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- Fisheries Home - About Us - Science Centers - Fisheries Resources - Educators and Students - News & Multimedia - Get Involved Sign up forFishNews and other email updates IUU Fishing - Feature StoriesIllegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is a global problem that threatens ocean ecosystems and sustainable fisheries. NOAA Fisheries is committed to working with its domestic and international partners to address this global challenge. To learn more about IUU fishing visit our IUU overview and frequently asked questions pages. |Strengthening U.S.-Russia Cooperation on Fisheries| Apr 29, 2013: NOAA and the Federal Agency for Fisheries of the Russian Federation sign Statement on Enhanced Fisheries Cooperation. Read more... |International Guidelines Target IUU Fishing| Mar 22, 2013: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations adopts guidelines aimed at combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Read more... |U.S. and EU Tackle Illegal Fishing| Feb 12, 2013: The European Union and United States share a common vision for sustainable fisheries. Both governments are committed to continuing their joint effort to end IUU fishing. Read more... |A Global Perspective on Tackling Illegal Fishing | Feb 11, 2013: NOAA's Office of Law Enforcement works internationally to protect fishermen from IUU fishing that threatens their income and sustainability of their shared fishery resources. Read more... |NOAA Identifies Nations for IUU Fishing | Jan 11, 2013: To ensure the U.S. fishing industry isn’t undermined by unsustainable, illegal activities, NOAA submitted a report identifying 10 nations whose fishing vessels engaged in IUU fishing. Read more... |Working Together to End IUU Fishing | Nov 2, 2012: Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing threatens the sustainability of our ocean ecosystems and fisheries. Combating IUU fishing is one of NOAA Fisheries’ top priorities. Read more...

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High Schools have until 1 February to register Grade 8 to 12 learners for the first round of the Harmony South African Mathematics Olympiad that will be taking place on 14 March. The Olympiad, which is organised by the South African Mathematics Foundation, is an annual High School Mathematics Competition for junior- (Grades 8 and 9) and senior pupils (Grade 10 to 12). "Last year a total of 59,448 children from 859 schools across the country completed the first round," says Prof Johann Engelbrecht, executive director of the South African Mathematics Foundation. "This year we aim to receive a record number of registrations and hope to welcome many schools as first-timers." With roughly 6,000 high schools throughout the country there is definitely room for growth. Mashego Mashego, executive director from Harmony Gold Mining, a sponsor of the Olympiad, cannot emphasise the importance of mathematics education enough. "The top 15 highest-earning university careers have one thing in common - mathematical skills. By taking part in the Olympiad, students will get an opportunity to practice not only number skills but also critical thinking and problem solving, which are crucial to any career regardless of whether it requires working with numbers." Some careers that require a firm understanding of Mathematics and are considered amongst the highest paying jobs in the world include: actuary, chartered accountant, chemical engineer, computer scientist, economist and forensic analyst among others. Moving more towards mechanical calculations, numeracy "It is also important to remember that participation in the South African Mathematics Olympiad is not only reserved for clever, nerdy children in school," says Nwabisa Mphakalasi, project director: Marketing of the South African Institute for Chartered Accountants (SAICA) who is a proud co-sponsor of the Olympiad. "Classroom Mathematics has recently moved more and more to what could be called mechanical calculations or numeracy. It is therefore very important that we continue to emphasise that Mathematics is about thinking and the discovery, and validation, of problem solving methods." An example of a question could be: How many three-digit odd numbers become bigger when their digits are reversed? For those learners who feel they need a little help in preparing for the Olympiad, a free distance learning programme has been put in place. The South African Mathematics Olympiad Training Programme is open and free to all students, whether participating in this year's Olympiad or not, from Grade 8 to 12. "High School students who participate in this year's Olympiad stand a chance to earn a place in the South African Mathematics team that will compete against 100 other countries at the 55th Annual International Mathematical Olympiad in 2014, hosted for the first time on the African continent at the University of Cape Town," concludes Engelbrecht.

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Art Appreciation 10:10 October 6, 2006 Ease, by William Michael Harnett looks to be a erratic clutter of various objects on a desk, but it is also very relatable to many. The artwork was created in 1887 using oil on canvas as a medium, and measures 48 X 52 3/4 inches. Harnett is an Irish-born American painter who specialized in still life which was common during his life time. He lived from 1848-1892 Harnett uses the fundamentals of art greatly in this realistic depiction of diverse intelligence. He seems to show only the space that is directly related to the desk while he almost crops out everything else. His shapes are more organic than geometric, as the things he is painting are real items and very true to life. As far as lighting and shadow it feels as though the light is shimmering in from a high window from the left as it casts its shadow across the canvas. The shading of the shadow behind also adds depth to make the painting look more three dimensional. The desk seems to represent a very intellectual and extremely well rounded individual as you glance across the painting you see things from very diverse interests such as music, the flute sheet music and violin. As well as literature, showing multiple novels or almanacs. And what seems to be a newspaper which shows an interest in current affairs. Flowers show a nature loving facet of the artists subject. I think the painting is an excerpt of a very busy and multi faceted person whose interests are very diverse and are tied together by this desk which seems to be a docking station to all things important. I also am under the impression that the artist was almost a perfectionist when it came to his still life paintings after some research that stated ”Harnett's skills suggested a classical parallel: he was the American Zeuxis, the ancient Greek painter who supposedly could paint grapes so lifelike that birds flew down to peck at them.” Earlier in his life... [continues] Cite This Essay (2012, 03). African Garment. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 03, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/African-Garment-936389.html "African Garment" StudyMode.com. 03 2012. 03 2012 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/African-Garment-936389.html>. "African Garment." StudyMode.com. 03, 2012. Accessed 03, 2012. http://www.studymode.com/essays/African-Garment-936389.html.

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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - n. A civet (Arctictis binturong) of southeast Asia with a long prehensile tail. Also called bearcat. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. The native name, and now the usual book-name, of Arctictis binturong, an Indian prehensile-tailed carnivorous mammal of the family Viverridæ and subfamily Arctictidinæ. Also called Iclides ater or I. albifrons, and formerly Viverra binturong. See Arctictis. GNU Webster's 1913 - n. (Zoöl.) A small Asiatic civet of the genus Arctilis. - n. arboreal civet of Asia having a long prehensile tail and shaggy black hair - From Malay binturung. (Wiktionary) - Malay benturong, binturong. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) “In 2002, an Asian bearcat known as a binturong showed up on an unsuspecting homeowner's front porch after fleeing his Beaver County owner, who had bought him as a baby -- illegally, it turned out.” “Other notable mammals include carnivores, such as leopard Panthera pardus, wild dog or dhole Cuon alpinus (VU), leopard cat Felis bengalensis, fishing cat F. viverrina (LR), Javan mongoose Herpestes javanicus and several civets, including binturong Arctictis binturong.” “Roe noted that the agency also has received reports of other exotic animals being found throughout Pennsylvania, such as a binturong found on a Beaver County family's porch in 2002; an African serval, resembling a small cheetah, which had been illegally possessed and escaped from its Pittsburgh owner several times before being confiscated in 2001; and two wallabies that escaped from their owners in Ambler in 2001.” “The Palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets, and the pangolin is hunted for its hide.” “Five endemic mammal species are considered vulnerable, including Acerodon leucotis, the Palawan treeshrew (Tupaia palawanensis), the Palawan stink badger (Mydaus marchei), the Palawan binturong (Arctictis binturong whitei), and a Sunda tree squirrel (Sundasciurus rabori).” “Other mammals include binturong Arctictis binturong, anteater Manis javanicus, oriental small-clawed otter Amblonyx cinerea, palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, oriental civet Viverra tangalunga and crab eating macaque Maccaca fasicularis.” “HANNA: But the binturong, Larry, is in the mongoose family.” “HANNA: Right, Larry, this is a binturong from Asia.” “KING: Next is a binturong, nicknamed the bearcat, although he's not a bear and he's not a cat.” “CORWIN: What is so cool about the binturong is that this guy is arboreal.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘binturong’. What is this list about? Interesting words in nature and natural science (in any language!). What kind of words am I supposed to add? You can add species names that you lov... "In zoology and botany, a name (other than the technical name) of an animal or plant found only in scientific treatises—that is, not in use as a vernacular name. It is often a mere adaptation of th... I'm wading through Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin novels one by one, and someday, I'll wade through them again and list all the words I learned while reading them. Edit: I started ma... in the Century Dictionary definition of 'menhaden' there is a misprint - I speculate- o 'qreen-tailed'for green-tailed. BUT there are alot of odd-tails out there.............. Looking for tweets for binturong.

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James Stewart Neill opened station 10AD on January 12. The station operated from the Neill home on Waterloo Row. 10AD's power was 10 watts. The frequency was 250 meters. J. S. Neill was running James S. Neill & Sons Ltd., a hardware business founded by his grandfather in 1838. (A January 1958 issue of Broadcaster magazine that dealt with CFNB's 35th anniversary states that J. Stewart Neill switched his 10 watt transmitter on for the first time on January 23). Power increased in March, to 15 watts. Neill received a regular broadcasting licence and 10AD became CFNB. The frequency was changed to 1210 kHz and power increased to 25 watts. Studios were now at 67 York Street. Call letter meaning: the C was for Canada, the F for Fredericton and the NB for New Brunswick. CFNB moved to a larger facility at the James S. Neill & Sons Ltd., hardware store on Queen Street. A new transmitter site was selected on the campus of the University of New Brunswick on Maryland Hill, overlooking the city. The two wooden towers were place atop the university's Forestry Building. Power increased to 50 watts with the change of site. Power was now listed at 100 watts. CFNB increased power to 500 watts. Power remained 500 watts when CFNB switched from 1210 to 1030 kHz. CFNB switched to 550 kHz. Power remained at 500 watts. Power increased to 1,000 watts during the daytime and 500 watts at night. The station was using the first 1,000 watt transmitter in New Brunswick. CFNB became the first station in the region to affiliate with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Malcolm Neill, son of CFNB owner J. S. Neill, was assistant station relations supervisor with the CBC. Slogan: There's more for your money at CFNB Fredericton, N.B. - 1,000 watts - Bacis CBC outlet. CFNB became a subscriber of the British United Press news service. Under the Havana Treaty, CFNB was one of the few station allowed to hold on to its existing frequency. CFNB was operating on 550 kHz (Class III-B) with power of 1,000 watts. On March 29, hundreds of stations across North America had to change their dial positions. Verva True was traffic manager. CFNB lost its 300 foot tower in a February gale. Even though the antenna was completely destroyed, there was little loss of on-air service. A new tower was erected a short time later. CBC Trans-Canada Basic stations: CJCB, CBH, CBA, CHSJ, CFNB, CBO, CKWS, CBL, CKSO, CFCH, CJKL, CKGB, CKPR, CBM, CKY, CBK, CJCA, CFAC, CJOC, CFJC, CKOV, CJAT, CBR. In what may have been a first in Canadian radio, a station was expected to be passed on from father to son. The first step took place September 1 when Stewart Neill handed over the management of CFNB to his son Malcolm. The younger Neill resigned his post as CBC assistant supervisor of station relations to return home. He quickly became involved in the community as well as the indusrty for by 19 he was on the Board of CAB and later became president. CFNB was expected to soon increase its power to 5,000 watts. Cleve G. Stillwell left CFNB after 12 years of announcing and program arranging. He moved on to CHSJ in Saint John. Doris Sherwood became CFNB's secretary. She had worked at WBEN Buffalo (NY) and was at one time with the Department of Finance. Bob Wallace joined the engineering staff while Jack Fenety became a CFNB announcer. Control room operators included Myrtle Gunter, Phyllis Seymour and Bernice Huestis. Slogan: The Doorway to New Brunswick. CFNB officially increased power to 5,000 watts on March 19. Power had been a thousand watts. Premier J.B. McNair, K.C., officially put the new Marconi transmitter in operation during a special broadcast. Night power remained at 1,000 watts. The transmitter was now at New Maryland. CFNB received federal approval to operate an emergency transmitter. Austin Moore, program director and local sales supervisor at CFNB, was named sales manager for the station. Announcer Jack Fenety was promoted to the position of program director. Keith Dancy joined CFNB. Keith Dancy left CFNB for CFCF in Montreal. Anita Thompson left CFNB for CKWS Kingston where she became women's editor. CFNB, CKCW (Moncton) and CFBC (Saint John) formed Radio Press Ltd., a co-operative news service. Malcolm Neill was manager and Austin Moore was commercial manager. CFNB was listed as operating with a full-time power of 5,000 watts (directional at night). Slogan: Use Radio - Choose CFNB in New Brunswick. Slogans: CFNB has a line on the New Brunswick market. / Reach 'em where they work or play in New Brunswick. CFNB is your salesman! The station most listened to in New Brunswick. Slogans: CFNB covers New Brunswick like a blanket. / New Brunswick's most listened-to station. Anniversary ad: The Maritimes first station. Celebrating 3 decades of public service. 30th anniversary - New Brunswick's No 1 station - CFNB. In 1923 CFNB first went on the air. From these pioneer days through 3 decades of constant growth CFNB prestige has been built upon superior service to listener and advertiser alike. Engineering perfection, quality programming and adequate power continue to gain an ever increasing audience of interested listeners. Through this policy of operational superiority we shall continue to grow. Slogan: New Brunswick's most listened-to station. Slogans: In New Brunswick CFNB dominates. / Keep ahead of the game in New Brunswick - CFNB - New Brunswick's most listened to station. Jack T.H. Fenety was appointed CFNB station manager. His position as program director was taken over by H.L. "Hymie" McFee. G.W. "Bud" Brown was appointed retail sales manager. Larry Knowles was a newscaster. CFNB was a CBC Trans-Canada affiliate. Ownership of James S. Neill & Sons Limited: J. Stewart Neill 47.5%, J. Gordon Neill 47.5%, D. Malcolm Neill 2.0% and H. H. Pickard 1.0%. J. Stewart Neill was president of the company and D. Malcolm Neill was CFNB's manager. Slogan: CFNB - Serving New Brunswick's expanding economy. Dan Trout (Dan Fish) joined CFNB from CHOV in Pembroke. Anniversary ad slogan: 35 years to Now! The Maritimes first station. New Brunswick's No. 1 station. George W. Brown was CFNB's first announcer. His son George Jr. was now the station's retail sales manager. Ad slogan: If you want to make your sales impression at the right place...try us, because it's a well known fact that CFNB means B-U-S-I-N-E-S-S. Malcolm Neill accepted the presidency of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters in June after CFQC's Vern Dallin stepped down. Neill had been chairman of the association in 1951-52. In October, CFNB increased power to 50,000 watts full-time, using different day and night patterns, and two towers. The Board of Broadcast Governors approved the formation of the Atlantic Broadcasting System with affiliates CKCW Moncton, CFNB Fredericton, CFCY Charlottetown, CHNS Halifax, CFBC Saint John and CJCB Sydney. Ad: We're "powerful" BIG. No matter how you look at us: big new pulling power! Big new audience! Big new market! Big listener sales action! CFNB Fredericton...first and only independent 50,000 watt station in the Maritimes! CFNB was now known as "Radio Atlantic". To go along with the name was a new logo that featured a sea gull perched on a piece of driftwood. The change followed the huge response to the station's power increase to 50,000 watts in October of 1959. Ads - There's only one Radio Atlantic and it's CFNB Fredericton - the only independent 50,000 watt station in the Maritimes! / There's only ONE Powerful 50,000 watt independent station in the Maritimes and it's CFNB Radio Atlantic - Fredericton, N.B. CFNB, CKCW, CFCY, CFBC and CJCB were members of the Atlantic Broadcasting System, a privately-owned network, established by the stations. From an ad: CFNB increases 22.6% for a total of 51,500 (listeners) (Spring 1960 BBM). The CBC consolidated the Trans-Canada and Dominion networks into a single service. CFNB had been the Trans-Canada station. It remained a CBC affiliate after the merger. One of the first Canadians to put a radio station on the air died January 29. James Stewart Neill established CFNB in the living room of his home on January 12, 1923. He was 77. The corporate name changed to Radio Atlantic Ltd. | Jack Fenety D. Malcolm Neill was president of Radio Atlantic Ltd. and Jack T. H. Fenety was vice president and general manager of CFNB. CFNB managed to stay on the air during a fire that caused heavy smoke and water damage to the Neill Building, where the station had its operations on the third floor. CFNB was known as "Radio Atlantic". Broadcast News was the main source of news for radio stations in Canada but only a handful at this time were subscribing to BN's voice (audio) service. CFNB was one of those stations. The corporate name changed to Radio Atlantic (1970) Ltd. Studios were now at 125 Hanwell Road with the transmitter at Smithfield. Paul Morris was at CFNB. Larry Dickinson was in the production department. Malcolm Neill, who had taken over CFNB from his father, James Stewart Neill, sold the station to Bill Winton's Bathurst Broadcasting Co. Ltd. CFNB had been owned by the Neill family of Fredericton since going on the air in 1923. Roger Snowden was now news director at CFNB. He had been with CHNS Halifax. Former news director Ron Caldwell left the business. Jack Fenety retired on January 30 after 12,818 episodes of his morning show, Fact and Fancy.1 He was 68. When he left, so did the program Fact and Fancy, an institution that began September 22, 1947. The program featured birthday announcements, recipes and household hints, poems and a morning prayer. Fenety joined CFNB as a young man and worked his way through the ranks at the station, eventually becoming vice president and general manager. On November 3, approval was granted for authority to transfer effective control of Radio Atlantic (CFNB) Ltd. licensee of CFNB Fredericton, Radio Atlantic (CKBC) Ltd. licensee of CKBC Bathurst, and Radio Atlantic (CKCL) Ltd. licensee of CKCL and CKTO-FM Truro, through the transfer of 40% of the common voting shares of Radio Atlantic Holdings Ltd. from Win Trust Ltd. to Force Holdings Ltd. Radio Atlantic is the sole shareholder of Radio Atlantic Management Ltd. which in turn is the sole shareholder of the three licensee companies mentioned above. Force Holdings presently owns 46.7% of Radio Atlantic. As a result of this transaction, Radio Atlantic will be directly controlled by Force Holdings (86.7%), which is ultimately controlled by the Eddy family. Robert Burns left CFNB for CKCW Moncton. Mike Allard became CFNB's program director. He had been with CKCW in Moncton. On May 3, the CRTC approved the transfer of control of Radio Atlantic (CFNB) Ltd. from the Eddy family to John F. Eddy. On March 31, CFNB merged operations with CIHI/CKHJ. CFNB moved its administrative offices to 206 Rockwood Avenue (CIHI/CKHJ) later in the year. This was not a change of ownership but a management agreement. CIHI/CKHJ would maintain the signals of all three stations, but newsroom operations would be On January 16, CFNB was given approval to move to the FM dial, operating on a frequency of 106.9 MHz with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts. CFNB 550 signed off the air June 11 after 73 years of service. It was replaced by CIBX-FM 106.9. CFNB was Atlantic Canada's oldest radio station. On October 2, CIBX was granted a power decrease from 100,000 to 78,000 watts. On September 17, the sale of Radio Atlantic (CIBX) Ltd. to Telemedia Communications Inc. was approved. Telemedia had also acquired Radio One’s CIHI-AM and CKHJ-FM. Randy McKeen was news director for CIBX-CFXY-CKHJ. On April 19, approval came for the purchase by Astral Media Inc. of Telemedia Radio Atlantic Inc (CFXY-FM, CIBX-FM and CKHJ Fredericton). On July 28 the CRTC renewed CIBX-FM's licence until August 31, 2012. John Eddy passed away at age 56. His family bought CFNB in 1989, and in 1993 he took sole control of CFNB's owner Radio Atlantic. Eddy later sold his company to Astral Media. At the time of his death, Eddy was Astral's Atlantic region vice president. Ryan Zimmerman became operations manager at Astral Fredericton. He had been with Astral Regina. Astral Fredericton's Group brand manager, Tom Blizzard, was no longer with the operation. He was a 34-year veteran at the Astral stations in New Brunswick. Hugh Morrisson returned to Astral Atlantic Fredericton October 3 as head of technical services after a decade at MBS Saint John. He succeeded Dick Cleveland who retired October 20. On August 8, the CRTC administratively renewed the licence for CIBX-FM until August 31, 2013. Written by Bill Dulmage - Updated October, 2012 ||1 CFNB Fact and Fancy Farewell Jack Fenety

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Importance of Gene-Gene Interactions Shown in Study For Immediate Release Gaining more insight into predicting how genes affect physical or behavioral traits by charting the genotype-phenotype map holds promise to speed discoveries in personalized medicine. But figuring out exactly how genes interact has left parts of the map invisible. In a paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, North Carolina State University genetics researchers reveal some of the hidden portions of the map, showing that complicated networks of gene-gene interactions in fruit flies greatly influence the variance in quantitative traits, or characteristics that are influenced by multiple genes – like sensitivity to alcohol or aggression. The effects of these gene-gene interactions, known as epistatic effects, are difficult to gauge in human populations because some variations are unknown, says Dr. Trudy Mackay, William Neal Reynolds and Distinguished University Professor of Genetics at NC State and the paper’s corresponding author. “One of the ways we model the genotype-phenotype map in humans – one variant at a time – may be wrong,” Mackay says. “Over the past four or five years, thousands of genomewide studies have focused on how variants affect traits, but the effects shown have been really small. “It’s like the parable of the elephant and the blind men, in which one blind man feels the elephant’s trunk and believes he’s touching a snake, while another man touches the elephant’s knee and believes he’s touching a tree. Using just one interaction doesn’t help the men identify the elephant.” Enter Mackay and her fruit flies – nearly 200 lines of genetically identical flies that are also a sample of genetic variations for different traits, as well as thousands of flies that were crossbred to shuffle up the genes. In three studied traits, the PNAS paper compared identical flies with crossbred “mutt” flies and, surprisingly, showed no matched variations in chemical building blocks known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms. However, the paper showed that the epistatic networks could be used to predict variation in the three studied traits. Mackay says the knowledge gained in this paper could be used to look for epistatic interactions in human genome association studies. “Understanding how genetic variation in an individual gives rise to susceptibility to complex diseases like diabetes or schizophrenia – or even to traits like height – is one of the open questions in quantitative genetics today, ” Mackay says. “Knowing a person’s particular variants could motivate therapeutic treatments.” The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Human Genome Research Institute. Colleagues from the Baylor College of Medicine collaborated on the research. - kulikowski - Note to editors: An abstract of the paper follows. Epistasis Dominates the Genetic Architecture of Drosophila Quantitative Traits Authors: Trudy F.C. Mackay, Wen Huang, Mary Anna Carbone, Robert R.H. Anholt, Julie F. Ayroles, Laura Duncan, Katherine W. Jordan, Faye Lawrence, Michael M. Magwire, Eric A. Stone, North Carolina State University; Stephen Richards, Dianhui Zhu, Crystal Bess Warner, Kerstin Blankenburg, Yi Han, Mehwish Javaid, Joy Jayaseelan, Shalini N. Jhaniani, Donna Muszny, Fiona Ongeri, Yuan-Qing Wu, Yiqing Zhange, Xiaoyan Zou, Richard Gibbs, Baylor College of Medicine Published: Online the week of Sept. 3, 2012 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Abstract: Epistasis – non-linear genetic interactions between polymorphic loci – is the genetic basis of canalization and speciation, and epistatic interactions can be used to infer genetic networks affecting quantitative traits. However, the role epistasis plays in the genetic architecture of quantitative traits is controversial. Here, we compared the genetic architecture of three Drosophila life history traits in the sequenced inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and in a large outbred, advanced intercross population derived from 40 DGRP lines (“Flyland”). We assessed allele frequency changes between pools of individuals at the extremes of the distribution for each trait in the Flyland population by deep DNA sequencing. The genetic architecture of all traits was highly polygenic in both analyses. Surprisingly, none of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the traits in Flyland replicated in the DGRP, and vice versa. However, the majority of these SNPs participated in at least one epistatic interaction in the DGRP. Despite apparent additive effects at largely distinct loci in the two populations, the epistatic interactions perturbed common, biologically plausible, and highly connected genetic networks. Our analysis underscores the importance of epistasis as a principal factor that determines variation for quantitative traits and provides a means to uncover novel genetic networks affecting these traits. Knowledge of epistatic networks will contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of evolutionarily and clinically important traits and enhance predictive ability at an individualized level in medicine and agriculture.

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Research & Learning Other Class pages How to configure them There are two different ways of configuring your own battery pack. Connecting in series Connecting batteries in series will cause the voltages of each of your batteries to be additive while the capacity will stay the same. To wire your batteries in series, you connect the positive terminal of one battery to the negative terminal of the next battery. For example, if two NiMH AA batteries (~1.5V @ 2000mAH) are wired in series you will have a battery pack capable of supplying 3V @ 2000mAH. 1.5V + 1.5V = 3V Connecting in parallel Connecting batteries in parallel will cause the capacity of your batteries to be additive while the voltage will stay the same. To wire your batteries in parallel, you connect the positive terminal of one battery to the positive terminal of the next battery, and the negative terminal of the first battery to the negative terminal of the second. In other words, you will connect "like" terminals. Positive to positive and negative to negative. NOTE: Never build a battery pack consisting of different kinds of batteries (different form factors, different chemistry), for example: NiMH with Alkaline, Lithium Polymer with Lead Acid, Lithium with Alkaline, coin cells with AAs, AAAs with Ds, and so on. Mixing Series and Parallel You can also create a battery pack that is mixes series and parallel configuration. If you know exactly how much voltage you'd like and how much capacity you'd like to provide, you can put your batteries in series and parallel to achieve that. The photo below shows two sets of two batteries, first put in parallel and then put in series with each to provide increased voltage AND capacity. Here it is in detail (1.5V @ (2000mAH + 2000mAH)) in series with (1.5V @ (2000mAH + 2000mAH)) = 3.0V @ 4000mAH. What to look for There are three things to consider when looking at which batteries are the best fit for your project: voltage, capacity, capability, and power density. Do the batteries supply enough voltage to make my electronics happy? All electronics components have a range of voltage in which they are comfortable operating, do these batteries supply a voltage within the range of all my components in the circuit? The most common operating voltages for microcontrollers and digital processors are 5V and 3.3V so this usually makes it easy. If you are not sure what the operating voltage of a particular component is, read its datasheet. Octopart is your friend. The nominal voltage of a battery is often advertised on the battery itself. The capacity of a battery is measured in amp-hours (Ah or mAh for milliamp-hours). For instance, if a 9V NiMH battery has a capacity of 150mAh in theory you can draw a constant 15mA from this battery and it should in theory run for 10 hours. 150mAh / 15mA = 10 hours The capacity of a battery is often advertised on the battery itself or its packaging. It is denoted in mAh or AH. Alkaline batteries and many coin cells however do not advertise this. The power capability of a battery is measured in coulombs and denoted by a C. You will NOT find this measurement advertised on the battery or its packaging but you can often find a rough estimate online and a more accurate measurements through the battery manufacturer's datasheet, if they are so kind. Power density is the power a battery is able to supply in relation to its weight. The power is measured in watts (W) and is calculated by multiplying voltage by amperage or in this case, the nominal voltage by its capacity. The product is a value in Wh or watt-hours. The weight of a battery is measured in kilograms (kg). So, the power density of a battery can be something like 50Wh/kg. A high number means it can supply a lot of power for its size. Small and powerful is often ideal. Again, this is not advertised on a battery or its packaging but wikipedia will often give you a rough value. Battery Chemistry Types Lead Acid batteries usually come in the form of a big, hulking black box. They provide a lot of power, are rechargeable, but they however weight a lot. You can find them most often in automobiles, boats, scooters, motorcycles, etc. Lead acids are made up 2V cells, so you will find them with a voltage in multiples of 2V with the most common ones being 6V, 12V, 18V, and 24V. Power Capability: +10C These probably are the batteries most people are familiar with. They are very common, disposable batteries that can be purchased at just about anywhere. The cells are 1.5V and come in all sizes and shapes that include: coin cells, AAA, AA, C, D, 6V lantern batteries, and 9V. Power Capability: 0.1C NiCd batteries, or "ni-cads" are the first family of small rechargeable batteries. They come in 1.2V cells and can be found in packages that are multiples of this. They can be found in old wireless phones and remote control cars. They are also available in common sizes like coin cells, AAA, AA, C, D, and 9V. Unfortunately, their toxicity make them a poor alternative to safer and more superior rechargeables like the NiMH. Pros: Rechargeable, cheap, and hold their charge a long time NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) NiMH batteries are a form of rechargeable batteries that are a great replacement for alkalines or "ni-cads". They come in common sizes such as AAA, AA, C, D, and 9V. They're cells are a nominal voltage of 1.2V but when fully charged they approach 1.4-1.5V. Power Capability: 0.2C Li-ion (Lithium-Ion) and Li-Poly (Lithium Polymer) Lithium Ion and Lithium Polymer batteries are the newest rechargeables and have found their way into almost every piece of new consumer electronics. They are light weigh and really pack a punch in terms of power capability and density. Both types of battery chemistry require special circuitry for charging. You are unable to purchase Li-ion cells by themselves and will only find them by removing from things like cell phones and camcorders and using the electronics itself as the base charger. You can however purchase LiPo batteries from several distributors. SparkFun also has a nice LiPo charger of their own on the market that I can safely say works quite well, SKU PRT-08293. The cells are 3.6V and are commonly packaged in 3.6V and 7.2V. Power Capability: 1-10C Lithium Batteries and Coin Cells Lithium batteries come in 3V cells. Coin cells are often very small and can be found in different battery chemistry, such as alkaline, zinc, and silver oxide with voltages per cell being either 1.5V or 3V. Coin cells are often used for hearing-aids, watches, electronic dog collars, and very low power electronics. Both come in varying sizes and capacities. Most types of these batteries aren't rechargeable so its very easy to choose them for their small size and burn through them in no time. PowerStream is the only distributor I'm aware of that sells rechargeable Lithium coin cells in common coin cell sizes and also has a charger available. The nominal voltage of rechargeable coin cells is 3.7 volts. Power Capability: 0.005C - 0.01C A DC-DC converter is a circuit that converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage to another regulated DC voltage. The voltage of the source can either be boosted to a higher regulated voltage, this type is known as a step-up circuit, or the voltage of the source can be throttled to a lower regulated voltage, this type is known as a step-down circuit. The reason for mentioning this is that very often you will want to run your digital electronics off batteries and yet it's very rare that a battery pack will supply your typical 5V or 3.3V. A DC-DC converter will supply the voltage you need steadily and efficiently. Bodhi Labs is the creator of a variety of step-up battery packs that can be purchased through their website and are often in stock at the NYU computer store. Sparkfun also sells a few step-up breakout boards. Curious how long your Arduino will run off THOSE batteries while also using THAT electronic device? Well, Rob Faludi, being the resourceful man that he is, created tables that answer just those questions. Currently he has a slew of tests results from the Arduino and Xbee. He also has the Arduino and Processing code available if you wish to contribute to the table. Battery Charging Station Here at ITP we have three on-floor charging stations for rechargeable batteries. Check out the notes on the Battery Charging Station page.

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Malaria during pregnancy: New study assesses risks during first trimester The largest ever study to assess the effects of malaria and its treatment in the first trimester of pregnancy has shown that the disease significantly increases the risk of miscarriage, but that treating with antimalarial drugs is relatively safe and reduces this risk. In the study, carried out at the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), in Thailand and funded by the Wellcome Trust, researchers examined medical records of women attending the unit's antenatal clinic over the 25 years since it was founded. Malaria kills around one million people each year, mainly children and pregnant women. Malaria in pregnancy is a major cause of maternal mortality, and low birth weight which predisposes to neonatal mortality. The disease is caused by infection with the malaria parasite, with two major species Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax commonly infecting pregnant women in the South East Asia region The parasites are transmitted into the blood stream through the bite of infected mosquitos. They proceed to enter the liver where they multiply before leaving and infecting red blood cells. P. vivax is able to re-emerge from the liver stage which cannot be treated in pregnancy. The most effective drug for treating malaria is artemisinin, which is usually given as part of a combination therapy, a cocktail of drugs aimed at treating the disease whilst reducing the risk of the emergence of parasites resistant to one particular drug. Artemisinin combination therapies (ACT) are recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of malaria except in the first trimester. This is because animal studies have indicated that the drugs can be toxic to embryos. Despite the risks to pregnant women, there is very little published evidence on the effects of malaria and antimalarial drug exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy. This is in part because antenatal clinic services are often unavailable in the rural tropics and if they are, women rarely attend the clinics before their second trimester. Also, pregnant women are usually excluded from clinical trials of new drugs because of the risks of adverse effects; no randomised controlled trial has ever been carried out on how best to treat malaria in the first trimester. In a study published today in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases, researchers at the SMRU, part of the Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University-Oxford University Tropical Medicine Research Programme, examined the records of all women attending antenatal clinics at the unit. Of these, 16,668 had no malaria during pregnancy, whilst 945 had only a single episode during their first trimester and no episodes later in pregnancy. Around one in five pregnancies resulted in miscarriage when malaria was not a factor. Symptomatic malaria increased the risk of miscarriage to one in two pregnancies; for asymptomatic malaria, the risk of miscarriage was one in three pregnancies. In women with malaria, more severe disease, higher levels of parasites in the blood and infection at an earlier stage of pregnancy increased the risk of miscarriage further. The risks associated with miscarriage were similar for P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. P. falciparum infections were treated with quinine or artesunate, or inadvertently with ACT, and P. vivax with chloroquine. Of the women treated (irrespective of symptoms), 26% miscarried following chloroquine, 27% following quinine and 31% following artesunate. After inadvertent treatment with an ACT the miscarriage rate was 24%, comparable to the rate associated with other treatments. "Malaria is a potentially deadly disease and is particularly dangerous during pregnancy, both to the health of the mother and to the health of her unborn child," explains Dr Rose McGready from the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit. "Understanding the risks is essential for weighing up the treatment options. Our work has highlighted the particular risk factors with malaria infection during pregnancy. Particularly worrying is the risk of miscarriage even when the disease is asymptomatic. However, whilst the dangers of miscarriage are considerable, our study offers some good news, that the most common drugs reduce this risk significantly." Combating infectious diseases is one the strategic priorities of the Wellcome Trust. Much of this work is carried out at a local level in regions where disease is endemic. This includes several major overseas programmes, including the Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University-Oxford University Tropical Medicine Research Programme. Dr Jimmy Whitworth, Head of International Activities at the Wellcome Trust, says: "This is a very important observational study on the risks of treating malaria in women in early pregnancy, a key high-risk group for this infection. These results, which come from the research group that has done the majority of studies of malaria in pregnancy anywhere in the world, show that antimalarial treatment with standard first-line drugs reduces the risk of miscarriage in the first trimester. These findings are likely to change practice guidelines worldwide and to save the lives of many women and unborn children." Journal reference: Lancet Infectious Diseases Provided by Wellcome Trust - Better treatments for malaria in pregnancy are needed Jun 17, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - Most effective malaria drug regimens highlighted in study Sep 09, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - Profiling malaria-causing parasites Feb 07, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - New study finds 125 million pregnancies globally at risk from malaria every year Jan 26, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - Studies identify more effective treatment for malaria control during pregnancy in Africa Jun 20, 2007 | not rated yet | 0 - Motion perception revisited: High Phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions Apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 (2) | 2 - Anything you can do I can do better: Neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion (Update) Apr 02, 2013 | 4.5 / 5 (11) | 5 - The visual system as economist: Neural resource allocation in visual adaptation Mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 (2) | 9 - Separate lives: Neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled Mar 27, 2013 | 4.9 / 5 (8) | 0 - Sizing things up: The evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance Feb 28, 2013 | 4.8 / 5 (10) | 14 Assumptions of Griffith's fracture theory 1 hour ago Any experts on Griffith's fracture theory? 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Elementary questions relating to Newton's laws of motion 8 hours ago i) If a wall breaks when it gets hit by a cannonball, did the wall exert an equal and opposite force on the cannonball? ii) Would the force... - More from Physics Forums - Classical Physics More news stories Nearly three out of four pregnant women experience constipation, diarrhea or other bowel disorders during their pregnancies, a Loyola University Medical Center study has found. Obstetrics & gynaecology 11 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 New research indicates that women's reproductive function may be tied to their immune status. Previous studies have found this association in human males, but not females. Obstetrics & gynaecology May 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 | Elsevier today announced the publication of a recent study in Reproductive BioMedicine Online on 5-day old human blastocysts showing that those with an abnormal chromosomal composition can be identified by the rate at whic ... 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By altering a very specific step in gene regulation, this compound essentially re-educates cancer ... 11 hours ago | 4.8 / 5 (11) | 2 | Salamanders' immune systems are key to their remarkable ability to regrow limbs, and could also underpin their ability to regenerate spinal cords, brain tissue and even parts of their hearts, scientists have ... 12 hours ago | 4.8 / 5 (6) | 2 | Researchers have pinpointed a catalytic trigger for the onset of Alzheimer's disease – when the fundamental structure of a protein molecule changes to cause a chain reaction that leads to the death of neurons ... 12 hours ago | 5 / 5 (3) | 0 | Bacteria resistant to the antibiotic colistin are also commonly resistant to antimicrobial substances made by the human body, according to a study in mBio, the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microb ... 3 hours ago | 5 / 5 (1) | 0

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Cystoscopy is a procedure to see the inside of the bladder and urethra using a telescope. Cystourethroscopy; Endoscopy of the bladder How the test is performed Cystoscopy is performed with a cystoscope -- a special tube with a small camera on the end (endoscope). There are two types of cystoscopes: Standard, rigid cystoscope The way the cystoscope is inserted varies, but the test is the same. Which cystoscope your health care provider uses depends on the purpose of the exam. The procedure usually takes 5 - 20 minutes. The urethra is cleansed. A numbing medicine is applied to the skin lining the inside of the urethra, without using any needles. The scope is then inserted through the urethra into the bladder. Water or salt water (saline) flows through the cystoscope to fill the bladder. As this occurs, you will be asked to describe the feeling. Your answer will reveal information about your condition. As fluid fills the bladder, it stretches the bladder wall. This lets your health care provider see the entire bladder wall. You will feel the need to urinate when the bladder is full. However, the bladder must stay full until the exam is finished. If any tissue looks abnormal, a small sample can be taken (biopsy) through the cystoscope and sent to a lab to be tested. How to prepare for the test Ask your health care provider if you should stop taking any medicines that could thin your blood. If the procedure is performed in a hospital or surgery center, make arrangements for someone to take you home afterward. How the test will feel You may feel slight discomfort when the cystoscope is passed through the urethra into the bladder. You will feel an uncomfortable, strong need to urinate when your bladder is full. You may feel a quick pinch if a biopsy is taken. After the cystoscope is removed, the urethra may be sore. You may have blood in the urine and a burning sensation during urination for a day or two. Coburn M. Urologic surgery. In: Townsend CM Jr., Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2012:chap 73. Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington; and Scott Miller, MD, Urologist in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.

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From 1990 to 1991, in Canada, there was no commercial activity involving more than one kilogram of BCME or CMME and it is highly unlikely that these compounds would be formed from other substances that may be present in the environment. Both substances are readily degraded by hydrolysis in aqueous media or by photo-oxidation in the atmosphere and, therefore, are not likely to accumulate within living organisms. No data were found concerning concentrations of these substances in the ambient environment in Canada. Because of their extremely short residence time, it is believed that levels in the environment are extremely low (if they exist at all), and there is no exposure that could potentially arise from the past use of these substances in Canada. Therefore, even though there is a complete absence of data concerning the environmental toxicity of these substances, as previously noted, there is no reason to suspect that adverse effects due to BCME or CMME could occur in organisms living in the Canadian environment. Therefore, on the basis of available data, BCME and CMME are not considered to be "toxic" as defined under Paragraph 11(a) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. The short persistence of BCME and CMME in the atmosphere and the extremely low levels of release preclude these substances from contributing to ozone layer depletion, global warming, or photochemical smog formation. Therefore, on the basis of available data, BCME and CMME are not considered to be "toxic" as defined under Paragraph 11(b) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. In all of the five cohorts of exposed workers conducted to date, an association has been observed between lung cancer and exposure to either BCME (Lemen et al., 1976; Nishimura et al., 1990) or CMME (Weiss, 1976; Maher and DeFonso, 1987; Collingwood et al., 1987). The type of lung cancer [predominantly small (oat) cell carcinomas], the standardized mortality ratios, the latency periods (10 to 24 years), and the average age of appearance of cancer (35 to 55 years) in populations exposed either to BCME or CMME have been remarkably consistent. The type and incidence of lung cancer in individuals exposed to BCME or CMME [predominantly small (oat) cell carcinomas, occurring in relatively young individuals after short latency periods] is distinct from that caused by tobacco. Tobacco is one of the potential confounders in such studies, where lung tumors are predominantly squamous cell carcinomas, occurring after long latency periods in individuals more than 60 years of age (Weiss, 1976; Pasternack et al., 1977). Moreover, in the study in which tobacco smoking was most extensively addressed, involving a population of workers exposed to CMME, the incidence of lung cancer was inversely related to the use of tobacco (Weiss, 1980). The association between exposure to either BCME or CMME and lung cancer is strong, with standardized mortality ratios ranging up to 21 (Nishimura et al., 1990) and 20 (Weiss, 1982), respectively. For CMME, there is also evidence of a positive relationship between a qualitative measure of exposure and mortality due to lung cancer. In two studies on occupationally exposed individuals, the standardized mortality ratios for deaths due to lung cancer peaked 10 to 20 years from the onset of exposure (Weiss, 1982; Maher and DeFonso, 1987). Furthermore, observation of an association between occupational exposure to BCME and CMME and the development of lung cancer is plausible, based on the results of early, rather limited carcinogenesis bioassays and on available data on the genotoxicity of BCME and CMME. Increases in the incidence of tumors predominantly of the respiratory tract were observed in studies of exposed animal species. The observed association of lung cancer [predominantly small (oat) cell carcinomas] and occupational exposure to either BCME or CMME, therefore, fulfils the traditional criteria (i.e., consistency, strength, specificity, temporal relationship, exposure-response relationship, and plausibility and supporting experimental data) for assessment of causality in epidemiological studies. Consequently, on the basis of the available data, BCME and CMME have been classified in Group I ("Carcinogenic to Humans") of the classification scheme developed for use in the derivation of the "Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality" (Health and Welfare Canada, 1989). Owing to the lack of available information on concentrations in several environmental media to which humans are exposed, it is not possible to quantitatively estimate the total daily intake of BCME or CMME by the general population of Canada. It is also not appropriate to estimate intake on the basis of fugacity modelling, owing to the lack of commercial activity reported for these compounds. Consequently, estimates of total daily intake cannot be compared to quantitative estimates of cancer potency to characterize risk and provide guidance in establishing priorities for further action under CEPA. Such values would be expected to be extremely low owing to the lack of reported use of these compounds in Canada and their rapid degradation in the general environment. On the basis of available data, BCME and technical grade CMME have been classified as being "Carcinogenic to Humans" and are therefore considered to be "toxic" as defined under Paragraph 11(c) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. This approach is consistent with the objective that exposure to non-threshold toxicants should be reduced wherever possible and obviates the need to establish an arbitrary "de minimis" level of risk for determination of "toxic" under CEPA. On the basis of available data, neither BCME or CMME are considered to be "toxic" as defined under Paragraphs 11(a) and 11(b) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act but both are considered to be "toxic" as defined under Paragraph 11(c) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.

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Study: Lap band surgery effective for morbidly obese children A surgeon now at Children's National Medical Center and his colleagues from New York University have found laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (Lap band) to improve the health of morbidly obese adolescents. The study, published in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, involved nearly 50 girls and boys ages 14-17. The participants showed significant decreases in total and android fat mass 2 years after surgery. Android fat has been linked to the development of obesity-related illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, and insulin resistance. "This study is the first to demonstrate the improvements in overall health and distribution of weight loss after Lap band surgery in adolescents," said Evan Nadler, MD, the lead author and pediatric surgeon at Children's National. "While weight-loss surgery should always be a last resort for adults and adolescents, these findings show us that surgery in adolescents reduces the risk of significant health complications." The study found that Lap band surgery improved glucose metabolism, reducing the adolescents' risk of developing insulin resistance. Additionally, bone mineral density was not impacted by the surgery, suggesting that bone growth is not affected. Dr. Nadler is the co-director of the Obesity Institute at Children's National Medical Center, which is comprehensively addressing the epidemic of childhood obesity. Staff includes pediatricians, nutritionists, psychologists, cardiologists, gastroenterologists, and surgeons who treat patients and families in a clinical setting. The Obesity Institute also includes researchers looking at genetic differences and racial disparities, particularly among children and adolescents, as well as community-based research among different ethnic groups. - X-rays help physicians diagnose and treat gastric band slippageMon, 21 Jun 2010, 14:04:24 EDT - Questions remain on bariatric surgery for adolescentsTue, 9 Feb 2010, 17:29:27 EST - Laparoscopic weight-loss surgery improves health of morbidly obese teensTue, 17 Jun 2008, 16:14:50 EDT - Minimally-invasive weight loss surgery improves health and morbidly obese teensWed, 18 Jun 2008, 15:21:46 EDT - Obese teens who receive gastric banding achieve significant weight lossTue, 9 Feb 2010, 17:29:28 EST - Lap Band Surgery Effective For Morbidly Obese Children, Study Findsfrom Science DailyFri, 6 Nov 2009, 0:28:58 EST - Study: Lap band surgery effective for morbidly obese childrenfrom Science BlogTue, 3 Nov 2009, 21:21:25 EST - Study: Lap band surgery effective for morbidly obese childrenfrom PhysorgTue, 3 Nov 2009, 16:49:05 EST Latest Science NewsletterGet the latest and most popular science news articles of the week in your Inbox! It's free! Learn more about Check out our next project, Biology.Net From other science news sites Popular science news articles - UC Davis engineers create on-wetting fabric drains sweat - Not just blowing in the wind: Compressing air for renewable energy storage - Amazon River exhales virtually all carbon taken up by rain forest - Bed sharing leads to fivefold increase in risk of cot death for babies whose parents do not smoke - Protein study suggests drug side effects are inevitable No popular news yet No popular news yet - Stem cell transplant restores memory, learning in mice - 2 landmark studies report on success of using image-guided brachytherapy to treat cervical cancer - Researchers discover mushrooms can provide as much vitamin D as supplements - Cutting back on sleep harms blood vessel function and breathing control - Study: Low-dose aspirin stymies proliferation of 2 breast cancer lines

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Respiration in Reboundology Pulmonary ventilation increases rapidly after the beginning of rebounding and reaches a plateau which is determined by the height, the speed, the force, and the relative amount of the bounce. Arterial blood lactate concentration is not the cause of this increased oxygen uptake as it is with other forms of exercise. The Higher ventilation is augmented by a rise in both the amount of air sucked in with each inhalation and the breathing frequency. Bouncing brings on greater pulmonary action. This is one of the reasons that rebounding exercises may help tobacco and marijuana addicts to cut down on their smoking. There is an increased aerobic metabolism during the exercises with increased ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs becoming necessary. Adequate alveolar ventilation, sufficient numbers of red blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries, and normal ratios between ventilation and perfusion are factors of importance. The large ventilation during rebounding leads to a considerable increase in the energy expenditure of the respiratory muscles and respiration will become a limiting factor for smokers. Unless they are absolutely intent in pursuing their death wish, which makes them blind to their reduced ventilation capacity, the smokers will recognize their need to take in more oxygen per liter of air consumption. Tidal volume increases in both the inspiratory and expiratory direction during rebounding aerobics. But a smoker will have so damaged his alveoli (while he continues as a persistent smoker), he won't be able to utilize the required oxygen. This is because the total ventilation is divided into the ventilation of "dead space" and that of the alveoli. At a given total ventilation, a higher breathing rate as is necessary in rebounding, is concomitant with lower alveolar ventilation. There is a tendency of the "physiological dead space" to increase with smoking. The alveolar ventilation increases from 70 percent of the total pulmonary ventilation at rest to about 90 percent of total ventilation during rebounding. If physiological dead space has been pathologically created from smoking, the smoker will realize an inadequate alveolar expansion. Simply, he won't perform well at all on the rebound unit. Thus, rebounding is a test of the extent of damage a smoker inflicts on his ability to breathe and extract oxygen from the air. While performing rebounding aerobics, the forces against which the respiratory muscles have to work are:: (1) elastic forces in the tissues of the lung and chest wall, (2) flow resistive forces in the airways and tissues, and (3) inertial forces which depend upon the mass of the gas and the tissues. The work done against inertia is negligible At rest most of the respiratory work is done against elastic forces. With increasing ventilation; during rebounding, the flow resistive work rises rapidly. The oxygen cost of breathing for the same ventilation is about 40 percent higher when you rebound than when you sit in a comfortable chair. At a ventilation of sixty liters per minute (1/min), 4 percent of the total energy you expend is used for breathing. During a vigorous bouncing session with ventilation's of 110 to 120 1/mm the corresponding value rises to at least 9 percent. That's the amount of energy you use to breath. Pursuing the highest and most rapid bounce for a prolonged period on your rebounding device, the maximal possible ventilation you could expend would be between 130 and 170 1/min. The work of breathing is not a limiting factor for rebounding under other than extreme conditions such as performing at a high altitude or inhaling the smoke of perhaps sixty cigarettes a day.

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Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Infection (En español) An infection caused by a group of bacteria called Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). MAC include Mycobacterium avium , Mycobacterium intracellulare , and other similar Mycobacteria . MAC bacteria can be found in drinking water, dirt, and household dust. MAC infection usually starts in the lungs and intestines, but can spread throughout the body (disseminated). Symptoms of disseminated MAC infection include fever, night sweats, weight loss, abdominal pain, fatigue, and diarrhea. Most people with healthy immune systems are not affected by the bacteria. In people infected with HIV, MAC infection that is outside of the lungs (extrapulmonary) or that has disseminated is an AIDS-defining condition. See Related Term(s): AIDS-Defining Condition, Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare (MAI) Infection, Opportunistic Infection

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This chapter addresses each of the following research questions, with an explanation of how the output can be used to find answers: What is the spread of item difficulties (and category difficulties, for polytomous items)? How discriminating is each item? What is the distribution of abilities/traits in this group of examinees/respondents? How does the ability distribution compare to the item difficulty distribution? How much information does the test provide over the ability/trait range? How does each item contribute to the test information? and For a given population or sample distribution, how reliable are the ability/trait estimates? Most of the questions relate to the item or examinee parameter estimates. Before examining how the questions can be answered, a brief, conceptual explanation of parameter estimation is given. In addition, write-ups are presented for the results for an analysis of dichotomous and polytomous items. Comments on the write-up and further explanations are provided following the example report. In general, the examples show some of the ways that the results could be described in a report. Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter. If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.

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Get lyrics on your iphone or Android phone with the karnatik app! Famous Carnatic Composers - D Muttuswaamee Dikshitar - The youngest of the Carnatic Musical Trinity was born in 1776, brought up with 2 brothers and a sister with great care and acquiring proficiency in both music and Sanskrit. His family moved to Manali, where he became a disciple of Cidambaranaata Yogi and went to Varanaasi. For 5 years he stayed there and learned Hindustani music, especially the Dhrupad style of music. After his guru died, he returned to the south and came to the holy shrine of Tiruttani to pray and meditate before Lord Subramanya. One day the Lord appeared to him, asked him to open his mouth, placed a piece of sugar candy in his mouth, and disappeared. After this, Dikshitar began composing beautiful kritis. The first piece he sang was "ShreenataDi guruguhO jayati jayati." Then he went to Kaanceepuram and sang songs in praise of Ekaambaratanaata and Kaamaakshi. He visited various temples to compose songs, from the TaamrapaaNi River (Shree kaantimateem) and Rameshwaram (Raamanaatham bhajEham) to Kaasi (Kaasi visaalakshi). Then he returned to Tiruvaaroor, where he gathered disciples and taught them his composition. His brothers became proficient at rendering his compositions as well and went to Madurai to teach these songs. Once, because of poverty, Dikshitar did not have the means to make his offerings to the deity. His disciple, the famous dancer Kamalam, offered to pledge her jewels and raise the money. He refused and composed "Tyaagaraajam bhajarE," trusting in God. Soon 2 cartloads of food and articles reached his house as a gift from the manager of the choultry. After the death of his brother Cinnaswaami, his brother Baalaswaami left and was made a Samastaana Vidwaan at ETTayapuram in 1824. Dikshitar left to meet his suriving brother, and on the way fervently sang "Aanandaamruta" in amritavarshini, seeing the dry condition of the land. Apparently, there was a heavy downpour soon afterward. Dikshitar met his brother and attended his marriage as well. Then he returned to Tiuvaaroor. His group kritis include the navagraha kritis in praise of the 7 principal planets and the Kamalaambaa navaavarana kritis - 9 songs in praise of the deity of Tiruvaaroor. He also composed small kritis with SamaashTi caraNams (which include both Anupallavi and CaraNam). 461 songs in 191 raagams are available today. He used characteristic phrases of raagam and was a master of rhyme. He often chose a slow tempo. In 1835 he went to ETTaiyapuram to attend a marriage in the royal family and stayed there. "Meenaakshi mE mudam" is supposed to be one of his last compositions, created in Madurai on his way to ETTaiyapuram, where he passed away on October 21, 1835. Compositions attributed to Dikshitar of unknown origin:

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Framing a bright emission region looks out along the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy toward the nebula rich constellation Popularly called the Tulip Nebula the glowing cloud of interstellar gas and dust is also found in the by astronomer Stewart Sharpless About 8,000 light-years distant the nebula is understandably not the only cosmic cloud to evoke the imagery The complex and beautiful nebula is shown here in a composite image that from ionized sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms into red, green, and blue colors. Ultraviolet radiation from young, energetic O star HDE 227018 ionizes the atoms and powers the emission from the Tulip Nebula. HDE 227018, is the bright star very near the blue arc at image center. Credit & Copyright: Michael Joner, David Laney (West Mountain

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The Alphabet Song (Let's Sing) Subscribe to our YouTube channel to stay up-to-date with our latest videos! Language Focus Other songs about: alphabet/spelling The Alphabet Song (Let's Sing) Lyrics and Actions ♫ A, B, C, D, E, F, G H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P Q, R, S, T, U, V W, X, Y, and Z Now I know my ABCs. Next time won't you sing with me? ♫ The "Let's Sing" version of "The Alphabet Song" is a little bit faster than the "Let's Learn" version, but still paced gently enough for young learners to be able to hear each letter and sing along. This is a nice version for children to "graduate" to once they have become comfortable and confident with the "Let's Learn" version. Point to the letters on an alphabet chart or written on a whiteboard. 1 Line up flashcards from A-Z on the floor or on the wall. Point to each of the letters as you sing the song. Next, remove several of the letters, leaving blank spaces where the letters used to be. Sing "The Alphabet Song" again, but when you reach a spot where there is no letter, everyone claps instead of singing. For example, it may sound like this: "A, B, C, (CLAP), E, F, G, H, I, J, (CLAP), L, M, N, O, P, Q, (CLAP), S, T, U, V, W, (CLAP), Y, and Z." This adds an extra element of fun and challenge for the students, and forces the children to really focus on the letters and not just memorize the song. It also helps teachers see which students are having some difficulty with the alphabet. 2 For older kids try doing all of the letters in American Sign Language! 3 Help older students recognize and practice the letters by giving them ABC flashcards to put in order. Play this song in the background as they work. 4 For more ideas, see our Pinterest board "Learn The ABCs." 5

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We no longer have to just take iconic writers’ words on the power of fiction. The New York Times’ Annie Murphy Paul explores the neuroscience of your brain on fiction and how narratives offer a way to engage the brain’s capacity to map other people’s intentions, known in psychology as “theory of mind.” Brain scans are revealing what happens in our heads when we read a detailed description, an evocative metaphor or an emotional exchange between characters. Stories, this research is showing, stimulate the brain and even change how we act in life. Researchers have long known that the “classical” language regions, like Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, are involved in how the brain interprets written words. What scientists have come to realize in the last few years is that narratives activate many other parts of our brains as well, suggesting why the experience of reading can feel so alive.

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A heliotrope - an instrument used to reflect sunlight for signaling purposes and to extend range of visibility between points for survey purposes. The instrument required constant attention from an operator because of the continually changing azimuth of the sun. The longest line known to have been observed with this type of instrument was 192 statute miles.

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Strange Curves, Counting Rabbits, & Other Mathematical Explorations Princeton University Press Publication date: October 2011 Digital Book format: PDF (Adobe DRM) How does mathematics enable us to send pictures from space back to Earth? Where does the bell-shaped curve come from? Why do you need only 23 people in a room for a 50/50 chance of two of them sharing the same birthday? In Strange Curves, Counting Rabbits, and Other Mathematical Explorations, Keith Ball highlights how ideas, mostly from pure math, can answer these questions and many more. Drawing on areas of mathematics from probability theory, number theory, and geometry, he explores a wide range of concepts, some more light-hearted, others central to the development of the field and used daily by mathematicians, physicists, and engineers. Each of the book's ten chapters begins by outlining key concepts and goes on to discuss, with the minimum of technical detail, the principles that underlie them. Each includes puzzles and problems of varying difficulty. While the chapters are self-contained, they also reveal the links between seemingly unrelated topics. For example, the problem of how to design codes for satellite communication gives rise to the same idea of uncertainty as the problem of screening blood samples for disease. Accessible to anyone familiar with basic calculus, this book is a treasure trove of ideas that will entertain, amuse, and bemuse students, teachers, and math lovers of all ages.

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Saturn's Deep, Dark Secret Titan, the only major body in the solar system that we haven't gotten a good look at, is about to be outed. - By Craig Mellow - Air & Space magazine, July 2004 MOST OF US PROBABLY FEEL THAT WE SPEND LONG, tedious intervals in the shadows awaiting brief moments of glory. But spare a thought for the European Space Agency’s Huygens planetary probe. After a seven-year cruise through space, the 700-pound disk, stuffed with electronic instruments, will spend as little as three minutes on the surface of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. Then it will either sink beneath a burbling methane ocean or be abandoned in frozen Titanic wastes forevermore. And that’s if everything goes well. Yet Huygens and its ground controllers in the German suburb of Darmstadt will in those three minutes see what no one has seen before. Titan, which is larger than Mercury and almost half the size of Earth, is surrounded by a dense gaseous atmosphere that has kept its surface hidden—from the Voyager probes, which flew by in 1980 and ’81; from the Hubble Space Telescope, which measured the moon’s surface reflectivity in 1994; and from the cloud-penetrating radar of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, which in 2001 and 2002 detected glints from Titan’s radar-reflective areas. To know the surface of Titan, scientists must send an observer to descend beneath the atmosphere. ESA’s Huygenauts don’t even know if their vessel will land on a hard surface or liquid; they figure the chances for either at 50-50. What they do know is that Titan’s atmosphere, which Huygens will study for a whole two and a half hours before its finale on the surface, is intriguingly like Earth’s probably was four billion years ago, when fledgling organic compounds like methane first began to vary the choking miasma of nitrogen. Life as we know it cannot evolve on Titan, thanks to average temperatures of –289 degrees Fahrenheit. But the great moon is “a unique laboratory for studying the pre-biotic soup,” in the loving phrase of Jean-Pierre Lebreton, the 54-year-old French physicist who has given most of his working life to Huygens and is ESA’s top scientist on the project. “There’s a large list of hydrocarbon molecules, indicating something very strange and complex is going on in the atmosphere and on the surface,” he says. “Basic information about how life was created that is erased on Earth may be frozen for us to study on Titan.” The Huygens project—named for Christiaan Huygens, the Dutch astronomer who in 1655 discovered Titan—is something of a pioneer back on Earth too. It is Europe’s farthest stab by far into the universe. It is also the first spacecraft of any country to attempt a landing—hairsplitters would say an “impact”—in the outer solar system. “By the time we get the first pictures, we will have either succeeded spectacularly or failed spectacularly.” So concludes David Salt, one of two British techies minding Huygens’ so-far quiescent bank of computer monitors in a bunker-like control room in the Darmstadt basement. Either way, it will be too late to do anything about it. With Huygens 80 light-minutes from Earth (compared to nine for the Mars landers recently in the news), a round-trip radio signal, even assuming it penetrated the Titanic haze, would take longer than Huygens’ planned 150-minute plunge through the atmosphere. The little craft—all of eight feet in diameter and looking Star Wars-adorable hunkered behind a cap-like heat shield—will be alone in the impenetrable fog of strange and complex hydrocarbons. At about 200 miles above Titan’s surface, the heat shield will brake the craft from 12,400 mph to 870 mph in less than two minutes. Sensing the reduced speed, accelerometers on board should trigger the release of the first of three parachutes, meant to slow the craft to about 12 mph so its impact with the surface will be survivable. When the first chute deploys and the shell is jettisoned, the science instruments kick in, and the distilled genius of another pint-size explorer—the European Space Agency, which figures its budget at six percent of NASA’s—goes to work. ESA has had help. Plenty of American know-how is at work on Huygens too. For one thing, the probe is hitching a ride to Saturn on a NASA spacecraft named Cassini (after Renaissance Italian skywatcher Gian Domenico Cassini, who discovered one of the gaps in Saturn’s rings). Cassini will begin to orbit Saturn on July 1 and, sweeping by Titan with its infrared camera and radar, will upstage Huygens with the first glimpses of the moon’s surface. Six and a half months later, Cassini will drop Huygens off to visit Titan, relay (it is hoped) Huygens’ data feeds, then head off on its own four-year tour of the ringed planet.

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Student web directory created by librarians and hosted by U.C. Berkeley. An excellent site for beginning research projects. (subject search) Kids Click...more search Kids Click search with more options: dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia and search engines. IPL Youth Division Librarians' Index to the Internet is to provide a well-organized point of access for reliable, trustworthy, librarian-selected Internet resources, serving California, the nation, and the world. Provides filtered search engines and search engines with all content reviewed for child safety. Student oriented web directory compiled by teachers. A great source for student research. Kids Web K-12 The goal of Kids Web is to present subsets of the Web that are very simple to navigate, and contains information targeted at the K-12 level. TekMom provides research options for students who need to do Web searches, but who might not want to use the popular search engines which return links from the entire Web Ask for Kids Ask for Kids is a fast, easy and kid-friendly way for kids to find answers to their questions online. Teacher evaluated web sites specifically targeted for Middle School students and curriculum. Homework and research site organized according to the specific curriculum covered in elementary, middle, and secondary schools throughout the United States.

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Itīs been some time since I last did trigonometric equations. I dont remember if I should know this or not, but anyway, right now I dont. f(x)= sin 2x - sin x/2 is periodic with what period? Just point me in a direction, thanks! We know that sinus is 2pi-periodic. sin(2x) -> find t such as sin(2(x+t))=sin(2x) This means that 2t=2pi -> t=pi Do the same for sin(x/2) and finding t' such as sin((x+t')/2)=sin(x/2) The period of the function will be gcd(t,t') No, you can't... What does that mean ?so sin 2x -> sin 2(x + n*2pi) The periodicity of a function is defined as : h(x+t)=h(x) Suppose that f(x)=sin(x) and g(x)=2x So you have to find t such as h(x+t)=h(x) If you replace, it makes : So you have to find t as i told you above : such as So t=pi works

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India General Service Medal (1854-1895), with bar for Burma 1889-92, awarded to Pvt. J. Martin, 1892 Obverse, a bust of Queen Victoria Reverse, Victory crowning a seated Classical warrior with a laurel wreath India General Service Medal, 1892 (Third Anglo-Burmese War) The Army of India Medal's issue in 1849 having marked the previous half-century's combats in the region, further conflicts in the 1850s led in 1854 to the design and issue of a General Service Medal for the theatre, for which bars would be issued as each new campaign merited. British annexation of the Burmese kingdom of Ava in 1879 was so rapid that as the capital fell many of the Burmese forces were only just massing. In the absence of leadership these troops took to the country to mount guerilla campaigns against the new occupiers. British campaigns against such insurgents continued until 1892, and bars were awarded to the India General Service Medal for them in 1889 and 1892. The latter bar covered eleven separate punitive expeditions, in one or several of which must have taken part Private J. Martin of the Devon Regiment, to whom this medal was awarded. Lester Watson purchased it from the London dealers Baldwin in 1927.

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CHILDREN who read succeed. This was a simple yet important message given to Rampur Primary School students by the permanent secretary for the Education, National Heritage Culture and Arts Ministry, Dr Brij Lal during the World Book Day celebration. Dr Lal, yesterday said the purpose of World Book Day was to pay a universal mark of respect to books and authors. He said it was also to persuade people to find out the enjoyment of reading. "I certainly feel that the success of the World Book Day in Fiji will depend primarily on the support of teachers, librarians, authors, public and private institutions and of course on the humanitarian non-governmental organisations and the mass media," he said. He said children who read voluntarily and widely were better readers, better writers, better spellers and better critical thinkers. "Reading is an active mental process and it forces us to reason out many things," he said. "It improves our concentration and focus and builds self-esteem." "When we have a population that can read and write, we can participate fully in the economy of the country. "Parents and guardians will be able to assist children with homework, tasks and projects." He said a literate population would be able to participate fully in discussions that can shape the well-being of organisations.

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8/10/2012 9:24:24 AM YNN: State of Education: Nanotechnology studies Albany, NY - At a program poster presentation, students showcased their findings in nanotechnology studies. And these days, the ‘nano’ prefix is being applied more and more. For example, nano-medicine was studied for a noble effort: finding a cure for cancer, using DNA that's folded into what's called a quadroplex. "That shape allows it to combine to certain proteins on the cancer cell surface and then we can use that to deliver drugs directly to those cancer cells," explained Brad Sutliff, a student from Syracuse. Another worthy project is brain tumor research "I found there's a barrier that surrounds the brain, it's actually a fluid that filters out the toxins in the blood, and certain toxins are thought as drugs so the brain rejects them," said Patricia Massa, a Clifton Park student. So a solution is in the works. There's also a common theme between three students: nano-economics. "The first student has focused on the aspects of entrepreneurial technology development, looking at incubation, funding, and other aspects of it. The second student looked at how does that compare to other universities, and what are the factors as to why certain universities succeed and others don't do quite as well," said Michael Fancher, nano-economics associate professor. The third student applied that knowledge to smart cities technology. But regardless of the project, whether it's nano-engineering, nano-science, or nano-bioscience, this field of study is practically a necessity for the 21st century student. Read More and View Video

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These volumes constitute two of the nineteen in a series, the plan of which was adopted by the American Historical Associa- tion in 19o2, and known as "Original Narratives of Early Amer- ican History." OHLAND MORTON Pan American College Letters From A Texas Sheep Ranch. Edited by Harry James Brown. Urbana, Illinois (University of Illinois Press), 1959. Pp. 156. Illustrations. $3.50. Students of Texas history will immediately recognize the name of George Wilkins Kendall, whose letters are contained in this delightful little volume. Not only did New England-born Kendall become "the greatest sheepman Texas ever produced," but he was also well known as a traveler and journalist. Co-founder of the New Orleans Picayune and author of the popular Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, in which he recounted his adven- tures in this ill-fated scheme, Kendall had lived a full and colorful life already, when in 1856 at the age of forty-six he moved his family from New Orleans to a ranch north of New Braunfels. Here he became recognized as an authority on sheep husbandry, and through letters published in the Picayune he described the opportunities that Texas afforded an industrious and energetic individual. He recognized the difficulties in settling any frontier area but believed the advantages far exceeded the obstacles and any failure in Texas was that of the man, not the land. And for those who were critical of the state, he reserved the contemptuous The present work, winner of the 1958 Agricultural History Society prize, is a collection of letters written in 186o and 1867 (the majority written in 186o, only three letters of 1867 being included) by Kendall to his old friend Henry Stephens Randall, New York journalist who was regarded as the outstanding sheep authority in the country at the time. As would be expected the bulk of the letters deals directly with the problems of sheep hus- bandry, such as obtaining adequate pasture and shelter, breeding of the animals (the antics of the ram "Old Honest" causing Kendall no small amount of concern), and purchasing new stock. Considerable attention is paid to weather conditions by rancher Texas State Historical Association. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 63, July 1959 - April, 1960. Austin, Texas. The Portal to Texas History. http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101186/. Accessed May 26, 2013.

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How do I help clients keep their dogs from begging? These helpful hints come from an article written by a behavior specialist. Apr 1, 2011 By: Valarie V. Tynes, DVM, DACVB Begging is one of those problem behaviors that is easy to fix in theory but harder to fix in the real world since some important laws of learning are at play. FACTORS AT PLAY Animals perform behaviors for specific reasons. Animals tend to repeat behaviors that get rewarded and not repeat behaviors that are not rewarding in some way. This information can be challenging to put to use if it is not clear to us why an animal finds a particular behavior, such as barking or chasing cars, rewarding. However, it should be clear to everyone why begging is rewarding--it usually results in getting something delicious to eat! Therefore, the instructions to the owner have to be, "Stop giving the dog food when it begs." If your clients are like mine, they will say, "But Doc, we tried that, and it didn't work!" When pressed for further information, they will explain that when they tried to ignore the begging and not give in, the pet simply became more persistent--maybe it began to whine or bark, or maybe it just continued to sit and stare until the owner could no longer ignore those "beautiful brown eyes." No matter what the cause, most people finally give in and give the dog some food. The dog has now learned that if it is just persistent and does not give up, something delicious will be forthcoming. Two important aspects of learning psychology are evident here: the power of intermittent reinforcement and the extinction burst. Intermittent reinforcement is one of the most powerful forms of reinforcement there is. It can be an extremely useful tool in dog training. When trying to teach an animal a new behavior, it is most effective to reward or reinforce every time the animal displays the desired behavior (called continuous reinforcement). Once the animal has learned a behavior, if you want the behavior to become resistant to extinction, you should begin rewarding intermittently. You are then acting like a slot machine; the dog continues to display the behavior because it never knows when or if it will be rewarded for the behavior. With this method, the behavior becomes very firmly The extinction burst refers to the continued efforts that the animal will make to get the reinforcement that it had previously received. The previously reinforced behavior actually increases for a period of time before the animal eventually stops trying. It is this extinction burst that is so hard for most pet owners to ignore when trying to stop a previously rewarded behavior. WHAT TO DO: SEPARATE, REWARD SEPARATELY, IGNORE CONSISTENTLY With that in mind, the first practical instruction to give clients is to not put the dog in a position where it can beg since it can be so difficult to ignore a begging dog. I have found that the easiest way to do this is to place a dog that begs in a different room--or a crate if the pet is crate-trained--before the family sits down for meals. In some cases, the dog may need to be placed in this area while meals are being prepared. The room or crate should be far enough away so that whining can be ignored. If an owner would feel better about feeding the dog during this time, that is fine, too, as long is the dog is away from where people are eating. Alternatively, owners can be instructed to give their dogs a special treat before meals such as a boiled marrowbone, stuffed Kong, or other food-dispensing toy. The animal is then well-rewarded for being away from the family and their food. This can be extremely useful for dogs that are not comfortable being alone or in a crate. For dogs that are on restricted-calorie diets, teach clients how to measure out the amount of food for the day, every morning. They can then use part of the animal's daily allotment for filling the food toys or as training treats. After being given these instructions, owners may still question how to handle snacks and other food items that are present at times other than mealtimes. The rules remain the same: if owners are ever to stop the behavior completely, they must never reinforce it. All family members need to be in agreement about this in order for it to work. If small children are in the home, the dog should be kept separate from them when the children eat unless an adult can supervise and prevent children from feeding the dog. Every family member must ignore the begging. It will eventually stop. It is at this point that the outcome will rely on pet owners being more persistent than their dogs. With patience and knowledge about these learning processes, clients can be assured that eventually the unwanted behavior will be extinguished. Valarie V. Tynes, DVM, DACVB Premier Veterinary Behavior Consulting P.O. Box 1413 Sweetwater, TX 79556

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A disease once thought to be eradicated in the United States has quietly resurfaced. After it was thought to be completely eliminated in the United States in beginning of the 21st century, measles outbreaks are once again on the rise (Crane, 2011). Recent outbreaks of measles in America are directly related to the increase of international travel accompanied by the decrease in percent of measles vaccinated citizens. This phenomenon has the United States experiencing the highest reported number of measles cases in nearly two decades (Crane, 2011). The resulting migration toward tertiary prevention in contrast with prior secondary prevention of measles has increased the amount of healthcare dollars being used toward this disease in the United States. Increasing the amount of people vaccinated against measles nationwide could eventually result in eradication in the United States. Measles is an acute viral respiratory infection caused by a polymyxovirus commonly called the Measles Virus. Transmission from person to person is through close contact with droplets from the respiratory system of an infected person. These droplets can remain contagious on surfaces contaminated by an infected individual for up to 2 hours. After contact, the virus has an incubation period of 6-19 days before it’s characteristic rash appears. Infected individuals are contagious from 4 days before the rash appears and up to 5 days after symptoms subside (Watkins, 2011). In the initial prodromal stage of infection, people will display high fevers, hacking coughs, runny noses and red painful conjunctiva of their eyes. Often times these symptoms lead people to shrug it off as a cold or the flu. After a few days, infected persons then experience blue or white spots in their mouths known as Koplik’s spots. Finally, a few days later, the rash appears and people begin to realize what has been plaguing them for the last week; measles. In some cases, measles... [continues] Cite This Essay (2012, 03). Measles. a Re-Born Threat. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 03, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Measles-A-Re-Born-Threat-930091.html "Measles. a Re-Born Threat" StudyMode.com. 03 2012. 03 2012 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Measles-A-Re-Born-Threat-930091.html>. "Measles. a Re-Born Threat." StudyMode.com. 03, 2012. Accessed 03, 2012. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Measles-A-Re-Born-Threat-930091.html.

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|Neutral ||RussMartin4154 ||On Jul 17, 2009, RussMartin4154 from Omaha, NE (Zone 5b) wrote: From: "Germination, growth rates, and electron microscope analysis of tomato seeds flown on the LDEF" Authors: Ernest C. Hammond, Jr , Kevin Bridgers and F. Denise Berry "A batch of tomato seeds were flown in orbit aboard the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) for almost 6 y[ears] During this time, the seeds received an abundant exposure to cosmic radiation. Upon the return of the LDEF to Earth, the seeds were distributed throughout the United States and 30 foreign countries for analysis." From: "From Wolf Peach to Outer Space—Tomato History & Lore" by Karan Davis Cutler, included in the book "Tantalizing Tomatoes" "For six years, more than 12.5 million 'Rutgers California Supreme' seeds circled earth aboard a satellite, then were retrieved by the crew of the Columbia. Back on earth, the seeds were distributed to more than 3 million school children and 64,000 teachers in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and 34 foreign countries."

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THE PARABLE OF THE LEAVEN I-Bing Cheng, M.D., M.A. Jesus taught people about the kingdom of God, He often used examples taken directly from everyday life. The parable of the leaven is one good example. Let’s read this short parable. 13:33. Another parable He spoke to them: "The kingdom of heaven is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal till it was all leavened." Here Jesus is telling the story of a woman who was busy making bread. He says, ‘Look over there. Do you see that woman behind the window? Do you see what she is doing? She is going to make a loaf of bread, maybe even several loaves of bread. She already got her pans and pots ready. Now she is mixing flour, water, yeast and a pinch of salt together. The yeast is a very important ingredient because it causes the dough to rise. Later when it is all leavened, the woman will bake the bread.’ You all know that bread made simply from water and flour is dry and very hard. That is why we mix it with leaven. When you put the dough in a warm place, at the right temperature, the leaven changes the quality of the bread by making it porous and moist. Through the process of fermentation, the whole dough is filled with air and it becomes very soft. Two opposite views What is the spiritual teaching of this passage? There are essentially two interpretations of this parable. (1) Some say that the leaven represents God’s work and the bread is the world. This means that the church is the leaven working inside the world, the bread, and its influence spreads throughout the world. If that is the picture, it is basically repeating the lesson of the previous parable, the parable of the mustard seed (Matthew 13:31-32). There we saw that the influence of the church will be pervasive in the world. Man and society will be affected in one way or another by this leaven. (2) The other way to understand this parable is that the world is spreading into the church. The description of ‘leaven taken by a woman and hidden in the meal’ indicates a mixture of evil within the good. It is a picture in which the leaven symbolizes evil that penetrates God’s kingdom and His church. Throughout the history of the church, both views were held. Most Bible commentators of our time prefer the first interpretation, namely that the church, like leaven mixed in with dough, penetrates and transforms the world. I personally prefer the second interpretation. The parable is a picture of evil diffusing itself through the church. It seems to me that the arguments supporting that point of view are stronger than those of the first one. We will see what those arguments are in this lesson. Now let’s take a close look at this parable. The kingdom of God is ‘not’ The parable of the leaven begins with these words. The kingdom of heaven is like leaven... Here we have to be very careful how we read the Scriptures. If we read the story like this, The kingdom of heaven is like leaven, then it would seem like Jesus is saying that the kingdom of God is the leaven which penetrates the world. But that is not exactly the meaning of Jesus’ words. The fact that the kingdom of heaven is likened to leaven does not mean that the kingdom is the leaven. You see, when Jesus uses the expression ‘the kingdom of heaven is like this,’ the point of His comparison is not strictly the noun which follows that expression but the parable as a whole. Take for example the parable of the sower. It is not the ‘man who sowed’ who is compared to the kingdom of heaven, but the situation resulting from his sowing. In the parable of the mustard seed, Jesus says, The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed. Again, the point of comparison is not the mustard seed in itself, but what happens when it is sown. The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed, which a man took and sowed in his field (Matthew 13:31). We read in Matthew 25:1, At that time the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins. Does that mean that the kingdom of heaven is being represented by these women? No. We have to read the sentence until the end. At that time the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins who took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom. The kingdom of heaven is not simply compared to ten virgins, but to ten virgins who have taken their lamps and gone out to a marriage feast. In the context of this parable, the meaning is that when Jesus returns to judgment, it will be as it was the case of ten virgins in a marriage ceremony. It is the whole thing together that represents the situation in the kingdom. This reminds me of Paul when he says, For the body is not one member, but many (1Corinthians 12:14). The body is made up of many members, not just of one single member. It is the same thing with the kingdom parables. When a parable begins with the expression ‘the kingdom of heaven is like this,’ we should not assume that the first word is the one that the kingdom of God is like. The kingdom of heaven is not like leaven. It is like leaven put into the bread by a woman. The whole picture is involved, not just the first word. The meaning of the statement will not change if we say, ‘The kingdom of God is like a woman who took leaven and mixed it with flour.’ We can also change the words around in this way, ‘The kingdom of God is like meal which a woman took and put leaven into.’ The meaning remains the same. little leaven leavens the whole lump The next point we have to deal with is the question of the leaven. What does ‘leaven’ mean in the Bible? Well, the word of God has a lot to say about ‘leaven’. If you take a NT concordance and look under the word ‘leaven,’ it won’t be long before you notice that leaven refers to something bad. In the parable of the leaven, it appears once as a verb (zumoo) and once as a noun (zume). There are only two other places outside of this parable where the verb form is used: 1Corinthians 5:6 and Galatians 5:9. Let’s look at these two passages. 1Corinthians 5:6. Your glorying is not good. Do you not know that a little leaven leavens the whole lump? 7 Therefore purge out the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, since you truly are unleavened… Do you see the picture? Paul says, ‘You, Christians, are a loaf of bread which should not be leavened. You are in fact unleavened. Clean out the old leaven of sin in your life.’ The apostle Paul wrote those words to the church of Corinth in reaction to her immorality. At the beginning of the chapter, mention is made of a very serious sin in which a man committed incest, i.e., he had a sexual relationship with a relative of his own. In this case, it was with his mother-in-law. Paul said out of fury, ‘Such a thing is disgusting even to the non-Christians. How dare you tolerate a sin like this in your church? This cannot pass over without correction!’ Then he said, ‘I have decided to excommunicate this man.’ By this action, he removed the leaven from the church. He took out this sinful influence so that it does not affect the entire Christian community. The word leaven is used in the same negative way in Galatians 5:9. Paul says this. 5:9. A little leaven leavens the whole lump. In this particular context, Paul is speaking about the influence of false teaching in the church, namely, the return to circumcision. ‘It only takes a little leaven,’ Paul says, ‘to affect a whole lump of dough. So it is with false teaching. If we let it spread, it will permeate and mislead the whole church.’ Symbol of evil The noun form of leaven occurs 12 other times in the NT (Matthew 16:6, 11, 12; Mark 8:15, 15; Luke 12:1; 13:21; 1Corinthians 5:6, 7, 8, 8; Galatians 5:9). And again, it is always used in reference to corrupt doctrine or to corrupt practice. In the OT, the word ‘leaven’ also represents something evil. That is why leaven was forbidden in all offerings to God by fire (Leviticus 2:11; 6:17). We read in Leviticus 2:11, No grain offering which you bring to the Lord shall be made with leaven, for you shall burn no leaven nor any honey in any offering to the Lord made by fire. Because leaven symbolizes the pervasive character of evil, it was inappropriate to use it in offerings which typified the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ. For the same reason, the Israelites were forbidden to eat leavened bread for seven days at the time of Passover. Not only that, they were prohibited from having any leaven in their homes (Exodus 12:15, 19) or in their land (Exodus 13:7; Deuteronomy 16:4). At that time of the year, the Israelites searched with extreme care their homes, to purge out every particle of leaven. This is the point we need to observe. In the Bible, leaven is never used in a good sense. There is not a single place in the Scriptures where it typifies something good. Even when Jesus uses the word ‘leaven,’ it is always in a bad sense (Matthew 16:6, 11; Mark 8:15; Luke 12:1). If we want to change the symbolic meaning of leaven and take it in a good sense in the parable of the leaven, we must have some very solid arguments. But it seems to me that there are no strong reasons for making an exception and regarding the symbol here differently from its application everywhere else in the word of God. The interpretation that makes the leaven to be the gospel introduced into the world by the church and influencing subtly the whole world is based more on an exception than on a general rule. To be consistent, it is more logical to see the picture of evil penetrating the Christian community. Three measures of flour Let us consider another question. In the NIV, we read, The kingdom of heaven is like yeast that a woman took and mixed into a large amount of flour until it worked all through the dough. What does this dough represent? Dough is used in Romans 11:16 as a picture of the people of God. Paul writes, If the part of the dough offered as firstfruits is holy, then the whole batch is holy. Because of the holy lives of a few faithful ones, God cares for the nation as a whole – for the whole lump – for In the parable of the leaven, the Greek word for ‘flour’ or ‘meal’ refers specifically to wheat flour (aleuron). This does not come out in the English translation but it is very clear in the Greek text. And when we speak of wheat flour, we are talking about believers. Remember the parable of the tares. According to Jesus’ own explanation, the tares represent the sons of the devil, whereas the good seed, the wheat, stands for the children of God (Matthew 13:38). Wheat is also used as a picture of believers by John the Baptist in Matthew 3:12 where he declares that Jesus will one day ‘gather His wheat (the righteous) into the barn, but He will burn up the chaff (the wicked) with In John 6, the bread is Jesus Himself. I am the bread of life, Jesus says. And we, by extension, being the body of Christ, are called ‘bread’. That is why in 1Corinthians 10:17 it says, For we (the church), though many, are one bread and one body. The Christians are all one bread and one body with Christ. So the wheat, the flour, the bread, all those terms refer to believers. symbolizes evil and wheat refers to Christians, then the lesson of the parable is that evil is able to penetrate the kingdom of heaven and corrupt it. The world is penetrating the church with its bad influence and Jesus is telling us to watch out for this. That, to me, is a more natural interpretation of in the flour Notice the word ‘hid.’ Which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal. This action, ‘to hide,’ indicates two things: (1) a certain act of secrecy, and (2) a certain covering up of something. Can we say that God takes His kingdom and hides it in the world? No, the kingdom of God comes with no hiding at all. Rather, it comes into the world in such a way that the world is quite aware of it. Paul says for example in Acts 26:26, ‘The things of which I preach were not done in a corner.’ They were not hidden from human view. The events in the life of Jesus were obvious to everybody. All the Palestinian people could see what He was doing. That is why Jesus said to the people who came to arrest Him secretly, ‘Why do you arrest Me in the dark? Everyday I was in the temple teaching and you never touched Me. I sat in a public place. I didn’t hide Myself. So why do you do this thing in secret?’ The world acts secretly. Jesus does nothing in the corner. In the same way, the apostle Paul says in 1Corinthians 4:9, ‘We, apostles, have become a spectacle to the world.’ A spectacle is something that the whole world can see. There is nothing hidden about it. In 2Corinthians 4:3-4, Paul again says, ‘The gospel that we preach is not hidden. But if it is hidden, it is hidden to those who are perishing. And they are perishing because the god of this world has blinded their eyes so that they cannot see the glory of Christ.’ The gospel is not hidden by God. If there is anything hidden, it is Satan who did the hiding, who blinded the eyes of the people to prevent them from seeing the glory of Christ. The influence of the church works in a way that is obvious to anyone. The Lord Jesus says in Matthew 5:14, A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden. The church is like a city on a hill. It shines out. Everybody can see it. So it is not the church that is hiding in the world. It is the world that is entering secretly into the church. Jesus is not the only one who gives us this warning. Jude tells us that Certain men whose condemnation was written about long ago have secretly slipped in among you (Jude 4). In 2Peter 2:1, we read that False prophets also arose among the people … who will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing swift destruction upon themselves. That is the leaven that is hidden in the meal, the pervasive and secret influence of the false teachers and of the world in the church. And that is what the Lord Jesus is warning His disciples about in this parable. ‘Watch out for the leaven of the world that you do not fall. Beware of the leaven that can bring destruction upon you if you are not careful.’ kinds of leaven specifically, leaven is mentioned by the Lord Jesus as an attribute of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees of which the disciples are to beware. What is the leaven of the Pharisees? It is hypocrisy. Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, the Lord Jesus says in Luke 12:1, which is hypocrisy. The Pharisees were guilty of hypocrisy, that is, saying one thing and doing another. You see, hypocrisy is not something that comes suddenly. It is a slow and subtle process. The Pharisees were not people who had the intention of being hypocrites. They were exemplary in their sincere pursuit of doctrinal truth. But after a period of time, slowly by slowly, they became self-righteous. They knew perfectly the letter of the Law but they missed the spirit of the Law. They shifted away from the focus of the Scriptures. Paul speaks of ‘shifting from the hope of the gospel (Colossians 1:23).’ Shifting away is a slow process no matter what causes the shifting. start out as genuine Christians. But slowly by slowly, they cool down. They shift away so that eventually only the outward appearance of spirituality is left. The inside is gone. They honor God with their lips; their heart is far from Him. They preach one thing but do not practice it. They have departed from their first love, being neither cold nor hot. connection, have you ever noticed how leaven works? Leaven works only in one kind of environment. What kind of environment is it? A lukewarm environment. If you put the dough in a cold place, the leaven will not do anything. If you put it in a hot place, nothing will happen either. You have to give the leaven the lukewarm condition that it needs to raise the dough. In that sense, the church cannot be the leaven. The church must be either hot or cold, as Jesus says in Revelation 3:16 (…because you are lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will vomit you out of My mouth). What is the leaven of the Sadducees? We read from Luke 20:27 that it is unbelief. Then some of the Sadducees, who deny that there is a resurrection, came to Him… The Sadducees only accepted the Pentateuch. They did not believe in the resurrection or in the miracles, or in the life after death. Unbelief can also affect the church. Some Christians may struggle with doubts about their faith. They have many questions which they don’t find answers. They are easily shaken with every wind of doctrine. And slowly by slowly, their faith is eroded by unbelief. warns us about another kind of leaven in Mark 8:15. Beware of …the leaven of Herod. ‘The leaven of Herod.’ What is it? ‘That fox,’ Jesus called Herod in Luke 13:32. This has reference to the subtle diplomacy and cunning political management of a difficult Roman region, which enabled Herod to keep his puppet position and royal power for many years. Now, in order to have peace, he had to be an opportunist. He was willing to be nice with everybody so long as you leave him to be king of his little empire. It is possible to be spiritually opportunistic by having one foot in the kingdom of God and the other foot in the world. These people behave as though they can have the best of both. So long as they can continue to do their own will, they don’t mind getting baptized. Eventually they become worldly Christians. by His use of the word leaven in these three instances, is warning His disciples of the danger of allowing their thinking to be assimilated to that of the world around them, the world of the Pharisees, Sadducees and Herodians. And if we are to judge from the use of the word leaven in the rest of the Scriptures – an unseen pervasive evil influence – we have to interpret the parable of the leaven as a picture of the spreading of evil within the church.

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The Patron Saint Hippolytus What is the definition and the meaning of the Patron Saints and why were these people chosen to become patrons of causes, professions and countries? The term 'Patron' is used in Christian religions, including the Roman Catholic religion, to describe holy and virtuous men and women who are considered to be a defender of a specific group of people or of a country. There is a patron for virtually every cause, country, profession or special interest. There are two categories of saints: martyrs and confessors. A martyr is one who is put to death for his Christian faith or convictions. Fast, concise facts and information about Saint Hippolytus The following provides fast and concise facts and information: The patron of Horses and Prisons Memorial Day / Feast Day: August 13th Date of Death: After 258 Cause of Death: Dragged to death by wild horses Who was Saint Hippolytus? There is considerable confusion regarding Saint Hippolytus who was inadvertently listed as two people by religious chronicles - Hippolytus of Rome and Hippolytus of Porto. Many references give the date of Saint Hippolytus death in A.D. 252 but this is incorrect where the Hippolytus referred to is associated with Saint Lawrence. Saint Lawrence died in 258 and therefore this Hippolytus must have died some time after this date. The second Saint Hippolytus was the presbyter who was exiled to the island of Sardinia where he gained the title of martyr by dying in the mines on 13 August AD 235. It is also possible that the Greek myth of Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, was transferred from Greek legend to this Christian martyr. The history and story of Saint Hippolytus is therefore vague but the version detailed below does tie in with the dates stated. Who or what is Saint Hippolytus the patron saint of? Saint Hippolytus is the patron of Horses and Prisons. Meanings, definition and origins - a patron is considered to be a defender of a specific group of people or of a nation. There is a patron for virtually every cause, profession or special interest. Prayers are considered more likely to be answered by asking a patron for intercession on their behalf. The Story and History of Saint Hippolytus The story and history of Saint Hippolytus. Hippolytus was born in Rome in the 2nd century. Hippolytus was a military leader and the overseer of the prisons in Rome. The Roman Emperor Valerian (c.200 - 260) who reigned from from 253 to 260 became wary of the growing power of the Christians and mounted a persecution against them. Those arrested had no trial and were sentenced to death and then thrown into pits without proper burials. Hippolytus was converted to Christianity by Saint Lawrence who was imprisoned in 258 and placed under his jurisdiction. Whilst in prison Hippolytus witnessed Saint Lawrence healing the sick. When Saint Lawrence was martyred Hippolytus ensured that he was given a Christian burial. Hippolytus became interested in the writings of Saint Irenaeus, whose writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology. Saint Hippolytus became famous as one of the most prolific writers of the early Christian Church. Various conflicts with the popes of the time led to Hippolytus being referred to as the first Anti-pope. The issues were eventually resolved and he became a prelate, a high ranking member of the clergy with authority over other clergy. Hippolytus probably died under the rule of the Roman Emperor Diocletian (r.284-305). Emperor Diocletian mounted some of the fiercest persecutions of the early Church especially in the East of the Empire. and he was martyred by being bound by the feet to the tails of two wild horses and dragged to his death. Death of Saint Hippolytus There are two categories of saints: martyrs and confessors. A Christian martyr is regarded as one who is put to death for his Christian faith or convictions. Confessors are people who died natural deaths. Date of Death: Unknown Cause of Death: Dragged to death by wild horses. Why is Saint Hippolytus the patron of Horses and Prisons? Why is Saint Hippolytus is the patron of Horses and Prisons? Because he was a Roman gaoler who was martyred by being bound by the feet to the tails of two wild horses and dragged to death. How Saint Hippolytus is represented in Christian Art It is helpful to be able to recognise Saint Hippolytus in paintings, stained glass windows, illuminated manuscripts, architecture and other forms of Christian art. The artistic representations reflect the life or death of saints, or an aspect of life with which the person is most closely associated. Saint Hippolytus is represented in Christian Art by being bound by the feet to the tails of two wild horses. Occasionally we find him having a bunch of keys hanging from his girdle, as the gaoler of Saint Lawrence. Feast Day of Saint Hippolytus The Feast Day of Saint Hippolytus is August 13th. The origin of Feast Days: most saints have specially designated feast days and are associated with a specific day of the year and these are referred to as the saint's feast day. The feast days first arose from the very early Christian custom of the annual commemoration of martyrs on the dates of their deaths at the same time celebrating their birth into heaven.

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Also known as: Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter - Analgesic nephropathy - Exposure to certain dyes and chemicals used to manufacture leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber - Urinalysis may show blood in the urine. - A complete blood count (CBC) may show anemia. - Urine cytology (microscopic examination of cells) taken during a cystoscopy or urine clean catch sample may reveal cancer cells. - Kidney failure - Local spread of the tumor with increasing pain - Spread of the cancer - Follow your health care provider's advice regarding medications, including over-the-counter pain medicine. - Stop smoking. - Wear protective equipment if you may be exposed to substances that are toxic to the kidneys. Cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter is cancer that forms in the kidney's pelvis or the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Cancer can grow in the urine collection system, but is uncommon. As a group, renal pelvis and ureter cancers account for no more than 5% of all cancers of the kidney and upper urinary tract. They affect men more often than women and are more common in people older than 65. Tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter are usually transitional cell cancers. Approximately 10% are squamous cell carcinomas. The causes of this cancer are not completely known. Long-term (chronic) irritation of the kidney from harmful substances removed in the urine may be a factor. This irritation may be caused by: Patients with a history of bladder cancer are also at risk. Signs and tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam, and examine your belly area (abdomen). In rare cases, this may reveal an enlarged kidney. The following tests may be done: These tests may reveal a tumor or show that the cancer has spread from the kidneys. The goal of treatment is to eliminate the cancer. Surgery to remove all or part of the kidney (nephrectomy) is usually recommended. This may include removing part of the bladder and tissues around it, or the lymph nodes. If the tumor is in the ureter, it may be possible to remove it while preserving the kidney. When the cancer has spread outside of the kidney or ureter, chemotherapy is often used. Because these tumors are similar to a form of bladder cancer, they are treated with a similar type of chemotherapy. For additional information and resources, see cancer support groups. The outcome varies depending on the location of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread. Cancer that is only in the kidney or ureter can be cured with surgery. Cancer that has spread to other organs is usually not curable. However, there are exceptions. Calling your health care provider Call your health care provider if you have the symptoms listed above. Bajorin DF. Tumors of the kidney, bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 207. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Bladder Cancer, including Upper Tract Tumors and Urothelial Carcinoma of the Prostate. v.2.2010. - Review date: - June 2, 2010 - Reviewed by: - David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2008 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

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SMALLPOX FACT SHEET - Information for Clinicians Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine Contraindications Because the vaccinia virus used in smallpox vaccine can be spread to others from the vaccine site of an immunized person, the contraindications below apply to both potential vaccinees and their household contacts (“household contacts” include persons with prolonged intimate contact with the potential vaccinee, including the potential for direct contact with the vaccination site, e.g., sexual contacts). Eczema or atopic dermatitis and other acute, chronic, or exfoliative skin conditions - Persons who have ever been diagnosed with eczema or atopic dermatitis should not be vaccinated, even if the condition is not currently active. These patients are at high risk of developing eczema vaccinatum, a potentially severe and sometimes fatal complication. Additionally, persons with household contacts that have a history of eczema or atopic dermatitis, irrespective of disease severity or activity, should not be vaccinated. - If the potential vaccinee or any of their household contacts have other acute, chronic, or exfoliative skin conditions (e.g., burns, impetigo, chicken pox, contact dermatitis, shingles, herpes, severe acne, severe diaper dermatitis with extensive areas of denuded skin, or psoriasis), they are at risk for inadvertent autoinoculation of the affected skin with vaccinia virus and should not be vaccinated until the condition(s) resolves. - Persons with Darier’s disease can develop eczema vaccinatum and therefore should not be vaccinated. Diseases or conditions which cause immunodeficiency or immunosuppression - If a potential vaccinee or any of their household contacts have conditions such as HIV/AIDS, solid organ or stem cell transplant, generalized malignancy, leukemia, lymphoma, or agammaglobulinemia, they should not be vaccinated. People with these conditions are at greater risk of developing a serious adverse reaction resulting from unchecked replication of the vaccine virus (progressive vaccinia). It is also reported that some patients with severe clinical manifestations of some autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) may have some degree of immunocompromise as a component of the disease. These patients should not receive smallpox vaccine during the pre-event vaccination program. - HIV testing should be readily available to all persons considering smallpox vaccination. HIV testing is recommended for persons who have any history of a risk factor for HIV infection and who are not sure of their HIV infection status. Anyone who is concerned that they could have HIV infection also should be tested. HIV testing should be available in a confidential or, where permitted by law, anonymous setting with results communicated to the potential vaccinee before the planned date of vaccination. Persons with a positive test result should be told not to present to the vaccination clinic for immunization. Treatments which cause immunodeficiency or immunosuppression - If a potential vaccinee or any of their household contacts are undergoing treatment with radiation, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, high-dose corticosteroids (i.e., > 2 mg/kg body weight or 20 mg/day of prednisone for > 2 weeks), chemotherapy agents, or organ transplant medications, they should not be vaccinated. People who are receiving these therapies are at greater risk of serious adverse reactions to the smallpox vaccine. - People undergoing treatment with high dose corticosteroids, or who have household contacts undergoing such treatment, should not be vaccinated within one month of completing corticosteroid therapy. Persons undergoing other treatments which cause immunosuppression or who have household contacts undergoing such treatment should not receive smallpox vaccine until they or their household contact have been off immunosuppressive treatment for 3 months. - Live virus vaccines are generally contraindicated during pregnancy. Pregnant women who receive the smallpox vaccine are at risk of fetal vaccinia. Although this is a very rare condition (fewer than 50 cases have ever been reported), it usually results in stillbirth or death of the infant shortly after delivery. - Before vaccination, people should be asked if they or any of their household contacts are pregnant or intend to become pregnant in the next 4 weeks; those who respond positively should not be vaccinated. In addition, women who are vaccinated should be counseled not to become pregnant during the 4 weeks after vaccination, and abstinence or highly effective contraceptive measures should be recommended to reduce the risk of pregnancy within four weeks of vaccination. - Routine pregnancy testing of women of child-bearing age is not recommended. - Any woman who thinks she could be pregnant or who wants additional assurance that she is not pregnant should perform a urine pregnancy test using a “first morning” void urine on the day scheduled for vaccination. However, women should be informed that a negative urine pregnancy test cannot exclude a very early pregnancy and therefore they and their healthcare providers should not base a decision about their pregnancy status solely upon a urine pregnancy test result. - If a pregnant woman is inadvertently vaccinated or if she becomes pregnant within 4 weeks after vaccinia vaccination, she should be counseled regarding the basis of concern for the fetus. However, vaccination during pregnancy should not ordinarily be a reason to terminate pregnancy. The contraindications above apply to potential vaccinees and their household contacts. The following additional contraindications apply only to potential vaccinees: Previous allergic reaction to smallpox vaccine or any of the vaccine’s components - Vaccinia vaccine (Dryvax®) contains small amounts of polymyxin B sulfate, streptomycin sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and phenol. Anyone who has experienced an anaphylactic reaction to these components should not be vaccinated. - In addition, anyone who has experienced a previous allergic reaction to the smallpox vaccine should not be vaccinated. Moderate or severe acute illness - Moderate or severe acute illness is generally a contraindication to vaccination. - Vaccination should be deferred until the acute illness has resolved. Infants and children - Smallpox vaccine is contraindicated for children under 12 months of age. - The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) advises against non-emergency use of smallpox vaccine in persons younger than 18 years of age. - Breastfeeding mothers should not receive the smallpox vaccine. The close physical contact that occurs during breastfeeding increases the chance of inadvertent inoculation. It is not known whether vaccine virus or antibodies are excreted in human milk. Heart disease, temporary deferral - CDC recommends that persons with known cardiac disease such as previous myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, or cardiomyopathy not be vaccinated at this time. This recommendation follows reports of cardiac events following smallpox vaccinations including myocardial infarctions and angina without myocardial infarction. It is unclear whether or not there is any association between smallpox vaccination and these cardiac events. Experts are exploring these issues more in depth. This exclusion may be removed as more information becomes available. - The vaccine vial stopper contains dry natural rubber that may cause hypersensitivity reactions when handled by, or when the product is administered to, persons with known or possible latex sensitivity. - Persons with inflammatory eye diseases may be at increased risk for inadvertent inoculation due to touching or rubbing of the eye. Therefore it may be prudent to defer vaccination of persons with inflammatory eye diseases requiring steroid treatment until the condition resolves and the course of therapy is complete. Contraindications to Vaccination During a Smallpox Emergency During a smallpox emergency, all contraindications to vaccination would be reconsidered in the light of the risk of smallpox exposure. Persons would be advised by public health authorities on recommendations for vaccination. Careful screening is essential to minimize complications from the smallpox vaccine. If you have any questions about whether or not someone should receive the smallpox vaccine, visit the CDC website at www.cdc.gov/smallpox. - Page last reviewed February 7, 2007 - Page last updated March 28, 2003 - Content source: CDC Emergency Risk Communication Branch (ERCB), Division of Emergency Operations (DEO), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Get email updates To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd Atlanta, GA 30333 TTY: (888) 232-6348 - Contact CDC-INFO

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- ABC transporters - ATP-binding cassette transporters. A large family of proteins which characterized by conserved ATP-binding domains and clusters of membrane spanning alpha-helices (i.e., integral membrane protein) believed to form a transmembrane pore. The individual members of the family display a wide spectrum of substrate (i.e., - actin filaments (microfilaments) - Filament formed by the polymerization of globular actin proteins. A major cytoskeletal element found in all eukaryotic cells. Actin filaments are also involved in the generation of contractile force through associations with myosin. - A general term used to describe proteins found on the suface of cells that are involved in cell-cell interactions or interactions of the cell with the substratum. Often contain domains that are involved in protein-protein interactions. - amino acid - The basic building block of proteins. Amino acids are joined together chemically into long linear polymers to form proteins and - A non-photosynthetic plastid found in Plasmodium and other apicomplexa. Plastids are cytoplasmic organelles bound by 2-4 membranes, contain their own DNA and often contain photosynthetic pigments. Chloroplasts of plants are examples of plastids. The apicoplast is characterized by three-to-four membranes, a 35 kb circular DNA and no pigments. - Adenosine triphosphate. The primary source of energy for cells. The third phosphate is hydrolyzed by enzymes called ATPases resulting in the formation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate. The energy stored in the hydrolyzed phosphate bond is captured and used to carry out a function associated with that particular ATPase. - Also referred to as 'constructive' metabolism. It is the process of converting simple molecules to more complex molecules. An example include the de novo synthesis of precursors, or building blocks, used for the synthesis of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. The assembly of the precursors into macromolecules would also be an example of anabolism. The antonym is catabolism. - Bacteria-like organisms that that exhibit many unique features as well as features typical of either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Their rRNA sequences are distinctly different from both eubacteria and eukaryota (see 3-domain tree of life). - band 3 - A multipass integral membrane protein which functions as an anion transporter. Band 3 also functions as an attachment site for the spectrin-actin submembrane cytoskeleton of erythrocytes. - Also referred to as 'destructive' metabolism. It is the opposite of anabolism and involves breakdown of molecules into simpler components. For example, the breakdown and oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and the capture of the released energy in the form of ATP is a catabolic process. Catabolism also includes the breakdown of macromolecules into their monomeric - Structure composed of DNA and proteins representing the basic hereditary unit. The long DNA molecule is packaged into compact structure found within the nucleus. - Heme proteins serving as electron carriers in electron transport chains involved in respiration. See also oxidative phosphorylation. - Filamentous structures which are responsible for cell shape. The three major cytoskeletal systems are actin filaments (also called microfilaments), microtubules and intermediate filaments (only found in multicellular organisms). Microfilaments and microtubules are also capable of generating force and movement through associated motor - A subcellular structure found on the surface of many diverse protozoa that is involved in feeding via an endocytic pathway. - Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA encodes all the information necessary for synthesizing proteins and can be duplicated by the cell, and therefore is the hereditary material of life (see Central - Uptake of material into a cell by invagination of the plasma membrane and the formation of a membrane-bound vesicle. Pinocytosis is the uptake up external fluid material (i.e., 'cell drinking') and is distinguished from phagocytosis which involves taking up large particulate matter or other cells (i.e., 'cell eating'). The uptake of specific substances is accomplished through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis. - A protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction. Enzymes are often parts of metabolic pathways that involve the conversion a molecule into another molecule. [See diagrammatic example of metabolic - epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like module - A small structural domain, or motif, within a protein. The EGF-like domain is characterized by spacing of cysteine residues which form disulfide bonds (see Protein Structure). - An organism in which the cells are compartmentalized. In particular, the cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm. The eukaryotes, prokaryotes (= bacteria) and archaea make up the three major domains of life. - The export of substances from cells mediated by the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. The contents of vesicles are released following membrane fusion. Endocytosis is the opposite of exocytosis. - Refers to actin-myosin complex and associated proteins that is found between the inner membrane complex and the plasma membrane of the invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites and that provides the force for gliding motility and cell invasion. - glutathione (GSH) - A tripeptide (g-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineylglycine) which participates in many redox reactions within cells. GSH functions in many metabolic processes as well as in detoxifying ROI. - Single pass integral membrane proteins exposed on the - glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor - A complex glycolipid covalently attached to the C-terminal end of a protein. The fatty acid chains of the lipid are imbedded in the lipid bilayer of the membrane and anchor the protein to the membrane. - A prosthetic group found associated with many proteins. Heme-containing proteins typically function in electron transfers (eg., cytochromes) or binding oxygen (eg., hemoglobin). Heme is composed of an iron atom and protoprophyrin IX. - An abundant protein found in erythrocytes that functions in the transport of oxygen to the tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues. Hemoglobin is a tetramer consisting of 2 alpha-globin chains and 2 beta-globin chains. A heme group is associated with each of the 4 globin chains. - A waste product formed by the malaria parasite as a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. It is also known as the malaria pigment. Free heme groups are covalently linked through a carboxylic group and the iron into a dimer which is identical to b-hematin. These dimers form an insoluble substance through a biomineralization or biocrystallization - Genes with similar sequences due to common ancestory. Homologs can be classified as orthologs or paralogs. Genes with sequence similarities not due to common ancestory are analogs. - immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily - Proteins which have one or more Ig-like domains. The domain is about 100 amino acids and exhibits a characteristic structure stabilized by a disulfide bond. Most members of the family mediate cell-cell recognition or antigen recognition in the immune system. Members outside of the immune system include other cell adhesion molecules and various growth factor receptors. - inner membrane complex - A double membrane lying underneath the plasma membrane of the invasive stages of Apicomplexan parasites composed of flattened vesicles running the length of the parasite and supported by sub-pellicular mictrotubules. - integral membrane protein - Proteins which pass through the lipid bilayer of the membrane. Integral membrane proteins can have a single transmembrane domain or multiple - Any molecule that binds to a specific site on a protein or other macromolecule. Most often used in the context of receptors. - A subcellular organelle characterized by acidic pH and hydrolytic enzymes. - A double layer of lipid molecules and associated proteins (see Figure) which define subcellular compartments or enclose the cell. Types of proteins associated with membranes are: integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins and GPI-anchored - Long cylindrical structures composed of proteins called tubulins. Microtubules function as cytoskeletal elements, a major component of cilia and flagella, and the mitotic spindle. Motor proteins are involved in microtubule based motility. - A doubled-membrane organelle that carries out electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells. The inner membrane is often folded into numerous cristae. - motor proteins - Cytoskeletal proteins involved in the generation of force. Motor proteins function by converting the chemical energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into mechanical energy. Myosin functions as an actin-filament associated motor protein and kinesin and dynein are microtubule associated motor - moving junction - Refers to the complex of adhesins from the parasite bound to the receptors on the host cell and anchored to the glidesome that is moved from the anterior of the parasite to the posterior of the parasite during gliding motility and cell invasion of apicomplexan parasites. - Prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells containing the DNA organized into chromosomes. - A subcellular compartment which carries out a particular function(s). - Homologous genes that perform the same functions in different species. - oxidative phosphorylation - The enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled to electron transport in the mitochondria. Electrons derived from TCA cycle intermediates flow down a series of electron-carrier proteins (i.e., cytochromes) until finally being transferred to molecular oxygen. The available free energy derived from the electrons, as they move to successively lower energy levels, is captured in the phosphate bond of - Homologous genes that are the result of gene duplication within an evolutionary lineage (eg., species) which may or may not have similar - also called polypeptide. A linear polymer of amino acids similar to a protein. Generally refers to a shorter polymer than a protein, which are either natural cellular products or products resulting from the degradation of proteins by proteases. - peripheral membrane protein - Proteins that associate with the outer surfaces of the membrane lipid bilayer through non-covalent interactions with integral membrane proteins or the polar groups of the lipids. - plasma membrane - The outermost membrane(s) of a cell. - Organisms with cells lacking a well-defined membrane enclosed nucleus as well as other membrane bound organelles. They include bacteria and cyanobacteria. See also eukaryote. - An enzyme that hydrolyses the peptide bond between amino acids of a protein. Also called peptidase. Endopeptidases cleave within the polypeptide chain. The specificity of cleavage is determined by the amino acids near the scissile (i.e., hydrolyzed) bond. Exopeptidases remove amino acids either one or two at a time from the ends of the polypeptide chain. Exopeptidases are either amino-peptidases or carboxy-peptidases depending upon the specificity for either the N-terminus or the C-terminus, respectively. Proteases are grouped into 4 major classes depending on their mechanism: serine, cysteine (or thiol), aspartic (or acid), and metallo. - The major macromolecular constituent of cells. Responsible for cellular structure and function. Composed of a linear polymer of amino acids folded into a unique 3-dimensional structure. See also peptide. - Parasitophorous vacuolar membrane. A membrane surrounding intracellular parasites. In the case of apicomplexa it is formed during parasite entry. See merozoite invasion for more information on the PVM and its formation. - A protein that binds a specific ligand. Cell-surface receptors are generally integral membrane proteins with a receptor-binding domain exposed on the extracellular side. - redox reactions - refer to oxidation-reduction reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. Redox reactions proceed with the transfer of electrons from an electron donor (i.e., reducing agent) to an electron acceptor (i.e., oxidizing agent). Electron donors and acceptors function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs: electron donor « e- + electron acceptor - After gaining an electron, the oxidant becomes the reductant and can be recycled by donating its electron and visa versa. Electrons will tend to flow from electronegative donors such as NADH to more electropositive acceptors such as cytochromes and ultimately oxygen. The transfer of electrons can also be mediated by a hydrogen atom in which case the dehydrogenation equals oxidation and hydrogenation equals reduction. - Ribonucleic acid. The primary function of RNA involves the decoding of information stored in DNA by directing the synthesis of proteins (see Central Dogma). The 3 types of RNA are: messenger (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), and transfer (tRNA). The mRNA is transcribed from DNA and encodes the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins. The rRNA are a component of ribosomes, the organelle responsible for translating mRNA into protein. The tRNA decodes the genetic code and transfers the appropriate amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain. - reactive oxygen intermediate. Highly reactive forms of oxygen (eg., hydrogen peroxide, super oxide, hydroxyl radical) capable of doing cellular damage. - secretory vesicle - A membrane-bound organelle in which molecules destined for export are stored prior to their release, or exocytosis. - Cell adhesion proteins that recognize specific carbohydrate groups. Some selectins mediate the initial binding of neutrophils (white blood cells) to endothelial cells during the inflammatory response. - spectrin-actin submembrane cytoskeleton - Cytoskeletal elements associated with the erythrocyte membrane as peripheral membrane proteins. Spectrin proteins and short actin filaments form a 2-dimensional network on the cytoplasmic side of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Other proteins are involved in the attachment of this network to band 3 and glycophorin. - tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle - A biochemical pathway of respiration in which acetyl residues are oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms via a cyclical series of enzymatic reactions. The hydrogen atoms--or more precisely, their equivalent electrons--are utilized in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

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One way to make sure pasture fertilization programs are worth the money is to manage grass pastures so the grass actually gets eaten instead of wasted, suggests Bruce Anderson, University of Nebraska forage specialist. “If you fertilize pasture in spring and then let animals graze continuously on one pasture throughout the season, much of the extra growth is wasted,” Anderson says. “They trample, manure and foul, bed down on, and simply refuse to eat much of the grass. Eventually, less than one-third of the extra grass ends up inside your livestock.” To make fertilizer pay, subdivide pastures with cross fences and control when and where animals graze. Give animals access to no more than one-fourth of the pasture at a time, and preferably less. “Then graze off about one-half of the growth before moving to another subdivision,” he says. “If your pastures aren’t already subdivided into at least four paddocks, your fertilizer dollar might be better spent on developing more cross fences and watering sites. “With nitrogen fertilizer costing over 60 cents per pound this spring, though, does it pay to fertilize pasture?” Anderson asks. He cites Nebraska research that shows producers can get 1 lb of additional calf or yearling gain for every pound of nitrogen fertilizer applied. However, this rule-of-thumb assumes that the amount applied is within general recommendations, which are based on the potential amount of extra grass growth expected. That growth is affected mostly by moisture. It also assumes that the pasture will be well-managed so the extra growth will be harvested efficiently.

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What is the role of judges in holding government acts unconstitutional? The conventional paradigm is “judicial review.” From this perspective, judges have a distinct power to review statutes and other government acts for their constitutionality. The historical evidence, however, reveals another paradigm, that of judicial duty. From this point of view, presented in my book Law and Judicial Duty, a judge has an office or duty, in all decisions, to exercise judgment in accord with the law of the land. On this understanding, there is no distinct power to review acts for their constitutionality, and what is called “judicial review” is merely an aspect of the more general duty of judges in all of their decisions. The difference between these paradigms has contemporary implications. If one assumes the judicial review paradigm, it is difficult to find constitutional authority for constitutional decisions, and it therefore seems that early American judges in the 1780s, and especially after 1789, must have created their own most significant power—as if they lifted themselves up by their bootstraps to achieve a power their constitutions apparently did not give them. The judicial review paradigm thereby implies that constitutional decisions have only a rather contingent authority and that the judges have a remarkable degree of power, including a discretionary power of their own rule. The other paradigm, in contrast, envisions the judicial role in terms of duty. As traditionally understood by common lawyers, judges have an office of judgment rather than of will—an office, moreover, in which they must decide in accord with the law of the land. From this perspective, judges have no distinct power over the constitutionality of government acts, but rather must make decisions on such matters because it is part of their office or duty. The implications of this vision are thus diametrically opposite to those of the judicial review paradigm. For example, when considered as a matter of duty, constitutional decisions have the deep, even profound authority of an ordinary exercise of judicial office. At the same time, judges have no power beyond their duty, and they therefore have to make constitutional decisions in the same way as their other decisions, merely in accord with the law of the land. Which paradigm is to be believed? Well, at least for historical inquiry, the answer must rest on the evidence. This Essay, therefore, evaluates each of the two paradigms in relation to the evidence. To access the full article, please click on the 'Download' link, above.

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Located in Portland's Old Town neighborhood, the Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center is a Japanese American museum that preserves and shares the history and culture of the Japanese American community. Using a large exhibition space and an archive of historical artifacts, the museum offers an educational and interactive experience for visitors. In the 1890s, a large number of young Japanese immigrants traveled to Oregon, especially Portland, to work on the railroads, lumber mills, farms, and fish canneries. The area by the Willamette River north of Burnside Street became known as Japantown. By the 1930s, Japantown became the heart of the Nikkei community – a term meaning Japanese emigrants and their descendants – with a concentration of over 100 businesses located within a six to eight block area. Suddenly, however, Japantown disappeared in 1942, when a large portion of the community was removed and placed into relocation camps. This generation of Japanese immigrants, known as the Issei, was relocated in wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese-American communities distinguish their members with terms Issei, Nisei, and Sansei, which describe the first, second, and third generation of immigrants. The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese cultural involvement, and religious belief and practice. The Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center celebrates the lives and contributions of Oregon's Nikkei community by evoking memories of shared experiences – from early settlement through the unique challenges of World War II and into the 21st century. While visiting the museum, you can view original manuscripts, government documents and publications, as well as historical and contemporary artifacts and photographs that cover the topics of early Japanese immigration to Oregon and the racial intolerance they faced during World War II. The exhibits display the complete evolution of the modern day Nikkei community. You can see the stores that were run by the Issei on NW third and Davis, the camps in Minidoka, Idaho to where the Issei and many Nisei were forced to relocate, and the poverty-stricken homes of the Sansei, who struggled to reestablish themselves within American society. The museum has daily tours of the exhibits, videotaped oral histories, and frequent communal events celebrating the richness and vitality that Japanese culture brings to Portland. History enthusiasts and anyone who would like to learn more about the history of the Japanese American community in the Northwest must venture to the Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center. - Tuesday through Saturday: 11am to 3pm - Sunday: 12pm to 3pm - $3 donation, free for friends - Location: 121 NW 2nd Ave., Portland, OR - Phone: 503-224-1458 - Website: www.oregonnikkei.org

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Philadelphia-- Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine are the first to observe and measure the internal motion inside proteins, or its dark energy. This research, appearing in the current issue of Nature has revealed how the internal motion of proteins affects their function and overturns the standard view of protein structure-function relationships, suggesting why rational drug design has been so difficult. The situation is akin to the discussion in astrophysics in which theoreticians predict that there is dark matter, or energy, that no one has yet seen, says senior author A. Joshua Wand, PhD, Benjamin Rush Professor of Biochemistry. Biological theoreticians have been kicking around the idea that proteins have energy represented by internal motion, but no one can see it. We figured out how to see it and have begun to quantify the so-called dark energy of proteins. Proteins are malleable in shape and internal structure, which enables them to twist and turn to bind with other proteins. The motions that we are looking at are very small, but very fast, on the time scale of billions of movements per second, explains Wand. Proteins just twitch and shake. The internal motion represents a type of energy called entropy. Current models of protein structure and function used in research and drug design often do not account for their non-static nature. The traditional model is almost a composite of all the different conformations a protein could take says Wand. The researchers measured a protein called calmodulin and its interactions with six other proteins when bound to a protein partner one at a time. These binding partners included proteins important in smooth muscle contraction and a variety of brain functions. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the investigators were able to look at the changes in the internal motion of calmodulin itself in each of the six different protein bind Contact: Karen Kreeger University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

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Study: Unassessed fisheries in trouble By Melissa Wood, SeaFood Business assistant editor 27 September, 2012 The vast majority of the world’s fisheries are in worse shape than previously believed, with half the world’s fisheries in decline, according to a new report in Science magazine. The study is the first global population estimate for fish stocks that undergo no scientific assessments, which make up 80 percent of the world’s catch. “We found small-scale, unassessed fisheries in the developing world are in substantially worse shape than we previously thought,” said Chris Costello, the article’s lead author who participated in a phone press conference Wednesday afternoon announcing the findings and their implications. Costello is a professor of environmental and resource economics at the Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California Santa Barbara. Slow-growing and late maturing species like sharks tend to be the worst off in unassessed fisheries compared to small, fast-growing species like mackerel and herring that can recover more quickly. The problem is not limited to the developing world, he added. Regardless of where they’re located, fisheries with poor data are not faring as well as those managed with regular stock assessments; small-scale unassessed fisheries in the United States, Europe and Canada also face challenges. “Because these fisheries are unassessed it has been very hard in the past to know when you’re fishing them too hard,” said Costello. While the news isn’t good, the authors point out it could be worse. Only a small subset of these fisheries have collapsed, meaning there is still time for a turnaround if governments and fishery managers around the world act now to implement tools that have been proven to boost depleted stocks. “To me that’s the real value of having that assessment now, to light a fire under the global fisheries community that says, ‘Now is the time to act,’” said Costello. Recovery will require a combination of efforts, according to the report’s analysis, which pointed to recovering fish stocks in the United States. Effective tools for recovery include having reliable data to set a total allowable catch, closing areas to allow for rebuilding, using sustainable seafood markets and giving individual fishermen a stake in the fishery so that they are invested in its long-term outcome. The report’s findings suggest that recovery efforts could increase fishery abundance by 56 percent. “Five years ago I would have been terrified by this report but today I have hope that we can turn fisheries around and confidence we can do it,” said Amanda Leland, VP-oceans for Environmental Defense Fund, an advocate for catch shares and other rights-based management methods for fishery recovery. “The revolution here is to empower fishermen to lead the way in recovering fish populations,” she said. “The sliver lining here is that we have proven solutions that are described,” said Michael Arbuckle, senior fisheries specialist for the World Bank. Arbuckle works on the World Bank’s Global Partnership for Oceans, a multi-million dollar effort by more than 100 organizations to protect fisheries in developing countries. “The challenge, though, is to scale these sorts of solutions up to meet the global challenge,” he said. The new report was co-authored by Steve Gaines, professor and dean at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management; Matthew Elliott, principal of California Environmental Associates; Ray Hilborn, professor of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington; and Sarah Lester, project scientist for the Sustainable Fisheries Group at the University of California Santa Barbara. It is embedded in a larger study, “Charting a Course to Sustainable Fisheries,” released this week by California Environmental Associates. 27 September, 2012

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http://www.seafoodsource.com/newsarticledetail.aspx?id=17872

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A currency backed by energy. This type of currency could be used to create an energy economy - a method for a local currency to be implemented in any community. The problem with many local currencies such as LETS or Ithaca hours is that in businesses that are not a part of the program the currency is useless. However, if the currency can be used by ANY business or community member it can scale. A currency backed by renewable energy achieves this goal. The technology is finally available to make this happen. Sources for Further Reading on the general topic - DeKo Transitional Energy portfolio proposal for central banks SSRN Paper - Local Energy - Local Currency - Local Power by Rob Hopkins - Shann Turnbull in articles called Selecting a Community Currency - Democratising the Wealth of Nations - from new money sources and profit motives - David Boyle’s “The Money Changers” - Energy as a currency at Energy and Life - in the Schumacher Society by Robert Swann, called “The Place of a Local Currency in a World Economy” - World Kilowatt Dollar (note that a kilowatt is a unit of power not energy.) - The Perfect Currency a site dedicated to energy currency There has also been significant discussion in the literature about an "energy currency" based in the hydrogen economy but this is more focused around an economy run on hydrogen rather than say oil not as the the hydrogen being the means of exchange. See also - Local Currencies at Wikipedia - An International Energy Clearing Union - Energy Theory of Value Literature Review

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Edward Kamuda, founder of the Titanic Historical Society (THS) and curator of its Titanic Museum, remembers well how he first got hooked on the story of the Titanic. He was in junior high school in Indian Orchard, a part of Springfield, MA, in the early 1950s, and his teacher required the class to read an essay and write about it. Ed chose “A Great Ship Goes Down,” by Hanson Baldwin. It was about the sinking of the Titanic. The experience changed his life. Edward S. Kamuda started the Titanic Historical Society’s collection of survivors' artifacts in the early 1960s, and he and his wife, Karen, have been caring for it ever since. The collection is housed in the back room of his family’s jewelry shop at 208 Main St. in Indian Orchard. Titanic survivors donated many of these treasured artifacts to Ed himself. The collection is diverse and includes an original blueprint for the ill-fated ship from its builders, Harland and Wolff, in Ireland, Mrs. John Jacob Astor’s lifejacket, a 9-foot-long, remote-controlled model of the ship, the ice warning message that never made it to the bridge, menus from the ship, various letters and postcards from the Titanic, a wooden breadboard, a piece of a railing and a deck chair picked up as flotsam from the site, photos, many books, film posters, and sheet music, among many other interesting items. The museum also has artifacts from other ships, such as the bridge bell of the Titanic’s sister ship, Olympic, and a bronze bell from the cable ship Mackay-Bennett, a Halifax vessel dispatched to pick up the frozen bodies floating near the site of the disaster. Something you won’t find at Ed’s museum are any artifacts that have been collected from the bottom of the ocean since the location of the ship was discovered in 1985. As far as Ed is concerned, that site is a burial area and should never be disturbed: “Protect the Wreck!” is his motto. In fact, Dr. Robert Ballard — the explorer who discovered the wreck and a man Ed knows well — and his team placed a bronze plaque on the Titanic for the Titanic Historical Society in memory of those who lost their lives. Ed and his wife, Karen, also produce a high-quality, color quarterly journal for members called The Titanic Commutator (see photo in gallery). A commutator is a device found on the bridge of a ship that measures its tilt. The Commutator is full of interesting stories and information dealing with the people associated with the ill-fated ship as well as information about other famous vessels such as the Andrea Doria, the Carpathia, the Olympic and many others. It has been published since 1963. The Titanic Historical Society has a global membership exceeding 7,000. The society and its members have been a valuable resource for many, including James Cameron, producer and director of the 1997 blockbuster movie, "Titanic." In fact, during a research phone call to the THS, the movie staff offered a cameo part in the movie to Ed and Karen Kamuda. They appear on deck in one scene while Rose (Kate Winslet) and Jack (Leonardo DiCaprio) walk by. There is a still photo of the scene in the museum (see photo in gallery). The THS also regularly loans out some of its artifacts for display in other museums. For example, Mrs. Astor’s lifejacket is currently on display at the Titanic Museum Attraction in Pigeon Forge, TN. The museum publishes a handout for visitors containing frequently asked questions about the Titanic. Here are some of the more interesting facts found in the handout: - Three survivors of the disaster have had their ashes scattered over the wreck. - The iceberg was so high that it “towered over the ship.” (The top of the ship’s funnel was 175 feet from the water.) - The ship sank in 2.5 miles of water. - There were eight dogs and one cat onboard. - The water at the site was about 29 degrees. Most victims didn't drown — they froze to death. - Three survivors picked up by the Carpathia later died on that rescue ship and were buried at sea. - In 1912 money, the cost to build the ship was $7.5 million. The museum is open 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on weekdays and 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. on Saturdays. It is closed on Sundays. If you visit, park on Main Street and enter through the front door of the jewelry shop. It is well worth a visit.

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http://orange.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/titanic-100-years-later-nearby-titanic-museum-is-a-hi735724f27a

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ANALYSIS - The H7N3 avian influenza outbreak in the Los Altos region of the state of Jalisco is under control. Thanks to the quick identification of the virus and production of a vaccine that was successfully used to halt the disease, it has now been well over 40 days since the virus was last isolated, writes Chris Wright, senior editor of ThePoultrySite. The effect of this outbreak has been devastating to the commercial egg sector in the Los Altos region, Mexico's primary egg production zone. Jalisco state accounts for 55 per cent of the Mexican egg supply. The Los Altos region alone has 60 million layers. The official statistics indicate a loss of over 22 million laying hens due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which represents 26 per cent of egg production in Jalisco, and 15 per cent of total Mexican egg production. The various impacts of this outbreak were discussed in the 'Emerging Poultry Disease Course' presented by the ANECA, the Mexican Poultry Science Association and Senasica, the Mexican government's animal health organization, in Mexico City on 27 and 28 September. There were close to 150 participants at this event. The rapid identification of the virus and production of an autogenous vaccine demonstrates the high level of cooperation between the academic, industry and government sectors, which led to the quick control of this disease. Back in 2006, as part of a research project at UNAM (the National Autonomous University of Mexico), a low-pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza virus was identified from a migratory duck. This waterfowl was found in an area very far away from Jalisco state. The virus turned out to be very similar to the one that affected the layers in the Los Altos region. This was the virus that became the seed virus for producing the vaccine. Although it sounds rather simple, it took endless hours of work to get the seed virus to be effective against the active virus in Los Altos, explained Dr Juan Antonio Montañ of the DGSA, part of Senasica. During this process, said Dr Montaño, it was verified that although the two viruses, from 2006 and 2012, were both H7N3, they were quite different. It could be stated without a doubt that the 2012 Los Altos virus was not related to the virus discovered in 2006. That is to say that the 2012 virus is a new virus and that the 2006 virus has not been circulating in the country for the last six years, undetected. This was a significant finding, in and of itself. Once the seed virus was ready it was sent to four laboratories to produce, one being the government lab, Pronabive, and three private ones. The private labs were needed in order to produce enough vaccine doses. Just one month after they received the seed virus, the laboratories had produced the vaccine and layers were being vaccinated in Los Altos. This was a very quick response, by any measure. The Mexican Poultry Association (UNA) invested significant funds in order to cover the start-up costs for vaccine production, said Jaime Crivelli, UNA President. Once received, vaccine application was the sole focus of the poultry producers, with an 'all hands on deck' effort, said Dr Ramon Lopez, Hy-Line consultant in Los Altos. The virus primarily affected layers in production and, to a lesser degree, pullets in the rearing stage. Therefore, the vaccination priority was, in order: layer breeders, pullets, layers in production and broilers. Each bird was given two doses of the vaccine. The laboratories produced nearly 90 million doses in the first lot. The second lot is currently in production and will produce another 90 million doses. Vaccination: temporary solution Dr Assad Heneidi of Senasica has been very involved in monitoring and controlling this outbreak since the very beginning, and he explained that the vaccine is only a temporary solution to the problem. The vaccine is neither registered nor authorized. It can only be used in the Los Altos region of Jalisco, which was the only area in Mexico that was affected by H7N3. Therefore, use of the vaccine is not approved anywhere outside of the Los Altos zone (which is heavily quarantined). Other parts of Mexico have requested use of the vaccine as a preventative measure, but Dr Assad said that the approval will not be given. The idea is to discontinue using the vaccine as soon as the elimination of the pathogen is confirmed. It is not the solution to the problem. "There must be a focus on biosecurity to guarantee this will not occur again", he indicated. Dr Assad did not say when they will stop using the vaccine, although he said it could be before the end of the year. In order for the Los Altos region to be declared free of H7N3, the last vaccinated layer will need to have ended egg production and have been culled, which will not be until sometime next year. Finally, Dr Assad assured the audience that very thorough monitoring for H7N3 is taking place throughout the country. He reiterated that the outbreak never got out of the Los Altos region, not even to other parts of the state of Jalisco. Further ReadingYou can visit the Avian Flu page by clicking here. Top image via Shutterstock

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http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/26970/vaccination-stopped-avian-influenza-in-mexico

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Chalkface highly illustrated worksheets and lesson plans for teachers provide top-quality resources in areas where you would otherwise need to create your own materials from scratch. Becoming Responsible Citizens: Withstanding Peer Pressure Prepare your students to handle peer pressure using realistic scenarios. KS3 and KS4 students will learn to recognise peer pressure and develop practical ways of ... read more ... Work Experience and Job Coaching for Students with MLD/EBD Helps students who need extra guidance gain familiarity with concepts involved in the process of employment and increases their chances of success. Teachers' Notes give ... read more ...

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40. Meanwhile average household incomes fell. When Bush took office in 2000, median household incomes were $52,500. In 2008, they were $50,303, a drop of 4.2 percent, making Bush the only recent two-term president to preside over such a drop. 41. And millions more fell below the poverty line. When Bill Clinton left office, 31.6 million Americans were living in poverty. When Bush left office, there were 39.8 million, according to the U.S. Census, an increase of 26.1 percent. The Census said two-thirds of that growth occurred before the economic downturn of 2008. 42. Poverty among children also exploded. The Census also found that 11.6 million children lived below the poverty line when Clinton left office. Under Bush, that number grew by 21 percent to 14.1 million. 43. Millions more lacked access to healthcare. Following these poverty trends, the number of Americans without health insurance was 38.4 million when Clinton left office. When Bush left, that figure had grown by nearly 8 million to 46.3 million, the Census found. Those with employer-provided benefits fell every year he was in office. 44. Bush let black New Orleans drown. Hurricane Katrina exposed Bush’s attitude toward the poor. He did not visit the city after the storm destroyed the poorest sections. He praised his Federal Emergency Management Agency director for doing a "heck of a job" as the federal government did little to help thousands in the storm’s aftermath and rebuilding. 45. Yet pandered to religious right. Months before Katrina hit, Bush flew back to the White House to sign a bill to try to stop the comatose Terri Schiavo's feeding tube from being removed, saying the sanctity of life was at stake. 46. Set record for fewest press conferences. During his first term that was defined by the 9/11 attacks, he had the fewest press conferences of any modern president and had never met with the New York Times editorial board. 47. But took the most vacation time. Reporters analyzing Bush’s record found that he took off 1,020 days in two four-year terms—more than one out of every three days. No other modern president comes close. Bush also set the record for the longest vacation among modern presidents—five weeks, the Washington Post noted. 48. Karl Rove, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld. Not since Richard Nixon’s White House and the era of the Watergate burglary and expansion of the Vietnam War have there been as many power-hungry and arrogant operators holding the levers of power. Cheney ran the White House; Rove the political operation for corporations and the religious right; and Rumsfeld oversaw the wars. 49. He’s escaped accountability for his actions. From Iraq war General Tommy Franks’ declaration that “we don’t do body counts” to numerous efforts to impeach Bush and top administration officials—primarily over launching the war in Iraq—he has never been held to account in any official domestic or international tribunal. 50. He may have stolen the 2004 election as well. The closest Bush came to a public referendum on his presidency was the 2004 election, which came down to the swing state of Ohio. There the GOP’s voter suppression tactics rivaled Florida in 2000 and many unresolved questions remain about whether the former GOP Secretary of State altered the Election Night totals from rural Bible Belt counties. Any bright spots? Conservatives will lambaste lists like this for finding nothing good about a president like W. So, yes, he created the largest ocean preserve offshore from Hawaii in his second term. And in his final year in office, his initiative to fight AIDS across Africa has been credited with saving many thousands of lives. But on balance, George W. Bush was more than eight years of missed opportunities for America and the world. He was a disaster, leaving much of America and the world in much worse shape than when he took the oath of office in 2001. His reputation should not be resurrected or restored or seen as anything other than what it was.

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Codon usage roles in human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes, similar to other virus genomes, frequently have a G+C content significantly different from their host species. The HPV genomes show a strong codon usage bias to 18 codons, with 14 showing T at the third position amongst degenerately encoded amino acids. The codon usage pattern in HPV genome plays an important role, which regulates low or non-translational expression of the viral capsid genes and results in very weak protein expression of oncogenes in a wide range of mammalian cells. Codon modification has been proved to be a powerful technology to overcome the translational blockage and weak expression of both HPV capsid genes and oncogenes in different expression systems. Furthermore, keratinocytes are the host cells of HPV infection; the codon usage in HPV capsid genes matches available aminoacyl-tRNAs in differentiated keratinocytes to modulate their protein expression. HPV DNA vaccines with codon optimization have been shown to have higher immunogenicity and induce both strong cellular and humoral responses in animal models, which may be a promising form of therapeutic HPV vaccines. This record is in the process of being updated. Please contact us for more information.

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Research and design payments for ecosystem services that can improve water quality more efficiently and cost-effectively. Water Quality Today Eutrophication, the over-enrichment of freshwater and coastal ecosystems with nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), is a rapidly growing environmental crisis. Worldwide, the number of coastal areas impacted by eutrophication stands at over 500. In coastal areas, occurrences of dead zones, which are caused by eutrophic conditions, have increased from 10 documented cases in 1960 to 405 in 2008. In addition, many of the world’s freshwater lakes, streams, and reservoirs suffer from eutrophication. Ecologically and economically valuable water bodies like Long Island Sound, the Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico and Puget Sound are severely affected. While nutrient pollution is a global problem, the causes vary. In developing countries, a lack of infrastructure means that most nutrients come from untreated or inadequately treated sewage and agricultural runoff. In developed countries with better waste management, nutrient pollution largely comes from agricultural runoff (chemical fertilizers and manure), urban stormwater runoff and other dispersed “non-point” sources, including significant contributions from atmospheric deposition. Designing an effective response to nutrient pollution is a challenge. Some pollutant sources are regulated but others are not. Nutrient pollution can impact water bodies great distances from the discharges. Yet there are emerging best practices that can address the sources of pollution and protect water quality efficiently and cost-effectively. Nutrient Trading and Reverse Auctions Point source practices (such as upgrades to wastewater treatment plants and retrofits to stormwater systems) generally cost more than nonpoint source practices (like grass buffers along streambeds). This cost differential creates an ideal environment for nutrient trading. Trading allows sources with higher pollution control costs to purchase pollution reductions from sources with lower costs. Those with higher costs can save money, while those with lower costs can earn new revenue. In addition, moneys spent for nutrient reductions from nonpoint sources could be better distributed in order to achieve more pollution reduction per dollar spent. A reverse auction can accomplish this goal. Farmers in a reverse auction bid against each other for a limited amount of funding, and awards are given to the bidder who can reduce the greatest amount of pollution runoff for the lowest cost. WRI’s Work on Water Quality Trading The World Resources Institute (WRI) is a leading expert in using performance- and market-based mechanisms for watershed management. We research best practices and helps to implement programs in watersheds that could benefit from nutrient trading or reverse auctions. WRI contributes to the development of water quality trading and reverse auction programs by: Performing financial analyses of nutrient trading: WRI forecasts potential revenue to farmers and cost savings to wastewater treatment plants and municipal stormwater programs under an interstate-interbasin nutrient trading program for the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Designing nutrient pollution reduction programs: WRI works with local, state, and federal government, the private sector, and civil society to develop effective performance- and market-based mechanisms for addressing water quality. Developing nutrient trading tools: WRI developed NutrientNet, an online credit estimation tool and marketplace, for nutrient credit buyers and sellers in existing and planned state trading programs. Performing feasibility analyses of nutrient trading: WRI is currently assessing the feasibility of large-scale nutrient trading in the Mississippi River basin to reduce the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone. Photo credit: flickr/ronzzo1 - Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University - EPA Chesapeake Bay Program - Gun Lake Tribe - Kieser and Associates - Lancaster County Conservation District - Michigan State University (MSU) - Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP) - Pennsylvania Environmental Council - Pennsylvania State University - Texas A & M University - University of Arkansas - US Department of Agriculture (USDA) - WV Water Research Institute (WRI)

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Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that is found in many products. Initially, it was thought to be a remarkable product because it is fireproof, very strong, and could be used in many applications ranging from plaster and other building materials to being woven into fabrics. Asbestos is known to cause serious adverse health effects, including asbestosis, mesothelioma, and lung cancer. The purpose of this program is to ensure that Hampshire College employees understand the hazards of asbestos exposure and are aware of the proper procedures that must be followed when cleaning, maintenance, repair, or any type of work that may potentially disturb asbestos must be performed. The main responsibility of employees is to recognize asbestos or the potential that a material may contain asbestos, and to know whom to contact regarding concerns and to provide immediate notification upon discovering damaged or deteriorated asbestos. Additionally, facilities and grounds personnel must be certain that renovation and new construction materials installed either by Hampshire College personnel or outside contractors do not contain asbestos. The ultimate goal of this plan is to protect the environment and the health of the entire College community. Asbestos: Includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos, actinolite asbestos, and any of these minerals that have been chemically treated and/or altered. Asbestos-containing material (ACM): Any material containing more than one percent asbestos. Friable ACM: Any material containing more than one percent asbestos, which when dry, may be crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder by hand pressure. Presumed Asbestos Containing Material: Thermal system insulation (TSI) and surfacing material found in buildings constructed no later than 1980. Asbestos is regulated in Massachusetts by the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the Division of Labor and Workforce Development (DLWD). Federally, asbestos is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), as well as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Air Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Asbestos is still mined and asbestos-containing products continue to be manufactured. EPA does not monitor distribution and processing of asbestos containing products; therefore, it is of the utmost importance that facilities and grounds personnel read all product literature, including material safety data sheets, before purchasing and installing any building materials. If there is any doubt, the supplier or manufacturer should be asked to certify that the material does not contain asbestos. Asbestos Hazard Awareness Training: Hampshire College employees who may come into contact with asbestos will receive asbestos hazard awareness training. Awareness level-trained personnel are not expected or authorized to perform any work that will disturb ACMs or suspected ACMs. Materials that are confirmed by lab analysis to contain trace (<1%) asbestos (see procedure below) can be disturbed by awareness level-trained personnel. This training will be conducted by environmental health and safety and will consist of: Training will be conducted initially for new employees and reviewed annually for all affected employees during safety training refreshers. Operations and Maintenance (O&M) 16-Hour Training: Hampshire College employees who will have a need to disturb ACMs or trace ACMs, such as when drilling a hole or repairing a pipe leak, will attend a 16-hour training course. O&M level-trained personnel are authorized to perform projects where ACMs are disturbed in amounts that are no greater than 3 SF or 3 LF and the amount of asbestos to be removed must be confined to one standard-size asbestos waste bag. This training will be conducted by ATC Associates or other certified environmental training firm. A 4-hour annual refresher is required. Asbestos Coordinator and Assessment Procedure The carpenter foreman will serve as the Hampshire College asbestos coordinator. Prior to any renovation work or clean-up of degraded building materials, the asbestos coordinator must be notified. If there are suspected ACMs (see definition below) in the area, the asbestos coordinator will contact environmental health and safety to see if records are available for the specific location. If there are no records, the asbestos coordinator or environmental health and safety will arrange for ATC Associates or other qualified asbestos consulting firm to sample the material. No work can proceed in the area until it has been confirmed that asbestos is not present. If the results are positive for asbestos, the course of action taken will depend on the scale of the project. If the project is a very small scale disturbance, such as drilling a hole, Hampshire College employees with 16-hour asbestos operations and maintenance (O&M) training can perform the work. If the project is larger than 3 SF or 3 LF and the asbestos to be removed will not be confined to one standard asbestos waste bag, the asbestos coordinator will arrange for abatement to be performed by a qualified asbestos contractor. The asbestos coordinator must inform building occupants and campus police when asbestos abatement will be conducted in areas of occupied buildings. The asbestos coordinator must assess the condition of asbestos, investigate reported concerns, and coordinate with environmental health and safety to take appropriate action if asbestos is found to be in a damaged or deteriorating condition. All records pertaining to asbestos abatements, training, sampling and testing will be kept by the office of environmental health and safety. Suspect Asbestos-Containing Materials All building materials, with the exception of mastic, will be assumed to contain asbestos if they were purchased or installed prior to 1980. Mastic materials purchased or installed prior to 1990 will be assumed to contain asbestos. These materials will be assumed to contain asbestos unless environmental health and safety has records indicating the materials in that specific location were sampled and results indicate that they are negative for asbestos. Suspect materials can only be removed or disturbed by an O&M-trained employee, depending upon the scope of work, or a licensed asbestos contractor, unless the asbestos coordinator arranges to have samples taken by a qualified consultant and results prove the material does not contain asbestos. Procedure for Trace Asbestos Materials Trace asbestos refers to a material that contains less than one percent (< 1 %) asbestos. Employees must have a minimum of asbestos awareness training to perform work that will disturb materials containing trace asbestos. In addition, these employees must also be in the respirator program. The work requirements are as follows: Procedure for Asbestos Containing Materials Hampshire College employees that have completed the 16-Hour O&M training and are in the respirator program can perform very small projects that will disturb asbestos. Specifically, O&M-trained employees can do work that involves no more than 3 LF or 3 SF, and the asbestos removed must be confined to one standard asbestos waste bag. The work requirements are as follows: Any asbestos project that involves more than 3 LF or 3 SF and for which the amount of asbestos to be removed will exceed more than one bag cannot be done by Hampshire College personnel. The asbestos coordinator will hire a licensed asbestos contractor to perform the work. Repair and Renovation Work All scheduled clean-up, repair, and renovation work must first be cleared by the asbestos coordinator to ensure that asbestos-containing materials will not be disturbed. Examples of activities that qualify as a “disturbance” are listed below. If renovation and repair work cannot be accomplished without disturbing asbestos-containing materials, the asbestos coordinator will determine whether or not the project is within the scope of what O&M-trained employees can perform. If it is not, the asbestos coordinator will arrange for an asbestos contractor to perform the work, or otherwise abate the asbestos so that Hampshire College personnel can safely perform the repair or renovation work. Disturbances include, but are not limited to: Emergency Asbestos Work Any incident that causes the release of asbestos fibers when proper containment measures are not in place is considered an emergency. Examples of emergencies are the discovery of asbestos debris on the floor; ceiling collapse, flooding, or water damage that causes asbestos floor tile to pop up and break; or a leak in a pipe insulated with asbestos. The asbestos coordinator will determine if the emergency can be resolved by O&M-trained employees. If it cannot, an asbestos contractor will be immediately called in. Facilities and grounds must shut down the HVAC system to prevent asbestos fibers from contaminating other areas and, if possible, shut off the steam or water lines, if the emergency involves a leak. If there is reason to suspect that the HVAC system has been contaminated, an asbestos contractor will perform the work. While preparing to address the emergency, and/or while waiting for the asbestos contractor, facilities and grounds personnel must ensure their and others’ safety by keeping untrained and unauthorized people from entering the asbestos emergency area. Classes of Asbestos Work Class I asbestos work: Activities involving the removal of TSI and surfacing (sprayed-on, troweled-on, or otherwise applied) ACM and PACM. Class II asbestos work: Activities involving the removal of ACM which is not thermal system insulation (TSI) or surfacing material. This includes, but is not limited to, the removal of asbestos-containing wallboard, floor tile and sheeting, roofing and siding shingles, and construction mastics. Class III asbestos work: Repair and maintenance operations, where ACM, including TSI and surfacing ACM and PACM, is likely to be disturbed. Class IV asbestos work: Maintenance and custodial activities during which employees contact, but do not disturb, ACM or PACM and activities to clean up dust, waste, and debris resulting from Class I, II, and III activities. Hampshire College employees with 16-Hour O&M training will perform work involving asbestos-containing materials to the extent that is allowed by their training. A licensed asbestos contractor will perform all Class I, II, III and IV work involving more than 3 LF or 3 SF and for which the amount of asbestos removed will exceed one standard waste bag. Asbestos awareness-trained employees can perform activities in which asbestos is contacted, but not disturbed, such as cleaning floors. Asbestos awareness-trained employees can also perform work involving disturbance and cleanup of materials containing trace (<1%) asbestos, provided they meet the criteria specified in this plan. Hampshire College generally contracts the services of Abide, Inc. for asbestos removal and emergency abatement work. Abide, Inc. is licensed as an asbestos contractor by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development (DLWD). 483 Shaker Road PO Box 886 East Longmeadow, MA 01028 Hampshire College can, at any time, seek competitive bids or contract the services of other licensed asbestos contractors. Responsibilities of the asbestos contractor include, but are not limited to: Maintaining the required written OSHA programs; submitting the Massachusetts asbestos notification form (ANF-001) a minimum of 10-business days prior to abatement projects, or within 24-hours of small-scale incidental maintenance blanket projects, and/or within the timeframes required by each agency; advising the College on how to get waivers from DEP and DLWD, if required, when emergency abatements are performed or when requesting to deviate from required practices specified in the regulations or from work practices specified in the original notification; maintaining applicable license, training, and other records; regulating the work area by posting properly worded warning signs, installing physical barriers when necessary and taking any security measures needed to ensure that unauthorized personnel do not unintentionally or deliberately enter the work area; and packaging and labeling all waste correctly and in accordance with Department of Transportation (DOT) and EPA requirements. The asbestos contractor must provide the Hampshire College director of environmental health and safety with a complete documentation report that includes the original waste disposal and documentation form, notification, air clearance results, if applicable, and a copy of the invoice. The asbestos contractor is responsible for all aspects of regulatory compliance when working for Hampshire College. A licensed asbestos inspector will take samples, when required, to determine whether materials contain asbestos, and provide the director of environmental health and safety with the original report of results from the certified laboratory. A certified asbestos management planner may be contracted to develop asbestos removal specifications or project designs for large-scale or other projects. A certified asbestos monitor/industrial hygienist will be on site to conduct final air clearance sampling when required after an abatement project and will provide the director of environmental health and safety with the original, complete report, including project log and results from the certified laboratory. The asbestos consultant is responsible for maintaining current licenses, training certificates, and any other credentials required by applicable regulations. The asbestos consultant is responsible for all aspects of regulatory compliance pertaining to their services and, when contracted as a full time, on-site monitor, must ensure that the asbestos contractor is in compliance with all applicable regulations. All employees performing asbestos removal must be medically cleared prior to wearing a respirator. Additionally, a medical exam will be given to any employee that is exposed at or above the PEL for 30 or more days per year or who engages in Class I, II, or III work for 30 or more days per year. The exam will consist of a medical and work history, questionnaire, physical examination, pulmonary function test, and a chest x-ray. The medical exam will be performed on an annual basis and the chest x-ray will be performed every 5 years thereafter. Personal Air Monitoring Personal air monitoring will be conducted for all asbestos and trace asbestos work for which we don’t have a negative exposure assessment. Prior to beginning the work, make sure the personal sampling pump, cassettes, cassette labels, and air sampling worksheet are in place so the necessary documentation will be completed. Negative Exposure Assessment Personal air monitoring will be conducted for each specific asbestos removal task. If results reveal that exposure levels are below the PEL and EL, respirators and other PPE will not be required when performing that task when using the same work methods. A negative exposure assessment will only allow us to perform certain tasks without PPE. All other work practice requirements, such as wet methods, containment, waste disposal, etc. must still be strictly adhered to. Data for the negative determination must have been collected no more than 12 months prior to the job, otherwise personal monitoring must be conducted. We cannot make a negative determination for the removal or disturbance of friable materials, such as pipe insulation. When working with friable materials, respirators and PPE must always be worn. This program will be reviewed periodically by the director of facilities and grounds, the asbestos coordinator, and the director of environmental health and safety to ensure compliance with OSHA, EPA, DEP, DLWD, and DOT regulations. Additionally, any asbestos emergencies that may arise, or scheduled abatement projects can create the opportunity to evaluate our response to determine if procedures outlined in this policy were adhered to and if there is new information or guidelines that can be implemented to improve this policy and our overall environmental and safety efforts. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1001: Occupational Safety and Health Standards – Asbestos OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200: Hazard Communication OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1101: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction - Asbestos OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134: Respiratory Protection MA DLWD 453 CMR 6.00: Removal, Containment, or Encapsulation of Asbestos MA DEP 310 CMR 7.09 & 7.15: U Dust, Odor, Construction and Demolition and U Asbestos MA DEP 310 CMR 19.061: Special Waste MA DEP Policy BWP-96-012: Policy Concerning Non-Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials Town of Hadley, MA Board of Health

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Governor of Avalon Colony, 1621-1625 This Welshman served as governor of the colony at Ferryland and was an important part of this attempt to introduce permanent settlers to Newfoundland. George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, called on Wynne to establish a colony at Ferryland, possibly having met him through William Vaughan. In August 1621, Wynne landed at Ferryland with 12 men. With the cooperation of unseasonably good weather, Wynne and his men completed a large shelter by November and, before the end of the year, a stone kitchen with a room above it. By the time summer rolled around, a store room had been constructed and crops were in the ground. Because of the rapid establishment of the colony and Wynne's favourable, (and perhaps exaggerated), comments, a second group of colonists led by Daniel Powell was dispatched in 1622. This group included seven women, and its arrival in Ferryland brought the resident population to 32. After only the first couple of years, the colony already contained housing and other buildings, a palisade, a warehouse, a forge, a sawmill and a wharf. In 1623, the Province of Avalon was created when Calvert's grant was confirmed. Despite the fact that Wynne had managed a successful colony at Ferryland and that the population had grown to 100 by 1625, he was replaced in that same year. The reason for his dismissal is not evident, but it was probably that his lack of experience in governing a colony made him unable to manage through difficult times. In addition, Calvert wanted to govern the colony himself at this time. After 1626, nothing is known of Wynne. << Previous Governor | Next Governor >>

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Making every inch count North of the village of Onsbjerg on Samsø lies a listed site strewn with terraced walls - a witness of the hard work of smallholders. When the land at Onsbjerg was redistributed in 1794 as part of the agricultural reforms, smallholders were given a parcel of land for … Fought for the weak, lost his land In the late 1850s, Peder Madsen rented a house and accompanying plot of land in Onsbjerg from Brattingsborg Manor. The 1870 census also lists Peder Madsen as a stonemason, indicating that the family was unable to make a living from farming alone. Madsen was conscious of his social status and was politically active. In 1886, he was voted to become an elector, representing Onsbjerg Parish, for candidates in parliamentary elections. Ageing Count Danneskiold-Samsøe of Brattenborg Manor rewarded Madsen for his political activity by stripping his plot of land from him and renting it out to a cobbler also by the name of Madsen. But Peder Madsen was determined. In 1888 he became one of the founders of the Samsø Smallholders Association. He was elected as its first president and fought for the rights of society's oppressed. Contribute to Onsbjerg Contribute with a story about this place? Contribute with one or more pictures Contribute with videos Contribute with links

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Sleep Apnea Treatment Did you know that 1 in 3 people suffer from Sleep problems? Causes of Sleep Apnea: Getting Proper Sleep Most people need about 7 to 8 hours of sleep every night. A possible cause of many sleep problems can be physical, psychological, or both. Other possible causes can be stress, medication, excessive drinking of caffeine, chronic medical conditions, or unknown factors. One thing is certain: if you do not sleep properly and adequately your total health will suffer! Snoring and Sleep Apnea Snoring can be a main cause of sleep problems because it interrupts breathing numerous times during the night. Many people do not realize that snoring is far from being just a funny or disruptive noise,and it is actually a symptom of a reflection of a significant medical problem. Snoring is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, as well as an increased risk of both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (heart problems and strokes). Additionally, your snoring may keep your family members from their necessary good night’s sleep as well. Complications of Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea is a potentially life-threatening problem that affects nearly 50% of the adult population. So why is interrupted sleep so bad? Because the human body needs CONTINUOUS sleep for at least 7-8 hours. It is during this continuous sleep that the brain and nervous system go through different recuperative stages. During these recuperative stages that the nervous system helps balance the body, by helping to heal the day-to-day stresses we put on our organs organs and the tissues. Without proper sleep, your body is like a car with no brakes that is constantly running and driving hard. Eventually, it breaks down. What can you do about sleep apnea? There are multiple treatment alternatives which can be used. The very first step is to set up an appointment for a free screening. After a complete examination, we will discuss the best alternative to help you achieve the results you are looking for. Test Yourself for Sleep Apnea… Take the following self test to see if you may be suffering from sleep problems: - Do you ever wake up with a headache? - Do you feel drowsy during the day? - Are cranky or short tempered? - Do you have problems with concentration or memory? - Do you ever fall asleep at work or while driving the car? - Do you have heart problems or high blood pressure? - Are overweight or gaining weight? - Do you smoke? - Do you drink alcohol in the evenings? - Do you have a hard time breathing through your nose? If you answered yes to one or more of the following questions you should schedule an appointment for an initial screening. Get more Sleep Apnea information here. TMJ Headache and sleep loss or sleep apnea can be addressed through proper dental care. Don’t suffer anymore. Call Comfort Dental today at (248)646-2273 for a free TMJ consultation. Thank you. Click the TMJ Treatment links below to learn more about TMJ Migraine Headache Pain Relief with Comfort Smiles:

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Prof. Chodakiewicz delivers lecture on the Intermarium Posted: Sunday, September 11, 2011 On September 7, 2011, Dr. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Professor of History and the current holder of the Kościuszko Chair in Polish Studies at IWP, delivered a lecture seeking to answer the question "What is the Intermarium? Geography and Destiny." Prof. Chodakiewicz addressed the divide between "East" and "West" which runs through East-Central Europe, explaining that the dichotomy is first and foremost metaphysical, rather than geographic or economic. Primarily, Prof. Chodakiewicz clarifies: "For us ‘the West' consists of the sphere of freedom; ‘the East' denotes the opposite... Nations which adhere to Western Christianity tend to display characteristics more amicable to freedom than people who follow Eastern Orthodoxy or Islam." In this context, the Intermarium - i.e. the region between the Adriatic, Baltic, and Black Seas - may be defined as the eastern borderlands of the West. This geopolitical and cultural conception has rarely translated into unity under the reign of an indigenous power. The greatest such unity was achieved around the year 1500, under the scepter of the Polish-Lithuanian Jagiellonian Dynasty, which ruled the kingdoms of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland, as well as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Polish-Lithuanian state at the core of the Jagiellonian System was the product of a personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1386, which was further cemented by the Union of Lublin in 1569, whereby the dual monarchy was transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This polity dominated the northern Intermarium whilst influencing its southern half for approximately four centuries: until the Commonwealth's partitioning and destruction at the hands of Prussia, Austria, and Russia during the late eighteenth century. Yet, the legacy of the Rzeczpospolita continues to exert a posthumous influence in East-Central Europe. Particularly the Poles view themselves as its most legitimate heirs whilst the Russians and the Germans fear its rebirth as a rival geopolitical paradigm. The Commonwealth, as Prof. Chodakiewicz demonstrated, was the freest society in the world until the rise of the United States of America. Well before the drafting of the American Constitution, the Rzeczpospolita's system embraced such concepts as: property rights for women; no taxation without representation (nihil novi); habeas corpus (neminem captivabimus); and, last but not least, religious freedom (Confederation of Warsaw, 1574). This state contrasts sharply with the situation in adjacent Muscovy or the Ottoman Empire, whose subjects had no rights, and in the increasingly absolutist monarchies of Western Europe, whose subjects' liberties were significantly curtailed. Alas, abuses of freedom eventually weakened the Commonwealth from within, inviting conquest from without. Following the collapse of the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian Empires in the very wake of the First World War, and the ensuing resurrection of an independent Poland, conceptions of unifying the Intermarium into an indigenous and autonomous geopolitical bloc resurfaced. Ultimately, all of them failed - primarily as a result of sabotage on the part of the project's principal enemies - Moscow and Berlin. They also crashed on the cliffs of the conflicting interests of the multiple Intermarium states, driven mainly, but not exclusively, by narrow, folkish ethnonationalism. All of these factors, coupled with post-communist pathologies, continue to derail the most recent attempts to unify the Intermarium, such as the Višegrad Group and the foreign policy of Poland's late President, Lech Kaczyński. Nevertheless, the lessons of history are clear: a power vacuum in the Intermarium invites neighboring hegemons to fill it, which ultimately generates conflicts between them. The multiple problems plaguing the Intermarium are often a cause for irritation in the West, which generally leads to neglect. Yet, the West in general, and the United States in particular, cannot afford simply to ignore this region, argues Prof. Chodakiewicz. After all, both world wars originated in the Intermarium and over the Intermarium. Thus, crucial - yet currently lacking - American leadership supporting native efforts on behalf of Intermarium unity offers the best recipe for stability, freedom, and prosperity in the region. To read the full text of Prof. Chodakiewicz's lecture, please click here: "What is the Intermarium? Geography and Destiny," Dr. Marek Chodakiewicz

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On The Science Show they recently had a program about how unfamiliar sounds, rhythms and tonalities can drive people crazy. I learnt that neuroscientists have been experimenting with the idea that when confronted with unfamiliar musical patterns the brain releases dopamine, which in large quantities can cause schizophrenia (in small quantities it makes you happy). As a striking example they cited Igor Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring, which when first performed in 1913, led to violent reactions in the audience and rioting in Paris. In a book called Proust was a Neuroscientist, Jonah Lehrer in 2007 first proposed that the reason for the violence was that Stravinsky’s use of asymmetrical rhythms, percussive dissonances, polyrhythms and polytonality was so new at the time that no one at the opera had ever heard anything like it. Consequently, the neurons in the listeners’ brains started to fire all at the same time and their brains got flooded with dopamine and as a result of that little old ladies started to hit each other with their canes. This was the first time I ever heard any of this but when you look up “classical music riot” on Wikipedia, you get a list of 12 such events of mass violence following a musical premiere. The good news is that the brain is of course our most flexible organ and within a short time we get used to new rhythms, tonalities and chords. Nowadays, most people think of Disney when they hear the kinds of asymmetries and dissonances that turned Stravinsky’s bourgeois audience into rioters: “the music that was so fierce, so new and so disturbing on Monday [had] become kiddie music on Thursday,” as they put it on The Science Show. What does all that have to do with foreign languages? I have for a long time been collecting anecdotes of interpersonal violence between speakers of different languages. Stories such as this tidbit of Australian bushranger lore about a gang of three men operating in early 19th century Tasmania: the bushranger gang consisted of two Irishmen, Scanlan and Brown, and and Englishman, Richard Lemon. Lemon did not like Brown and Scanlan talking in Gaelic, of which he understood not a word. One morning when Brown was out hunting ‘roos, Lemon crept up on Scanlan at the campfire, put a pistol to the back of his head and pulled the trigger. He then strung up the corpse by the heels on a gum tree, as if he were hanging a ‘boomer’ (big kangaroo) for skinning. “Now, Brown,” he laconically observed when his partner returned, “as there are only two of us, we shall understand one another better for the future.” (Hughes, R., The Fatal Shore, p. 227) These were violent criminals and outlaws but I’m intrigued that they would turn against each other for something as comparatively trivial as linguistic choice. It’s entirely possible, too, that they suffered from schizophrenia or some other mental disorder, seeing that they were stuck in the cruel and terrifying gulag that was colonial Tasmania. So, can the sound of a foreign language act as a trigger for violence? Could it, in extreme situations, lead to a reaction in the brain that serves to remove inhibitions against violence? I don’t know, of course, and am only speculating here. But dopamine might just be one little piece in a puzzle that has long intrigued me and that I’m addressing in more detail in my new book: why is intercultural communication so often a story of cruelty, abuse and hatred rather than solidarity, compassion and kindness? I’d love to hear from anyone who has stories to share about physical reactions they may have experienced on the sound of a foreign language.

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Language Acquisition Meets Language Evolution Article first published online: 14 JUL 2010 Copyright © 2009 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. Special Issue: Mechanisms of Cognitive Development: Domain-General Learning or Domain-Specific Constraints? Volume 34, Issue 7, pages 1131–1157, September 2010 How to Cite Chater, N. and Christiansen, M. H. (2010), Language Acquisition Meets Language Evolution. Cognitive Science, 34: 1131–1157. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01049.x - Issue published online: 2 SEP 2010 - Article first published online: 14 JUL 2010 - Received 21 July 2008; received in revised form 26 November 2008; accepted 4 March 2009 - Biological adaptation; - Cognitive development; - Cultural evolution; - Evolutionary psychology; - Language acquisition; - Language evolution; - Natural selection; - Universal grammar Recent research suggests that language evolution is a process of cultural change, in which linguistic structures are shaped through repeated cycles of learning and use by domain-general mechanisms. This paper draws out the implications of this viewpoint for understanding the problem of language acquisition, which is cast in a new, and much more tractable, form. In essence, the child faces a problem of induction, where the objective is to coordinate with others (C-induction), rather than to model the structure of the natural world (N-induction). We argue that, of the two, C-induction is dramatically easier. More broadly, we argue that understanding the acquisition of any cultural form, whether linguistic or otherwise, during development, requires considering the corresponding question of how that cultural form arose through processes of cultural evolution. This perspective helps resolve the “logical” problem of language acquisition and has far-reaching implications for evolutionary psychology.

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Adapting to Climate Risk in Coastal Communities: A Review of Three Canadian Communities – Halifax, NS Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), Nova Scotia: Susan Chalmers, Masters of Environmental Studies Candidate at York, continues her installments on climate change adaptation in Canadian coastal communities by discussing the results of her research. The current blog highlights the adaptation work underway in Halifax, Nova Scotia In 2004, the regional municipality began to develop Climate SMART – the Sustainable Mitigation and Adaptation Risk Toolkit. The main goal of this initiative is to mainstream mitigation and adaptation into decision-making and create management and planning tools to help the municipality address climate risks and reduce emissions. A steering committee, comprised of members of the municipality and the private sector, formed the conceptual model, while a working group of government officials created specific policies and strategies. Currently, the Energy and Environment Office coordinates and oversees climate change planning in the municipality. Compared to Saanich, Halifax Regional Municipality’s approach to climate change adaptation has been to incorporate it into the regional plan, various functional plans and municipal policies instead of creating a separate adaptation plan. To assist its business units in preparing for and reducing climate impacts, the regional municipality developed a number of tools, including cost/benefit assessments, community based vulnerability analysis, sustainability analysis, environmental impact assessments, a Climate Change Risk Assessment Protocol, and a Risk Management Strategy. In creating the latter document, Halifax primarily followed the Canadian Standards Association’s risk management guidelines, which consists of the following six steps: 1) initiation; 2) preliminary analysis of impacts and vulnerabilities; 3) risk estimation; 4) risk evaluation; 5) risk control; and 6) action and monitoring. This strategy clearly outlined a number of possible adaptation actions for different departments in order to address impacts to water resources, infrastructure, coastal zones, and other sectors. Some have been implemented along with new measures. To minimize water resource and infrastructure risks, the Halifax Regional Water Commission is adjusting its rate structure to increase water conservation, adopting best practices to minimize leakage in its distribution system, securing additional water supplies, upgrading wastewater and stormwater infrastructure to withstand future climate projections, and offering lower rates to customers who adopt measures that reduce stormwater runoff (e.g. green roofs or permeable pavement). Infrastructure and Asset Management is also instituting specific actions for its area of responsibility. The forthcoming Urban Forest Strategy will allow for alterations to the species mix in parks to take into account climate change. Meanwhile, new municipal structures currently need to be LEED standard. In the near future, standards for its own buildings will be upgraded so they better adapt to climate change. Besides these preceding measures, this business unit has conducted vulnerability mapping of the social, built and natural environment around Halifax Harbour. These assessments assist the municipality in planning for climate related emergencies and making effective planning decisions. For example, new construction along vulnerable sections of Halifax Harbour now needs to be negotiated through development agreements on a case by case basis for large projects. In addition, developers are required to consider sea level rise and storm surges impacts and institute appropriate adaptation measures in project applications and construction. Similar to the preceding department, Community Development is taking action to minimize potential damage to infrastructure. It published “A Developer’s Guide to Risk Assessment,” which identifies climate projections and impacts, explains how to evaluate risks, and provides a checklist for buildings and development in order to foster climate adaptation by the land development community. Land use policies and by-laws also exist to institute setbacks along the shoreline or inland waterways in order to limit risks from inland flooding or coastal inundation. A fourth department, Fire and Emergency Services, regularly educates residents on emergency preparedness. In order to enhance community and household preparedness for climate related emergencies, the Energy and Environment Office in consultation with the Emergency Management Organization developed a guide entitled the “Community Action Guide to Climate Change and Emergency Preparedness”. To provide additional assistance to high risk communities, these entities have jointly conducted some climate change planning workshops on portions of this guidebook and will continue to offer them in the future. During these sessions, participants map various types of vulnerabilities and are encouraged to develop a community action plan to help them until emergency personnel arrive. Fire and Emergency Services also has Joint Emergency Management Groups that act as a resource for rural, isolated and vulnerable communities during emergencies. They liaise with the Emergency Operations Centre, help community groups plan and respond quickly in emergencies, and assist vulnerable demographic groups. In recent years, the number and severity of forest fires has risen in the region. To address this particular type of emergency and the occasional challenges with reaching fires during extreme weather events, this business unit has been increasing its capacity and resources. For example, it now uses additional types of vehicles, new water sources and different access roads. Beyond specific business unit actions, HRM is one of numerous organizations involved in the Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Project. It has been active in several initiatives within this broader project, including wave run-up and seiche modelling for Halifax Harbour; the Halifax Harbour Sea Level Rise Project; impervious surface, stormwater, and sediment modelling; and water resource modelling, among others. Some of the modelling efforts have already influenced municipal policies and actions. For instance, wave run up and seiche modelling results are being incorporated into land use by-laws. Meanwhile, Northwest Arm seawalls are being upgraded to reflect one-hundred year climate predictions to provide more long-term protection to properties. Sources: Interviews with municipal staff; the Climate Smart: Climate Change Risk Management Strategy for Halifax Regional Municipality; the Climate SMART Risk Management Strategy for HRM: February 2011 Status Update; and the Climate Smart website. For additional information on Halifax’s climate initiatives, please refer to the following link – www.halifax.ca/climate. About Susan Chalmers: Susan is originally from Vancouver. She completed her BA in Political Science and Environmental Studies from the University of Victoria in 2008 and is pursuing her master’s degree at York. Her research interests relate to climate change policy-making and climate justice generally. This entry was posted on Monday, May 14th, 2012 at 12:14 pm and is filed under Case Studies, Climate Change Adaptation, Current Projects, Guest Blog, News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site. Comments are closed.

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Some of the information given is fluff, but I included it as it was part of the original question. Please show all work so that I may easily follow.Thank you! A sturdy rubber band with a rectangular cross section is cut to form a long piece of rubber with dimensions 60.00 cm by 0.3000 cm by 0.1500 cm. The rubber used has a Young's modulus Y = 5.500 x 10^6 N/m^2 , a bulk modulus B = 1.000 x 10^6 N/m^2, and a density p = 940.0 kg/m3 . Given: A ball is made from this same rubber. The volume of the ball is 7.979 x 10^-4 m^3, and the radius of the ball is 5.754 x 10^-2 m. It has a mass of .7500 kg. Given: If the ball is put into a swimming pool, 9.339 % of the ball will be submerged underwater when it has settled to its equilibrium Q:What would the volume of the ball be if it were held at a depth of 0.8000 meters beneath the surface of the pool?

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The Cervical Cap A cervical cap is a soft rubber cup with a round rim designed to cover the cervix more precisely than the diaphragm (it is thimble-shaped rather than dome-shaped), although it generally works the same way. It differs from the diaphragm in that it must be fitted to the cervix and is designed to be worn for up to 30 days. Some caps are designed to allow menstrual blood to flow out without allowing any fluids to flow in. Like a diaphragm, it must be used with a spermicidal cream or foam. It must be left in place for at least 48 hours after intercourse. Wearing it for more than 48 hours is not recommended because of the risk, though low, of Toxic Shock Syndrome. Also, with prolonged use of two or more days, the cap may cause an unpleasant vaginal odor or discharge in some women. Cervical caps are available by prescription only. The device was not available in North America until 1988 when the FDA approved one type of cap, the Prentif cavity-rim cervical cap for general use. It has a failure rate of about 17 percent. The cap also has the same side effects and advantages as the diaphragm, except that there's no risk of bladder infections, but there can be some irritation to the cervical lining, due to improper use. About 6 percent of cervical cap candidates will not be able to find one that fits (shorter or longer cervixes are a problem, apparently). Obviously, as with a diaphragm, until you're comfortable using it correctly, use a backup method of birth control. The only women who shouldn't use the cervical cap are those who have a history of abnormal Pap tests, cervical or vaginal infections, or PID; those who have had a cervical biopsy or cryosurgery within the past six to twelve weeks; those who have an allergic reaction to rubber (plastic caps are also available); and those who have difficulty using it properly. Click here for more information on birth control. Created: 10/31/2001  - Donnica Moore, M.D.

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Soul and afterlife do exist, say scientists The age-old question of humanity: is there life after death seems to be answered. And the answer is yes. Scientists seem to have found the proof to the theory that every human has a soul, which remains alive even after the heart stops. One of the authors of the study anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff disclosed details of the discovery in a TV show in one of the science channels. According to the report, human soul is something more fundamental than just neurons. “I think that consciousness has always existed in the universe, perhaps, from the time of the Big Bang“, said the professor. According to him, when the heart stops, the information stored in the brain cells does not die, but continues “leaking in the universe”. This explains the fact that people who have experienced clinical death often speak of “white light” or “tunnel”, which they claim to have seen. “When the heart stops beating and blood stops flowing through the vessels, microtubules lose their quantum state. However, the quantum information they bring is not destroyed. It cannot be destroyed, so it spreads and scatters through the universe. If a patient survives, then he tells that he saw “white light” and even himself “coming out” of his body. If he dies, the quantum information exists out of the body for an undefined time. This is what we call soul,” explained the scientist. Earlier, the Professor’s colleague, neurosurgeon Eben Alexander, who has been working at Harvard for 15 years, described his journey to the afterlife. He called his book “Proof of Heaven”, in which he told that when he went into a coma due to bacterial meningitis, he was in heaven, floating in the clouds, surrounded by butterflies and “angel-like” beings. - Do Near-Death Experiences Prove That Consciousness Exists Outside the Brain? - Can the Human Soul Be Weighed? - Astral Travelling: a great guide into the world of astral - What Really Are Near-Death Experiences? - 5 Impressive Facts about the Universe - Top 10 Things We Believe in Without Proof - Will the CERN experiment lead to the end of the world? - Cryonics: technology that promises immortality - Do Einstein’s laws of physics prove the existence of ghosts? - Easy Ways To Increase Your Success In Astral Travel

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Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the foetus during pregnancy. It is contained in the amniotic sac. The purpose of the amniotic sac is to protect the foetus from infection to cushion the foetus in the womb, a medium for foetus to grow in and thrive by maintaining a constant temperature, allowing movement to aid muscle development, protecting against infection – the membranes provide a barrier- the fluid contains antimicrobial peptides, assisting lung development, baby breathes fluid in and out of the lungs, and also plays an important part in developing many of the baby’s vital internal organs, such as the lungs, kidneys and gut. At full term, there is between 500-1000 ml of amniotic fluid. This is mostly made up of amniotic fluid secreted by the amniotic sac (the membranes). The baby also contributes urine and respiratory tract secretions into the fluid. The amniotic fluid is constantly being produced and renewed – Baby swallows the fluid; it is passed through the gut into the baby’s circulation; then sent out through the placenta. This process continues even if the amniotic membranes have broken. The amniotic fluid contains substances such as albumin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, lecithin, sphingomyelin, bilirubin, fat, fructose, leukocytes, proteins, epithelial cells, enzymes, vernix and lanugo. Unfortunately artificial rupture of membranes (AROM)has become “routine practice”. It is useful if there is delay in progress. But it really has no place in normally progressing labour. Very often the membranes will rupture just before birth. In the animal kingdom the offspring are very often born in their amniotic sacs. The research indicated that it does not shorten labour by any significant amount. It is a method of inducing labour but that is another story. In my experience, AROM usually benefits the midwife or obstetrician. It speeds things up for them, and also gives them peace of mind as they can see whether or not there is meconium in the liquor so they can get a paediatrician ready to be present at delivery. There is no indication for it in normal labour. I was at a workshop many years ago where a midwife was giving a talk about home birth and leaving the membranes intact. After the lecture, one of the attendees was horrified that a midwife would not perform AROM as it was so dangerous not to know if there was meconium! She definitely needed a chat! Then there was the OB/GYN who commented on labour ward protocols: ” there is no reason to keep membranes intact even in a labour that is going “normally,” all membranes should be ruptured because they serve no pupose at all.” Of course the fact that most women report more pain is neither here nor there, because there’s probably no randomised control trial that proves it! That means mother nature has got it horribly wrong for the last 100,000 years and you’ve managed to figured it out completely in the last 100 years! But it is not only the providers that can be the problem, birthing mothers can be just as uninformed. I have frequently had multiparous women request AROM for relief of pressure and I often find they tend to progress very quickly post AROM – tends to bring the head down onto the cervix and enhance uterine contractions. However, a cochrane review of the available research states that “the evidence showed no shortening of the length of first stage of labour and a possible increase in caesarean section. Routine amniotomy is not recommended for normally progressing labours or in labours which have become prolonged.” Gabbe, S. G., Simpson, J. L, Niebyl, J. R. Galan, H., Goetzl, L. Jauniaux, E. R. M. Landon, M. (2007). Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Smyth, R., Alldred, S. K., Markham, C. (2007). Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006167.

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“The STEM Ambassadors Programme will enable you to make links from the curriculum to how STEM is practiced in the world of work, illuminating applications across a vast range of careers”. STEM Ambassadors are an invaluable and free resource for teachers and schools. Not only are they free, they are CRB checked and have received a basic induction about how to approach the classroom, safeguarding student’s welfare. What are the benefits to my students? The benefits to your students include: Better motivation, more confidence and enthusiasm regarding STEM subjects Opportunities to improve key skills and increase understanding in STEM A better understanding of the opportunities that a career in STEM can offer Discover more of the benefits to your students. What activities can STEM Ambassadors do? The types of activities that Ambassadors typically support include, assisting with STEM clubs, providing an insight into career opportunities, facilitating workplace visits and/or working as mentors, as well as attending careers fairs and judging competitions. Discover more about the types of activities STEM Ambassadors can do. Who are STEM Ambassadors? STEM Ambassadors are people from STEM backgrounds, usually professionals and experts in their field, who volunteer as inspiring role models for young people. Discover more about STEM Ambassadors.

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A genetic profile in 214 Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians and nonagenarians linked to longevity and discovered by two Israeli researchers at New York's Albert Einstein College of Medicine lends clues to healthy aging in non-Ashkenazi and non-Jewish populations around the world. The study is being published in the April 4 edition of the Public Library of Science on-line journal (www.plos.org), run by a non-profit organization of scientists and physicians committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource. Dr. Nir Barzilai, director of the Institute for Aging Research at Yeshiva University's medical school, and Dr. Gil Atzmon looked for genetic clues to longevity in the Ashkenazim. They chose this group because - as shown by historical records and modern genetic evidence - Ashkenazim are descended from a founder group of just 30,000 people and thus are more genetically uniform than other demographic groups. This, they explained, simplified the challenge of associating a gene profile (genotype) with its physical manifestation (phenotype). Many studies show that "tweaking" a single gene can extend life span in animal models. But Barzilai and Atzmon have for the first time found that people carry alleles (alternative forms of a gene) that confer the same sort of longevity advantage. Not only was the genotype connected with longevity, but it was also linked with cardiovascular health, a lower incidence of hypertension and proper insulin metabolism. The Einstein researchers hope to uncover more clues to the genetic influences on aging - and then begin to develop strategies to ease the inevitable slide into one's twilight years. Asked to comment, Prof. Karl Skorecki, director of the Technion's Rappaport Research Institute and director of medical and research development at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, had high praise for the discovery. "I have been following Barzilai's work for some time, and we collaborate on certain projects. His work in general and this paper in particular are brilliant, and the findings are of great importance - beyond the Ashkenazi community itself," he said. "By utilizing the special population genetics characteristics of the community, he and his colleagues have been able to uncover important genes and metabolic mechanisms that contribute to healthy aging and whose disturbance is involved in common diseases of aging. What has been especially brilliant about their work is his elegant use of an appropriate control group." Skorecki discovered four "founding mothers" living in Europe a millennium ago who gave rise to 40 percent of today's Ashkenazi Jews and a priestly tribe gene handed down over generations from kohanim to their sons. "Since centenarians typically escape cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and other age-related disorders, we suspected these most senior of senior citizens might possess gene variations that help them reach a ripe old age," explained Barzilai. "If so, then these genotypes should occur with higher frequency in centenarians than in the rest of us." When studying centenarians and nonagenarians, finding an age-matched control group is obviously difficult. But since longevity runs in families, the researchers avoided this problem by recruiting children of the centenarians and matching them against a control group consisting of other Ashkenazim the same age. Blood was taken from each participant to determine their genotype and measure levels of several cardiovascular disease markers, including insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL or "good" cholesterol), low-density lipoproteins (LDL or "bad" cholesterol), and concentrations of two lipoprotein components called apolipoproteins (APO). In a previous study, the researchers had found that centenarians‚ LDL and HDL particle sizes are larger than normal, so these were also measured. To identify genes associated with long life, they looked for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, variations of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence) in 36 genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism and other pathways linked to cardiovascular disease. This analysis revealed a SNP in a gene with a clear pattern of age-dependent frequency: apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3). The frequency of finding the APOC3 polymorphism in both copies of the gene was 25 percent among centenarians, 20% in their offspring and only 10% in controls. The researchers expected that people carrying the APOC3 SNP would have a favorable lipoprotein profile. And indeed, all participants carrying it had better triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as the beneficial larger LDL and HDL particles. In addition, they were much less likely to have high blood pressure. Altogether, the statistical links between APOC3 and longevity and the significant associations between favorable lipoprotein-related traits and longevity strongly suggest that the genotype contributes in several ways to cardiovascular health and longevity. While the genetic pathways driving longevity remain unknown, the researchers said, it seems clear that lipoprotein metabolism plays an important role. The favorable lipoprotein profiles reported by the Einstein researchers correlate with studies of Japanese and Italian centenarians.

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Ask a new question Unlimited access to over 2.5 million step-by-step Chegg textbook solutions. Ask questions around the clock, get fast answers. Please ignore the time step sentence and just solve for the equations of motion of the problem. The inner ring A has an inner radius r1 and outer radius r2. Before heating, the outer ring B has an The vertical force P acts on the bottom of the plate having a negligible weight. Determine the short The offset link has a width of w=200mm and a thickness of 40mm. If the allowable normal stress is &s The answer is... A 1.8kg uniform rod is supported by a pin at O and spring at A and is connected to a dashpot at The system shown is displaced down 1cm on the left side and released from rest. the bar mass is pls ignore this . post in the wrong place. Hey guys! One mechanics problem for you for 350:) The pictures shows a mass-less beam; A piston cylinder device contains a mixture of 1.6 kg of N2 and 0.5 kg of H2 at 100 kPa and 300 how do i find b and c, i tried A disk of radius 120 mm rotates at the constant rate ω2= 5 rad/s with respect to the arm Using Castigliano's Method: is the reaction at the wall. How does torsion relate to theta? During the air cooling of oranges the heat transfer coecient is where the diameter D For the Beam and Loading shown, draw the shear and bending moment diagrams, and determine the I am given a beam broken into 3 elements and asked to find the first 6 natural frequencies and corre The pin at B is attached to link AB which rotates at an angular velocity of 4 rad/s Can someone please explain how they were able to obtain the equation Nu = This is Question 30 from Chapter 5 in "Mechanics of Materials 5th Edition Ferdinand P Beer, E Russel

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| In defining Shakespeare's Universe, you must set about describing the term Evil as one particular subject. What does this encompass? What must men divulge in, in order to be called such? What are its degrees? Does it have some purpose? The Reader's Digest Dictionary defines it as: "Something morally bad, wicked; causing harm, damage or any other undesirable result; threatening misfortune, distress, bad luck or disaster." Taking this defintion up, it might be too easily assumed that to be Evil or do Evil would have some major chaotic and unerasable effect upon human condition; that it, as well, is purposeless and ultimately wrapped in madness. Yet the mind must begin to make a rationale and realize its subtle aspects. From the beginning of time with the myth of Adam and Eve, women are told that Evil was committed through the Original Mortal Sin and that man has been fighting its consequences like vicious cats and dogs ever since. It is hard to imagine its non-existence, really. Man need no more than engage in a little pious thought when again the idea of Evil of one sort or another crops up like a brushfire. Is this the animal in men? Let us use two of Shakespeare's characters for more thorough analysis. Through the eyes of Shakespeare, Evil must cause Evil in order to drive out Evil. Suffering is inevitable and may often appear uncontrollable through manipulation by wicked individuals or a disastrous situation in Shakespeare's world. Case in point: In the play Titus Andronicus , Shakespeare devises the arch-villain Aaron. Aaron laughs at the suffering of people. He revels in bloody revenge and his ability to cause harm to others. He has every undesirable quality Shakespeare could give him and speaks of "digging dead men from their graves and setting them upright at their dear friend's door." Yet Aaron is the character who prevails until the very end of the play, the perfect example of Evil. Shakespeare could not have wanted us to take the thought lightly. What is it that grips our attentions and has us leafing through bloody-bath scenes and fatal gore, to leave us at the end of the play with the thought of Aaron roaring out, "If one good deed in all my life, I did, I do repent it from my very soul." Here, the words of St. Augustine might well be appropriate. He has a discourse on "The immortality Of The Soul" in which at one point he tells us: The mind which compels Evil is either animal or it lacks body. But if it lacks body it is not in this world. And if it is thus, it is supremely good and cannot wish another to suffer such a wicked change. But if it is animal, either the mind it compels by Evil is animal or it is not. But if it is not, it cannot be compelled to anything by another. For none is more powerful than that which exists in the greatest degree. On the other hand, if it is body, again it is forced through body to whatever extent it is forced. But who believes that in any way such a change can be made in mind through body? For it would be made if the body were greater than it; although no matter what it is to which it is compelled to do Evil by body it is not compelled wholly through body, but is compelled through its own desires, about which enough ahs been said. Then whatever mind has another mind in its power must prefer having it to having a body in its power and must wish to promote its goodness or to have power There are several things we can glean from this. St. Augustine might be pre-occupied here with what the exact definition of the body as opposed to the animal is, but he is also saying that men see themselves through their own desires and force such desires on others through the promotion of Evil as well as Good. Men can take great pride in the execution of this power within themselves, even if it takes the form of, for example, human savagery. Human beings exercise "the terrible" and "the horrifying" to such an extent that we might say that revenge, for a good example, is an innate human quality and gives pleasure and fullfillment. In Richard The Third , Shakespeare again contemplates another analysis of Evil in the Universe. Richard the Third is born into the word with ugly deformity and has qualities of the Devil as if he were fated to be such. He loves the subject of Evil. He has the power to hypnotize others to execute wicked acts. In Shakespeare's time, he was considered a tudor- mythic symbol of The Scourge of God, which shows the manipulation of some force which controls the consequences of human destiny. Shakespeare even uses agents of something above to further reinforce the conception of Richard as a scourge, which come to Richard in a dream- like sleep and denounce him as Evil, and ultimately, proclaim doom. Once again we are shown the animal in men where Evil acts of his own desires are displayed by Richard. We see revenge, wicked plotting, victims of hatred fated to die, and we envison Richard, the king, the highest official in the land--pathetically saying on the way to his grave: "My horse! My horse! My kingdom for a horse!" The whip and thunder of stormy revenge seems to be cut short with the lack of the animal underneath him. When he animal portion of Richard himself is slain, he slips from a powerful position where he has been, in St. Augustine's words, "Compelled through his own desires." Where does this lead us? I, as a woman, have talked about the effects of Evil written by the man Shakespeare. Lead yourself into reading Shakespeare and see if you, yourself, can find his long twists and turns into Evil passages and Evil in Characters.It is a subject which in our writings can be dealt with, too, and thus conquered.Such a fascinating search and rewarding as well.

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History Leading to Our Efforts at Restoration, Research, and Education. The Wind River Ranch Foundation is a 501c3 organization dedicated to preserving the Southwestern ecological heritage. The ranch contains 4,500 acres in south-central Mora County, and it is at 6,700 to 7,000 feet of altitude. The canyon along the Mora River is up to 300 feet deep. Major habitat-types on the ranch are western Great Plains short-grass prairie, pinon-juniper (Pinus edulis / Juniperus spp.) and oak (Quercus ssp.) woodland, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and a five-mile long riparian corridor of the Mora River. Six side canyons feeding the river contain permanent seeps, springs, and ponds, and some ephemeral water holes. Riparian areas represent less than 1% of the total area in the Southwest, but about 75% of vertebrate life depend on these areas for food, water, cover, and movement (Bogan et al. 1998). The need for ecological restoration in the region is urgent. Thompson (2006-2007: 10) stated “In spite of the evolutionary history of grazing [on the Great Plains], domestic livestock have had a negative impact upon the shortgrass prairie.” That negative impact is clearly visible. Native grasses have declined while less palatable shrubs and weeds have increased. Erosion and soil compaction have increased. Keystone species have been persecuted, and their decline has produced a degradation of biodiversity across trophic levels. Exotic species thrive in disturbed areas. Fencing, roads, and grazing in riparian areas have taken an ecological toll. Following the boom in cattle production during the 1880s, arroyos began forming in the 1890s. Those arroyos continue to grow today. Arroyos also form because of erosion from poorly designed roads and abandoned irrigation ditches. When soils dry, plant productivity, diversity, and abundance declines; evaporation increases; run-off cuts erosion gullies into the soil; soil moisture decreases and the water table subsequently lowers (Zeedyk and Jansens 2004). This reduces productivity for native terrestrial and aquatic fauna (Tennesen 2008). In particular, a lower water table means the loss of springs, seeps, playa water, and prairie streams. Subsequently, run-off increases, dumping sediment into the rivers (Bogan et al. 1998; Allen 2003). Piñon /juniper woodlands and yucca have advanced onto the grasslands, and they have also increased in density. This reduces diversity and abundance of grasses, increases erosion, and reduces infiltration rates of moisture (Gedney et al. 1999). Millions of acres of grasslands have thus been lost throughout the western United States (Jacobs et al. 2002; Tennesen 2008). Globally and in North America, grasslands are a highly threatened ecosystem (Primack 2002). When piñon/juniper/yucca out-compete grasses on a slope, it leads to arroyo formation and lowered water tables. Shifts from grasses to woodlands are caused by climate (drought), heavy livestock grazing that reduces grasses, and changes in the fire regime (Dick-Peddie 1993; Arno and Fiedler 2005, Shinneman and Baker 2009). Drought speeds the conversion of grasses to woodland through competition for water (Arno and Fiedler (2005). We are currently investigating another mechanism of shrub and tree encroachment onto grasslands through a graduate student at NM Highlands University: the absence of the native mega-herbivore, bison (Bison bison). By breaking trees and shrubs, bison may have played a keystone role in keeping grasslands in grass, similar to elephants in Africa. Fire suppression broke another interactive link between grazers and a key natural process. Fire increases the diversity and density of grasses (Arno and Fiedler 2005). Both Pfeiffer and Hartnett (1995) and Brown and Stuth (1993) provided evidence that grazing management alone does not replace the ecological function of fire. Old-style forms of livestock management such as killing predators and competitors, fencing, road-building (another cause of erosion and arroyos), introducing exotic plants as forage, using chemicals, altering fire regimes, and grazing in riparian areas took an ecological toll (Freilich et al. 2003). Keystone species have been eliminated from large areas of their former range because they compete with cattle for grass (prairie dogs, Cynomis spp.), impede attempts at irrigation (beavers, Castor canadensis), or because they are predators who can view cattle as prey (wolves, Canis lupus). Keystones are highly interactive species that contribute greatly to ecological and evolutionary functions. Even though individuals of those species still persist at various locations across their historic range, they are no longer abundant enough or distributed widely enough to exert their ecological function (Soulé et al. 2005). That causes a series of indirect effects that ripple through trophic levels, affecting life-forms that seem distantly removed from the keystone (Terborgh et al. 1999; Miller et al. 2001; Soulé et al. 2005). In a brief summary, to achieve maximum short-term profits, humans needed to dominate nature. The grassland ecosystem was simplified to give humans more control. Competitors and predators were eliminated, processes were changed, and interactions were broken. The grasslands evolved with grazing (in some places quite heavily), but not with only one grazer. So, those short-term profits came at a cost to long-term resilience of the western grasslands. Uniform utilization is counter to conservation of biodiversity, which requires patchy grazing, species interactions, and a landscape matrix of habitat types (Truett et al. 2001). The mind-set of domination, and the economic discount rate, worked against sustainable use of the prairie. The riparian area along the Mora River has been eroded and in some places the natural meander of the river has been altered. In some places, the entire river channel was moved for agriculture. Willows (Salix spp.) and cottonwood (Populus spp.) are less abundant than they would be in an undisturbed area. Willows cover about 25% of the riverbank, whereas cottonwoods no longer exist as a gallery forest. Cottonwoods were once actively eliminated because ranchers thought they took too much water from the river. Cottonwoods now exist in small and isolated stands, or as individual trees. In the Mora River, oxygen levels have decreased, temperature has increased, sedimentation has increased, there is non-point and point pollution, exotic trout have been introduced, and the native Rio Grande cutthroat has been eliminated. The river is presently on the verge of changing from a cold-water fishery to a warm-water fishery. Recently, subdivision of ranches for second homes and small ranchettes has fragmented and reduced habitat for wildlife by fences, roads, fire suppression, persecution of predators, human pets, and human activity (White 2008). Because of our proximity to the wealth of Santa Fe, and the natural beauty of the Mora River Watershed, our area is very vulnerable to habitat destruction by subdivision. Fifteen years ago, a developer planned subdivision on part of the Wind River Ranch, but Eugene and Clare Thaw saved the land by purchasing it. The threat of oil and gas exploration by hydraulic fracturing has moved into the Las Vegas Basin. Oil and gas explorations have had severe impacts on wildlife in the Powder River Basin and the Green River Basin of Wyoming, including water pollution (both ground water and the aquifer), destroyed wildlife habitat, interrupted migration routes, roads, poaching, and electrocution/collision of birds with power-lines. The degradation of nature can also threaten human livelihoods, particularly in the long-term. Mora County is rural and poor. About 50% of the children in Mora County live below the poverty level; Mora County is the 17th poorest county in the nation (Mora County Land Use Management Plan, in prep). According to the Las Vegas Optic, San Miguel County has the fifth highest per capita Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) level in the United States. Las Vegas NM has the highest per capita violent crime rate in the state of New Mexico. There is a culture of despair. At the Wind River Ranch Foundation, we hope to nurture a sense of place through the restoration of landscapes and increase ecological awareness toward responsible land-use, including connectivity among landscapes. Erosion, lack of water, and declining health of grasslands are issues of concern in our region, and 80% of New Mexicans agree that restoration of such ecosystems is important (NM Game and Fish 2006). We believe that species diversity and landscape matrices can be restored, at least at smaller scales. If we continue to work within the historic land-use paradigm, we will continue to produce the same deleterious conditions we have seen over the last century—degraded soils, loss of water, loss of key species / processes. The Wind River Ranch offers an excellent location to recreate the native prairie and riparian system. There is educational benefit for youth in seeing native species in native conditions. There are research opportunities to investigate restoration techniques. Finally, having a place that is a refugia for nature offers the native system with native species that can be used as a control by which we can forever measure the effects of various management practices based on anthropocentric desires. There is no time to waste. One of the recent developments of science is recognition of how non-linear responses and thresholds affect habitat degradation and wildlife management. Nature does not exist in a steady state, but continuously varies within certain bounds, and the species and systems have adapted over time to the range of variability in their particular region. When the range of variation is pushed beyond the threshold of adaptive boundaries, a system can decline at an exponentially increasing rate. Once thresholds are crossed, synergistic effects make it increasingly difficult to restore a system. For example, an exotic plant species like cheat grass (Bromus tectorum) can change the chemical composition of the soil, and also the fire cycle, to something that favors cheat grass and works against the native species. Thus simply replanting the native grasses may fail. As another example, an area with few native grasses and dense stands of shrubs because it was over-grazed during the Dust Bowl, may show little or no ecological response after decades of rest. Soils, fire cycles, species diversity, and competitive interactions have already been changed (Bestelmeyer et al. 2002). And, restoring a keystone species may not increase species diversity if the other species associated with the keystone have already disappeared from the region. Thus the longer we wait, the harder (and more expensive) ecological restoration becomes. Waiting too long means that we may have to measure recovery in geological time frames. Allen, C. 2003. Where have all the grasslands gone? Pp. 119-126 in Forging a West that works. The Quivira Coalition, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Arno, S.F. and C.E. Fiedler. 2005. Mimicking nature’s fire: Restoring fire-prone forests in the West. Island Press, Washington DC, USA. Bestelmeyer, B., J. Brown, and K. Havstad. 2002. Grazing in complex environments—the details matter. Pp. 1-6 in The new ranch at work: Proceedings of the 2002 Quivira Conference. Quivira Coalition, Santa Fe New Mexico, USA. Bogan, M.A., C.D. Allan, E.H. Muldavin, S.P Platonia, J.N. Stuart, G.H. Farley, P. Mehlhop, and J. Belnap. 1998. Southwest. Pp. 543-592 in Status and trends of the nation’s biological resources. Eds. M.J. Mac, P.A. Opler, C.E. Puckett Haecker, and P.D. Doran. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington DC, USA. Brown, J.R. and J.W. Stuth. 1993. How herbivory affects grazing tolerant and sensitive grasses in a central Texas grassland: integrating plant response across hierarchical levels. Oecologia 67: 291-298. Dick-Peddie, W.A. 1993. New Mexico Vegetation; Past, present, and future. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Freilich J.E., Emlen J.M., Duda J.J., Freeman D.C., and P.J. Cafaro. 2003. Ecological effects of ranching: A six point critique. BioScience 8:759-765. Gedney, D.R., D.L. Azuma, C.L. Bolsinger, and N. McKay. 1999. Western junip[er in Eastern Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-464. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland OR. Kotliar, N.B. et al. 1999. A critical review of assumptions about the prairie dogs as a keystone species. Environmental Management 24:177-192. Miller, B., B. Dugelby, D. Foreman, C. Marinez del Río, R. Noss, M. Phillips, R. Reading, M.E. Soulé, J. Terborgh, L. Willcox. 2001. The importance of large carnivores to healthy ecosystems. Endangered Species UPDATE 18:202-210. Miller, B. et al. 2007. Prairie dogs: an ecological review and current biopolitics. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2801-2810. New Mexico Game and Fish. 2006. Comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy for New Mexico. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Pfeiffer, KE and DC Hartnett. 1995. Bison selectivity and grazing response of little bluestem in tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management 48:26-31. Primack, R. 2002. Essentials of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA. Shinneman, D.J. and W.L. Baker. 2009. Historical fire and multi-decadal drought as a context for piñon-juniper woodland restoration in western Colorado. Ecological applications 19: 1231-1245. Soule, M.E., J. Estes, B. Miller, and D. Honnold. 2005. Strongly interacting species: Conservation policy, management, and ethics. BioScience 55: 168-176. Sponholtz, C. 2005. Agro-ecological Restoration. M.A. Thesis, Prescott college, Prescott, Arizona. Tennesen, M. 2008. When juniper and woody plants invade, water may retreat. Science 322: 1630-1631. Terborgh, J., J. Estes, P. Paquet, K. Ralls, D. Boyd, B. Miller, and R. Noss. 1999. Role of Top Carnivores in Regulating Terrestrial Ecosystems. Pp. 39-64 in Continental Conservation: The Science of Continental Scale Reserve Design. (Eds.) M. Soulé, and J. Terborgh. Island Press, Washington DC, USA. Thompson, B.C. 2006-2007. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Landowner Incentive Program Tier 2 Grant Proposal 2006-2007. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Truett, J.C., M. Phillips, K. Kunkel, and R. Miller. 2001. Managing bison to restore biodiversity. Great Plains Research 11: 123-144. White, C. 2008. Revolution on the range: The rise of a new ranch in the American West. Island Press. Washington D.C. Zeedyk, B. 2004. An introduction to induced meandering: A method for restoring stability to incised stream channels. The Quivira Coalition, Santa Fe, New Mexico USA. Zeedyk, B. and J. Jansens. 2004. An introduction to erosion control. The Quivira Coalition, Santa Fe, New Mexico USA.

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Heat of Vaporization The Heat (or Enthalpy) of Vaporization is the quantity of heat that must be absorbed if a certain quantity of liquid is vaporized at a constant temperature. In a solution with both a vaporized and liquidized states, the kinetic energy of the vapor is higher than the kinetic energy of the liquid. Temperature follows kinetic energy, showing a lower temperature in the remaining liquid. The Enthalpy of Vaporization is measured using constant temperature, meaning that something must be added to bring the lower temperature to the temperature of the solution prior to vaporization. To raise the temperature (and as a result, the kinetic energy), heat is added. And the Enthalpy of Vaporization measures the amount of heat added, because it is the quantity that must be absorbed for a liquid to remain at constant temperature during vaporization. The ΔHvap is expressed in kJ/mol. ΔHvaporization = Hvapor - Hliquid ΔHvaporization corresponds to the change in enthalpy of vaporization. It is usually written as ΔHvap. Hvapor and Hliquid are the absolute enthalpies of the given gas state and liquid state of a compound or element. Because they are not in the process of changing, it is impossible to measure their values. Therefore, Hliquid and Hvapor simply exist to represent the gas and liquid phase enthalpies. However, enthalpy is a function of state meaning that under a specific set of conditions, the change in enthalpy of the gas and liquid has a unique value. Absolute enthalpies cannot be measured, but by subtracting the absolute enthalpy of the vapor state and the absolute enthalpy of the liquid state, the given difference has a unique value that can be measured. Because heat is added to the system to maintain the temperature, vaporization is an endothermic process. This means that the ΔHvap is always positive. The Enthalpy of Condensation Condensation is the opposite of vaporization, and therefore ?Hcondensation is also the opposite of ?Hvaporization. Because ?Hvap is an endothermic process, where heat is lost in a reaction and must be added into the system from the surroundings, ?Hcondensation is an exothermic process, where heat is absorbed in a reaction and must be given off from the system into the surroundings. ΔHcondensation = Hliquid - Hvapor = -ΔHvap Because ΔHcondensation, also written as ΔHcond, is an exothermic process, its value is always negative. Moreover, ?ΔHcond is equal in magnitude to ΔHvap, so the only difference between the two values for one given compound or element is the positive or negative sign. 2.055 liters of steam at 100°C was collected and stored in a cooler container. What was the amount of heat involved in this reaction? (The ΔHvap of water = 44.0 kJ/mol.) 1. First, convert 100°C to Kelvin. °C + 273.15 = K 2. Find the amount involved (in moles). nwater = PV/RT = (1.0 atm)(2.055 L)/(0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1)(373.15 K) 3. Find the ΔHcond. ΔHcond = -ΔHvap, so 4. Using the ΔHcond of water and the amount in moles, calculate the amount of heat involved in the reaction. To find kJ, multiply the ΔHcond by the amount in moles involved. Heat of Vaporization In a system, a liquid is boiled and some of the molecules are converted to gas. The Heat of Vaporization corresponds to the heat that the liquid lost when the molecules phase changed. The Enthalpy of Vaporization, conversely, is the amount of heat applied to the system to boil the liquid. As a result, the temperature of the liquid remained constant, while the given heat was absorbed to convert the molecules. ΔHvap = Heat of Vaporization If a liquid uses 50 Joules of heat to vaporize one mole of liquid, then what would be the enthalpy of vaporization? Changing Liquids and Gases This page viewed 60032 times

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Mission and Philosophy Providence Christian Academy aims to provide a Christ-centered curriculum that inspires, equips, and empowers students to discover, develop, and demonstrate their God-given talents while establishing a life-long appreciation of music. The Scriptures specifically command God’s people to praise Him with song and instruments. Psalm 108:1 – “My heart is steadfast, O God; I will sing and make music with all my soul.” Psalm 98:4 – 5 – “Shout for joy to the Lord, all the earth, burst into jubilant song with music; make music to the Lord with the harp, with the harp and the sound of singing.” Psalm 150:3 – 6 – “Praise Him with the sounding of the trumpet, praise Him with the harp and lyre, praise Him with tambourine and dancing, praise Him with strings and flute, praise Him with the clash of cymbals. Let everything that has breath praise the Lord.” Providence Christian Academy students will participate in music education in the following areas: - Hands-on experience through individual and group participation in musical activities - Music appreciation through listening, playing, singing, and creating music - Academics of music through the study of theory, musical elements and music history National Standards for Music Education With the passage of the Goals 2000: Educate America Act, the arts were established for the first time in our country’s history as a core, identifying it as a challenging subject in which all students need to demonstrate competence. Following are nine standards of music: - Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music. - Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music. - Improvising melodies, variations, and accompaniments. - Composing and arranging music within specified guidelines. - Reading and notating music. - Listening to, analyzing, and describing music. - Evaluating music and music performances. - Understanding relationships between music, the other arts, and disciplines outside the arts. - Understanding music in relation to history and culture. Grades K – 4 Standards at PCA Performing, creating, and responding to music are the fundamental music processes in which humans engage. Students, particularly in grades K-4, learn by doing. Singing, playing instruments, moving to music, and creating music enable them to acquire musical skills and knowledge that can be developed in no other way. Learning to read and notate music gives them a skill with which to explore music independently and with others. Listening to, analyzing, and evaluating music are important building blocks of musical learning. Further, to participate fully in a diverse, global society, students must understand their own historical and cultural heritage and those of others within their communities and beyond. Because music is a basic expression of human culture, every student should have access to a balanced, comprehensive, and sequential program of study in music. Grades 5 – 8 Standards at PCA The period represented by grades 5-8 is especially critical in students’ musical development. The music they perform or study often becomes an integral part of their personal musical repertoire. Composing and improvising provide students with unique insight into the form and structure of music and at the same time help them to develop their creativity. Broad experience with a variety of music is necessary if students are to make informed musical judgments. Similarly, this breadth of background enables them to begin to understand the connections and relationships between music and other disciplines. By understanding the cultural and historical forces that shape social attitudes and behaviors, students are better prepared to live and work in communities that are increasingly multicultural. The role that music will play in students’ lives depends in large measure on the level of skills they achieve in creating, performing, and listening to music. Every course in music, including performance courses, should provide instruction in creating, performing, listening to, and analyzing music, in addition to focusing on its specific subject matter. Grades 9 – 12 Standards at PCA The study of music contributes in important ways to the quality of every student’s life. Every musical work is a product of its time and place, although some works transcend their original settings and continue to appeal to humans through their timeless and universal attraction. Through singing, playing instruments, and composing, students can express themselves creatively, while a knowledge of notation and performance traditions enables them to learn new music independently throughout their lives. Skills in analysis, evaluation, and synthesis are important because they enable students to recognize and pursue excellence in their musical experiences and to understand and enrich their environment. Because music is an integral part of human history, the ability to listen with understanding is essential if students are to gain a broad cultural and historical perspective. The adult life of every student is enriched by the skills, knowledge, and habits acquired in the study of music. Every course in music, including performance courses, should provide instruction in creating, performing, listening to, and analyzing music, in addition to focusing on its specific subject matter. “Twelve Benefits of Music Education”, www.childrensmusicworkshop.com

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Afghanistan museum intrigue saves country’s gold – CBS News. (Watch video) Long before Afghanistan was torn apart by war, it was a vital trading post of ancient empires, lying in the middle of what was called The Silk Road. The country has a remarkable – and irreplaceable – history. And on “The Early Show” CBS News correspondent Seth Doane shared the story of man’s desperate fight to save it. Artifacts, Doane reported, usually tell the story of ancient times. But the pieced-together artifacts found at the National Museum of Afghanistan, bear the scars of modern history. Omara Khan Massoudi is the director of the embattled Kabul Museum, which he joined in 1978. Massoudi told Doane 70 percent of the museum’s artifacts were looted. Most of Massoudi’s three-decade-long tenure has been marked by war. After the Soviet invasion in 1979, there was civil war. More than two-thirds of the collection was looted and the museum itself came under rocket attack. Massoudi said the museum had no ceiling, no roof and lacked windows. “It was completely barren,” Massoudi said. National Geographic fellow Fred Hiebert told Doane, “They were working in a war zone; they had treasures that were irreplaceable anywhere.” Half a world away, in Washington, D.C., Hiebert, an American archeologist watched the destruction – and worried most about the legendary Bactrian gold. Hiebert said, “This was a treasure that was found in 1979 in northern Afghanistan, 22,000 pieces of gold, exquisite, just on the brink of chaos in Afghanistan.” But in Kabul, Massoudi was keeping a secret. Massoudi said, “I can’t imagine what happened within these few years, what happened to this museum. But it was not the time to sit – but it was the time to have action.” In 1988, many of the most important artifacts were squirreled away and hidden in vaults deep underneath the city streets in Kabul. Massoudi, along with the museum staff, secretly hid some the greatest treasures. But the assault didn’t stop. In 2001, the Taliban began destroying artifacts depicting humans or animals, including the giant Buddha statues from the 6th century that were more than 10 stories high. At the museum, at least 2,500 artifacts were smashed. But – despite mounting pressure – Massoudi kept quiet. Hiebert said, “They knew the treasures of Afghanistan had been hidden away and not a single one – not Massoudi, not even the lowest guard who knew about that – told anybody that he treasures still existed in Afghanistan.” Finally, in 2004, Hiebert, along with National Geographic – which filmed the journey – joined Massoudi, who after 14 years, helped reveal the 2,000-year-old gold. “He opened the door and out flew all these little plastic bags – with gold in it,” Hiebert said. “All of a sudden, this sense of understanding, that they, themselves, the Afghans had saved their cultural heritage, came over. It was one of the most amazing moments of my life.” Still today, Massoudi’s staff continues to painstakingly catalog and repair many of the artifacts. Some of the gold is on a traveling exhibition in Europe, while much of it remains hidden. Massoudi said, “We have to transfer these pieces very safely to the next generation. I think this is our job. This is our duty.” Massoudi says it’s his responsibility to save these artifacts, and, with that, preserve his culture, too. Doane added on “The Early Show, “Massoudi is most proud of having the National Museum of Afghanistan open and seeing student groups inside. He says it’s important for the world to see in Afghanistan, it is about more than just war.” “Early Show” co-anchor Erica Hill said, “Of course, it is such a different picture than what we normally see, but a lot of concern about what is going to happen to Afghanistan in the coming years. Is he concerned about how the very delicate political climate there could perhaps lead to issues again with these national treasures?” Doane said, “It is something out of a movie really. A handful of guys still have keys. A lot of the gold is still hidden, and after the interview, he pulled me aside in that deep voice, he said, ‘Be careful about what you say.’ I read that to be, be careful, we still have some concern that some of these treasures may still be at-risk.”

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Dec. 8, 2010 Thirteen billion years ago our universe was dark. There were neither stars nor galaxies; there was only hydrogen gas left over after the Big Bang. Eventually that mysterious time came to an end as the first stars ignited and their radiation transformed the nearby gas atoms into ions. This phase of the universe's history is called the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), and it is intimately linked to many fundamental questions in cosmology. But looking back so far in time presents numerous observational challenges. Arizona State University's Judd Bowman and Alan Rogers of Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed a small-scale radio astronomy experiment designed to detect a never-before-seen signal from the early universe during this period of time, a development that has the potential to revolutionize the understanding of how the first galaxies formed and evolved. "Our goal is to detect a signal from the time of the Epoch of Reionization. We want to pin down when the first galaxies formed and then understand what types of stars existed in them and how they affected their environments," says Bowman, an assistant professor at the School of Earth and Space Exploration in ASU's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Bowman and Rogers deployed a custom-built radio spectrometer called EDGES to the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia to measure the radio spectrum between 100 and 200 MHz. Though simple in design -- consisting of just an antenna, an amplifier, some calibration circuits, and a computer, all connected to a solar-powered energy source -- its task is highly complex. Instead of looking for early galaxies themselves, the experiment looks for the hydrogen gas that existed between the galaxies. Though an extremely difficult observation to make, it isn't impossible, as Bowman and Rogers have demonstrated in their paper published in Nature on Dec. 9. "This gas would have emitted a radio line at a wavelength of 21 cm -- stretched to about 2 meters by the time we see it today, which is about the size of a person," explains Bowman. "As galaxies formed, they would have ionized the primordial hydrogen around them and caused the radio line to disappear. Therefore, by constraining when the line was present or not present, we can learn indirectly about the first galaxies and how they evolved in the early universe." Because the amount of stretching, or redshifting, of the 21 cm line increases for earlier times in the Universe's history, the disappearance of the inter-galactic hydrogen gas should produce a step-like feature in the radio spectrum that Bowman and Rogers measured with their experiment. Radio measurements of the redshifted 21 cm line are anticipated to be an extremely powerful probe of the reionization history, but they are very challenging. The experiment ran for three months, a rather lengthy observation time, but a necessity given the faintness of the signal compared to the other sources of emission from the sky. "We carefully designed and built this simple instrument and took it out to observe the radio spectrum and we saw all kinds of astronomical emission but it was 10,000 times stronger than the theoretical expectation for the signal we are looking for," explains Bowman. "That didn't surprise us because we knew that going into it, but it means it's very hard to see the signal we want to see." The low frequency radio sky is dominated by intense emission from our own galaxy that is many times brighter than the cosmological signal. Add to that the interference from television, FM radio, low earth orbit satellites, and other telecommunications radio transmitters (present even in remote areas like Australia's Outback) and it is a real challenge. Filtering out or subtracting these troublesome foreground signals is a principal focus of instrument design and data analysis techniques. Fortunately, many of the strongest foregrounds have spectral properties that make them possible to separate from the expected EoR signals. After careful analysis of their observations, Bowman and Rogers were able to show that the gas between galaxies could not have been ionized extremely rapidly. This marks the first time that radio observations have directly probed the properties of primordial gas during the EoR and paves the way for future studies. "We're breaking down barriers to open an entirely new window into the early universe," Bowman says. The next generation of large radio telescopes is under construction right now to attempt much more sophisticated measurements of the 21 cm line from the EoR. Bowman is the project scientist for one of the telescopes called the Murchison Widefield Array. According to him, the most likely physical picture for the EoR looked like a lot of bubbles that started percolating out from galaxies and then grew together -- but that idea needs to be tested. If lots of galaxies all put out a little bit of radiation, then there would be many little bubbles everywhere and those would grow and eventually merge like a really fizzy and frothy foam. On the other hand, if there were just a few big galaxies that each emitted a lot of radiation then there would have been only a few big bubbles that grew together. "Our goal, eventually, is to make radio maps of the sky showing how and when reionization occurred. Since we can't make those maps yet, we are starting with these simple experiments to begin to constrain the basic properties of the gas and how long it took for galaxies to change it," explains Bowman. "This will improve our understanding of the large-scale evolution of the universe." Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: - Judd D. Bowman, Alan E. E. Rogers. A lower limit of Δz > 0.06 for the duration of the reionization epoch. Nature, 2010; 468 (7325): 796 DOI: 10.1038/nature09601 Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Weight Loss: Why should we care? What exactly is weight loss? Weight loss is an increase in body weight in which the amount of calories or energy expenditure exceeds the amount of calories or energy input over a period of time. For specific individuals, body weight is determined by genetic, metabolic, behavioral, environmental, cultural and socioeconomic factors. The rapid increase in prevalence of obese individuals considered to be overweight, suggests that behavioral and environmental factors play a very large role in contributing to the current epidemic. Many experts consider what they refer to as the "toxic environment" characterized by high calorie (energy dense) foods and an increasingly sedentary lifestyle as being the primary attributes leading to the steady increase in overweight individuals in need of weight loss. This series of articles will focus primarily on the behavioral treatment of overweight and obese individuals, including implementing and maintaining increases in energy expenditure (i.e. physical activity) and decreases in calorie consumption. Some basic facts about being overweight or obese: It order to have a determination of being overweight, you have to have some standard measure relating height compared to some level of desirable weight. Individuals with a body mass index (BMI), or ratio of weight-to-height, of 25-25.9 are considered is usually defined as the excessively high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass. Individuals with a BMI of 30 or greater are usually considered Obesity is the number two preventable cause of death in the United States. It is a chronic disease that has also reached to global proportions. In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 64% of adults are either overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity in adults has increased from 15 to 31% in the past According to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance states reported obesity prevalence rates of 15-19%. states report obesity rates of 20-24% states also have reported obesity prevalence rates greater than 25% In adolescents and children, approximately one of five children meet the criteria for being overweight or obese. Prevalence rates have almost doubled in the last 25 The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data report prevalence rates increased from an in 6-11-year-old children; in 12-19-year-old children. An increased risk of adult morbidity and mortality is also associated with overweight children. Also, overweight children are at a significantly higher risk of becoming overweight Additional trends reported from prevalence data on obesity indicate: The trends reported above apply across all racial and ethnic groups, genders, ages and educational For all ethnic and racial groups combined, women of lower socioeconomic status were approximately 50% more likely to be obese than those from higher socioeconomic levels. The prevalence of obesity and being overweight increases until about age 60, after which it then begins to decline. Adolescents who are overweight have a 70% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults. If one parent is overweight or obese, this also has a tendency to increase the risk to about 80% for adolescents. from Practitioner's Guide to Evidence- Based Psychotherapy Additional Information and webpage by Licensed Psychologist Ph.D. Candidate (Health and Geriatric Psychologist) Page on Google Plus

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Print this page. Home / Browse / Arkansas System of Natural Areas The Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission’s (ANHC) System of Natural Areas contains some of the best examples of many of the state’s ecosystems. Natural areas such as Railroad and Roth prairies protect the last few acres of tallgrass in east Arkansas’s Grand Prairie. The Gap Creek Natural Area and Cossatot River State Park–Natural Area preserve quality examples of Ouachita Mountain upland streams. The Terre Noire Natural Area represents the best remaining tracts of blackland prairie in the state. Natural areas such as these protect the rarest elements of Arkansas’s natural heritage. Birth of the SystemArkansas’s System of Natural Areas underwent three periods of development. From 1975 to 1980, sites were chosen from those well known to conservationists. The Singer Forest Natural Area, donated by the Singer Company, was Arkansas’s first natural area. Roth Prairie in Arkansas County was the first natural area purchased by the ANHC, on February 27, 1976. Since 1980, the commission’s Natural Heritage Inventory has enabled the commission to make choices based on scientific data. The inventory is a comprehensive source of information regarding Arkansas’s natural diversity. This dynamic database tracks the location and status of rare species and the location and condition of high-quality ecosystems throughout the state. In the early 1980s, the commission concentrated on small tracts to protect habitat of certain rare plants and animals. The Warren Prairie Natural Area was acquired in 1983. It is one of only a handful of sites in the world where the federally threatened plant Geocarpon minimum grows. Near the White River in Stone County, the Hell Creek Cave Natural Area supports one of only two known populations of the endangered Hell Creek crayfish. This natural area was acquired in 1985 Reforming LandscapesFrom the mid-1980s to the present, the commission has focused on larger and more complex projects. In 1987, a partnership between Arkansas State Parks and the ANHC made possible the acquisition of 4,230 acres along eleven miles of the Cossatot River. The purchase was funded through a Natural and Cultural Resources Council grant to the ANHC. This was the first such grant given to any state agency by the newly formed council. The first tract to become the Falcon Bottoms Natural Area was acquired in 1991. Additional tracts were added throughout the early 1990s. Acquisitions to this natural area from 2000 to 2003 enabled the commission to link isolated fragments of bottomland habitat. Connecting these fragments benefits the area’s inherent natural values and increases public access opportunities. Development of the System of Natural Areas is made possible through a variety of funding sources, including state general revenue, federal funds, and Natural and Cultural Resources Council grants. Passage of a one-eighth-cent conservation tax in the late 1990s proved to be a boon to the ANHC and other state agencies working to conserve natural resources. The commission’s share of the tax supports conservation work needed to identify, protect, and manage lands in the system. Donations and EasementsWhile the ANHC has bought some natural areas, others have been acquired through donations from private citizens. Natural areas created through donations include Bear Hollow, Downs Prairie, Fernwood Seep, Gap Creek, and Searles Prairie. Other natural areas in the system have been acquired through conservation easements provided at no cost to the commission, generally from other state and federal agencies. Examples are the Holland Bottoms Willow Oak Forest Preserve, the Poison Spring State Forest Sand Barren & Oak-Pine Forest Preserve, and the Striplin Woods Natural Area. Managing Natural AreasMany of Arkansas’s natural areas exist as “islands” of natural habitat in a sea of disturbed land. What happens or, in some cases, does not happen on surrounding lands can have a profound impact on the area’s ecological integrity. As a result, the lands cannot be fenced in and ignored. Long-term viability of remnant ecosystems requires active and sound management to offset the often negative influences of surrounding land uses. Human influences have so interrupted natural ecological processes that some natural areas require restoration. A perfect example is fire suppression. Many Arkansas ecosystems, including tallgrass prairies and oak woodlands, were historically maintained by periodic fires. The absence of fire makes it easier for undesirable plant species to take root and change the character of the site. Restoration requires reintroduction of carefully planned fires. For that reason, heritage commission staff, along with partners such as The Nature Conservancy and the Arkansas Forestry Commission, work to conduct prescribed burns on natural areas containing fire-maintained ecosystems. Ecological integrity of natural areas is also maintained through the detection and management of invasive species. Besides providing habitat for native species, natural areas can harbor nonnative, invasive plant species. Invasive plants such as kudzu, Japanese honeysuckle, and Chinese privet can spread aggressively, effectively eliminating native species. Detection and removal of invasive species is a critical component of stewardship activities if native species and their habitats are to be conserved. The Value of Natural AreasLands in the System of Natural Areas belong to all Arkansans. Natural areas represent some of the only opportunities that present and future generations will have to experience what Arkansas was like before settlement. They also represent vital habitat for a host of animal and plant species. Arkansas’s natural areas are more than just a glimpse into the past or a last refuge for rare species. What these areas can provide are blueprints for understanding of how Arkansas ecosystems originally functioned. Such information will be especially vital as Arkansas continues to develop and address environmental issues into the future. Arkansas Natural Oak Area West Gulf Coastal Plain Arkansas Oak Natural Area supports a number of plant species considered to be rare in Arkansas. Four different landscape types are present on the site: an open sand barren, a dry upland forest dominated by Arkansas oak, a creek-bottom community along Mill Branch, and a seep community containing an exceptionally diverse flora. The natural area adjoins Poison Springs State Forest and is comanaged with the Arkansas Forestry Commission. Baker Prairie Natural Area Baker Prairie Natural Area is a remnant of what was once a 5,000 acre tallgrass prairie located west and south of present-day downtown Harrison, historically stretching from Capps Road to the Boone County Regional Airport. It is the largest known remnant of Ozark Mountain prairie occurring on a chert substrate. The prairie harbors several species of plants and animals of special concern in Arkansas. Due to its location within the city limits of Harrison, local development could impact the integrity of the natural area. The area is managed cooperatively with an adjacent tract owned by The Nature Conservancy. Bear Hollow Natural Area Bear Hollow Natural Area includes a mile of the intermittent Bear Hollow Creek, beginning about 0.25 miles upstream from its confluence with Rockhouse Creek. The natural area is enclosed by ridges along most of its perimeter, with only one hilltop farm in prominent view. Located near the center of the site is the Ozark Natural Science Center. This center was established in 1990 to provide environmental education opportunities for the people of the Ozark Mountains region. The natural area is bounded on the north and south by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission’s Madison County Wildlife Management Area and on the east and west by private land. Benson Creek Natural Area Mississippi Alluvial Plain Benson Creek Natural Area provides an extension and buffer to a high-quality bald cypress–water tupelo swamp located along Bayou DeView. Previously disturbed plant communities within the natural area are the focus of restoration efforts designed to improve the ecological quality of the site. The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Heritage Commission hold undivided interests in this property. Big Creek Natural Area Big Creek Natural Area includes approximately five miles of the course of Big Creek, a major tributary of the Little Red River. High water quality and diverse populations of fish and other aquatic organisms are characteristic of Big Creek. Bluffs tower as high as 200 feet above the streambed. This site's topographic relief, varied exposures, and considerable extent provide habitat for a broad array of plant and animal species. A primitive foot-trail provides access to some of the natural area’s most interesting features. Big Fork Creek Natural Area Big Fork Creek Natural Area, located in the Ouachita Mountains, is a small mesophytic tract containing an abundance of wildflowers and ferns, a free-flowing spring, and a small section of Big Fork Creek. The bluff and terrace near the spring support an excellent and very fragile plant community. Byrd Lake Natural Area Byrd Lake is an oxbow lake that still interacts with its parent stream, Bayou Bartholomew, in times of high water. The natural area is representative of the natural boundary between the West Gulf Coastal Plain and the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Bald cypress trees surround the lake, while adjoining lands support plant communities that respond to fluctuating water levels and rich alluvial soils. The higher slopes of the north bank of Byrd Lake are well drained and support a contrasting mixed pine–hardwood forest. A paved foot-trail provides visitors with access to the site. Cache River Natural Area Cache River Natural Area consists mainly of a forested wetland complex along the Cache River of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The natural area contains of a high-quality river swamp and bottomland hardwood forest plus many miles of the Cache River itself. Much of the forested wetlands that occurred across this part of the state have been cleared for agriculture. Areas such as Cache River Natural Area represent the last remaining fragments of these once extensive forested wetlands. This natural area lies within the Rex Hancock/Black Swamp Wildlife Management Area and is comanaged with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Cave Springs Cave Natural Area Cave Springs Cave is basically a long "solution channel" formed by a groundwater-fed stream. The stream is considered to be an outstanding example of an Ozark Mountains cave stream and hosts the largest known population of the rare Ozark cavefish. It has also harbored a summer maternity colony of gray bats. Rare plant species also occur on site, including the Ozark trillium. Chalk Bluff Natural Area Chalk Bluff is situated on the north end of the Arkansas portion of Crowley's Ridge where the St. Francis River cuts through the Ridge and divides Missouri's "bootheel" from Arkansas. Despite its name, Chalk Bluff has no chalk deposits. Rather, its soils are derived from sedimentary materials consisting of light-colored clays, silts, and sands. If exposed, such soils are subject to severe erosion and favor the development of steep slopes and deep ravines. At Chalk Bluff, these ravines contain a few beech trees and are characterized by extensive stands of pawpaw and Christmas fern. An upland oak-hickory forest clothes most of the remainder of the area. Clay County holds a long-term lease on this natural area for development and operation of public-use facilities on a part of it. Cherokee Prairie Natural Area Cherokee Prairie Natural Area represents one of the largest remaining tracts of tallgrass prairie in the Arkansas River valley. Located just north of Charleston, this tract is a high-quality prairie representative of the more extensive Cherokee Prairies that once occurred across the western portion of the Arkansas River Valley. The natural area contains a diverse array of forb species (herbaceous species other than grasses), including compass plant, purple prairie clover, and Indian paintbrush. It also hosts several animal species that are now considered rare, or even endangered. Prairie Creek flows through the center of the natural area. Chesney Prairie Natral Area Chesney Prairie Natural Area is one of the few tallgrass prairie remnants left on the Arkansas portion of the Springfield Plateau. Much of its flora and fauna is representative of the once extensive upland prairies and savannas of the western Ozark Mountains. The natural area consists of a sixty-acre block separated into two areas of prairie by a wooded riparian corridor along Sager Creek Coffee Prairie Natural Area Coffee Prairie Natural Area preserves some of the last remaining examples of a type of grassland called "lowland sand prairie." This type of prairie is known to occur only in extreme southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana in the bottomlands of the Ouachita River and is unlike any other prairie in Arkansas in species composition, soils, and hydrology. The natural area also supports the only known population of the federally endangered pondberry in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas. Coffee Prairie falls within the Beryl Anthony/Lower Ouachita Wildlife Management Area and is comanaged with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Cossatot River State Park-Natural Area The Cossatot River is an outstanding example of an upland river in the Ouachita Mountains. As the river flows southward, it cuts through a series of east-west oriented ridges, producing magnificent rapids and waterfalls. This area supports at least two fish species endemic to the Little River system and numerous special plant species, including Browne’s waterleaf. It is managed cooperatively with Arkansas State Parks (ASP). Portions of the area have been developed to enhance public visitation and environmental education opportunities. These developments include a canoe launching area, solar restrooms, picnic areas, primitive camp sites, a hiking/nature trail, and a barrier-free pedestrian river walkway. A new visitor information center has recently opened on the site. NHC worked with ASP in the overall interpretive theme for the center and funding for some exhibits. Cove Creek Natural Area Cove Creek Natural Area, located in the Arkansas River Valley, contains almost a mile of the course of Cove Creek near its confluence with Cadron Creek. At this point, the meandering stream cuts deeply through a ridge of sandstone, creating a spectacular gorge. A small area of creek bottom forest borders the watercourse at the lower end of the tract. An extensive cedar glade covers about 100 acres on the west side of the creek above the bluffs. Cow Shoals Riverfront Forest Natural Area Cow Shoals Riverfront Forest Natural Area lies within the floodplain of the Little Red River. The natural area contains a successional riverfront forest dominated by river birch and American sycamore. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission holds fee title and comanages this natural area Cut-off Creek Ravines Natural Area Cut-off Creek Ravines Natural Area contains two ravines that flow generally eastward from uplands to the adjacent bottomlands along Cut-off Creek. The ravines are forested with pine-oak forest at their heads and a mixed oak and beech forest near their mouths. The bottomland into which the ravines emerge is forested with willow oak and water oak on higher sites and overcup oak and bald cypress on lower sites. This natural area represents a valuable example of a Coastal Plain forest and of the transition from Coastal Plain to Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The natural area falls within the Cut-off Creek Wildlife Management Area and is comanaged with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Dardanelle Rock Natural Area Dardanelle Rock is an exposure of Hartshorne sandstone that was folded into a synclinal structure when the Ouachita Mountains were formed and then breached through erosion by the Arkansas River to form a water gap. Dardanelle Rock has been a major landmark along the Arkansas River since the days of early Arkansas exploration. Parts of the outcrop are naturally devoid of vegetation. However, some slopes hold enough soil to support a forest of black oak, mockernut hickory, and shortleaf pine. Devil's Knob–Devil's Backbone Natural Area The Devil’s Knob site is a limestone-dolomite-sandstone glade occurring about ten miles southwest of Melbourne. Local topography consists of an uplift mountain with two knolls joined by a saddle known as Devil’s Backbone. The vegetation of the natural area is generally of two types: upland hardwood and a cedar glade restricted to limestone-dolomite outcrops. Two uncommon plant species occur around the glade: Ashe’s juniper and silky aster. Many of the Ashe’s junipers are very old, the largest measuring thirty inches or more in diameter. Downs Prairie Natural Area Down’s Prairie Natural Area is one of the few remnants of tallgrass prairie left on the Grand Prairie of eastern Arkansas (Mississippi Alluvial Plain). The natural area contains a diverse assemblage of wildflowers, including Indian paintbrush, narrow-leaved sunflower, and white wild indigo. The area also hosts several plant species that were probably once more common across this part of the state, such as prairie evening primrose. Downs Prairie supports the largest documented remaining population of prairie mole crickets in the Grand Prairie. Prior to settlement, approximately 320,000 acres of tallgrass prairie occurred across the Grand Prairie region. Today, less than one percent of those prairies remain. Falcon Bottoms Natural Area Columbia, Lafayette, Nevada Falcon Bottoms Natural Area is an excellent example of the narrow but highly diverse natural communities that occur along small to medium sized streams of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Bayou Dorcheat, which flows through the natural area, is considered to be one of the most intact and important streams west of the Ouachita River. The relatively unaltered landscape of the bottomlands, and associated rare species and plant communities found along Bayou Dorcheat, contribute to the site’s overall quality. Most of the natural area is occupied by a bottomland forest community dominated by willow oak and overcup oak in seasonally flooded areas and bald cypress in wetter areas. High knolls support a lowland pine-oak forest community. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service holds a conservation easement on the area as a result of a North American Wetlands Conservation Act grant. Fernwood Seep Natural Area Fernwood Seep Natural Area consists of a complex of Ouachita Mountain wooded acid seeps, with a spring-fed stream and upland pine-oak/hickory forests. Wooded acid seeps are rapidly disappearing from the southeastern Ouachita Mountains, and this site is the only example protected by the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission. Foushee Cave Natural Area Foushee Cave Natural Area includes the mouth of Foushee Cave and a portion of its recharge zone, along with the associated forest communities that represent the White River Hills region of the Ozark Mountains. Two federally endangered species, gray and Indiana bats, inhabit the area, and the Foushee Cave snail exists only in this cave system. Gap Creek Natural Area Gap Creek is a small upland tributary of the Caddo River located in the Ouachita Mountains. The creek is spring fed and runs year-round. The natural area is surrounded by the Ouachita National Forest. These lands have not been significantly altered in more than half a century, a factor that contributes to the high water quality of Gap Creek. Plant communities within the natural area include upland pine-hardwood forest and riparian forest along Gap Creek. Fee title is held by a private landowner. Garrett Hollow Natural Garrett Hollow is marked by rugged topography and consists of diverse hardwood forests and sandstone glades. Like much of the Ozarks, this natural area contains a number of karst features, where fractured bedrock allows water to drain into crevices and solution tubes, creating small caves and subterranean streams. Caves and crevices within the natural area provide critical habitat for the federally endangered Ozark big-eared bat. Goose Pond Natural Area Goose Pond Natural Area is a mosaic of open water and vegetated wetlands. Plant communities within the natural area include young water tupelo–bald cypress swamps, shrub swamps, American lotus/water lily marshes, and submerged beds of coontail. Many species of migratory waterfowl visit Goose Pond in the winter months, while a variety of other birds are present year round. The bird-voiced treefrog, a species of very limited distribution west of the Mississippi River, occurs here as well. Goose Pond Natural Area lies within the Ed Gordon/Point Remove Wildlife Management Area and is comanaged with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. H.E. Flanagan Prairie Natural Area H. E. Flanagan Prairie Natural Area is an excellent example of the tallgrass prairie that once occurred across this part of the Arkansas River valley. Along with prairie grasses, the natural area hosts a wide variety of forbs. H.E. Flanagan Prairie, along with the nearby Cherokee Prairie Natural Area, comprise the few remnants of the once more extensive Cherokee Prairies that formerly occupied approximately 135,000 acres of the western portion of the Arkansas River valley. H. E. Flanagan Prairie and Cherokee Prairie are different from prairies elsewhere in Arkansas as their soils are derived from shale. Hell Creek Natural Area Located on the Salem Plateau of the Ozark Mountains, Hell Creek Natural Area hosts the only known population of the albinistic cave crayfish. Most of Hell Creek Cave is wet year-round, with many of its passages flooded during periods of high rainfall. Hell Creek Cave is considered an example of a "solution channel" or "tunnel cave." Hell Creek, which flows through the cave, is spring fed and eventually empties into the White River. Holland Bottoms Willow Oak Forest Preserve Holland Bottoms Willow Oak Forest Preserve is located in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Jacks Bayou, a tributary of Bayou Two Prairie, bisects the natural area. A bottomland hardwood forest containing mature stands of willow oak, mixed with various other bottomland hardwood species, largely characterize the natural area. Only twenty-five percent of the bottomland hardwood forests that formerly occurred across the Lower Mississippi Valley currently remain. The natural area falls within the Holland Bottoms Wildlife Management Area and is comanaged with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Holloway Memorial Natural Area Holloway Memorial Natural Area is representative of the once extensive forests that occurred along terraces of the Grand Prairie of eastern Arkansas (Mississippi Alluvial Plain). These flatwoods forests typically varied with topography and underlying soils and included both bottomland and upland hardwood tree species. Prairie mounds are also scattered throughout the area, suggesting that the area was once prairie thousands of years ago. Fee title is held by Prairie County. Iron Mountain Natural Area Iron Mountain Natural Area is located within the Fourche Mountain subdivision of the Ouachita Mountains. The area is bisected by Paul Branch, a small, intermittent stream which defines the valley between northern and southern ridges. The natural area preserves a typical example of the upland pine-oak-hickory forests of the Ouachita Mountains and provides protected habitat for the southern red-backed salamander, a regional endemic. Kings River Falls Natural Area Kings River Falls Natural Area is located at the interface of the Springfield Plateau and Boston Mountains subdivisions of the Ozark Mountains. The natural area includes Kings River, with Kings River Falls being a focal point. Kings River is a clear mountain stream originating east of Boston in Newton County. The river flows for about fifty miles through Madison and Carroll Counties, eventually merging with Osage Creek before it flows into Table Rock Reservoir. A mixed pine-hardwood forest covers slopes on the east side of the natural area. On the west side, steeper slopes are covered almost entirely with hardwood species. Rock walls, bluff shelters, and rocky slopes characterize most of the western half of the tract. A diverse and colorful shrub community borders the stream. Konecny Grove Natural Area Konecny Grove Natural Area is one of the few remaining examples of slash woodland that once occurred across certain parts of the Grand Prairie of eastern Arkansas (Mississippi Alluvial Plain). Slash represented a transitional habitat from prairie to bottomland hardwood forest. Today, less than three percent of this habitat type remains in the Grand Prairie. Persimmon, green ash, and honey locust trees dominate Konecny Grove, with hawthorns are dispersed along its boundaries. A four-acre seasonal herbaceous wetland exists in the northern portion of the natural area. The natural area protects the only known population of the rare Stern’s medlar. Fee title is held by a private landowner. Konecny Prairie Natural Area Konecny Prairie Natural Area is the largest block of high-quality tallgrass prairie left in the Grand Prairie of eastern Arkansas (Mississippi Alluvial Plain). Konecny Prairie is dominated by big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and Indian grass. Forb diversity is high, with such plant species as compass plant, prairie gayfeather, blazing star, American aloe, and black-eyed susan being common. Prior to settlement, the Grand Prairie ecosystem covered approximately 900,000 acres, with 320,000 acres of that total consisting of prairie. At present, less than one percent of the prairies that occurred across the Grand Prairie remain. A private landowner holds fee title to a portion of the natural area. Logoly Natural Area Logoly Natural Area is used intensively for environmental education and contains various natural communities representative of south-central Arkansas. Forests of both pines and hardwoods are included. Some of the loblolly pines are very large. The area features several springs along with an assemblage of increasingly scarce plant species that are restricted to spring environments. American beech dominates the moist ravines on the property, and the beech-drops that grow parasitically on their roots are especially abundant. The natural area is contained within Logoly State Park and is managed jointly with Arkansas State Parks. Lorance Creek Natural Area Lorance Creek Natural Area is primarily a deep swamp that spreads out along both sides of Lorance Creek. This natural area occurs at the transition of the West Gulf Coastal Plain to the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The entire system is a diverse mosaic of open water, cypress-tupelo gum, beaver ponds, and sandy washes overlain with groves of swamp blackgum. All these features are interconnected by a complex network of small streams and seeps, which support a rich aquatic flora. A portion of the natural area has been developed, using environmentally sensitive construction techniques, to enhance public visitation and environmental education opportunities. This part of the natural area features a paved foot trail, interpretive panels, and a boardwalk out into the swamp. Both the foot trail and boardwalk are universally accessible. The Nature Conservancy owns adjoining property. Louisiana Purchase Natural Area Monroe, Lee, Phillips Louisiana Purchase Natural Area preserves the initial point from which land surveys of the Louisiana Purchase Territory began in 1815. The swamp surrounding the marker is called a "headwater swamp." Headwater swamps maintain more constant water levels than riparian swamps due to reduced drainage of the area. The swamp is about six miles long and less than a mile wide. Swamps such as these have all but vanished from the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The headwater swamp at Louisiana Purchase is the largest remaining in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. The natural area is a cooperative project with Arkansas State Parks and features an interpretive boardwalk into the heart of the swamp, providing a view of the stone survey monument. Middle Fork Barrens Natural Area This natural area contains a complex of open glades, barrens, and dry oak woodlands on a shale substrate. Glades at the site range from seasonally wet, flat glades situated in erosional drainages to very dry hillside glades on south and west-facing slopes. Located within the glades are several globally rare, endemic plant species. The natural area also includes rich hardwood forests on north-facing slopes and terraces along the Middle Fork of the Saline River, including a 1/3-mile stretch of the river. Miller County Sandhills Natural Area Miller County Sandhills Natural Area is one of the few remaining examples of relatively undisturbed sandhill vegetation in southwestern Arkansas. The area is marked by rolling topography and sandy soils. The dry, sandy soil supports a very distinctive flora, which includes a number of species characteristic of similar sites in eastern Texas. Some of the area is open and supports a "sandhill prairie," while the remainder is in hardwood forest characterized by a number of "scrub species." The Natural Heritage Commission and The Nature Conservancy share ownership of this area. The Nature Conservancy owns additional land adjacent to the natural area. Mills Park Natural Area Mills Park is a unique example of an urban natural area. This small tract harbors an acidic wooded seep and represents the once extensive forests that occurred across the West Gulf Coastal Plain. The natural area consists of a wooded block within the larger context of an 80-acre city park owned by the City of Bryant. The natural area contains several plant species considered rare or uncommon in Arkansas. These special plants, along with many other species of ferns, shrubs, and sedges, grow in a series of wooded seeps that flow into an unnamed tributary of Crooked Creek. Moro Big Pine Natural Area Moro Big Pine Natural Area-Wildlife Management Area is part of a 120,000 acre site that is considered the best and largest remaining loblolly pine flatwoods in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas. The soils at this site are poorly-drained with a shallow fragipan that limits root penetration and creates wetland conditions during part of the growing season. Overall diversity is high with many rare plant communities represented including upland pine-grass savannas, saline soil barrens, and open sandy seeps. The site also hosts a variety of rare plants and animals including the federally endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker. A conservation easement on the NA-WMA will ensure that some of this habitat is managed to support increased game species like deer, turkey, and quail as well as endangered species such as the Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Moro Creek Bottoms Natural Area Moro Creek Bottoms Natural Area supports high-quality stands of lowland oak-sweetgum and bald cypress. Several cherrybark oak, water oak, and sweetgum trees on the natural area exceed three feet in diameter and tower more than ninety feet in height. The Nature Conservancy owns adjoining property. Nacatoch Ravines Natural Area Nacatoch Ravines Natural Area is one of the largest, and most intact, examples of dry, dry-mesic, and mesic upland forests remaining in the northern part of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Through much of the site, canopy trees average two to three feet or more in diameter, with many larger individual trees. The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Heritage Commission share undivided interests in ninety-two acres of this natural area Palmetto Flats Natural Area Palmetto Flats Natural Area is the largest contiguous block of alluvial terrace forest remaining in the Red River Valley in Arkansas, an area that has been almost entirely cleared and drained. It contains high-quality examples of a variety of forest types including rare wet hardwood and pine-hardwood flatwoods with a dwarf palmetto understory. Pine City Natural Area Pine City Natural Area provides vital habitat for the last remaining colony of the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain of eastern Arkansas. The natural area also contains the “Lost Pine of Arkansas.” Fairly extensive, high-quality natural stands of loblolly pine forest occur at Pine City Natural Area. These loblolly pines are “lost” in the sense that they are an isolated population within the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. As a result, these loblolly pines have become genetically distinct from loblolly pines found elsewhere in the United States. Additional holdings at the natural area consist of cleared and former agricultural land that will be restored to loblolly pine forest in the future. Pine Hollow Natural Area Pine Hollow Natural Area consists primarily of second growth oak-hickory forest. Part of the natural area shelters numerous beech trees, some of them quite large. Mountain azaleas occur in the understory of certain parts of the natural area. A portion of the Upper Buffalo Wilderness Area (Ozark National Forest) partially surrounds the natural area and receives much of the tract’s surface runoff, a factor contributing to the water quality of the Buffalo National River. Fee title is held by a private landowner. Poison Springs State Forest Sand Barren & Oak-Pine Forest Preserve Poison Springs State Forest Sand Barren includes nearly twenty acres of sandhill vegetation. Margaretta oak is the principal woodland tree here. Arkansas oak and bluejack oak are also present. Shrubs fill in where trees are absent and include farkelberry and Carolina buckthorn. A large portion of the site is treeless. The oak-pine forest consists of a mixed shortleaf pine-loblolly pine-oak forest. Although not old-growth, these forest stands are relatively mature compared to others of their kind in the West Gulf Coastal Plain and represent an opportunity to set aside a forested Coastal Plain environment. The area falls within the Poison Springs State Forest and is comanaged with the Arkansas Forestry Commission. Railroad Prairie Natural Area Railroad Prairie Natural Area occupies portions of the abandoned right-of-way of the former Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad railroad along U.S. Highway 70 between Carlisle and DeValls Bluff. Its long, linear shape encompasses a variety of habitats and communities, including prairie, herbaceous wetland, and forest. A large portion of Railroad Prairie consists of tallgrass prairie, a habitat that was once much more common across the Grand Prairie of eastern Arkansas (Mississippi Alluvial Plain). Today, less than one percent of the prairies that occurred across this region remain. Parts of the prairie have been little disturbed and are dominated by grass species typical of tallgrass prairies, such as big bluestem, little bluestem, and Indiangrass. Along with grasses, the natural area contains a diverse complement of forbs, including narrow-leaved sunflower, long-bracted wild indigo, and butterfly weed. The natural area also provides critical habitat for several species now considered rare throughout the state. Rock Creek Natural Area Rock Creek Natural Area contains one of the highest concentrations of rare plants in Arkansas. These rare plants occur in a series of calcareous seep-fen and dolomite-glade plant communities along Rock Creek and its tributaries. Rock Creek, itself a tributary of the Spring River, has very high water quality due to several springs and seeps feeding the creek, as well as the lack of development in the watershed. The natural area lies within the Harold Alexander Wildlife Management Area and is comanaged with Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Roth Prairie Natural Area Roth Prairie Natural Area is a tract of tallgrass prairie formerly managed for hay production. Grass species typical of tallgass prairie dominate the site, such as big bluestem and Indiangrass. Prairie mounds occur across Roth Prairie, with some rising up to three feet in height. Prairie mounds are generally considered to be an indication that the prairie has never been plowed or leveled. Roth Prairie Natural Area represents one of the last few fragments of tallgrass prairie left in the Grand Prairie of eastern Arkansas (Mississippi Alluvial Plain). It has been estimated that, prior to settlement, the Grand Prairie contained approximately 320,000 acres of prairie. At present, less than one percent of the prairies that occurred across the Grand Prairie currently remain. Arkansas State University holds title to the land. Saratoga Blackland Prairie Natural Area Saratoga Blackland Prairie Natural Area contains high quality blackland prairies and associated woodlands, with few nonnative invasive species. The woodlands contain a diverse collection of mature hardwood trees; however, decades of fire suppression have impaired natural ecological processes and changed the structure of the plant communities. Based on experience at other natural areas, introduction of prescribed fire will rapidly restore the natural composition of prairies and woodlands to the area. Searles Prairie Natural Area Searles Prairie Natural Area is a ten-acre remnant of a 10,000-acre tallgrass prairie that once occupied part of the Springfield Plateau of the Ozark Mountains. Prairie mounds are scattered throughout the natural area and are thought to have originated from wind-blown material deposited during earlier glacial periods. Plant species such as big bluestem, little bluestem, prairie cordgrass, and switchgrass occur across the site. Located in the city of Rogers, this natural area provides opportunities for environmental education to school groups and garden clubs. Although located within an urban setting, rare plant species continue to be recorded from this site. Fee title is held by a private landowner. Seven Devils Swamp Natural Area Seven Devils Swamp Natural Area is located along Cut-off Creek at the point where the creek flows from the pine-covered hills of the West Gulf Coastal Plain to the flat lowlands of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The area is comprised of a relatively narrow bottomland occupied by bald cypress and water tupelo on the wetter sites and bottomland hardwood tree species on drier, but still flood-prone, sites. Further downstream, the area is almost permanently flooded, supporting a diverse swamp community. High-quality forested canebrakes are interspersed throughout the natural area. The natural area lies within the Seven Devils Swamp Wildlife Management Area and is comanaged with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Singer Forest Natural Area Singer Forest Natural Area primarily consists of a bottomland forest/overflow swamp. Singer Forest is a good representation of the forested wetlands that once occurred throughout this part of Arkansas. Although once common across the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, most forested wetlands have been cleared for agricultural production. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission holds fee title and comanages this natural area. Slippery Hollow Natural Area Slippery Hollow Natural Area consists of a steep-sided stream valley and gently undulating uplands. Upper slopes are forested with a mix of post oak, blackjack oak, and shortleaf pine. On the lower slopes a mesic hardwood forest of red and white oak, basswood, and sugar maple prevails. Marble Falls Cave serves as a critical winter roost for a colony of the federally endangered Ozark big-eared bats. Smoke Hole Natural Area Smoke Hole Natural Area contains a mature water tupelo swamp surrounded by forests consisting of a diverse mix of upland and bottomland hardwood tree species. Some tupelo trees within the swamp are up to sixty inches in diameter. The natural area encompasses approximately three miles of Two Prairie Bayou, which is a tributary to Bayou Meto. The channel of Two Prairie Bayou is braided throughout the area, creating an ill-defined network of channels. Stateline Sand Ponds Natural Area Stateline Sand Ponds Natural Area is a portion of a larger 1,500-acre site that extends south and west into Arkansas and north and east into Missouri. On a landscape basis, this natural area represents part of a larger conservation effort, as adjoining lands in Missouri protect similar habitat in that state. The geology of Stateline Sand Ponds incorporates floodplains, terraces, and associated landforms of the Pleistocene Mississippi River and present-day Black and Little Black Rivers. Dune fields in this area extend across portions of northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri. The natural area consists of a wooded tract composed of a mix of forest types set within a completely cleared agricultural landscape. The natural area represents one of the last remaining areas of habitat for the federally endangered pondberry in this corner of the state. Stone Road Glade Natural Area Stone Road Glade Natural Area contains the least disturbed and highest quality limestone glades remaining in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. This community type is unusual for this part of Arkansas and contains a diverse assemblage of wildflowers throughout the growing season. Ecologically, the natural area is a mix of limestone glades, blackland prairie, woodland, and riparian forest communities Striplin Woods Natural Area A bottomland hardwood forest long protected from human disturbance, Striplin Woods Natural Area displays considerable diversity over an elevational gradient extending from blufftop down to the margin of the White River. Overcup oak forest occupies the area of the floodplain that constitutes most of the tract. Water hickory, willow oak, and honey locust are the major associate species. The canopy is high, and many of the trees exceed twenty-four inches in diameter. Located in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain of eastern Arkansas, Striplin Woods represents a small portion of the once extensive bottomland hardwood forests that occurred across this part of the state. With clearing for agriculture, much of this habitat type has been lost. Striplin Woods is a part of the White River National Wildlife Refuge and is comanaged with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Sweden Creek Falls Natural Area Sweden Creek Falls Natural Area is a mix of dry glades, mesic woodlands, forests, and native pasture. The terrain is dissected with pine-oak woodlands on the dry slopes and upper west-facing slopes, and an oak-dominated community type on the lower west and east-facing slopes. Sandstone glades found along the ridgetop are home to the rare small-headed pipewort. An eighty-foot waterfall maintains moist conditions on a talus slope that supports a diverse fern community Swifton Sand Ponds Natural Area Swifton Sand Ponds Natural Area, located in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, protects intact examples of rare sand pond habitat. These natural ponds occur between Pleistocene-aged sand dunes and provide habitat for pondberry, a federally-listed endangered shrub that continues to decline due to ongoing habitat loss. The natural area consists of a mostly wooded tract set within a largely cleared agricultural landscape. It contains the only protected examples of sand pond habitat in this part of the state. This rare habitat is continuing to be lost as dunes are leveled and ponds are filled throughout the Pleistocene dune fields of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Taylor Woodlands Natural Area Taylor Woodlands Natural Area is characterized by the closed canopy, relatively open interior, and poor drainage representative of the bottomland hardwood forests that were once widespread across the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The dominant tree species of the wetter areas of the natural area include bald cypress, black willow, red maple, and water locust. Drier sites contain pecan, water hickory, and sugarberry trees. Terre Noire Natural Area Terre Noire Natural Area is one of the highest-quality blackland prairies remaining in the state. The site is a mosaic of native herbaceous and woody vegetation and includes little-grazed, high-quality prairie areas, a formerly grazed prairie of somewhat lower quality, and forested areas that illustrate the forest matrix within which the prairie openings existed in southwestern Arkansas. The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Heritage Commission hold undivided interests in this property. Warren Prairie Natural Area Warren Prairie Natural Area consists of a mosaic of salt slick barrens, saline prairie, Delta post oak flatwoods, prairie mound woodlands, pine woodlands, and bottomland hardwood forest communities. Soils containing high amounts of sodium appear to account for the sparse and irregular distribution of trees and the resultant dominance of grasses and other herbaceous vegetation. Stands of dwarf palmetto are distributed irregularly on the prairie and lend a tropical aspect to the area. The natural area provides critical habitat for the state’s largest population of the federally threatened plant, Geocarpon minimum. The potential for Warren Prairie to serve as habitat for the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker is being examined. The Nature Conservancy holds title to a single contiguous acre. White Cliffs Natural Area White Cliffs possesses significant ecological, historic, and archeological features. On an outcrop of Annona Chalk of Cretaceous age, it takes its name from the 100-foot, near-vertical cliff carved into that chalk by the Little River. A continuum of plant communities reflects a range of elevations at the site from the floodplain to the ridgetop. White Cliffs Natural Area is the site of the largest and least disturbed Arkansas occurrences of chalk woodland. This community type is unusual for Arkansas, as it is more typical of vegetation found on the Edwards Plateau of Texas. The area is also of historic significance, as it is the site of a late nineteenth-century settlement. The crumbling remains of foundations mark the locations of several structures. Wittsburg Natural Area A good sample of Crowley’s Ridge, where the Tertiary sediments remain capped with loess, Wittsburg Natural Area preserves a mixed mesophytic forest that contains interesting plant species not represented elsewhere in the System of Natural Areas. For example, the natural distributions in Arkansas of tulip tree and pennywort are limited to Crowley's Ridge. Both plant species occur in Wittsburg Natural Area. American beech and sugar maple are common at this natural area, as well. The natural area also includes almost the entire watershed for a small network of intermittent streams. The topography is deeply dissected, and the upper slopes extremely steep. For additional informationArkansas Natural Heritage Commission. http://www.naturalheritage.com (accessed February 10, 2006). Michael D. WarrinerArkansas Natural Heritage Commission Last Updated 11/8/2011 About this Entry: Contact the Encyclopedia / Submit a Comment / Submit a Narrative

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Most pets have developed dental disease by the age of 3 years. Dental hygiene is one of the most important things you can do to keep your pet healthy and living as long as possible. If left untreated, your pet can experience bad breath, drooling, mouth pain and difficulty eating. The bacteria associated with dental disease can also travel from the mouth to the blood stream resulting in serious illness and disease in the heart, kidneys and liver. We perform routine dental cleanings as well as complicated dental extractions. Root canals and other tooth saving procedures are referred to a local board-certified dentist. You can brush your pet's teeth at home, with pet toothpaste, to help increase the time between professional dental cleanings.

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› Camber Convex curvature built into the length of a ski. Distributes the pressure of a skier's weight to the tip and tail, giving the ski more grip on the snow. › Dampening The reduction of the vibrations that occur when a ski is in motion. A damp ski is better able to hold an edge in the snow— but it might lack liveliness. › Dimensions Tip, waist and tail widths: an expression of the shape of a ski. › Mold A metal plank with a ski-shaped cavity milled into it. Typically, ski components (and liberal amounts of epoxy) are placed into the mold, which is then subjected to intense heat and pressure to bond the components and squeeze out excess epoxy. › Pre-preg A type of prefabricated laminate used to reinforce cores. Sheets of fiberglass fabric are impregnated with epoxy, cured and then cut to fit the ski's width and placed in the mold. › Rocker (reverse camber) The opposite of camber: The tip and tail curve up off the snow. Makes skis more buoyant in powder and easier to pivot on hardpack. › Sidecut The narrowing of a ski at its waist; aids in turning when the ski is tipped on edge and pressured into an arc. › Sidecut radius A measurement, usually expressed in meters, of the depth of a ski's sidecut curvature. › Taper The difference between the tip and tail widths. A ski with a smaller taper generally initiates arcs easily, resulting in a turnier ride, while a ski with a larger taper is less hooky and easier to skid. › Titanal The brand name of the aluminum alloy commonly used in laminates. › Torsional rigidity A ski's ability to resist twisting, often achieved by aligning glass fibers across the core at an angle (see "torsion box"). By increasing torsional rigidity, a manufacturer can make a lighter, metalfree ski that still holds an edge on hardpack.

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Lawrence Hall of Science is looking for middle school science teachers interested in being involved in field trials of the upcoming GEMS/MARE Ocean Sciences Sequence for Grades 6–8 focused on climate change. Check out their announcement for details, and how to get involved if you’re interested: We are very pleased with progress on the development of the GEMS/MARE Ocean Sciences Sequence for Grades 6–8. (The GEMS/MARE Ocean Sciences Sequence for Grades 3–5 is already complete and available for purchase; visit carolinacurriculum.com for details.) This new curriculum will provide middle school students with an engaging look at how the ocean impacts life on Earth. The units address a broad range of science standards, including National Science Education Standards, Ocean Literacy Essential Principles, and a range of state standards. The program is being developed with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and with the participation of scientists from NOAA, the Rutgers University Institute of Marine & Coastal Sciences, as well as curriculum developers at the University of California, Berkeley’s Lawrence Hall of Science. If you would like to learn more, read on for detailed descriptions of the units. Contact us by completing the survey at https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/OSS6-8 to express your interest in learning more. Participating teachers will teach one or all of the units described below: Unit 1: How do the ocean and atmosphere interact? The ocean and atmosphere are closely interconnected through major Earth systems. These include ocean and air currents, climate and weather patterns, the water cycle, and the flow and exchange of heat energy around the planet. In this unit, students learn about these connections through exploring what sets water and air currents in motion, and how what happens in the ocean affects the atmosphere, and vice versa. Students have many opportunities to delve into density – both as an observable phenomenon and on the molecular level. Students come to an understanding of how density relates to movement of water, air, and heat on Earth. Thermal expansion and the concept that water is a heat reservoir are also explored in relation to the ocean-atmosphere system. This unit can stand alone, or it can be used to prepare students to understand the science underlying climate change introduced in Unit 2 and investigated further in Unit 3. Unit 2: How does carbon flow through the ocean, land, and atmosphere? An understanding of how carbon flows between carbon reservoirs in Earth’s systems is crucial to understanding climate change. Unfortunately, such understanding is often lacking among those debating this important issue. In this unit, students learn about how carbon flows from animals into the atmosphere through respiration, from the atmosphere into plants through photosynthesis, from the atmosphere into the ocean through absorption, into fossil fuels and sediments through decay, and from fossil fuels into the atmosphere through combustion. They learn that the flow of carbon into the atmosphere has been increasing in recent decades through the burning of fossil fuels, causing an imbalance in the carbon cycle. They also learn how this increase of carbon in the atmosphere has led to an increase of carbon dioxide in oceans, causing ocean acidification, and affecting ocean life. This unit can be used to build upon Unit 1, and further prepare students to tackle the issue of climate change in Unit 3. The unit can also be taught separately from the other units as a carbon cycle unit. Unit 3: What are the causes and effects of climate change? In this unit students explore the causes and effects of climate change as well as possible solutions. Investigations address topics such as the greenhouse effect, melting glaciers and sea ice, sea level rise, human contributions to rising atmospheric CO2 levels, effects on organisms, and ocean-atmosphere connections. Students gain an understanding of the underlying causes of climate change. They also learn how pervasive its effects are on the Earth system as a whole. In the last few sessions students revisit the human contributions to climate change and the carbon cycle, which they learned about in Unit 2. They then brainstorm, learn about, and communicate with others about personal, local, and global solutions and adaptations to climate change. MARE: Marine Activities, Resources & Education COSIA: Communicating Ocean Sciences to Informal Audiences University of California, Berkeley Lawrence Hall of Science Berkeley, CA 94720-5200 (510) 642-5008 phone (510) 642-1055 fax

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Rumi Poetry > Graphic Design 1 Rumi has had a significant influence on both Persian and Turkish literature throughout the centuries and is now one of the most widely read poets in America. MawlÄ?nÄ? JalÄ?l-ad-DÄ«n Muhammad RÅ«mÄ« (Persian: مولانا جلال الدین Ù…Øمد رومی, Turkish: Mevlânâ Celâleddin Mehmed Rumi), known in the English-speaking world as Rumi. The year 2007 was declared as the "International Rumi Year" by UNESCO in March 2006. This is commemoration of Rumi's 800th birthday anniversary, with celebrations taking place in various locations around the world. Graphic Design 1 students were introduced to the poetry of Rumi, the 13th Century mystic whose work transcends national and ethnic borders. Students were asked to select a translated version of one of Rumi's works and create a digital word + image interpretation of their own. They determined the size and format of their expressive typographic piece. Students are urged to be very experimental with this work, investigating a contemporary connection to the poem lifted from another time and place. These final versions could use any format and materials that the student desired. Some ended up taking 3 dimensional form as students were urged to move out of their usual comfort zone in graphic design. We Three poem interpreted by Delilah Effinger another by Brandon Favre See more about Rumi projects below... International Rumi Year read about Rumi on Wikipedia Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi Rumi on Fire Coleman Barks versions

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Brief History About WAN Emulation WAN emulation is usually a method in which the attributes of an current, planned and/or non-ideal network are simulated to be able to evaluate overall performance, anticipate the effect of modification, or in any other case improve technology decision-making. In contrast, whenever we say emulation (or simply WAN Emulation) we show that the application traffic will certainly traverse instantly into the route which is similar to the path we have planned. A machine based primarily WAN Emulator as well as software based WAN Emulation is often found to develop real network aspects in software, deliver straight into account network problems characteristics, for example distance (latency), bandwidth and loss. The precision of WAN Emulation can certainly go beyond 99% based on the standard of configuration. We are able to assume close to 95% precision through a directly automatic settings and that’s why Wide Area Network emulation conquers it all. Another essential variation is time. Theoretical WAN simulation might take days to operate, however making use of Wide Area Network Emulation the period will depend on the time it requires the application to work. Wide-area networks are generally bandwidth restricted, developing application bottlenecks. Even more, round-trip delay and packet loss may weaken efficiency and lead to lack of stability that can’t be recognized through screening on a LAN unlike Wide Area Network Emulation. Precision Is The Key Why WAN Emulation Triumphs Network emulation or WAN Emulation may be achieved through presenting a device upon the LAN which changes packet circulation in a way that copies the behavior of application traffic from the surroundings remaining copied. This kind of Wide Area Network emulation device might be regardless of whether general-purpose computer managing software to carry out the network emulation or perhaps a dedicated emulation device. Extensive screening of applications and devices are therefore crucial to make sure satisfactory efficiency below all network circumstances in Network Emulation. Luckily, solutions known as Wide Area Network emulators allow programmers and IT administrators to examine in a laboratory environment under a amount of circumstances through copying WAN links upon a local network. WAN Emulators Substitute Ethernet-based Wide Area Network emulators substitute a whole WAN Emulation facilities, which includes a WAN link and WAN access machine including routers and modems, to be able to analyze applications and machine by using any individual, Ethernet-based appliance on a local network for WAN Emulation. These types of emulators are installed as connections or routers linking two local network sectors. Network machines and applications that might be utilized on opposites concludes from the WAN link are installed upon each side of the emulator. Users then call on the bandwidth, latency, packet loss price, little problem amount and other WAN parameters, and the WAN emulator can be applied these kinds of features to the traffic moving through it to work on Wide Area Network Emulation. Since Ethernet frames get to the emulator meant for the reverse network, the frames are exposed to a numbers of procedures that mirror the activities that frames might encounter first in the Wide Area Network Emulation access machines and then crossing the particular WAN link. The emulator locations arriving frames in a queue to wait for their move for transmission. The queue is set up to a greatest dimension to fit the behavior of the Wide Area Network Emulation machine, and can include a various policies for dropping frames once the queue gets closer its greatest WAN Emulation. In WAN Emulation whenever a frame reaches the top of the queue, it’s approved to the transmission-emulation procedure, which usually determines the particular period of time necessary to transfer each frame according to the frame dimension and link amount. For example, a 1,500-byte frame demands around 8 millisec to pass through every frame to a T-1 range. In order to compute this particular transmission period correctly, the actual Ethernet-based emulator should make up for any difference in link-layer expense between the Ethernet frame and the actual WAN Emulation framing kind given through the person including any other supply of expense, including VPN tunnel headers. Copying WAN Emulation Link Circumstances When frames have completed the actual transmission procedure, the emulator adds the results of the WAN link by itself, such as loss and distribution delay. Frames tend to be discarded depending on set up packet loss or even little problem parameters, highlighting loss due to congestion and corruption about the link. Loss may be modeled as a randomly distribution or even having a unique submission to fit the actual loss qualities of the WAN technology. The actual emulator next supports the packet for an period of time equivalent to the particular set up link-propagation delay, the period which frames expend crossing the WAN Emulation. Along with this procedure, the distribution delay consists of latency caused through the space the transmission moves at the same time as delays because of link-layer retransmissions along with other WAN link results. Distribution delay can be patterned like a continuous worth, suitable for dedicated terrestrial links, or even like a adjustable delay for instant, satellite or mesh networks. The Wide Area Network emulation machine includes various network characteristics straight into its WAN emulation model – such as the round-trip period over the network (latency), the number of accessible bandwidth, a presented degree of packet loss, imitation of packets, reordering packets, and/or the intensity of network jitter. Desktop Personal computers may be attached to the copied environment, in order that users may appreciate the actual efficiency and behavior of applications in this particular environment first-hand. Likewise, phones may be attached to the copied surroundings so that people may straight assess VoIP call quality on their own. WAN Emulation v.s. WAN Simulation Emulation is different from simulator in that a network emulator seems to be a network; end-systems like computers may be connected to the emulator and can work as if they’re connected to a network. Network simulators are usually programs that operate on an individual computer, get an abstract explanation from the network traffic (like a circulation appearance procedure) as well as deliver efficiency figures (like buffer occupancy as a purpose of time). A network emulator emulates the actual network that attaches end-systems, not really the particular end-systems by themselves. Systems that copy the actual end-systems are known as traffic generators. A WAN Simulation method is a list of theoretical algorithms that are typically put on a trace document. These algorithms try to forecast applications reaction instances with various circumstances then put on the taken trace document. A typical utilize situation will be different the circumstances, like accessible bandwidth and range (latency), then forecasting the effect on reaction moment. The primary obstacle with this strategy is actually that those theoretical algorithms depend on assumptions. Assumptions, that are in some instances really incorrect and alter the effects. Usually, with theoretical WAN Simulation you must assume around 70% accuracy. The stand out innovators in terms of professional-quality, easy to use network simulator products is Apposite Technologies. Netropy WAN emulation and Apposite’s Linktropy devices simulate link bandwidth, congestion, loss, delay and other network disabilities to find out the overall performance of applications in the laboratory beneath a variety of real-world situations. Presenting a specialized mixture of ease-of-use, test out lab-level precision, and unequaled rates, Linktropy and Netropy WAN emulators or WAN Emulations are broadly deployed through primary businesses, application and machines companies, telecommunications carriers, test laboratories, as well as authorities and military organizations all over North America, Europe, and Asia. Having greater than 20 years experience in the continuing development of revolutionary computer networking solutions, and collectively maintains 7 patents inTCP/IP acceleration, WAN optimization, and HTML pre-fetching.

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Fine Arts and Performing Arts A selection of New and Noteworthy titles is listed below. Please check back each month to see new titles in this discipline. Please use the drop-down menu or enter your query into the "Search..." window above to find more. Find books in this subject: Why Is That Art? An exceptional, all-in-one resource on basic drawing (non-subject specific), figure drawing, and perspective, with more than 500 color and black-and-white illustrations by both students and professionals, Drawing Essentials: A Guide to Drawing from Observation thoroughly covers the drawing elements that are most important at the foundation level. Award-winning artist, teacher, and author Deborah Rockman explains clearly and in depth what is essential to depicting form and space on a two-dimensional surface. The Visuals Arts in Canada Anne Whitelaw, Brian Foss and Sandra Paikowsky The Visual Arts in Canada: The Twentieth Century charts the developments in Canadian art from the late-nineteenth century to the present with new essays by the country's leading art historians. A comprehensive overview, this volume embraces painting, sculpture, photography, design, video, and conceptual and cross-disciplinary art, as well as studies of art institutions and historiography. With such a remarkable scope, it is truly the first of its kind ever published. Each chapter explores the richness and diversity of Canadian art; topics range from impressionist painting to the multimedia work of contemporary First Nations artists, and from the Group of Seven to video production..

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Karl Havens: Florida's warm future Published: Sunday, July 8, 2012 at 6:01 a.m. Last Modified: Monday, July 2, 2012 at 11:04 p.m. Global warming and sea level rise already are impacting Florida coastal communities, risking our beaches, homes, way of life and the state's economic viability. A summit was hosted last month by Florida Atlantic University, with support by Florida Sea Grant and various other sponsors. Over 200 scientists, local government planners, teachers and school kids talked about this, and learned some of the details about the expected impacts. The picture painted by the experts was bleak. Discussions included how to abandon areas of the Keys, lose large portions of the Everglades, and how to completely reconfigure Miami into a series of islands on historical ridges along the coast. Between now and 2100, floods that happen every 100 years will start to happen every 50, then every 20, then every 5 — until large areas of coastal Florida are under the sea. The final talk at the meeting was by renowned climate scientist Michael Mann, Professor of Earth Systems Science at Penn State University. Professor Mann is the author of the first peer-reviewed article documenting that the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth's atmosphere has been increasing more rapidly in the last 100 years than at any time in history and that it has been accompanied by a rapid rise in the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans. Because warmer water expands, the volume of the sea has increased, and thus its surface has risen to a higher level. Impacts of sea level rise are happening today. Flood gates built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s no longer can drain the land after heavy rainfall events unless it is low tide. We can experience the impacts while walking on sidewalks flooded by inches of salt water (just due to high tide) in certain areas of Miami. My own home in South Florida came within an inch of flooding during a tropical storm because high tide on top of increased sea level prevented drainage. Despite this clear and present evidence, Professor Mann noted that many people believe in myths: myths that we scientists disagree about global warming; myths that global warming is a made-up story; and myths that uncertainty about global warming means that we need to do more studies before taking action. These myths liken back to days when there was push-back against anti-smoking guidelines and when we were told that acid rain was due to natural causes. We cannot afford to be distracted by myths. The stakes are way too high, with nearly 80 percent of Florida's economy driven by the at-risk coastal zone. Global warming is real. Global warming is firmly grounded in science. Global warming is easily explained by simple chemistry and physics that we learn in high school. It requires no complicated climate forecasts and it is widely accepted by credible scientists, by the National Academy of Sciences, and by nearly all of the world's leading scientific institutions. Global warming is caused by a strengthening of the greenhouse effect, a natural process whereby CO2 in the atmosphere traps heat energy from sunlight when it is reflected by the earth back towards space. This trapping of heat warms the atmosphere and allows life to exist on the planet. Global warming happens if the amount of CO2 increases over time, trapping more heat energy. Historical records from a variety of sources confirm that there has been a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 during the last century, at a rate never seen before in the historical record. Is this recent rise in CO2 caused by man? Yes, the science is unequivocal — the chemical fingerprint of the extra atmospheric CO2 can be directly linked to burning of fossil fuels. Is the rise in CO2 the cause for the rise in global temperature? Yes, the observed rise in temperature is consistent with the heat-trapping capacity of the measured excess CO2. The news is not all bad. Although there probably is enough excess CO2 in the atmosphere to drive some additional rise in sea level, scientists conclude that we can prevent devastating impacts of global warming on places like Miami and the Keys — if there is a concerted effort to reduce CO2 emissions in the next one to two decades. The costs of doing this will end up being much less than such unimaginable things as moving entire cities away from an advancing coastline. Karl Havens is a professor in the University of Florida/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation, the Director of Florida Sea Grant, and a member of the Florida Oceans and Coastal Council. Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.

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(All sites listed are non-federal websites.) Illustrated on this page and related pages are examples of antigens we have worked with. Some have been difficult to demonstrate. For these, we explain the tricks to use for demonstrating these antigens. p53 nuclear reactivity in human cell line with p53 mutation. Note variation in nuclear immunoreactivity, paraformaldehyde fixation T/ebp (TTF-1) in bronchiolar epithelial cells, requires Carnoy's fixation. Courtesy of Dr. Minoo, USC. BrdU in basal cells of mouse skin after TPA exposure. PCNA in mouse liver preneoplastic focus. Apoptosis can be identified with H&E stained sections (left) or apoptosis kits (right). Both methods illustrate the same apoptotic bodies in the mouse stomach. Left—Actin in myoepithelial cell. Formalin fixation. Slide courtesy of Dr. Sabine Rehm. Middle—Keratin (high molecular weight) in bile duct epithelium and oval cells of mouse liver. Ethanol is often the best fixative to use to demonstrate keratins. Right—IgG in plasma cells in mouse lymph node. Immunoglobulins are best demonstrated with Bouin's, B-5 or paraformaldehyde fixation. Left—GSTP in human liver bile duct, ductule and oval cells. Formalin. Note similarity to keratin in similar mouse liver lesions. Right—ras p21 (in a granular cytoplasmic staining pattern) in normal rat renal tubule cells with a unique monoclonal antibody. Contrast with membrane staining seen below in tumor cells. Bouin's fixation. Antigen in endothelium of venules and capillaries in a mouse transplantable tumor Left—Pellets in tubes after centrifugation of cell lines. Middle—ras p21 on cell membranes of cultured cells prepared by pellet technique as shown on left. Cell line with 30 copies of H-ras. Bouin's fixation. Right—an antigen immunoreacting on cell membranes and in Golgi area of cells. See books in Pathology of Genetically Engineered Mice Atlas of Mouse Hematopathology back to top Last Updated August 20, 2012

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What is money? Banks and governments store their reserves as ingots of gold. Loose change jingles in our pockets and purses. Banknotes and cheque books provide a light-weight, convenient alternative spending-power. Increasingly, however, we are entering a 'cashless society' where plastic cards provide instant credit and money can be moved between bank accounts over the Internet. What makes something valuable? Why are certain objects valued and used as money? What makes them suitable for this purpose? We can never answer these questions completely. In some cases it may be a social reason connected with a particular society's idea of attractiveness and value. For others there may a religious or philosophical reason behind the form chosen. In most cases, the object valued is limited in its supply, and the value might be linked to the difficulty in obtaining or making the object. Some forms of money have been valued for their beauty. Examples include those made from precious metals, shells and feathers. Feathers were used as money on some of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and certain colours were especially popular. The feathers were sometimes sewn into rolls which could be used to make important payments. These were especially valued as they could be used in personal adornment and the display of wealth. Shells have been used as currency in many places around the world. Cowrie shells were first used in China, where records of their use as gifts date from the thirteenth century BC. The use of cowries spread to other areas and this included their movement along Arab trade routes into parts of Africa, where they were often used for decoration. Shells were also valued in other parts of the world including North America and some of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. There are also practical reasons for money taking particular forms. Cowrie shells are portable and durable, just as metal coins are. Animal skins used in trade could be worn for warmth. Food has always been valuable as we need it to survive. Value is also linked to availability. Feathers and skins could only be obtained through hunting, making their collection difficult. Precious metals were hard to find and difficult to extract. Cloth has also been used in many places around the world as money, with the intricacies of production often having an effect on the its value. On the Island of Yap, large stones were brought from an island many miles away, which was very dangerous for the people manning the boats. They were greatly valued, but would change ownership often without moving from where they stood. Paper money was first used in China as the ‘cash’ coins in circulation were too heavy for large transactions, especially when trade was conducted over long distances. The regional differences in the use of money also caused problems for traders. The earliest surviving note is the great Ming circulating treasure note, bearing an image of coins to indicate its value. Metal currency has not always taken the shape of small round coins. Although today coins essentially look the same across most of the world, they developed differently in the east and the west. In China the earliest coins were made in the shape of valuable tools, including knives and spades. Different shapes were made in different areas. By 210 BC, when China was united under the First Emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi, a regular coinage was enforced. From this point, Chinese coins were all one shape, a circular coin with a square hole in the centre. Chinese ideas spread and similarly shaped coins began to be used in Japan, Vietnam, Korea and Uzbekistan. This shape continued to be used in China until the early twentieth century. The shape of the Chinese ‘cash’ coin was practical as the coins were low value and could be strung together for making payments. There is also a much more symbolic reason for the shape. In ancient times, the Chinese believed that the earth was square and heaven was domed. The emperor was thought of as an agent who could communicate between heaven and earth. By making the coins this shape, the emperor was reinforcing his place in the system. It was not just in China that money was made in shapes that seem usual to us today. Kissi pennies were used in Liberia and Sierra Leone in Africa until the early twentieth century. They seem to be an extraordinary shape, but they are, in many ways, very practical. The shape is made through twisting, hammering, working into a blade and drawing the metal into points. If the iron can be worked in these four ways, it is proved to be good quality. More information about objects featured here (from top)

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Pakistan is a country blessed with abundant natural beauty. Its geography is a blend of landscapes varying from hot deserts to cold valleys, fast flowing rivers to calm lakes, forest, peaks, and plateaus ranging from the shoreline areas of the Arabian Sea in the south to the massive mountains of the Karakoram Range in the north.But let’s focus on the top ten mountains in Pakistan K2 is the second highest and the highest mountain in Pakistan. It’s a part Karakoram Range and located between the borde rs of Pakistan and China.The local name of the mountain is “Chogori”, which is in Balti language meaning “The King of Mountains”. However this name rarely known in the foreign world. The name K2 was given to the mountain by Thomas Montgomerie during his survey of the Karakoram K2 has been described as the “Killer”, “Breathtaking”, and “Savage Mountain”. This is because of its high killing rate, for every four person to reach the summit one has died. This is second highest killing rate among the “eight-thousanders”. But the thing that sets K2 apart from the Annapurna, (the mountain with the highest fatality rate) is that K2 has never been climbed in winter.Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnon as a part of Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio succeeded in ascending to the summit of K2 thru the Abruzzi Spur on July 31, 1954 for the first time. Nanga Parbat is the 9th highest mountain in the world and 2nd highest in Pakistan. The Words Nanga Parbat translates to “Naked Mountain”; Parbat derived from the Sanskrit meaning “mountain, rock” and nanga an Urdu word meaning “naked”. However its original name is “Diamir the King of Mountains”. It is a gigantic, dramatic peak that rises far above its surrounding terrain Nanga Parbat formulates the western anchor of the Himalayan Range and is the westernmost among the “eight-thousanders”. It lies south of the Indus River in the Astore D istrict of Gilgit-Baltistan.Nanga Parbat is most commonly known as the “Killer Mountain”, Its was considered as one of the most deadliest mountain in in the world during the first half of the 20th century, since that time it has become comparatively less dangerous but still one of the most toughest mountains to climb in the worlds so, though still an extremely serious climb.The rivers Indus is spouting ahead at the bottoms of the mountain. Nanga Parbat has three vast faces namely Raikot, Diamir and Rupal Face. The Rupal face is the highest abyss in the wor ld Gasherbrum is a group of peaks located at the north0eastern end of the Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram Range on the border of the China and the Gilgit-Baltistan territory of Pakistan. Gasherbrum is often claimed to mean “Shining Wall”, apparently with a reference to the highly visible face of the nearby peak Gasherbrum IV; but in reality the word comes from “rgasha” (beautiful) + “brum” (mountain) in Balti language, hence it means “beautiful mountain”Gasherbrum I is the 11th highest mountain on the planet and the 3rd highest in Pakistan. It is also known as Hidden Peak and K5. It is located on the Pakistan-China border in Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.Gasherbrum I was labeled K5 (meaning the 5th peak of the Karakoram) by T.G. Montgomery in 1856 In 1892, William Martin Conway gave the alternate name, Hidden Peak, due to its extreme remoteness.Gasherbrum I was first climbed on Andy Kauffman & Pete Schoening of an eight-man American expedition on July 5, 1958. Gasherbrum I is among the least popular mountain among the “eight-thousanders”. Very few attempts of climbing have been made. This is due to the fact that only the more experienced climbers try to attempt this mountain Broad Peak is the 12th highest mountain on Earth and 4th highest in Pakistan. It is also called K3. It is a part of Gasherbrum massif on Pakistan and China Border. It is situated about 8 kilometres (5 miles) from K2.Originally Braod peak was named K3 right after the K2 was named but after a closer inspection by a later party, it was revealed that the summit was over 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) long, thus named “Broad Peak”Broad Peak was first climbed on June 9, 1957 by Fritz Wintersteller, Marcus Schmuck, Kurt Diemberger, and Hermann Buhl of an Austrian expedition led by Marcus Schmuck.From the first successful climbing in 1957 to August 2003, Broad Peak was ascended 255 times and had 18 deaths. Hence the fatality rate is about 7%, which could be compared with Mount Everest which has a death rate of 9%. It is comparatively one of the safer 8000m peaks, but the danger of avalanches should never be overlooked. Gasherbrum II is the 13th highest mountain on the planet and 5th highest in Pakistan. It is also known as K4. It is the third highest peak in the Gasherbrum group, located in the Gilgit Baltistan province of Pakistan near the Chinese border.The standard climbing route for Gasherbrum II is thru the southwest ridge as it is comparatively free of objective hazards such as ice falls and avalanches. On July 8, 1956 July Gasherbrum II was first climbed on by Fritz Moravec, Josef Larch and Hans Willenpart of an Austrian expedition.Gasherbrum II base camp is at 5200 m. Then comes Camp I which is at about 5900m after crossing the deceitful Gasherbrum ice fall. Then Camp II is at the Gasherbrum La, about 6400 m. Camp III is at about 7200 m. From summit you can see the entire Karakorum. Gasherbrum IV is the 17th highest mountain in the world and the 6th highest in Pakistan. It is the fifth highest peak in the Gasherbrum group, located in the Gilgit Baltistan province of Pakistan near the Chinese border.Gasherbrum III is having an elevation of 7,952m which is greater than that of Gasherbrum IV. But it fails to meet topographic prominence cutoff of 500 meter to be considered as an independent mountain; hence it’s considered as sub peak of Gasherbrum II.Gasherbrum IV is one of the first peaks you see when you start to enter the Baltoro area. Very few attempts have been made to climb and even less has been successful.The first successful ascent was made in 1958 by an Italian team led by legendary climber Riccardo Cassin. Disteghil Sar is the highest mountain in the Hispar Muztagh, which is a sub range of the Karakoram range, in Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan. It is the 19th highest mountain on the planet and the 7th highest peak in PakistanIt was was first climbed in 1960 by Diether Marchart and Günther Stärkerof an Austrian expedition led by Wolfgang Stefan. The expedition ascended the western part of the South face and then continued over the southwest ridge to the highest summit Khunyang Chhish is the 2nd -highest mountain in the Hispar Muztagh, which is a sub range of the Karakoram range, in Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan. Alternative name of the mountain include Kunyang Kish and Khiangyang Kish, among others It is ranked 21st on the planet and 8th in Pakistan.Khunyang Chhish rises on the southwest side of the Khunyang Glacier while Distaghil Sar dominates the glacier on its northern end. It is also famous for its rise above local terrain. It may have relatively small prominence as compared to some of its neighbors however the south-west face provides one of the most awesome sights in the whole Karakoram.The first successful ascent was made by a Polish team led by Andrzej Zawada in 1971. Masherbrum (also known as K1) is situated in the Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. It is the 22nd highest mountain in the world and the 11th highest in Pakistan. Masherbrum was named K1 as it was the first scaled and mapped mountain in the Karakorum Range.The meaning of mountain’s name is vague. Most Balti’s believe the name comes from the Balti words Mashadar (muzzle-loading gun) + brum (mountain) as the double summited mountain resembles an old muzzle-loader. Many other interpretations to the name are also present.Masherbrum was first climbed by George Irving Bell and Willi Unsoeld, part of an American-Pakistani expedition led by Nick Clinch in 1960. They succeeded in climbing the southeast face route that had bewildered the earlier parties. Batura Sar, or also known as Batura I, is the 25th highest mountain on the plane t and the 12th highest in Pakistan. It is the uppermost peak of the Batura Muztagh, which is the westernmost subring of the great Karakoram Range. It forms the apex of the Batura Wall, which is a continuously high part of the backbone of the Batura Muztagh.Batura Sar is 2nd most noticeable peak in the Karakoram range. Since it is situated at the northwest end of the Karakoram, there is no higher peak west or north of it in the world.Although it is just higher than nearby Rakaposhi, it is not practically as famous, since it is set back much further from the Hunza Valley.The first ascent of the peak was by the Göppingen Karakoram-Himalaya Expedition, led by Dr. Alexander Schlee in 1976. They positioned their base camp on the Baltar Glacier, below the South Face of the peak,.

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Glucose Levels: How Does It Impact My Health? The below provides a general overview on this topic and may not apply to everyone. Any treatment protocol should be discussed with a qualified healthcare practitioner ... Please refer to: Medical & Legal Disclaimer. Blood sugar is the amount of glucose present in the blood. Glucose levels rise after meals and are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day. Failure to maintain blood glucose in the normal range leads to conditions of persistently high (hyperglycemia) or low (hypoglycemia) blood sugar. Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar) Our body's failure to metabolize carbohydrates results in the basic cellular failure to metabolize glucose. This causes the cells of our body to be unable to transport glucose from the bloodstream to the interior. The glucose then either remains stored as body fat or glycogen, and/or is urinated out of the body. Studies show that control of high blood sugar can significantly help decrease chances of several very serious conditions. They certainly indicate that people, particularly over the age of 40, should have yearly blood glucose tests to rule out diabetes, and the development of greater risk factors for stroke, cancer and cognitive impairment. Screening is especially important for people at high risk of developing diabetes, such as those with a family history of diabetes, those who are overweight, and those who are more than 40 to 45 years old. Blood Glucose Levels (Fasting) - Analysis - Low glucose levels (low blood sugar) - Less than 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L) - Normal glucose tolerance: - From 70 to 99 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L) - Impaired fasting glucose (pre-diabetes) - From 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) - 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and above on more than one testing occasion Associated Health Problems: Diabetes: A high glucose level can indicate early diabetes. Identifying a high glucose level in a person with no symptoms of diabetes and implementing a treatment program that will control the blood sugar can reduce the risk and consequences of diabetes - specifically damage to the kidney, heart, blood vessels and eyes. - An exercise program and some weight loss might lower the glucose level to normal and prevent diabetes from occurring. Stroke: In the 2002 study, analysis of a group of over 500 patients showed that 40% of patients suffering their first stroke had high glucose levels. Additional mortality in this group was increased. As well, patients with high glucose levels were more likely to have complications after a stroke, and were likely to have much longer hospital stays following a stroke. The study indicates that reducing high glucose levels may also reduce chance of stroke. Cancer: A study published in 2005, in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), found those with high glucose levels to be at increased risk for developing cancer and dying from cancer. A higher death rate for all cancers, approximately 29%, was reported in these patients. As well increased risk of cancer of the pancreas, esophagus, liver, cervix, and colon were shown. Dementia: The University of California-San Francisco evaluated women with high glucose levels in regards to risk for development of dementia or mental impairment with aging. Their study, published in 2006, showed a distinct correlation between high glucose levels and dementia in women. In fact, their results suggest that women with high glucose levels increase their chances of developing dementia by an astounding 40%. Gout: Many people with gout have insulin resistance, a prediabetic condition in which the body's cells don't properly use the glucose-transporting hormone insulin. This raises levels of insulin and glucose, impairing the kidneys' ability to remove uric acid from the body. - Almonds: Research published in The Journal of Nutrition shows that eating almonds may play a role in avoiding blood sugar spikes after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal that would raise blood sugar levels. The same study shows that eating almonds may help prevent oxidative stress. - Lessening after-meal surges in blood sugar helps protect against diabetes and cardiovascular disease, most likely by lessening the increase in cholesterol-damaging free radicals that accompanies large elevations in blood sugar. This is one reason why low-glycemic index diets result in lower risk of diabetes and heart disease. - Bananas: The vitamin B6 in Bananas regulates blood glucose levels. (The high potassium content in bananas helps with high blood pressure.) - Barley helps stabilize glucose levels and is great for use by diabetics. However, barley contains gluten and must be avoided if you are celiac or allergic to barley. - Cod liver oil has been used in a number of trials with both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In both conditions cod liver oil improved glucose response and other markers of the disease.1 Vitamin A in cod liver oil helps promote healing and protects the retina, both problem areas in the diabetic patient. - Ginseng: A review of the research on supplements for managing blood glucose in people with prediabetes or diabetes (Ref.: Diabetes Care, April 2003) found the strongest evidence for American ginseng. Research to date suggest that this herb may help lower blood glucose levels after meals and reduce average glucose levels over a three-month period. But larger, longer-controlled studies are still needed. - Flax Seeds: Flaxseed contains a high percentage of soluble fiber, a component of plant cell walls that slows the absorption of glucose from food in the stomach, reduces the glycemic index and keeps blood sugar on an even keel. Other excellent sources of soluble fiber are beans (kidney, lima, black, navy, pinto), legumes (peas, lentils), oatmeal and vegetables. A good way to eat flaxseed is to mix a handful ground flaxseeds in with your yoghurt or beverage. Information contained on this website is provided as general reference only. For application to specific circumstances, professional advice should be sought. GreenAndHealthy.Info strives to maintain accurate and up-to-date information; however, mistakes do happen. If you would like to correct or update any of the information, please send us an e-mail. THANK YOU!

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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013)| |Part of the Russian Civil War| |Blue Army||Soviet Russia| |Commanders and leaders| |Aleksandr Antonov||Mikhail Tukhachevsky |Peaking at 70,000||More than 100,000| |Casualties and losses| |Est. 240,000 or more (including civilians)| The Tambov Rebellion (Soviet misnomer Antonovshchina) which occurred between 1920 and 1921 was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War. The uprising took place in the territories of the modern Tambov Oblast and part of the Voronezh Oblast, less than 300 miles southeast of Moscow. In Soviet historiography, the rebellion was referred to as Antonov's mutiny or the Antonovschina, named so after Aleksandr Antonov, a former official of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, a Chief of Staff of the rebels. The movement was later portrayed by the Soviets as a sort of anarchical banditry like other anti-Soviet movements who opposed them during this period. The rebellion was caused by the forced confiscation of grain by the Bolshevik authorities, a policy known in Russian as "prodrazvyorstka". In 1920, the requisitions were increased from 18 million to 27 million poods in the region. This caused the peasants to reduce their grain production knowing that anything they did not consume themselves would be immediately confiscated. Filling the state quotas meant death for many by starvation. The revolt began on August 19, 1920 in a small town of Khitrovo where a military requisitioning detachment of the Red Army appropriated everything they could and "beat up elderly men of seventy in full view of the public". The peasant army was known as the Antonovtsi or "Blue Army", as opposed to the "White Army" (anti-communist army), "Red Army" (Bolshevik army), "Green Army" (armed peasant groups) and "Black Army" (anarchists of Ukraine and Russia)—all taking part in the Russian Civil War. A distinctive feature of this rebellion, among the many of these times, was that it was led by a political organization, the Union of Working Peasants (Soyuz Trudovogo Krestyanstva). A Congress of Tambov rebels abolished Soviet power and created the Constituent Assembly that called for universal suffrage and land reform. A major tenet proposed by them was returning all land to the peasants. On February 2, 1921, the Soviet leadership announced the end of the "prodrazvyorstka", and issued a special decree directed at peasants from the region implementing the "prodnalog" policy. The new policy was essentially a tax on grain and other foodstuffs. This was done prior to the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (b), where the measure was officially adopted. The announcement began circulating in the Tambov area on February 9, 1921. The Tambov uprising and unrest elsewhere were significant reasons that the "prodnalog" policy was implemented and the "prodrazvyorstka" was abandoned. Aleksandr Antonov, a radical member of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, had sided with the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution in 1917, but he became disenchanted with them after the Bolshevik's requisition of grain policy was implemented in 1918. Antonov became a popular hero to the people of the Tambov region of central Russia where he started his campaigns. In October 1920, the peasant army numbered over 50,000 fighters, and was joined by numerous deserters from the Red Army. The rebel militia was highly effective and infiltrated even the Tambov Cheka. Alexander Schlichter, Chairman of the Tambov Gubernia Executive Committee, contacted Vladimir Lenin, who ordered Red Army reinforcements for the area. In January 1921, peasant revolts spread to Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan and Siberia. In February, the peasant army reached its peak, numbering up to 70,000 and successfully defending the area against Bolshevik expeditions. The seriousness of the uprising called for the creation of the "Plenipotentiary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Bolshevik Party for the Liquidation of Banditry in the Gubernia of Tambov". With the end of the Polish-Soviet War and the defeat of General Wrangel, the Red Army could divert its regular troops into the area - in total over 100,000 Red Army soldiers were deployed, as well as special Cheka detachments. The Red Army, under the command of Tukhachevsky, used heavy artillery and armored trains and also engaged in the summary execution of civilians. Tukhachevsky and Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko signed an order, dated June 12, 1921, that stipulated: |"The forests where the bandits are hiding are to be cleared by the use of poison gas. This must be carefully calculated, so that the layer of gas penetrates the forests and kills everyone hiding there."| Chemical weapons were used "from end of June 1921 until apparently the fall of 1921", by direct order from leadership of Red Army and the Communist Party (bolsheviks). Publications in local Communist newspapers openly glorified liquidations of "bandits" with the poison gas. Seven concentration camps were set up. At least 50,000 people were interned, mostly women, children, and the elderly, some of them sent there as hostages. The mortality rate in the camps was 15-20 percent a month. The uprising was gradually quelled in 1921. Antonov was killed in 1922 during an attempt to arrest him. Total losses among the population of Tambov region in 1920-1922 resulting from the war, executions, and imprisonment in concentration camps have been estimated as at least 240,000. Recovery of documents Documents relating to the rebellion were found by the local ethnographer Boris Sennikov in 1982 while he was engaged in clearing sand from the altar of the Winter Church of the Kazan monastery. During the 1920s, the monastery had been requisitioned for use as the local Cheka headquarters and the church had served as the archive of the Tambov Military Commissariat. In 1933, the local government decided to burn documents that could compromise the Soviet regime. However, during the process, the fire grew out of control and had to be extinguished by water and, crucially, sand. All documents in the archive were believed to be destroyed; as the church altar was not used by the archive the surviving documents, covered by a layer of sand, were never found. In 1982 the local archive changed its address and the church became abandoned. When Sennikov found the documents, the Tambov department of the Committee for the State Security opened a criminal case against him. Later the case was closed, although Sennikov did lose his job. In 2004, the publishing house Posev published the Sennikov archive as part of The Tambov Rebellion and the Liquidation of Russian Peasantry along with documents relating to the Governorate Military Commissariat (including those dealing with Konstantin Mamontov's 1919 anti-Bolshevik raid, and those describing the Great Purge of the 1920-30s). The documents also included Red Army orders issued during the rebellion, correspondence, reports of the use of chemical weapons against the peasant rebels, and documents of the Union of the Working Peasants. See also - Publisher: Posev, 2004, ISBN 5-85824-152-2 B.V.Sennikov. Tambov rebellion and liquidation of peasants in Russia Full text in Russian - Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine Oxford University Press New York (1986) ISBN 0-19-504054-6 - Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7 - Lenin to Kornev 19 October, 1920. Accessed 21 December 2008 Further reading - Seth Singleton, "The Tambov Revolt (1920-1921)," Slavic Review, vol. 25, no. 3 (Sept. 1966), pp. 497–512. In JSTOR - Tukhachvsky role in the Tambov revolt, including the text of commands given to the red army concerning the use of war gases, taking and executing hostages, deporting of peasant families to Concentration camps. (In Russian) - Programme of Union of Toiling Peasants - (in Russian) Antonovshchina: a wealth of historical documents, including the documents from the rebel side - Great site with lots of bibliography for further research (English)

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Published by Cambridge University Press. This copy 1950: but first published 1940. 8vo hardback with dustjacket. Illustrations by John Hookham. The physicist George Gamow uses the adventures of Mr. Tompkins to explain modern scientific theories to a popular audience. The book is structured as a series of dreams in which Mr Tompkins enters alternate worlds where the physical constants have radically different values from those they have in the real world. This results in the counterintuitive results of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics becoming obvious in everyday life. Mr Tompkins’ adventures begin when he chooses to spend the afternoon of a day’s holiday attending a lecture on the theory of relativity. The lecture proves less comprehensible than he had hoped and he drifts off to sleep and enters a dream world in which the speed of light is a mere 30 miles an hour. This becomes apparent to him through the fact that passing cyclists are subject to a noticeable Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction: The hands of the big clock on the tower down the street were pointing almost to noon and the streets were nearly empty. A single cyclist was coming slowly down the street and, as he approached, Mr Tompkins’ eyes opened wide with astonishment. For the bicycle and the young man on it were unbelievable flattened in the direction of the motion… The clock on the tower struck twelve, and the cyclist, evidently in a hurry, stepped harder on the pedals. Mr Tompkins did not notice that he gained much in speed, but, as the result of his effort, he flattened still more and went down the street looking exactly like a picture cut out of cardboard. Then, Mr Tompkins felt very proud because he could understand what was happening to the cyclist– it was simply the contraction of moving bodies about which he had just learned. “Evidently nature’s speed limit is lower here,” he concluded, “that is why the bobby on the corner looks so lazy, he need not watch for speeders.” G. Gamow says: In the winter of 1938 I wrote a short, scientifically fantastic story (not a science fiction story) in which I tried to explain to the layman the basic ideas of the theory of curvature of space and the expanding universe. I decided to do this by exaggerating the actually existing relativistic phenomena to such an extent that they could easily be observed by the hero of the story, C. G. H. Tompkins, a bank clerk interested in modern science. I sent the manuscript to Harpers Magazine and, like all beginning authors, got it back with a rejection slip. The other half-a-dozen magazines which I tried followed suit. So I put the manuscript in a drawer of my desk and forgot about it. During the summer of the same year, I attended the International Conference of Theoretical Physics, organized by the League of Nations in Warsaw. 1 was chatting over a glass of excellent Polish mind with my old friend Sir Charles Darwin, the grandson of Charles (The Origin of Species) Darwin, and the conversation turned to the popularization of science. I told Darwin about the bad luck I had had along this line, and he said: ‘Look, Gamow, when you get back to the United States dig up your manuscript and send it to Dr C. P. Snow, who is the editor of a popular scientific magazine Discovery published by the Cambridge University Press.’ So I did just this, and a week later came a telegram from Snow saying: ‘Your article will be published in the next issue. Please send more.’ Thus a number of stories on Mr Tompkins, which popularized the theory of relativity and the quantum theory, appeared in subsequent issues of Discovery. Soon thereafter I received a letter from the Cambridge University Press, suggesting that these articles, with a few additional stories to increase the number of pages, should be published in book form. The book, called Mr Tompkins in Wonderland, was published by Cambridge University Press in 1940 and since that time has been reprinted sixteen times. This book was followed by the sequel, Mr Tompkins Explores the Atom, published in 1944 and by now reprinted nine times. In addition, both books have been translated into practically all European languages and also into Chinese and Hindi. 1. City Speed Limit 2. The Professor’s Lecture on Relativity which caused Mr Tompkins’s dream 3. Mr Tompkins takes a holiday 4. The Professor’s Lecture on Curved Space Gravity and the Universe 5. The Pulsating Universe 6. Cosmic Opera 7. Quantum Billiards 8. Quantum Jungles 9. Maxwell’s Demon 10. The Gay Tribe of Electrons 10.5. A Part of the Previous Lecture which Mr Tompkins slept through 12. Inside the Nucleus 13. The Woodcarver 14. Holes in Nothing 15. Mr Tompkins Tastes a Japanese Meal Bought in Marchpane for £30, available as a modern reprint on amazon: Mr. Tompkins

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Accounting is the study of how businesses track their income and assets over time. Accountants engage in a wide variety of activities besides preparing financial statements and recording business transactions including computing costs and efficiency gains from new technologies, participating in strategies for mergers and acquisitions, quality management, developing and using information systems to track financial performance, tax strategy, and health care benefits management. There's a lot to get out of a job in accounting. Perhaps most important: you will learn how business works. Accounting jobs offers stimulating and challenging work that is constantly evolving. Because accountants spend a lot of time looking under the hoods of businesses they really learn the nuts and bolts of business. It's no surprise that many successful players in business began their careers in accounting jobs. It's also no surprise that most Chief Financial Officers of large corporations have a background in accounting. An accountant is perfectly positioned to become a CFO because he or she probably has the best understanding of what drives business and profits in a company. (source: www.careers-in-accounting.com) A career in corporate finance means you would work for a company to help it find money to run the business, grow the business, make acquistions, plan for its financial future and manage any cash on hand. You might work for a large multinational company or a smaller player with high growth prospects. Responsibility can come fast and your problem-solving skills will get put to work quickly in corporate finance jobs. (source: www.careers-in-finance.com)

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The Greek sculptor Myron (active ca. 470-450 B.C.) was one of the most renowned sculptors of the early classical period. Myron was born at Eleutherai on the Attic side of Mt. Kithairon, probably before 500 B.C. We do not know his father's name; his teacher is said by Pliny the Elder to have been Hageladas, the principal caster of monumental bronze statues at Argos about 500. Myron established no school, his only known pupil being his son Lykios. His period of major activity seems to have been during the quarter century following the decisive Greek victories over the Persians in 480-479. Our knowledge of Myron's work comes from ancient literary sources, among the most important of which is Pliny. Pausanias, who traveled through Greece during the third quarter of the 2d century A.D., contributes additional important information about works of Myron still visible. Although Myron made at least one cult statue, an image of Hekate on Aegina, most of his recorded works, at least 21 of which are mentioned by classical authors, were votive in nature: dedications of victorious athletes and worshipers at sanctuaries. His statues are said to have been scattered in sanctuaries throughout the Greek world, from Sicily to Ionia, with a concentration on the Athenian Acropolis. As far as is known, Myron worked exclusively in bronze, with the exception of the Hekate, done in wood. He also fashioned vessels in metal, following a pattern of involvement in the minor arts common to sculptors in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. Of Myron's recorded works, there are two for which little or no doubt remains for identification through copies. The first is the famous Diskobolos, or Discus Thrower. Lucian's description of the statue, which depicts the midpoint of the youthful athlete's windup for the throw, is almost unanimously considered to refer to a statue of which several large-scale marble copies exist (for example, the Lancelotti statue and the copy from Castel Porziano, both in the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome), as well as statuettes and depictions on gems. The composition, highly rhythmical as well as seemingly unstable, reflects an "experimental" spirit that runs through many other works of early classical sculpture, which explored many variations in poses of violent action and arrested movement. The Diskobolos is widely admired for its particular resolution of the exertion and instability of an instant of motion into a composition of unified balance and harmony. The statue is designed within a single plane, apparently meant to be seen from the sides only. Its date must be very near 450 B.C.; its subject and occasion for execution, most likely an athletic victory, remain unknown. Also identified beyond reasonable doubt is a group of Athena and the satyr Marsyas, which stood on the Athenian Acropolis. Athena has thrown down the flutes, and Marsyas is about to pick them up. The principal copy of the Marsyas is in the Vatican Museums, Rome. The Athena has been recognized in a Roman statue in the Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt am Main. Details missing from the two copies can be seen on Athenian bronze coins struck under emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138) and an Attic red-figured oinochoe of the third quarter of the 5th century B.C. The composition, in which both figures move away from each other and the central element, the fateful flutes, is tense with drama and foreshadows the centripetal arrangement given to the contest of Athena and Poseidon in the west pediment of the Parthenon. Myron's statues of athletes elicited much admiration in antiquity; among these, the statue of Ladas, an Olympic victor in the footrace, seems to have captured the fleetness of the runner, poised on tiptoe at the start of the race. No copies of this statue have been identified. Numerous scholarly efforts to attribute male heads of early classical style to Myron must remain tentative. Among his more ambitious compositions is the over-life-size group of three figures that stood in the Heraion at Samos; in Franz Willemsen's view (1965), it may represent the introduction of Herakles to Olympos. Myron also was famous as a sculptor of animals; his Heifer on the Acropolis was particularly well known. That this statue, an appropriate votive offering, had widespread influence among his contemporaries and successors cannot be doubted; again, scholarly attempts to identify individual marble sculptures or bronze statuettes as copies of the Heifer cannot be definitely proved. Ancient critical opinion held that Myron fell short of full classical perfection. Most modern scholars consider him to be the great experimental innovator of the early classical period ("Severe style"). For a discussion of the ancient sources on Myron see Jerome J. Pollitt, The Art of Greece, 1400-31 B.C. (1965). Scholarly discussions of Myron are found in Franz Willemsen's article "Myron" in the Encyclopedia of World Art, vol. 10 (1965); G.M.A. Richter, The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks (4th ed. 1970); and B. S. Ridgway, The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture (1970). □ Learn more about Myron

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Gut Health Beyond Fiber Researchers are trying to determine mechanisms of bioactive compounds in foods and have found the gut to be a “black box” that needs to be investigated. Breakthroughs in understanding interactions happening in the gut will bring health and wellness research of foods to a new level. Various dietary phenolic compounds have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholestemic, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activities. Are many of these activities interrelated? Are these phenolic compounds precursors of simpler molecules that are then absorbed into the bloodstream to perform their bioactivities? How does the gut microflora change with what we eat? What is currently known about these and many other questions that can be posed about this black box will be discussed during Session 248 The Microbiome: Beyond Fiber on Thursday morning from 10:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. in Room N109.

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In the past few weeks, we at the ACLU have been able to rejoice over several provisions of a recent piece of legislation signed into law on July 28 by President Obama. The Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 dedicates additional resources and grants additional powers to American Indian tribes throughout the country to combat the serious crisis of sexual assault and domestic violence against American Indian women. The act expands training programs for tribal officers on how to interview sexual assault victims and provides for additional training on evidence collection so that more convictions for sexual assault can occur. The new act also allows for greater collaboration between Indian Health Services and the Department of Justice on standardized protocols for how to handle and work with sexual assault victims. Domestic violence and sexual assault are an epidemic on American Indian Reservations throughout the country. According to Department of Justice statistics, American Indian women are raped at a rate more than double that of rapes reported by all races on an annual average. In South Dakota we see the effects of these high rates of sexual assault and domestic violence every day as we advocate on behalf of American Indian people. With such high rates of sexual assault and violence, tribal communities are paralyzed by the overwhelming burden of these crimes, while American Indian women are further marginalized by local law enforcement. Without safety and without respect, American Indian women and the tribes they belong to cannot grow and flourish. No woman should live in fear for her basic safety or be forced to live in a place where those who commit such crimes are not held accountable because of federal policy. At the ACLU, we have highlighted the need for more effective legal remedies and the expansion of services for survivors of violence. We are grateful that the United States has decided to address this serious issue by supporting women and their tribes. It is only through empowering women and their communities that such high incidents of sexual assault and violence can be combated. As of last week, we as a nation are closer to protecting the basic rights of a group of people who have been marginalized by violence, racism and sexism. By advancing the rights of women and children to live free of fear and violence, we are moving closer to realizing the country we all want for our families and neighbors.

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It's two inches long, grows on wood, and is shaped like a phallus. A new species of stinkhorn mushroom, Phallus drewesii, has been discovered on the African island of Sao Tome and graces the upcoming cover of the journal Mycologia. The mushroom is named after Robert Drewes, Curator of Herpetology at the California Academy of Sciences, and is described in the July/August issue by Professor Dennis Desjardin and Brian Perry of San Francisco State University. Phallus drewesii belongs to a group of mushrooms known as stinkhorns which give off a foul, rotting meat odor. There are 28 other species of Phallus fungi worldwide, but this particular species is notable for its small size, white net-like stem, and brown spore-covered head. It is also the only Phallus species to curve downward instead of upward.

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Monday, March 15, 2010 What Does The Achilles Tendon Do? From Live Science: The injury sustained to soccer star David Beckham's left foot has fans worried the athlete will miss the World Cup, but injuries to the Achilles tendon are no stranger to athletes and the less-conditioned "weekend warriors" alike. The Achilles tendon is a band of fibrous tissue that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone, according to the Mayo Clinic. You use this tendon in practically every activity that involves moving your foot, from walking and running to jumping and standing on tip-toe. It's also the largest tendon in your body, and can withstand more than 1,000 pounds of force, according to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). Read more ....

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Explanation: How much of planet Earth is made of water? Very little, actually. Although oceans of water cover about 70 percent of Earth’s surface, these oceans are shallow compared to the Earth’s radius. The above illustration shows what would happen is all of the water on or near the surface of the Earth were bunched up into a ball. The radius of this ball would be only about 700 kilometers, less than half the radius of the Earth’s Moon but slightly larger than Saturn's moon Rhea which, like many moons in our outer Solar System, is mostly water ice. How even this much water came to be on the Earth and whether any significant amount is trapped far beneath Earth's surface remain topics of research. Illustration Credit & Copyright: Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Howard Perlman, USGS Groundwater use is unsustainable in many of the world's major agricultural zones. Almost one-quarter of the world’s population lives in regions where groundwater is being used up faster than it can be replenished, concludes a comprehensive global analysis of groundwater depletion, published this week in Nature1. Water redistribution as the planet heats up will follow a simple trend, dry areas will get much drier and wet areas will get much wetter. Ruth, thank you for these clearly stated challenges facing us, with climate and water being just one. Economics, politics, energy and environmental changes require flexibility in thinking and acting. I highly recommend a program that takes people and the environment into account. He gives definitions and describes process that effect us all. Although he is not an economist he is trained as a biochemist; he is able to identify systems and how they function and morph. Somewhere in this material are recommendations of things we must consider, such as water, energy, environment, etc. He provides an index to chapters so you can pick and choose as you will. Chapters are between 3 and 20 minutes in length. All 20 sections take 3 hours and 23 minutes to watch in full. "The reality is that "volunteer efforts" are largely underwritten by taxpayers through government programs that pay farmers to reduce pollution. The same people who are paying the price for contaminated water and decimated fisheries also, it seems, get stuck paying the tab for fixing the problem at its source. Taxpayers, of course, are also shouldering the staggering cost of farm subsidies and government-financed crop insurance." There are now more than 150,000 Class 2 injection wells in the US, where fluids from oil drilling and fracking are pumped virtually without regulation. This is another way fossil fuels end up polluting ground water legally. Injection wells have proliferated over the last 60 years, in large part because they are the cheapest, most expedient way to manage hundreds of billions of gallons of industrial waste generated in the U.S. each year. Yet the dangers of injection are well known: In accidents dating back to the 1960s, toxic materials have bubbled up to the surface or escaped, contaminating aquifers that store supplies of drinking water. State and federal regulators ... rely heavily on an honor system ... ...material from oil and gas drilling is defined as nonhazardous, no matter what it contains. An EPA staff member might spend an entire year reviewing an application for a new hazardous waste well. Class 2 wells are often permitted in bulk, meaning hundreds can be green-lighted in a matter of days. As much as 70 percent of the waste destined for Class 2 facilities would be considered toxic if it were not for the loopholes in the law,... ... efforts to get around the rules for injection wells are common. Sometimes, he said, they result in the contamination of private drinking water wells. “We have people who have constructed wells that are not certified injection wells, or we have people who will put their brine in a tank and carry it over and put it in somebody else’s well,” Ream said. “One guy, he’s got oil coming out of his shower head.” “There is just so much brine,” Ream added, “and you have to get rid of it.” Much of the problem with oversight comes down to money, critics say. In some states, budgets and staff for oil and gas agencies have dropped... “There are not enough people to know what is going on. It is the ideal storm for industry. Less and less people, more and more things that the EPA has to do.” “Most of our environmental law requires self-reporting and that requires honest people.” When violations are identified – such as the 140 times waste was illegally injected and noted in the regulatory reports – the consequences can be minimal, and only in rare cases do transgressions rise to the level of criminal prosecution. In the three years of national data reviewed by ProPublica, which included more than 24,000 formal notices of violations, only one case was referred to criminal investigators. Usually, violations result in citations or informal warnings. Interactive Graphic of US Underground Injection Wells as of 2010. Drilling wastewater, routinely labeled as "a benign mixture of salt and water", exploded this tanker, killing three people. Hidden water demand of many energy sources is extreme. Huge demands on increasingly scarce water are a major hidden cost of a “business as usual” approach to American electricity generation that needs to be more fully understood by policymakers and the public, according to research by Synapse Energy Economics. For example, nuclear power has critical cooling requirements that require enormous amounts of water,... A similar story is true of coal-fired power, which also relies heavily on water for cooling,... In 2010, the EPA estimated that the hydraulic fracturing of shale wells can use anywhere from two to 10 million gallons of water per well, Synapse says. Even green power sources such as biomass plants are water intensive, the report says. A typical 50 MW biomass plant could withdraw roughly 242 million gallons of water per year and lose most of this, the report says. By contrast, wind and solar photovoltaic power requires little water in the electricity generation process. Concentrating solar power requires water for cooling purposes, but new technologies are placing greater emphasis on dry cooling. Solar power plants with dry cooling use only around 80 gallons per MWh – about a tenth of the low-end estimate for nuclear power and one-sixth of the low-end estimate for coal-fired power generation, the report says. 25,000 people walking 700 kilometres for 2 weeks in Ecuador. Because their food and water livelihoods are dwindling. Because mining uses enormous amounts of water e.g. the mine "Mirador“ on the border of Peru uses up an astonishing 140 LITRES OF WATER PER SECOND. This adds up to two million litres per day which are removed from the surrounding rivers and as a result are not available in the neighbouring areas. This is just one of many suchlike projects in Ecuador. from Generation Alpha 1 Million Pounds of Coal Ash Dumped into Lake Michigan each year. The coal-burning carferry SS Badger dumps more than 500 tons of coal ash into Lake Michigan each season it sails. In 2008, the EPA gave the owners 5 years to stop. Instead, the owners have sought permanent exemptions and even more time to continue dumping. The ash has been tested by EPA-approved labs and results show the presence of toxic metals such as arsenic, lead and mercury. In 2008 the owners of the S.S. Badger made a commitment to end coal ash dumping by May of 2012 as well as a commitment to run the ship "for another 83 years." Instead of working to end the dumping, the owners participated in various efforts aimed at garnering permanent exemptions that would allow the practice of dumping to continue in perpetuity. No meaningful progress has been made and no firm commitment to end coal ash dumping has been confirmed. Instead the owners have worked to ensure another 83 years of operation as a coal burner on "historical" grounds.[emphasis mine, excepting first two lines] I urge you to sign the petition against this exemption. While climate change is increasing drought the energy industry is poised to hog twice as much water by 2035.

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Growth and development influence the global ecosystems The UN-report ”Our Mutual Future” (the Brundtland-report, 1987) first put sustainable development on the international agenda. Since then the global population has grown from 5 to almost 7 billion people. The total global GDP has almost doubled and the technological development has been in rapid progress. The increasing resource-consumption is influencing biodiversity and ecosystems in a negative direction. The environmental challenges have become more complex and are profoundly connected to other societal challenges, e.g. health, consumption and nature conservancy. It has become necessary to deal with environmental problems from a wider angle of attack, meaning that solving one problem should not create another (e.g. that utilising biofuels reduces the overall CO2 emission, but may result in cutting down of tropical forest). Sustainable development requires collaboration, innovation and follow-up at a larger scale than earlier. The Foundations hope to be able to support these issues with our new programme for environment and sustainability.

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AroundTownKids is pleased to announce that as a website we are environmentally friendly. We're here to help you be green too with a list of Resources, Ideas and Suggestions for "Going Green!" How can we help you be Green by using our website? 1. In this era of "smart phones" you no longer need to print out directions to an event you saw on our calendar. Instead, look up the address on your "smart phone," your car's navigation system or Google it and away you go! 2. Or if you're heading to an event but can't recall what time the event starts, pull up our website and take a glance at our handy event calendar to verify the event time. For added convenience, put the event on your "smart phone" calendar and take it with you. Email it to your personal Outlook or Google calendar. 3. No need to print out lists for various resources. Just point and click in our Online Business Directory for all the information you need! 4. Check out our "Green Advertisers" - look for the Green Leaf symbol in their ad! How can YOU be Green with your Friends? - Hold "Green"-ish playgroup outings - educate yourself and your kids! - Tour a recycling facility - Volunteer at a recycling facility to clean up (pick up trash) in a nature preserve (ex: - Make Crafts from items you find in nature (as opposed to buying supplies at a store) - Re-purpose old items in your daily use - Donate outgrown toys and clothes - either to friends or family with younger children or to a local charity. - Recycle, Recycle, Recycle! Being Green in Your Community: 1. A great place to start! Visit this website for a list of resources and services which are available in Collin County including major recycling sources - - Recycling pick-up at your house - Recycling pick-up at your apartment - Yard waste collection - Computer Recycling - Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) 2.Town recycling days - ex: Frisco's "Chunk Your Junk!" day. 3. Earth Day celebrations How Can You & Your Family be "Green" in Your Home & Lifestyle: the US Dept of Energy - Energy Savers: Tips on Saving Energy & Money at 2. From the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (funded by National Institutes of Health - NIH) - For Kids: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - In an Effort to Save the Environment, Here's How AroundTownKids Has Gone Green: 1. Our product is a website, it's all online. Therefore we do not have a print publication and are environmentally friendly. 2. Our media kits, corporate brochures etc are emailed as often as possible vs printing them out. 3. Our Holiday Cards are emailed. 4. Printing other marketing materials is kept to a minimum. 5. In our home offices we make it a practice to recycle paper and print double sided. 6. We recycle printer cartridges and buy refilled printer cartridges whenever possible. 7. By being a 100% telecommuting company we have cut down on energy costs thus protecting the environment. 8. On a personal level we all recycle as much as we can in our homes. Our Earth is a wonderful planet. Let's protect it for ourselves, for our children and all future generations. We can do this together with a little effort!

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By definition base load is simply the lowest demand ever found on the power grid during regular operations. its everything that runs 24 hours a day in simple terms, in reality though that still involves some balance since for example a refrigerator runs all the time but will draw more power during the day when the door keeps being opened then it will at night. Base load changes over time as the economy expands and contracts, and it can be lowered intentionally, but only by reducing consumer energy consumption. Its generally less then half of peak load. Also since the USA, India and China all lack efficiently interconnected power grids, so does Japan and more then one other small country too, base load has really managed on a regional basis, peak load even more so. The term intermediate load is used for power demand which is regular, but not for the entire day, such as office lights that are on 9-5 can be considered an intermediate load, rather then a peak spike. You know they'll happen, you know that's load that will be sustained for a serious amount of time and can plan power plant operations with this in mind. Peak loads are somewhat predictable, but much more volatile and weather dependent. So peak load generally has to be supplied by quick reaction systems, which pretty much comes down to hydro and simple gas turbines, while intermediate can be met by a somewhat wider range of plants, and base load is what you want nukes and coal powering since both can take hours to come online. Then you have that rat bastard wind, which can supply a random fraction of base load randomly, and solar which matches up with intermediate demand very nicely, unless you have electric heating in winter (also near any heat system draws some electric anyway) In the US peak load is around 800 GW, I think base load is around 350 GW but I don't recall when I read that. In any event such figures have limited value, since the grid must have a large reserve of capacity to make up plants being offline for repairs made worse by lack of interconnection (which increases required reserves) and variable fuel and weather conditions. Hot conditions for example can drive down generation from nuclear and some coal plants because they cannot draw enough cooling water without boiling local waterways. This all means it can be more useful to work in terms of actual energy consumption. "This cult of special forces is as sensible as to form a Royal Corps of Tree Climbers and say that no soldier who does not wear its green hat with a bunch of oak leaves stuck in it should be expected to climb a tree" — Field Marshal William Slim 1956

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Last January the Gezira Art Center hosted an exhibition and a series of events about architect Hassan Fathy and his work. Hassan Fathy is perhaps Egypt’s most renowned architect from the 20th century, but why? The exhibition was beautifully curated and organized with images, text, models, video projection, as well as samples of Fathy’s mud bricks, the most essential element of his constructions. Fathy’s 1945 housing project for the relocation of the village of Gourna in Luxor was his most famous and internationally renowned project. The village which has fallen into disrepair (watch video above) is currently the focus of a UNESCO rehabilitation and documentation project. Gourna was not a project free of controversy nor was it a success, at least for the intended inhabitants of the village. Fathy left no mark on Egypt’s urban centers: Cairo and Alexandria don’t have examples of Fathy’s architecture (with the exception of a mausoleum and few private homes), his ideas printed in his “Gourna, tale of two villages” (later published by the Chicago University Press with the condescending title “Architecture for the poor”) have failed to produce any practical solutions for Egypt’s urban and housing problems. Despite this underwhelming record, Fathy’s oeuvre is celebrated in the West as an example of “other/vernacular modernism” and is celebrated in Egypt mostly by his students as authentic modernity/spirited continuity with the past. It is difficult to fully comprehend why Hassan Fathy overshadows his contemporaries who had successful practices, built many buildings and engaged in current discourses (Ali Labib Gabr, Antoine Selim Nahas, Mahmoud Riad). Fathy also overshadows his colleague Ramses Wissa Wassef (who like Fathy engaged with the question of vernacular architecture and perhaps was more successful in balancing modern practicality with vernacular identity without falling in the trap of essentialism). Finally, one of Egypt’s most influential architects of the modern period, Mustafa Fahmy, will never make an appearance in a Western curriculum of the history of modern architecture nor in an Egyptian exhibit, yet Hassan Fathy might. How can this selective celebration of a figure with little impact on his community and profession be explained? The legend, the myths Fathy had interesting ideas about architecture, there is no denying this fact. But he wasn’t the only one with interesting ideas in 20th century Egyptian architecture. Fathy had a strong following of students, particularly in the 1970s when the notion of vernacular modernism was emerging in Western academia coinciding with proclamations of the failure/death of high-modernism along with the birth of post-modernism. Egypt, like many countries, particularly those who had recently experienced heavy-handed state-led development in post-revolution or post-independence “third world” societies, experienced high-modernism withdrawal. Over the past couple of decades there have been numerous articles keeping the memory of Hassan Fathy alive. Nearly every six months there is a new piece regurgitating a long list of myths and stereotypes about Fathy as the ONLY architect worth remembering, as a founder of green-environmentally friendly architecture in Egypt, as the symbol of authenticity and culturally sensitive design, and as the humble architect who worked with people to realize his designs. [“An empty village like the tombs of the pharaohs and its called Gourna” from the popular magazine al-Musawwar, 1961. Note Hassan Fathy’s name isn’t mentioned, it only mentions “built by the state in 1945.”] In a nutshell, the standard narrative, as stated in this 1999 discussion of Fathy’s legacy, argues the following “”The “modern movement” in the West, which aimed to use new architectural materials and technology to improve the life of the ordinary city-dweller, had foundered on aggressive stylistic innovation and an arrogant disregard of the past; Fathy showed how social needs could be met using familiar, vernacular styles, materials and techniques, and with the participation of the “consumer.” However, I have some reservations on nearly all of the points made here: 1) I find it extremely dated and naive to look through a narrow perspective at twentieth century architectural development and continue to argue that “the modern movement” was an exclusively “western” endeavor. Architects around the world, including Egypt, engaged in practices that responded to common developments and problems such as the availability of new materials and technologies and the pressing issues of urban areas particularly the need for housing. These were not “western” problems and in finding solutions, professionals across the world dealt with those concerns using the latest accessible designs and approaches. This is the 20th century and the world is to a large extent connected via new media and communications. Thus to expect a solution to modern urban problems in Egypt (or any other non-western country) to be drastically different from say Italy, Spain or France is to accept racist and orientalist notions that the non-western other is essentially non-modern (or their modern must be a different kind, more primitive modern), otherwise a pragmatic concrete housing block in Africa designed by a local architect using locally produced materials is at best viewed as “western.” 2) The claim that Hassan Fathy used “familiar vernacular” architectural language is far from the truth. Domed architecture in upper Egypt is funerary, not residential/domestic, hence the refusal of such form by villagers. Similarly, the claim that his materials and techniques were familiar and local goes against Fathy’s own description of the process of instructing builders how to create his mud brick and the many repeated attempts to perfect building his domes. This was instructed architecture as were the modernist designs he distanced himself from. Had this been truly vernacular, then the presence of an architect arriving from the urban capital hundreds of miles away should have been unnecessary. Fathy’s domes for domestic space were not traditional, rather they were an “invented tradition.” 3) The claim that “consumers” of Fathy’s spaces “participated” in the making of the architecture negates the stark difference of position between Fathy, as the knowledgeable professional, and the builders/villagers/dwellers as recipients of his expertise. In fact, the extent of participation was clearly defined along that line of expert vs receiver of expertise and Fathy is even documented in photographs, including one shown at the exhibition last year where he is clearly instructing, standing over builders, rather than the image propagated about the architect as working with, as equal, learning from as well as teaching the builders. The other myth perpetuated about Hassan Fathy is that his architecture represents the “continuity of Islamic architecture,” an argument forming the spine of Ahmad Hamid’s 2010 book Hassan Fathy and Continuity in Islamic Art and Architecture: The Birth of a New Modern. In this book, Ahmad Hamid positions Hassan Fathy in relation to a long tradition of Islamic Architecture as well as in relation to the advent of twentieth century modernism. The book focuses on Hassan Fathy as “a condenser of an older intelligence” (45) and as an agent of reviving and creating anew an architectural practice that is connected with the essence of an Islamic architectural tradition. I would argue that Fathy’s architecture is premised not on the continuity of a particular tradition, Islamic or otherwise, but rather as a reactionary response to modernism as a style and a project. In this sense his architecture is less about authenticity and more about romanticism, not unlike European architects and critics of the 19th century who reacted against new concepts of architecture by resorting to primitivism and revivalism. [Streets in the Habous Quartier in Casablanca, Morocco built by French colonial architects in the 1930s in a madina-like “vernacular” mode for native, working and middle classes in contrast with the modern town center for European and upper classes] Also, Fathy’s most famous project, New Gourna, is for me less of “architecture for the poor” than it is a colonial project. Not colonial in the sense of foreignness, but in the approaches and techniques of imposing on a local population the vision of an architect coming from the capital commissioned by a central state to build following state orders, rather than following the desires of the locals. In other words, the residents of Gourna did not commission Fathy nor did they seek his services. New Gourna brings to mind Habous Quartier in colonial Casablanca, a district built in the 1930s by French “experts” for the “native” population using what the French must have thought of as “vernacular” madina architecture. [the 1964 film الجبل “The Mountain” is inspired by the story of Gourna and features an architect trying to relocate villagers away from the mountain where artifacts have been found. Scenes were filmed in New Gourna] Vernaculars old and new Hassan Fathy was certainly an architect who belonged to a particular moment in the twentieth century along with his contemporaries in Egypt, India and elsewhere who reacted to concrete and increasingly standardized architecture of the twentieth century. However, the pompous celebrations, flowery descriptions, selective admiration of Fathy in the last several decades since his international recognition in the 1970s has had negative consequences. Somehow the celebration of Fathy came at the expense of recognizing other architects from twentieth century Egypt, particularly the modernists. By promoting the legacy of Fathy the notion that Egypt’s modernists were merely copycats with little contribution of their own to Egyptian architecture or modern architecture in general has been fully ingrained and accepted. Additionally, the perpetuation of Fathy’s romantic ideals has failed to confront the realities in which we live: that his ideas and concepts fail to respond to the mass need for housing, and that his rejection of concrete and modern materials has not been heeded by the poor for whom he claimed to design. Since Fathy’s 1940s experiment and 1960s book about that experiment, a new vernacular has emerged, one which academics, architects and casual observers continue to negate and choose to ignore. Egypt’s vernacular, what the masses are actually building and without the services of architects (architecture without architects) is reinforced concrete and red brick and it is eating up the country. The refusal of architects to work with this reality to theorize and conceptualize new approaches that accommodate the needs of communities and the available (not the most sustainable) materials has delayed the potential for something interesting to be created here. While some continue to dust off the figure of Hassan Fathy on the pedestal, millions of square meters of concrete and red brick are rising around Egypt, from the center of the capital to the rural outskirts and small villages. While Hassan Fathy’s “architecture for the poor” is exhibited in the posh district of Zamalek, the poor have been building in what is closer to Le Corbusier’s domino house than Fathy’s mud brick domed village houses. Pragmatism rather than identity-driven reactionary nostalgia is what drives the poor in how they build. [Le Corbusier’s domino house, a basic structure using concrete slabs and minimal support] Fathy’s reaction to modernism as a style was to create a style of his own, the poor however are not concerned with style as much as they are with shelter. For now Fathy’s legacy is retained in the rural “Hassan Fathy Style” houses for the urban rich designed by his students. And that is fine. But the rest of the profession must move on and confront the red brick and concrete and offer new solutions and designs that could be adapted by the masses to maximize the utility and sustainability of Egypt’s new vernacular, before it is too late. Hassan Fathy and the Identity Debate, Nasser Rabbat Heritage and Violence, Timothy Mitchell - sword-expatriate reblogged this from cairobserver - rimafantasy reblogged this from cairobserver - rimafantasy likes this - omneianag likes this - languidsoul reblogged this from cairobserver - casablancasyndrome likes this - urbanalysis likes this - urbanalysis reblogged this from cairobserver - hmakhlouf likes this - thawravideos likes this - shiknatnapishtim likes this - cairobserver posted this

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The American physicist Albert Abraham Michelson (1852-1931) is important for his determination of the velocity of light and the study of optical interference. Albert Michelson was born on Dec. 19, 1852, in German Poland. The family emigrated to the United States in 1854. He took the competitive examinations for congressional appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy. Although he qualified for the appointment, the place was awarded to another boy. Young Michelson traveled to Washington, was unsuccessful in getting President Grant to appoint him to the academy, but then persuaded the commandant to accept him. Michelson graduated from the Naval Academy in 1873. Two years later he was appointed instructor in physics and chemistry there. He resigned his commission in 1880 and spent 2 years studying in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris. He was then appointed to the Case School of Applied Science at Cleveland, Ohio, as professor of physics. In 1889 he moved to Clark University as professor of physics, and in 1892 he was invited to head the department of physics at the new University of Chicago, a position which he held until 1931. With few exceptions, all of Michelson's work bore directly on problems involved in the study of light; he was thus specialized to a degree that was unique among Americans at the end of the 19th century. While serving at Annapolis, he hit upon a slight but vital modification to a method then being used to measure the speed of light. With his simple device, consisting essentially of two plane mirrors, one fixed and one revolving at the rate of about 130 turns per second from which light was to be reflected, Michelson succeeded in obtaining a measure closer than any that had been obtained to the presently accepted figure—186,508 miles per second. Michelson performed his most famous experiment at Cleveland in collaboration with the chemist Edward W. Morley. Light waves were regarded as undulations of the ether which filled all space. If a light source were moving through the ether, the speed of the light would be different for each direction in which it was emitted. In the Michelson-Morley experiment two beams of light, sent out and reflected back at right angles to each other, took the same amount of time. Thus the notion of a stationary ether had to be discarded. Even though his own work helped touch off a revolution in physics, Michelson never realized the fundamental nature of the change. Basically a brilliant experimenter, he saw the future development of physics only as one of further precision and newer instruments which would bring the accuracy of scientific measurements to the ultimate degree. He never understood the more mathematical and theoretical approach which came to dominate physics toward the end of his life. Michelson's contributions were numerous. He developed, as a by-product of his interference experiments, the first spectroscope having sufficiently high resolution to disclose direct optical evidence of molecular motion; gave the scientific world a new fundamental standard of length when he calibrated the international meter in terms of wavelengths of cadmium; and, using a variation of his interferometer, became the first man to measure the diameter of a star. He received the Nobel Prize in 1907, the first American to be so honored. He died on May 9, 1931, while at work on a still more refined measurement of the velocity of light. A good account of the major work of Michelson's life is in Bernard Jaffe, Michelson and the Speed of Light (1960). There is a useful biographical memoir of Michelson by Robert A. Millikan in National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, vol. 19 (1938), and another profile of his life and work is in Royal Society of London, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol. 1 (1932-1935). The Nobel Foundation, Nobel Lectures: Physics, 1901-1921 (1964), has a biographical sketch. □

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Your Trusted Source for Information on Health Up until our 20s, aging is seen primarily in growth and development of our bodies. Past this point, the effects of aging become visible in our skin. Chronological aging of our skin is the result of chemical changes in the elastin and collagen that make up our connective tissue. It is collagen and elastin that provide skin with its elasticity and firmness. As we age, we loose this elasticity and firmness. As skin looses its elasticity and firmness, it becomes drier. With age, the underlying fat in our skin is lost. With this loss of fat and connective tissue, the skin begins to sag and wrinkle. It looks and feels less supple. At what age and how quickly our skin ages is different for different people. This aspect of skin aging has much to do with genetics. There are other factors associated with the rate and age at which skin ages, called photoaging. Photoaging refers to the long term effects of sun exposure on the skin. Other lifestyle factors can be major contributors to skin aging as well, including smoking. There are a variety of signs that skin is aging. These include: Medications available to treat hair loss Although there are many treatments on the market today, very few have clinically proven results. For this reason, only a handful of medications have been approved by the FDA. These FDA medications include: 1) Liver spots These spots have nothing to do with the liver. They are directly related to both age and photoaging. These spots have the appearance of brown areas and are often found on the face, hands, feet and back - the areas most often exposed to the sun. Also called broken capillaries, these are dilated facial blood vessels and are often caused by sun exposure. These are treatable by a dermatologist. 3) Seborrheic keratoses These look like brown or black raised spots on the skin, but can also resemble a wart. These are not cancerous or precancerous and can be removed by a dermatologist. 4) Actinic keratoses These look similar to seborrheic keratoses, but could be more dangerous as they may be a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. Wrinkles are the result of changes in the elastic tissue of skin due to exposure to the sun, gravity, or repeat motion of the skin. Wrinkles can be treated by a dermatologist with dermatologic surgery. Anti Aging Skin Care Moderate manifestations of aging on the skin can be effectively treated with topical treatments and anti aging products such as gels and anti-aging skin creams. Topical treatments can include: This is part of the vitamin A family and is the only prescription treatment approved by the FDA for the treatment of wrinkles, rough skin and blotchy skin pigmentation associated with sun exposure. 2) Alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) These products are derived from a number of dairy and fruit products and are often used in combination with tretinoin for treatment of mildly sun damaged skin. 3) Temporary relief Many over the counter products are available that contain retinols - a member of the vitamin A family, AHAs, anti oxidants and moisturizers. Anti oxidants often rely on vitamins C and E that help to repair cells damaged by the effects of sun exposure and smoking. Talk to a dermatologist about what anti aging skin creams and treatments are most suitable for your aging skin. A number of surgeries and treatments are available for extremely damaged skin. Learn more about cosmetic surgery. Read about Botox treatments. The American Academy of Dermatology has developed an excellent resource for information about acne and skin diseases. Excellent resources and research articles on skin conditions can be found online at the Archives of Dermatology. Copyright 2003-2010 Healthreserve.com All Rights Reserved. All images remain property of their respective owners.

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FAQs - Technical A. Paraquat acts in the presence of light to desiccate the green parts of all plants with which it comes into contact. After application, penetration through the leaf surface occurs almost immediately. This absorption is increased by high light intensity, humidity, and by the specific adjuvant system usually built into the formulation, which ensures good spray retention and wetting of target foliage. Tank mix adjuvants are required if not built into the formulation. The site of action for paraquat is in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic systems of green plants, which absorb the light energy used to produce sugars. Paraquat is known to act on the photosynthetic membrane system called photosystem I, which produces free electrons to drive photosynthesis. The free electrons from photosystem I react with the paraquat ion to give the free radical form. Oxygen rapidly reconverts this free radical and in that process produces super oxides. Chemically highly reactive, the super oxides attack unsaturated membrane fatty acids, rapidly opening up and disintegrating the cell membranes and tissues. The paraquat ion/free radical process then recycles producing further quantities of super oxide until the supply of free electrons ceases. Visible wilting of treated plants is apparent within hours under warm, bright conditions, but may take longer under dull, cool conditions. This is quickly followed by the appearance of brown, desiccated or chlorotic tissue. Light, oxygen and chlorophyll are therefore all required for the rapid and characteristic herbicidal effects of paraquat. It is the rupturing of the cell membranes allowing water to escape from the plant material that leads to the rapid desiccation of the foliage. A. Paraquat is a broad spectrum non-selectiveDescription A chemical product used for eliminating all types of weeds (annual and perennial grasses and broadleaved weeds). Authoritative On-line References and Resources http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/ An invaluable source of contemporary information about herbicides and weeds from Iowa State University. herbicide. It belongs to the Bipyridylium family of herbicides. Pure paraquat salts are white and the technical products, yellow. They are crystalline, odorless, hygroscopic powders. Paraquat is slightly soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in organic solvents. Paraquat is non-explosive and non-flammable in aqueous formulations. It is corrosive to metals and incompatible with alkylarylsulfonate wetting agents. It is stable in acid or neutral solutions, but is readily hydrolysed by alkali. Paraquat is a strong cation and stays where applied |Description||White crystalline solid||like sucrose| |Solubility||Very soluble in water. Not soluble in fat||like sodium chloride| |Vapor pressure||Negligible, below 1 x 10-9 mm Hg||like copper coins| |Toxicity (45.6% technical)||Inhalation not possible. Oral LD50 (technical material in the rat) = 283mg/kg||like gasoline| Molecular structure of paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride) A. Yes. Like many other herbicides, some resistance to paraquat has been identified. However the rapid development of crops resistant to glyphosate (another common herbicide) is stimulating the demand for paraquat as we see more evidence of glyphosate-tolerant or -resistant weeds. Paraquat is an increasingly important part of Integrated Weed ManagementDescription A decision support system for crop protection which focuses on long-term prevention or suppression of pest problems with minimum impact on human health, the environment, and non-target organisms. IPM takes into consideration all available pest control techniques and tactics (cultural, mechanical, biological, chemical). IPM emphasizes the growth of healthy crops for better productivity with the least possible disruption to agroecosystems. Authoritative On-line References and Resources http://www.ipmcenters.org "The USDA's National Site for the Regional IPM Centers' Information System provides information about US commodities, pests and pest management practices, people and issues." (IWM) programs associated with glyphosate-tolerant crops and in other situations where glyphosate has been intensively used for long periods of time. Surveys exist to help farmers and advisors understand the extent of herbicide resistance and plan coping strategies. Examples of these surveys can be found here: A. No. There are a number of reasons why herbicide tolerance to paraquat has not been commercialized. One key reason is that the mode of action of paraquat is so fast that it is technically difficult to achieve effective resistance. Also, where glyphosate resistant crops are introduced there is always the risk that herbicide-resistant plants emerge as weeds in successive crops and reduce the effectiveness of weed control. Therefore, the major manufacturer of paraquat, Syngenta, made the decision not to introduce transgenic paraquat crops to ensures that paraquat remains a highly effective tool (pre-plant, burndown herbicide) to manage glyphosate-resistant weeds. A. Amazingly, in over 40 years of research, no other herbicide has been found which offers the same unique benefits of paraquat. Therefore, there is no effective alternative to paraquat. As a result, demand for paraquat continues to be driven by farmers who recognize the unique benefits of paraquat’s rapid, contact action, rainfastness and excellent efficacy.

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Researchers with the Icescape expedition on the Arctic ice in July 2011. (Rex Features via AP Images ) Nothing new in the world? Nothing left to discover? NASA would beg to differ. The discovery of an "enormous, off-the-charts" bloom of microscopic marine plants in the Arctic has floored scientists. And it confirms, if nothing else, that there are things on this planet not yet seen -- things that you "never, ever could have anticipated in a million years." So says Paula Bontempi of NASA. An ocean biology and biogeochemistry program manager in Washington, Bontempi spoke with the Los Angeles Times on Friday morning about the discovery. Here's how it came about: Over the summers of 2010 and 2011, NASA's Icescape expedition was exploring the Arctic waters of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas off Alaska. The expedition was spurred in part by climate-change research -- scientists wanted to know, Bontempi said, what effect changing radiation levels (from the sun) were having on Arctic. "We know that the ice is changing, we know that it is melting at an incredible rate," she said. Researchers were trying to figure out what that meant for the ocean environment -- which affects all forms of Arctic life as well as the crucial fisheries industry and, thus, global economics, as Bontempi noted. So a U.S. Coast Guard ice breaker bearing the expedition's researchers was chugging along in summer 2011, funneling the Arctic waters through its laboratory instruments, when, Bontempi said, someone noticed "these huge concentrations of the plant life and said, 'Is this real? Oh my God.'" The crew brought the ship to a halt. Remaining in place, the researchers dropped instruments over the side and began a more thorough analysis. Preliminary findings were sent to Bontempi. "I was blown away," she said. "I didn't think it was real." The bloom was vast -- a 60- or 70-mile stretch of active plant life. The marine plants, or phytoplankton, are the base of the food chain, Bontempi said. So the finding of a bloom "on an order of magnitude unlike anything we knew existed on this planet" could affect higher forms of life -- fish, polar bears, walruses, etc. It's not just the magnitude of blooms or changes in sea ice that can have an effect, she said. The timing of blooms is also significant. Animals in the Arctic are accustomed to migrating at a certain time of the year. With the timing of such a bloom, which is a key part of the food chain, are the animals going to adjust their migratory schedule to accommodate the change? That's one among many questions scientists will be trying to answer. Once they get over their shock. If you had asked NASA scientists last year if they thought such a bloom was possible, Bontempi said, "they would have said no way." Now "we need to get it in gear and figure out what this means." Earth near tipping point, scientists warn May warmth helps shatter spring temperature records Entire DNA of fetus revealed -- and the testing is risk-free

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Born: 18 July 1906 Died: 31 October 1997 Early Life and Education Sidney Darlington, was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 18, 1906, and he grew up in New England. He received a B.S. in Physics, Magna Cum Laude, from Harvard in 1928 and was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1929 he obtained a B.S. in E.E. from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Physics from Columbia in 1940. Professors G. W. Pierce of Harvard and E. A. Guillemin of MIT instilled in him a lifetime fascination with theoretical aspects of communication engineering. Circuits and Communications at Bell Labs In 1929 Darlington became a member of technical staff at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, where he remained until he retired as head of the Circuits and Control Department in 1971. At Bell Labs, Darlington was ranked alongside his colleague Claude Shannon for breakthroughs in communication networks that foreshadowed the integrated circuit and in turn computers and modern communications. Darlington's discovery of ways to custom-design circuits using precise mathematical specifications, a specialty now called network synthesis theory, made him the leading authority in electronic circuits for decades. At a chalkboard at Bell Labs with three or four other rocket guidance experts, Darlington would scrawl equations that became the basis for guiding the Air Force Titan I, the Thor-Delta and dozens of other rockets. His rocket guidance formulas could instantly plug in the information from several sources - the trajectory designed to launch a satellite, the data from radar that tracked the rocket, and the instruments in the rocket itself - and could then return a flow of commands to the rocket. Compound Chips and Chirp Radar Always a tinkerer, Darlington in the 1950's spent a weekend at home playing with a new gadget, the transistor. Trying to get more gain from an amplifier the size of a kernel of corn, he found a way to combine two or more transistors in one chip, an idea that became the Darlington type of Compound Chip and pointed the way toward integrated circuits. He patented the idea and lived to see the Darlington chip become required study for electrical engineering students everywhere. Darlington also made advances in radar, inventing the pulse compression ("chirp") radar in 1947. This approach, using several frequencies to lower the demands for high peak power, made possible the antiballistic missile defense system. Affiliations and Awards Darlington was a Life Fellow of IEEE, an Associate Fellow of AIAA, a member of the National Academies of Engineering (1975) and Science (1978). For many years he was active in the IEEE Circuit Theory Group and in URSI where he served as a delegate to several URSI general assemblies. He received the Prize Paper Award of the IEEE Circuit Theory Group in 1972, the IEEE Edison Medal in 1975 'For basic contributions to network theory and for important inventions in radar systems and electronic circuits.', and the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1981 'For fundamental contributions to filtering and signal processing leading to chirp radar.' In 1945 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honor, for his contributions during World -War II. Darlington and his wife, Joan, had two daughters. Darlington died at his home in Exeter, New Hampshire on October 31, 1997, at the age of 91. Ford Burkhart, "Sidney Darlington, 91, Dies; Leader in Design of Circuitry," New York Times, Nov 8, 1997.

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http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php?title=Sidney_Darlington&oldid=38082

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00044-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Use the data in the following "table", which summarizes results from 189 pedestrian deaths that were caused by accidents. If two different deaths are randomly selected without replacement, find the probability that they both involved intoxicated DRIVERS. Pedestrian Intoxicated Pedestrian Not Intoxicated Driver Intoxicated 12 26 Driver Not Intoxicated 74 77 (***Please round answer to four decimal places as needed)

<urn:uuid:f73eef86-e2d9-42af-8073-2e1c46519d1f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/use-the-data-in-the-following-table-which-summarizes-results-from-189-pedestrian-deaths-th-q3544769

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697442043/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094402-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en