalis fascia. This will also expose the structures in the above-named folds: the urachus (median umbilical ligament), the obliterated umbilical artery (medial umbilical ligament) and the inferior epigastric artery. The term "ligament" here refers to the fact that the adult structure is a fibrous remnant of the functional fetal structure. The inferior epigastric vessels occupy the lateral umbilical (epigastric) fold; but they are not a "ligament" since they remain functional. Define the inguinal triangle. Separate the peritoneum from the anterior abdominal wall down to the pecten of the pubis and psoas muscle. Remove any extraperitoneal fat in the area of the pecten and deep inguinal ring. Identify the well-defined pectineal and lacunar ligaments from inside the abdominal wall. With the transversalis fascia intact, note how the inferior epigastric vessels pierce this tissue to enter the rectus sheath on the deep surface of the rectus abdominis muscle. Find the deep inguinal ring just lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, as the transversalis fascia is evaginated and allows passage of the ductus deferens (or round ligament of the uterus), testicular vessels, and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. These structures come together at the deep ring to form the spermatic cord. Review the anatomy of the falx inguinalis, weak fascia, deep and superficial inguinal rings, inguinal canal and inguinal ligament. What is the relationship between direct and indirect inguinal hernias and these structures ? Define the inguinal canal, noting location, orientation, rings, walls, shape, and relationships. Review the coverings of the spermatic cord. How are they represented in the scrotum? Review the descent of the gonads. Compare the inguinal canal in male and female. To what does the round ligament of the uterus attach? What is its male homologue? What is the scrotal ligament? Surface anatomy of the abdomen Surface anatomy of the inguinal region Updated: 21 November 2011 |Copyright© 2000 The University of Michigan. Unauthorized use prohibited.||

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Anyone who has children can tell you that education is the biggest part of life. These children require experts to teach them how to move forward in life. This having been said, society on a whole needs to embrace education and understand that it is the foundation for any future the country might have. This means that there is going to have to be continued reform. The only way to stay current with the strides and advances that technology brings to the world is through constant change in the way children are taught. Education reform is one of the most vital responsibilities of the government and should not be taken lightly. Part of the education reform that should be emphasized is how technology can be integrated into learning without completely losing the one on one between the teachers and students that makes society what it is. This is where continued monitoring of how children are handling the technological advances comes into play. It is important that all children are considered when discussing education reform. For this reason testing needs to be on a broader base reaching all children not just those who are shining bright in the classroom. Making sure that every child has a chance at a quality education is vital to the success of the country in the generations to come. Children need to be provided the tools to rise to the occasion and keep up with their peers in the educational arena regardless of financial status. This may mean that technologies should be available to children at low or no cost to the families allowing them access to tutoring and contact with the technological advances that are so much a part of their future. With changing technology on a daily basis it is urgent that students be kept abreast of the newest information.

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Portuguese exploration and trade along the West African coast and to Atlantic islands, encouraged and directed by Prince Henry de Avis, the Navigator, continued throughout the 15th century. He assembled an international team of experts which made revolutionary advances in geography, navigation, and cartography. Handbooks, guides, and charts, along with the invention of more sophisticated and practical nautical instruments, professionalized what had been largely an intuitive craft. Crucial to these innovations were Muslim and Jewish contributions in mapmaking and navigational instruments. Christopher Columbus went to sea on the crest of these maritime advances. Theories of the universe first proposed by ancient Greek or Roman philosophers were accepted well into the 16th century. For example, the Vopel globe was based on Ptolemy's idea of an earth-centered universe. Ironically, it was made in 1543, the same year that Nicolaus Copernicus published his heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe. Caspar Vopel was a master-craftsman of astronomical and navigational tools. He made the sphere encircling the globe so that the seasonal changes in the orbits of the heavenly bodies could be observed. His "nocturnal," or compendium, was used for telling time at night and had several other navigational functions. Terrestrial and celestial globes and armillary spheres were important educational tools for illustrating the geographical, astronomical, and cosmographical concepts of the Renaissance and the Age of European Discovery. Terrestrial globes both reflected the sphereical nature of the earth and served to document man's changing perception and expanding knowledge of the geography of the earth. Armillary spheres were demonstration models for teaching astronomy and for illustrating the earth's position within the universe. This finely crafted and well-preserved three-inch terrestrial globe, within a six-inch armillary sphere, mounted on an octagonal brass base, is the work of Caspar Vopel (1511-1561), a teacher of mathematics in Cologne, Germany, and a scholar of wide cosmographical interests. Vopel skillfully drew by hand his portrayal of the earth's surface directly on the globe ball. Of particular historical interest is his portrayal of the uncertainty still prevalent in the first half of the sixteenth century among cosmographers regarding Columbus's contention that he had reached Asia. As shown on the globe, Vopel agreed with the school of thought that North America and Asia were joined as one landmass -- a misconception that continued on some maps until the late sixteenth century. Vopel's armillary sphere presents a model of the Ptolemaic, or earth-centered, cosmic system. The series of eleven interlocking and overlapping brass rings or armilla, some of which are movable, that make up the armillary sphere are adjustrable for the seasons and illustrate the circles of the sun, moon, known planets, and important stars. The wide ecliptic band includes delicate engravings of the signs of the zodiac. It is interesting to note that 1543 is not only the year of the construction of Vopel's armillary sphere, but it is also the year Copernicus's theory of a heliocentric universe was published, a theory that greatly changed the design of armillary spheres. In Stolfo, 1499. By the late fifteenth century an emerging body of literature to facilitate sea travel in the Mediterranean world was available. This early book of sailing directions served as a handy guide for the sailor and a storehouse of practical information for laymen. The use of the hand and zodiac for information was considered vital to the 15th century Mediterranean navigator. In Germanus, 1482. The most poular geographical work to be printed from movable type in the fifteenth century was Ptolemy's Geography or Cosmography. Originally compiled by the Alexandrian geographer, astronomer, and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy in the second century A.D., it was translated from Greek into Latin in Florence, Italy about 1410. The map of the world here reproduced, beautifully illuminated with twelve wind heads, is one of thirty-two maps illustrating the edition of the Cosmographia issued from the press of Lienhart Holle of Ulm, Germany, on July 6, 1482. Holle's edition was the first to be printed north of the Alps and the first to include maps printed from woodcuts. To produce his printed editin, Holle used a manuscript copy prepared under the direction of the Benedictine Monk known as Donnus Nicolaus Germanus. This world map shows the state of European cartographic knowledge of the world prior to Columbus' 1492 voyage. It reflects the Ptolemaic world view. The old (or known) inhabited world oikoumene is depicted as extending 180 degrees east and west, but in reality it covers only 105 degrees of longitude. This elongation, greatly shortening the unknown portion of the earth, was to influence navigators such as Christopher Columbus for many years. Also depicted is Ptolemy's mistaken notion that the Indian Ocean was an enclosed body of water, an idea that was to be disproved only five years later by the successful rounding of the Cape of Good Hope by Bartholomeu Dias of Portugal. New information began to find its way into the classical representations then in circulation in Western Europe, and the 1482 world map was no exception. Nicolaus Germanus, for example, extended the map northward to show Iceland (correctly positioned north of the British Isles) and Greenland (incorrectly shown as a peninsula of Europe). Raleigh Skelton in the introduction to the facsimile edition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Cosmographis, Ulm, 1482 (Amsterdam, 1963) noted that this is the "earliest printed delineation of Greenland, Iceland and the North Atlantic [on a world map]; and this was to exercise a potent influence in the cartography of the early 16th century." In Waldseemuller [Ptolemaeus], 1513. The first appearance of a map of America in a Ptolemy atlas occurred in the 1513 Strasbourg edition, which included a series of new maps, based on findings from recent European explorations. Martin Waldseemuller of St. Die began work on this new edition of Ptolemy about 1505 and compiled the maps. In this work, America remains named Terra Incognita and Columbus is credited with informing Fernando and Isabel of its existence. Continue the Voyage with Christopher Columbus or abandon ship and use the Outline.

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Work toward your Weather merit badge by completing these weather-related projects. A wind vane measures the direction of the wind. 1. Using the mallet, drive the garden stake into the ground until it feels sturdy. Choose a location that’s outdoors and relatively clear of anything that would obstruct the wind. 2. Using the saw, cut a half-inch slot into each end of the 12-inch-long piece of wood. 3. With the help of an adult, place the piece of wood on top of the stake, and drill a hole through the wood and into the stake. Use a drill bit that’s slightly larger than the nail you’ll be using. 4. Place the washer on top of the stake, and insert the nail through the wood and into the stake. The piece of wood should be free to rotate but not fall off. 5. Cut an arrowhead and tail out of the aluminum, and glue them into the slots on each end of the wood. 6. Wait for the wind to blow, and watch as your vane turns to point in the same direction. An anemometer measures the speed of the wind. 1. Mark a number “1” on one of the cups and set it to the side. 2. Poke four holes evenly spaced apart in the sides of the cup by plunging the pencil straight through both sides. Make sure one set of holes is slightly lower than the other. 3. Poke the pencil through the bottom of the cup, then pull it out, turn it around, and push it through the hole again, this time with the eraser side up. 4. Thread straws through the holes of the cup so that they cross in the middle. Tape the straws in place. 5. Push the pencil up until the eraser touches the straws at the point where they cross. Push the straight pin through the straws and into the eraser so that the straws are held in place, but the cup can still spin around the pencil. 6. Using the pencil, poke one hole in the side of each remaining cup. Mount each cup on the straws. 7. Hold the apparatus by the pencil, wait for the wind to blow, and watch it spin. Count the number of revolutions the marked cup makes in one minute to track the wind speed. A rain gauge measures the amount of rain. You can make a rain gauge out of any kind of measuring cup left outside when it rains. If an old measuring cup isn’t handy, cut the top off of a plastic water bottle. Use a ruler to measure how much water the bottle collects after a rainfall, or, better yet, use a waterproof marker to make inch marks on the side of the bottle.

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This workbook accompanies the second edition of Stephen Turnovsky's Methods of Macroeconomic Dynamics. New problems have been added to most of the chapters, particularly those that are new to the second edition of the book. In general, those exercises near the beginning of the book and the first few exercises of each chapter are the easiest to solve. For a long time, the study of macroeconomics has focused almost exclusively on a closed economy and downplayed the role of international transactions. Today, however, researchers recognize that one cannot fully understand domestic macroeconomic relationships without considering the global economy within which each country operates. Increasingly, economists are treating international transactions as an integral part of the macroeconomic system, and international macroeconomics has become an area of intensive research activity. Even minute increases in a country's growth rate can result in dramatic changes in living standards over just one generation. The benefits of growth, however, may not be shared equally. Some may gain less than others, and a fraction of the population may actually be disadvantaged. Recent economic research has found both positive and negative relationships between growth and inequality across nations. The questions raised by these results include: What is the impact on inequality of policies designed to foster growth?

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Greater bilbies were historically found over 70% of continental Australia with populations throughout South Australia, Western Australia, the Northern Territory, and New South Wales. Limited populations were also found in southwestern Queensland. Upon the introduction of feral cats (Felis silvestris), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus by Europeans, the home range of Macrotis lagotis was greatly reduced. Today, bilbies are limited to 20 to 30% of their original territory. Macrotis lagotis is found in Great Sandy, Tanami, and Gibson deserts in northwest Australia and the south west tip of Queensland. Greater bilbies are now considered extinct in South Australia. Reintroduction programs have begun in southern South Australia, southwestern Queensland, western New South Wales, and areas of Western Australia with some success due to the addition of predator-proof enclosures and intense monitoring of reintroduced populations. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2009; Northern Territory Government, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007) Greater bilbies are commonly found in dry, hot areas including deserts, dunes, and grasslands. There are three main vegetation types commonly associated with bilby habitat. These are tussock grassland commonly found on the hills and uplands, mulga woodlands and shrublands, and hummlock grasslands found on dunes and sandy plains. Greater bilbies are fossorial, found in areas of rocky and clayey soil. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2009; Northern Territory Government, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007) Greater bilbies are known for their large, relatively hairless, rabbit-like ears, and long pointed snouts with sensory vibrissae and a hairless pink nose. Their fur is soft, silky and bluish grey in color with a mix of fawn over the majority of the body. The belly is covered in white or cream fur. The first part of the tail is the same bluish grey as the body with the remainder of it being black and the final 40% being pure white. The pouch of females opens to the rear so as to avoid filling with soil when the animal is burrowing. The forelimbs are strong and consist of three clawed digits and two clawless digits. Greater bilby hind limbs are slender and similar to those of kangaroos. Rather than hopping, bilbies use their legs to gallop around the desert. Their tongues are long, sticky, and slender, making it easy to catch termites. Males and females are sexual dimorphic, with the male's body mass being twice that of females (800 to 2500 g for males relative to 600 to 1100 g for females). Along with being larger, males also have enlarged foreheads and longer canines (National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby). ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2009; Northern Territory Government, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007) Greater bilbies have a polygynous mating system in which the most dominant male will mate with the most dominate female and additional females while lower males will mate with females equal or below them in the social hierarchy. Males initiate sexual interactions by approaching and following a female. This is followed by the male sniffing the female around her face, shoulders, flanks, or under the tail as well as licking the female’s urogenital opening. Females may also sniff the male. Females may aggressively rebuff the advances of lower-ranked males. Copulation seems to take place underground with the longest mating sessions recorded taking place for around 18 hours. There is no evidence of pair bonding, though males will often scent mark the burrow after mating with a female. This is thought to ward off lower-ranked males. These results were observed in a study of captive bilbies. Little has been recorded about bilby mating in the wild due to their decreasing numbers and semi-fossorial, nocturnal lifestyle. (Johnson and Johnson, 1983) Greater bilbies have the ability to breed throughout the year, whether breeding occurs depends on environmental conditions. In their arid environments, females may delay mating until conditions are appropriate to support the nutritional demands of lactation and independence of the young. When environmental conditions are favorable, a female bilby may produce up to 4 litters a year, each typically consisting of 1 to 2 offspring, though up to 4 offspring have been reported. Female greater bilbies reach sexual maturity at around 5 months old (or 560 g) while males take around 8 months (or at a weight of 800 g) to reach maturity. The female oestrus cycle lasts around 21 days. Greater bilbies have one of the shortest gestation periods of all mammals, only 14 days. After gestation, the tiny, premature offspring climbs into its mother's pouch, attaches itself to a nipple and remains in the pouch for around 75 days. The young are cared for by the mother for an additional 14 days. After that, the young will leave their mother's burrow and be left to fend for themselves. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Humble, 2006; Johnson and Johnson, 1983) Females are the only caregivers of young. After their short gestation, young greater bilbies climb into their mother’s pouch where they remain for the majority of their time with their mother. During the 75 days the young bilbies remain in the pouch, the babies continue to grow at a very fast rate, reaching 200 g by the time they leave the pouch. While in the pouch, the offspring obtain all of their nourishment from mother’s milk. Bilby females have nipples both deep inside the pouch and nipples that hang outside the pouch. Each type of nipple provides a different type of milk for the offspring living outside the pouch versus inside the pouch. Once the young emerge from their mothers pouch, they do not return. Many times, the female has already mated and a new neonate enters the pouch soon after the previous litter has left. These young juveniles are cached by the mother in one of her burrows where she returns regularly over the next two weeks to allow her babies to suckle. After these two weeks, the young leave the burrow and must fend for themselves with no additional parental care. It is estimated that only 25% of offspring produced will reach adulthood while the rest will become prey for predators or succumb to the elements. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Humble, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007) The oldest greater bilby in captivity lived about 10 years, although 6 to 7 years of age is a typical maximum lifespan in captivity. The lifespan of greater bilbies in the wild is unknown. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Friend, et al., 2008; Tydale-Bicsoe, 1973) Greater bilbies tend to live solitary lives, though some may live together in pairs (usually two females). Greater bilbies are semi-fossorial, digging slightly spiraling burrows about 2 meters deep and up to 3 meters in length. These burrows may have multiple exits, which are particularly important if a burrow is invaded by a predator. A single bilby may have several burrows scattered through its home range. These burrows serve as protection from predators as well as from the harsh sun and other environmental conditions. They also serve as a safe place to cache young while adults are foraging. As the sun sets, nocturnal greater bilbies leave their burrows to forage and search for mating opportunities. Greater bilbies may return to their burrow periodically throughout the night to rest or if threatened by a predator. Home ranges of males, females, and juveniles are likely to over lap, but not much social contact is made with the exception of mating. However, male greater bilbies in captivity seem to possess a linear social hierarchy. Unlike bandicoots, this hierarchy is not maintained by high levels of aggression. Scent markings outside of burrows seem to signal where an animal is in the dominance hierarchy. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Humble, 2006; Northern Territory Government, 2006) Home range sizes of male greater bilbies are usually much larger than those of females. Female home ranges are from 0.18 to 1.5 square km while males have home ranges of between 1.5 to 3.16 square km. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006) Greater bilbies have poor eyesight and mainly rely on hearing and olfaction for perceiving their environment. They have a keen sense of smell, which is used to sniff out food buried underground as well as perceive scent markings of other individuals. With their enormous ears, greater bilbies also listen for insects underground as well as predators. However, hearing seems much less important than olfaction. The ears of greater bilbies are also used to help regulate body temperature. Communication between males usually occurs through scent markings. Males mark the outside of their burrows by rubbing their urogenital area along the burrow entrance. Males may also mark burrows where they have mated with a female. Scent marking seems directly correlated to dominance; dominant males mark over areas less dominant males have previously marked. Also, less dominant males tend to avoid entering burrows of dominant males. Females rarely scent mark their territories. Scent marks by males have little effect on the females since males are rarely, if ever, aggressive towards females. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Humble, 2006; Johnson and Johnson, 1983; Northern Territory Government, 2006) Greater bilbies do not drink water, they obtain water from their food. They have an opportunistic diet consisting of seeds, especially those of the grasses Dactyloctenium radulans and Yakirra australiense, bulbs, larvae, termites, ants, spiders, fruit, fungi, lizards and occasionally eggs, snails, or small mammals. The proportion of insect to plant material that makes up their diet depends on the habitat and the season. Along with a keen sense of smell, greater bilbies have excellent hearing. Placing their enormous ears against the ground, greater bilbies are able to hear termites and other insects burrowing underground. They then use their sharp claws and strong forelimbs to dig up insects, bulbs, and other buried food. Since greater bilbies have soft fur that does not protect their bodies well from termite bites, they dig tunnels leading to termite chambers and lap them up with their long, slender tongues. Unfortunately, this method of feeding leads to a large consumption of soil and sand as well. Controlled fires are actually important to greater bilbies because fire promotes growth and seed production of preferred food plants. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2009; Humble, 2006; Northern Territory Government, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007) While native species such as carpet pythons (Morelia spilota), monitor lizards (Varanidae), and some raptors (Accipitridae) are potential predators of greater bilbies, the most common and destructive predators are introduced species. Non-native species that prey on greater bilbies include dingos (thought to have been introduced in Australia about 3500 years ago), red foxes, and feral cats. Red foxes were brought to Australia for the purpose of recreational hunting in 1855 by European settlers. Within 100 years of their introduction, red foxes spread across continental Australia and currently inhabits all regions of the continent with the exception of the tropical northern region of Australia. Domestic cats were originally released throughout Australia around 1855 to control the population of another invasive species, European rabbits, as well as mice and rat populations. Domestic cats quickly expanded over the entire continent of Australia, killing many native species. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2009; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, 2004a; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, 2004b; Hintze, 2002; Northern Territory Government, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007; Tydale-Bicsoe, 1973) While they are a source of food for a number of predators, both native and introduced, the most important role played by Macrotis lagotis is that of an “ecosystem engineer.” Ecosystem engineers are “organisms that modify, maintain, create or destroy structure within the physical environment” (Eldridge and James, 2007). As greater bilbies forage for bulbs, seeds, and insects, they dig pits up to 25 cm deep that are then abandoned. These pits become areas where seeds, water, and other organic matter settle and begin to decompose. Greater bilby pits become “fertile patches” in the Australian desert where some seeds are provided the extra fertilization to germinate in an otherwise extremely difficult environment. Studies compared environments without greater bilbies and a similar, native fossorial group, bettongs (Bettongia) to those where these two native species are present. It was concluded that environments without these native fossorial animals suffered from devastating losses of native Australian fauna despite the presence of rabbits, which also dig burrows. (Eldridge and James, 2007) Greater bilbies were once a favorite traditional food and source of fur for Aboriginal peoples of Australia. The rarity and protected status of greater bilbies means this practice has been all but abandoned. Greater bilbies are promoted as a mascot for the Commonwealth of Australia Endangered Species Program. They are also replacing rabbits as the Australian symbol of Easter, with chocolate bilbies are being sold as an alternative to chocolate bunnies. (Northern Territory Government, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007) There are no known adverse effects of Macrotis lagotis on humans. Greater bilbies are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN red list, endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species List, and are on Appendix I of CITES. The conservation status in each of the Australian territories is as follows: Queensland - extinct, Northern Territory - threatened, Western Australia - vulnerable, South Australia - endangered, New South Wales - presumed extinct. Greater bilbies are the only extant member of Thylacomyidae after their closest relative, lesser bilbies (Macrotis leucura), became extinct between the 1930's and 1960's. Like M. leucura, greater bilbies have suffered a significant drop in population over the past 200 years due to the introduction of invasive predators such as dingos, red foxes, and feral cats, and invasive herbivores such as European rabbits. Along with the introduction of invasive species, a number of new diseases have also been brought to Australia. Greater bilbies are highly susceptible to the parasites and diseases of introduced animals and are commonly infected when they come into contact with feces of introduced species while digging. Without immunities to fight these parasites and diseases, many die as a result. The introduction of both European rabbits and livestock has greatly reduced the abundance of grasses, seeds, and other plant matter typically fed upon by native greater bilbies. As well as the reduction of plants through feeding, grazing has also led to the degradation of bilby habitat. Greater bilby habitat is also being destroyed as a result of human development and they are hit by cars along roads. Greater bilbies are protected under Australian law. A number of breeding and reintroduction projects are underway, as well as projects to control populations of harmful invasive species. Since the 1990's, greater bilby conservation groups have promoted the idea of replacing the Easter Bunny with the Easter Bilby. Chocolate shops around Australia began selling chocolate bilbies with a portion of the profit going to help fund bilby conservation. Greater bilbies have their own Australian holiday, National Bilby Day, anually held in mid-September in hopes of raising funds and educating the public on bilby conservation. ("National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis", 2006; Burbidge, et al., 2008; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2009; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, 2004a; Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, 2004b; Friend, et al., 2008; Hintze, 2002; Northern Territory Government, 2006; Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007) Emily Brown (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor, instructor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands. uses sound to communicate young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate in deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. Vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. Deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. In dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. This is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. In dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. Salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots. ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds. parental care is carried out by females A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing. Referring to a burrowing life-style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes). having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. active during the night an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals having more than one female as a mate at one time specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion; jumps or hops. communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female uses touch to communicate Living on the ground. A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia. A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome. A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands. uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. breeding takes place throughout the year Department of Environment and Conservation. National Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis. 2129. Northern Territory: Australian Government, Department of Natural Resources, Environment, and the Arts. 2006. Accessed March 19, 2009 at http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p02129aa.pdf/National_recovery_plan_for_the_Greater_Bilby_emMacrotis_lagotis/em_/_prepared_by_Northern_Territory_Department_of_Natural_Resources_Environment_and_the_Arts.pdf. Burbidge, A., K. Johnson, C. Dickman. 2008. "Macrotis leucura" (On-line). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed April 10, 2009 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12651. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2009. "Bilby (Macrotis lagotis)" (On-line). Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Accessed March 19, 2009 at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/bilby.html. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, 2004. "European red fox -Invasive Species fact page" (On-line). Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts. Accessed March 21, 2009 at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/european-red-fox.pdf. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, 2004. "Feral Cat -Invasive species fact sheet" (On-line). Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts. Accessed March 21, 2009 at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/cat-factsheet.html. Eldridge, D., A. James. 2007. Reintroduction of fossorial native mammals and potential impacts on ecosystems in an Australian desert landscape. Biological Conservation, 138: 351-359. Accessed April 03, 2009 at http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V5X-4P0N26J-2&_user=99318&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2007&_alid=896008938&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5798&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=67&_acct=C000007678&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=99318&md5=ae40547f891cdb0ba923afd9b246068e. Friend, T., K. Moris, J. van Weenen. 2008. "Macrotis lagotis" (On-line). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed March 18, 2009 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12650. Hintze, M. 2002. "Canis lupus dingo" (On-line). Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 21, 2009 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_lupus_dingo.html. Humble, G. 2006. "The secret life of the bilby" (On-line). ABC Science. Accessed March 21, 2009 at http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/04/06/2042654.htm. Johnson, C., K. Johnson. 1983. Behavior of the Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) in Captivity. Australian Wildlife Research, 10: 77-87. Accessed March 29, 2009 at http://www.publish.csiro.au.proxy.lib.umich.edu/?act=view_file&file_id=WR9830077.pdf. Northern Territory Government, 2006. "A Management Program for the Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) In the Northern Terrrtory of Australia" (On-line). Northern Territory Government Australia. Accessed March 20, 2009 at www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/programs/pdf/bilby.pdf. Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. "Bilby- Australia's Easter Bunny" (On-line). Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed March 19, 2009 at http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/wildlife/threatened_plants_and_animals/endangered/bilby/. Tydale-Bicsoe, H. 1973. Life of Marsupials. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company Inc.

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Having an abnormal number of digits (6 or more) can occur on its own, without any other symptoms or disease. Polydactyly may be passed down (inherited) in families. This trait involves only one gene that can cause several variations. African Americans, more than other ethnic groups, can inherit a 6th finger. In most cases, this is not caused by a genetic disease. Polydactyly can also occur with some genetic diseases. Extra digits may be poorly developed and attached by a small stalk (generally on the little finger side of the hand). Or, they may be well-formed and may even function. Poorly formed digits are usually removed. Simply tying a tight string around the stalk can cause it to fall off in time if there are no bones in the digit. Larger digits may need surgery to be removed. The doctor should ask the parents whether there was polydactyly at birth, because a person may not know they have it.

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We are a nation of explorers. North America was one of the last major land masses of the world to be found by early European voyagers, and even after her coasts had been well charted, her interior remained shrouded in mystery to the developed world for centuries. More than a hundred years after Columbus stumbled onto what he believed was India, French explorers were only beginning to make their way up the St. Lawrence River to discover the seemingly endless waterway which beckoned them ever westward. Even as recently as the Lewis and Clark voyage of discovery, many believed that deep in the American interior dwelt the long-lost tribes of Israel, veritable mountains of salt, and wooly mammoths and other prehistoric beasts. Forming nearly a third of the contiguous US border with Canada, the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence comprise by far the largest chain of inland lakes anywhere in the world. Certainly, the grandest of these is Lake Superior. Drawn to the mystique and beauty of this place, we plan to travel around her entire body—350 miles long and 160 wide. Sticking close to the shore for most of the way, our thousand-mile circumnavigation will take us through three US states and the Canadian province of Ontario, camping along the way. Join us as we embark on this Superior roadtrip ... Day 1 Minoquoa, Wisconsin After breakfast in camp this morning we set sail on a northerly course along US Route 51 to Ironwood, straddling the border with Michigan. We swing west on our old friend US Route 2 and the trees soon part like a green coniferous curtain to offer our first glimpses of Lake Superior. The native Ojibwa people knew her as Kitchi-gummi, "Great-water" or "Great-lake", while the French called it Le Lac Superieur—"Upper Lake". Superior is indeed the largest freshwater lake in the world, covering over 30,000 square miles and containing an almost incomprehensible 3,000 cubic miles of water, enough to entirely flood all of North and South America to a depth of nearly twelve inches. At 600 feet above sea level, it is the highest of the Great Lakes chain. So large and cold is this vast inland sea that it often generates its own weather systems, cooling nearby regions by several degrees and annually dumping as much as twelve to fifteen feet of snow on towns here along her southern shore. Warm summer weather blowing in off the golden wheat fields of the upper Great Plains, upon encountering the cold mass of Superior, often turns to violent, windy thunderstorms which send powerful waves crashing onto her rocky coasts. The sheer visual weight of Superior is dramatically contrasted by the dense and dark forests surrounding her, and we find our eyes drawn to and held by the vast open sky above her. We continue west on Route 2, the rocky and pebbled beaches scrolling past the Vanagon's windows, and we soon pull into the old mining and lumbering town of Ashland. The Ojibwa had lived and prospered on Chequamegon Bay for thousands of years when the first whites beached their canoe here in 1659. Famed French explorers Radisson and Groselliers erected a small stockaded cabin, generally regarded as the first European settlement in Wisconsin, before continuing their search for furs in the lands west of Superior. It would be nearly 200 more years before white settlement began in earnest, when a couple of adventuresome fellows from Ohio built a cabin and began raising their families here in what would later be called Ashland. We continue west on Route 2 for a couple miles and stop at the Northern Great Lakes Visitor Center. After popping the Westy top and fixing soup and sandwiches in a quiet corner of the parking lot, we go inside to take in the enlightening exhibits regarding the natural and human history of the region. The Center also offers an enclosed, four-story observation tower which offers panoramic views of the Ashland harbor. It is only a short jaunt northward on Hwy 13 to Washburn. A fatigued by the late drive last night, we decide to stop for the evening at a small municipal campground overlooking Chequamegon Bay. No sooner do we settle into a site and enjoy a walk along the water's edge than who should motor through the campground but our Westy's spittin' image—a 1982 diesel Vanagon, owned by a friendly couple from Minoqua, where we camped last night. After the requisite greetings, they invite us over to their site after dinner, where we chat and swap travel Having previously owned three Volkswagen cars (and at various times vowing I’d never do it again), I knew when we bought the van that we were joining an elite and eclectic community. But we didn’t expect to be so warmly embraced as we’ve been as owners of a VW Westfalia Camper. Wherever we go, hippies beep in their rusty old Type 2 Busses and retired couples flash the lights of their shiny VW Eurovans. Every random encounter in a grocery store parking lot or campground becomes an opportunity to exchange pedigrees and swap Westfalia Camper tips. As it turns out, Westy-owners are a cult within a cult. Later, we swing by the grocery store for some forgotten supplies, then across the street to the self-proclaimed "World's Only Underground Dairy Queen". Viewed from the front, one might easily mistake this popular ice cream joint for a Dairy Queen of the more variety. But closer inspection reveals that this DQ is either: a) indeed built into a small hillside, or b) a regular DQ which a disgruntled bulldozer driver has attempted to bury beneath tons of dirt, for reasons unknown. After all, who can fathom the dark and tortured soul of an unhappy heavy-equipment operator? Sitting at the picnic tables under the shade trees, we savor our sundaes and ponder this mystical edifice of soft-serve.

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All About Computer Viruses Computer viruses are a problem that every computer user encounters sooner or later. In fact, viruses are just one example of a whole group of nuisance programs which are known as malware, for malicious software. Types of malware include: - Viruses - like their biological counterparts, these are programs that infect a computer (by various methods) and then spread to other computers when infected files or disks are exchanged; - Worms - these are similar to viruses but are carried on the Internet and can spread from one computer to another by themselves, with no need for a user to assist the process by giving someone an infected file or disk; - Trojans - named after the Trojan Horse of mythology, these are programs that pretend to be harmless and useful, but which in fact do something sinister, like plant a virus in a computer; - Spyware - software that tracks your online activity or monitors your keystrokes and sends this information to a remote server; - Dialers - programs that are downloaded to your computer from a web page, which then steal money from you by dialling premium rate phone numbers; - Hijackers - programs that are usually infiltrated on to your system via email or your web browser, which then hijack your browser settings by (for example) changing your default home page setting. Viruses, worms and trojans cause a nuisance just by spreading their infections, but most of them also do something else, known as the payload. The payload may be something innocuous, like displaying a message or changing the system colours, or it may be something destructive like deleting files or formatting the hard disk. This payload often isn't activated until the virus has infected your computer for a while (giving it a chance to spread) so the fact that you haven't noticed anything unusual doesn't mean your computer is necessarily in good health. If your computer gets infected, whether the payload is harmful or not you want to get rid of the virus as quickly as possible, so as to remove the risk of it spreading to the computers of your friends and colleagues. The only sure way to get rid of a virus is to use anti-virus software. Some viruses can be removed manually, but different viruses need different removal methods and by the time you've found out the correct procedure a software virus scanner could already have done the job. In a few cases, the virus scanner may not be able to cleanly remove a virus from a file, and the file may be left corrupt and unusable. In this case, your only option is to restore an uninfected copy of the file from software installation disks or a backup. A good backup system is by far the best safeguard against losing data due to the action of a virus (as well as other disasters). But it must work hand-in-glove with the regular use of a virus scanner, otherwise your clean backup files could be replaced by infected ones before you realise your system has a virus. How to prevent viruses It's better to prevent a virus from infecting your computer in the first place, than have to remove one after it has. Therefore, it's worth paying attention to virus prevention measures. The best all-round system of protection is to install anti-virus software and enable on-access scanning (this is usually enabled by default.) This will work silently in the background, checking files for the presence of viruses. You need not worry about it until it detects a virus and raises the alert. However, you must remain conscious of the need for virus protection to the extent of remembering to update your virus scanner regularly. These days, even daily updates may not be often enough. Products like Kaspersky AntiVirus update every hour! Updates are extremely important. New viruses are constantly appearing, and despite the claims of software vendors, virus scanners are not very good at detecting viruses they don't know about. Updating is the only way to maintain your virus scanner at top effectiveness by ensuring it knows about, and can detect, all the latest threats. How to avoid viruses Even regular anti-virus updates aren't enough to completely prevent the spread of viruses, especially worm viruses. Worms are transmitted so quickly across the Internet that thousands of computers can be infected before even the anti-virus software developers are aware of their existence. You can avoid much of the risk of infection by not using Microsoft software packages like Word, Outlook and Outlook Express. Many viruses exploit features of those packages and don't work on computers that don't use them. But if you're already using these Microsoft products, it's not so easy to give them up. Because email is now the most common way for viruses to spread, another good approach is to filter out or block emails containing attachment types that can be used to carry viruses. Most good anti-virus products include email filters that do this automatically. You can avoid helping to spread worm viruses by using the virus detector between your ears. Don't download software from sites you aren't sure about, and treat all email attachments with suspicion. You can easily avoid becoming infected by and spreading internet worms by following the simple steps in "How To: Detect Internet Worms".

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Editorial Writing Exercise By Amy Smith Amy A. Smith Academy of Holy Angels Title: Editorial-writing exercise Directions: For this assignment, you will write three separate editorials on three separate topics. - We will begin by writing a school-based editorial, meaning the focus of it will be an issue that is important and controversial at Holy Angels right now. will then write - a local editorial, focusing on an issue that is important and controversial in the state of Minnesota (metro and /or outlying areas.) Our conclusion will be - a national/international editorial which will address a significant issue in our country or the world. For each editorial, you will choose a topic of interest to you and then narrow its focus, resulting in your specific angle. For example, if your topic for the school-based piece is guns in school, your narrowed focus might be metal detectors, and your angle might be that you think metal detectors should be installed in all schools. In order to write the editorials, please remember the following: - A well-written editorial is also a well-researched one. - All the steps you need to successfully write an editorial can be found in your packets. - Any editorial will serve one of four purposes: - To explain/interpret - To criticize - To persuade - To praise Often, the best stance is not the popular stance. You do not need to please everyone in your editorials! Please record the due dates for each editorial below. SCHOOL-BASED due on __________ LOCAL due on __________ NAT’L/ INT’L due on __________

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If you ever get a chance to visit Washington D.C., take the time to visit the Lincoln Memorial. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States and led the country through the Civil War and the emancipation of the African-American people from slavery. The memorial erected in his honor is over 63 meters wide and over 33 meters high. It has a statue of Lincoln at it’s center that is over 6 meters high and weighs 175,000 kg. Millions of people visit the memorial each year to remember the strong, Christian leader, who preserved the American nation and had the courage to do what was right. Several years ago, the National Parks Service executives wrestled with a problem. The stone exterior of the memorial was deteriorating and showing significant signs of wear. They considered replacing the stone or painting over it on a frequent basis, but this solution was too expensive. So instead, they called the maintenance crew and asked, “Why?” “Why?” is a powerful question in problem solving. The “Five Why’s” is a simple root cause analysis technique that involves asking “Why?” until you get to the deepest root of a problem. “Why was the stone deteriorating?” the executives asked. The maintenance crew responded, “Because of the high-power sprayers we use to wash the memorial every two weeks.” Now, the executives could have solved the problem at this level by canceling the washings, but they realized this would bring complaints from the tourists, who enjoyed the beauty of a clean and shining memorial. So, they asked, “Why are we doing high-powered washings every two weeks?” The maintenance crew said, “Because of the bird droppings.” It was pretty obvious that if you got rid of the birds, the bird droppings would stop, so the executives sent away the maintenance crew with instructions to put nets up in strategic places. Unfortunately, the nets weren’t very effective, and the tourists complained that they were unsightly. So, the maintenance crew was called again, and the executives asked, “Why are there so many birds?” They pointed out what seemed quite obvious to them: “The reason the birds come is to feed on the spiders,” they said. “Spiders? Why are there so many spiders?” asked the executives. “Have you ever been to the memorial at night?,” they asked. “There are billions of insects. The spiders come for the buffet.” Armed with this information, the executives ordered regular treatments of insecticides. But this solution also proved ineffective and created more complaints from the tourists. So, the executives called for the maintenance crew again. Executives: “Why are there so many insects?” Maintenance crew: “The insects are attracted by the high-powered spotlights we shine on the memorial.” Executives: “Why didn’t you just tell us that before we ordered the insecticides?” Maintenance crew: “Sorry, boss. You didn’t ask.” The executives could answer their last few questions on their own. “Why do we shine the lights?” “So the tourists will come to see the memorial.” “Why do we want the tourists to come?” “Because they bring their money and spend it in our city.” This was a problem they weren’t willing to solve. They decided that they needed to call in their subject-matter experts one last time. Executives: “Is there anything we can do about the lights so that there won’t be so many bugs.” Maintenance crew: “Sure, turn the lights on later in the evenings and off earlier in the mornings.” This, as it turned out, was a brilliant idea! The lights were typically turned on two hours before sunset and turned off two hours after sunrise. By waiting until 30 minutes after sunset to turn them on and turning them off 30 minutes before sunrise, they were able to both save significant money on electricity and also reduce the amount of bugs by 90%. The insects, assuming that the Lincoln Memorial was closed for business, decided to relocate and spent their evenings with George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, whose memorials turned on their lights earlier in the evening. Less bugs meant less spiders. Less spiders meant less birds. Less birds meant less droppings. Less droppings meant less washings. Less washings meant less deterioration of the stone on the outside of the memorial. The executives were happy. The maintenance crew was happy, and most importantly, the tourists were happy. On the downside, Washington and Jefferson still aren’t speaking to Lincoln.

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Omega-3 pills may not help heart disease Fish oil supplements of so-called omega-3 fatty acids may not do much to ward off heart attacks and strokes in people who already have heart disease, according to an international analysis. The research, which appeared in the Archives of Internal Medicine and covered 14 studies, found that there was no difference in the number of heart attacks, strokes or deaths among more than 20,000 people with heart disease who were randomly assigned to take either fish oil supplement or fish oil free placebo pills. Research has been mixed on the possible heart-related benefits of the omega-3 fatty acids, specifically those known as EPA and DHA, which can be taken as fish oil supplements as well as eaten. Groups such as the American Heart Association recommend at least two servings of such fish a week. "There is a common perception that fish oil supplements have been proven to prevent cardiovascular disease, and in fact the evidence has been inconsistent and inconclusive," says JoAnn Manson, head of preventive medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, who co-wrote a commentary published with the study. "It's an important issue, because a large percentage of the population is taking fish oil supplements over-the-counter," she says. Meta-analysis of studies Researchers from Korea combined the results of 14 studies that tracked heart disease patients taking fish oil or a placebo, without knowing which they were getting, for between one and five years. That included reports from the United States and India, as well as Italy, Germany and elsewhere in Europe. The patients were mostly male and in their mid-60s, on average. Those who were assigned to take the fish oil supplements were just as likely to have a range of heart-related emergencies, or to die, as study participants taking placebos containing vegetable oil or other substances not associated with heart health. For example, in one study from the Netherlands, 14 per cent of people in either group had a stroke or heart attack, or needed a stent implanted, over about three and a half years. There were also no differences in deaths or other heart and blood vessel problems when the researchers looked specifically at people taking higher or lower doses of fish oil, or among those who took the supplements for only a year or two or for longer, says Seung-Kwon Myung of the National Cancer Center in Ilsan, and colleagues. Myung says he doesn't recommend that people, either with or without a history of heart disease, take the supplement to prevent future problems. Longer-term studies needed "At this point, we don't have enough hard-and-fast data to suggest routine supplementation with fish oil," says Alice Lichtenstein, a nutritional scientist at Tufts University in Boston, who wasn't involved in the study. She notes that the studies in the review tended to only cover a couple of years on the supplements, and a heart attack or stroke can take much longer to develop. Longer-term studies are needed on the impact of fish oil, says Manson. But for now people should continue to follow recommendations that advise at least two servings a week of fatty fish. "Supplements will never be a replacement for a healthy dietary pattern, because often the healthier food choices such as fish can take the place of less-healthy food such as red meat," she added.

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Noise; Digital NoiseHigh ISO, along with other types of digital interference, creates ‘noise’. This is where individual sensor-points (sensor-pixels) on the digital image sensor create a piece of data that is erroneous. The erroneous data creates a grainy texture in the final picture. The slightly speckled result lowers the quality of the picture. Prevention of noise Modern cameras have reduced the noise created in the sensor in two ways. The sensor itself has been improved so it does not create noise to start with. Additionally, most cameras run a software program to reduce the noise. Both sensors and software treatment of noise has improved considerably over the last ten years and continue to improve. Furthermore, some image-editing or processing software also offer software noise-reduction filters or functions. It is unlikely that noise will be eradicated completely in the near future, but it may be lowered to such levels that it may not be visible without careful inspection. The nearer you set ISO to the lower end of its range (eg. ISO 100 or lower) the lower the noise. However, modern cameras are pretty good at preventing noise. Top quality DSLRs can go above 1000 ISO before seeing much noise. Even then it’s difficult to see in some cases. Some people consider noise adds a type of texture or grain. In the days of chemical film photography the ‘grain’ was sometimes considered to to impart a charming or quaint character to the image. In digital imaging the noise is slightly more well defined than in film photography. The image is often just punctuated by tiny white or coloured dots. In film grain or noise, the grain was slightly less well defined and softer, blending a little into the surrounding context. In general, it’s better to avoid digital noise unless you create it deliberately (for example by using a software filter in an image editor or by deliberate use of high ISO). Often the viewer considers it to be simply a distraction. Deliberately created grain is, on the other hand, intended to emulate the softer character of film grain.

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View your list of saved words. (You can log in using Facebook.) State (pop., 2008 est.: 82,180,000), southeastern India. Located on the Bay of Bengal, it is bordered by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa states. Covering 106,204 sq mi (275,068 sq km), it was created in 1953 and achieved its present-day form in 1956; its capital is Hyderabad. Its name derives from the Telugu-speaking Andhra people, who have long inhabited the area. Many dynasties have flourished there, dating roughly to the 4th century BCE. The area came under British influence in the 17th century; in the 19th century the Andhras played a decisive role in the rise of Indian nationalism. Although the state's economy is primarily agricultural, it also is one of the most industrialized in India. This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on Andhra Pradesh, visit Britannica.com.

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- Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com - Envision Solar Creates a Tracking Solar Tree for General Motors Posted By Timon Singh On November 18, 2011 @ 8:03 am In Green Transportation,Renewable Energy | No Comments General Motors has long been pursuing a more environmentally friendly business model, producing electric vehicles such as the Chevrolet Volt in landfill-free facilities . However, they can now add solar charging canopies to their achievements with the Tracking Solar Tre which was recently installed at GM’s Company Vehicle Operations site in Warren, Michigan. Developed by American company Envision Solar , the Tracking Solar Tree features a hybrid multi-axis tracking design that enables the entire canopy to track the sun over the course of the day. This increases the renewable energy production by about 25 percent as compared to traditional solar panels. Over the course of a year, the Solar Tree will produce up to 30,000 kilowatt hours – enough solar energy to charge six electric vehicles per day. Speaking to PhysOrg , Rob Threlkeld, GM global manager of renewable energy said: “We are constantly looking for places where we can add a renewable focus. This solar tree is an ideal addition because not only does it provide a space to charge our electric vehicles, but it’s another step in our journey toward cleaner energy use.” Not only have Envision Solar created the Solar Tree, but they have also invented Solar Groove - a 186-vehicle parking lot that was converted into a 235 kW solar electric generating system for Kyocera. Desmond Wheatley, President and CEO of Envision Solar stated: ” Our Solar Tree structures can be installed in any location while our unique tracking solution allows us to always get the most from the sun. As such they are the perfect visible embodiment of GM and its dealerships commitment to the environment and the future of electric and other highly efficient vehicles. We look forward to installing many more of our iconic tracking Solar Tree structures for GM in the coming months.” + General Motors Via PhysOrg Article printed from Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/envision-solar-creates-tracking-solar-tree-for-general-motors/ URLs in this post: Tweet: http://twitter.com/share Share on Tumblr: http://www.tumblr.com/share Email: mailto:?subject=http://inhabitat.com/envision-solar-creates-tracking-solar-tree-for-general-motors/ General Motors: http://www.gm.com/ Chevrolet Volt: http://inhabitat.com/general-motors-will-double-production-of-the-chevrolet-volt/ landfill-free facilities: http://inhabitat.com/a-full-86-gm-facilities-are-now-landfill-free/ Tracking Solar Tre: http://envisionsolar.com/solar-tree-array/ American company Envision Solar: http://envisionsolar.com/ PhysOrg: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-solar-power-blooms-warren.html 235 kW solar electric generating system for Kyocera.: http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/kyoceras-solar-grove-parking-lot.html Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.

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The word "ARiYA" originates from the Sanskrit language, one of the world's most ancient languages. It is spoken of in the Vedas, the ancient sacred Indian text that consists of four books which expounds matters relating to philosophy, teaching, truths, spirituality and social behaviour: i.e. detailed injunctions for a well ordered society and social life. The Vedas itself is presumed to have been written in 6000 BC. According to the texts, the significance of the word "ARiYA" lies in the fact that it connotes with everything that is positive in life. Its multi-faceted meaning symbolises the values and principles of the following: progressive civilisation, righteousness, nobility, balance, stability, knowledge, energy, challenge, preciousness, rareness, spirituality, respect, advancement, devotion, honour, having great soul and truthfulness. Most significantly, the point to note is the positivism related to this single word. Though the spelling may differ, over the centuries many nations have adapted this word in order to symbolise their own unique cultural lifestyle, religious spirituality, social mores and values. ARiYA Projects, therefore, chose this deep-rooted word as their logo because it symbolises and reflects exactly what the company represents. Our business is project management and development facilitation in the built industry. In business we deem that positive qualities are essential components to good business. But we never disregard the human factor. Our policy and our objectives are to serve society and our goals are, therefore, not merely confined to monetary profit. The essence of ARiYA Project's philosophy is on management and development, and this makes us keenly aware and mindful of our role with regards to environmental sustainability. The dot of the “I” represents a flame and the light of the flame symbolises knowledge. Furthermore, the heat of the flame symbolises energy, while the power of the flame symbolises work. In sum, our logo has been crafted to reflect and represent the values that the word "ARiYA" symbolises. The unique serif logotype has been designed to reflect the ancient values, which today is of equally high value, while the relative weight of the letterforms suggests robustness and reliability. The symmetry of the word is emphasised through the choice of upper-case letters, except for the central "I", which suggests balance and stability. The dot of the "I" represents a flame and the light of the flame symbolises knowledge. Furthermore, the heat of the flame symbolises energy, while the power of the flame symbolises work. Knowledge, energy and work, combined with the other many positive values espoused by "ARiYA" are the prime objective of ARiYA Projects. As a company driven by positive principles and values, we aim to be a force that will further develop the potential prosperity of Africa

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PreventionBy Mayo Clinic staff To help prevent shin splints: - Choose the right shoes. Wear footwear that suits your sport. If you're a runner, replace your shoes about every 350 to 500 miles (560 to 800 kilometers). - Consider arch supports. Arch supports can help prevent the pain of shin splints, especially if you have flat arches. - Lessen the impact. Cross-train with a sport that places less impact on your shins, such as swimming, walking or biking. Remember to start new activities slowly. Increase time and intensity gradually. - Add strength training to your workout. To strengthen your calf muscles, try toe raises. Stand up. Slowly rise up on your toes, then slowly lower your heels to the floor. Repeat 10 times. When this becomes easy, do the exercise holding progressively heavier weights. Leg presses and other exercises for your lower legs can be helpful, too. It's also important to know when to rest; at the first sign of shin pain, take a break. - Shin splints. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00407. Accessed Nov. 3, 2010. - Callahan LR, et al. Overview of running injuries of the lower extremity. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Oct. 28, 2010. - Handout on health: Sports injuries. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Sports_Injuries/default.asp. Accessed Nov. 3, 2010. - Wilder RP, et al. Overuse injuries: Tendinopathies, stress fractures, compartment syndrome, and shin splints. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2004;23:55. - Stretanski MF. Shin splints. In: Frontera WR, et al. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain, and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/225926657-2/0/1678/72.html?tocnode=55148574&fromURL=72.html#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-4007-1..50071-7_1137. Accessed Nov. 3, 2010.

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STRAW'S MILL, TX STRAW'S MILL, TEXAS. Straw's Mill was four miles south of Gatesville on the Leon River in east central Coryell County. It was first known as Cox's Mill, for Joe Cox, who had a water-powered corn mill. It was renamed for Henry Straw and his sons, George Warren and Charles H., who moved from New Hampshire and settled on the Leon River in 1870. The family operated a flour mill, gin, store, and blacksmith shop. George Warren Straw, a Republican, was first postmaster in 1886; during the Grover Cleveland administration the office moved across the river to Democrat Richard A. Culp's store and continued to move back and forth with changes of administration until the post office was discontinued in 1908. At that time local mail was sent to Gatesville. The Straw's Mill community reported a population of 110 in 1900. The old mill was washed away in 1908 by a flood on the Leon River. During World War II the Straw estate was included in the North Camp section of the Fort Hood military reservation. Coryell County Genealogical Society, Coryell County, Texas, Families, 1854–1985 (Dallas: Taylor, 1986). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Zelma Scott, "STRAW'S MILL, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvsck), accessed June 16, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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ОписаниеThe first and last word in medicine for over 110 years! Thoroughly updated, this user-friendly reference, trusted for more than a century by healthcare personnel at every professional level, allows you to grasp the meanings of all medical terms in current usage. Understand and correctly use all the latest terminology in today’s ever-evolving medical field with the 32nd Edition of the comprehensive, highly respected Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary! * Enhance your understanding of all the current medical terminology in your field by relying on the most comprehensive and highly respected medical dictionary, bringing you more than 120,000 well-defined entries and 1500 clear illustrations. * Listen to 35,000 audio pronunciations. * New to This Edition: * Make sure you're familiar with the very latest medical terms used today with more than 5,500 new entries drawn from current sources. * Complement your understanding of new words and ideas in medicine with 500 new illustrations . * Get more information in a smaller amount of space as the revised entry format includes related parts of speech. The MSDict Dictionary Format The Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary is here presented in MSDict electronic format. MSDict offers best experience in mobile reference and is available for any handheld platform. * Quick dynamic search of words while you type * Transcriptions facilitating pronunciation * Hyperlinks between different related words * History to see the last 50 words you have looked up * Support for memory cards * Filters to help you locate the word you are searching for: * Fuzzy filter- used when you are not sure of the correct spelling of a word * Keyword-used to locate the instances of a key word within other compound words * Wild card - "?" and "*" replace a letter and group of letters in words * Fast article scrolling * Ability to have dictionary Word of the day as a widget on the phone home screen * Ability to search words in the installed dictionaries through the standard phone search feature

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