Datasets:

airtrain-ai

/

fineweb-edu-fortified

like 52

Follow

Airtrain AI 9

5 Written Questions 5 Matching Questions - Scroll Bar - Which piece of hardware allows you to see what you are working on? - What Microsoft office program allows you to edit and write documents? - a Microsoft Word - b a bar at the right side or bottom of the screen that allows you to move up and down or left and right in a document or a worksheet - c The main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. - d Internal Electronic Pathway to carry signals fromone place to another. - e Monitor 5 Multiple Choice Questions - Read Only Memory - computer hardware that holds and spins a magnetic or optical disk and reads and writes information on it-Metal Platters - a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad - a machine that prints 5 True/False Questions Quick Access Toolbar → A small toolbar located to the right of the Microsoft Office Button, which provides quick access to tools you need often such as Save, Undo, and Repeat Typing Which piece of hardware is the BRAIN? → CPU Floppy Disk → Device used to read from and write information to floppy diskettes. The floppy disc drive is usually assigned to the A drive. Keyboard → an input device that enters data with letters, numbers, symbols, and special function keys. Where do you save YOUR information on the computer? → Motherboard

<urn:uuid:1a3707fc-c82a-4dd5-bf45-e7bd88c387b8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://quizlet.com/3967669/test/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701314683/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104834-00069-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This post, by guest blogger Corey Connors, is the ninth in a month-long series on the impressive diversity of participatory decision-making tools that communities can use for land use plans, transportation plans, sustainability plans, or any other type of community plan. Our guest bloggers are covering the gamut, from low-tech to high-tech, web-based to tactile, art-based to those based on scenario planning tools, and more. We welcome your feedback and would love to hear about the participatory design strategies that you’ve found to be the most useful. “Lie” #1: Not everyone has a smartphone, so the benefit of using them is very limited. While no one would be wise to argue with the fact that not everyone has a smartphone, there are several ways that smartphone apps create significant benefits as supplements to public meetings. One of those reasons is “reach.” While not everyone has smartphones, the number of those who do is certainly greater than the number of people who regularly attend public meetings – so based on scale alone, the potential ability to engage citizens goes up. Another benefit is allowing citizens to provide feedback in real-time, during their commutes and recreation time (on topics that they may forget details of by the time the public meeting comes around). The best apps also allow those who may prefer using internet access and a web browser to provide feedback in a similar manner, which can also be useful during public meetings in a kiosk strategy. “Lie” #2: Smartphone apps will only make work for me, as it’s more data that I have to mine. The best apps allow citizens to provide geo-coded photos, video, and/or audio files about issues, and allow them to categorize that issue from a list that you define – this allows a simple export from the smartphone app database to MSExcel for general use and to shapefiles (.shp) for GIS analysis. The best apps make it easy for citizens to provide their feedback in real-time, and they should make it easy for professionals to take that data and bring it to bear in planning projects. The contrast is the more common strategy of plotter-printing a large map that is placed on the floor for citizens to walk over, and then having them provide comments via Post-It notes adhered to the map – imagine the time it will then take to simply compile, categorize, and confirm specific locations of that data. A Truth: Smartphone apps are not fields of dreams – they require promotion and communication to achieve high adoption. You can rest assured that the most tech-forward of your audience will not need reminders about the ease of downloading an app and then immediately contributing to a planning project, but in 2012 they will likely still represent a minority of the audience that you hope to engage. Reaching and involving the larger group will require active communication by whatever strategies will be most effective for your specific audience – gameification (to add interest to participation), project-specific websites, email blasts, partnerships with local groups (casual and professional), transit advertising, TV spots, social media, press events, and others can all be appropriate strategies. Case study: Reno Sparks Bicycle & Pedestrian Plan. The Reno Regional Transportation Commission (RTC) set out to create this region’s first-ever comprehensive bicycle and pedestrian plan – public engagement was essential. There was also desire to be in as many “places” as possible to help citizens engage in the project. A first-of-its-kind smartphone app was created to allow for this enhanced engagement. Citizens could download this app for free (on iPhone, Android, and Blackberry), and use it to submit photo- and typed-comment-based feedback about the bicycle and pedestrian environments in the region. Those submissions were then automatically illustrated on an interactive map at the project-specific website – this allowed anyone to browse the detail of the feedback that their neighbors were providing, simply by going to the website. Social media strategies were put in place and resulted in a significantly-larger number of engaged citizens (than had been common in similar efforts), and the ability for project messages to be shared virally. To streamline management, these social channels were integrated so that a message/update in one would automatically propagate to the other, and to the custom website for all citizens to see. From a partnership standpoint, the Reno Wine Walk group was identified as a casual group to provide good participation and reach, as it hosts weekly walking events that involve popular wine merchants in the downtown area and neighboring streets. This post was contributed by Corey Connors of Fehr & Peers, a California-based transportation consulting firm.

<urn:uuid:cd115f20-086a-4a72-8667-a5f65b555040>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blog.placematters.org/2012/03/30/participation-by-design-2-lies-a-truth-about-smartphone-apps-for-public-engagement/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706964363/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122244-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

with Tal Erez (Israel) By receiving donations, the KKL(JNF-Jewish National Fund), in about thirty years, purchased more than a million acres of land from local arabs, and new settlements started to emerge. But KKL had another very important role, as a designer of Israeli landscape. Ruins of more then 80 Arab villages those were abandoned during the war of independence and ruined by Israel where found amongst the KKL forests. The researches offer a theory in which those forests where planted in order to erase the history of those inhabitants, presenting a facade of a new uninhabitated country which was intended for the Jewish people to re-colonize. The trees which where planted where mostly Pine and Eucalyptus, and using the technique of layering, created a new "natural" layer over unatural one. This project researches the technique of LAYERING, and this play between natural and unnatural layers.

<urn:uuid:a4fe739a-32a2-4d2e-91e0-738bbb652d2e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://chulankwak.com/index.php?/works/layered-table/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707440693/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123040-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

No one has asked me, but a question that could be raised is: "Since such a large percentage of Chinese films of the classic era have been lost, including an estimated 95% of the silents, how can these lost films be reconstructed in such sources as The Chinese Mirror, and often in such considerable detail?" The answer is: by drawing on the multiple printed and online Chinese sources which relate the films' plot synopses, and cast listings as they were presented on screen. But this begs the question, "So where do they get their information?" In many cases, the answer is from archived shuomingshu (说明书), invaluable documents for the Chinese film historian. To clarify what these were, a brief lesson in the Chinese language may help. If one consults a modern Chinese-English dictionary, the usual definitions of shuomingshu that first turn up are "reference book," "manual" or "guide." For example, if you acquire an appliance or an electronic device, it usually comes with a booklet telling you in some detail how to set it up, operate and maintain it. That booklet in the modern sense is a user's manual, in Chinese a shuomingshu. But the classic meaning of the term is somewhat different: the basic meaning of shuoming (说明) is "explain," and while shu (书) is most often used to mean "book," its basic meaning is "document." So a shuomingshu, in its most fundamental sense, is an "explanatory document." I have found no standard English translation for shuomingshu when applied to movies, but they remind me of the "playbills" or "program notes" handed out to audiences attending stage productions in the West, except that the Chinese version carried plot synopses, telling the filmgoers much (or all) of what would happen in the movie. So without a standard definition, I have chosen in my filmography plot synopses to use the more modern Western expression "program notes" as my translation for shuomingshu. Like the films themselves, the earliest program notes were imported into China by Western movie companies. At first these were in the same foreign languages as the films they accompanied, but soon were being printed in Chinese, a way of increasing Chinese audiences' interest in attending foreign movies. Chinese filmmakers soon began issuing program notes for their own movies, and by the time China's classic film era was reaching its peak, almost every movie was accompanied by one of these publications, many of them free of charge but sometimes sold at very low prices. They ranged from single sheets of paper having only a short statement of introduction, to relatively elaborate multi-page pamphlets. The latter, heavily subsidized by advertising, were illustrated and beautifully printed, and sometimes even contained the entire script of the film. It was not uncommon for someone who had enjoyed a particular film to keep the program notes document and affix it to a wall at home as a keepsake, a memento of a pleasant afternoon or evening's entertainment. It is fortunate they did so, for such private contributions have enriched the collections of these documents at motion picture archives in Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Taipei, and today these aged and yellowed documents are a rich and invaluable source for researching the history of Chinese film. Program notes are especially useful for information on those films which, while perhaps popular at the time, are not usually listed in standard Chinese movie histories and reference works as being classics, or included on "best" lists, etc. An example of a successful "non-classic" is this early silent, a hybrid of two popular 1920s genres. This 1925 production featuring a flying heroine interceding to save two lovers' romance and eventual marriage was popular with audiences, but is not usually listed by historians as being among the landmark films of its era. It's plot was nothing unusual, a standard "mandarin ducks and butterflies" romance of two young lovers breaking up because of a jealous third party creating a misunderstanding between them, with all turning out well in the end. It's popularity at the time derived largely from, first, its casting: it co-starred Fen Juhua and Lin Yongrong, two very popular opera performers of the day, and included over a dozen of the Tianyi studio's top talent in supporting roles. Second, although wire work to give the appearance of flying was not new, this is generally regarded as the first film to feature a flying female. While not a martial arts film as we think of the term today, Chinese movie historians classify it as one of the pioneer films of that genre because of the flying heroine. A variation from other films of the time is its treatment of the practice of arranged marriage: usually an inequitable burden imposed on the couple, in this instance it was something they readily accepted. Chinese sources disagree as to the film's actual premiere date, varying from December 16, 1925 to January 1, 1926. Nüxia Li Feifei (1925) 女侠李飞飞 (Heroine Li Feifei) Tianyi. B&W. Silent. 10 reels. Direction: Shao Zuiweng. Screenplay: Shao Cunren, Gao Lihen. Cinematography: Xu Shaoyu. Principal cast: Fen Juhua (Li Feifei), Lin Yongrong (Hong Yulin), Wu Suxin (Guo Huizhu), Wei Pengfei (Zhang Shen), Gao Lihen (Chen Shu'an, the matchmaker), Tan Zhiyuan (Guo Houzhai), Zhang Dagong (Jiang Yimin). Also: Fu Shusheng, Zhang Lingli, Ding Huashi, Zhou Kongkong. A wealthy man named Hong is obsessed with respectability and his family's public image, so much so that he strictly controls their activities and appearance. As he ages, Hong wants before he dies to see his son and heir Yulin married, so arranges for a matchmaker to find the young man a bride. He wants the bride-elect to be a suitable consort for his son, a respectable young man who will someday be a leader in the community, honorably carrying on the family's name. So Hong demands the girl selected also be of good family, virtuous and innocent without even a suggestion of scandal about her. A businessman named Guo Houzhai has a beautiful daughter, a student named Huizhu, and a match is made. Although an arranged marriage is not of the young couple's own choosing, on their first meeting the two are very impressed with each other, and agree to the match. One person not at all happy about it is Jiang Yimin, a classmate of Huizhu who had been courting her without success. Consumed with jealousy at missing out, Jiang begins stalking the young woman, hoping to find something which will break up the engagement. [But when the film proved to be more successful than expected, a more elaborate and detailed version was issued. Heroine Fen Juhua is at the center, with Wu Suxin above her (at noon) and leading man Lin Yongrong at one o'clock . The entire film synopsis is presented.] One day when his father is away on business, Yulin is out dressed in casual clothes, rather than the business suit and tie he usually wears in public. By chance, he runs into Huizhu on the street, and they stop for a chat. While they are talking, Jiang covertly takes a photograph of the two together, but with Yulin only seen from the back, his face not shown. Jiang then sends the photo to the elder Mr. Hong, with an anonymous cover letter claiming it is proof Huizhu is a tart who talks with strange and lower class men on the street, and not at all the demure and respectable young woman she claims. The father angrily sends a message to Huizhu and her father breaking off the engagement, and forbids his son from ever seeing her again. Since he doesn't explain his actions, the confused and distraught girl attempts suicide by swallowing poison, but a heroine named Li Feifei flies over the wall and into the Guo family compound to stop her. Convincing Huizhu to have hope, Li Feifei then flies to the Hong compound and insists the elder Hong talk to his son. When Yulin sees the photo he explains to his father that he sometimes liked to dress in something more comfortable than standard business attire, and the man in the photo was indeed him. The father, embarrassed at not recognizing his own son, relents, and the couple is together again. [right, Several of the makers of《Heroine Li Feifei》gather for a group photo. From left, actor Zhang Dagong, actor Lin Yongrong, director Shao Zuiweng, cinematographer Xu Shaoyu, actress Wu Suxin, studio executive Shao Yifu, actor/screenwriter Gao Lihen.] [The explanatory information of "Shuomingshu' was a necessity for films imported from the West. At left is the one for the first sound film, 1927's《The Jazz Singer》, bearing the Chinese title《King of the Jazz Singers》, while below is the one issued for 1932's《Tarzan the Ape Man》. Click on any image to view full size.]

<urn:uuid:8063b0e6-62a2-40a3-bc40-226350cb7a3b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/sources/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709224828/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516130024-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

For more than a month small trucks laden with chipped bark or wood chips have been scurrying around, unloading piles of mulch. Mulch (from the rich dark color of Mississippi mud to the orange hues of your grandmother's pumpkin pie) has been spread over flower beds and piled high against the trunk of trees. It will hold down weeds and keep in moisture. But using mulch can have a downside, too. Let me explain. It is important, if you are using a wood-based mulch, to put on a layer of an appropriate thickness. You shouldn't just add a new layer of that pumpkin-colored mulch to last year's mulch just because it's dirty or the color has started to fade. You need to rake off the old mulch before applying a new layer. A gentle spring rain will not penetrate a 4-6 inch layer of mulch, and eventually the soil will dry out. Next, there is the question of how mulch is applied near trees. Some landscapers favor the "volcano" look. While it is true that a 12-inch volcano of mulch will keep grass from growing up around your favorite crab apple tree, the mulch will eventually lead to bark rot, a compromised cambium layer, and a slow death. (Except for blueberries, which seem to thrive on mulch or sawdust piled right up to their stems). Any wood-based, chipped mulch will eventually be host to fungi that break it down. Those same fungi will work on the bark of your tree and eventually break it down, too. Because it takes 6-12 years for a tree to decline and die from compromised bark, the cause and effect is not obvious. You can avoid the problem by leaving a doughnut hole around the tree — 6 inches of clear space between the trunk and the ring — the doughnut — of mulch. Then there is the question of what is in your wood mulch? As a landscaper and garden designer I have occasionally needed to buy a few bags of wood mulch, even though I prefer to buy in bulk from a family-run business that makes its own. But when I do need to buy mulch, I read the label. If the mulch has been dyed with a chemical, I avoid it and go elsewhere to buy good mulch. Why? Because I am an organic gardener. It's true that most gardeners only use wood-based mulch on flower gardens. Still, I don't want chemicals introduced to my environment, or that of my clients. Some years ago I visited radio personality Ray Magliozzi (of NPR's Car Talk program) at his home in a Boston suburb. Ray was a late-comer to the organic movement. He became an organic gardener after his beloved collie died of cancer. He realized that the lawn jockeys he hired were spreading weed and fungus killers, along with their mowing and fertilizing. He questioned if there was a relationship between his dog's illness and the chemicals. The same question could be asked about the chemical dye in mulch. What is it? How does it affect us? So what are the alternatives to commercial wood-based mulch? My choice? Chopped leaves. Leaves run over by the lawnmower and saved last fall for use now. Trees mine minerals from the soil, and then shed their bounty to share with us each fall. Once wet, they don't tend to blow away. What about cocoa or buckwheat hulls? They are very tidy to look at and I've tried both, but they are very expensive to buy. Cocoa hulls, freshly applied, smell like chocolate chip cookies to me — and some dogs. I have heard that dogs can be sickened (or worse) by ingesting cocoa mulch (chocolate can be poisonous to dogs). That may be part urban myth, of course, but I tend to stay on the safe side. Cocoa hulls also tend to develop a slippery mold layer for a week or so, though it disappears eventually. I use a layer of 4-6 sheets of newspaper covered with hay or straw in the walkways of my vegetable garden and around large plants, and it is effective at keeping down weeds. The inks are now soy-based and safe to use (in the old days the inks had heavy metals). I soak the papers overnight in a plastic bin first and drain the water in the driveway to get rid of any soluble chemicals in the papers. Landscape fabric comes in many kinds. The good stuff is tough enough you can't tear it with your hands; it allows rain to pass through, but little sunshine for hopeful weeds. My feed-n-grain store sells it by the foot, cutting it off a large wide roll, which is handy. It looks best with a thin layer of mulch on top. Black plastic is used by some in the vegetable garden, but it breaks down after a year and needs to go to the landfill. I avoid it. Nature's most persistent mulch is, of course, stone. I like small stones for walkways or occasionally in a flower bed. In either case, a layer of landscape fabric will do wonders for inhibiting weed growth. So take a look around. If you see bark mulch being piled up on a tree trunk, make a citizen's arrest. Or hand the culprit this article. Henry Homeyer is a life-long organic gardener, gardening consultant, and UNH Master Gardener. His Web site is www.Gardening-guy.com. Dreaded mulch volcano eventually will kill a tree over time.

<urn:uuid:eb561f52-818a-4be2-b590-04435b16a724>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20120415/GJCOMMUNITY_01/704159938/-1/FOSLIFESTYLES1105&CSProduct=fosters&CSProduct=fosters

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00017-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Process waste disposal: The waste material generated by the refinery classifies as H : H (according to DWAF’s Minimum Requirements) indicating that the material should be disposed of at a properly engineered hazardous disposal facility where seepage to groundwater is minimised as far as is practicable. Currently the two disposal facilities (old decommissioned gold slimes dams 7L3 and 7L4 for which Zincor are liable) do not meet the criteria for hazardous waste as no impermeable layers have been constructed at the base of the facilities. The planned new facility, due for commissioning in 2007, will be designed and constructed to comply with DWAF’s requirements. It is currently expected that the solid component of 7L3 will be reprocessed (excluding the gold slimes) to extract residual zinc. While this could potentially remove contaminants associated with refinery’s tails, the remaining gold tails may still release contaminants to the environment. There are currently no plans to reprocess the material in 7L4. To minimise ongoing contamination, it is expected that the two tailings facilities will require capping with an impermeable layer at closure. It has been determined that uranium is present in the toe paddocks in concentrations above DWAF’s guidelines, however, the radiation associated with the uranium is below the NNR guideline. The radiation is not seen as a significant risk. Water contamination: Contamination plumes have developed below the 7L3 and 7L4 tailings dams. Cut-off trenches have been constructed around a portion of 7L3, however, no trenches are present around 7L4. A wet patch, indicative of seep, is evident at the base of 7L4, which is approximately 250m away from the Blesbokspruit, indicating potential contamination of the spruit and which DWAF has stated is illegal. Pollution control around 7L3 is inadequate, with the result that the Vlei Dam has become contaminated with groundwater daylighting in the dam area, as well as solids washing from 7L3 and collecting behind the dam retaining wall. There is a risk that groundwater remediation, at a high cost, may be required by DWAF to ensure control of the pollution plumes. Storm water management: Spills and storm water originating from the plant are initially collected in a concrete lined channel that drains to a Plant Storm and Water Retention Dam from where it is pumped back into the plant. It appears that the capacity of this dam is currently not sufficient to handle the water from the plant and regularly overtops via an earthen channel to the Emergency Dam System. From here the water is pumped to the Penstock Return Water Dam of the 7L3’s tailing dam. This increases the risk of contaminated process water reaching the spruit. However, this will be addressed once the storm water drains and bundling upgrade project are completed in 2006. Soil contamination: Various sources of soil contamination are present. These include: seepage to surface and sediment laden runoff from the tailings dams; pipe burst in tailings delivery line; overtopping of the sumps collecting water from the cut-off trench around 7L3; ad hoc disposal of smelter waste around the tailings dams; temporary storage of sediments removed from the silt trap (prior to disposal of the sediments on the tailings dams); temporary storage of product (particularly the cadmium and cobalt oxides stored outside of dedicated bunded areas); storage of raw materials; storage of intermediates during the process; and spills from the process. Historical soil contamination could also have resulted from gold mining activities. It is assumed that the areas of the soil currently requiring remediation will require disposal at the hazardous waste landfill with the risk of high disposal costs. To quantify the potential liability a soil contamination investigation will be needed at a cost of ZAR1m. Sinkhole formation: The existence of dolomite within 20m of the surface could lead to the formation of sinkholes on the property. To minimise sinkhole formation, the refinery attempts to prevent water ponding on surface. None of the current operation is reportedly at risk from sinkhole formation, however it is suspected that there is the potential that sinkholes could form in the vicinity of the new hazardous waste dump. It is understood that cognisance of this will be taken during design and construction of the dam. Air emissions: Arsine and sulphur dioxide are chemicals potentially emitted to the atmosphere. Although the gaseous levels are generally within the registration certificate condition, there have been periods when concentrations have exceeded the conditions. Exceedances normally occur at start-up after planned shutdowns. Zincor has recently implemented control measures to minimise emissions. It is noted that the radon is not generated directly from the refineries operations but is an artefact of the geology and the presence of the gold slimes on surface. Community relationships: A number of small scale improvements have been made in the local community, including teaching the community to grow vegetables and regular rubbish removal and disposal. Zincor also insists that all contractors source unskilled labour from the local community. Zincor is currently in negotiations with local and international donors to establish a Base Metals Initiative, where members of the local community are equipped with trade skills in the redundant buildings on the plant. Zincor views this project as sustainable, as the business plan indicates that proceeds from the initiative will be utilised to maintain infrastructure. The remainder of the proceeds will go to those involved in the trade Closure planning and costing: No closure assessment has been undertaken for the refinery as there are no legislative requirements to do so. Therefore, no provision has been made for closure. SRK estimate that the likely closure costs would be in the region of ZAR75m to ZAR100m. This will need to be confirmed in a detailed closure planning and costing exercise (at a cost of about ZAR0.5m). It must be noted that the ZAR75 – 100m does not include the ZAR5 – 10m that is potentially required to upgrade water management to minimise diffuse seep to the Blesbokspruit, as this capital needs to be spent before closure to comply with DWAF’s instructions. Furthermore, the ZAR75 – 100m does not include the ZAR1m required for the soil study, as this needs to be undertaken prior to closure so that a remediation strategy can be developed. A rehabilitation provision liability of ZAR191m was raised in the Company’s financial statements at 31 December 2005.

<urn:uuid:62510c35-ad6e-4ea0-a8e0-7628c56435df>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.exxaro.com/pdf/icpr/g/em/zincor.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699730479/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102210-00074-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

“We toss out 7 pounds of trash a day each, spending billions to manage it” So burn it through waste-to-energy plants and turn the residue into building aggregate. Sheesh what a fuss over complete garbage Each week, we push our trash to the curb, and it seemingly disappears. But where does it all go: the spent cartons of milk, the computer keyboard fried by spilled coffee, those empty dog food cans? A team of researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology decided to find out. In 2009, they began attaching transmitter chips to thousands of pieces of ordinary garbage. They tossed this “smart trash” into the bin, sat back and watched the tortuous, disturbing path that our garbage often takes: the meanderings of electronic waste as it headed for distant shores, of ratty old sneakers that ran the equivalent of a dozen marathons, of printer cartridges that traversed the continent not once but twice on the road to recycling. This clever experiment threw a spotlight on the biggest, costliest, dirtiest secret about our garbage: our ignorance of how much we produce, what it contains and what happens to it once it leaves our hands. Take the nation’s official trash tally—used alike by environmentalists, businesses and policy makers—which maintains that the average American tosses out 4.4 pounds of trash a day, with about a third getting recycled and the rest going to landfills. These numbers are found in the Environmental Protection Agency’s exhaustive annual compendium “Municipal Solid Waste in the United States”—America’s trash Bible—and are determined by an array of byzantine estimates and simulations, based on manufacturing data and the life expectancy of products. But the EPA’s “materials flow analysis” dates back to the bad old days when there were 10 times the number of town dumps and many more illegal ones, with little actual weighing and regulation. Today the business model of the landfill and recycling business depends on precise measurement (and billing per ton), so we have much more real-world data. Using these sources, the most recent survey conducted by Columbia University and the trade journal BioCycle found that Americans actually throw out much more than the EPA estimates, a whopping 7.1 pounds a day, and that less than a quarter of it gets recycled.

<urn:uuid:4a0fc015-32b4-4588-a4f5-28610c8ec01d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://junkscience.com/2012/04/20/edward-humes-grappling-with-a-garbage-glut/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705790741/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120310-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Lead exposure while shooting and handling firearms and ammunition can easily be avoided: The use or consumption of food, beverages, tobacco, gum or Practice good hygiene: Wash hands, arms, face and blow your nose before eating, drinking, smoking, or contact with others. To limit contamination of objects, bags and clothing, only the weapons to Do not put spent brass in your pockets or under your hat. If you reload your own ammunition or handle spent brass make sure you follow prescribed safety precautions for these activities. Shoot only in a well ventilated areas. PDHSC uses 100% fresh air make up (no re-circulated air). We move a steady constant fresh supply or filtered air past the shooter to be filtered again and exhausted down range. This ensures a safer shooter environment than even some outdoor ranges. Note:. Common types of exposures are from inhalation (breathing in lead dust) or ingestion (swallowing lead dust, usually from contaminated hands or food). Tip: Some shooters carry baby wipes in the their range bags and we also carry a similar product specifically made for removing lead contaminants (D-LEAD wipes). Wipe down arms, hands, face and nose when running water is not available. Sources of Airborne Lead Most bullets are made from lead, alloyed with other metals such as tin and Lead vapor is emitted from the firing of the primer. When a round is fired the vapor contains a compound called lead styphnate as well as other compounds containing barium and antimony. This is why is is important to shoot in a well ventilated area. Our ventilation system is designed to move a wall of air constantly down range away from the shooter. A positive pressure is maintained behind the shooter and a negative pressure in front of the shooter. Ammunition with Lead Free Primers are available from a few manufacturers. An independent study found that using ammunition loaded with copper plated bullets reduced airborne lead levels by more than 95% in the area of the range where the shooters were located, as compared to ammunition using non-plated bullets. • Use copper-covered bullets. Children are especially vulnerable to lead exposure issues. Click below for more info on lead free kids.

<urn:uuid:e96e55f4-64a0-4fa8-8d22-db1bec5a18d9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.pdhsc.com/safety1.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701370254/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104930-00038-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A study released today by the International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC) at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health has identified the most feasible and impactful solutions for Nigeria's immunization program that could offer the best hope yet for scaling up vaccine access to the nation's most rural areas and taking aim at the country's precipitous number of child deaths. While the nation has made progress on child survival in recent years, Nigeria is still responsible for one out of every eight child deaths worldwide. The country is second only to India in number of annual child deaths, many of which result from diseases that can be prevented with vaccines. Recent projections from Decade of Vaccines Economics (DoVE) show that by achieving 90% coverage with vaccines for the five leading childhood diseases including Hib, pneumococcal disease, rotavirus, measles and pertussis Nigeria could save more than 600,000 lives over the next ten years and add $17 billion to its economy. The study Landscape Analysis of Routine Immunization in Nigeria (LARI), which was conducted with the collaboration of the government of Nigeria and Solina Health identified high-impact solutions in the areas of financing and vaccine security, transportation, cold chain technology, performance management, advocacy, leadership and demand creation that together have the potential to significantly improve vaccine access. Currently, access to and availability of vaccines varies widely among the country's 36 states and vaccine stock-outs remain common, particularly in the poorest and most remote areas. "Nigerian government leaders have made major improvements in routine immunizations over the past three years," said Dr. Orin Levine, Executive Director of IVAC. "But the full promise of immunization and its economic benefits won't be fully realized until vaccines reach every Nigerian child." Some of the specific solutions proposed in the LARI study include the establishment of government basket funds for local immunization programs; transportation contracts and ongoing vehicle maintenance to improve delivery from state cold stores to community clinics; provision of solar refrigeration and satellite cold storage units to keep vaccines at a viable temperature despite challenges involving distance and power outages; mid-level management training to staff responsible for vaccine delivery; and text message reminders and incentive programs such as conditional cash transfers to parents to improve vaccine uptake and timeliness. "This is a defining moment, one in which we must take decisive action to put an end to deaths from preventable diseases, especially among our very young," said Dr. Dorothy Esangbedo, President of the Paediatric Association of Nigeria. "The only way to fully realize Nigeria's economic potential is to ensure that our children have the chance to become healthy, productive adults, and that won't occur until all of our children have access to routine vaccination." As part of the LARI study, field interviews were conducted throughout eight Nigerian states in 2011, with a wide variety of stakeholders including state and local government representatives, clinics, parents and others throughout eight Nigerian states. The states were selected to represent the diversity in levels of performance and success in improving immunization coverage. "Given the significant burden of vaccine-preventable diseases in Nigeria, improving routine immunization coverage would reduce child mortality and accelerate progress towards the MDG 4 target," said Chizoba Wonodi, MD, MPH, DrPH, Epidemiologist at IVAC. "With this report, policymakers will have the information they need to scale up vaccine access and save lives in Nigeria." More information: Underscoring both the need for action and Nigeria's push for improvements in vaccine coverage, key government leaders will gather in Abuja, Nigeria on April 16-17, 2012 to address critical gaps in vaccine delivery and consider steps to achieve universal vaccine coverage for all Nigerian children. More information on the Nigeria Vaccine Summit can be found at: http://nigeriavaccinesummit.org/.

<urn:uuid:41098f6a-dabd-4957-a238-d59774369f11>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-04-solutions-nigeria-childhood-mortality-crisis.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710006682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131326-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ever had one of those things that you never noticed before, but when someone brings it to your attention, you notice it and it drives you crazy? Frank Smith emailed me about an observation made by television commentators that was driving him nuts. Now that he mentioned it, I keep hearing it and it’s driving me nuts, too. Not to denigrate Larry Mac and the other television commentators. I’ve learned a lot from Mr. McReynolds. There’s a perfectly good physics explanation for why he (and others) keep telling us that cars speed up when they get into the grass on a racetrack. Assuming that the driver has the presence of mind to take his foot off the gas, this is impossible. Why Cars Slow Down Let’s say you’ve got a car doing 100 mph coming onto the frontstretch. The force of the engine pushes the car forward and the forces of friction push in the opposite direction as the car is moving. Frictional forces include friction between the various parts in the motor and drivetrain, air resistance (which is friction between the car surfaces and the air molecules) and friction between the tires and the track. The force of the engine must be greater than or equal to the force of friction in order for the car to move to the right (as shown in my drawing). If the force of the engine is just equal to the force of friction, the car will move at constant speed (no acceleration). If the force of the engine is greater than the force of friction, the car will accelerate to the right. Now let’s say the driver takes his foot off the brake and lets the car coast. We’ve removed the force of the engine, so all we’re left with is the frictional force. The frictional force causes the car to slow down (decelerate) until it comes to a stop. This is just an example of Newton’s Second Law: F=ma, or (in words) The larger the net force, the larger the acceleration. It’s a vector equation, so the direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force. Bring on the Grass Now let’s look at a case in which the driver lets up on the gas, the car travels on the frontstretch for a little while, then goes into the grass. The frictional forces in the engine/drivetrain and the air resistance remain the same, regardless of what surface the car is traveling on. It is impossible for the car to speed up unless there is a force pushing it to the right. Our NASCAR television commentators are not stupid. They’re reporting what they see and it does look like the car starts to speed up when it transitions from asphalt to grass. This is an example of relative motion. Have you ever sat at a train track and focused only on the train going past in front of your car? If you only look at the moving train, you can make it feel as though the train were standing still and you were moving in the opposite direction as the train. That’s relative motion. To you, the train is moving to the left at 50 mph. To someone on the train, you’re moving to the right at 50 mph. We’ve had this issue arise before during Carl Edwards’ restart penalty at the first Richmond race: If the car that is supposed to start the race spins his tires, his lack of acceleration can make the car beside him look like it’s accelerating, even though it’s actually moving at constant speed. I’ve got some animations at the link above to show you how it’s very easy for your eyes to be fooled. We judge speed relative to what’s around it. If you’re going 65 mph on the expressway and another car is going 60 mph, you’re going 5 mph faster than the other car. If we just took your cars, without anything else surrounding you, it would look exactly the same to you as if you were going 200 mph and the other car was going 195 mph. What gives you the ability to distinguish 200 mph from 65 mph are the stationary objects you pass. In the Richmond case, you can’t just look at the 99 and the 2 cars and make a valid observation about their speeds – you have to look at their cars relative to something standing still, like the lines on the wall that indicate the restart lane. The same thing is happening in our car-in-the-grass scenario. The big difference between the two surfaces is the coefficient of friction between asphalt and grass. The coefficient of friction between tires and asphalt is about 0.7-0.8. The coefficient of friction between tires and grass is 0.35 – roughly half what it is when the car is on the asphalt. The frictional force due to the tires is proportional to the coefficient of friction. The grass has a lower coefficient of friction, so the frictional force decreases when the car travels into the grass. The car doesn’t speed up – it slows down at a slower rate. It looks like it speeds up because your brain is watching the car on the asphalt and expecting the car to keep decelerating the same way. When the car moves onto the grass and the frictional force changes, the deceleration changes and it looks to us like the car is speeding up, even though it isn’t. This all assumes, again, that the driver isn’t on the gas. But if you’re spinning out into the grass and your foot is pushing down on the accelerator, you’ve got much bigger problems than not understanding basic physics.

<urn:uuid:231b064c-4be4-4d37-99d4-8eec496e1ba6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.buildingspeed.org/blog/2012/09/hey-larry-mac-cars-do-not-speed-up-in-the-grass/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701314683/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104834-00056-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

psychpost | 5/04/2011 04:10:00 AM Superstition can be defined as: a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation. An example of superstitious behavior is to blow on dice before rolling them to increase chance of winning (the probability of the dice roll is not affected). I chose to discuss the formation and reinforcement of superstitious behavior because it is something I notice a lot. Examples of superstitious behaviors can be seen in gambling, sports, and virtually any activity with chance involved. For example there are many baseball players who have a routine ritual they follow each time they are at bat.2 Also sports fans are likely to wear special clothing or preform pre-game rituals on game days because they believe it will bring luck to their team. Article for discussion: http://www.psychologyinspain.com/content/reprints/2000/3.pdf (Psychology article, Superstition in Gambling) In this article, experimenters were looking for superstitious behaviors in gambling. The participants were given a small amount of money (about 5USD) and were presented with a game in which they would be able to win a maximum of about 35USD. The game was a dice game (rolling a winning number) and winning was determined only by chance. After a few rolls, participants were given the option to either roll again, or let an experimenter roll for them. Participants who were winning were highly likely to continue rolling themselves, while those who have been losing were likely to let the experimenters roll for them. Another experiment in which participants (playing a dice game again) were given magnetic bracelets. Although the bracelets do not affect the outcome of the games, participants considered it to be a "lucky charm" or felt less confident while wearing it. These experiments show that individuals are more likely to repeat behaviors that are accompanied by a positive reinforcer (ie. they are positivley reinforced). Meaning, that when a participant wins, they are likely to repeat the course of actions prior to their win. Although the behaviors do not actually effect the outcome, they tie in closely. The opposite is true for those who experienced more losses. It is clear to see that the formation development of superstitious behaviors can be attributed to operant conditioning. PHOTO CREDIT: http://www.flickr.com/photos/missturner/

<urn:uuid:57dc3181-e9a3-49dd-a2ef-aadba3edda90>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.psychpost.org/2011/05/superstition-can-be-defined-as-belief.html?showComment=1304701540704

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701943764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105903-00015-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Environment Secretary Hilary Benn said: "Climate change is redrawing the map of the world. Unless we act, its impacts will be felt everywhere, as sea levels rise, crops fail, extreme weather increases and more areas are at risk of drought and flooding. "This project shows people the reality of climate change using estimates of both the change in the average temperature where they live, and the impact it will have on people's lives all over the world, including here in Britain. By helping people to understand what climate change means for them and for the world we can mobilise the commitment we need to avoid the worst effects by taking action now." International Development Secretary Douglas Alexander said: "Climate change is happening and it is the world's poorest who are facing the greatest threat. Now, for the first time, Google Earth maps allow us to see first hand accounts of poor people coming to terms with everything from floods and droughts to melting glaciers. Amidst the massive impact on the world's environment the initiative highlights the personal costs to people least able to withstand the changes. "Global action is needed to cut emissions and help communities adapt to changing weather patterns. It can be done - and the lives of those in poverty depend upon the world taking bold action." Met Office Chief Executive John Hirst said: "Climate change is arguably one of the biggest issues facing the world today. Merging the Met Office's unparalleled climate science expertise with the exciting technology of Google Earth is a great way of bringing the impacts of a warming world to life." British Antarctic Survey Director Professor Nick Owens said: "This is a fantastic opportunity to use the power of Google Earth technology to engage people all over the world in the importance and relevance of Antarctica in the climate change story." Ed Parsons, Geospatial technologist at Google, said: "Google Earth brings stories to life and opens up their reach to a limitless number of potential users. We are really excited about the work of the UK Government and its partners to raise the profile of climate change impacts on a global scale." 19 May 2008 Millions of Google Earth users around the world will be able to see how climate change could affect the planet and its people over the next century, along with viewing the loss of Antarctic ice shelves over the last 50 years, thanks to a new project launched today. The project, Climate change in our world, is the product of a collaboration between Google, the UK Government, the Met Office Hadley Centre and the British Antarctic Survey to provide two new 'layers', or animations, available to all users of Google Earth. It was launched by Prime Minister Gordon Brown at the Google Zeitgeist conference today. One animation uses world-leading climate science from the UK's Met Office Hadley Centre to show world temperatures throughout the next hundred years under medium projections of greenhouse gas emissions, along with stories of how people in the UK and in some of the worlds poorest countries are already being affected by changing weather patterns. Users can also access information on action that can be taken by individuals, communities, businesses and governments to tackle climate change, and highlights good work already under way. Another animation, developed by the British Antarctic Survey, show the retreat of Antarctic ice caps since the 1950s, and features facts about climate change science and impacts in the Antarctic. The project is currently a snapshot of some of the recent scientific information about climate change and its impacts. The partners in the project will be looking to develop these ideas further in the future, preferably with additional partners. The Met Office Hadley Centre is the UK's foremost centre for climate change research. Partly funded by Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) and the Ministry of Defence, we provide in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate change issues. British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is a world leader in research into global environmental issues. With an annual budget of around £45 million, five Antarctic Research Stations, two Royal Research Ships and five aircraft BAS undertakes an interdisciplinary research programme and plays an active and influential role in Antarctic affairs. BAS has joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and has more than 120 national and international collaborations. It is a component of the Natural Environment Research Council. Feedback on the content of the project, or any ideas for future animations or impact stories can be emailed to [email protected].

<urn:uuid:c0b8f3da-2e17-41a2-a540-641059dbaf25>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2008/climate-change-google-earth

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698493317/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100133-00049-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Reaction Motors XLR11 XLR11 rocket engine on display at the National Air and Space Museum |Country of origin||United States| |Manufacturer||Reaction Motors Inc.| |Propellant||LOX / Ethyl alcohol| |Thrust||6,000 lbf (27 kN)| |Dry weight||210 lb (95 kg)| The XLR11 was the first liquid-fuel rocket engine developed in the United States for use in aircraft. It was designed and built by Reaction Motors Inc., and used ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen as propellants to generate a maximum thrust of 6,000 lbf (27 kN). Each of the four combustion chambers produced 1,500 lbf (6.7 kN) of thrust. The engine was not throttleable but each chamber could be turned on and off individually. Development of the engine began in 1943. Reaction Motors called the engine "Black Betsy", though informally it was referred to as "The Belching Black Bastard". Its first official designation was the 6000C4, and it was later renamed the XLR11. The XLR11-RM-5 engine was first used in the Bell X-1. On October 14, 1947, the X-1 became the first aircraft to fly faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The XLR11-RM-5 was also used in the X-1A and X-1B, and as a booster engine in the U.S. Navy's D-558-2 Douglas Skyrocket turbojet (where it was designated the XLR8-RM-5). In 1959 and 1960, while development of a more powerful engine was still underway, a pair of XLR11-RM-13's were used as an interim power plant for the initial flights of the X-15 research aircraft. These engines were boosted to 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) of thrust per chamber for a total of 16,000 lbf (71 kN). In comparison, the idle thrust of the X-15's XLR99 engine was 15,000 lbf (67 kN). After 24 powered flights, the XLR11 engines were replaced by the new XLR99 engine in November 1960. See also↑Jump back a section - Dupont, Ron (February 24, 2011). "Remembering The Rocketeers". northjersey.com. Retrieved 11 April 2011. - XLR-11 Rocket National Museum of the United States Air Force - Dryden Flight Research Center - X-Planes at Edwards AFB |This rocketry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

<urn:uuid:663b817b-2437-4b2e-b013-340d07d00b95>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Motors_XLR11

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706933615/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122213-00087-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Current guidance on young carers for schools (Scotland) ‘It is vital that young carers can continue to participate in the education system in a way that allows them to fulfil their potential……… A key part of that is to ensure not only that young carers are identified in our education system, but that young people in our schools understand the role that young carers have and that teachers are educated about the difficulties that some young carers face’ Michael Matheson, Minister for Public Health, January 2012 Here are the main documents of policy, legislation and guidance which direct professionals working in a Scottish context to how they should support young carers in education settings. The Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004 and 2009 introduces a framework for providing for children and young people who require additional support with their learning for any reason. The Act places certain duties on local authorities to identify and monitor the additional needs and the support provided, and respond to parents’ request for an assessment. In 2010, HMIe (now part of Education Scotland) carried out a review of the impact of the Act on certain groups, including young carers. Recommendations were made as follows: - Education authorities, partner agencies and establishments should improve approaches to identifying and addressing the needs of children and young people who are looked after, who are young carers and those with mental health issues. - Education authorities should achieve better consistency in the provision of coordinated support plans for children and young people who meet the relevant criteria for having one, with particular consideration being given to children and young people who are looked after, are young carers, or have mental health disorders. - Education authorities and NHS Boards should review availability and access to specialist support services for children and young people with mental health issues. - Scottish Government and education authorities should ensure that relevant data and information are collected and managed effectively to help children receive, and benefit from, appropriate support. - Education authorities, partner agencies and establishments should ensure that staff have appropriate training to help them meet the needs of children and young people with additional support needs. - Education authorities and establishments should ensure that parents of children who are looked after, are young carers, or who have mental health issues are aware of their entitlements under the Act. These children and young people themselves should also be made aware of their entitlements under the Act Further information can be obtained from the Education Scotland website http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/ ‘Getting It Right for Young Carers’ The Young Carers Strategy for Scotland 2010 -2015 (Scottish Government, 2010) sets out action points to be implemented through local authority education services to support young carers in schools. These will assist with identifying and supporting young carers in school settings. Here is a list of the action points which are most pertinent to schools: - By 2012, if they have not already done so, local authority Education Services will wish to revisit their policies, procedures and approaches for identifying young carers in schools, to reflect the impact of current policy and legislation, including the Curriculum for Excellence and the Supporting Children’s Code of Practice. - By 2012, if they have not already done so, local authority Education Services will wish to explore opportunities for developing partnership working with their local schools, parents and the third sector, including young carers services in order to improve identification of and support for young carers. - The Scottish Government will work with the Scottish Young Carers Services Alliance to produce a practice guide on young carers for teachers and schools. - The Scottish Government and CoSLA will promote the use of the toolkit (2.7 MB) which has been developed to assist primary school teachers to identify and support young carers. - The Scottish Government and partners will respond to the recommendations coming from HMIe (now part of Education Scotland)’s review of the implementation of the Additional Support for Learning Act and its impact on young carers (see above). The strategy sets out how its production dovetails with the 4 capacities which form the foundation of the Curriculum for Excellence and Scottish Government’s child-centric approach, Getting It Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) The Curriculum for Excellence aims to achieve a transformation in Scotland by providing a coherent, more flexible and enriched curriculum from 3-18. With the full implementation of CfE from August 2010 everyone within a learning community, whatever their contact with children and young people, will share responsibility for creating a positive ethos and climate of respect and trust where attention is given to all pupils’ wellbeing. CfE provides opportunities and support that is tailored to the needs of the individual learner, so that every child and young person can develop the attributes, knowledge and skills they will need if they are to flourish in life, learning and work and to be effective contributors, successful learners, confident individuals and responsible citizens More detail can be found here Getting It Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) – is a fundamental way of working across all statutory and Third sector services and is the delivery mechanism for improving outcomes for children and young people. It is a partnership approach that puts the child, including those with caring responsibilities at the centre. It identifies and builds on existing family and community supports to promote all children and young people’s wellbeing and improve outcomes. GIRFEC promotes a co-ordinated and unified approach to identifying concerns, assessing needs, agreeing actions and outcomes, based on the Well-being Indicators More information can be found here

<urn:uuid:ebbdb184-769d-4901-b9f8-d5d39c08a504>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://professionals.carers.org/text-only/professionals/young-carers/articles/current-guidance-on-young-carers-for-schools-scotland,3096,PR.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698354227/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095914-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Contact: Kendra Snyder American Museum of Natural History Caption: Tyrannosaurus rex, shown in this artistic illustration, is part of the carnivorous groups of dinosaurs that, according to new research, maintained a stable level of biodiversity leading up to the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. Credit: AMNH/J. Brougham Usage Restrictions: Can be used as long as appropriate credit is given. Related news release: Were dinosaurs undergoing long-term decline before mass extinction?

<urn:uuid:84bbbf0f-fc37-4c74-9651-751222036106>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/43057.php?from=210877

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703748374/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112908-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Skip to main page content (AccessKey S) Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty lived from 1611 to about 1660. He was a writer and translator, best known for his translation of the works of François Rabelais. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline. Thomas Urquhart was born into a long-established family of landowners in Cromarty. At the age of 11 he became a student at King's College, Aberdeen, and subsequently toured the Continent, returning to Scotland in 1636. These were troubled times, and on 20 May 1639, Urquhart was among the Royalists led by the Marquis of Huntly who put to flight Covenanter forces which had been occupying Turriff since February. This engagement became known as the Trot Of Turriff, and for his part in it, Urquhart was knighted by Charles I. In 1642 Sir Thomas Urquhart inherited his father's large estates, and even larger debts. He spent some time on the Continent trying to avoid his creditors, and on his return in 1645 published Trissotetras a mathematical work. In 1648, Urquhart took part in a Royalist uprising against Cromwell's forces in Inverness and was declared a traitor by parliament. In 1650 he supported of Charles II, and marched with him to eventual defeat at the Battle of Worcester. Urquhart was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London, losing his manuscripts and having his estates confiscated. While still a prisoner, Urquhart published two further books, one a work about genealogy. In 1652 he was paroled by Cromwell and returned to Cromarty. The following year he published Logopandecteision, in which he described his plan for the perfect universal language, and attacked his creditors for preventing him from completing the construction of such a language. At about the same time he also published his most celebrated work, his translation of François Rabelais, the French Renaissance writer of fantasy and satire. Sir Thomas Urquhart subsequently returned to the Continent, where little is known about his movements. He is thought to have died in 1660, according to one story as a result of a fit of laughing brought on by hearing the news of the restoration of Charles II. Sir Thomas Urquhart is remembered today in an exhibition (with a life size model) at the Cromarty Courthouse, an excellent community run museum in his home town.

<urn:uuid:e6bc38b2-78ef-4e3a-9c71-fa53a232673a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/u/thomasurqhart.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436824/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

You may have heard this story before. It has been said that that because the high priest could be killed by God in Holy of Holies if not properly prepared according to Divine instructions, a rope was routinely tied around his ankle. Then, if he dropped dead, his body could be dragged out. Various versions of this claim have been repeated in Christian and Jewish circles. As yet, we have not located the original source, but apparently it originated long after the last Jewish Temple was gone. The biblical and historical evidence indicates that there was no rope, at least not in any common use. Dr. W.E. Nunnally, a professor of Hebrew and early Judaism, has reported: The Biblical Studies Foundation (loosely associated with Dallas Theological Seminary), similarly reports that their research has put the “the rope around the ankle-or-waist-or-maybe-the-leg” legend “to rest.” They also point out that Aaron was to wear a blue ephod with bells on its hem (Exodus 28:31-35), when he entered the Holy Place (not the Holy of Holies) (Leviticus 16:2-4). When he enters the Holy of Holies, he washes and wears special linen garments, not the ephod with bells. “If there are no bells to jingle, there is no need for the rope either.” A Messianic Jewish Fellowship points out the potential difficulty of dragging a dead priest out of the Holy of Holies: [ If this information has been helpful, please prayerfully consider a donation to help pay the expenses for making this faith-building service available to you and your family! Donations are tax-deductible. ] Author: Paul S. Taylor, Films for Christ. Copyright © 2002, Films for Christ, All Rights Reserved - except as noted on attached “Usage and Copyright” page that grants ChristianAnswers.Net users generous rights for putting this page to work in their homes, personal witnessing, churches and schools.

<urn:uuid:b8a3bc99-efb3-4a5b-a2f3-512b4da7a2dd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://christiananswers.net/q-eden/anklerope.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704117624/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113517-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Probiotics are living microorganisms that can be ingested to exert health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Interest in developing probiotics for a wide range of gastrointestinal disorders and other diseases has increased. Christian Mottet, MD, and Pierre Michetti, MD, provided commentary in the January 2005 issue of Digestive and Liver Disease, describing some promising results and highlighting the need for more substantive clinical trials to support probiotic use. In studies of inflammatory bowel disease, positive results have been observed with a probiotic mixture for preventing the onset or relapse of pouchitis and preventing the relapse of ulcerative colitis. Mixed results have been obtained in studies of Crohn's disease. Probiotics may function by competing with, and modulating, the gut microflora. New data, however, suggest that the mode of action in at least some instances may be related to effects on the mucosal immune system or that certain DNA structural motifs rather than microbial metabolites can elicit beneficial effects. Although the potential exists for significant therapeutic benefits from probiotics, the challenge is to understand their mechanisms of action and to identify appropriate strains and mixtures to achieve those benefits.

<urn:uuid:a25984e4-71ab-4feb-902f-ecb32987434b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.pharmacytimes.com/print.php?url=/publications/issue/2005/2005-03/2005-03-9361

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382851/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00029-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This week, San Antonio will host the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), an organization of scientists from academic institutions, government, and industry who practice toxicology in the U.S. and abroad. Toxicology is the study of poisons. One of the oldest adages of toxicology (from Paracelsus, who is considered the father of toxicology) is that the dose makes the poison. I’ve always found this to be one of the most interesting things about the field – that literally anything can be toxic at a high enough dose. Toxicologists examine the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem, including the prevention and amelioration of such adverse effects. Given the number of large petrochemical and refining industries in Texas, the state is no stranger to dealing with toxics of all sorts. Over the years, emissions of toxics in the state have declined overall, but new challenges have risen, including increased drilling for natural gas and strengthened health-based standards for some pollutants. These topics and more will be covered at the upcoming toxicology meeting. Some of the sessions most applicable for clean air policy in Texas include: - Diesel and Gasoline Exhaust and Cancer - Human Health and Environmental Concerns around Natural Gas Production Using Hydraulic Fracturing - “Air”-ing on the Side of Caution: Anticipating Impacts of Emerging Issues in the Health Effects of Air Pollution I look forward to learning more about the latest significant scientific achievements in toxicology and how such knowledge can enhance EDF’s work – ultimately improving the health of all Texans through better air quality advocacy.

<urn:uuid:3e9e1649-3a5a-497f-bbc4-d5048084f0f9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blogs.edf.org/texascleanairmatters/2013/03/11/largest-meeting-of-toxicologists-in-the-world-held-in-texas/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382185/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

We can use about to mean ‘concerning’ I have heard all about it. There is nothing we can do about it. The great thing about her is that she never gives up. We can use about to mean ‘approximately’. We can also use around for this but about is less formal. About six hundred people were present. About half the people agreed. Come round at about six. We can use How about and What about to make suggestions. What about asking Tom? How about leaving that for the time being? What about a break? We can also use What about ( but not How about) for more genuine questions. What about the workers? Have you thought about them? What about the dog? What do we do with her? We use about and on to talk about the subject of a discussion. We use on for more formal situations.. They talked about the bad economic situation. He gave a lecture on the economy. About can mean ‘here and there’. She is always out and about. He sits about doing nothing. They go about interviewing the public. Just about means ‘almost’. I have just about finished. I have had just about enough of him and his patronizing tone. The money we get will just about pay for the new equipment. Be about to means that something is on the point of happening. I am about to change jobs. He is about to give in his resignation. Please listen carefully. i am about to say something important. Here are some useful expressions using about no doubt about There is no doubt about his ability but he doesn’t work well with other people. bring about change We need to bring about change quickly or the company will go bankrupt. everybody is talking about it Everybody is talking about the argument they had. be asked about I am often asked about how I became so successful. speak to them about You need to speak to them about this and make sure they never do it again. anything I can do about it? Is there anything I can do about my financial situation? i’m concerned about Simon. He is acting very strangely. We can only speculate about what happened. We will never know for sure. about to change I am not happy with what has been happening. I must warn you that things are about to change around here. know a lot about Ask Sally. She knows a lot about that. What are you two whispering about? Little is known about what happened. I know you have just been to Hawaii. I want to hear all about it. keep your wits about you Be very careful. There are lots of thieves around. Keep your wits about you.

<urn:uuid:340b9537-a1a2-4c42-8d7d-08470e6a7b32>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://grammar-teacher.com/word-grammar-about/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|A Nymphaea caerulea flower in Mauritius| Reports in the literature by persons unfamiliar with its actual growth and blooming cycle have suggested that the flowers open in the morning, rising to the surface of the water, then close and sink at dusk. In fact, the flower buds rise to the surface over a period of two to three days, and when ready, open at approximately 9–9:30 am and close about 3 pm. The flowers and buds do not rise above the water in the morning, nor do they submerge at night. The flowers have pale bluish-white to sky-blue or mauve petals, smoothly changing to a pale yellow in the centre of the flower. Floral symbolism The flower is very frequently depicted in Egyptian art. It has been depicted in numerous stone carvings and paintings, including the walls of the famous temple of Karnak. It is frequently depicted in connection with "party scenes", dancing or in significant spiritual / magical rites such as the rite of passage into the afterlife. Nymphaea caerulea was considered extremely significant in Egyptian mythology, since it was said to rise and fall with the sun. Consequently, due to its colourings, it was identified, in some beliefs, as having been the original container, in a similar manner to an egg, of Atum, and in similar beliefs Ra, both solar deities. As such, its properties form the origin of the lotus variant of the Ogdoad cosmogeny. It was the symbol of the Egyptian deity Nefertem. Properties and uses In modern culture, blue lotus flowers are used to make various concoctions including blue lotus tea, wine and martinis. Recipes for such drinks involve steeping or soaking the petals, about 10–20 grams for up to three weeks. Blue lotus 'tea' is prepared by boiling the entire flowers for 10–20 minutes. Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have mild psycho-active properties. It may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Eating Blue Lotus can act as a mild sedative. Nymphaea caerulea is distantly related to, and possesses similar activity to Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and aporphine. The mildly sedating effects of Nymphaea caerulea makes it a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey. Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing heightened awareness and tranquility. Some sources cite it as an antispasmodic similar to copal resin. See also - Nymphaea lotus, the Egyptian white water-lily - Nymphaea nouchali, the star lotus - Sacred Weeds, a Channel 4 TV series examining the effects of various psychoactive plants (including the Blue lily) on volunteers - "Nymphaea caerulea information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-04. - Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05120-8. Unknown parameter Media related to Nymphaea caerulea at Wikimedia Commons

<urn:uuid:b340eba2-0718-4984-8083-a37bc656794d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700014987/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102654-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Cities have seen guerilla gardens, rooftop honey production, and fire escape chicken coops. Now, urban farmers may be adding aquaculture to the mix. Headed by ex-banker Christopher Toole, the Society for Aquaponic Values and Education in the Bronx, New York, raises tilapia in tanks and trashcans. Closed recirculating systems use the waste from the fish to fertilize herbs like mint and basil. Toole and his girlfriend and partner, Anya Pozdeeva, envision a future where neighborhood fish like “Bronx Best Blue Tilapia” become a thriving local industry. Efforts from Toole and other New York tilapia pioneers like NYU professor Martin P. Schreibman may represent the future of fish. As cities grow, and wild fish stocks dwindle to near-depletion by 2050, the urban production of hardy, freshwater species like the tilapia could be a sustainable way for city-dwellers to have their fish and eat it too. Urban aquaculture faces some steep hurdles before becoming a profitable venture. Similar small-scale city fish farms have flopped over costs and lack of demand. However, there is one bright spot: In China, which has practiced fish farming since 2,000 BC, indoor recirculating aquaculture is doing a booming business. Photo via Blue Ridge Aquaculture.

<urn:uuid:47050f8a-0cda-4092-aa76-ac2e377ccf7d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nextnature.net/tag/manufactured-animals/page/5/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701806508/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105646-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Business, especially large multinational corporations (MNCs), have de facto become a key part of the fabric of global environmental governance. In their role as investors, polluters, innovators, experts, manufacturers, lobbyists, and employers, corporations are central players in environmental issues. The recognition by governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that large firms are not just polluters, but also possess the organizational, technological, and financial resources to address environmental problems, has stimulated consideration of ways to harness and direct these resources toward desirable goals. This acknowledgment of corporate potential has occurred, not entirely coincidentally, in a period of growing concern at a “governance deficit” at the international level. Business has stepped into this breach with increasing enthusiasm. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the largest multisector business association in the United States, has forcefully asserted a role as a legitimate actor in climate governance, based on societal dependence on business resources: Industry’s involvement is a critical factor in the policy deliberations relating to climate change. It is industry that will meet the growing demands of consumers for goods and services. It is industry that develops and disseminates most of the world’s technology…. It is industry, therefore, that will be called upon to implement and finance a substantial part of governments’ climate change policies (International Chamber of Commerce, 1995). During the 1990s, much of the energy of North American business, particularly in sectors related to fossil fuels, was directed toward preventing an international regime to impose caps on emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). More recently, business has adopted a more and its responsibility for addressing the issue. A recent report from Ceres, a coalition of investors, firms, and environmental organizations, typifies the emerging optimistic view: Companies at the vanguard no longer question how much it will cost to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but how much money they can make doing it. Financial markets are starting to reward companies that are moving ahead on climate change, while those lagging behind are being assigned more risk… Shareholders and financial analysts will increasingly assign value to companies that prepare for and capitalize on business opportunities posed by climate change (Cogan, 2006). Ceres lists five key ways in which many companies are responding more positively to climate change: they are establishing climate change task forces to integrate responses across functions, divisions, management levels, and countries; they are articulating their positions in their communications with the public and policymakers; they are disclosing climate-related risks and opportunities in financial and other documents; they are developing accounting systems for tracking emissions and projecting savings relative to a baseline; and they are incorporating climate change into strategic planning processes that affect resource allocation for research and development, production, and marketing. High-profile corporate initiatives, such as “Beyond Petroleum” from BP and “Ecoimagination” from GE, buttress the view that business is taking climate change seriously. These initiatives generally entail substantial public relations and advertising efforts to re-brand the companies as green, particularly around climate change, combined with substantial investments in research and development for low-emission technologies and products. Corporate action appears to be diffusing rapidly. The Pew Center and The Climate Group, two organizations dedicated to promoting business action on climate change, have documented positive steps taken by numerous companies as well as the consequent financial and environmental benefits. Several private initiatives have been established to create carbon-trading systems among participating companies. The World Bank Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) was established in 2000 as a public-private partnership between a few national governments, including the Netherlands, Sweden, Japan, and Canada, and 26 companies, including Hydro-Québec, Daimler-Chrysler, Shell-Canada, BP-Amoco, and numerous Japanese firms. The Chicago Climate Exchange opened in October 2003 with 22 members, including American Electric Power and Ford. The members have committed to reducing emissions from North American operations by one percent a year for four years, and can engage in trading to meet those commitments. All this corporate activity presents a significant paradox, as global GHG emissions are still accelerating and many countries are likely to miss their Kyoto targets. Some have claimed that corporate actions are primarily public relations efforts with little substance, though the detailed case studies by Pew, World Resources Institute (WRI), and other groups do substantiate real investments and organizational changes. Of course, it will take time for corporate investments to bear fruit, and some sectors will find it harder to achieve emission reductions than others; Ceres notes that climate change is still widely ignored in major industrial sectors such as coal and airline companies. More puzzling is the resurgence of corporate political activity in the United States against climate policy initiatives, particularly those emerging at the state level. The U.S. auto industry, despite the introduction of new hybrid models in 2006, continues to oppose raising CAFE standards or their extension to heavier vehicles, and is vigorously contesting efforts by California and New York to exert direct regulatory control over vehicular carbon emissions. Corporate lobbying has been implicated in the withdrawal by Massachusetts from a proposed Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in early 2006. The Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), an industry think tank began running ads in May 2006 attacking the concept of carbon dioxide as a pollutant. Another business-oriented group, the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), has been developing model legislation at the state level to limit regulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and claims almost a third of all legislators in the country as participants. The remainder of this article traces the history and current state of business responses to climate change and explores in more depth the paradoxical contrast between, on the one hand, a beehive of business activity on climate change, and on the other, continued business opposition to mandatory measures despite accelerating emissions. The argument advanced here is that North American business is prepared to take action consistent with a weak, fragmented, and largely voluntary carbon regime; indeed, North American business has been instrumental in constructing this regime. These actions include considerable organizational and technological preparations for a carbon-constrained future, but they envisage a long-term transition that does not immediately threaten core business activities. However, as North American policy initiatives shift to the state level, business in affected sectors is organizing to oppose regulatory initiatives likely to become models for more stringent and mandatory federal policy. History of Corporate Responses to Climate Change Climate change presents a profound strategic challenge to firms. Despite the considerable attention given to potential economic opportunities, the primary issue facing many sectors is the “regulatory risk” of higher costs for fuels and other inputs, and lower demand for energy-intense products. Measures to control the emissions of GHGs most directly threaten sectors that produce and depend on fossil fuels, including coal, oil, autos, and airlines. Other energy-intense sectors include cement, paper, and aluminum. Companies also face considerable competitive risk as changes in prices, technologies, and demand patterns disrupt sectors and entire supply chains. Investments in research and development are highly risky, as low-emission technologies, such as those for renewable energy, frequently require radically new capabilities that threaten to undermine the position of existing companies and open the industries to new entrants. Moreover, the unpredictable path of technological evolution makes the task of choosing among competing technologies a treacherous business. It is therefore not surprising that a wide range of sectors responded aggressively to the prospect of regulation of GHG emissions. During the 1990s, U.S.-based companies were particularly active in challenging climate science, pointing to the potentially high economic costs of greenhouse gas controls and lobbying government at various levels. Businesses from across the range of affected sectors formed a strong issue-specific organization, the Global Climate Coalition, to coordinate lobbying and public relations strategies. Meanwhile, U.S. energy and auto companies invested little in new technologies that could deliver short- to medium-term reductions in emissions. European industry was far less aggressive in responding to the issue and displayed a greater readiness to invest in technologies that might reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These divergent strategies defy simple explanation, particularly in the oil industry, where companies on both sides of the Atlantic are large, integrated multinationals with similar global profiles and strategic capabilities. Studies of the oil and automobile industries have pointed to the institutional environment of these firms as important determinants of their strategic responses. Corporate strategies are driven by perceptions of economic interest that are mediated by the different cultural, political, and competitive landscapes in the United States and Europe. Expectations concerning markets, technologies, regulatory responses, consumer behavior, and competitor reactions varied among the companies according to their individual histories, the location of their headquarters, and membership in particular industry organizations. Senior managers of European companies tended to believe that climate change was a serious problem and that regulation of emissions was inevitable, but were more optimistic about the prospects for new technologies. U.S. companies, by contrast, tended to be more skeptical concerning the science, more pessimistic regarding the market potential of new technologies, and more confident of their political capacity to block regulation. Moreover, several large U.S. companies in the oil and auto industries had lost substantial amounts of money in investments in renewable energy and electric vehicles in the 1970s, and were very reluctant to repeat these experiences. By 2000, a convergent trend could be discerned as key firms on both sides of the Atlantic moved toward a more accommodative position that acknowledged the role of GHGs in climate change and the need for some action by governments and companies. In the oil and automobile industries, companies were beginning to invest substantial amounts in low-emission technologies, and were engaging a variety of voluntary schemes to inventory, curtail, and trade carbon emissions. No obvious dramatic scientific, technological, or regulatory developments can account for these changes, but Levy has pointed to a number of factors that produced some convergence in corporate perceptions of the climate issue and their interests. Most significantly, multinational corporations (MNCs) are located in global industries with cognitive, normative, and regulatory pressures inducing some measure of convergence. The impact of MNCs’ countries of origin on corporate strategies is likely to diminish over time as industries become more international in scope. Given the keen awareness of interdependence, companies are likely to copy each others’ moves to prevent rivals gaining undue advantage. Industry interdependence also takes a collaborative form within industry associations and in a number of alliances and joint ventures. Executives read the same trade journals and the same studies of industry trends. The emergence of climate change as a “global issues arena” itself constitutes an institutional context that provides some convergent pressure. MNCs have little choice but to develop unified company-wide positions toward such issues, even when some subsidiaries dissent from the corporate stance. Indeed, most of the large MNCs in the automobile and oil sectors have formed internal, cross-functional “climate teams” for precisely this purpose. The senior managers responsible for climate-related strategy know each other well and meet regularly at the international negotiations and at other conferences and industry-level activities. The shift in the position of U.S. industry can also be linked to changing competitive dynamics, strategic miscalculations, the evolution of new organizations supportive of a proactive industry role, and the diffusion of “win-win” discourse articulating the consonance of environmental and business interests. Efforts by the Global Climate Coalition (GCC) and other industry groups to challenge the science sometimes produced a damaging backlash. Environmental groups in Europe and the United States issued a number of reports that noted industry support for some climate skeptics, and attempted to frame the issue as big business using its money and power to distort the scientific debate. The growth of new organizations committed to a climate compromise further undermined the GCC’s claim to be the voice of industry on climate. Eileen Claussen, a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Environmental Affairs and negotiator at the climate change negotiations, formed the Pew Center on Global Climate Change in April 1998. The Pew Center provides not only a channel of policy influence for member companies, but also a vehicle for legitimizing the new position. Other companies in sectors associated with low-carbon technologies have increasingly exerted their collective voice. The Business Council for Sustainable Energy, for example, which has affiliates in the United States and Europe, represents insulation manufacturers and the fragmented renewable energy sector. Increasingly, however, it has attracted larger companies engaged in natural gas and electronic controls, including Honeywell, Enron, and Maytag. These organizational realignments have been accompanied by the growth of the “win-win” discourse of ecological modernization and a broader acceptance of the precautionary principle. The need to reconcile economic strategy with the case for precautionary action makes win-win language very attractive. Ecological modernization puts its faith in the technological, organizational, and financial resources of the private sector, voluntary partnerships between government agencies and business, flexible market-based measures, and the application of environmental management techniques. The concept is reinforced by claims of significant cost savings, such as BP’s announcement in January 2003 that its success in reducing emissions by 10 percent relative to 1990 had also generated $600 million in cost savings. The win-win paradigm is a key discursive foundation for a broad coalition of actors supporting the emerging climate compromise. A number of environmentally-oriented business associations, such as the Business Council for Sustainable Energy and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, have adopted this language. Influential environmental NGOs in the United States, especially the World Resources Institute and Environmental Defense have initiated partnerships with business to pursue profitable opportunities for emission reductions. Governmental agencies find win-win rhetoric attractive for reducing conflict in policymaking. In the United States, the joint EPA/Department of Energy Climate Wise program describes itself as “a unique partnership that can help you turn energy efficiency and environmental performance into a corporate asset”. On the economic level, competitive pressures and interdependence have compelled companies to respond to each other’s moves. For example, Toyota’s commercial launch of the Prius, a hybrid electric-small-gasoline engine car, in the Japanese market in 1998, took the industry somewhat by surprise. Most U.S. executives were initially dismissive of the prospects for the car in the United States, recalling that GM’s electric vehicle had generated much attention but very few orders when the car was launched in late 1995. Nevertheless, the U.S. auto companies were nervous that they might fall behind a competitor, and announced plans for their own hybrid vehicles, a number of which were launched in 2006. In the oil industry, Exxon’s recalcitrant position can perhaps be explained in terms of idiosyncratic firm-specific factors. A highly-regarded internal scientist has played a leading role in the company’s climate strategy, the company’s tightly centralized structure has allowed for few dissenting voices, and its strong financial position provides little pressure for change. Texaco, by contrast, felt compelled to reevaluate its strategy as oil prices fell below $15 a barrel at the end of the 1990s. Recently, however, even Exxon appears to be softening its stance. Current Business Positions on Climate Change Among the many indicators of corporate response are reports by outside organizations that rate firms or document their achievements. Three of these are analyzed here: reports by the environmental group Ceres, The Climate Group, and the Pew Center on Global Climate Change’s Business Environmental Leadership Council (BELC). These reports have different criteria for inclusion and evaluation, but overlap in coverage helps to provide a reasonable indicator of corporate responses. Cogan profiled 100 of the largest firms in 10 carbon-intense industries from energy, industrial, and transportation sectors. All firms have significant U.S. operations, but are headquartered in various countries, except for the electric power industry, which includes U.S. firms only. Cogan assessed corporate governance on climate change based on board oversight, management execution, public disclosure, emissions accounting, and strategic planning. The companies were scored with a 100-point checklist, with a mean score of 48.5. |Table 1: Top Ten Firms in Corporate Governance, Rated by Ceres.| |BP||Oil and Gas||United Kingdom||90| |Royal Dutch Shel||Oil and Gas||Netherlands||79| |AEP||Electric Power||United States||73| |Cinergy||Electric Power||United States||73| |Statoil||Oil and Gas||Norway||72| The Climate Group describes the achievements of 74 companies that have made measurable progress on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or other climate-related action and have benefited financially from doing so. The data is derived mostly from the companies themselves, and inclusion is based on cooperation. The Pew Center’s Business Environmental Leadership Council (BELC) is a membership organization. Membership requires a commitment to supporting climate change science and the responsibility of the business community to take action. Their website lists company profiles, goals and achievements. Joining the Pew Center is a response strategy that was originally an action in opposition to the anti-Kyoto Global Climate Coalition. |Table 2: Bottom Twelve Firms in Corporate Governance, Rated by Ceres.| |Williams||Oil and Gas||United States||3| |Murphy||Oil and Gas||United States||6| |Phelps||Dodge Metals||United States||6| |El Paso||Oil and Gas||United States||9| The Ceres rankings point to the relatively poor performance of North American companies. Note that the emphasis here is on management and reporting rather than emissions. The “top ten” list includes four companies from North America, five from Europe, and one from Japan (Table 1). North American firms are somewhat underrepresented among the best performers, and all the bottom twelve companies are from the United States (Table 2). Ceres also found significant differences between industries. In general, chemicals, electric power, and automotive firms have the highest scores; air transport, food, coal, and oil the lowest; and industrial equipment, metals, and forest products in the middle. However, the differences between firms within industries are much greater than the differences between industries: the oil industry contains both the highest and lowest scores. In the oil industry, four European companies (BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Statoil, and Total) all rank well above their North American counterparts in climate governance. BP, Total, and Shell have documented real reductions in carbon emissions and both BP and Shell are members of the BELC. In contrast, among U.S. oil companies, only Chevron ranks above average on the Ceres report, only Sunoco is a member of the Pew group, and no U.S. oil firm appears in The Climate Group study. Similarly, the London-based coal and minerals company Rio Tinto scores above average on Ceres and is a member of the BELC, while no U.S. coal producer has any positive indicators in terms of corporate response to climate change. The metals and mining industry clusters into three groups, but not purely along home country lines. The aluminum industry is dominated by North American firms. Alcan in Canada and Alcoa in the United States both rate highly in climate leadership, participate in the Business Environmental Leadership Council, and have documented large reductions in GHG emissions below 1990 levels. Three overseas steel firms, Nippon of Japan, BHP Billington in Australia, and Anglo American in the United Kingdom, have above average Ceres scores; and the U.S. steel industry plus Mittal Steel of the Netherlands have very low Ceres scores. The good performance of aluminum manufacturers can be explained, in part, by the high energy intensity of the traditional process, which presents more opportunities for reducing GHG emissions and for cost savings. The automotive industry also groups into three clusters, largely on the basis of nationality. Japan-based Toyota and Honda rate well, according to Ceres, and have large emission reductions documented by The Climate Group; U.S.-based Ford and General Motors are above average according to Ceres, and GM has modest achievements in the Climate Group report; the German manufacturers Daimler, Volkswagen, and BMW all have below average Ceres scores. In contrast with these indicators, it is noteworthy that the European Union has much more stringent fuel-efficiency standards than either the United States or Canada, and European manufacturers as a group use advanced diesel technology and lighter cars to achieve substantial efficiency improvements. Several companies and sectors have ambiguous indicators. For example, Japanese auto manufacturer Nissan has a corporate governance score below the German manufacturers the lowest-rated automaker by Ceres. Yet it has documented reductions in GHG emissions that place the company on par with the highly-ranked Toyota and Honda. Among industrial equipment manufacturers, large U.S. and European firms (Swiss ABB, GE, and UTC in the United States) are noted for their corporate governance, but poorly-ranked Caterpillar has documented greater GHG reductions than UTC, while ABB and GE do not appear in The Climate Group report. These inconsistencies point to the difficulty in assessing and comparing corporate responses to climate change. Probing the Paradox While North American companies increasingly realize that climate change is a long-term issue to which they will need to develop market and technological responses, in the short term they face a weak and fragmented regime that offers only modest economic incentives for strong action. The emerging international climate regime comprises a relatively loose system of international governance involving significant contestation as well as collaboration among states, firms, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multilateral institutions. Within this system, states act as economic agents concerned about their competitiveness, while firms are important political actors with significant policy influence. The fragmentation and flexibility of the current governance system has facilitated its evolution but is also a fundamental source of weakness. The specific mechanisms and targets agreed by the parties to the Kyoto Protocol helped to bring reluctant countries on board and accommodate industry opposition. The main elements of the Protocol include mandatory-but-modest emission targets, which are substantially weakened by broad and flexible mechanisms for implementation and weak enforcement. The inclusion of carbon sinks introduces considerable uncertainty and room for creative accounting, and the ability to buy carbon credits in international emission trading schemes enables countries of the former Soviet Union to sell large amounts of “hot air” credits. The Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation further reduce the burden of adjustment. Many argue that Kyoto is fast becoming irrelevant, and that the more significant regime structures are growing organically from the initiatives of NGOs, companies, and authorities at multiple levels. More than half the states in the United States are addressing climate change in some manner; many are drafting climate change action plans and enacting renewable portfolio standards, which require a growing percentage of electricity generation to be from renewable sources. Eight northeastern states are implementing an ambitious regional carbon cap-and-trade system for power generators. California’s legislature in 2002 began the process of regulating carbon emissions from automobiles; New York and nine other states have announced their intention to follow suit. The European Trading Scheme (ETS), a carbon cap-and-trade system, commenced operation in January 2005 and covers the power, iron, steel, glass, cement, ceramic, pulp, and paper industries. While the momentum of this fragmented multi-faceted regime is clearly gathering pace, there is not yet a firm regulatory or economic incentive for firms to adopt radical changes in their strategies. Initial trades on the Chicago Climate Exchange have been priced very cheaply, at just under $1 per ton of carbon dioxide, suggesting that the cap is not very stringent. The RGGI program in the northeastern United States will most likely include a safety valve designed to prevent the price of carbon credits from exceeding $10 a ton, which is insufficient to drive substantial innovation or efficiency measures. Unlike the ETS, RGGI only covers the power sector and has modest emission reduction goals, consisting of stabilization in the 2009 to 2015 period, and annual cuts of 2.5 percent thereafter. In Europe, carbon prices have fallen to around $15 per ton after spiking in 2005. The efforts of European oil companies exemplify the paradox of substantial climate-related activity with little fundamental change. BP and Shell have each committed to invest more than $1 billion in renewable energy, and have been particularly active in promoting their efforts in the media. Nevertheless, these new businesses are minuscule in comparison with their core oil and gas operations, which continue to grow. Oil multinational corporations (MNCs) on both sides of the Atlantic have converged on the view that constraints on carbon are not likely to present a serious threat. Oil production is expected to peak around 2020 to 2030, with a slow subsequent decline; at higher prices, vast reserves of oil shale and deeper ocean sources become viable. All the oil companies are well diversified into natural gas, the demand for which is booming—primarily for power generation, while renewables are not expected to pose a major threat before mid-century due to cost and infrastructure limitations. Oil is used primarily for transportation, with no commercially feasible substitutes on the horizon, and any improvements in fuel efficiency are more than offset by growth in vehicle sales and miles traveled, particularly in developing countries. Biofuels such as ethanol from corn can slowly be incorporated into existing infrastructure and business models. Air transportation is also growing rapidly, and in any event is not covered by Kyoto. Much of the corporate activity on climate change is stimulated by the perception of long-term market opportunities in new high-margin, low-emission products and technologies, as well as cost savings from lower energy use. The development of markets for trading carbon credits presents a further stimulus. Several groups, such as the Investor Network on Climate Risk and The Climate Group, have played an important role recently in highlighting the financial risks and opportunities facing various sectors and encourage companies to assess and manage these risks rather than ignore them. A more proactive stance is likely to provide companies with some protection against litigation and damage to their reputation and litigation, as well as more influence in shaping the detailed mechanisms of climate-governance systems, such as allocation and trading of carbon credits. Some substantial business opportunities clearly do exist. The rapid growth of markets for renewable and clean energy, and for energy efficiency, is one example. Global markets for wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), and fuel cell power are growing at an annual rate of approximately 20 percent, and are forecast to reach $115 billion by 2015, from a 2005 base of only $24 billion. Markets for associated electronics, materials, construction, and services will also experience rapid growth. The global market for energy efficiency products, currently estimated at $115 billion, is projected to grow to over $150 billion by the end of this decade. These markets, however, present substantial market and technological risks, and many of the small firms active in these areas are currently in a precarious financial position. In other sectors, the incentives for action are even less clear. In the insurance industry, for example, despite rising insured losses that many attribute to climate change, major North American firms are reluctant to take action on the issue due to a tradition of conservatism, relying on the federal government for disaster relief, and the lack of clear financial benefits from action. When the United States first agreed to a binding international agreement in Geneva in July 1996, it provided an explicit assurance that industry interests would be integrated into the climate regime. Chief negotiator Tim Wirth promised that the United States would pursue “market-based solutions that are flexible and cost-effective,” and that “meeting this challenge requires that the genius of the private sector be brought to bear on the challenge of developing the technologies that are necessary to ensure our long-term environmental and economic prosperity”. The emergent regime is sufficiently weak and flexible that it does indeed accommodate most business concerns about short-term disruption to markets, and many firms appear willing to engage in substantial organizational and technological efforts to work toward a long-term carbon-constrained future. their bets by investing in long-term alternatives while acting to preserve the value of their technological and market assets in the short to medium term. Simultaneously, however, the locus of regulatory activity is moving to the state level in the United States, and when these policy initiatives threaten to impose more stringent caps on emissions and to create a model for national regulation, business is reverting to its oppositional stance of the 1990s. It remains to be seen whether the current skirmishes are the beginning of round two of the climate wars. - An, F., and Sauer, A. 2004. Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and GHG Emission Standards around the World. Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. - Anderson, P., and Tushman, M. L. 1990. “Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: a cyclical model of technological change.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35:604-633. - Begg, K. G., van der Woerd, F., and Levy, D. L. 2005. The Business of Climate Change. Sheffield, U.K.: Greenleaf. ISBN: 1874719578 - Casten, T. R. 1998. Turning Off the Heat. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN: 1573922692 - Cerny, P. G. (1997). “Paradoxes of the Competition State: The Dynamics of Political Globalization.” Government and Opposition, 32(2):251-274. - Chen, M.-J., and Miller, D. 1994. “Competitive attack, retaliation and performance: an expectancy-valence framework.” Strategic Management Journal, 15:85-102. - Christensen, C. M. 1997. The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. - Cogan, D. G. 2006. Corporate Governance and Climate Change: Making the Connection. Boston: Ceres. - Corporate Europe Observatory. 1997. The Weather Gods: How Industry Blocks Progress at Kyoto Climate Summit. Amsterdam: Corporate Europe Observatory. - Dudek, D. J. 1996. Emission Budgets: Creating Rewards, Lowering Costs and Ensuring Results. New York: Environmental Defense Fund. - Gelbspan, R. 1997. The Heat is On. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 0738200255 - Greenblatt, A. 2003. “What Makes ALEC Smart?” Governing (October), 30-34. - Grubb, M., Vrolijk, C., and Brack, D. 1999. The Kyoto Protocol: A Guide and Assessment. London: RIIA/Earthscan. ISBN: 1853835811 - Haas, P. M. 2004. “Addressing the Global Governance Deficit.” Global Environmental Politics, 4(4):1-15. - Hajer, M. A. 1995. The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN: 019829333X - Hakim, D. 2005a. “Battle lines set as New York acts to cut emissions.” New York Times, Nov. 26. p. A1. - Hakim, D. 2005b. “Fuel Economy Plan Is Seen Omitting Rule for Big S.U.V.’s.” New York Times, Aug. 16. p. D1. - Hamilton, K. 1998. The Oil industry and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. - Hart, S. L. (1997). “Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable World.” Harvard Business Review, 75:66-76. - Haufler, V. (2006). Insurance and Reinsurance in a Changing Climate. Paper presented at a conference on Climate Change Politics in North America, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, May 18, 2006, Washington, D.C. - International Aluminium Institute. 2006). IAI Statistics, May 2006. Accessed June 6, 2006. - International Chamber of Commerce. 1995. Statement by the International Chamber of Commerce before COP1, March 29, 1995, Berlin. - Lee, J. 2003,. “The warming is global but the legislating, in the U.S., is all local.” New York Times, October 29, 2003, electronic edition. - Leggett, J. 2000. The Carbon War: Dispatches from the End of the Oil Century. London: Penguin Books. ISBN: 071399360X - Levy, D. L. 2005. “Business and the evolution of the climate regime.” In The Business of Global Environmental Governance. D. L. Levy and P. J. Newell (eds.). Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN: 0262122707 - Levy, D. L., and Egan, D. 2003. “A neo-Gramscian approach to corporate political strategy: Conflict and accommodation in the climate change negotiations.” Journal of Management Studies, 40(4):803-830. - Levy, D. L., and Kolk, A. 2002. “Strategic responses to global climate change: Conflicting pressures on multinationals in the oil industry.” Business and Politics, 4(3):275-300. - Levy, D. L., and Newell, P. J. 2005. The Business of Global Environmental Governance. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN: 0262122707 - Levy, D. L., and Prakesh, A. 2003. “Bargains old and new: Multinationals in international governance.” Business and Politic, 5(2):131-151. - Levy, D. L., and Rothenberg, S. 2002. “Heterogeneity and change in environmental strategy: technological and political responses to climate change in the automobile industry.” In Organizations, Policy and the Natural Environment: Institutional and Strategic Perspectives A. Hoffman and M. Ventresca (eds.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. (173-193). ISBN: 0804741964 - Makower, J., Pernick, R., and Wilder, C. 2006. Clean Energy Trends 2006. San Francisco: Clean Edge, Inc. - Margolick, M., and Russell, D. (2004). Corporate Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets. Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change/Global Change Strategies International. - Newell, P. J., and Levy, D. L. 2006. “The political economy of the firm in global environmental governance.” In Global Corporate Power. C. May (ed.), Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner. ISBN: 158826436X - Pew. 2006. Business Environmental Leadership Council (BELC) Member Companies. Accessed April 15, 2006. - Rabe, B. 2006. Second Generation Climate Policies in the American States: Proliferation, Diffusion, and Regionalization. Paper presented at a conference on Climate Change Politics in North America, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., May:2018-19. - Reinhardt, F. L. 2000. Down to Earth: Applying Business Principles to Environmental Management. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN: 1578511925 - Romm, J. R. 1998. Cool Companies: How the Best Businesses Boost Profits and Productivity by Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN: 1597261165 - Rowlands, I. H. 2000. “Beauty and the beast? BP’s and Exxon’s positions on global climate change.” Environment and Planning, 18:339-354. - Schmidheiny, S. 1992. Changing Course: A Global Business Perspective on Development and the Environment. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN: 0262193183 - Scott, W. R., and Meyer, J. W. (eds.). 1994. Institutional Environments and Organizations: Structural Complexity and Individualism. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. ISBN: 0803956673 - Slaughter, A.-M. 2004. A New World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN: 0691123977 - The Climate Group. 2005. Carbon Down Profits Up (Second Edition). Weybridge, London: The Climate Group. - UNDP. 2004. World Energy Assessment - Overview: 2004 Update. United Nations Development Programme (ed.). New York: UNDP. - U.S. DoE. 1996. Climate Wise DOE/EE-0071, EPA 230-K-95-003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. - van de Wateringen, S. L. 2005. The Greening of Black Gold. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam. - VanDeveer, S., and Selin, H. 2006. Climate Leadership in Northeast North America. Paper presented at a conference on Climate Change Politics in North America, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, May 18, 2006, Washington, D.C. - Wellington, F., and Sauer, A. 2005. Framing Climate Risk in Portfolio Management. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. - Wirth, T. E. 1996. Statement by Timothy E. Wirth, Under Secretary for Global Affairs, on behalf of the United States of America, at the Convention on Climate Change, second Conference of the Parties, July 17, 2006. Geneva, Switzerland: United States Mission, Office of Public Affairs. - Zabarenko, D. 2006. “Carbon dioxide... we call it life, TV ads say.” Reuters, May 17, 2006. Accessed at Environmental News Network, September 8, 2006. Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the The Canada Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the The Canada Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.

<urn:uuid:6cd88ea5-b4a5-409f-915f-2b2fadc7106d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Business_strategies_and_climate_change,_United_States

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700438490/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103358-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Faculty of Jewish Studies The Office of the Campus Rabbi Parashat Metzora 5757 The Torah and Science Section Professor Yishayahu Nitzan The Faculty of Life Sciences The disease gonorrhea is mentioned in the Torah in Parashat Metzora which we read this week. Chapter 15 of Leviticus deals entirely with the laws of both males and females afflicted with gonorrhea and as we shall see further on the disease as we know it today is consistent with the description of the male sufferer of gonorrhea. Verses 2 and 3 tell us: "... any man who has a running issue out of his flesh (because of) his issue he is unclean. And this will be his uncleanliness when he has this issue, whether his flesh is running with the issue or his flesh is stopped up by the issue, it is his uncleanliness". Rashi comments : "The issue is similar to the water of dough made from barley, and it is dissolved, and similar to the white of an egg which has not become rotten". Rashi's explanation differentiates between the physical appearance between gonorrhea and an issue of semen, according to Rav Huna in the Talmud (Niddah 35b). Gonorrhea is not related to an issue of semen and the Torah itself makes the distinction between the two in verse 16 where the emphasis is on the law dealing with someone who has had an issue of semen. There we find the following: "And if a man has an emission of semen then he shall bathe all his flesh in water and he will be unclean until the evening". Rav Huna explains (Niddah 35b) that gonorrhea, unlike an issue of semen, comes from dead flesh, that is when the member has no hardness. Maimonides and the Tashbetz both add that gonorrhea is not emitted with difficulty nor is there in its emission any passion or pleasure but simply an emission which seeps out. Rashi, Ibn Ezra and the Rashbam describe two discernible types of gonorrhea, one is a clear issue, similar to saliva, which comes out drop after drop, and this is what is called that "his flesh is running" with the issue, and a second form which is a thicker emission which congeals and stops up the flow from the body, and this is called "his flesh is stopped up". What is gonorrhea and what do we know of it? Gonorrhea is a contagious pus inflammation which causes a bacterial infection especially of the genitals. The disease is caused by negative specks in the body which are transmitted through sexual contact. It is contagious in men and women alike. The symptoms of the disease appear in men since the male sexual organ is external whereas the female sexual organ is internal. In males a saliva-like pus emission begins to appear anywhere between two to seven days from the time of infection. The emission carries the bacteria within white cells. Gonorrhea was already known in antiquity and even then doctors were aware of the connection between sexual contact and the transmission of the disease. The common wisdom of ancient medicine and of the doctors of the Middle Ages was that this disease brought about a weakening of the tubes which transmit the sperm making them unable to contain the sperm any longer. Only since the seventeenth century has it become clear to doctors that the substance emitted by the patient afflicted with Gonorrhea is pus and not semen. As we saw above the Torah had already made that distinction. Rav Huna in his comments in tractate Niddah (35b) simply sharpens and defines the difference which was already well known to our sages who understood that there was no connection between gonorrhea and an emission of semen. Returning to the ways in which gonorrhea is transmitted, as we know them today, we find that, in fact, most cases are transmitted through sexual contact. However it is possible to find cases of direct transmission of the pus on the dirty hands of a patient to his own eyes or those of someone else. This also makes it possible for a newborn baby to be infected with gonorrhea when passing through the birth canal of an infected mother. This gonorrheal infection can cause blindness (opthalmia neonatorum). In the past another form of indirect contagion existed through the washing of infants using the same washcloths some of which were infected with the gonorrhea bacteria or through contact with pyjamas, towels or sponges which had previously been infected. It is noteworthy that the Torah suggests a hygienic method of preventing the transmission of gonorrhea. In verse 11 we find: "And anyone that he who has the issue touches, if he has not washed his hands in water, then he shall wash his clothes and bathe himself in water and he shall be unclean until the evening". Further on in verse 12 it adds: "And any earthen vessel which he who has the issue touches shall be broken and every wooden vessel shall be rinsed in water". In females, as we have already explained, the symptoms are not parallel to those seen in male. The concept of gonorrhea in women does not relate to the emissions from the womb or the vagina which can also occur in healthy women. In verse 19 we read: "And if a woman has an issue, and her issue in her flesh is blood...", on which Rashi comments: "Her issue is not considered an issue to cause uncleanness unless it is red", meaning that it contains blood. The Torah provides another example concerning women (verse 25): "And if a women has an issue of her blood for many days which it is not at the time of her menstruation, etc." A woman who has gonorrhea is one who has an emission of blood whether at its proper time in her regular menstrual cycle - when she is called a "niddah", or when it is not at the regular time and the bleeding is from the womb and then she is called "zavah". Other non-bloody emission do not constitute uncleanness, and as we know there are many types of emission in the life of a woman when no blood is visible and she is not a "zavah", not considered to be infected with gonorrhea. The weekly Torah portion is distributed with the assistance of the President's Fund for Torah and Science.

<urn:uuid:b51475d9-6740-4352-a039-1df6ec30d961>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/metzora/nitzan.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698150793/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095550-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

with Neotropical Migratory Birds Scientists have long noticed that birds feed intensely as air pressure falls. They apparently have an inborn barometer that is extraordinarily sensitive. This is a handy adaptation for all birds, even non-migrants, because storms usually are associated with falling pressure, and birds have a hard time getting food during a storm. The sooner they can predict a storm before it hits, the more time they have to prepare. Scientists also have known for a long time that migrating birds fly at different altitudes than non-migrating birds, and maintain this altitude even on moon-less nights when they can't see the ground at all. How do they maintain a particular altitude? Many scientists suspect that this is also due to their ability to "feel" air pressure. Studies have proven that birds are extremely sensitive to small changes in air pressure, comparable to differences of only 5 to 10 meters in altitude. Recognizing air pressure is also handy because birds often migrate along frontal systems, and changing air pressure is one of the first signs that a front is coming. High pressure systems often have clear skies, which make using celestial navigation easier, and flying on high pressure days may even help "buoy" birds up a bit. The Big Question do birds judge air pressure? Scientists don't know!! They do have a couple of guesses. One is that birds may be able to detect it through their inner ear. We detect large changes in air pressure in our own inner ear when we make a fast change in altitude--that's when our ears "pop." Another guess is that the birds detect air pressure somehow though the huge air sacs that connect to their lungs and fill much of the space inside how barometric pressure changes with the weather. Over the period of at least 3-4 days, students record the barometric pressure. This should be done as often as 3-4 times during the school day. (Ideally students could also be assigned to keep these records during off-school hours for these 3-4 days.) Tip: Keep your eye on the weather map! Try to time this activity when a storm is approaching. B. After observing how pressure changes over time, study weather maps. Track high and low pressure systems, associated wind directions, and cold and warm fronts for two weeks. Then discuss: Why would knowing the air pressure be important to birds? What would this information tell birds? C. Design a barometer--or actually build one. How could you build a tool to help you measure air pressure? This! Discussion or 1. How might sensing an oncoming storm help birds? 2. How might air pressure help or hinder birds in flight? 3. If you were to fill 2 balloons with helium, one when air pressure is high and one when it's low, predict what will happen if you kept them in your classroom for several days. How many days does each balloon stay buoyant? Is there a difference? Why? (Try it and find out!) 4. Some scientists say that animals can sense an earthquake before it hits. Do you think this is possible? How might animals do this? Which might be more likely to sense an oncoming earthquake--a mammal or a bird?

<urn:uuid:2a75646b-7380-4198-8858-18dcb508b5e1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/NeotropLesson7.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701445114/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105045-00011-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

By Alex Daley and Doug Hornig The development of converged networks is one of the hottest trends in technology today. Packets, packets, it's all about the packets… Broadly speaking, what the term means is the unification of all communications and broadcast media – from telephone calls, to television, to the Web – onto a single platform, allowing businesses to roll out new services to customers and end users with no change to the underlying network. Reducing capital costs while providing the flexibility to allow anything from multiway, real-time, synchronous communications (eight-way Skype video call, anyone?) to cloud storage and asynchronous communication (think visual voicemail and seven seasons of Weeds on Netflix) – that's the goal, and the challenge. We have always been a mobile society. Don't like it where you are? Pull up your roots and plant them someplace else. Not an option? Then just import enough goods to transform the place you find yourself into something resembling where you'd like to be. Over the past couple of centuries, major technological advancement was tied largely to two things: moving people and things more efficiently from place to place, i.e., through railroads, steamships, automobiles, aircraft; and communicating over previously prohibitive physical distances, i.e., via telegraph, telephone, radio, TV, and Internet. It's the latter that's of interest here. Early long-distance communication was accomplished over wires and undersea cables. Radio and TV changed that, though being unidirectional they were limited to the entertainment sphere and to local arenas only. Before the advent of commercial satellites, it was simply not possible to reach more than a small area with a single broadcast. Hence the build-out of cable television networks. Cable growth was slow but steady, from a few thousand subscribers in the early 1950s to nearly 16 million by the end of the 1970s. That accelerated in the mid-1980s, after the passage of the Cable Act. The result: over 110 million global subscribers (about a quarter of them in the US), just a fraction of the 4 billion televisions in over 2.1 billion households worldwide – the balance using satellite and terrestrial broadcast. The phone system evolved the opposite way, born hard-wired and remaining so much longer. Many of us can easily remember when "party lines" were common; you needed an operator to call outside your immediate area; phone numbers had only five digits; and Superman could easily find a booth in which to liberate his cape. Phones were a wonderful modern convenience, but expensive, cumbersome, and static-ridden. And there was nothing for the guy or gal on the go. An enormous mobile communication niche was just sitting there, waiting for someone to fill it. Cellphone antecedents date back a half-century, but the real deal didn't arrive until 1997, with the release of the first pocket flip phone. That's barely fifteen years ago. Since then, there has been a technological explosion unprecedented in human history. Nothing has ever caught on, worldwide, as fast and as furiously. Motorola eventually sold 60 million of its first clamshell phones. Not bad for a new product. But consider the estimated number of worldwide mobile subscriptions at the end of 2011: 5.9 billion. That's one phone for every 1.2 human beings on planet Earth, with parity expected no later than 2014 (parity, of course, does not mean that every living person has access to a mobile phone). The next problem, however, was that each communications medium had been tailored to do only one thing. Telephone systems were built on the principle of circuit switching for much of their history. One wire meant one conversation. Or one slice of wireless spectrum meant one phone call (anyone who had an early cellphone that was cloned illegally and who received big bills for calls never made can remember those days). As demand for services increased, innovation brought ideas like time division, where 4 or 8 or 16 parties could share a circuit without knowing it was happening. But the network was still only a voice network. Cable was much the same. You could watch television channels, but you couldn't use the same wire for anything else. New features like pay per view were added, but it was still just a television network. Then along came the Internet, with technology that was revolutionary in its simplicity. It divided information up into little packets and could ship those packets – containing virtually any kind of data – anywhere. At first the systems were slow, allowing transmission of simple text documents and maybe some small images. But as demand for services exploded – Net users grew from about 50 million in 1996 to an estimated 2.1 billion by the end of 2011 – so did the speed of the networks behind them. As the "all-digital, all-the-time" world unfolded at roughly the speed of light, innovations tried to keep pace. People began making phone calls on Skype, surfing the Web on their big flat screens, and watching last night's TV shows on their computer monitors. Increasingly, it was all about the transmission of data packets, whether for research, business, entertainment, market transactions, or whatever. And, depending on your perspective, as a cable or telephone executive it was either the biggest threat to your business imaginable or the biggest opportunity since the original. Businesses of all kinds responded to the latter, and something incredible began happening. Suddenly, cable-television operators were in the business of selling telephone services. Telephone companies were selling digital television services. And everyone was selling Internet connections. The race was on for traditional suppliers with wired networks to upgrade their equipment, change out their networks, and make them all packetized – fully Internet Protocol (IP) ready. Yet, for over a decade, one "legacy" provider was too busy to really even notice the Internet. Mobile-phone providers were grappling with the fastest-growing business of all time – three times faster than global Net access growth. Trying to squeeze every last bit out of their growing networks, they invested in highly specialized equipment, much like cable and television operators before them. There was demand, of course, for Web access on the go. So they rigged up connections, referred to as Web Access Protocol or "WAP," between the Internet and their networks. But the technology was slow and cumbersome. Customers demanded something better. As the Web, email, Internet video, and the like became more pervasive, more and more users began to look to their mobile-phone providers to give them access. The answer came in 2007, when Apple introduced the iPhone. It wasn't the first of its kind – smartphones have been around in one form or another since 1993, when IBM introduced Simon – but it was the first to hit the market at top speed… and it never look back. Did Steve Jobs envision what would happen next? Maybe. But the public response probably exceeded even his expectations. A few numbers: 13% – the smartphone share of the world mobile market; 78% – the percentage of worldwide mobile data traffic that is consumed by smartphones; 472 million – estimated number of smartphones sold worldwide in 2011; 982 million – worldwide estimated smartphone sales in 2015, a mere eight years after the iPhone's introduction. Data speeds on wireless have exploded as well, jumping from the kinds of speeds a dialup connection could have garnered you in 1995 to near broadband today. Now, with LTE and WiMAX, users can connect wirelessly with their phone, laptop, and/or tablet, watch a few Netflix movies, make phone calls, download presentations for the office, and much more. All of this has required a massive investment from wireless companies in retooling and upgrading their networks – more than $100 billion globally per year. Beyond the popularity explosion and the wildly proliferating number of apps available anywhere, anytime, many people are now envisioning where this is leading. Imagine that you get up in the morning and turn on your phone (at some point we're going to have to invent a more descriptive term for this amazing device). You connect to your home WiFi system, check your email, see what gold has done overnight, make a Skype call to the Singapore branch of the company, and order flowers sent to one of your colleagues for her birthday. You're on the phone with your boss when you move outside, and you're immediately transferred to the cellular network. Your conversation never drops. On the way into the city, your carpool gets caught in a traffic jam and you're running a little late, which means you'll miss the start of that 8:30 teleconference with Chicago and L.A. No problem – you just join it by smartphone (via a hands-free headset, of course). Once into your building, you're automatically switched to the local network there. By the time you reach your desk, the teleconference is proceeding on your office computer and you haven't missed a word. We aren't there yet. But we're getting very close. The convergence of all these communications services requires tons of new hardware, plenty of highly specialized software, and a whole heck of a lot of bandwidth, otherwise known as "channel capacity," which is the maximum throughput of a logical or physical path in a digital communication system. Colloquially, this is known as the "pipe," through which all things flow. The fatter the pipe, the more you can send down it. The old dialup-modem download standard of 56 kilobits per second (Kbps) just doesn't cut it. DSL and cable modems that allowed for download speeds in single-digit megabits per second (Mbps) were an improvement and enabled things like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) to take off, but were simply not ready to handle video. And for serious converged voice/data/video transmission, dozens of megabits all the way up to gigabits per second (Gbps) will have to become the new normal. On the backbone, to support the wants of this burgeoning user base, speeds must aggregate to much higher numbers if we are not to have the digital equivalent of a twenty-car pileup on the highway, day in and day out. To meet these needs, 10 Gbps pipes were introduced in 2003, and the first 100 Gbps optical transmission technology was shipped to commercial customers last year. One company we follow in Casey Extraordinary Technology is showing bonded channels with 500 Gbps capacity and up. (Alex Daley, senior editor of Casey Extraordinary Technology and chief technology investment strategist for Casey Research, will be discussing companies like these at the upcoming Recovery Reality Check Summit, as well as a host of other high-profit potential investment opportunities in tech. A limited number of seats are available, and there's a $125 discount if you reserve before March 31.) And, just as the telephone system went wireless with explosive growth and wireless continues to dominate the television landscape, so the future of the converged network is wireless, too. But to get there, we have even further to go speed-wise. While home and business users are now mostly enjoying speeds strong enough to support this converged ideal, mobile is still behind. For example, PC Magtested various smartphones last June in different parts of several cities. Maximum download speed topped out in Dallas, at 14.98 Mbps for a third-generation (3G) service, which is what most people have. Max on a Verizon 4G came in at 37.66 Mbps. Average speeds were, however, much lower – generally in the 1-3 Mbps range – for the 3Gs. This is simply not fast enough to support the full range of applications. However, things are changing quickly. Most industry observers believe that the future of wireless lies with a technology dubbed LTE, which is shorthand for "3GPP Long Term Evolution for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System." Providers call LTE their fastest, most advanced network. But it's not just the next generation of wireless; it's an ongoing, evolving technology, one that will continuously improve over time. It's poised to become the standard for cellular networks for the next decade, if not beyond. In that same PC Magtest, users of 4G service – which is rolling out in a handful of cities around the US as we write – were getting sustained data speeds up to 15.75 MB, beyond what a cable Internet subscriber in most markets could expect just five years ago (and what many still receive today). LTE represents a paradigm shift, from hybrid voice + data networks to data-only networks, where voice is handled with the same technology as cable telephony and Skype. Network operators that are deploying it want to replace everything else they have with it. It must be able to handle voice calls and text messaging, as well as Internet services. Trouble is, LTE was designed with data only in mind. So a new VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) solution had to be developed. A couple of different ones were tried, but the one that stuck was VoLTE-IMS (Voice over LTE via IP Multimedia Subsystem), or simply VoLTE. VoLTE supports text messaging and high-quality speech encoding, which will provide clearer calls. It also has the potential to support video calling, but no standard for that exists as yet. Verizon plans to roll out handsets with VoLTE late this year or early next. AT&T will offer its own version in 2013. Mobile tech will probably never supplant wire-based data systems for applications that demand the utmost in speed. And even LTE cannot deliver that seamless, all-encompassing experience described earlier. But it's taking some intermediate steps. LTE will utilize a technology known as MIMO (multiple in, multiple out), which means that devices have multiple connections to a single cell. That increases the stability of the connection, reduces latency, and increases the total throughput of a connection. MIMO is what allows 802.11n WiFi to reach speeds of 300-400 Mbps, or some ten times that of mobile. Expect mobile to close the gap. Overall, there are plenty of bugs still to be flushed out as true unified data delivery moves toward reality. Many innovators are working hard on the problems, because the companies that can successfully ride the wave of network convergence – and we hold some of the most promising ones in the CET portfolio – are going to do very well indeed. "Enemy" App Created for Facebook (The Chronicle of Higher Education) Dean Terry wants Facebook to be more like real life. So with a lot of help from a couple of students, the college professor created EnemyGraph, an application that allows you to tag any Facebook friend, user of the app, or any page or group on Facebook as an "enemy." The basic idea behind the app is that people form connections with others based on their mutual dislikes in addition to their mutual likes. And relationships can be enhanced and conversations created when two friends disagree on what they like. Terry is just trying to add this bit of reality to the fairy-tale world that is social media today. In case you are interested, the current top enemies are Rick Santorum, followed by Justin Bieber and Westboro Baptist Church. But keep in mind that the app is relatively unknown still, so sample sizes are very small. Lie to Me (Futurity) Computer scientists at the University of Buffalo have developed a new computer lie-detection method that tracks eye movements and correctly detects deceit 82.5% of the time – better than expert human interrogators typically achieve. Fighting Cancer with Nanoparticles and Magnetism (ScienceDaily) Scientists at the University of Georgia have used nanoparticles and alternating magnetic fields to kill head and neck cancerous tumor cells in mice in the time it takes Domino's to deliver a pizza – and without harming healthy cells. Poo Power (PopSci) Employees of the Denver Zoo, along with some outside help, have modified a motorized rickshaw to run on animal dung and garbage. And that's just the beginning. The zoo plans to use the technology to generate power at its upcoming ten-acre elephant exhibit. Eventually, the zoo thinks it will be able to turn 90% of its waste into energy, making use not only of the copious amounts of animal poo it has on hand but also eliminating some 1.5 million pounds of annual garbage waste that previously went into landfills.

<urn:uuid:10e0f660-609e-4de8-9424-044f3645de73>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.caseyresearch.com/cdd/converged-networks-unstoppable-tech-trend?quicktabs_casey_stock_simple_tabs=second

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705956734/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120556-00072-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

One of the things that strikes me about discussions of climate change, especially from those who dismiss it as relatively harmless, is a widespread lack of understanding on how non-linear systems behave. Indeed, this seems to be one of the key characteristics that separate those who are alarmed at the prospect of a warming climate from those who are not. At the AGU meeting this month, Kerry Emanuel presented a great example of this in his talk on “Hurricanes in a Warming Climate”. I only caught his talk by chance, as I was slipping out of the session in the next room, but I’m glad I did, because he made an important point about how we think about the impacts of climate change, and in particular, showed two graphs that illustrate the point beautifully. Kerry’s talk was an overview of a new study that estimates changes in damage from tropical cyclones with climate change, using a new integrated assessment model. The results are reported in detail in a working paper at the World Bank. The report points out that the link between hurricanes and climate change remains controversial. So, while Atlantic hurricane power has more than doubled over the last 30 years, and model forecasts show an increase in the average intensity of hurricanes in a warmer world, there is still no clear statistical evidence of a trend in damages caused by these storms, and hence a great deal of uncertainty about future trends. The analysis is complicated by several factors: - Increasing insurance claims from hurricane damage in the US have a lot to do with growing economic activity in vulnerable regions. Indeed, expected economic development in the regions subject to tropical storm damage means that there’s certain to be big increases in damage even if there were no warming at all. - The damage is determined more by when and where each storm makes landfall than it is by the intensity of the storm. - There simply isn’t enough data to detect trends. More than half of the economic damage due to hurricanes in the US since 1870 was caused by just 8 storms. The new study by Emanuel and colleagues overcomes some of these difficulties by simulating large numbers of storms. They took the outputs of four different Global Climate Models, using the A1B emissions scenario, and fed them into a cyclone generator model to simulate thousands of storms, comparing the characteristics of these storms with those that have caused damage in the US in the last few decades, and then adjusting the damage estimates according to anticipated changes in population and economic activity in the areas impacted (for details, see the report). The first thing to note is that the models forecast only a small change in hurricanes, typically a slight decrease in medium-strength storms and a slight increase in more intense storms. For example, at first sight, the MIROC model indicates almost no difference: Note particularly that at the peak of the graph, the model shows a very slight reduction in the number of storms (consistent with a slight decrease in the overall frequency of hurricanes), while on the upper tail, the model shows a very slight increase (consistent with a forecast that there’ll be more of the most intense storms). The other three models show slightly bigger changes by the year 2100, but overall, the graphs seem very comforting. It looks like we don’t have much to worry about (at least as far as hurricane damage from climate change is concerned). Right? The problem is that the long tail is where all the action is. The good news is that there appears to be a fundamental limit on storm intensity, so the tail doesn’t really get much longer. But the problem is that it only takes a few more of these very intense storms to make a big difference in the amount of damage caused. Here’s what you get if you multiply the probability by the damage in the above graph: That tiny change in the long tail generates a massive change in the risk, because the system is non-linear. If most of the damage is done by a few very intense storms, then you only need a few more of them to greatly increase the damage. Note in particular, what happens at 12 on the damage scale – these are trillion dollar storms. [Update: Kerry points out that the total hurricane damage is proportional to the area under the curves of the second graph]. The key observation here is that the things that matter most to people (e.g. storm damage) do not change linearly as the climate changes. That’s why people who understand non-linear systems tend to worry much more about climate change than people who do not.

<urn:uuid:6ef933c9-0cd3-4324-b270-f82eed5de511>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2011/12/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698017611/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095337-00025-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Plants In Arches National Park Photograph by brewbooksFlikr Desert plants, since they are rooted in place, must cope with extremes in temperature, water availability and solar radiation physiologically rather than behaviorally. In fact, surface temperatures in direct sunlight are commonly 25 to 50 degrees F warmer than the air temperature six feet above. Most desert plant adaptations seem to be geared towards minimizing water loss: a difficult task since plants must "breathe" (collecting Carbon Dioxide from the air) in order to photosynthesize, losing body water to the atmosphere in the process. Drought escapers are plants that make use of favorable growing conditions when they exist. These plants are usually annuals and complete their life cycles in a matter of days or weeks when water is plentiful enough for them to do so. Seeds may lie dormant for years if conditions are not favorable. Most grasses are "escapers," as are the spring wildflowers that sometimes bloom during April and May. Drought resistors are typically perennials. Many perennials have small, spiny leaves which reduce the impact of solar radiation; others may drop their leaves when water is unavailable. Spines and hairs on leaves act as a buffer against warm air currents, limiting the amount of water lost to evaporation. Plants also use "solar tracking" to regulate their exposure to the sun. Cacti store water within their bodies and have extensive, shallow root systems that are able to soak up rainwater quickly. Yucca have extensive tap roots that are able to use water beyond the reach of other plants. Moss, a plant not commonly associated with deserts, thrives because it can tolerate complete dehydration: when rains finally return, the plant greens up almost immediately. Another extreme adaptation can be found in the utah juniper tree, one of the most common plants in the southwest. During a drought, junipers can self-prune, shutting off water flow to one or more their branches in order to conserve enough water for the rest of the tree to survive. Drought evaders take advantage of wetter "micro climates" found in the desert. Monkey flower, columbine, easter flower, and ferns are found in well-shaded alcoves near seeps or dripping springs. Cottonwood, willow and cattail all require lots of water, and only grow in riparian areas where their roots can reach the water table easily. Did you like this page? Did you find it helpful? Please consider sharing.

<urn:uuid:6338e80c-7bbd-445f-80c6-7042758741cd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.travelwest.net/canyonlands-plants

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703489876/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112449-00084-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Oct. 8, 2010 Plants use specialized protein complexes to collect the light that drives photosynthesis. Researchers at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet in Munich have now identified a protein that is necessary for the assembly of one such complex. The discovery could lead to improved crop yields and might even form the basis for new types of solar cells. Photosynthesis is the process used by plants to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into the energy-rich chemicals upon which all life-forms depend. The energy trapped in these compounds comes from sunlight, and photosynthetic organisms -- plants, algae and certain types of bacteria -- capture this energy in a usable form with the help of protein complexes called photosystems. Photosystems include antenna proteins that collect incident light, and green plants have two sorts of photosystems, which respond best to light of different wavelengths. A team of researchers at LMU, led by Professor Dario Leister, has now identified a protein named PAM68 that is essential for the assembly of Photosystem II in green plants. The protein is also found in photosynthetic cyanobacteria, but there it serves a different function. "It turns out that PAM68 itself does not form part of the functional photosystem II at all," says Leister. In the longer term, the new finding may make it possible to improve the yields of important crops and might even form the basis for new types of solar cells. The research is published online in the journal Plant Cell. Photosynthesis can be thought of as the central pillar of the biosphere, because this set of biochemical reactions provides the oxygen and energy-rich foodstuffs upon which other organisms, including humans, subsist. The energy for the process comes from sunlight, and is captured by molecules that act as solar collectors in photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, algae and cyanobacteria. "All of these organisms possess two different photosystems, each of which responds most efficiently to light of a particular wavelength," says Professor Dario Leister of the Department of Biology I at LMU Munich. The photosystems consist of light-absorbing chlorophyll pigments and a variety of proteins. "Assembly of these multiprotein complexes takes place in several steps and requires the participation of specific accessory proteins," explains Leister. In their latest study, he and his team set out to identify assembly factors necessary for correct formation of photosystem II in the model plant thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and in the cyanobacterial species Synechocystis. They showed that a previously unknown protein, which they called PAM68, interacts with several of the components of photosystem II and is required to put the functional complex together. "PAM68 is found in both the plant and the cyanobacterium," Leister points out, "but it has quite different functions in the two organisms." In both cases, the newly discovered assembly factor is essential for the first steps in the construction of Photosystem II. In thale cress mutants that lack PAM68, however, these early intermediates accumulate. Inactivation of the cyanobacterial protein, on the other hand, actually facilitates the assembly of larger complexes. Strikingly, although it is required in the building of Photosystem II, PAM68 is not a member of the fully assembled, functional complex. "This is one case where the whole is less than the sum of the parts," says Leister. The new work has uncovered common features of plant and bacterial photosynthesis, but also points to distinct differences between the two. "In the long term, a comprehensive understanding of the function of Photosystems I and II should enable us to utilize solar energy more efficiently," says Leister. It could, for instance, contribute to the development of artificial systems that mimic photosynthesis, perhaps leading to new types of solar cell. The new results will also be of interest to agronomists, as they suggest that it should be possible to produce more robust strains of crop plants that can cope with higher levels of light stress and produce better yields. At all events, Leister and his team will continue their quest for the new factors involved in photosystem assembly. (CA/suwe) Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: - U. Armbruster, J. Zuhlke, B. Rengstl, R. Kreller, E. Makarenko, T. Ruhle, D. Schunemann, P. Jahns, B. Weisshaar, J. Nickelsen, D. Leister. The Arabidopsis Thylakoid Protein PAM68 Is Required for Efficient D1 Biogenesis and Photosystem II Assembly. Plant Cell, 2010; DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.077453 Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

<urn:uuid:aa62282c-999b-4b13-b00c-19432bdb534e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101007103658.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704590423/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114310-00035-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Whistleblower Protection Act The U.S. has a law commonly known as the Whistleblower Protection Act. Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 is a United States federal law that protects federal whistleblowers who work for the government and report agency misconduct. A federal agency violates the Whistleblower Protection Act if agency authorities take (or threaten to take) retaliatory personnel action against any employee or applicant because of disclosure of information by that employee or applicant. Whistleblowers may file complaints that they believe reasonably evidences a violation of a law, rule or regulation; gross mismanagement; gross waste of funds; an abuse of authority; or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety. Authorized Federal Agencies - The Office of Special Counsel investigates federal whistle-blower complaints. In October 2008, then-special counsel Scott Bloch resigned amid an FBI investigation into whether he obstructed justice by illegally deleting computer files following complaints that he himself had retaliated against employees who disagreed with his policies. Then-Senator Obama made a campaign vow to appoint a special counsel committed to whistle-blower rights. It was not until April 2011 that Obama administration appointee Carolyn Lerner was confirmed by the Senate. - The Merit Systems Protection Board, a quasi-judicial agency that adjudicates whistle-blower complaints, uses appointed administrative law judges who often back the government. Since 2000, the board has ruled for whistle-blowers just three times in 56 cases decided on their merits, according to a Government Accountability Project analysis. Obama appointed a new chairperson and vice chairperson with backgrounds as federal worker advocates, but Tom Devine of GAP says, "It's likely to take years for them to turn things around." - The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, only court empowered to hear appeals of whistle-blower cases decided by the merit board, has been criticized by Senator Grassley (R-Iowa) and others in Congress for misinterpreting whistle-blower laws and setting precedent that is hostile to claimants. Since Congress last revised the Whistle-blower Protection Act in 1994, the court has ruled for whistle-blowers in only three of 203 cases decided on their merits, GAP's analysis found. |By Peter Eisler, USA TODAY | 03/15/2010 Legal Cases The U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of Garcetti v. Ceballos, 04-473, ruled in 2006 that government employees do not have protection from retaliation by their employers under the First Amendment of the Constitution when they speak pursuant to their official job duties. The U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) uses agency lawyers in the place of "administrative law judges” to decide federal employees’ whistleblower appeals. These lawyers, dubbed “attorney examiners,” deny 98% of whistleblower appeals; the Board and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals give great deference to their initial decisions, resulting in affirmance rates of 97% and 98%, respectively. Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act ||This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011)| The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act was introduced in 2009 by Senator Daniel Akaka (D-Hawaii) to amend federal personnel law relating to whistleblower protections to provide that such protections shall apply to a disclosure of any violation of law, except for an alleged violation that is a minor, inadvertent violation that occurs during the conscientious carrying out of official duties. Senator Akaka has introduced similar bills in the 107th, 108th, 109th, and 110th Congresses and every effort to pass the law has failed. Although a stronger version of the bill had been introduced and twice passed the House of Representatives (see H.R. 985 introduced in the 110th Congress and H.R. 1507 in the 111th Congress), the Senate repeatedly refused to adopt the stronger House version. During the 2008 presidential campaign, several candidates, including then-Senator Barack Obama, pledged to support the stronger House version of the bill (H.R. 985) if elected president. In July 2009, Senator Akaka proposed a controversial amendment to S. 372 that further weakened the bill and contained several provisions that were insisted upon by the powerful federal agency managers lobby and the Obama administration. Despite campaign promises to support the stronger House bill, after the election, President Obama disappointed many when his administration actively supported the weaker Senate bill and Obama administration officials helped craft some of the controversial provisions contained in the Senate mark-up version of the bill in 2009. The Senate sponsors of S. 372 delayed presenting the controversial bill for full Senate approval until the latter stage of the lame-duck session of the 111th Congress. The Senate version of the WPEA contained only modest reforms of whistleblower rights and actually contained a few provisions that would have made it more difficult for federal employees to bring whistleblower claims. The Senate bill differed substantially from the House version and the delay tactics by the Senate sponsors of S. 372 ensured that the House was given only a take-it-or-leave-it option to take up the weak Senate bill. When the House finally considered the weaker Senate bill on the last day of the 111th Congress, the bill's sponsors needed a two-thirds vote to pass the bill on the House suspension calendar. Lacking the votes necessary to pass the weaker Senate bill, and to avoid objections raised by Republicans to the intelligence agency protections, the House sponsors of the Senate bill stripped out all protections for intelligence agency and FBI employees. The WPEA was killed in the Senate on December 22, 2010, when a senator placed an anonymous hold on the bill. On the Media and the Government Accountability Project have organized a grassroots effort using the Internet to attempt to determine which senator placed the anonymous hold. As of March 14, 2011[update], only three senators had not denied placing the anonymous hold: Jon Kyl (R-AZ), Jeff Sessions (R-AL), and Jim Risch (R-ID). The bill was reintroduced in the Senate with the protections for intelligence agency and FBI employees intact on April 6, 2011. National Whistleblowers Center issued a statement on Re-Introduction of Whistleblower Protection Act, expressing their concerns that the Senate's new WPEA bill provides the Merit Systems Protection Board with sweeping new powers to dismiss whistleblower cases without a hearing and to act as gatekeeper for court access. See also - Whistleblower protection in United States - False Claims Act - Federal crime - Immunity from prosecution - List of whistleblowers - Qui tam - Telephone tapping - Turn state's evidence - White collar crime - Witness intimidation - United States Federal Witness Protection Program - United States Marshals Service - High Court Trims Whistleblower Rights - McCarthy, Robert J."Blowing in the Wind: Answers for Federal Whistleblowers". William & Mary Policy Review 3:184 (2012). - "Bill Summary & Status - 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) - S.372 - All Information - THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2011. - "Blow the Whistle!". WNYC. Retrieved February 6, 2011. - Senate Reintroduces Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act - National Whistleblowers Center Statement on Re-Introduction of Whistleblower Protection Act - "Whistleblower Protection Act Information." U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. January 30, 2004. Retrieved May 3, 2007 - FAQs for filing a whistleblower appeal with the Merit Systems Protection Board and Office of Special Counsel. - OSC Form 11 for filing a whistleblower retaliation complaint.

<urn:uuid:a3ccdf28-36c5-4a21-9203-ddf6a466bfa0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower_Protection_Act

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436332/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Beau Brummell in our Regency Promenade by Nancy Mayer In our Regency Promenade today, Nancy Mayer looks at Beau Brummell. Beau Brummell (1778 – 1840) I do not like Beau Brummell and think he has been credited with more than he accomplished. George Brummell was born in 1778. His father is said to have been a private secretary to Lord North, who was prime Minister of England from 1770- 1782. It is said that his father had been a tradesman and he was determined that his children should be raised as gentry. Wikipedia says George was sent to Eton and Oxford. These institutions seemed to have turned him against books and learning, or any deep thought. He was enrolled in the 10th Hussars, the Prince’s Own, also called the Prince’s Dolls, The Prince of Wales liked to design uniforms. A majority of the officers of this regiment were heirs to peerages and or were wealthy. Brummell, like another George, George Leigh couldn’t keep up with them. He left the regiment when his father died and he had funds on hand. When George’s father died, George and his siblings divided around £65000. If invested in the funds, his share was enough to allow him to live comfortably but not extravagantly. George left the regiment at that time. The Prince of Wales met Brummell when he was in the 10th. NO one knows exactly what attracted The Prince to Brummell, though some have suggested it was the cut of his coat. Brummell advised the Prince on changes he should make to his wardrobe. Brummell is written up in the Beaux and Belles of Regency England and in a biography by Ian Kelly. Brummell didn’t really do anything. He lived the life of a young man on the town, except that all of his passions seem to have been expended on his clothes. He said that once a man was dressed he should forget about his clothes. The drive for perfection in dress started with the choice of materials and cut. He is credited with encouraging men to wash frequently and to use clean linen. He is also credited with introducing the outfit that is almost seen as a uniform of the regency – The blue coat, buff pantaloons or doe skin leathers and boots. One book I read about the period, said that Brummell used the colors of the Whigs and that mostly Whigs wore the new outfit. Those of the King’s party wouldn’t want to wear the colors of the opposition. Brummell probably did help accelerate a trend towards simplicity in men’s clothing, even if it wasn’t his sole creation. The men were already putting aside the colorful silks and satins. It wasn’t necessary for Brummell to convince all the men of the tom to follow his example, he had to convince the gentlemen’s gentlemen and the tailors. Most of all men had to be convinced that the new look was fashionable. The relationship between Brummell and The prince of Wales worsened after he was made Regent. For one thing, Brummell identified himself with the Whigs who became incensed with the Regent for not putting them back in power. Aware of this, The Regent turned towards his new friends the Tories. Brummell made a mistake that many who are close to some man in a position of power – he thought he had enough social power of his own to help him retain his place in society, even if the Regent dropped him. It is claimed that he mortally insulted the Regent, who had given him the cut direct, but loudly asking another friend, “Who is your fat friend?” With in days everyone knew that he was no longer in favor and the friendship and the invitations dried up. Not all of his friends dropped him, but quite a few did and the creditors came calling He had thought he was valued for himself and found out he had deceived himself. Finally, one evening in 1816, Brummell went to the theater with friends and slipped away to France instead of going home. Friends did help Brummell with funds at first and even obtained a position for him as a consul in France. The man who once reigned supreme in society was soon forgotten by most and ended his days more than half mad imagining he was entertaining people he had known during his heyday. A wasted life. Brummell appears in some of Heyer’s novels as well as those of other people. There is a movie about Brummell: That Charming Man. The movie is fine for men and clothes. Just remember that the movie got the shirts all wrong. Regency Promenade is written every month by Nancy Mayer, Regency researcher extraordinaire.

<urn:uuid:44f95c7d-244c-4418-89bb-707b182ff9e6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://main.thebeaumonde.com/archives/3179

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701638778/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105358-00035-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Date of this Version This study focused on integrating art and literacy in elementary classrooms, grades 2-4, to benefit students’ writing, language, visual art production and art appreciation. The curriculum linked explicitly art making and writing. Implementation in year one with newly trained teachers impacted student achievement positively. Self created pictures drawn before writing enhanced the quality of writing by presenting a physical reality and complex texturing not available to students otherwise. Both writing quality and quantity grew as compared with controls and the school district as a whole. Student artistic observation also improved but still reflected a generally low level. Achievement gains transferred into gains in standardized tests of language and reading.

<urn:uuid:85913bc0-5fbb-45d2-95ed-3d48c12a9f41>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsgpirw/5/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707439012/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123039-00062-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Issue date: 14 April 2010 The findings of a unique research project into why some young people show a dangerous interest in starting fires will be presented at the British Psychological Society's Annual Conference this week. 'Why do some young people set fires?' is the central theme of a PhD thesis by Donna Lovell from the University of the West of England. The research was part funded by Great Western Research and Avon Fire & Rescue Service which carries out one-to-one interventions with young people referred to the service due to their interest in firesetting. As part of the study Donna surveyed 321 pupils aged between 11 – 16 across the South West to investigate the prevalence and type of firesetting behaviour amongst the general population. She discovered that 65% of secondary pupils in the survey (75% of boys and 53% of girls) had been involved in fire related activities. Donna also worked closely with staff at AF&RS who provided access to young people and families involved with their Firesetters scheme. To get a better understanding of the underlying motivations and behaviour related to firesetting Donna Lovell carried out a two-year qualitative in depth study of twelve families where one or more child was involved in the intervention programme for firesetting behaviour. Her research has already been recognised at the Gore / Fire Research Excellence Awards 2009 and has been presented to the Chief Fire Officer's Association. Donna explains: “We know that fires can have devastating emotional, social and economic costs, so it is crucial that we understand how to prevent this dangerous behaviour. It is estimated that a third of car fires and half of all property arsons are carried out by youths under 18, so this is clearly an important area where more research is needed. “Many of the families I interviewed had multiple problems and their lives were very chaotic. In one case I found that the fire setting behaviour stemmed from an undiagnosed developmental disorder, and other cases related to frustration from problems at school and at home that weren't getting resolved. "Interventions that incorporate fire safety advice and detailing the consequences of firesetting can be very effective for many youths; however, there are some youths who do not respond well to interventions. These are often the result of chronic social and personal issues and unresolved frustrations. “Firesetting can also be tied up with friendships, and seeking approval. But there were also environmental aspects to some firesetting behaviour, for example the neighbourhood can be an important factor, particularly if youths have been bought up in an area where there are frequent fires set by youths. Firesetting can become normalised in these neighbourhoods. “The findings from the study suggest that many children and adolescents have an interest and involvement in fire, with some youths experimenting with fire and others being involved more frequently and taking more risks. “It is far better for a youth to learn about fire from a responsible adult rather than from their peer groups. Fire and rescue services carry out many interventions with youths and their families and are excellent role models for the young people.” Jane Carvell, Youth Intervention Manager at Avon Fire & Rescue Service explained: “Donna's work is extremely important, not only here in Avon, but nationally as juvenile firesetting in the UK is an area in which there has been very little research. “Over the last six years we have trained 30 members of staff to carry out one-to-one interventions with young people referred to us from a range of agencies. These may be very young children with an interest in fire play, through to teenagers with serious arson habits, but in many cases our staff have identified serious underlying issues that haven't been picked up by any other agencies. “While we have enjoyed successes through the Firesetters programme, the insight this research provides will allow us to focus our efforts more effectively on interventions that are proven to work. The fire and rescue services have a duty of care to the community and this valuable research will help us take steps to prevent fires with tragic outcomes happening in the first place." Donna's research paper is being presented at the British Psychological Society Annual Conference, 14 – 16 April 2010, at Stratford on Avon. For further details see: http://www.bps.org.uk/ac2010/

<urn:uuid:9a50e7ec-988e-4f63-9ef5-7460a9b5296b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://info.uwe.ac.uk/news/UWENews/news.aspx?id=1724

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704664826/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114424-00094-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

(This is an abridged version of the talk I gave at TNG's Big Tech Day in Munich, June 2012.) On the subject of ubiquitous computing devices and urban architecture A couple of basic physical rules underly the dizzying progress in electronics that we have seen over the past fifty years. Moore's Law, attributed to Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, postulates that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit of constant size doubles approximately every two years. Originally coined in 1965, Moore's law has run more or less constantly ever since. It can't continue indefinitely, if only because we're getting close to the atomic scale; a silicon atom has a Van der Waals radius of around 200 picometres, and to build circuits that mediate electron transport we need discrete atomic-scale structures. It is not obvious that we can build electronics (or other molecular structures) with a resolution below one nanometre. So it's possible that Moore's law will expire within another decade. Having said that, predictions of the imminent demise of Moore's Law within a decade go back to the 1970s. And if we can't increase the two-dimensional structure count on an integrated circuit, we may still be able to increase the number of structures by building vertically. A newer, and more interesting formulation than mere circuit count is Koomey's Law, proposed by Jonathan Koomey at Stanford University: that the energy efficiency of computers doubles every 18 months. This efficiency improvement has held true for a long time; today's high-end microprocessors require far less power per instruction than those of a decade ago, much less two or three decades ago. A regular ARM-powered smartphone, such as an iPhone 4S, is some 12-13 orders of magnitude more powerful as a computing device than a late 1970s-vintage Cray 1 supercomputer, but consumes milliwatts of power for computing (rather than radio) operations, rather than the 115 kilowatts of the Cray. Taking them together, what do these two laws imply about the not-too-distant future? The first consequence: we can expect our computing devices to be more powerful. This is no surprise — we have become used to the performance of our computers increasing by a factor of roughly 100 every decade for a long time now. If we assume another two decades before Moore's Law breaks down, then by 2022 we can expect our smartphones (or equivalents) to be as powerful as today's leading edge desktop workstations; and by 2032, to be capable of delivering peta-FLOPS of performance per processor core, with multiple cores as standard, terabytes of RAM, and multiple terabytes of non-volatile storage. Koomey's law meanwhile implies that these devices will have similar, if not better, battery life to today's equipment. Interestingly, it is not impossible that Moore's Law — the increase in circuit density — will taper off before Koomey's law — the increasing performance per watt of power — follows suit. In this case, our computing devices will be somewhat more powerful, but vastly more energy efficient. This will tend to drive compute-intensive applications towards massively parallel architectures. It's unlikely that we'll see Koomey's law taper off before Moore's law comes to an end: if only because a failure to improve power efficiency as we increase component counts will result in circuits that dissipate disproportionately more heat. We've been here before and it doesn't end well. Another side-effect of a slowdown in Moore's law is that as we near the limits of semiconductor node resolution, the fab lines in use will be amortized over very long production runs: if we can't move to a smaller node size because of the laws of physics, then existing node sizes will be exploited and the pressure to compete on performance will be replaced by pressure to compete on price. So the most probable outcome I can see is that we will be entering an era of small, ultra-low-power wireless devices. I'm thinking in terms of RFID tags that are actual processor units — microprocessors with associated storage that are electrically powered by the radio frequency radiation that gets data into them, and modulate the radiation they re-emit to broadcast output from whatever programs they run. Or maybe they'll be powered by solar cells. Either way, they'll be churned out in such vast numbers that the price tends towards euro-cents. What can we do with them? Or rather, what will be done with them? As a science fiction writer, I like scribbling crude calculations on the back of an envelope and seeing where they take me. Let's start with a current generation low power microprocessor aimed at consumer tablet devices and smartphones — the NVidia Tegra 3. At a 40 nanometre node size, it has four ARM Cortex A9 processor cores, running at 1 to 1.5Ghz, along with a low power GPU. I don't have a figure for power consumption, but as it's a smartphone or tablet processor, it's likely to be on the order of 1 watt. In raw performance it's probably about as powerful as a desktop processor from a decade ago. NVidia's road map runs approximately three years into the future, by which time the fourth generation of this architecture should be established — they're promising roughly 75 times the performance of their 2010-vintage Tegra 2 series processor. I'm picking on this processor purely because it's a useful reference point. If you have an Android tablet or high end smartphone today, this is the sort of processor that's running it. What does 20 years of Koomey's law — on diminishing power consumption — get us, if we hold the performance side of the equation constant? 20 years of a process that doubles every 18 months gives us around 13 generations, or a factor of 10,000 increase. In this case it corresponds to a ten-thousand-fold decrease in power. So by 2032 or thereabouts, we could expect a processor roughly as powerful as the one powering the tablet I'm giving this talk with to be available and to operate on around one hundred microwatts of electricity. Sensors and i/o and networking obviously make their own claims on power consumption, but: we're talking about sub-milliwatt power consumption. (Note that I don't think we can push our power efficiency much further. Eventually we run into problems with thermal noise, not to mention that with only 1.6 x 1019 electron volts per joule, we face a hard limit on how many individual electrons we can move around our circuits. An electron volt is on the order of the same amount of energy as a covalent bond, and around fifty times the energy of a Van der Waals interaction between atoms; it's thus a rough approximation for how much energy it takes to kick an electron around. If we're trying to carry out on the order of a billion computational operations per second, and each operation relies on interactions that involve setting around a thousand electrons in motion, then we can't obviously get our power consumption down below microwatt levels.) Typical commercially available photovoltaic cells today deliver around 150 watts per square metre, or 150 microwatts per square millimetre. So it's reasonable to assume that a 2040 processor unit of the kind I'm sketching on my used envelope here, with a one square millimetre surface area, could just barely be powered by daylight — but if we increase it to two millimetres on a side it can probably produce sufficient surplus to charge a battery or capacitor for nighttime operation, and to run some significant i/o devices as well. And if one square millimetre doesn't supply enough electricity, we can always make it three or five millimetres on an edge, and gain an order of magnitude for our calculations. The reason I picked the one millimetre dimension is simply because, from the eye level of a standing human, a one millimetre square device at ground level is all but invisible. Today we are used to the public sensors around us being noticeable if you know what to look for. In 20 years time this may no longer be the case, and the social implications are worth exploring. I am not a semiconductor industry expert, so I have no direct sources for manufacturing costs — much less for costs we are likely to see in 30 years time — but going by ARMs figures from 2006, the license fees per processor are on the order of four euro-cents; at the low end, and in massive production volumes, ARM based processors can be priced in double-digit cents. So. What sort of applications can we imagine that might result from this trend? Let's look at London, a fairly typical large capital city. London has a surface area of approximately 1570 square kilometres, and around 7.5 million inhabitants (not counting outlying commuter towns). Let us assume that our hypothetical low-power processor costs 10 euro cents per unit, in large volumes. To cover London in CPUs roughly as powerful as the brains of the Android tablet I'm reading this talk from, to a density of one per square metre, should therefore cost around €150M in 2040, or €20 per citizen. To put this in perspective, in 2007 it was estimated that councils in London spent around £150M, or €190M, per year on removing chewing gum from the city streets. So for the cost of removing chewing gum, a city in 2030 will be able to give every square metre of its streets the processing power of a 2012 tablet computer (or a 2002 workstation, or a 1982 supercomputer). Getting data in and out of such open-air devices is an interesting issue. Looking around at current standards, I note that Bluetooth Low Energy devices exhibit peak power consumption in the tens of milliamps, but drop to nanoampere power consumption when inactive: overall average current draw is on the order of a microamp, and it provides data rates of around 200kb/s at ranges up to 50 metres. Taking a wild leap in the dark, I therefore conclude that if we are willing to reduce our range by an order of magnitude, we should be able to push up our data rate accordingly — and reduce power consumption at the same time. Obviously there are limits to how far we can reduce the power requirements for a radio or optical transceiver, but I would conservatively expect it to be possible to shift tens of megabits per second across ranges of up to five metres using microwatt levels of power within the next thirty years. Alternatively: we are already beginning to see sodium vapour and halogen street lamps replaced with LED installations to save power. It's not unreasonable to use LEDs in public street lights to both illuminate open-air photovoltaic electronic devices (thereby powering them) and to broadcast data to them at optical wavelengths. Getting data out of such devices may require them to draw more current for radio or optical signalling, but again: some cities are already using street lighting installations as convenient structures to support public wireless internet routers. Just as we are never more than ten metres away from a rat, it's reasonable to expect that such low power devices will never be more than ten metres away from a street light. Now. What can we do with a city that has 1.5 billion networked ambient-light-powered processors, or roughly 200 cpus per resident? In my previous talk at a TNG TechDay, I discussed the limits to data storage, the possibility of lifelogging — of using wearable devices to record and index everything we do — and the implications for civilization once everything that happens to everyone is recorded for perpetuity. I also noted that the combined video and audio streams from the entire population of Germany, over a period of a century, would occupy on the order of a hundred kilograms of Memory Diamond — a hypothetical crystalline form of carbon used for data storage, in which each bit is represented positionally by an atom of one isotope or another (in this case, carbon-12 or carbon-13). With Avogardro's number of bits storable in 12.5 grams of carbon, if we can figure out how to read and write this stuff we can store roughly 0.5 petabytes in each gram of substrate. (Using this yardstick, on a world-wide scale Google currently processes about 2 grams of data per hour.) So, the first point to note is that if the world of 2032 has this level of ambient computing power at all, we're likely to have the data storage to go with it. Let's assume we have found a use for our billion cpu city, and we're running a billion operations per second on each cpu. If each operation generates one byte of useful output — from air quality sensors, or cameras, or whatever — then our city is producing 1018 bytes of data per second. That's heavy data: that's 2000 grams per second. We're really going to have to get our data de-duplication strategies under control, lest we build up memory diamond landfill at a rate of seven tons per hour! Luckily most computer programs don't generate anything like one byte of output per operation — that's a ridiculous edge condition. Given the bandwidth and power constraints on our tiny solar powered processors, I'd be surprised if they averaged even a megabit per second of output — and even that would correspond to uncompressed high-definition video from every square metre of our city. So let's arbitrarily hack six orders of magnitude off that peak data output figure. Our city of 2032 is emitting as much information in a second as Google processes in an hour today: remarkable, but not outrageous in context. What can we do with all those chips? For starters, we can monitor the hell out of everything. The price of genome sequencing is collapsing at present, in a manner eerily paralleling Moore's Law: this year, Oxford Nanopore will sell you a USB-connected sequencer for €700, and are proposing to sell rackmounted systems that, for around €20,000, will be able to sequence an entire human genome in 5-6 hours in 2013. Large scale integration and lithography techniques developed in the semiconductor industry feed into the rapid improvements in sequence analysers. Taking 2013 as our baseline, and a cost of €1000 for a human genome, then applying the same scaling laws to genomics, we can conclude by by 2032 it should be possible to exhaustively sequence a personal genome for under a cent. The equipment to do so will be cheap and effectively solid-state. So why don't we monitor the city's genome? A city does not consist solely of human beings. A myriad of macroscopic and microscopic organisms coexist with us. This month, my home city — Edinburgh — has fallen victim to a outbreak of Legionnaire's disease. The local health authorities believe the bacteria responsible are being emitted from cooling towers used by some local businesses, but are slowly and painstakingly trying to trace them. With this level of distributed processing, though, we should be able to conduct real-time epidemiological surveillance, tracking disease agents even before they have infected human or animal hosts (by sequencing DNA samples taken from airborn particles). Certainly with 1.5 billion processors in a mesh network performing sequence matching on the data from our street-level genome samplers should be practical. I can't emphasize the importance of this aspect too strongly. We are living through a very dangerous period, in which our long-neglected arsenal of antibiotics are under threat from rapidly developing antibiotic resistance. Some strains, such as the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 plasmid, render most available antibiotics useless, and can spread horizontally between bacterial species. Other diseases such as extreme drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) threaten a return to 19th century levels of mortality if they take hold. (Untreated XDR-TB is fatal in up to 90% of untreated cases within a month; the treatment requires up to two years of intensive chemotherapy.) And to add to the fun, our increased long-distance mobility and the increased population density of our cities mean more opportunities for epidemics to emerge from isolated reservoirs of infection and spread globally. In 2006 we barely dodged a bullet in the shape of SARS, a respiratory infective virus with a fatality rate of around 25%, that was as contagious as the common cold: it would be much, much better to deal with such dangerous pathogens by identifying and disinfecting potential infection sites *before* they get into a human population. Monitoring air quality and dangerous pollutants at a local, square metre level, is a no-brainer — even anti-climactic in comparison. We can set our ubiquitous processors to work in other ways, too. Climatology and meteorology: being able to monitor environmental conditions down to the square metre level may give us truly local weather forecasting, not to mention a better handle on optimizing our energy conservation strategies. Local monitoring: they can each track their square metre of ground, photographing and reporting changes. If a pavement or road surface is degrading, maintenance can be scheduled before a dangerous pot-hole develops. Traffic control: if we have metre-level resolution in our monitoring, we can not only optimize our vehicle and pedestrian traffic flow (to the extent possible, within the hard limits of routing algorithms), we can also handle emergencies more effectively. A six-year-old chasing a ball towards a street may result in the local nodes notifying the autopilot of an approaching car to apply the brakes before the child runs out from between the row of parked vehicles ahead. Alternatively, automated vehicles can be diverted away from potential congestion choke-points before they develop, rather than blindly following a route in a map database. Lately, urban planners in some towns and cities (I believe Bohmte near Bad Essen is one example) have been experimenting with removing road signage, in order to compel drivers and pedestrians to pay more attention to their surroundings, in an attempt to improve road safety. If we have streets that are self-monitoring, we could see road markings vanish entirely, as people and vehicles rely on navigation services for guidance and cues from the streets for safety. Think in terms of city streets with no sidewalks and no road markings, where pedestrians have total right of way — but where cyclists have glasses that show them pedestrian-free safe cycling routes, and self-driving are directed around collision hazards by the street itself, in time to modify their courses before the vehicles reach the kids. To an un-networked eye such streets would look very 19th century and dangerous — vehicles, people, would appear to be mixing indiscriminately, not even driving on the correct side of the road but following random-looking paths — but it would all be monitored and controlled for public safety. Speaking of public safety: we know that some human behaviours are unusual and may require intervention. An adult sitting or lying down on the sidewalk may require medical assistance. Signs of violent disorder may require police intervention. Rising background temperatures beyond safe limits may indicate a fire. And so on. This is the picture for what we get from ultra-low powered devices on an infrastructure level. But there are other applications. Today, clothing sold in shops comes with labels that instruct the owner in how to wash and care for their garments. Wouldn't it make more sense if the garments had enough on-board intelligence to tell the washing machine how to treat them, so that it was impossible to accidentally damage an item of clothing? (Or if your phone could identify itself to the washing machine, and the washing machine could call you to extract the phone from the pocket you left it in, rather than giving you a soggy, expensive, and unpleasant surprise?) With ten cent processors we can see a variety of manufacturing and production uses, too. Every individual plant growing on a farm might have its own processor, monitoring its sunlight and nutrient availability, with a biosensor primed to detect chemicals released by insect damage or fungal attack. Today, we waste a lot of food before it is harvested simply because we can't individually inspect every plant. But if suitable sensors cost significantly less than the spoilage, then it makes sense to instrument everything. And now for the bad consequences. Our sensibilities are offended by ubiquitous cameras monitoring us as it is. How much worse is it going to be if the city itself monitors everybody's movement, every hour of every day? Worse: if every square metre of ground is aware of every RFID (radio frequency ID) tag passing over it, and can associate clusters of RFID chips (for example, the labels that your underwear use to tell your washing machine how to clean them without damaging them) uniquely with people? Wearing a hoodie will not help you regain your lost privacy when the hoodie itself helps define and identify you. While a benign or well-intentioned government might choose to use the capabilities of such monitoring systems only for the public good, the question of what a dictatorship might do with them has an obvious answer. Anonymity is possible in crowds today, and even the surveillance cameras can't always break it. In a city with distributed processing and monitoring of everything down to the square metre level, anonymity breaks down because you just can't cram enough human bodies onto a square metre of sidewalk to blur the combinations of characteristics which identify us to the machines — even without ambient genome sampling. It has been said that the internet means the death of privacy — but internet-based tracking technologies aren't useful if you leave your computer at home and switch off your smartphone. In contrast, the internet of things — the city wallpapered from edge to edge with sensors and communicating processors — really does mean the death of privacy. You'd have to lock yourself in a faraday cage and switch off all the electrical devices near to you in order to regain any measure of invisibility. I don't want to dwell to excess on the uses dictatorships or police states might make of such technologies. It's enough to note that advertising agencies would kill to have access to such a surveillance network; just knowing which shop windows individuals spent most time lingering in front of in a shopping mall is valuable information to retailers. One thing is for sure: even if our governments are benign, we're going to be subjected to more monitoring than most people today can possibly imagine. Finally, I'd like to leave you with this question: what socially beneficial uses can you think of for a billion loosely coupled, low power microprocessors and their associated sensors? Because in 20 years time, buying and deploying such a network will be cheap enough for city planners to consider it routine. The logical end-point of Moore's Law and Koomey's Law is a computer for every square metre of land area on this planet — within our lifetimes. And, speaking as a science fiction writer, trying to get my head around the implications of this technology for our lives is giving me a headache. We've lived through the personal computing revolution, and the internet, and now the advent of convergent wireless devices — smartphones and tablets. Ubiquitous programmable sensors will, I think, be the next big step, and I wouldn't be surprised if their impact is as big as all the earlier computing technologies combined.

<urn:uuid:4e73d039-1e14-4c0b-bbe9-22104a4cd6c4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2012/08/how-low-power-can-you-go.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382560/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Sometimes the losses of childhood can be recovered only in the flight of the dragonfly.Native American children have long been subject to removal from their homes for placement in residential schools and, more recently, in foster or adoptive homes. The governments of both the United States and Canada, having reduced Native nations to the legal status of dependent children, historically have asserted a surrogate parentalism over Native children themselves. "Children of the Dragonfly" is the first anthology to document this struggle for cultural survival on both sides of the U.S.-Canadian border. Through autobiography and interviews, fiction and traditional tales, official transcripts and poetry, these voices-- Seneca, Cherokee, Mohawk, Navajo, and many others-- weave powerful accounts of struggle and loss into a moving testimony to perseverance and survival. Invoking the dragonfly spirit of Zuni legend who helps children restore a way of life that has been taken from them, the anthology explores the breadth of the conflict about Native childhood. Included are works of contemporary authors Sherman Alexie, Joy Harjo, Luci Tapahonso, and others; classic writers Zitkala-Sa and E. Pauline Johnson; and contributions from twenty important new writers as well. They take readers from the boarding school movement of the 1870s to the Sixties Scoop in Canada and the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 in the United States. They also spotlight the tragic consequences of racist practices such as the suppression of Indian identity in government schools and the campaign against Indian childbearing through involuntary sterilization. CONTENTS Part 1. Traditional Stories and Lives Severt Young Bear (Lakota) and R. D. Theisz, "To Say "Child"" Zitkala-Sa (Yankton Sioux), "The Toad and the Boy" Delia Oshogay (Chippewa), "Oshkikwe's Baby" Michele Dean Stock (Seneca), "The Seven Dancers" Mary Ulmer Chiltoskey (Cherokee), "Goldilocks Thereafter" Marietta Brady (Navajo), "Two Stories" Part 2. Boarding and Residential Schools Embe (Marianna Burgess), from "Stiya: or, a Carlisle Indian Girl at Home" Black Bear (Blackfeet), "Who Am I?" E. Pauline Johnson (Mohawk), "As It Was in the Beginning" Lee Maracle (Stoh: lo), "Black Robes" Gordon D. Henry, Jr. (White Earth Chippewa), "The Prisoner of Haiku" Luci Tapahonso (Navajo), "The Snakeman" Joy Harjo (Muskogee), "The Woman Who Fell from the Sky" Part 3. Child Welfare and Health Services Problems That American Indian Families Face in Raising Their Children, United States Senate, April 8 and 9, 1974 Mary TallMountain (Athabaskan), "Five Poems" Virginia Woolfclan, "Missing Sister" Lela Northcross Wakely (Potawatomi/Kickapoo), "Indian Health" Sherman Alexie (Spokane/Coeur d'Alene), from "Indian Killer" Milton Lee (Cheyenne River Sioux) and Jamie Lee, "The Search for Indian" Part 4. Children of the Dragonfly Peter Cuch (Ute), "I Wonder What the Car Looked Like" S. L. Wilde (Anishnaabe), "A Letter to My Grandmother" Eric Gansworth (Onondaga), "It Goes Something Like This" Kimberly Roppolo (Cherokee/Choctaw/Creek), "Breeds and Outlaws" Phil Young (Cherokee) and Robert Bensen, "Wetumka" Lawrence Sampson (Delaware/Eastern Band Cherokee), "The Long Road Home" Beverley McKiver (Ojibway), "When the Heron Speaks" Joyce carlEtta Mandrake (White Earth Chippewa), "Memory Lane Is the Next Street Over" Alan Michelson (Mohawk), "Lost Tribe" Patricia Aqiimuk Paul (Inupiaq), "The Connection" Terry Trevor (Cherokee/Delaware/Seneca), "Pushing up the Sky" Annalee Lucia Bensen (Mohegan/Cherokee), "Two Dragonfly Dream Songs"

<urn:uuid:9e220743-8196-4d78-b121-967e877126d6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.booksamillion.com/product/9780816520138

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705957380/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120557-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Speaking of Pictures The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane by John Quidor To a trained eye, almost every artwork contains clues that reveal a story. An artist can convey subtle meaning through symbols or composition. Sometimes the painter simply illustrates a well-known narrative, as is the case here. Roll over various parts of this artwork to read excerpts from a famous Halloween tale. John Quidor, The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane, 1858, oil, 26 7/8 x 33 7/8 in., Smithsonian American Art Museum, Museum purchase made possible in part by the Catherine Walden Myer Endowment, the Julia D. Strong Endowment, and the Director's Discretionary Fund, 1994.120 • • • Reading the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a popular way to inaugurate the Halloween season—so why not explore the Smithsonian American Art Museum's painting on the same subject? In Washington Irving's 1819 story, the hapless and awkward teacher Ichabod Crane covets the rich Van Tassel farm and adores pretty Katrina Van Tassel. His rival, Bram Bones, also courts the lovely girl. Disguised as the Headless Horseman in a huge cape, Bones frightens Ichabod in the midnight forest and launches what appears to be his head—a pumpkin—at Ichabod. The poor teacher was never seen again in the village of Sleepy Hollow. John Quidor had a knack for making Irving's yarns come alive in pictures. Here he caught Ichabod's terror at the height of the drama. Roll over the image and read related excerpts from the story.

<urn:uuid:72b30084-f857-43ec-9b53-8ce5bc3913a5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://americanart.si.edu/education/insights/pictures/quidor/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697232084/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094032-00047-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic Sea, which is bordered on the north by Finland, on the east by Russia and on the south by Estonia. The surface area of the Gulf of Finland is approximately 30,000 square kilometres, and the average depth of this shallow sea is a scant 38 metres. This saline water body is one of the oldest seas of Europe, being similarly inundated as long as three to four hundred million years ago. Source: Helsinki Commission The marine ecosystem of the Gulf of Finland has been degraded by invasion from a number of alien species and suffers from benthic anoxia; moreover, this shallow Gulf functions much like an estuary, being strongly influenced by the quantity of freshwater influx and by high primary productivity and seasonal algae blooms. The ecological imbalances have been exaggerated by heavy water pollution loading, especially in the Communist era of the USSR, which generated intense organic and heavy metal loads not only from Russia but the satellite Estonia. Human settlement of the shores of the Gulf of Finland is first evidenced about 10,000 years before present, since glaciers covered the entire basin somewhat earlier. The early Middle Ages were punctuated with a viking culture based in coastal Finland, which carried out limited raids within the Baltic Sea area, not unlike their more noted counterparts originating in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. With land boundaries of Finland, Russia and Estonia on the north, east and south, the only marine limit of the Gulf of Finland is at the west. The western bound of the Gulf of is generally construed as a line extending from Spithamn Point (59°13'N), in Estonia, directly through the island of Osmussaar, thence to the southwestern extremum of Finland's Hangöudde Head. Exposed Baltic Shield along the Finnish coastline. @ C.Michael Hogan The basement of the Gulf of Finland is known as the Baltic Shield, a Precambrian northwest segment of the East European Craton; the Baltic Shield is comprises Europe's oldest rock formation, and it is chiefly composed of deformed Archean and Proterozoic gneisses and greenstone belts. The lithospheric thickness is approximately 200 to 300 kilometres. During the Pleistocene, massive continental ice sheets scoured and weighed down the Shield, leaving a thin covering of glacial material and innumerable lakes and streams. The Baltic Shield continues to experience post-glacial rebound, pursuant to glacial melt of the Quaternary. Subsequently the Baltic Shield underwent a major warping leaving the Finnish coast much higher than the gentle backshore of the Estonian side. Marshy Gulf of Finland coast, northwest Estonia. @ C.Michael Hogan Primary productivity in the Gulf of Finland is dominated by processes in the Neva Estuary and other waters of the western Gulf. These areas serve as a sink for phosphorus and source of nitrogen, thus governing algae production in the Gulf of Finland as a whole. The Gulf functions much like an estuary, with considerable freshwater influx and strong primary production, given that the entire Gulf is an Epipelagic zone. In the enclosed freshwater at Neva Bay there are extensive macrophyte beds dominated by Phragmites australis and Scirpus lacustris; these massive stretches of biomass may extend up to one half kilometre from the shore. Moreover, extensive mats of filamentous green algae form in Neva Estuary open waters in the summer; these mats are dominated by Cladophora glomerata, and these organisms wash ashore, spoiling beaches in much of the resort area of St.Petersberg. At the western edge of the north Estonian mainland, there is a circular current where the Baltic meets the Gulf of Finland; at this location there is very high productivity of two red algae species: Furcellaria lumbicalis and Coccotylus truncata; these algae are commercially harvested, the standing stock of the two species being approximately 120,000 tonnes. There are about fifty fish species within the Gulf of Finland, including two endemic species common to the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finalnd: Baltic cod and Baltic herring. The total fish assemblage within the Gulf includes a mixture of marine, migratory and even freshwater species. The two most abundant fish are Herring, Clupea harengus, and sprat, Sprattus sprattus. However, marine species are less evident in the eastern Gulf, which has strong freshwater influx and also in many coastal areas. Commercial fishing is carried out in spring and autumn; however, the cod fishery is exhausted due to overfishing throughout the entire Baltic Sea. Two pinnipeds, the Ringed seal and Grey seal can be observed hauling out on the shorelines. Alien species pose a significant threat to ecosystems, shipping and fisheries in the Gulf of Finland. Many of these introduced species have arrived in ship ballast water from other seas of the world. Particularly severe impacts have occurred in the Neva Estuary area including invasion by the Ponto-Caspian Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha; the North American polychaete Marenzelleria viridis; the predatory Fishook spiny waterflea Cercopagis pengoi and the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Some alien species from Siberia were actually introduced intentionally into nearby lakes including the Amur sleeper, Percottis glenii, a fish species and the amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus, which derived from Lake Baikal. This invading amphipod has virtually displaced the Neva Estuary native amphipod Gammarus lacustris not only at Neva but also more widely throughout the Gulf of Finland. Sarmatic forest, Estonian coastal zone. @ C.Michael Hogan See main article: Sarmatic mixed forests The Sarmatic mixed forests ecoregion surrounds most of the Gulf of Finland, and is distributed over a sizable portion of northern Europe and the Ural area of Russia; more specifically this forest type is found in much of Scandinavia, the Baltics and the Ural area of Russia. Sarmatic mixed comprises a transition into boreal tiaga at their northern limit and mixed broadleaf forests at their southern limit. In Sweden these forests include certain areas of lowland to submontane hemiboreal and nemoral pine forests. The sarmatic mixed forests are comprised of a mixed conifer broadleaf plant association dominated by Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and Scots Pine (pinus sylvestris) with some broadleaf admixture, especially oak species such as Quercus robur in the north. The ecoregion is abundant in surface water resources, displaying an inventory of more than ten thousand lakes and 20,000 rivers and streams. On the low lying Estonian coastal zone, there are a myriad of bogs and fens, which are rich in feathermoss understory, sundews and other bog species. On the Finnish side, an ice sheet covered the entire landmass as late as 12,000 BC, as a statement of the proximity to us of the most recent Ice age. By 8000 BC glacial retreat in southern Finland left a tundra cover able to support early hunter gatherers who had migrated from the southeast; these peoples were able fisherman and hunters, knowing to have taken wild reindeer and other land mammals; moreover, the oldest fishing net in the world is archaeologically recovered from Korpilahti swamp at Antrea, Karelia radiocarbon dated to 8000 BC. The earliest stone weapons in southern Finland are dated to 7200 BC, but by 3000 BC a new stone-age culture arrived in southern Finland, called the Comb-Ceramic culture, a civilisation identified with a widespread group extending to Siberia. The hallmark of this pottery making culture was a comb-like stamp on ceramic wares. On the Estonian side of the Gulf of Finland, well defined pollen records indicate forest clearances along the Sarmatic mixed forests of the coastal region as early as 7000 BC. In the Estonian Saremaa islands, similar evidence of early stone-age settlement is manifested by 3000 to 2500 BC. Sedentary agriculture of grain production first appeared in northern Estonia by 3200 BC. Prehistory of the present day Russian shore of the Gulf of Finland is associated with migration of Ukrainian peoples who had waited out the peak of the most recent Ice age before migrating northward. Similar patterns of early stone-age settlement occurred there, as well as participation in the Comb-Ceramic culture. - Elena V.Bibikova, Svetlana Bogdanova, Stefan Claesson and Torbjorn Skiold. 1999. NORDSIM Ages on Provenance and Metamorphic Zircon Material in Belomorian Metasediments of the Baltic Shield. Journal of Conference Abstracts, Vol. 4, No. 1, Symposium A08, Early Evolution of the Continental Crust - Estonian Academy of Sciences. 1996. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 56 pages, Vol. 45, No.3, Published by Estonian Academy Publishers - Knut Helle. 2003. The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520. Cambridge University Press, 872 pages - C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg - International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition - David Kirby. 2006. A concise history of Finland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53989-0 - Sarunas Milisauskas. 2002. European prehistory: a survey (Google eBook). Birkhäuser. 445 pages - Gerald Schernewski, Ulrich Schiewer. 2002. Baltic coastal ecosystems: structure, function and coastal zone management (Google eBook) Springer. 397 pages - Ulrich Schiewer. 2008. Ecology of Baltic coastal waters. 428 pages. Google eBook - H.Sjors. 1999. Swedish plant geography: The background: Geology, climate and zonation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. Uppsala: Opulus press, 84:5-14.

<urn:uuid:4cbb55ee-f5dd-4e55-a120-05a0ac8ff3d4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Gulf_of_Finland?topic=49523

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703035278/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111715-00055-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

WELCOME TO THE BUSINESS DEPARTMENT Business consists of: Business Studies, Accounting and Economics Accounting is the process of gathering and preparing financial information that enables decisions to be made about a business. Enjoy working with figures? Want to be well paid? Want to be employable? Want to work overseas? If you don’t enjoy writing essays but enjoy working with a calculator this could be the subject for you. Accounting is a very precise and systematic subject. Accounting develops skills in: ? Numeracy ? Information ? Problem Solving ? Communication ? Self Management The knowledge and skills obtained from studying Accounting would be useful in any career as it deals with the management of money. It will also help students to manage their own money or become a treasurer for a local club in the future. With an Accounting degree you can work in virtually any field. Accounting is used in managing your personal finances as well as in employment. Business Studies is a new approved NCEA subject The study of business is about how individuals and groups of people organise, plan, and act to create and develop goods and services to satisfy customers. The knowledge and skills gained in Business Studies can help shape ‘creative, energetic and enterprising young people’ who will contribute to New Zealand’s economic future. The following are essential skills and knowledge acquired through a study of business: - An understanding of enterprise - Problem solving, decision making, negotiation and communication skills - Knowledge and understanding of good business practice - Improve financial capability - An understanding of the role of business in society Economics explores the interdependence between NZ and the rest of the world. Do you enjoy spending money? Do you want to know how the country ticks? Do you like debating current government issues? Do you want to expand your general knowledge? Economics is the study of how people as individuals and groups satisfy their needs by allocating and managing scarce resources. There are many career options either within Economics, in the private sector or with government agencies, both within NZ and overseas. It also enables you to enter the workforce as an employee or become a self-employed entrepreneur. An Economics Degree combines nicely with many other subjects in other degrees. Economic knowledge is worthwhile for your own personal growth as well as future employment.

<urn:uuid:2bd6e8ba-6fd3-44e3-8bf9-f0cfa71e7bde>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.maristcollege.school.nz/WebSpace/825/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707906397/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123826-00017-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Great Bustard Conservation Mongolia plays a key role in the conservation of the Asian subspecies of Great Bustard, Otis tarda dybowskii. Only 2000 individuals of this subspecies are estimated to remain. Our goal is to identify causes of declines and best practices for conservation of this poorly understood subspecies, which differs from the European subspecies in aspects of its natural history. We use satellite telemetry to trace migratory routes, track habitat use, and carry out longitudinal studies of individual birds to identify causes of mortality. Our teamís research thus far (begun in 2006) has indicated that poaching, nest destruction and land-use change are key threats to the Great Bustards in Mongolia. This species is especially vulnerable to poaching as populations reliably gather in traditional spots each year for breeding. Half of the deaths of our marked birds have been due to poaching - a clear indication that poaching is an issue that should be addressed urgently in Mongolia to save this endangered species. We engage local people in all aspects of our work and carry out programs for schoolchildren to encourage interest and pride in the conservation of this and other bird species. This research is carried out in collaboration with Mimi Kessler from Arizona State University and has received the support of numerous sponsors, including the Disney Conservation Fund in 2009. Click here to visit the projectís website maintained by Mimi for detailed information.

<urn:uuid:5ef6decf-072c-496a-a04f-cfb90382b545>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.wscc.org.mn/endangeredbirds/bustards.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699068791/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101108-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

David BaltimoreArticle Free Pass David Baltimore, (born March 7, 1938, New York, New York, U.S.), American virologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1975 with Howard M. Temin and Renato Dulbecco. Working independently, Baltimore and Temin discovered reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA. Baltimore also conducted research that led to an understanding of the interaction between viruses and the genetic material of the cell. The research of all three men contributed to an understanding of the role of viruses in the development of cancer. Baltimore and Temin both studied the process by which certain tumour-causing RNA viruses (those whose genetic material is composed of RNA) replicate after they infect a cell. They simultaneously demonstrated that these RNA viruses, now called retroviruses, contain the blueprint for an unusual enzyme—a polymerase called reverse transcriptase—that copies DNA from an RNA template. The newly formed viral DNA then integrates into the infected host cell, an event that can transform the infected cell into a cancer cell. Baltimore received his undergraduate degree in chemistry from Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania (B.A., 1960), and went on to study animal virology at the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller University) in New York City, where he obtained his doctorate in 1964, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston. He worked with Dulbecco at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California (1965–68), studying the mechanism of replication of the poliovirus. Baltimore joined the faculty of MIT in 1968, accompanied by Alice Huang, a postdoctoral fellow who had worked on vesicular stomatitus virus (VSV) at the Salk Institute. In Boston, Baltimore and Huang, who had married, showed that VSV, an RNA virus, reproduced itself by means of an unusual enzyme (an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) that copies RNA by a process not involving DNA. Baltimore then turned his attention to two RNA tumour viruses—Rauscher murine leukemia virus and Rous sarcoma virus—to discover whether a similar enzyme was at work in their replication. It was through these experiments that he discovered reverse transcriptase. This discovery proved an exception to the “central dogma” of genetic theory, which states that the information encoded in genes always flows unidirectionally from DNA to RNA (and thence to proteins) and cannot be reversed. Since its discovery, reverse transcriptase has become an invaluable tool in recombinant DNA technology. Baltimore became director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1983 and in 1990 left to become president of Rockefeller University. In 1989 he figured prominently in a public dispute over a 1986 paper published in the journal Cell that he had coauthored while still at MIT. The coauthor of the article, Thereza Imanishi-Kari, was accused of falsifying data published in the paper. Baltimore, who was not included in charges of misconduct, stood behind Imanishi-Kari, although he did retract the article. Because of his involvement in the case, however, he was asked to resign as president of Rockefeller University, and in 1994 he returned to MIT. In 1996 a U.S. government panel cleared Imanishi-Kari of the charges of scientific misconduct. The case was analyzed in The Baltimore Case (1998) by Daniel Kevles. Baltimore was president of the California Institute of Technology from 1997 to 2006, when he was elected to a three-year term as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). In 2005 he became a member of the Encyclopædia Britannica Editorial Board of Advisors. What made you want to look up "David Baltimore"? Please share what surprised you most...

<urn:uuid:ef9f27b9-e7ba-4ef9-8eaf-3b5ddd122e8d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51022/David-Baltimore

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00063-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

ABOUT TAMAN NEGARA Taman Negara or The National Park is located in the state of Pahang Malaysia. It lies 4 and 5 north of the equator within the headwaters of three river system; the Tembeling in the south, the Trenggan in the east and the Relai-Aring-Labir in the north and received rain throughout the year, around 2,200mm(lowland) and 3,800mm(mountain). Temperature during the day is average at 26 and at night 22 Celsius. The national park or Taman Negara is one of the oldest tropical rain forest in the world. It is older than the jungles of Congo or the Amazon. Its lush tropical forest dates as far back as 130 million years. In 1925, an area of 9,240 hectares surrounding Tahan mountain was gazetted as a Tahan Mountain Game Reserve by the British authority. Then in 1939, it was declared a National Park, through the states of Kelantan, Pahang and Terengganu under an enactment in 1938/9. It was named King George V National Park, named after the King of England. After independence in 1957, it was named Taman Negara. The creation of this park was due largely to the persistence of one man, Theodore Hubback, Chief Game Warden of what was then the Federated Malay States. He pestered the colonial government relentlessly for 15 years until the region was set aside for conservation in 1938. His enthusiasm was carried on by subsequent state and federal governments, and by the Department of Wildlife and National Park. Now, it covered a total of 4,343 sq km, seven times the size of TAMAN NEGARA IN BRIEF Size: 4,343 sq km Highest Point: Gunung Tahan (2,187 Flora Fauna: Over 10,000 species of plants, 250 kind of birds. Local mammals include mouse deer, barking deer, wild ox, and numerous monkey species. Tapir, elephant, leopard and tiger also present, though not easy to spot. guided nature walks, Night Jungle Walk, Canopy Walk, White Water Rafting, Rapids Shooting, Caving, Mountain Climbing, Plant Spotting, Fishing, Swimming, Wildlife Watching, Bird Watching, Photography and Scientific Explorations.

<urn:uuid:0691de12-2190-448b-bd2a-e921c673fdcb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.tamannegararesorts.net/about.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698090094/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095450-00087-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

You are hereProjects / Plutonic Alterra & GE (formerly, Plutonic Power Corporation & GE) proposed originally to construct three hydroelectric projects located at the head of Toba Inlet, approximately 100 km north of Powell River, BC with a total installed capacity of 133 MW. Major components included Dalgleish Creek (30 MW), Jimmie Creek (56 MW), and Upper Toba River (47 MW). The produced energy will be conveyed via approximately 2.3 km of transmission line for interconnection to the 230 kV transmission line serving the East Toba and Montrose River Hydroelectric Project. A full description of the project is included in the company's application for an Environmental Assessment The electricity purchase agreement (EPA) signed with BC Hydro is for 124 MW from just two of the streams- Jimmie Creek and the Upper Toba River. Dalgleish Creek was excluded because capacity at the Saltery Bay substation was insufficient for the potential load. Plutonic Power Corporation states that the Knight Inlet Project consists of six generation facilities and will generate a nominal 247 megawatts (MW). It has not been submitted to a BC Hydro call for power. Plutonic Power Corporation originally listed Freda Creek among its generation projects. In 2012, the City of Powell River and the Tla’amin (Sliammon) First Nation announced that Tees'Kwat Land Holdings Ltd had acquired the water application, and that they were jointly forming a company, and would advance the project together. The proponents are hoping to bypass the BC Hydro competitive "calls" process and be directly awarded an EPA with BC Hydro. Freda Creek is just north of Earl's Cove. The project could have a nominal capacity of 35 megawatts (MW). Alterra (formerly, Plutonic Power Corporation & GE completed the East Toba River and Montrose Creek generation facilities in November 2010. At the end of 2012, GE sold its interest to Fiera Axium Infrastructure. East Toba has a nominal capacity of 123 megawatts (MW), and Montrose Creek 73 MW for a total of 196 MW. 148 km of transmission line was built from Toba Inlet to Earl's Cove, and 60 km of access roads. A full description of the project is included in the company's application for an Environmental Assessment Alterra Power Corp., (formerly, Plutonic Power Corporation) is proposing to construct the largest cluster of hydroelectric projects ever built in British Columbia, on streams feeding into Bute Inlet. The company claims it will have a "nameplate" capacity of 1027 megawatts (MW) - 10% of the total hydroelectric generating capacity in BC Hydro's legacy dams - from 17 powerhouses.

<urn:uuid:c7222000-40c2-40f1-8c69-bad2e12290b3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://buteinlet.net/taxonomy/term/8

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A Day To Read The Declaration Written By: Bob Livingston - Personal Liberty Digest | Posted: Wednesday, July 4th, 2012 It has been 236 years since 56 brave men signed their names to the Declaration of Independence, proclaiming that the 13 original American Colonies were no longer willing to live under tyrannical British rule. Those men, among them some of the most notable names in American history, risked their own safety and that of their families by signing the document; they were still in the earliest stages of a war against an enemy that outgunned them and was better trained. By signing their names to the very spirit of Patriotism, the men risked being hanged in the event of defeat. But they were not alone. Thousands of the signers' fellow countrymen had already denounced loyalty to Britain and taken up arms against the British in the name of American Independence. Seven bloody years after the signing of the Declaration and eight bloody years after the initial shots at Lexington and Concord, a new, free, republican Nation was born. Read more at The Personal Liberty Digest

<urn:uuid:0986a6f8-82d1-4ca5-ba89-70d1b1ce9749>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eauclairejournal.com/news/story.phtml/32834C22/national/a_day_to_read_the_declaration/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699036375/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101036-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Mar. 14, 2011 A revolutionary type of personal power pack now in development could help troops when they are engaged on the battlefield. With the aim of being up to fifty per cent lighter than conventional chemical battery packs used by British infantry, the solar and thermoelectric-powered system could make an important contribution to future military operations. The project is being developed by the University of Glasgow with Loughborough, Strathclyde, Leeds, Reading and Brunel Universities, with funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). It is also supported by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl). The system's innovative combination of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells, thermoelectric devices and leading-edge energy storage technology will provide a reliable power supply round-the-clock, just like a normal battery pack. The team is also investigating ways of managing, storing and utilising heat produced by the system. Because it is much lighter, the system will improve soldiers' mobility. Moreover, by eliminating the need to return to base regularly to recharge batteries, it will increase the potential range and duration of infantry operations. It will also absorb energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, making infantry less liable to detection by night vision equipment that uses infra-red technology, for instance. Minister for Universities and Science David Willetts said: "The armed forces often need to carry around a huge amount of kit and the means to power it. It's great that specialists from a range of science disciplines are coming together to develop lighter, more reliable technology that will help to make life easier for them in the field." Although substantial research into solar power for soldiers has already been conducted worldwide, this new UK project differs in its use of thermoelectric devices to complement solar cells, delivering genuine 24/7 power generation capability. The project team is also investigating how both types of device could actually be woven into soldiers' battle dress, which has never been done before. During the day, the solar cells will produce electricity to power equipment. During the night, the thermoelectric devices will take over and perform the same function. The system will also incorporate advanced energy storage devices to ensure electricity is always available on a continuous basis. "Infantry need electricity for weapons, radios, global positioning systems and many other vital pieces of equipment," says Professor Duncan Gregory of the University of Glasgow. "Batteries can account for over ten per cent of the 45-70kg of equipment that infantry currently carry. By aiding efficiency and comfort, the new system could play a valuable role in ensuring the effectiveness of army operations." PV cells, thermoelectric devices and advanced energy storage devices are already widely used in a range of applications. A key aim of the project team, however, is to produce robust, hard-wearing designs specifically for military use in tough, hostile conditions. Because it will harness clean, free energy sources, the new power system will also offer significant environmental advantages compared with the conventional battery packs currently used by the British army. To tackle the many challenges that the project presents, the team includes specialists from a wide range of disciplines including chemistry, materials science, process engineering, electrical engineering and design. Feedback from serving soldiers will also play a crucial role in optimising the power system for front-line use. "We aim to produce a prototype system within two years," says Professor Gregory. "We also anticipate that the technology that we develop could be adapted for other and very varied uses. One possibility is in niche space applications for powering satellites, another could be to provide means to transport medicines or supplies at cool temperatures in disaster areas or to supply fresh food in difficult economic or climatic conditions." Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

<urn:uuid:7c0fb5a3-c128-413b-a4c8-e47183af25f6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110314111232.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00080-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Purchase images Coughs and sneezes What better time of year to heed the 1940s Ministry of Information health campaign? Back then short amusing films were shown in cinemas reminding people to use their handkerchiefs when sneezing. Posters appeared in factories, schools and offices across Britain. A selection of humorous posters is shown here by H E Bateman, a popular cartoonist of that era. Bateman worked on other campaigns such as saving fuel and is best remembered for ‘Coughs and sneezes spread diseases’. Posters by other artists used the same phrase, which is still remembered today. The nation needed to be fighting fit during the Second World War and healthy hints reminded people of basic hygiene rules. Health messages carried on post war, including tips on healthy eating, tooth care and jabs for babies. Public information films Coughs and Sneezes (1945) and Don't Spread Germs (1948) showed a slapstick approach carrying a serious message, encouraging the nation to continue to act responsibily after the war. If you have slipped up on your resolutions, take a look at other health warnings and advice illustrated below. Campaigns to give up smoking still hold true now. Earlier Edwardian advertising posters suggested remedies for a broad range of conditions perhaps less common today. Coughs and sneezes spread diseases, artist H E Bateman/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-188-(1)-coughs-and-sneezes-(bateman).jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/188 (1) Coughs and sneezes spread diseases, Ministry of Health/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-188-(7)-coughs-and-sneezes-spread-diseases.jpg Catalogue reference: INF13/188 (7) Coughs and sneezes spread diseases, Ministry of Health 1941-1944/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/hlg7-753-coughs-and-sneezes-spread-diseases-1941-1944.jpg Catalogue reference: HLG 7/753 What to eat and why/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-194-(3)-what-to-eat-and-why.jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/194 (3) Coughs and sneezes spread diseases/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-189-(1)-coughs-and-sneezes-spread-diseases.jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/189 (1) Coughs and sneezes spread diseases, artist H E Bateman/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-188-(3)-coughs-and-sneezes-(bateman).jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/188 (3) Cigarettes harm your health, artist Reginald Mount, 1960s/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/bn10-98-(2)-cigarettes-harm-your-health-artist-reginald-mount-1960s.jpg Catalogue reference: BN10/98 (2) Post war diphtheria immunisation poster/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-292-(20)-post-war-diphtheria-immunisation-poster.jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/292 (20) Post war teeth protection poster/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-292-(13)-post-war-teeth-protection-poster.jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/292 (13) Think before you smoke, 1963/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/bn10-98-(4)-think-before-you-smoke-1963.jpg Catalogue reference: BN10/98 (4) Sleaths lung mixture, 1905/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/copy1-237-(213)-lung-mixture-sleaths-1905.jpg Catalogue reference: COPY 1/237 (213) Six health hints/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/inf13-194-(5)-six-health-hints.jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/194 (5) You can break free if you want to, anti smoking poster 1963/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/bn10-98-(5)-you-can-break-free-if-you-want-to-anti-smoking-poster-1963.jpg Catalogue reference: INF 13/194 (5) Sleaths sweating mixture, 1905/images/imagelibrary/showcase/coughs-and-sneezes/copy1-237-(212)-sweating-mixture-sleaths-1905.jpg Catalogue reference: COPY 1/237 (212) This is just a selection. Contact [email protected] for more image solutions. Sharing will require cookies. Show details

<urn:uuid:c179d6ce-9ef0-43e7-8830-6f7c0ba5a3bc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/imagelibrary/coughs-and-sneezes-showcase.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705407338/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115647-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

[Editor's note: This article is from 2007. Some newer treatments, risk factors, and current statistics are not listed here. See further information on BrainWeb] sections include: symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer's and the brain, what affects the risk for Alzheimer's disease?, drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, other treatments, the late stages of Alzheimer's Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes a gradual and irreversible loss of higher brain functions, including memory, language skills, and perception of time and space, and, eventually, loss of the ability to care for oneself. The disease was first identified in 1906 by the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer. He thought it was a relatively rare disorder, but today we recognize Alzheimer’s as the most common cause of the loss of mental function in people over the age of 65. As many as 4 million to 6 million people in the United States have the disorder. Among individuals around the age of 65, 5 percent to 10 percent have Alzheimer’s, and this proportion increases to about 10 percent to 15 percent among those in their 70s and to 30 percent to 40 percent among people 85 years of age or older. Given our aging population, it has been estimated that 14 million Americans will have Alzheimer’s disease by the middle of this century unless we find a cure or preventive measures. Alzheimer’s is a devastating disease. Those who suffer from it experience frustration, anger, and fear as the disorder begins to strip away their abilities and memories. Those who love and care for people with the disease experience the stress and pain of watching someone they love slowly slip away. Unfortunately, we still do not know what causes Alzheimer’s, nor do we know how to cure it. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease Most cases of Alzheimer’s disease occur in people over 65 and are referred to as late-onset Alzheimer’s. Early-onset Alzheimer’s, which occurs in people who are in their 30s, 40s, or 50s, is much less common; only about 2 percent of Alzheimer’s cases are early-onset. The symptoms and manifestations of the two types are identical. Alzheimer’s disease evolves slowly, with occasional plateaus. Memory loss is usually one of the first noticeable symptoms, and can be quite mild. It often begins with difficulty recalling people’s names, telephone numbers, and the details of events or conversations during the day. Memories from the remote past and, for some people, previously learned facts tend to remain relatively intact at the beginning of the illness, but will fade later. A person in the beginning stages of the disease might discover that it is difficult to find the right word, or sense a decline in his or her reading comprehension and ability to write. Later the memory loss becomes more notable: a person may have difficulty remembering what day or month it is, or become unable to find his or her way around familiar surroundings. As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, depression becomes more frequent: 5 percent to 8 percent of people suffer serious depression with insomnia or anorexia. Muscular rigidity, slowed movements, shuffling gait, and stooped posture are also relatively frequent in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Delusions, psychotic behavior, agitation with aggressive behavior, and hallucinations may occur, but only in 20 percent of individuals. People in the final stages of the disease become completely unable to care for themselves and must be helped with all their basic needs. The average length of time between the appearance of the first symptoms of Alzheimer’s and death seems to range from 4 to 16 years. Women with the disease generally survive longer than men. Most Alzheimer’s patients die of complications such as pneumonia. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease It is essential to note that memory loss does not necessarily presage Alzheimer’s disease. All of us forget things once in a while. Furthermore, some slowing of memory is a normal consequence of aging. If you experience memory loss, but not at a level that interferes with the activities of daily life, you probably do not have the disease. The vast majority of people past the age of 65 do not have Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, many conditions besides Alzheimer’s can cause memory loss and dementia, a term used to describe impairment of other mental functions, such as language or the ability to think abstractly, along with memory. These conditions include hypothyroidism, depression, adverse drug reactions, and nutritional deficiencies. Some of these problems can be treated or cured, so it is critical to obtain an early and accurate diagnosis of dementia. Only after doctors rule out other neurological or medical problems do they focus on the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Then they use neuropsychological testing, brain imaging, and other techniques, such as blood tests and neurological and physical examination and history, to place people on two levels of diagnostic certainty: - probable Alzheimer’s disease—the person has no other illnesses that may contribute to the symptoms - possible Alzheimer’s disease—the person meets the criteria for other illnesses that may contribute to his or her mental problems, such as hypothyroidism or cerebrovascular disease We must reserve the designation of definite Alzheimer’s disease for cases confirmed by autopsy; we can be sure of the diagnosis only after examining brain tissue under a microscope after the person dies. Alzheimer’s Disease and the Brain An autopsy of a brain affected by Alzheimer’s reveals distinctive changes that we now recognize as hallmarks of the disease. A key step in the progression of the disorder appears to be the accumulation of a protein substance in the form of plaques, or clumps of fibers, in the brain’s gray matter. These plaques contain beta-amyloid peptide, a hard, waxy deposit that results from the breakdown of the protein amyloid. Beta-amyloid is also deposited in the walls of the blood vessels in and around the brain. Another characteristic of brains affected by Alzheimer’s disease is neurofibrillary tangles within neurons, composed of an abnormal form of the protein tau. There is also a substantial loss of neurons and of the synapses connecting them throughout the neocortex. Scientists believe that the plaques and tangles cause neurons to shrink and eventually die, first in the memory and language centers of the brain, and finally throughout the brain. Degeneration in the basal forebrain also profoundly reduces the supply of some brain chemicals, including the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is known to influence memory. We do not know what causes these alterations in the brain, but animal studies suggest that immunizing mice with a synthetic form of the amyloid protein can prevent the accumulation of amyloid plaques. This suggests that treatment directed at the amyloid protein might be an effective way to prevent the disease in individuals at risk or in the early stages of illness. But research teams are investigating many avenues of treatment, including drugs to block the generation of the amyloid protein, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antioxidants. What Affects the Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease? While we do not know what causes Alzheimer’s disease, we can point to a number of factors that determine an individual’s risk. Genetics appears to play a key role. First-degree relatives of people with Alzheimer’s have more than twice the chance of developing the disease than do individuals without a family history. Researchers have discovered that mutations in three genes—the amyloid precursor protein (APP) on chromosome 21, presenilin 1 (PS1) on chromosome 14, and presenilin 2 (PS2) on chromosome 1—result in rare autosomal-dominant and familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease beginning as early as the third decade of life. The autosomal dominance means that all living children of an affected parent have a 50 percent chance of developing the disease. Both men and women can pass on the mutations, and this form of the disease seldom skips a generation. Researchers have also associated a polymorphism on chromosome 19 with Alzheimer’s disease, but in a different way. Unlike genetic mutations, which usually dramatically change how a protein works, polymorphisms represent normal variations in our genes. Polymorphisms probably account for our subtle differences in eye color, hair color, and height and are seldom associated with disease. Nonetheless, the epsilon 4 polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene has been strongly and consistently associated with Alzheimer’s disease beginning at age 60 and older. It is not clear how ApoE-4 increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, but it is known that ApoE participates in amyloid accumulation. Genetic testing is usually not recommended for ApoE or the other markers, because even if these genes are found, the current incomplete knowledge of their role does not allow doctors to offer a reliable analysis of their significance for an individual. Several other factors also appear to influence Alzheimer’s disease. Adults with Down’s syndrome, a form of mental retardation, develop the plaques and tangles of Alzheimer’s disease by age 40, but not all develop dementia. For people who have blood relatives with Down’s syndrome, the risk of Alzheimer’s disease increases two or three times, suggesting a genetic link. A history of depression has also been associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Whether depression represents incipient disease or is an early symptom remains to be determined, but some studies have found a significant link between the two conditions even when the depression occurred ten years earlier. Although results are not consistent, there is also a suggestion that a head injury can increase a person’s risk of Alzheimer’s, perhaps by activating amyloid production. This effect may be especially strong among people who already have the ApoE-4 polymorphism. While popular reports periodically circulate about dietary (for example, zinc) and other environmental factors (such as aluminum), none of these suspects have yielded anything definitive under investigation. People’s educational achievement appears to have a profound influence on their likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Those who are illiterate or who have had little formal education are at higher risk for developing the disease. In one study of nuns, the women’s linguistic ability at age 20 predicted their level of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease at age 70. This has led some theorists to propose that having more education helps people develop a “cognitive reserve” that works against the effects of Alzheimer’s disease. Other researchers suggest that genetic or environmental factors play a role in both educational achievement and the disease. On the other hand, some factors seem to lessen the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The use of estrogen replacement therapy by women after menopause has been associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. For women who took estrogen, the age at which they developed Alzheimer’s disease was significantly later, and their relative risk was significantly lower than it was for other women, even after researchers adjusted for differences in education, ethnic group, age, and ApoE-4. A study is now in progress to assess the effectiveness of estrogen replacement in delaying or preventing Alzheimer’s disease. People who develop Alzheimer’s disease tend to use anti-inflammatory agents like aspirin and acetaminophen less often than their peers. Because chronic inflammation has been associated with amyloid deposition, anti-inflammatory agents could play an important role in slowing or inhibiting the disease. Several large studies are now in progress to test whether or not these drugs can prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Cigarette smoking was once purported to protect people from Alzheimer’s disease, but studies have not borne out that idea. In fact, there is a clear link between smoking and dementia associated with strokes. Drug Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease Since there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, current treatment focuses on lessening its symptoms. Some researchers consider the loss of acetylcholine to be the reason for declining memory, so they have adopted the strategy of enhancing the brain’s acetylcholine production. A class of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors has a modest but positive effect on the memory-loss symptoms of the disease. A handful of medications have been approved for treating Alzheimer’s disease itself. Physicians may begin prescribing these drugs at any time after a person is diagnosed because they are modestly effective at delaying problems in both mild and moderate stages of disease. Whether people develop a tolerance to their effects after long-term use is unknown. Because higher doses of these drugs have both the greatest benefits and the most adverse effects, physicians usually begin with a small dose and increase it gradually while they and their patients watch for adverse reactions. Treatment can be continued indefinitely, but doctors often recommend discontinuing the drugs because their effects have declined or because the person with Alzheimer’s is no longer so able to tolerate their adverse effects. Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and their families should be alert to the possibility of deterioration after drug treatment is stopped. Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine), sold as Cognex, was the first drug approved in the United States specifically for treating Alzheimer’s disease. People must take it four times daily, and eating at the same time decreases the amount the body absorbs. Studies have found that this drug helps people improve their performance on tests of memory, but there is little to no change in overall function. Tacrine can cause a number of side effects, including nausea and vomiting in 28 percent of patients, so few people use it now. Donepezil (Aricept) was approved for Alzheimer’s disease in 1996. Compared with tacrine, it has minimal side effects (nausea and vomiting in 15 percent of people, insomnia in up to 14 percent) and a longer life in the bloodstream, allowing people to take it only once a day. As with tacrine, the efficacy of donepezil is modest, but its relative convenience has caused it to be widely used. Rivastigmine (Exelon) is similar to tacrine and donepezil in efficacy. It lasts up to ten hours. Because of its side effects, however, people must start taking this drug at a low dose and slowly build up the amount. At high doses, about 35 percent of people suffer nausea; other dose-related adverse effects include vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Nearly 20 percent of people taking high doses of rivastigmine experience weight loss. Galantamine (Reminyl) will soon be available in the United States. Two studies suggest benefits in the same range as the preceding similar drugs, and its side effects are similar to those of donepezil. Although there has been some indication that antioxidants can protect against memory loss, none has been shown to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. People with Alzheimer’s disease given vitamin E (2000 IU per day) lived longer than those taking a placebo, but showed no improvement in their mental function. Ginkgo biloba, an extract from the leaves of a subtropical tree, was found to provide a small benefit on cognitive testing in people with Alzheimer’s disease, but the large number of dropouts in that trial has raised concerns about the validity of the results. Many people with Alzheimer’s suffer from a variety of symptoms beyond memory loss, and many of these symptoms can be treated. As noted above, depression is common and can make the mental losses appear worse than they are. People with Alzheimer’s disease can take almost all of the approved antidepressant drugs; studies have shown them to have comparable results, so the choice of one over another should depend on an individual’s response. Some tricyclic antidepressant drugs, such as amitriptyline, can result in confusion or orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure on standing up) in 10 percent to 15 percent of people. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are better tolerated but can cause insomnia, anorexia, or, in men, ejaculatory failure in up to 5 percent. Delusions and psychotic behavior increase as Alzheimer’s disease progresses; once people display these symptoms, about 20 percent have them persistently. Symptoms disappear or diminish in 18 percent of people treated with neuroleptics such as haloperidol (Haldol) and atypical antipsychotic agents such as risperidone. Haloperidol may cause tardive dyskinesia (involuntary facial movements), persisting even after the drug is withdrawn. Parkinsonism, with shuffling gait and stooped posture, and drowsiness are rare side effects of all these medications. People with Alzheimer’s-related psychosis may also become aggressive and agitated, posing a threat not only to themselves but to those around them. Many different drugs have been tried for this problem, with little consistent benefit. Antidepressants, beta-adrenergic antagonists, lithium, benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsant drugs all show inconsistent results but are worth trying because they can help some individuals. In addition to sedating the person, many of these drugs worsen cognitive function; they have also been associated with falls and fractures. Treatment for sleep disturbances ranges from antipsychotic drugs to antidepressants and sedatives, all of which have adverse effects, so physicians try to use these medications for short periods only. Reducing daytime naps, restricting one’s time in bed, and exposure to bright light during waking hours may also be helpful. The Late Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease In the last stages of illness, people with Alzheimer’s disease are often unable to care for their most basic needs. Many individuals need round-the-clock care and are placed in nursing homes. People at this stage of illness may require tube feedings to maintain nutrition and decrease the risk of aspiration or choking. Skin care to prevent bedsores is important, as is bowel care. Because people at this stage of the disease are regularly incontinent, they may need frequent checks and adult diapers. Maintaining the dignity of the individual is still important: dressing, bathing, feeding, and grooming a person with Alzheimer’s each day is essential even though that person may appear unaware of his or her surroundings. When making end-of-life decisions, it is desirable to follow an individual’s wishes, but that may not be possible if the person has not made appropriate legal decisions. Some people make out documents authorizing certain life-support measures and not others, called Advance Directives, before they succumb to dementia. For people who have not put these choices in writing, the decision is usually up to the next of kin or legal guardian. Disagreements within the family can cause a great deal of difficulty, particularly when a rapid medical decision is required. Counseling can be of help. Although we have made significant progress in understanding some of the factors leading to Alzheimer’s disease, it is likely that the disease will continue to be a major health problem for a long time. Our gains in the ability to diagnose the disease and improvements in its treatment offer hope. Over the next decade treatments based on the known pathogenesis of the disease will become available. Grounded in the remarkable scientific achievements in the past decade, scientists remain hopeful that a cure or preventive treatments will emerge. back to top

<urn:uuid:f2d8fac5-8fce-4451-b720-b11e70b8c234>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.dana.org/news/brainhealth/detail.aspx?id=9764

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702900179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111500-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A crown is a "cap" that is custom made to precisely fit over your tooth. There are several reasons for placing a crown on a tooth. If the tooth needs structural support, a crown can be placed to help protect it. This commonly occurs when the tooth has large fillings that over time weaken the tooth and result in fractures in the tooth. A crown can be placed over the tooth to preserve it and help hold it together. If a tooth has extensive decay that has destroyed too much tooth, a crown may also be needed. Crowns can also be placed on teeth to change their appearance and/or the occlusion(bite). What are crowns made from? Crowns can be fabricated from various materials such as porcelain, gold , and a combination of porcelain and metal. Which material is used depends on which tooth is being treated and for what reason. All of these materials work very well if used appropriately. What do crowns look like? The appearance of crowns vary depending on what type is being utilized. Crowns have changed significantly over recent years and it is possible to make them look so natural that they are virtually undetectable. If you are unhappy with the appearance of your crowns, ask Dr. Solar what options you have for improving your situation. How long will a crown last? Crowns are meant to be a long term restoration but it is difficult to give an exact lifespan for a crown. There are many variables which influence how long a crown will last. These include but are not limited to the following: -How the patient cares for their teeth -Whether the patient grinds their teeth -The position of the tooth in the mouth -The strength of the patient's bite What is done to prepare a tooth for a crown? It typically requires two appointments to have a crown placed on your tooth. During the first appointment, the tooth will be shaped so that a crown can fit over it. In most situations, existing fillings will be removed and the underlying tooth structure will be evaluated. In some situations, a core buildup will be placed if there is an inadequate amount of tooth to retain the crown. A precise impression will be taken of the tooth once it has been shaped and then a provisional (temporary) crown will be placed on the tooth. The laboratory will use the impression and other information recorded during the first appointment to fabricate a crown specifically for your tooth. At the second appointment, the provisional crown will be removed and the permanent crown will be tried on the tooth and after it is carefully checked the crown will be cemented on the tooth.

<urn:uuid:2ab92d69-38f3-462b-8425-7c1e2c492ab8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.solardentistry.com/cosmetic-dentistry-largo/dental-crowns.asp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383160/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00007-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

June 1, 2012 Every century or so, something truly special happens in the sky, and it happens twice: Venus passes in between the sun and earth. The transit of Venus, as it’s called, comes in pairs spaced exactly 8 years apart, with each pair separated by gaps more than 100 years long. As a result, only 8 transits have occurred since the invention of the telescope. The most recent one was in 2004, and the second half of the pair is next week, during sunset on June 5th for North American observers, and during sunrise on June 6th for many in Europe and Asia. After this, the next one isn’t until 2117. Why does it happen so rarely? Two events need to occur at the exact same time for us to see a transit of Venus. First, Venus needs to pass between us and the sun, so that to an observer looking down at the solar system, all three bodies would be in a straight line. This happens every 584 days, as shown in the bottom part of the diagram below. However, Venus also needs to line up vertically so that it appears somewhere in front of the face of the sun from our vantage point. Because Venus and the earth don’t orbit the sun on the exact same plane—Venus’ orbit is tipped 3.4 degrees relative to ours—most of the time it’s too high or too low, as shown in the top part of the diagram. It only lines up in all 3 dimensions and traverses across the sun four times during an unusual 243 year cycle, with the transits coming in pairs separated by alternating periods of 121.5 and 105.5 years. In the United States, the transit will begin at roughly 6:04 Eastern, 5:04 Central, 4:05 Mountain, and 3:06 Pacific Time. Over the course of several hours, Venus will appear as a small dot moving slowly against backdrop of the sun. As with a solar eclipse (or anytime, really), looking directly at the sun can severely damage your retinas, so you should use a special filter or simply project the sun onto the ground or a piece of paper, by holding up a piece of cardboard with a small hole punched in it and allowing the sunlight to pass through. Historically, the transit of Venus played an important role in helping astronomers learn about the dimensions of our solar system, says Owen Gingerich, professor of astronomy and history of science at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. “The first observed transit was in 1639, but it was in 1716 that the astronomer Edmund Halley noticed that the geometry of it could be useful in determining the distance to the sun,” he says. “At the time, the relative distances between the planets was well known, but not the absolute scale of the solar system, and without the absolute scale, you couldn’t know how big the sun was.” When the next pair of transits came, in 1761 and 1769, the scientific world was ready. “There was an international campaign set up to make the observations, and you needed observers from as far removed places on earth as you could get,” says Gingerich. Scientists were dispatched to everywhere from Newfoundland to Tahiti to gather as much data as possible, and at each location, observers attempted to measure as accurately as possible just how long it took Venus to traverse the sun. As Halley had pointed out, if one knew the exact distance between two points on earth—Newfoundland and Tahiti, for example—and also calculated the difference in how long it took Venus to traverse the sun from each of these vantage points, the principle of parallax could be used to determine the size of the sun itself, and with that our distance from it. “From each observatory, you would get a slightly different measurement for the length of Venus’ path,” Gingerich says. “And in fact, if you take three of the best observations from 1769 and use them in the calculations, you get a result within 1 percent of the modern value of the size of the sun.” Although the transit is no longer as scientifically significant as it was in the 18th century, it will still provide valuable data for many observers. Our ongoing discoveries of planets in other solar systems, for example, depends on the intermittent dimming of distant stars as their planets pass in front of them. Calculating just how much Venus causes the sun to dim during the transit might help us more accurately understand these far-flung exoplanets. Whether you watch the transit to make complex calculations about exoplanets or just to see something unusual in the sky, we have just one recommendation: You’d better not miss it. The next few transits will be in December 2117, December 2125, June 2247 and June 2255. Your grandchildren and great-grandchildren might be watching, but you won’t be around to see another one. Sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from Smithsonian.com each week.

<urn:uuid:7b66b29f-fee1-4271-886f-62f40c59d2d3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2012/06/your-last-chance-to-see-venus-pass-in-front-of-the-sun/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700477029/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103437-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In the Shadow of the Temple offers a new perspective on the development of the early church in its practice (e.g., worship, baptism, and Eucharist) and doctrine (e.g., Scripture, Christology, and pneumatology). Oskar Skarsaune begins by tracing the story of second temple Judaism from the crisis of the Jewish encounter with Hellenism in the second century B.C. through the diverse Judaisms of the first century A.D. Then, from the time of Jesus and the origins of the church up to the Constantinian revolution of the early fourth century A.D, Skarsaune offers us fascinating snapshots and analyses of the interactions, the arguments, and the shaping influences of Judaism on the life, creed, and practices of the church. The widespread perception of a decisive "parting of the ways" between Christianity and Judaism after the destruction of the temple in 70 A.D. has distorted our understanding of the following decades and centuries of Jewish and Christian history. We are left with the impression that hostile polemic or mutual avoidance between Christians and Jews was the order of the day. To be sure, there were points of bitterness and strife between these two groups, but the story of their relationship is better told as the relationship between younger and older siblings. In and between the lines of our historical data, there is abundant evidence of interaction between the early church and the ancient synagogue. This took place at the levels of both leadership and laypeople, and it left its imprint on the emerging shape of the church. But this story has not yet fully been told. In the Shadow of the Temple will both fascinate and inform its readers. Skarsaune embraces a historical period that transcends the ordinary division of labor between scholars of Christian origins and early church history. And he offers insights into history that challenge the prevailing notions of the way it was – and the way it must be – between Christians and Jews. For more about Church History, don't miss the Logos Church History Product Guide! Praise for the Print Edition Oskar Skarsaune is surely right on the Jewishness of early Christianity and the importance of the temple for its development. He marshals an accurate display of historical information and exercises sound judgment in weighing probabilities. The result not only establishes the Jewish influences on early Christianity but also presents a persuasive synthesis of key elements in the story of Christian origins. —Everett Ferguson, Abilene Christian University Oskar Skarsaune's In the Shadow of the Temple is outstanding and will not only serve well the general reader, for whom the author writes, it will also serve well the scholar and student alike. Skarsaune has produced a gem that deftly lays out the major events, institutions, beliefs and figures of Judaism of late antiquity and how they shaped early Christianity. This reader-friendly book is a must. —Craig A. Evans, Trinity Western University Although this book is written at a level that will be easily accessible to students, it is based on sound and fresh scholarship by a leading early church historian. [It] has the merit of surveying the history of the Christian movement from its beginnings with Jesus through the pre-Constantinian period from the specific perspective of demonstrating the close links between Christianity and its Jewish roots that persisted throughout this period. The author has not only harvested much specialized scholarship on this crucial question regarding Christian origins but also has his own personal contribution to make. This attractive presentation is a must for all students of the early church. —I. Howard Marshall, University of Aberdeen Nowadays the Jewish texture of the New Testament is increasingly appreciated, and rightly so. In this highly informative and stimulating book, Professor Skarsaune demonstrates how illuminating it can be to read the New Testament from the perspective of the fully Jewish character of early Christianity. This novel approach to Christian origins will enrich readers, making them more sensitive to the Jewishness of the New Testament and early Christianity and more appreciative of the debt Christianity owes to the Jews. —Donald A. Hagner, Fuller Theological Seminary Professor Skarsaune has long been known as a leading scholar of early Jewish and Gentile Christian history. Here he brings his outstanding specialist learning to bear in a wonderfully accessible, comprehensive introduction to the Jewish basis of Christian faith and history throughout the first three centuries. In binding together the New Testament's Jewish roots with the life of the early Jewish and Gentile church, this is an outstanding textbook of Christian origins. —Markus Bockmuehl, Cambridge University Skarsaune’s work makes a very profitable read… His work is careful but readable for a wide audience and serves as an excellent introduction to the Jewish background of the NT and early Christianity. Yet In the Shadow presents much for specialists to consider as well. Professors will certainly want to read the work. Upper-class undergraduate students will profit. Even preachers in the local congregation would be better equipped through this book to avoid common pitfalls of ‘pop-scholarship’ about NT times and the Jewish roots of Christianity. —Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society - Title: In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity - Author: Oskar Skarsaune - Publisher: InterVarsity - Publication Date: 2002 - Pages: 455 About Oskar Skarsaune Oskar Skarsaune Oskar Skarsaune is professor of church history at Norwegian Lutheran School of Theology in Oslo, Norway. He is the author of Incarnation: Myth or Fact and The Proof from Prophecy: A Study in Justin Martyr's Proof-Text Tradition. Read the full interview here . Read David Neff's interview with the author at http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/october/29.106.html IVP: Some may assume that In the Shadow of the Temple is just one more book on the Jewish background of Christianity. But you have a new perspective to offer. How would you summarize the thesis of your book? Oskar Skarsaune: It is commonly assumed that Christianity originated in a Jewish setting, but that "the parting of the ways" between Judaism and Christianity occurred very early. And [it is also assumed] that, let's say, from the beginning of the second century, there was no more fruitful interaction between the two. Like some other scholars recently, I challenge that picture. I think the interaction continued all through the pre-Constantinian period and even beyond. IVP: What do you think is the strongest evidence against this notion of an early parting of the ways? Skarsaune: There are traces of live interaction between church fathers and Jews not only in the dialogue type of writings, but also in part of the non-polemical exegetical writings of the fathers in Origen, for example, in the middle of the third century. With this point of view, I now find myself in good company. A colloquium at Princeton in January 2002 has the overarching theme "The Ways that Never Parted." There may now even be a tendency to overstate this new perspective. Scholarly speaking, these are interesting times indeed. IVP: Why do you suppose we have learned so little about this early Jewish-Christian conversation in our customary accounts of Christian origins and the history of the early church? Skarsaune: Simply because most textbooks are written on the assumption that no such interaction occurred after, let's say, A.D. 70 or A.D. 135 at most. This means, for example, that all literary "dialogues" between Jews and Christians written after this period are considered purely literary exercises with no basis in an ongoing dialogue in real life. I used to share this view, but intensive work with part of this dialogue literature has convinced me of the opposite.

<urn:uuid:bf5e7ab0-11ff-41f5-ac5d-8f09f31144c9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.logos.com/product/2984/in-the-shadow-of-the-temple

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700984410/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104304-00078-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

If you see a fallen power line, stay very far away. It's always best to assume all fallen lines are energized. Fallen power lines can hurt or kill you, even if they do not spark, hum or dance. Stay away from anything that is touching the line, like a tree, fence, vehicle, etc. Call 911 and MidAmerican Energy at 800-799-4443 to report the fallen line. Do not touch someone who is being shocked by a fallen line - you could be killed! Watch for fallen lines after storms. Fallen lines are most common after storms and high winds. If you are outside after a storm, be alert for lines that may be hard to see in streams or puddles. Shuffle, don't run, from a fallen line. Shuffle with your feet together and on the ground. Fight the urge to run, and warn others not to run. This is because when a live wire touches the ground, electricity travels through the ground in all directions. Voltage lessens as it travels from the center where the live wire is touching the ground. If you run or take large steps, you increase the chance that electricity could come up one leg and go out the other, and you could be shocked. Stay far away from fallen power lines. Even those that are not sparking or humming can still be live with electricity.

<urn:uuid:a0fbc5ed-8ba4-45ec-a319-db00bcee0313>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.midamericanenergy.com/safety/fallen-lines.aspx

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697681504/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094801-00081-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

PEPH launches new podcast series By Rayna Rowell Researchers, working in partnership with community groups, are featured in a new podcast series by the NIEHS Partnerships for Environmental Public Health (PEPH) program. PEPH launched its new podcast series, Environmental Health Chat, Jan. 14. “The goals of the Environmental Health Chat series are to highlight NIEHS-funded community-engaged research projects and to spread the word about important and emerging environmental public health issues to a wide audience,” said Liam O’Fallon, PEPH program coordinator. Straight to the point The short podcasts focus on one or two key messages of a featured topic. To supplement each podcast, the page has links to relevant resources and references. The first four podcasts are now available, with plans to release a new podcast every month starting in February. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) was the subject of one podcast featuring Roxana Witter, M.D., (http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/PublicHealth/departments/EnvironmentalOccupationalHealth/about/Faculty/Pages/WitterR.aspx) of the Colorado School of Public Health. Witter provided background information about fracking and offered health impact assessment (http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/hia.htm) as a useful tool for evaluating the potential effects of a drilling operation on a community. Another podcast, featuring Brown University Superfund Research Program (SRP) grantee Phil Brown, Ph.D., (http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sociology/faculty/pbrown/) and Environmental Justice League of Rhode Island Director Amelia Rose, (http://ejlri.wordpress.com/about/our-people/) highlighted a new school siting law. They discussed issues with schools being built in or near areas with known contamination. In addition to outlining the potential health effects of this practice, they also examined the environmental justice implications. R. William Field, Ph.D., (http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/faculty-staff/faculty/directory/[email protected]) a professor at the University of Iowa, discussed radon and its health effects in a third podcast. Field emphasized that radon is the leading environmental cause of cancer death in the United States. This podcast gave an overview of radon and provided steps to take to reduce exposure. The last podcast featured Celia Chen, Ph.D., (http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/about/research-team/faculty/Celia.html) a Dartmouth Toxic Metals SRP grantee, discussing mercury in seafood. Chen explained how mercury gets into the food chain and what types of fish are safe to eat to reduce exposure. PEPH invites scientists, community-based participatory researchers, and the general public to visit the Environmental Health Chat page and provide feedback, as well as ideas for future podcasts. Next month, there will be a podcast on urban gardening that will highlight research from Cornell University. (Rayna Rowell is a communication specialist with MDB, Inc., a contractor for the NIEHS Division of Extramural Research and Training.)

<urn:uuid:d49f4e14-7204-4ee1-9c9f-e0cb85341f67>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2013/2/science-peph/index.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698693943/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100453-00035-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Ayurveda is based on the subjective understanding of the body. - Ayurveda aims to improve the wellbeing of everybody and does not belong to a particular country, civilisation or religion. - Treatment is based on the individual as a whole. - It is a much more systematic & holistic approach to achieve perfect balance between mind, body & soul. - Whatever is present in the universe, Ayurveda recognises as also being present in the human body. - The Universe according to Ayurveda is composed of the five great elements - Ether, Air, Fire, Water and Earth (Known as Panchmahabhuta). - These elements are responsible for all the living and nonliving substances in this universe. - The human body is also composed of the five great elements - Man is said to be the microcosm of this macrocosm - These elements are recognised in the form of three Doshas or biological humours - Vata, Pitta and Kapha. - The three Doshas are the intelligences behind each and every function that occurs in the body: Air and Ether = Vata Fire and Water = Pitta Earth and Water = Kapha - The Doshas govern the psycho-biological and physio-pathological changes in the body. - Vata, Pitta and Kapha can be found in every body cell, tissue and organ. - The level of each Dosha varies from person to person which ultimately determines an individual’s body type (Prakriti). - It is the most eco-friendly system of medicine as it only uses materials that are natural and compatible to the body. - Each individual has a unique bodily intelligence that has the power to keep the body in perfect health as long as this intelligence stays in balance. - Ayurveda gives us a detailed & logical explanation of way the body, mind & soul interact.

<urn:uuid:0e1906e2-fdde-42bd-8132-003437558e0c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.planetayurveda.co.nz/unique-features

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698104521/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095504-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Photograph, Fatima the Moroccan By 1900, only the Kingdom of Morocco remained more or less independent of European rule, although European competition for Morocco was intense between Spain, France, and Germany. Between 1899 and 1912, French armies progressively occupied the country using Algeria as a base. In 1912, the French and Spanish protectorates were declared, with the lion’s share of Moroccan territory going to France. Nevertheless, it took France several decades to quell the numerous rural revolts sparked by military occupation. These rebellions had scarcely been suppressed when the Moroccan nationalist movement emerged in the post-World War I era. One of the ironies of colonialism is that native peoples worldwide were forced into the imperial armies of the French, British, Italian, and other empires. Moroccan soldiers served under the French flag—as did Algerian and Tunisian soldiers—in large numbers. Some were forced into the army against their will; others were enrolled as “volunteers”—“perfect mercenaries” for combat in Europe or other French possessions worldwide. During World War I, France sent tens of thousands of North African soldiers to fight in the trenches in Europe, where they often were deployed as “cannon fodder.” Some 173,000 Algerians served in the French army during the “Great War.” In addition, the North African units were segregated from French soldiers and often housed and fed in an inferior manner compared to European combatants. At the same time, the European empires employed propaganda to enlist women in the war effort—for example, by laboring in jobs traditionally restricted to men, such as manufacturing weaponry. Women as warriors, as soldiers, women bearing arms, however, has always been problematic. Thus, this photo from the French newspaper, Le Miroir, dated June 13, 1915, is entitled “Women who fight as real soldiers,” raises many issues. The text reads: “Fatima [Fathima in French], the Moroccan woman, whose portrait we reproduce here, followed into battle from the beginning of the war our [North African] units and fought courageously like a man.” We have no other information on Fatima, the Moroccan, or how she got to the European front during the war. Did she disguise herself as a man? Historically speaking, this was a way that women seeking to fight could do so. Or was she already in France before the war and subsequently volunteered when Moroccan units, perhaps including male family members, arrived to fight with France against Germany? And what propaganda uses were made of her image? Was the photo of her, dressed in a soldier’s uniform, meant to encourage Moroccan soldiers fighting in a strange land for a cause that was not theirs? Or was this image aimed more at European audience, intending to demonstrate the loyalty of the colonized in a world war of Europe’s own making? The questions are endless. Although one hint lies in the weekly Le Miroir’s statement that it “would pay any price for photographic documents relating to the war and presenting a particular interest to the public.” Nevertheless, one thing is certain—this image contrasts with the depiction of “Belle Fatima,” the sensuous woman clothed in oriental finery and posed reclining in a studio photograph in accordance with the dictates of European male fantasies. Source: “Fatima the Moroccan.” Le Miroir. 5eme année, number 81. June 13, 1915.

<urn:uuid:b696980d-d394-4480-9463-8e2734582709>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson9/lesson9.php?menu=1&s=8

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704645477/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114405-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

TO AN American visiting London, one of the more striking aspects of last week's riots was how few people died. Not including the police shooting death that touched off the original disturbance, five deaths have been attributed to the riots and looting. By contrast, 53 people died in the rioting that followed the acquittal of police officers in the beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles in 1992. At least part, if not most, of the difference is down to the fact that Americans are armed to the teeth: the criminals, the cops and the shopkeepers all have guns, whereas Britain has one of the lowest rates of gun ownership in the world. The result is a low homicide rate: just 2 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002, compared with 5.62 in America. Murders in Britain are much less likely to be committed with a gun. Its firearm murder rate, at 0.02 per 100,000, is a fraction of America's, at 3.25. Three of the riots' victims were run down by a car while guarding a petrol station and one died of injuries after being beaten. The fifth was a looter who is believed to have been shot by another looter. |Source: United Nations| Britons are not more law-abiding than Americans. Their rates of car theft, robbery and burglary are all higher, some substantially. But strict gun-control laws and borders that are more impervious to smuggling than, say, America's border with Canada, mean that guns are less likely to be used in crimes. That may also cut down on firefights: British police generally do not carry guns, in part because they worry less about being shot at. (Mark Duggan, the man whose death set off the original riots, was shot by a member of a special police firearms unit. Mr Duggan is believed to have had a gun but not to have fired it.) It's possible, as Ben Jacobs of the Boston Globe speculates, that Britain's low level of gun homicide and high level of property crime are connected: criminals may be more likely to steal, rob or loot if they don't fear being shot by a vigilante shopkeeper. Still, the data do seem to suggest that if you're going to be caught up in a riot, it is better to be in London than in Los Angeles. Correction: An earlier version of this story stated that Mr Duggan was carrying a gun; in fact one was found nearby, not on his person. This has been corrected.

<urn:uuid:be34e460-3342-4ae7-b39b-d32f92d5acfa>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/08/visiting-americans-perspective-londons-riots

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436824/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The National Day of Catalonia (La Diada Nacional de Catalunya) The National Day of Catalonia or La Diada Nacional de Catalunya is celebrated every September 11th, a historic date in the Catalan calendar. The day commemorates the 14 month Siege of Barcelona, and when on the 11th September 1714, Catalan troops were forced to surrender to the Castilian forces of France and Philip V of Spain. It was unfortunately all pretty much downhill from there for the next 250 years. All institutions of Catalonia were destroyed and they became part of the Spanish kingdom. Many Catalans have been battling this repression ever since. Most recently from the Spanish dictator, Francisco Franco. The National Day of Catalonia was reinstated after 94 years in 1980, five years after Franco’s death in 1975. Catalonia today is at least an autonomous community. Though this is still far from acceptable for many. Where’s the Diada de Catalunya happening? The 11th September is a Catalan holiday so don’t expect to get much done. Instead go out and enjoy the celebrations (and political demonstrations). Floral tributes are laid at the statue of Rafael Casanova (yes, that’s who Carrer de Casanova is named after). His statue is in the small square at the corner of Ronda de Sant Pere and Carrer d’Alí Bei. Pay your respects to the 4000 soldiers who lost their lives defending the city at Fossar de les Moreres, the eternal flame next to the church of Santa María del Mar. Take a walk from the Arc de Triomf, down Passeig de Lluís Companys towards the main celebrations in Parc de la Ciutadella. Catch a concert, a poetry reading, a dignitaries speech. Expect to see the odd senyera being waved, the Catalan flag of nine horizontal stripes, five yellow and four red which has a legend all of its own. And enjoy the sound of Els Segadors, the official national anthem of Catalonia since 1993. Els Segadors, the national anthem of Catalonia You can listen to Els Segadors below (MP3: 1 min 50 secs). Britain’s role in all this The more I read of Catalan history the more unfair it all seems to be. But then so many histories are. It seems clear that Britain somewhat shirked their duties at the time. As written in the journal of the House of Lords in 1715… …and the Honour of the British Nation, always renowned for the Love of Liberty, and for giving Protection to the Assertors of it, was most basely prostituted and a free and generous People, the faithful and useful Allies of this Kingdom, were betrayed, in the most unparalleled Manner, into irrevocable Slavery. In his History of England from 1745, Nicholas Tindall wrote… The Catalans, thus abandoned and given up to their enemies, contrary to faith and honour, were not however, wanting to their own defence; but appealing to Heaven, and hanging up at the High Altar the Queen’s solemn declaration to protect them, underwent the utmost miseries of a siege; during which multitudes perished by famine and the sword, many were afterward executed, and many persons of figure were dispersed about the Spanish Dominions and dungeons. So whatever your feelings towards the history of the Catalan people and their current fight for their future, it is clear that this day sits deep in their hearts. Some related articles on Wikipedia if you have the time. All fascinating. - National Day of Catalonia - Siege of Barcelona - Fossar de les Moreres - Rafael Casanova - Josep Moragues - Consell de Cent - Philip V of Spain - War of the Spanish Succession Did you find this post interesting? Let us know what you think by leaving a comment.

<urn:uuid:489bb9c4-26e9-47f9-9307-a04cef65f17f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.homagetobcn.com/diada-de-catalunya/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710963930/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516132923-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Odd-Toed Hoofed Mammals An Introduction to Horses Horses, zebras, and asses all belong to the Family Equidae, also referred to as equids. Equids are beautiful, captivating mammals that have long slender legs, a stocky body, and long, narrow heads. The critically endangered black rhinoceros inhabits eastern and southern Africa. The black rhinoceros has poor eyesight but acute hearing and sense of smell. It has a hooked upper lip that enables it to grasp vegetation and strip leaves from stems and branches. Burchell's zebras are odd-toed ungulates that belong to the horse family. They have black and white stripes that cover their body and a black and white mane of stiff hair that stands up along the back of their neck. Domestication of Horses Domestication is the process by which humans take wild species and acclimatize them to breeding and surviving in captivity. In many cases, domesticated animals serve some purpose for humans (food source, labor, companionship). Przewalski's Wild Horse Przewalski's wild horse is a stout, pony-like horse that stands about 122cm (4ft) at the shoulders and weighs between 200kg-300kg (440lbs-660lbs). It has a long, broad head, powerful jaws, and a stiff black mane. Its ears are long and stand up straight. Somali Wild Ass The Somali wild ass is a subspecies of donkey (Equus asinus). The Somali wild assgrows to 125cm-145cm (4.2ft-5.5ft) at the shoulder and has a light grey to fawn color coat of short, sleek fur. Tapirs are a family of hooed mammals that inhabit the forests of South and Central America and Souteast Asia. These pig-like mammals spend a great deal of their time in water where they enjoy safety from predators such as jaguars. The white rhinoceros, also known as the square-lipped rhinoceros, is a large herbivore and one of five living species of rhinoceroses.

<urn:uuid:819ef261-61a6-4303-b335-fbc2a4e10f93>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://animals.about.com/od/odd-toed-hoofed-mammals/odd-toed-hoofed-mammals.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708144156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124224-00011-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The mystery of where cosmic rays come from could be solved by two underwater experiments, one in Siberia's Lake Baikal and the other in the Pacific, off the islands of Hawaii. The cosmic rays which bombard the Earth are mainly protons with energies as high as 10 No one knows how charged particles are whipped to such enormous energies but the same processes should also produce high-energy gamma rays and neutrinos. The Galaxy's magnetic fields do not change the direction of gamma rays and neutral particles such as neutrinos, so they should provide a pointer to the source of cosmic rays. ... To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

<urn:uuid:7ea8a0fa-af7c-4075-8433-8e2fdf7725e4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119082.300-science-plumbing-the-depths-for-cosmic-rays.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702849682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111409-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Referred pain is a term that is used to describe pain that is experienced away from the actual site of injury. The most well known example of referred pain is the pain that occurs in the left arm during a heart attack. Although the injury is actually occurring to the heart muscles, pain is felt in the arm. Referred pain can be caused by injury to visceral organs or musculoskeletal structures in the muscles cause referred pain, these areas are known as trigger points. Scientists are not sure of how and why pain is referred. Hints for self-management Using your thumb, press and hold over the area in the muscle that reproduces your symptoms. Hold the pressure until the referred pain symptoms fade, this should occur within 30-90 seconds. Massage is one way to treat trigger points in muscle Trigger points usually occur in muscles that are overworking, often due to weakness or poor posture and biomechanics. A physiotherapist can treat the trigger points, as well as provide exercises, stretches, and education to help address the underlying problems. Pain tends to refer in a set pattern. Somatic mapping of referred pain locations has been helpful in indentifying the location of the injury based on the location to which the pain is referred. There are many pain receptors in the skin, so the information transmitted to the brain is very precise with regards to where the injury is and whether the source was sharp, dull, hot, or cold. On the other hand, internal organs have fewer pain receptors, so the brain has less information to form an interpretation. Pain may be referred because signals from several areas of the body often travel through the same nerve pathways in the spinal cord and brain. For example, pain from a gallbladder attack may be felt at the back of the shoulder because sensory information from the gallbladder and the shoulder converge on the same nerve pathways in the spinal cord. Trigger points in muscles can cause significant referred pain. Trigger points in the upper back, shoulders, and neck may be the source of referred pain perceived as headaches. A trigger point can be identified if pressing on the “knot” reproduces your pain. At Sydney Sports and Orthopaedic Physiotherapy our highly qualified physiotherapists specialise in the assessment, treatment and prevention of neuromusculoskeletal injuries. Contact us today - 9252 5770 This handout was prepared by Sydney Sports and Orthopaedic Physiotherapy and is intended as a general information service. Please note that the information provided is not intended as a substitute for advice from a registered physician or healthcare professional. If symptoms persist, please consult your doctor.

<urn:uuid:95ec2e9e-ff98-4587-aff7-1b67aea177be>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://ssop.com.au/common_injuries/general_health/general_health/referral_pain/s_menu3

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706794379/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121954-00041-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Guest Post By Joe Bastardi Sound Meteorological reasons for US temperature fluctuations as the globe cools overall The last year the US has been warm and it can be directly traced to the changes taking place in the Pacific as the cooling PDO deepens, resulting in a fall in global temps, but rapid responses up and down across the US based on the water in the tropical Pacific. The theory is simple. The cooling of the Pacific tropical waters overall forces a global reaction that leads to the start of the cool down, that will be shown In a chart below, but the US temp response is inverse to the temps in the central Pacific relative to the temps In the eastern Pacific . The physical reaction will be discussed below, and it will be made clear as to why simply looking at what is going on over 10% of the globe is pure agenda driven drivel that the AGW crowd , pushed by many in government and science in this country, can be revealed as ignorance to basic sound logic, common sense, and science The key is that no matter what the water temp, it has to be warmer in the central Pacific than eastern Pacific. If you have a warm event going on ( the el nino) then the core of the warmth must be in the in the central Pacific. If a cold event ( la nina) then the only way the US is cold is if the water is colder near South America. If the core of the cold is back west, then it creates a pressure and temperature pattern across the globe that will force it to be warm in the US . The same type of thing happened in the mild la nina winters of the MID 1970s, before the reversal in the late 70s, something I believe could happen this winter! in a cold regime, lets look mid 09 to mid 10 its warmer in the center so you understand the physical reasons, it has to do with the overall global temp and the results of warming and cooling of this area of immense energy on the global pattern. Warm the water in the central pac and you create lower than normal pressures in this area and there has to be compensating rises in pressure over N America. This is greatest in the winter season. Why? because in the tropical pacific seasonal temp variaions are much less than in the temperate regions, so a slight pressure fall here because of warming will demand a bigger response to the positive where its cold, again remember the lesson of the cold morning vs the hot afternoon and how easy it is to get temps to bounce up and down when its very cold ( takes very little energy change) as opposed to when its hot. The same change in energy for 1 degree at 80 will produce more than a 15 degree change around 0. Now look at the Pacific while the US has been warm over the last year This demands a warm response somewhere and its over the US. But it shows in no uncertain terms why the AGW crowd argument lacks sound physical foundations. They are clueless as to the true downturn that is in progress here in terms of the reduction of energy, or if you will the turning down of the earths thermostat and so they focus on the one area it was warm, the US. But you can see the rapid reduction not only in this crucial area of energy, but in the mid troposphere. It shows, with the statements made by people on the US warmth, an amazing lack of actual examination of the weather and understanding of climate cycle theory. To them any fact that wont agree with them, no matter how soundly based in physical realities, does not exist IT HAS TO WARM OVER US WHEN IT GETS THIS COLD IN THE CENTRAL PACIFIC but the overall affect on the globe if we integrate from the surface to where their trapping hot spot is supposed to be is for a fall in temp! But do we hear that? Of course not, all we see is their head in the sand, refusing to look at the entire picture so they say the globe is warming EVEN WHILE THE ACTUAL TEMPS SAY ITS NOT So you hear one nonsense statement after another come out that will not confront the physical realities of the flip in the climate cycle that is starting to occur. In the shorter term decades, its all the oceans since they have 1000 times the heat capacity of air. In the bigger picture, of course the sun. We look here at 2meters on cfsr which by the way is an NCEP product, not Heartland Institute or EIB. It’s the National Centers of Environmental Prediction You would have to blind not to see the same jagged trend down has started since the pdo flipped to cold, that started up in the late 70s and 80s when it flipped to warm. In the Bigger picture, Roy Spencers chart which starts when the PDO flipped to warm, but after leveling off is also starting to show the downturn and we can look at 14k seeing how warm it was in 2010 and how it cooled since then ( the tan line is 2010) and at 25 k, the bottom part of the “trapping hot spot” ( tan line 2010) So when you look at this and find its the coolest start to a month, though its still warm overall , you can so say ”so what” or you can understand that given the theory I am laying out here and have been for a few months now ( remember I forecasted a surge in global temps against the normals for spring and early summer, so this is not a surprise) you can see why what is rumbling around now may be the start of the atmospheric avalanche that the CFS is not shy about touting this would be as bad as any winter since the late 1970s. let me be clear I think a colder winter is on the way, but this model is carried to the extreme! That being said, there were physical reasons that do not have anythng to do with this agenda driven drivel of co2 that people are spouting that lead to last winter just like the natural variation will lead to this winter. So I outline those first for you. Of course the crowd I must deal with would take a winter like this and twist it to somehow be because they are right. But they do that after the fact with everything. But explaining the why before the what and at least giving you the chance to see why something may be happening, we can expose these people for charlatans they are.. Sound reasoning and common sense can prevail even in this age of Utopian Voodoo

<urn:uuid:1298372f-cd6f-4e9c-b864-b279b5ee569e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2012/06/16/joe-bastardi-explains-the-warm-us-weather-and-what-to-expect-the-rest-of-the-year/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698693943/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100453-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Patient safety is one of the nation's most pressing health care challenges. A 1999 report by the Institute of Medicine estimates that as many as 44,000 to 98,000 people die in U.S. hospitals each year as the result of lapses in patient safety. There are things you can do to help yourself get safer health care. Some are as simple as making sure that when you are in the hospital your wristband has the right name on it. Other ways to reduce risks are: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)

<urn:uuid:43a7e37f-0a26-43d6-9621-841e510aa1a2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/patientsafety.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ornamental Millet: Colorful Foliage with an Added Bonus The ornamental sweet potatoes have led the way, and have shown us that very colorful foliage can also be used in lieu of flowers. They have the same color and visual impact in the landscape – whether it’s the chartreuse or the dark purple sweet potatoes. The plant breeders have done a lot of work in a variety of plants with colorful foliage, including ornamental millet. We have two different varieties of millet. One is a little taller than the other. The taller one has a dark red leaf and they both have dark flower seed heads. The shorter one is has a jade or lighter leaf color which goes with many of our popular color schemes. The seed head gives it a very different textural change, which makes it a very unique plant. The other added benefit, especially with the red-leafed millets is that they have visual interest if they’re left through the fall and winter. And most important, the millet seed head is full of seed that small birds such as finches love to land on and pull the seeds out. So, the millet becomes a natural bird feeder. And if you plant it in view of the kitchen window, so that you can watch the birds while washing dishes or sitting at the table and looking out the window, you’ll enjoy watching the birds and having nature close by. It’s nice to feed the birds, and this is a very natural way to supplement bird feeders. This feature story prepared with Alan Stevens, Kansas State University Research and Extension State Leader, Horticulture. For more information, visit your local county extension office or visit our website at KansasGreenYards.org.

<urn:uuid:460694cb-27d9-48e5-836f-9533079a29dd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.kansasgreenyards.org/p.aspx?tabid=37&itemID=221

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700842908/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104042-00094-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Significance and Use Low operating temperature fuel cells such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEFCs) require high purity hydrogen for maximum material performance and lifetime. Analysis to 0.1 part per million (ppm) concentration of total hydrocarbons (measured as methane) in hydrogen is necessary for assuring a feed gas of sufficient purity to satisfy fuel cell system needs as defined in SAE TIR J2719 or as specified in regulatory codes. Although not intended for application to gases other than hydrogen, techniques within this test method can be applied to other non-hydrocarbon gas samples requiring total hydrocarbon content determination. 1.1 This test method describes a procedure for total hydrocarbons (THC) measurement in hydrogen intended as a fuel for fuel cells on a C1 Basis. Total Hydrocarbons on a C1 basis is an analytical technique where total carbon is determined and all of the hydrocarbons are assumed to have the same response as Methane. Sensitivity from 0.1 part per million (ppm, µmole/mole) up to 1000 parts per million (ppm, µmole/mole) concentration are achievable. Higher concentrations can be analyzed using appropriate dilution techniques. This test method can be applied to other gaseous samples requiring analysis of trace constituents provided an assessment of potential interferences has been accomplished. 1.2 This test method is a FID based hydrocarbon analysis method without the use of separation columns, therefore, this method does not provide speciation of individual hydrocarbons. Varieties of instruments are manufactured and can be used for this method. 1.2.1 This method provides a measure of total hydrocarbons “as methane”, because all hydrocarbon species are quantified the same as methane response, which is the sole species used for calibration. Therefore C2 and above hydrocarbons are quantified relative to the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. F307 Practice for Sampling Pressurized Gas for Gas Analysis F1398 Test Method for Determination of Total Hydrocarbon Contribution by Gas Distribution System Components SAETIRJ2719 nformation Report of the Development of a Hydrogen Quality Guideline for Fuel Cell Vehicles flame ionization detector (FID); PEM fuel cells; total carbon analysis (TCA); total hydrocarbon (THC); ultra high purity (UHP) hydrogen; zero grade air; ICS Number Code 27.075 (Hydrogen technologies) ASTM International is a member of CrossRef. Citing ASTM Standards [Back to Top]

<urn:uuid:4d3c8235-bc6a-49fc-bdb3-29ce6b9c0bde>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.astm.org/Standards/D7675.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704818711/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114658-00097-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

New research published in the October issue of Pediatrics, says that children who are undergoing steroid treatments for diseases like childhood leukemia are at increased risk of contracting a more severe form of chicken pox, which may result in death. "Steroids are used to treat leukemia and they suppress the immune system," said Thomas McLean, a pediatric oncologist at Brenner Children's Hospital. "When a child is exposed to the varicella virus (the virus that causes chicken pox) around the time they are receiving steroid treatment, they are more likely to contract a more severe case of chicken pox." McLean and his colleagues studied 697 patients with acute leukemia over a nine-year period. About 16 percent or 110 patients contracted chicken pox. Of those 110 patients, 54 had severe disease, including two deaths. Of the patients whose chicken pox was diagnosed within three weeks of taking steroids, 70 percent had severe infection whereas only 44 percent of those who had not received steroid therapy within three weeks had severe infection. Although the study was limited to patients with leukemia, the findings may apply to other conditions for which steroids are used, McLean said. "One of the things we need to remember to ask before we prescribe steroid treatment is whether the child has had a recent exposure to chicken pox," McLean said. "If so, we recommend waiting until the incubation period has passed before beginning steroid therapy." Steroids are a common and highly successful treatment for many childhood cancers, McLean said. "We just need to make sure we don't mix the two," he added. "Steroids and the chicken pox virus don't go together. They are a bad combination." Chicken pox is usually mild, but it can be serious and even life threatening. In 1995, a chickenpox vaccine was developed to help prevent the spread of the virus. Prior to the widespread use of the varicella vaccine, approximately 12,000 people were hospitalized for chicken pox each year in the United States and 100 died as a result of the disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Since the introduction of the vaccine, the incidence of varicella has decreased steadily. We hope one day to eradicate the disease all together," McLean said. "I strongly encourage any parent whose child has not had chicken pox to get that child vaccinated." McLean worked with the following specialists at Brenner Children's Hospital to complete the research: Garick Hill, B.S, Allen Chauvenet, M.D., Ph.D., and James Lovato, M.S. Media Contacts: Rae Bush, [email protected], or Ann Hopkins, [email protected], at 336-716-4587. Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center is an academic health system comprised of North Carolina Baptist Hospital, Wake Forest University Health Sciences and Brenner Children's Hospital. The system comprises 1,187 acute care, rehabilitation, psychiatry and long-term care beds and is consistently ranked as one of "America's Best Hospitals" by U.S. News & World Report. Brenner Children's was named one of the top children's hospitals in the nation by Child magazine. AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

<urn:uuid:9021f38a-8f2f-425d-9057-ba8b295dc428>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-10/wfub-sac101805.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704590423/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114310-00023-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

If you could check intelligence scores (IQ) from many countries at the same time and follow the scores through several decades, you could assess whether or not people’s intelligence is increasing. This is what James R. Flynn, a New Zealand researcher, did over two decades ago. Researchers today are still talking about it. Flynn found that IQ has been steadily increasing three points per decade around the world. Follow-up studies prove that his original conclusions are still correct. This phenomenon is called the Flynn Effect. But don’t jump to any conclusions that you can stop reading, solving problems, programming your next iPhone yourself or discussing difficult subjects with your friends. There’s no vacation break here for anyone! Flynn does not attribute the increase to something we are doing on purpose. “Our brains are more modern, not necessarily more intelligent,” he said in an interview with Scientific American in August 2012. The gains in IQ are quite interesting. School children only gained about 4 IQ points on vocabulary between 1950 and 2000 but adults gained 17.4 points going into adult life. These gains could be due to the fact that kids are highly visual now and not as verbal. Adults are more apt to continue the healthy reading habit throughout life and, after retirement, they spend more time with their peers in a rich verbal environment. What is a rich verbal environment? A rich verbal environment is an environment in which there is a lot of intellectual stimulation coming from people who are discussing various matters. It is an environment where you hear a variety of words, at all levels, and speak these words back to others. In contrast, an example of a poor verbal environment would be an environment where a single mom is raising four children. Her verbal skills would be expected to fall. Because the children’s language skills are much lower than her’s, the mom has to talk at their level rather than at her own level. This ends up lowering her verbal skills — you lose what you don’t use. The Flynn Effect predicts that the brighter you are, the less your verbal IQ decreases as you get older. The results flip the opposite way for analytical skills. The smarter you are as an adult, the more rapid your decline in analytical processing. Could this be due to the onset of dementia? Flynn doesn’t seem to think so. It’s more related to what’s happening in a person’s environment. Instead of performing analytical tasks at work, people tend to become more social as they get older. More adults surround them, and that means a richer verbal environment — not necessarily rich in analytical reasoning and problem solving. What does it all mean to us? First, it points out that the opportunity to change a child’s life outcome is not just limited to changing how they learn using brain training. It seems that the brain possibly is even more fluid than this. With brain training and a rich brain-exercising lifestyle regimen, it seems IQ points can be added. Get more information about Speech & Language programs and other braining training opportunities at Gemm Learning.

<urn:uuid:90bbe51a-6c9f-456e-a010-c7c86871f8e9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.gemmlearning.com/blog/category/education_trends/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708144156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124224-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Negligence is the basis for most civil cases, although an individual or company can be criminally negligent as well. The civil law of negligence is based upon the concept that a reasonably prudent person should act in a certain way. Negligence is the result of an individual (or entity) failing to fulfill a duty owed and falling below the standard of care by not acting as a reasonably prudent person should. The bottom line of negligence law is that individuals (and companies) must exercise reasonable care and consider foreseeable harm that they may cause to others. Negligence is also often used to describe “accident and injury law” or “personal injury law.” , which may include not only negligence cases but strict liability and intentional injury cases.It encompasses injuries caused by accidents, dog bites, defective products, medical malpractice, other professional malpractice such as business errors, and nursing home abuse. The Three Prongs of Proving Negligence To prove negligence, the injured person must show that his or her injuries were caused by the act or failure to act of another individual (or company.) Proving negligence has three prongs. In other words, the injured person must show that it is more likely than not (i.e. preponderance of the evidence) that: - The defendant had a duty to the injured person, - The defendant’s act or failure to act was not reasonable and caused the injured person’s injuries, and - The injured person suffered some form of injury as to be entitled to damages.

<urn:uuid:50be1674-98d2-4b9c-ae34-a052d184eeb2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://nvbar.org/content/nevada-negligence-lawyer

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705284037/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115444-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Saturn's Infrared Temperature Snapshot (Labeled) Scientists have discovered a wave pattern, or oscillation, in Saturn's atmosphere only visible from Earth every 15 years. The pattern ripples back and forth like a wave within Saturn's upper atmosphere. In this region, temperatures switch from one altitude to the next in a candy cane-like, striped, hot-cold pattern. The temperature "snapshot" shown in these two images captures two different phases of this wave oscillation: the temperature at Saturn's equator switches from hot to cold, and temperatures on either side of the equator switch from cold to hot every Saturn half-year. The image on the left was taken in 1997 and shows the temperature at the equator is colder than the temperature at 13 degrees south latitude. Conversely, the image on the right taken in 2006 shows the temperature at the equator is warmer. These images were taken with NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

<urn:uuid:e2b01f36-cb3d-4829-9c25-e78096169d87>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.redorbit.com/images/pic/19515/saturns-infrared-temperature-snapshot-labeled/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708789647/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125309-00008-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

POTATO GENETICS, CYTOGENETICS, DISEASE RESISTANCE, AND PRE-BREEDING UTILIZING WILD AND CULTIVATED SPECIES Location: Vegetable Crops Research Unit Title: Vine-Kill Treatment and Harvest Date Have Persistant Effects on Tuber Physiology After Harvest Submitted to: American Journal of Potato Research Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: March 25, 2010 Publication Date: June 1, 2010 Citation: Bethke, P.C., Busse, J.S. 2010. Vine-Kill Treatment and Harvest Date Have Persistant Effects on Tuber Physiology After Harvest. American Journal of Potato Research. 87(3):299-309. Interpretive Summary: Potato is a high value vegetable crop that is intensively managed. Producing high quality tubers requires careful attention to irrigation, nutrient availability, insect control, and pathogen suppression. These grower activities encourage and sustain the natural developmental progression that leads from tuber initiation to maturation. Vine desiccation and harvest are two grower activities that have the potential to disturb this natural progression and may be detrimental to post-harvest tuber quality. For this research Russet Burbank potato tubers were harvested at early, mid and late season. For the first two harvests, half of the research plots were sprayed with herbicide and half were left untreated. Vine-kill prior to harvest is standard practice in many parts of the US. The data presented here show that vine kill-treatment influences tuber physiology after harvest, and that the effects of vine-kill treatment can persist for several months. Under the conditions of these experiments, the effects of vine-kill treatment on skin set, tuber respiration rates and tuber sugar contents were most apparent when tubers were harvested early. The data also confirm earlier reports showing that harvest date has a major impact on tuber sugar profiles after harvest. Skin set, respiration rate and sugar contents are key physiological parameters that have large impacts on tuber quality, storability, and value coming out of storage. Learning how to better manage harvests to optimize these parameters will have a significant benefit to potato growers, storage managers, and potato processors. Potato tuber development follows a genetically programmed progression from tuber initiation to maturation. Most grower activities nurture this process, but vine kill and harvest are exceptions that have the potential to affect the quality of the crop. Experiments conducted for two years determined the effects of harvest date and vine-kill treatment on the physiology and processing quality of potato tubers stored for up to 12 weeks. Russet Burbank potatoes were grown in central Wisconsin using standard procedures for planting, fertilization, irrigation, and pest management. Tubers were harvested in late July before vines had begun to senescence, in mid-August when limited senescence was observed, and in September after complete natural senescence. Vines were either killed with diquat two weeks prior to the first two harvests or were left untreated. Data were collected at harvest and in storage for skin set, respiration rate, and tuber glucose, fructose and sucrose. Skin set at harvest increased with vine-kill treatment at the early harvest date, but not at the middle harvest date. Significant, persistent differences in respiration rates and sugar profiles were observed for tubers from the different treatments. In particular, the early harvest/vine killed treatment resulted in tubers with respiration rates that were elevated relative to those from the other treatments. Tubers harvested in July after vine kill had lower tuber bud-end glucose than tuber harvested without vine-kill treatment, but stem-end glucose values were comparable. Across treatments, tuber sucrose or glucose content six weeks after harvest was a poor predictor of tuber glucose content twelve weeks after harvest.

<urn:uuid:7ef50fa9-016d-4b9a-8ed5-0334bb416063>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=244687

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00028-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Keritot 7 - 14 Two Kinds of Fools Two kinds of fools are mentioned by King Solomon in his Mishlei (Proverbs). The passages dealing with them serve as clues to the Tamudic Sages for concluding that a nazir must offer the sacrifices prescribed by the Torah as atonement for becoming ritually impure through contact with the dead regardless of whether such contact was intentional or accidental. The first is (Mishlei 14:15) "The fool believes everything." As Rashi explains in his commentary, this refers to the foolishness of one who gives credence to all the reports of talebearers. This sort of impropriety is the unintentional result of naivete and is applied to the unintentional contact of the nazir with the dead. But there is a second kind of fool described in Mishlei 22:3: "The clever person anticipates the harm that may come and avoids it, while the fools transgress and are punished." Rashi there explains that the harm referred to in this passage is the punishment which comes for sin. Since punishment comes only for intentional sin, Rashi in our gemara points out that the fool described here is one who willfully ignores the consequences of his sinful action, and the application to the nazir is in regard to one who intentionally violates the sanctity of the status he has assumed by coming into contact with the dead. - Keritot 9a The Original "Minuteman" The "minuteman" is familiar to students of American history as the revolutionary warrior who was prepared to go to battle against the hated British "Redcoats" on a minutes notice. The original "minuteman", however, was prepared for a different sort of mission. The scapegoat on Yom Kippur was to carry the sins of the Jewish People out to a distant cliff in the wilderness and thus achieve atonement for the sins of the nation. The Kohen Gadol who performed the entire service on this holy day was commanded to "send it out into the wilderness with a man who had been appointed for this role". (Vayikra 16:21) The use of the term "man" led our Sages to conclude that this "minuteman" did not have to be a kohen. The Torahs stress on this mission being performed by the very man who had been appointed for it led to the conclusion that he would be qualified for this role even if he became ritually impure before he was to begin. In Mesechta Yoma (66b) the gemara asks why it was necessary to make this deduction from the Torah, since there is no apparent reason for disqualifying one ritually impure for leading the scapegoat to its death. The answer given is that this appointed minuteman is permitted to enter the Beit Hamikdash to take the scapegoat, an area which is out of bounds for any other ritually impure person. But why, ask the commentaries, was it necessary for him to enter the Sanctuary in this state rather than have the scapegoat brought out to him? The answer lies in an earlier passage (ibid. 16:10) in which there is an instruction that while the goat designated as a sacrifice is slaughtered the one serving the role of scapegoat must remain "standing alive before G-d". It is therefore necessary to the "minuteman" to enter the Sanctuary and take the scapegoat from its presence before G-d. - Keritot 14a

<urn:uuid:774e46f2-54a6-4d56-8f0c-6a77e3bf0eeb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://ohr.edu/explore_judaism/daf_yomi/weekly_dafootnotes/1905

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142617/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Presidential Materials: Selected Resources The Business & Government Documents Center collection contains official presidential publications, such as the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents . In addition, unofficial sources for materials relating to a particular presidency may be found by searching Libraries Catalog. - To locate materials written by a particular President, conduct an Author search for (last name, first name). - To locate materials written about a particular President, conduct a Subject search for (last name, first name). American Presidency Project (University of California, Santa Barbara) Provides access to 3 key Presidential resources in a single searchable database: - Messages and Papers of the Presidents: Washington- Taft (1789-1913) - Public Paperes of the Presidents: Hoover to Bush (1929-1993) - Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents: Cliinton - G.W. Bush (1993-present) Features include 4 links: - Data covers relations with Congress, requests for legislation, vetoes, seats in Congress gained or lost in mid-term elections, popularity, public appearances, growth of the Executie branch, charts about inaugural addresses, and Presidential disability. - Documents include convention speeches, party platforms, Presidential debates, radio addresses, Executive orders and proclamations, signing statements, and statements of administration policies. - Elections summarizes voting in Presidential elections from 1828-2004. - Media reproduces Presidential interactions with the press in multimedia format. Compilation of Presidential Documents Lockwood Documents US AE 2.109 (1985-present) Lockwood Documents US GS 4.114 (1965-1985) This publication contains statements, messages, and other Presidential materials released by the White House during the preceding week. At the end of the President's term of office, all of the weekly publications are compiled into a volume of the Public Papers of the Presidents . Executive Orders 1933- Contains tables with summary information about, but not the text of, Executive Orders beginning with those signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, arranged according to Presidential administration and year of signature. Executive Orders since 1993 are linked to their full text in the Federal Register . Lockwood Documents US AE 2.106:66/1 (current administration, includes indexes) http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/pdp/index.asp?ID=204 (1936-present, select the "Federal Register Library") The Federal Register, which is published daily, contains all presidential proclamations and orders in Title 3. Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents Contains the full text of each inaugural address since George Washington. Part of the Bartleby Archive is maintained by Columbia University. Presidential Directives and Executive Orders This site is part of the Federation of American Scientists' "Intelligence Resources Program" and focuses on national security issues. Lists documents from selected time periods with some linked to the full text. Presidential Documents on NARA Web Sites Access to many of the documents noted in this guide are found on the National Records and Archives Administration site. For more information about archival resources, visit the ASL subject guide for Archives, Manuscripts and Historic Records ( http://library.buffalo.edu/asl/guides/busdoc/archives.html ). Public Papers of the Presidents Lockwood Documents US AE 2.114: (1929-present) Compilations of all the public statements made by a president during a term of office. The White House Contains the full text of the President's press releases, executive orders, and major speeches, as well as significant executive documents. Presidential Biographies and Libraries American Presidents: Life Portraits Provides links to the birthplaces and grave sites of the presidents, as well as "Life Facts" and portraits. Internet Public Library: POTUS For each president there is a page that gives quick facts about the president including political and personal facts, as well as links to other sites. Links to the official sites of Presidential Libraries from Herbert Hoover to the previous administration. The Library of Congress is embarking on digitizing and placing online several of the manuscripts from the papers of the 23 presidents held by the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. The site includes of photos and manuscripts. Presidential Sites Resources Links to biographies of each President as well as Presidential estates, libraries, and archives. The Presidents of the United States Biographies of all United States Presidents, along with links to related Web sites. JFK Assassination Records Collection Information about this special collection within the National Archives is available along with an electronic index to the records. PRESIDENTIAL POLITICAL DEBATES: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY (Allan Louden, Wake Forest University) Cites sources about historical and more recent Presidential debate. Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 3 defines the office of the President. The Web site includes selected documents published in 1996. The first Title 3 - Presidential Documents is 1997.

<urn:uuid:2252d7b0-a500-494d-9d1b-4903c8b5ab24>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/guide/guide.asp?ID=15

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708882773/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125442-00023-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Combating Climate Change – A Role For UK Forests: Main Report An Assessment of The Potential of The UK's Trees and Woodlands to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change - National Assessment of UK Forestry and Climate Change Steering Group - TSO (The Stationery Office) 'Combating Climate Change - A Role For UK Forests' is an independent assessment, commissioned by the Forestry Commission to examine the potential of the UK's trees and woodlands to mitigate and adapt to our changing climate. This report presents the findings of the first national assessment of UK forestry and climate change and it forms part of the UK's response to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th Assessment Report from 2007. This report from the National Assessment of UK Forestry and Climate Change Steering Group illustrates the threat of climate change on Britain's forests; the current impact on our trees and woodland; and the adjustments Britain can make to deal with our changing environment. 'Combating Climate Change' discusses: the government's commitment to reducing Britain's carbon emissions; how both society and industry could adapt to the effects of climate change and global warming; and the ongoing development of sustainable resources. The assessment was compiled by a number of leading scientists co-ordinated by an independent steering group of forestry and climate change experts from the UK and overseas. Much of the Steering Group's analysis has been principally of UK forests and the UK has considerable expertise in woodland creation and sustainable forest managements. However, much of the science reviewed here has wider implications. Climate change is a global problem and there are important international dimensions. This title is also available as a free PDF. Download main report(PDF - 7,780 KB) Download Sections of the Main Report: Introduction (PDF - 1,253 KB) Section One - Forests and Climate (PDF - 272 KB) Section Two - Impacts (PDF - 3,880 KB) Section Three - Mitigation (PDF - 1,229 KB) Section Four - Adaptation (PDF - 901 KB) Section Five - Sustainable Development (PDF - 623 KB) Section Six - Conclusion (PDF - 534 KB) |Format||Paperback||Published||25 Nov 2009| |Availability||In Stock: 1 - 2 days||Delivery||Delivery options and charges|

<urn:uuid:6f29fa04-2ba3-41bc-bfcd-fa202586bef5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.tsoshop.co.uk/bookstore.asp?Action=Book&ProductID=9780114973513

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700984410/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104304-00013-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Mary’s assumption into heaven meant that she left behind no physical body on earth. Her cult developed slowly in late antiquity and the early middles ages because there were no bodily remains for her cult to focus around. In the Christian East, her cult centered on images and clothing relics, but these had not yet made their way into Western Europe. Mary’s relics gained prominence in the twelfth century. Clothing relics,such as veils, shrouds, and tunics, as well as cloth carrying traces of breast milk and birth fluids were the primary relics attributed to Mary. Mary is often associated with clothing and sewing, both in these relics and in symbolic descriptions of her role in the Bible. In a Hymn of Paradise, Mary is described as weaving a new garment for fallen Adam, and in this way undoing the harm caused by the first woman, Eve. The image of the Virgin sewing is symbolic of her clothing her son Jesus in flesh. Mary gave the divine a bodily form in which to cloth itself on earth. The story of the garment Mary made for Jesus as an infant that miraculously grew as he did, and which he wore his entire life, is reminiscent of this clothing-as-flesh symbolism that surrounds Mary. A statue of Mary sewing is included in Chartres Cathedral where her veil is venerated. The Virgin sewing at Chartres The Veil of the Virgin, or Sancta camisia in Chartres This silk relic kept at Chartres is believed to have been worn by Mary when she gave birth to Jesus. Byzantine Empress Irene of Constantinople sent it as a gift to Charlemagne, whose grandson Charles the Bald donated it t Chartres Cathedral in 876. The presence of the Holy Cloak began the cult of the Virgin at that site, although Chartres was reportedly originally a site dedicated to a pregnant pagan virgin. The Veil of the Virgin is associated with many medieval miracles at Chartres. Through the sancta camisia, Mary is said to have spared Chartres from the invasion of Rollo army. The miracles affected by the holy tunic are often associated with protection of her believers. During a fire in 1145 the church burnt down. A few clerics fled from the flames carrying the shroud into the crypt. They emerged safely after three days, having been sustained miraculously by the intercession of the Virgin. This was declared a miracle by a papal legate, and interpreted as a sign that the Virgin wished for a new and grander church to built for her veneration, and so the cathedral as it currently stands was built. The cathedral now has stained glass and sculpture that heavily emphasizes the life of the Virgin, and the Sancta camisia now is housed in a reliquary. The Veil of the Virgin gained its sanctity through touching Mary’s body. It was not necessary for there to be any residual breast milk for the tunic to have such power. There were even stories of shirts gaining protective power by touching the chasse of the tunic of the Virgin. The Veil of the Virgin in its Reliquary The church at Autun also claimed to have the Veil of the Virgin in the twelfth century, and featured a walnut statue of the Virgin enthroned with a back aperture that might have been intended to hold this relic. The Shrine to the Virgin at Aachen Aachen Cathedral also claims to have a shroud of the Virgin, as well as the swaddling clothes worn by Jesus as an infant, the loincloth worn by him on the cross, and the cloth on which John the Baptist’s head was laid after his beheading. These Four Great Relics of Aachen are housed in one collective reliquary, the Shrine to the Virgin. This gold reliquary was completed in 1238 and has architectural forms including gables and a roof. In the mid-14th century it became custom to show the Four Relics every seven years, and this is still practiced. The Marian Robe at Aachen The Shrine of the Virgin at Aachen, 1238 The Holy Girdle, Sacra cintola The Holy Girdle is a camel hair belt believed to have been made and worn by Mary. She supposedly dropped it as a gift for the apostles to remind of her earthly presence as she ascended into heaven. Mary’s Girdle was originally believed to be held in the chuch of Chalcoprateia in Constantinople, but by the late Middle Ages had been translated to Westminster Abbey, where it became a popular object of veneration. It is supposedly held now in Prato, where Angiolo Gaddid painted a fresco cycle depicting the history of the girdle. The Holy Belt Reliquary, open The Pope with Holy Belt at Prato

<urn:uuid:64e590d3-77d0-4d6a-9fdc-77e4c4407c68>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://sites.tufts.edu/textilerelics/2011/02/08/marian-relics/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709337609/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516130217-00045-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A long time ago there was a group of people called Klunatana, or mice people. They lived in harmony with the Kaska people and sometimes even married them. This was very strange, because the Klunatana were very tiny, no bigger than a beaver. The Klunatana were afraid of most animals and the much larger Kaska people. Even the new Kaska man who married one of the Klunatana frightened them. One cold winter day this Kaska man who was known as "Son-In-Law" to the Klunatana, went hunting with them. So when Son-In-Law suggested they go hunt a moose, the Klunatana and he had very different ideas about what they were going after. Son-In-Law told Grandpa Klunatana his plan, "I will go up the trail and chase a moose this way so all the Klunatana can hunt it." So the big Kaska man ran up the trail to find a moose. Grandpa Klunatana and all the other members of his hunting party spread out along the trail to prepare for the arrival of the owl which they call a moose. While they were getting ready, Son-In-Law had spotted a large bull moose, and began to chase it down the trail towards the Klunatana. The big moose smashed its way through the forest breaking branches and bringing down snow from the trees. The moose was one of the most feared animals in the forest because it left such deep tracks in the snow, which the tiny Klunatana often fell into. So when the huge moose stormed down the narrow trail to where the Klunatana were waiting, they all screamed in terror as the moose roared over their heads. "Aaaaaaaaah!" they all said, as they fell into the deep moose tracks. When Son-In-Law got to where the Klunatana were supposed to be, he became very angry and said, "Where are you Kluantana, why are you hiding? How could you let this nice big moose get away?" The big Kaska man looked around and then he heard a tiny voice at his feet. He looked down and saw one of the Klunatana down inside one of the deep snow moose tracks. As soon as he saw the tiny person struggling in the hole made by the moose, the big Kaska man roared with laughter, "Ha ha, ho ho, ha ha, the little Klunatana lost in the snow!" Grandpa Klunatana did not like Son-In-Law laughing at them so he yelled at him in a very tiny voice, "Why didn't you send us a moose, we don't hunt monsters?" Son-In-Law did not know that Grandpa thought owls were moose so he got angry and said, "I sent you a moose, a really nice moose!" Now Grandpa Klunatana was a wise Elder, so when summer time came he thought he would give Son-In-Law one more chance to prove himself a good hunter. "Son-In-Law, I want you to go down to the lake and kill a black bear." The Kaska man returned emptyhanded and said, "I couldn't find any bear down at the lake." Now Grandpa Klunatana became angry again and said, "I can hear lots of bears down at the lake." What Grandpa could hear were really bull frogs singing. So Grandpa angrily marched down to the lake and caught a big bullfrog and brought it back to the camp. Son-In-Law finally understood that the Klunatana had different names for animals and said, "Grandpa, I will go back to the lake and get you lots of bears." Grandpa shook his head becuase he thought Son-In-Law was the worst hunter he had ever seen. Grandpa was so surprised when Son-In-Law returned with a whole bag full of bull frogs! That night the Klunatana were very happy because the new son-in-law proved himself to be a great hunter. About The Creators Location and Maps of Watson Lake Kaska Language Web Page Traditions and Women Photographs of Watson Lake

<urn:uuid:b1445eee-382a-4ea0-9dc9-16a9160e55e0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://dl1.yukoncollege.yk.ca/anth220watsonlake/stories/storyReader$33

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708882773/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125442-00033-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The XB-70 Valkyrie was a prototype strategic bomber for the United States Air Force. It had speed well over Mach 1 and thus was hard to destroy with fighter interceptors. Only two were built for testing at Edwards Air Force Base, California. The XB-70 had several notable features, among them an escape pod which, should the airplane depressurize, would automatically move up and enclose the 2 man crew. From there, the pilot could decide to shoot the escape pod loose from the airplane or keep it on. If the pod was jettisoned, the pilot had limited control over it. The Valkyrie used the theory of 'Compression lift', trapping its own shock wave at high speed by drooping the outer 30% of the wing by as much as 65%. The bomber was intended to operate at high altitudes so as to avoid Soviet missiles. It made its maiden flight on September 21, 1964. On the very first flight, the hydraulic mechanism to raise the landing gear went awry, forcing the prototype to fly landing gear down. It also suffered fuel leaks and the engine construction proved unsuitable for such high speeds. The first aircraft attained a speed of Mach 3.02 at 70,000 feet on October 14, 1965, but the speed badly damaged the engine and ripped two feet of wing off the left side. On Air Vehicle Number Two, the problems were mostly fixed. The engine was better constructed and the hydraulic gear was repaired. On January 3, 1966, the second prototype achieved Mach 3.05 at 70,000 feet. The tests continued to go well until June 8, 1966. That day, Air Vehicle Number Two was flying on another test flight, with an F-4, an F-104, a T-38, and an F-5 as chase planes. The F-104 rolled over the top of the bomber and collided with the plane's tail. The F-104 pilot, NASA pilot and X-15 test pilot Joe Walker was killed in the collision, as was Carl Cross, the copilot of the XB-70. However, Al White, the pilot of the bomber, ejected safely and was later picked up with minor injuries. The XB-70 program was cancelled in 1969. The United States Air Force planned a reconnaissance version, the RS-70, but it never went into production. The surviving XB-70 Air Vehicle Number One is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.

<urn:uuid:a54f2467-6a24-4c7e-8ca9-eab77930f2d8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.conservapedia.com/B-70_Valkyrie

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The way the city grew. The new wide streets and the squares reflected the importance of Dublin. The expansion of the city towards the east and south-east was particularly significant and that expansion was greatly facilitated by the reclamation of land from the shallow estuary of the Liffey. Already by the seventeen-twenties, the Dawson the Molesworth Street areas were being developed. The Mansion House was bought by the Corporation and despite later alterations, happily much of original house remains. before the end of the seventeenth century, plots of land were being sold around the margins of St. Stephen's Green and on the nearby Fitzwilliam Estate some of the most exciting building work took place. From the seventeen-fifties onwards, for about a century, great houses were put up around Merrion Square, which was laid out as a private park. Then followed Fitzwilliam Square and thoroughfares like Fitzwilliam and Baggot streets gave a sense of space and dignity to the new quarter. most cohesive estate in Dublin was laid out between 1760 and 1850. The land acquired by the Fitzwilliam family was leased as a block from the City Corporation and as it was a single block, this lent it a cohesiveness that was lacking in the Gardiner Estate which was developed and bought in small parcels. Their first project was Merrion street in 1758 which was laid out to run parallel to Kildare Street and backing on to the gardens and garden front of Leinster House (see picture), home of the Earls of Kildare, and now our Government Buildings. street narrows at the top where it meets St Stephen's green - a typical happening in Dublin where there was no cohesive planning between various estates. It was quickly built on and plans were made for Merrion Square using Merrion street as one side. The square was designed by James Ensor, the planner of Rutland Square and was designed to be 1500 ft long. As built it was 1150 x 650 and the positioning of exit streets at the corners laid the plan for the rest of the estate. Of this was laid Mount Street Upper and Mount Street Crescent as well as Fitzwilliam Street. Fitzwilliam Street (see picture), forms the eastern side of both Merrion and the later Fitzwilliam Square and is a long expanse of Georgian architecture terminated by Holles Street Maternity Hospital. Holles Street was designed to run off the square from the corner but was dislocated to allow for the building of Antrim House, now the site of the Hospital. Fitzwilliam Square was designed from 1789 but was not developed until the first decades of the 19th century.

<urn:uuid:8809e578-22ad-4131-9011-a94f39df64b2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nostromo.ie/pages/georgian-Dublin.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699056351/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101056-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

CH391L/S12/Bacterial Odor Engineering |Line 37:||Line 37:| Revision as of 01:25, 16 April 2012 Bacterial communities are capable of producing a wide variety of odor molecules. At its most basic, an odorant is simply a volatile organic compound (VOC) capable of triggering an olfactory response. These compounds fall into many categories, and a few examples will be discussed here. These compounds can be produced for a variety of reasons, from simple metabolic byproducts to targeted cellular messengers. Although bacteria don't have an olfactory system in the same sense as higher organisms, there is evidence that bacterial communities can communicate via volatile airborne compounds and that they may be an important bacterial defense sensor. Natural Bacterial Odorant Production It's difficult not to view bacterial odorant production through a human lens, but it's important to remember that the particular descriptions of these compounds are purely coincidental when it comes to smell. When it comes to odorants produced naturally by bacterial populations, it's much more appropriate to view the compounds as products of synthetic pathways and not clouding them with human "uses" or "what they remind us of". That being said, naturally occurring bacterial odorants have been used by humans and other organisms to very interesting ends. Carnivorous mammals including dogs, wolves and hyenas possess potent scent glands near their anus called apocrine glands. These sacs produce a thick liquid or paste that the animals use to mark territory and identify each other. This is why you see dogs sniffing near each other's anuses when meeting each other. Human and primate apocrine glands migrated upwards to our chest and armpit regions as we began to walk upright, and today they remain the source of our armpit odors. The glands produce a mostly odorless liquid, which is in turn metabolized by hundreds of species of skin-dwelling bacteria, with high densities of Corynebacteria. Similar compounds are produced by digested secretions from the groin and foot regions.Lipids in the apocrine and sebaceous secretions are digested by lipase enzymes into volatile compounds like butyric acid In hyena populations, the particular makeup of apocrine microbial communities can differ between social groups and even sexes. It is even thought that individuals that move between social groups must adopt the apocrine microbial community of their new pack to be accepted. Synthetic Bacterial Odorant Production Several groups have engineered bacteria to produce unnatural odorant molecules. This method is similar to metabolic engineering pigment or other biosynthetic pathways in that exogenous single- or multi-enzymatic pathways are introduced to convert precursor molecules to a desired volatile compound. The 2006 MIT iGEM team created an E. coli strain that emitted a wintergreen scent (methyl salicylate) in log phase growth and then switched to producing a banana scent (isoamyl acetate) when nutrients became scarce. They used a chassis strain called YYC912 (tnaA5-) that is deficient in indole production (the characteristic foul-smelling compound of E. coli cultures). Genes were introduced that could synthesize the VOCs from media additives (salicylic acid) or natural amino acid production (leucine). They then assembled a circuit where the default state for M. salicylate production during exponential growth is "on". The wintergreen pathway is under control of the osmY stationary phase promoter upstream of a TetR transcriptional inverter. The isoamyl acetate pathway is under control of the osmY promoter alone. When osmY transcription is activated at stationary phase, the wintergreen pathway is inverted to "off" and the banana pathway is activated. The Parts Registry contains pathways to produce many other VOCs including vanillin, pinene, jasmine and floral odors (among others). Until recently, the odorant molecules produced by bacteria were not thought to have much biochemical significance to the microbes themselves. Via a laboratory accident, Bacillus licheniformis was found to respond to the presence of gaseous ammonia by forming a biofilm. When the researchers were trying to save space on a plate by culturing two different strains together, those closest to wells producing ammonia turned red as biofilm production was induced. Acetaldehyde detection and subsequent gene activation by Aspergillus nidulans has been characterized and engineered into mammalian cells in culture. Reporter genes or genes of interest can be put under control of the A. nidulans acetaldehyde-sensitive transactivator/promoter and turned on via acetaldehyde in a dose and concentration dependent manner. As more odorant-sensitive pathways are discovered and characterized, olfactory circuit options for bioengineering will be expanded, as has recently been shown for a vanillin-inducible system in mammalian cells. - Nijland R and Burgess JG. . pmid:20721987. - pmid= 22187155 Vanillin-induced gene expression in mammalian cells

<urn:uuid:89017ab2-2775-44e8-9b55-94f9d61854be>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.openwetware.org/index.php?title=CH391L/S12/Bacterial_Odor_Engineering&diff=prev&oldid=597931

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698222543/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095702-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

SUMMARY OF EVENTS IN TEXAS FOR THE The force of the revolution so spread, that it was followed by men who had no news of its progress, who never conspired, and who had no resentment against Spanish domination. When the news of the grito of Dolores arrived in the Internal Provinces, the authorities there issued orders for the exercise of great vigilance to prevent an outbreak in their territory. It seems, says Villaseñor, that the insurgents in the interior of the colony, had no idea of extending the revolutionary influence to the more remote regions. In that the revolution of San Luis Potosí, November 1810, put the authorities in these provinces on their guard, quiet prevailed for some weeks; though in spirit, the people were moved, and with the arrival of Jiménez, realized that the moment for revolt was at hand. Governor Cordero, of Coahuila, whose jurisdiction was invaded, wishing to counteract the movement, gave battle at Aguanueva on January 6, 1811. He was abandoned by his army, and forced to flee, but was captured and imprisoned. When these facts became known, from Saltillo to the Sabine, and from Mapimí to the Gulf, it was believed that Spanish domination was at an end, because no army remained to oppose the triumphal insurgents; thus, the military were the first to take on the movement for independence. They had co-workers in the religious. Father Gutiérrez offered his services to Jiménez, who instructed him "to incite to revolution in the five cities of the Rio Grande: Laredo, Revilla, Mier, Camargo, and Reynosa." Before long, "revolution and terror raged in the settlements on the Rio Grande." In the Villa Capital San Fernando de Béxar, a conspiracy was discovered on the night of January 15, 1811. It was lead by Antonio Saenz, Lieutenant of Militia, who had escaped from the Guardia, where he had been imprisoned. He was recaptured, however, along with others in the plot. Governor Salcedo had intended to send military aid to Coahuila after Corderos' defeat, but now he countermanded the orders, in fear of local insurrection. A junta was promptly convoked, composed of the religious, municipal, and military bodies of the Texas capital. They elected Governor Salcedo Political Chief of the Province confiding its defense in him, and in Lt. Col. Simon de Herrera. Plans were already under way for an attack against the insurgents on the Rio Grande, and for the works of defense in Béxar. Juan Bautista de las Casas, a retired army officer, Captain of Militia, in San Antonio at the time, became disgusted with the government, who planned to desert the Texas capital. He assumed leadership of the opposition. On the evening of January 21, he prepared to strike. In agreement with his officers, a coup d'etat was accomplished the following dawn. The governors Salcedo and Herrera (of Nuevo Leon) were taken as prisoners of war, treated with due consideration, and sent to Monclova under escort. Jiménez ratified what Casas had done, and sent him the appointment of governor of Texas. Casas, not accustomed to superior command, committed injustices which caused discontent. "Confiscations, offensive disorders, and the withholding of political rewards for patriotic services in the insurgent cause," says Garrett, "drove wavering loyalists and politically ambitious ones, defeated by Casas, to plot for their deliverance." Blinded with revolutionary illusions, the government were over confident in their security. Either through stupidity or leniency, the enemy was permitted to work. The insurgent government of Mexico had vague ideas of a great America, with no boundaries or individual sovereign states. To attain it however, they expected aid from the United States. In Saltillo, Ximenez, with authority from Allende, appointed Field Marshal Ignacio Aldama and Father Fray Juan Salazar, as commissioners to negotiate treaties with the United States, for men, money, and every possible aid to promote the revolution. These commissioners and their suite arrived in San Antonio on February 27, 1811, where they were given a friendly reception by Governor Casas. Needless to say, the purpose of the mission was soon known. Aldama's uniform resembled that of a French officer of same rank; he had decorations, or a gold cord on the left shoulder, which reminded one of the French legion of honor. Loyalists saw in him the representative of Napoleon. They spread the idea. Before long the people became suspicious. Then as to American aid; the inhabitants felt that any troops from the United States would mean a repetition of what had taken place in Baton Rouge and Mobile. They had no desires for their Texas to become a second West Florida. Subdeacon Juan Manuel Sambrano was a very influential citizen. He had various brothers who also wielded political power. He became disgusted with the revolutionary situation; left San Fernando de Béxar for his ranch, La Laguna de las Animas, and let it be known that he would not return to the capital until they were ready to rid themselves of insurgent influences. With thirty-two servants, and many visitors at the ranch, it is easy to imagine conversations there. When the time was ripe, friends served on the subdeacon. He returned to the city. This agent of ex-governor Manuel Salcedo, says Villaseñor, cleverly availed himself of every opportunity to cause discontent with the Casas administration; and even deceived the most decided partisans of independence in Béxar. The first night of March, a junta was called in the Sambrano house. They proceeded to the barracks, which were easily taken, as part of the troops had already been converted. A general junta of military and civilians promptly met. The majority made Sambrano their president. Oath was taken to Religion, the King, and Country. At dawn, Governor Casas was surprised in his dwelling. To the public, Sambrano did not yet announce the intention of a counter-revolution. Many were deceived. Those suspicious of the return of Spanish rulers petitioned for frequent meetings of the junta, public measures of the government and the forming of a model republic. Prisoners were freed; confiscated properties, returned to their former owners. A cabildo was organized for local muncipal government. The Aldama-Salazar mission were carefully watched. Aldama said he had no credentials, that upon his word of honor, he was on his way to the United States of America to treat upon an offensive and defensive alliance, and to try to obtain men to assist in the independence. Father Salazar had already informed his religious colleagues in Béxar that he wanted mules and provisions to continue his voyage to the United States, as there alone, they would be free from the frightful Calleja who seemed to defeat the insurgents everywhere; indeed, there was nothing left for them to do, but flee. Father Salazar dared to preach in the public streets in favor of insurrection. On the night of March 3, violence was attempted, but frustrated by careful vigilance. The following morning (March 4) the mission were arrested and confined in the Alamo, where the junta had great faith in the zeal of Commander Tarin. Even here the guard was bribed; individuals of the companies of Nuevo Leon and Nuevo Santander were seduced; assault was threatened; but discovered in time by Lieutenant Escamilla who imprisoned four of the leading conspirators. On July 2, Las Casas was sent under escort to Monclova for the continuation of his trial. Aldama and Salazar had proceeded him, sent from Béxar on May 2. Two deputies Captains Galán and Muñoz, were dispatched from Bexar to ascertain the disposition of the people of Coahuila and to inquire into the situation of the Commandant General. Suspicious of some of the local authorities, and knowing that the deputies (Galan and Muñoz) must pass through insurgent territory, they were to let it be known that they were proceeding to confer with Jiménez, to whom the Governing Junta and its President, Sambrano, addressed an official communication with the proposals for a treaty, but with the statement that Texas would not permit the passage through her territory of armed troops from the United States. "Their true message was verbal," says Garrett, "and for Don Nemesio's ears alone. The deputies were to pledge the loyal support of Texans to legitimate authority of Spanish rulers, even their readiness to rise in mass to sustain the commandant-general." Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo had Royalist prisoners at his hacienda near Santa Rosa, Coahuila. Among them was Ex-Governor Manuel de Salcedo, who was as persistent as Father Salazar in seducing his guard. He availed himself of every opportunity to convert Elizondo to the Royalist cause. Then came the deputies from Béxar, with news of the counter-revolution in Texas. Elizondo decided; he would start a counter-revolution in Coahuila; his place would be in the fold of the loyalists. Through his treason, the insurgents were surprised and captured at the Wells of Baján (March 21, 1811). On receipt of this news, Sambrano openly declared himself against the insurgents, and swore obedience to Don Simon de Herrera, appointed governor of Coahuila. The letter bringing news of the Royalist success came from a religious colleague, Father Ramos, who stated that both Rio Grande and Laredo were without troops, as Capt. Bustamante had taken them to Monclova. In this great enterprise which was under way, it was hoped that the Texas Junta would send aid. Steps were taken immediately for the security of the province of Texas. Five hundred troops were made ready to proceed to the Rio Grande. The Sergeant Major was appointed Lieutenant Governor to assume ad interim command in Béxar, as the entire Governing Junta and their President, had decided to proceed to the Rio Grande with the troops. In expectation of a rapid succession of events in Coahuila, President Sambrano, the Governing Junta, and the 500 troops, set out from the Texas capital for the Rio Grande, on March 26. Five days later, March 31, 1811, the Junta and advanced guard of 240 men, arrived in Laredo. In this presidio they awaited action. As the insurgents had been taken at Baján, the real danger had passed. The insurgents had fled from Saltillo. Both Coahuila and Nuevo Leon were rid of the perfidious rebels. So the Commander of Arms, Simon de Herrera, informed the President and Members of the Junta, that they should return to their province for its security, as well as that of the frontier. Then came more disheartening news for the Junta: their deputies advised that Don Simon had been appointed ad interim governor, and commander of the arms of the Province of Texas. The Junta had requested the return of Governor Manuel de Salcedo. They failed to understand the motive which prompted the appointment of Herrera. Don Manuel was disappointed and requested the Junta to express their wishes to the Superior Government, as they must verify such appointment if it were to be legal. The Junta replied on April 18, saying they would couimunicate with the Commandant General; and that they would be glad to deliver over the government to him (Manuel de Salcedo) when he should return to Texas and request it. The Junta also observed that the superior Government had slighted Texas, for they had not even mentioned this province in connection with events in Coahuila. Where would they have been, asked the Junta, if there had been no counter-revolution in Texas? On April 6, with further orders from Monclova, saying that all was quiet and there was no further need of the Texans in Laredo, the Junta decided to return to their Texas capital. On the 16th they arrived at the rodeo of Mission Espada. A further suggestion from Mexico, as to how the Governing Junta could attend to their own affairs in Texas, came through the deputies, who wrote on April 3, that Nacogdoches, Atascosito (which at the beginning of the year had a detachment of 26 men) and Trinidad should be reinforced. In April the Junta petitioned the Commandant General to grant some distinction to the Villa Capital in recognition of their loyalty and faithful service. Don Nemecio replied that San Fernando de Béxar would be raised in category from villa to that of ciudad. May and part of June, was spent in "fury of loyalists vengeance." ex-governor Salcedo was president of the Military Junta in Chihuahua for the trials of insurgent victims. Texas had rushed to the fore, and with Coahuila had saved the northeastern provinces from revolution. Now, about a month later, the Texas Junta was crying to Don Nemecio for aid; would he please send two hundred troops; the insurgents were inciting the Indians; the Comanches, Tahuacanos, Tancahues, Tehuyaces, and Lipans had all to be dealt with. The insurgents threatened from Louisiana and the Neutral Ground. Cristóbal Dominguez was returned to Nacogdoches, with Guadiana, next in rank. Dominguez reported his arrival after reconnoitering the Sabine country. Groups of vagrants, he said, had been organized by Mr. Simit, and were in Spanish territory. On May 20, 1311, Father Huerta forwarded a letter he had received from Smith, to the Junta, along with a paper setting forth the plans of Napoleon. Smith wrote from Natchitoches that he was ever ready to help his brethren, the insurgents in their struggle for liberty. He said: "I will raise a thousand men and place them around your banners ..You should at once abandon your king, for he is unworthy to rule you because he has submerged his sovereignty beneath the tyranny of Napoleon and because he has spilled so much blood in the heart of his kingdom." Father Sosa, Huerta's religious colleague, was not so faithful; instead of forwarding his correspondence to the Junta, he escaped into the United States. The results of this report were important to Texas. One hundred and fifty troops were sent from Bexar to Nacogdoches; but with the great number of revolutionists in that jurisdiction, these few men soon dwindled away. Bexar, in the meanwhile, was left undefended. In July Simon de Herrera returned as ad interim governor of Texas. He was faced with the same old troubles: quarrelling with Canary Island descendants; Indian affairs; insurgent and border activities, including contraband. With the Junta's roll of honor before him, Don Nemecio, in October, granted rewards, which however, awaited H. M.'s approval: the subdeacon, Juan Manuel Sambrano was created a lieutenant colonel of cavalry; administrator of mail, Erasmo Seguin, captain of urban militia; alférez of Bexar Militia, José Maria Sambrano, lieutenant of Provincial Militia, with permission to return to his home; distinguished cabo of the Company of Bahia, Francisco Vasquez, and distinguished soldier of the Company of Parras (the Alamo), Miguel Pando, alféreces of cavalry; soldier of the presidial Company of Bexar, Manuel Delgado, sergeant; captain of militia, Ignacio Pérez, was granted a sitio of land on the Medina where he had his cattle ranch; lieutenant of Presidial Company of Bexar, Miguel Musquiz was retired with rank of captain; Alférez Vizente Tarin was to be promoted with the first vacancy in the province, to the rank of lieutenant; sergeant of Presidial Company of Bexar, Patricio Rodriguez, was retired on account of advanced age; sergeants of militia, Pedro Fuentes, Domingo Bustillos, Francisco Montes and José Manuel Castro, were to be promoted, as alféreces, on first vacancies; as the company of militia in which Lt. Francisco Flores had served was extinguished, he was permitted to use his old uniform; José Dario Sambrano, ad interim curate, was recommended for promotion to curate; officers of auxiliary militia, Captains Luciano Garcia, Santiago Tixerina, and José Maria Muñoz, Lt. Antonio Saens, and Alférez Juan Cazo, had been recommended to the viceroy for rewards. Lastly, citizens: Luis Galán, Manuel Barrera, Juan José Sambrano, Gavino Delgado, Vicente Gortari, José Antonio Saucedo, Juan Veramendi, Francisco Ruiz, Angel Navarro, Victor ---, Mariano Rodriguez, and Presbiter José Antonio Valdés were flattered with notes of praise and thanks. For his distinguished services, Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera was promoted to the rank of colonel, ad interim, awaiting royal approval. Manuel de Salcedo, who had rendered valuable services in converting insurgents, who had blindly served H. M. many years, and all of that was conspicuously neglected. He was under suspicion for the Casas activities in Bexar. He would be permitted to return to the governorship of the province; but probably, to his uncle's surprise, he refused that flattering honor, explaining that he would encounter difficulties from the inhabitants if not shown some distinction, and given a clean statement of exoneration. Don Nemecio explained, and finally almost compelled his nephew to assume charge of the "thorny mission" in Texas. Though Manuel de Salcedo arrived in Béxar in September, he did not take over the government from Herrera until mid-December. Las Casas was convicted of high treason by a war council composed "of five notables, two of whom were Elizondo and Cordero, who had been deposed from the governorship of Coahuila by insurgents." He was demoted and shot, on August 3. To impress Texans with the disagreeable ending of an insurgent, and in truly Mexican fashion, for the heads of Hidalgo, Allende, Aldama, and Jiménez were placed at the four corners of the Castillo de Granaditas, in Guanajuato, where they remained until 1821. It was ordered that the head of Las Casas should be taken to Béxar for public display. "Unluckily Casas, the man," says Garrett, "did not become an heroic figure in the tales of Texas. Unlike Hidalgo, the Texan insurgent has received only a few lines in historical annals. Some modern historians have even stated that Texas had no part in Mexico's struggle for independence." It had. The Casas government proclaimed free commerce between the United States and Texas. Not only the thieves of the Neutral Ground rejoiced and prospered; the press of the United States said "by autumn of 1811 self-government would be exercised by the people from Texas to the Gulf of Darien; and that the profitable results of the revolution for United States citizens would be the establishing of a free and profitable commerce with Texas and Mexico." The Texas revolution, as long as it lasted, kept open communications between the insurgents of Mexico and the United States; hence, it was a safeguard to the revolution. Lic. Ignacio Aldama was shot in Monclova, June 20, 1811. Father Juan Salazar was condemned to death for high treason, and shot in Monclova on the feast day of St. Simon and Judas. Manuel de Salcedo and Simon de Herrera of Texas; Juan Manuel Sambrano with the counter-revolutionists in Texas acting together with those of Coahuila, accomplished the capture of the insurgent chieftains and the destruction of revolution in the northeastern provinces. These leaders ended the first period of the Mexican revolution. So indeed, concludes Garrett: "Texas played a consequential role in the colonial history of Spain and left an ineffacable mark on the history of the Mexican nation."

<urn:uuid:94db91e4-5c7d-493e-b5c4-1823580827c6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/events1811.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706469149/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121429-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ordnance Survey Maps - Six-inch 1st edition, Scotland, 1843-1882 In this section - Introduction and summary history - Triangulation and the Battle of the Scales - Content of the maps and naming places - Surveying, levelling, contouring and production methods - Wider context, conclusion, references and further reading Triangulation, projection, meridians and sheet lines Triangulation had been employed by European map-makers intermittently from the sixteenth century as a means of working out a network of distances from measuring a single base line and the related angles of set of triangles. Ordnance Survey's achievements in triangulation were to use the latest instruments and greater manpower to measure more accurate angles and base line distances than ever before in order to position a network of triangulation stations over the whole country between 1791 and 1822. This is often termed the Primary Triangulation. In the following decades, work on geodesy progressed on several fronts, and much of the earlier work was checked and revised in an ongoing quest for greater accuracy. For example, the Greenwich-Paris connection by trigonometry was re-measured in 1821-1823, new chronometers for better determination of longitude were used under the direction of the Astronomer Royal George Airy in the 1840s, latitudes were more accurately determined with improved zenith sectors, and the shape of the earth or spheroid was extensively researched. In the early 1860s, the triangulations of England, France and Belgium were connected, and further international collaboration with Russia and Prussia allowed the 52 degree North parallel, from the West of Ireland to the Urals, to be accurately measured. Much of the credit for these mid-century improvements in Ordnance Survey rests with Alexander Ross Clarke (1828-1914), who headed the Trigonometrical and Levelling Branch until the early 1880s. Clarke was responsible for completing the Principal Triangulation in the 1850s, adjusting as he did do the positions of 289 base stations based on revised measurements which were not improved upon until the 1935 Retriangulation. Scottish agitation for Ordnance Survey work View larger image Within this emerging national framework, practical surveying always focused on the more local detail of estates, parishes, or counties, and Ordnance Survey followed in these traditions at the larger scales. Early work in Ireland had progressed on a county-by-county basis, without a complete national triangulation. This tradition was followed from the 1840s when 'county series' mapping began in England and Scotland [see note 2]. Apart from a minority of 'unified' counties (Argyll and Bute, Fife and Kinross, Perth and Clackmannan, and Ross and Cromarty) all other Scottish counties were initially mapped on their own individual meridian and projection, with sheets numbered separately within each county. It was not until the 1880s that 'combined' sheets were produced for areas straddling county boundaries showing the mapping on both sides, and the opportunity taken of new revisions of counties from the 1890s onwards to transfer or unify some counties onto the same origin as other counties. Ordnance Survey county series maps used the Cassini Projection, a transverse cylindrical projection, where a central meridian of longitude forms the point of origin and the line of zero distortion (where all distances are true to scale). Distances along great circles of latitude that meet this central meridian at right angles are also plotted true to scale, but all (North-South) distances parallel to the central meridian are increasingly too great on the map, the farther they are away from the central meridian. It follows that the Cassini Projection is best suited for areas with a relatively narrow extent in longitude, perhaps no more than three or four counties width in the case of the large-scale maps. Most Scottish counties had their own separate county point of origin (see map – Plate 8 in Winterbotham), usually the nearest triangulation station to the North-South centre line of the county, with sheets laid out from North-West to South East in separate county sequences. It also follows that due to the separate origins and the nature of the Cassini projection, areas at the edges of counties do not fit precisely with their neighbouring county sheets, especially at their East-West extents. For the first edition using 'full' double-elephant sized sheets, each six-inch map covered an area of four by six miles in extent, with a map extent of 24 inches in height by 36 inches in width. Battle of the Scales During the mid-19th century there was an extensive and at times heated debate over the most appropriate scale to choose for larger scale Ordnance Survey mapping. On the one hand, pressures to economise and to speed up the progress of mapping, as well as the vested interests of private surveyors fearing competition with their large-scale work meant that preference was given to the smaller one-inch to the mile scale. On the other hand, the growing need for detailed maps for land valuation, registration and conveyancing, agricultural improvement, mineral development, railways, together with the facts of urban expansion, lent advantage to the more detailed mapping at 24" to 26" to the mile scales. Although the initial mapping of England and Wales had been undertaken at the one-inch scale, the successful mapping of Ireland at the six-inch scale had lead to the decision to follow this in the 1840s in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Scotland. Conflicting pressure groups and successive committees successively disputed the subject until the early 1860s. Change to 25 inch scale from 1854 As a result, six Scottish counties (Edinburghshire, Fife, Haddingtonshire, Kinross-shire Kirkcudbrightshire, and Wigtownshire) and Lewis were surveyed at the six-inch scale prior to 1851, when a House of Commons Select Committee chaired by Francis Charteris (later Lord Elcho) recommended abandonment of this scale, and a reversion to one-inch publication. Amongst other arguments, it was stated as 'absurd' to map at the six-inch scale 'the barren wastes and rugged mountains of Scotland' that were said to comprise two-thirds of the country! Despite protestations from many, including the then Director General of the Ordnance Survey, Lewis A. Hall, it was not until 1854 that approval was given for surveying all cultivated rural areas at the 25.344" to the mile scale (1:2,500), and the publishing of six-inch and one-inch maps by reduction from this larger scale. Although survey work of Dumfries-shire, Ayrshire and Linlithgowshire that had been suspended in 1851-3 now recommenced and at the new 25" to the mile scale, survey work at the one-inch scale on Berwickshire, Haddingtonshire and Peebles-shire was all discarded. The new scales policy was again reconsidered in 1857, when a House of Commons vote ruled against the 25" to the mile scale, and it was not until a Royal Commission Report of the following year, that the decision was repealed. In effect this meant that all Scottish counties surveyed after 1855 had their cultivated rural areas mapped at 25" to the mile scale, (which was reduced by pantographs for engraving the six-inch to the mile sheets) and that the six-inch should be the minimum scale covering all areas. For this reason, from 1856 all six-inch sheets carry the same date of survey as their larger-scale 25" to the mile sheets. The value of the larger scale for cultivated areas was indirectly proved by the infamous 'replotted counties' episode in the 1890s, where the six counties and Lewis originally surveyed at the six-inch scale only were replotted at the larger 25" with minimal resurvey, described in the official history as 'one of Ordnance Survey's worst errors', and not fully corrected until after the Second World War. Next: Page 3 of 5 This tradition was also followed at the larger 1:2,500 scale, mapping proceeded on a parish-by-parish basis until the 1870s, the so-called 'parish edition' maps, with map detail stopping at parish boundaries. Back to paragraph 2

<urn:uuid:70a5a50e-b3e4-4c31-ad77-f1e0effe0ef6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch/os_info2.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436332/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Definition of pick : 1. A heavy iron tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in the middle, - used by quarrymen, roadmakers, etc.; also, a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones. 2. A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face, and occasioning a spot on a printed sheet. 3. A pike or spike; the sharp point fixed in the center of a buckler. 4. A sharp- pointed tool for picking; - often used in composition; as, a toothpick; a picklock. 5. Choice; right of selection; as, to have one's pick. 6. That which is picked in, as with a pointed pencil, to correct an unevenness in a picture. 7. That which would be picked or chosen first; the best; as, the pick of the flock. 8. The blow which drives the shuttle, - the rate of speed of a loom being reckoned as so many picks per minute; hence, in describing the fineness of a fabric, a weft thread; as, so many picks to an inch. 9. To choose; to select; to separate as choice or desirable; to cull; as, to pick one's company; to pick one's way; - often with out. 10. To do anything nicely or carefully, or by attending to small things; to select something with care. 11. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels; to nibble. 12. To open ( a lock) as by a wire. 13. To peck at, as a bird with its beak; to strike at with anything pointed; to act upon with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to prick, as with a pin. 14. To pull apart or away, especially with the fingers; to pluck; to gather, as fruit from a tree, flowers from the stalk, feathers from a fowl, etc. 15. To remove something from with a pointed instrument, with the fingers, or with the teeth; as, to pick the teeth; to pick a bone; to pick a goose; to pick a pocket. 16. To separate or open by means of a sharp point or points; as, to pick matted wool, cotton, oakum, etc. 17. To steal; to pilfer. 18. To take up; esp., to gather from here and there; to collect; to bring together; as, to pick rags; - often with up; as, to pick up a ball or stones; to pick up information. 19. To throw; to pitch. 20. To trim. tow, gazump, garner, fault, clout, drag, blame, head, dissolve, arrange, trail, sock, druthers, clip, crème de la crème, bet, dab, emollient, chop, hook, douse, heave, A-list, royalty, clump, blowlamp, stripe, dissipate, spank, rob, pride, bop, piece, upper crust, fragmentize, blow, fragment, scatter, pluck, tack together, fat, plank, crack, part, buffet, baton, blowtorch, find fault, accompany, harvest, plunk, adjourn, liberty, hack, fleece, opt, soak, leg it, bellows, disperse, dive, blast, biff, nip, bow, disrupt, picking, lick, hustle, nag, clean, Allen wrench, break, single out, houseclean, stroke, recess, aristocracy, prime, touch, plug, thwack, separate, roll, blast away, feel, tug, pull, pull off, graze, single, poke, patch, sever, smack, cream, welt, woof, belt, designate, split up, switch, thud, fillip, pickaxe, cull, box, collect, assemble, tab, key, excerpt, bat, survival, plump, charge, stinger, peck at, cuff, excerption, crock up, collapse, bridge, clunk, flower, pink, take apart, foot up, crack up, tack, bang, pick off, larrup, fret, survival of the fittest, handle, bang out, clop, take your pick, clean house, fragmentise, plump down, plectron, adjustable wrench, back, split, gather up, weft, bust, plume, ointment, help, dent, wham, flump, crop, illuminati, pelt, overcharge, plop, plectrum, haymaker, tear, shoot, pound, dispel, chosen, break-up, foot, top, randomize, brush, resolve, natural selection, delegate, clap, swipe, articulation, interrupt, hen-peck, scavenge, beat, pick at, cut off, smash, plunge, slam, plonk, gather, peck, displume, set up, dismantle, fill, pick up, atmospherics, bit, thump, put together, deplume, hoof, resource, rap, strain, appoint, wallop, beat out, put in, tweak, bash, break down, pat, catgut, best, bradawl, mattock, pluck at, swat, slap, cleanse, corps d'elite, surcharge, plunk down, drumstick, applicator, vote, deplumate, extract, put into, tear at, hoof it, crash, box end wrench, calve, decide on, filling, damper, reap, decompose, anoint, beak, break apart, priesthood, name, whop, nibble, slug, whack, lash, strip, knock, way, disassemble, make clean, hit, jerk choice (part of speech: noun) tool (part of speech: noun) grindstone, punch, band saw, sickle, mallet, hedge trimmer, file, lathe, shears, square, hatchet, chain saw, crosscut saw, cold chisel, spoke shave, pliers, tool, level, hacksaw, spade, wedge, stapler, calipers, jointer, auger, bow saw, shovel, wrecking bar, sledgehammer, claw hammer, emery wheel, screwdriver, chisel, trowel, miter box, welder, handsaw, crowbar, ball-peen hammer, snips, back saw, scythe, saw, spanner, scissors, lug wrench, planer, coping saw, tire iron, vise, grapnel, radial arm saw, jackknife, scroll saw, hammer, circular saw, edger, wrench, axe, pipe wrench, drill, machete, awl, pickax, bench drill, buzz saw, arc welder, jigsaw, table saw, drill press, tin snips, hoe, keyhole saw, posthole auger, plane, knife, monkey wrench, ripsaw, gouge choose (part of speech: verb) - If you could stop in the village an' pick me out a pritty, little, small lookin'- glass, that I can keep for my own an' have to remember you by. - "A Country Doctor and Selected Stories and Sketches", Sarah Orne Jewett. - Anyhow I felt pretty certain that I could pick up his trail again later on at the office if I wanted to. - "A Rogue by Compulsion", Victor Bridges. - Where did she pick 'em all up, anyway? - "The End of the Rainbow", Marian Keith.

<urn:uuid:009ac9a4-4c04-4080-8246-7b26044c80f2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.dictionarylink.com/pick

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382450/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00097-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Trial and Terror “Very few prisoners of war try to escape,” writes historian Dwight R. Messimer, “and very few of those who do, succeed.” When a German U-boat sunk his ship, Lieutenant Edouard Izac became the only American naval officer taken prisoner in World War I. He had to escape, but not merely for himself: he’d gathered intelligence essential for the war effort. The U-boat docked at a backwater near Wilhelmshaven, a port on the North Sea. Because it was a prime military target, says Izac, Wilhelmshaven was “the most intensely guarded city in Germany.” A warrant officer and four armed guards took him to the commandatur, a cluster of buildings surrounded by a high wall. During an interrogation, the officer, who spoke perfect English, exploded: “Why has America entered the war? It is none of her affair.” He expected America to join with Germany, adding that “all this talk about making the world safe for Democracy is a lot of bosh!” “This was news to me,” said Izac. But “I heard these same ideas expressed by each German I met.” Three days later, Izac was on a train to Karlsruhe, a city in southwestern Germany near the French border. As the train passed railroad stations, Izac watched people on the platforms: “nothing but sorrow…in their countenances, and a certain lack of noise and activity that was appalling.” At Karlsruhe, soldiers escorted Izac into what had been a cheap hotel. The Spartan rooms had windows sprayed with gray paint. Most had wood shavings for beds. During the initial interrogation, when an officer asked how long the war would last, Izac said at least five years. (“That always hurt their feelings; they were hoping for peace in a few months.”) They put Izac in a room with seven French officers and some tables and chairs. One of the few officers with a razor decided to shave. He unhooked a small mirror from the wall. Another noticed thin scratching where the mirror had hung. The message read: “Beware of the Dictaphones.” The officers found other versions of the message etched on plaster in English or French. “No wonder,” Izac wrote later, “this place was called the ‘Listening Hotel.’” A quick search found a Dictaphone in a crevice. Now aware of eavesdroppers, the prisoners raised their voices. They made up blockbuster scenarios about legions of Allied troops set to swarm across Europe. They called the Germans “Bosche” or “Huns,” names their captors detested. “They were running a greater risk than they realized,” writes Messimer, “because the Germans regularly punished prisoners who used these terms.” The next day, Izac went to a different room with three British officers. Izac was at the “hotel” three days. In that time they found three Dictaphones, in light fixtures and embedded in a wall, and destroyed them. Izac learned later that the hotel had a system: strand a newcomer in solitary confinement until he’s anxious to talk; then put him with people who speak the same language. “Sometimes the officers he is placed with are spies.” By the end of the war, he adds, the idea prevailed among prisoners that “all ‘companions’ are enemies.” On the fourth day, soldiers took him a few blocks away to the POW camp. Earlier in the war, an Allied squadron had bombed the city. A stray exploded in the Zoological Gardens, killing over a hundred people at a circus. The Germans built the camp in the gardens, says Izac, “as a safeguard against further bombing.” Prisoners served as human shields. The camp was a lush, expansive garden surrounded by hotels in a major metropolis. The prison looked like a barn: four rooms, eight beds each — more wood shavings — and most of the captives wounded. The camp was actually a way station, since prisoners came and went, transferred to more permanent sites. Izac was the only American. They strip-searched him at the main gate. Izac felt his captivity more than ever and looked for a way out. “I had information which I was anxious to get back to the Navy,” he told his roommates, “and I proposed to escape at the first opportunity.” They spoke of failed attempts and of how, because Karlsruhe was one of Germany’s intelligence hubs, the carefully guarded compound had informants everywhere. Three fences surrounded the camp: an inner, wire fence; then boarded walls; then an outer, wire fence. Over several nights, the prisoners loosened staples to a post, and boards on the second fence. They bribed a Swiss guard, who had friends in town, to give them a place to stay. Near midnight on July 3, Izac and the others met near the wire fence. They had maps, food, and compasses. Noises in the darkness caught their attention. Germans had nabbed the friendly Swiss guard. The Germans found the letter, yanked the Swiss guard away, and disbanded the prisoners. After that, the guards doubled inside and outside the walls. Twenty-four hours later, the Germans had relocated all the officers in camp, except for Izac. He befriended a French aviator and planned another escape. “One of the lessons that recaptured escapees brought back was the importance of working with a partner,” says Messimer. “Men who escaped alone took greater risks and made more dumb mistakes than those who went in pairs.” Tall trees loomed over the camp. In a corner of the compound, a sturdy limb and branches extended above all three fences. Izac decided that he and the aviator would shimmy up the tree before “Taps”: 11:00 p.m., when the sentries ordered everyone inside the barracks. The plan: climb the tree and hide in the thick foliage until about 1:30 a.m. “Then crawl to the end of the limb, make fast a line, and slide down outside.” Izac found an insulated electrical wire that could hold his 150 pounds. He and the aviator made knapsacks from an old shirt. Just after dark, Izac wrapped the wire around his waist. Wearing stolen German caps and blankets that looked like officers’ cloaks, they climbed the tree and waited. Read Part 1 | Part 3 | Part 4

<urn:uuid:9598d4a4-d812-46ee-8954-f015724fd0a8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/mar/14/unforgettable/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700984410/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104304-00073-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Oregon is within a belt along the coast that will experience subducting, the coast rising up by a thousand feet or more due to this. Other than the danger of hot earth, this is a good spot, both before and after the pole shift. The climate will become more moderate, and the elevation will be well above the rising seas. Hot earth can be guarded against if one chooses their cataclysm hide-out carefully. Humans during former cataclysms ran to safety from the winds first, as these were the first to arise. Thus they went into the valleys, the low areas, and it is here that the heat from friction in lower plates rubbing is the hottest. The legends report that those seeking shelter in valleys jumped into rivers to cool themselves, only to find the water boiling. Thus plan on a wind and firestorm shelter above the low elevations in broad valleys, and return to the valleys when the danger is past. Certainly being in the volcanic belt will put one too close to an active volcano. Safety can be found closer to the coastline, and this affords ocean fishing in the Aftertime, but the dangers of hot earth and mountain building will also be there in the coastal regions. But close examination of seismic activity within Oregon shows a swath of land near the Idaho border, in the current SE portion of the state, where seismic activity is virtually nill, and the land is flat. These are all indications of what we call rock strata that has withstood mountain building in the past, and will during the forthcoming pole shift. Note Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains commentary. Note Poison Gas Depot commentary. Note West Coast commentary. Note San Andreas Fault commentary. Note San Andreas Slide commentary. Note West Coast Volcanoes commentary.

<urn:uuid:55032de3-4c87-4ed1-87d4-dd7bdfd8f250>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.zetatalk5.com/info/tinfx054.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00013-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Feb 5, 2007 Kleenex is out, disposable arm bands are not yet de rigeur, so what’s the alternative when you just have to sneeze or cough? Use your sleeve, that’s what. It’s the most effective way to reduce the spread of cold and flu viruses. Coughing into the open air without covering your mouth simply releases a myriad of viral and bacterial particles into the air around you. If there’s no one else around that’s not so bad, but just picture those droplets of spittle and snot flying in the video we’re going to show you here and you’ll think again. Perhaps worse than open-air sneezing is inappropriate Kleenex use. If you don’t cover your nose and mouth properly then you might as well not bother. Coughing or sneezing into your hand is worse still. Germs will contaminate your hands, you touch a door knob or handle food and those germs get transferred to the next person who touches said objects. The video, which comes from the Maine Medical Association suggests your sleeve is the way forward. Cough or sneeze on to your sleeve and the germs will simply dry out and die. It’s not just a matter of avoiding the sniffles, if we’re heading for a major viral epidemic from bird flu or something worse then the advice in this video could save lives. Listen to what the panel of experts – Polly Morph, Graham Stain, Blood Hagar – have to say. There’s a useful science fair project that can help you answer the question, “Does covering your mouth stop germs spreading?” and if you’re after more advice on how to avoid colds and flu check out the Sciencebase FAQ on the subject. For advice on how to stop a sneeze, check out this site.

<urn:uuid:d185af41-821e-4dd8-a59d-9767f3be808c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.sciencebase.com/science-blog/how-to-sneeze.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698411148/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100011-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This term is one of the key theoretical concepts in Schaeffer’s theory. There are four modes of listening (Écouter, Ouïr, Entendre, Comprendre) which can be arranged in a table with four sections numbered from one to four. They arise from the crossing over of two dualisms which are encountered universally in every perceptual activity: the Abstract/Concrete dualism and the Objective/Subjective dualism (a confrontation between the object of perception and the activity of the perceiving consciousness). Schaeffer represents them as follows: |4. COMPRENDRE||1. ÉCOUTER||Objective| |3. ENTENDRE||2. OUÏR||Subjective| - Écouter, is listening to someone, to something; and through the intermediary of sound, aiming to identify the source, the event, the cause, it treats the sound as a sign of this source, this event (Concrete/Objective). - Ouïr, to perceive by the ear, to be struck by sounds, it is the crudest level, the most elementary of perception; so we "hear", passively, lots of things which we are not trying to listen to nor understand (Concrete/Subjective). - Entendre, here, according to its etymology, means showing an intention to listen [écouter], choosing from what we hear [ouïr] what particularly interests us, thus "determining" what we hear (Abstract/Subjective). - Comprendre, means grasping a meaning, values, by treating the sound like a sign, referring to this meaning as a function of a language, a code (semantic hearing; Abstract/Objective). These four modes can be summarised more or less in this sentence: "I heard (ouïr) you despite myself, although I did not listen (écouter) at the door, but I didn’t understand (comprendre) what I heard (entendre)." (Paraphrase of Michel Chion (1983). Guide des Objets Sonores. Eds. Buchet/Chastel, Paris. 1995 translation by John Dack/Christine North.) See also:Causal Listening, Listening Strategy, Modes of Listening, Reduced Listening, Schaefferian Theory, Semantic Listening, Technological Listening Bibliography: Chion, Michel (1983). Guide des objets sonores, Pierre Schaeffer et la recherche musicale Palombini, Carlos (2002). Musique Concrète Revisited Schaeffer, Pierre, Reibel, Guy, Ferreyra Beatriz, (1998 (1967)). Solfège de l’objet sonore

<urn:uuid:febd308c-d8db-49a7-af9a-ed18aef99370>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ears.dmu.ac.uk/spip.php?rubrique218&order=C

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706578727/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121618-00055-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Doing our best to protect the natural environment “The scientific evidence is now overwhelming; climate change presents very serious global risks and it demands a global response” The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Protecting the environment and mitigating climate change is a significant concern for our community. Hereford & Worcester Fire and Rescue Service (the FRS) recognises that it has a part to play in preserving the natural environment. The work that we do in preventing fires and road traffic accidents in the first place, and dealing with them promptly and professionally when they do occur prevents and limits the environmental harm that occurs. By further reducing the numbers of fires and pollution incidents in future through our proactive community safety programmes, the FRS will protect the environment. Through links with local water companies, we also provide Environmental Protection Units which are deployed when required to limit pollution arising from incidents. In addition to the front line fire and rescue service, we have a fleet maintenance workshop and logistics hub at Malvern, office buildings at Worcester , local administration centres at Kidderminster, Malvern and Hereford and a training centre at Droitwich. We also procure goods and services locally, nationally and internationally. During our day to day operations the FRS has the capability to cause impacts on our environment through energy and water consumption and the generation of waste for example. To manage and reduce these impacts the FRS is developing an ISO 14001 compliant Environment Management System to highlight where the largest environment impacts may occur so that action plans can be developed to control and improve our performance and reduce environmental impacts. To view our Environment Policy please click here. Recent actions to improve our environmental performance include; • Water use audit and implementation of control measures has saved 1,100 cubic metres per annum • Audit of energy consumption within our properties and action plan for improvement • Signing up to a good quality CHP supply from accredited sources • Deferral of our postal delivery one day per week and the associated vehicle miles If you would like to know more, please e-mail: [email protected] Also, you may wish to consider how you could lessen your own impact on the environment by visiting these websites: Worcestershire County Council Energy Saving Trust

<urn:uuid:7d276b63-b00e-4963-a263-1296c35a344f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.hwfire.org.uk/right_to_know/sustainability.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702749808/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111229-00085-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Feb. 28, 2013: The Falcon 9 rocket and an attached Dragon capsule are rolled out from hangar, ready for Friday's launch to the Space Station.SpaceX Jan. 15, 2013: The Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, Dragon spacecraft stands inside a processing hangar at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla.NASA/Kim Shiflett The spacecraft will launch on the upcoming SpaceX CRS-2 mission. The flight will be the second commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station by SpaceX. This image was released Jan. 14, 2013.NASA/Kim Shiflett On Feb. 25, Falcon 9 and Dragon underwent a successful static fire in preparation for launch to the International Space Station. Engineers ran through all countdown processes as if it were launch day, ending with all nine engines on the rocketSpaceX CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The weather looks promising for the planned Friday launch of a privately built robotic space capsule to the International Space Station, NASA says. The unmanned Dragon space capsule, built by the private spaceflight company SpaceX of Hawthorne, Calif., is slated to launch toward the space station Friday (March 1) at 10:10 a.m. EST. Weather forecasts predict an 80 percent chance of favorable conditions for launch — near-perfect conditions. "The mission is the second of 12 SpaceX flights contracted by NASA to resupply the International Space Station," NASA officials said in a mission update. "It will mark the third trip by a Dragon capsule to the orbiting laboratory, following a demonstration flight in May 2012 and the first resupply mission in October 2012." SpaceX has a $1.6 billion contract with NASA to provide 12 unmanned cargo deliveries to the space station. Another company, Orbital Sciences Corp. based in Virginia, has a $1.9 billion contract for eight mission using its own Antares rocket and Cygnus spacecraft. The Dragon spacecraft is expected to deliver 1,200 pounds worth of supplies to the six international crewmembers on board the station. The capsule is scheduled to return to Earth with 2,300 pounds of material from the space station when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja California on March 25. SpaceX conducted a successful rocket engine test, known as a "static test fire" on Monday (Feb. 25). The rocket's 9 Merlin engines were fired for a few seconds while the rocket was held down on the launch pad. NASA is relying on SpaceX, Orbital Sciences and other private companies to develop new private spacecraft to supply the International Space Station with cargo and ultimately ferry American astronauts into and from low-Earth orbit. With the retirement of the space shuttle fleet in 2011, NASA has been dependent on Russia's Soyuz spacecraft to fly astronauts to the space station, and use unmanned cargo ships built by Russia, Japan and Europe to deliver supplies to the orbiting laboratory. The space agency is also developing a new rocket and spacecraft, the Orion space capsule and its Space Launch System mega-rocket, for future deep-space exploration missions to the moon, asteroids and Mars.

<urn:uuid:b184bcd7-cab2-4c46-abd7-2b4bc91dedd6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/02/28/weather-pristine-for-private-rocket-launch-to-space-station-friday/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+foxnews%2Fscitech+%28Internal+-+SciTech+-+Mixed%29

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00037-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Leading eBooks Store Online for Kindle Fire, Apple, Android, Nook, Kobo, PC, Mac, Sony Reader... Fundamentals of Homeostasis Written by experienced nurse lecturers and a theatre nurse, Perioperative Practice highlights and explains the biological processes which can be disrupted by a major surgical procedure. Using the concept of homeostasis as a framework, the authors look at issues common to all surgical procedures such as the influence of anaesthesia on the nervous system or perioperative pain management. Individual chapters cover: - the human body and principles of homeostasis - the surgical approach and endoscopic procedures - perioperative influences on body fluid homeostasis - perioperative influences on immunological homeostasis and wound healing - perioperative influences on cardiovascular homeostasis - perioperative influences on respiratory homeostasis - anaesthesia, stress and surgery - pain and pain relief in the perioperative patient. Generously illustrated in colour and black and white, the text features further learning activities and useful summaries of key points. It provides an important resource and supporting text for all nurses undertaking courses in theatre work or related areas or already working in such areas. , or download in More from this author - Homemade Kids2010US$ 14.67 - Physiology and Anatomy for Nurses and Healthcare Practitioners2009US$ 59.95737 pages

<urn:uuid:7a96a2e8-9e92-43bf-b2a2-9ad2ac41170e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ebooks.com/240577/perioperative-practice/baird-nicola-clancy-john/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382892/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00038-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Neil Armstrong dies aged 82 Neil Armstrong, who made the "giant leap for mankind" as the first human to set foot on the moon, has died. He was 82. His family said in a statement that the cause of his death last night was "complications resulting from cardiovascular procedures." He had undergone heart bypass surgery earlier this month in Cincinnati, near where he lived. His recovery had been going well, according to those who spoke with him after the surgery, and his death came as a surprise to many close to him, including his fellow Apollo astronauts. The family did not say where he died. A quiet, private man, at heart an engineer and crack test pilot, Armstrong made history on July 20th, 1969, as the commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft on the mission that culminated the Soviet-American space race in the 1960s. President John F. Kennedy had committed the nation "to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to earth." It was done with more than five months to spare. On that day, Armstrong and his co-pilot, Col. Edwin E Aldrin Jr., known as Buzz, steered their lunar landing craft, Eagle, to a level, rock-strewn plain near the southwestern shore of the Sea of Tranquility. It was touch and go the last minute or two, with computer alarms sounding and fuel running low. But they made it. "Houston, Tranquility Base here," Armstrong radioed to mission control. "The Eagle has landed.""Roger, Tranquility," mission control replied. "We copy you on the ground. You've got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot." The same could have been said for hundreds of millions of people around the world watching on television. A few hours later, there was Armstrong bundled in a white spacesuit and helmet on the ladder of the landing craft. Planting his feet on the lunar surface, he said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." (His words would become the subject of a minor historical debate, as to whether he said "man" or an indistinct "a man.") Soon Aldrin joined Armstrong, bounding like kangaroos in the low lunar gravity, one sixth that of earth's, while the command ship pilot, Michael Collins, remained in orbit about 60 miles overhead, waiting their return. In all, 12 American astronauts walked on the moon between then and the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The Apollo 11 mission capped a tumultuous and consequential decade. The '60s in America had started with such promise, with the election of a youthful president, mixed with the ever-present anxieties of the cold war. Then it touched greatness in the civil rights movement, only to implode in the years of assassinations and burning city streets and campus riots. But before it ended, human beings had reached that long-time symbol of the unreachable. The moonwalk lasted two hours and 19 minutes, long enough to let the astronauts test their footing in the fine and powdery surface - Armstrong noted that his bootprint was less than an inch deep - and set up a television camera and scientific instruments and collect rock samples. In a statement from the White House, president Barack Obama said, "Neil was among the greatest of American heroes." "And when Neil stepped foot on the surface of the moon for the first time," the president added, "he delivered a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten." Charles F Bolden Jr, the current Nasa administrator, said: "As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own." Mr Bolden also noted that in the years after the moonwalk, Armstrong "carried himself with a grace and humility that was an example to us all." New York Times

<urn:uuid:a84a143f-791d-4ce0-a18a-3d8e0767e998>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.irishtimes.com/news/neil-armstrong-dies-aged-82-1.732842

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703317384/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112157-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Tips for choosing popular fish and seafood at the supermarket. Do your body good—eat fish! Fish (and all seafood) is an excellent source of lean protein and is healthy for your heart because it contains so little saturated fat—the type of fat associated with heart disease. In addition, some types of fish, particularly cold-water species like salmon, tuna, sardines and trout, are rich in omega-3 fats docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Studies show that these omega-3 fats may reduce the risk of heart disease and may also provide other health benefits, such as helping to prevent Alzheimer’s disease and boost your mood. The FDA and EPA recommend following the same recommendations as above when feeding fish and shellfish to young children. Children should not eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel or tilefish and they can safely consume up to 12 ounces of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury. Just as with pregnant women, children should not eat more than 6 ounces of “white” or albacore tuna each week (1 medium can).

<urn:uuid:09d93404-de30-43ce-a49b-1d7fd0c990b9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eatingwell.com/healthy_cooking/healthy_cooking_101/shopping_cooking_guides/healthy_seafood_buyers_guide?slide=7&quicktabs_1=0

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704818711/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114658-00090-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

USB 2.0 devices are defined as high-speed devices that follow the USB 2.0 specification. You can refer to the USB 2.0 specification at http://www.usb.org/home. To identify the speed of your USB device in the Solaris 10 releases, check the /var/adm/messages file for messages similar to the following: Dec 13 17:05:57 mysystem usba: [ID 912658 kern.info] USB 2.0 device (usb50d,249) operating at hi speed (USB 2.x) on USB 2.0 external hub: storage@4, scsa2usb0 at bus address 4 Mass storage devices, such as CD-RWs, hard disks, DVDs, digital cameras, diskettes, tape drives, memory sticks, and multi-format card readers Keyboards and mouse devices Audio devices, such as speakers and microphones For a full listing of USB devices that have been verified on the Solaris release, go to: Additional storage devices might work by modifying the scsa2usb.conf file. For more information, see scsa2usb(7D). Solaris USB 2.0 device support includes the following features: Increased USB bus speed from 12 MB/sec to 480 MB/sec. This increase means devices that support the USB 2.0 specification can run significantly faster than their USB 1.1 counterparts, when they are connected to a USB 2.0 port. A USB 2.0 port might be one of the following possibilities: A port on a USB 2.0 PCI card A port on a USB 2.0 hub that is connected to USB 2.0 port A port on a SPARC or x86 computer motherboard A USB 2.0 PCI card might be needed for older SPARC platforms. For a list of USB 2.0 PCI cards that have been verified for the Solaris release, go to: USB 1.1 devices work as they have in the past, even if you have both USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 devices on the same system. While USB 2.0 devices operate on a USB 1.x port, their performance is significantly better when they are connected to a USB 2.0 port. A USB 2.0 host controller has one high-speed Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) and one or more OpenHCI Host Controller Interface (OHCI) or Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) embedded controllers. Devices connected to a USB 2.0 port are dynamically assigned to either an EHCI or OHCI controller, depending on whether they support USB 2.0. USB 2.0 storage devices that are connected to a port on a USB 2.0 PCI card, and that were used with a prior Solaris release in the same hardware configuration, can change device names after upgrading to this release. This change occurs because these devices are now seen as USB 2.0 devices and are taken over by the EHCI controller. The controller number, w in /dev/[r]dsk/cwtxdysz, is changed for these devices. Also note that the speed of a USB device is limited to what the parent port can support. For example, if a USB 2.0 external hub is followed by a USB 1.x hub and a USB 2.0 device downstream, devices that are connected to the USB 2.0 external hub run at full speed and not high speed.

<urn:uuid:45108905-232d-4965-bbc8-0cd4050c3f7c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/817-5093/devusbover-40/index.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711605892/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516134005-00057-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Neuroscience team is dedicated to engaging in translational research, where clinical problems are taken from patients' bedsides to study in the laboratory. Laboratory discoveries are then converted into new treatments, preventions and therapies for patients. Neurosurgical research is conducted in collaboration with the Neuroscience Research Laboratory, a division of Neurosurgery at The Medical College of Wisconsin. The lab occupies more than 25,000 square feet of space and employs eight doctorate-level researchers and 20 support staff for federally and privately funded research. Neurology and Neurosurgery research teams not only collaborate with local organizations such as Children's Research Institute and the Medical College, but also with children's hospitals across the country to enhance the care for children and adolescents with neurological disorders. - Harry Whelan, MD, Bleser Family Chair in Neurology, has been inducted into the NASA Space Technology Hall of Fame for his research into the use of near-infrared LEDs for wound healing and the treatment of brain tumors. In a multiyear investigation approved by the Food and Drug Administration, Dr. Whelan found that diabetic skin ulcers and other wounds in mice healed much faster when exposed to the special LEDs in the lab. In a separate protocol, Dr. Whelan is studying the use of LEDs to promote healing of acute mouth ulcers resulting from chemotherapy and radiation used to treat cancer in children. Dr. Whelan is the principal investigator on a grant from the National Institutes of Health studying near-infrared light therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and diseases of the visual system. He also is conducting a pilot study supported in part by the Clinical Translational Science Institute of near-infrared light therapy for diabetic macular edema, a form of diabetic eye disease. Dr. Whelan presented this translational bench-to-bedside research to the United States Congress at the NASA Spin-off Day on Capitol Hill as an example of how space research is helping patients. - Catherine Amlie-Lefond, MD, is participating in local, national and international studies in childhood stroke. Under Dr. Lefond's leadership, Children's Hospital is a contributor to the International Pediatric Stroke Study organized through the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. The IPSS has collected information on more than 1,800 children with stroke in 12 countries to understand childhood stroke, potential triggers and prevention. Physicians and researchers have joined a partnership of 11 children's hospitals and universities across the country to find out which of two commonly prescribed medications is best for treating seizures in children in the emergency room. Because seizures can be life threatening if not stopped immediately, medication has to be given within five minutes of a child's arrival in the emergency department. There may not be time to talk to a child's parent or guardian about the study prior to treatment. In that case, a child may be enrolled in the study without a parent' s permission. For more information visit www.childrensnational.org/seizurestudy/ or call (866) 377-8557. - Kurt Hecox, MD, PhD, and Michael Schwabe, MD, continue to investigate the use of advanced signal processing methods to extract information from the electroencephalography signal. This would allow the early detection of seizures, increase the effectiveness of computerized seizure detection systems and improve the accuracy of locating the site of onset of seizures in children with medication-resistant epilepsy. There are plans to apply these same techniques to the EEG data pool from the Food and Drug Administration's sponsored study trial examining childhood absence epilepsy in more than 300 children. - Charles Marcuccilli, MD, PhD, director of Epilepsy at the Medical College, Sean Lew, MD, Andrew Tryba, PhD, and the epilepsy research team are collaborating with other researchers to study epilepsy using human brain tissue - one of only a few programs in the country capable of this technique. The epilepsy research team was the first to identify intrinsic burster cells in humans. These brain cells are thought to initiate seizures. These investigators further classified the mechanism underlying the bursting activity. Through this process, investigators not only can identify the source of the seizure, but also the entire network of abnormal tissue found throughout the brain. The goal of this research is to allow better localization of the seizure focus, improve efficacy of antiepileptic medication and prevent seizures. Investigators are looking at the specific gene expression changes and testing drugs on certain brain tissues. This research will help identify the correct treatment options for patients on the first round, as well as identify drugs that could be harmful. This translational research will allow investigators to make recommendations to physicians on which medications to use within as little as 24 hours. Neuroscience team members are involved in multiple investigational drug studies for epilepsy. Many of these clinical trials are looking at drugs that are approved for adult patients but have yet to be proven in pediatric medicine. - Keri Hainsworth, PhD, is leading a study that evaluates the benefits of yoga on pediatric headaches. Through the Headache Clinic, children with any type of headache - from minor to severe - are eligible to participate. The eight-week yoga class will involve the Iyengar style of yoga and is based on the hypothesis that healing takes time. In the future, Dr. Hainsworth hopes to expand her research on the benefits of yoga to other conditions, such as obesity and anxiety. - John Jensen, MD, and Dr. Lew are conducting a clinical study that monitors intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure during sagittal synostosis surgery in infants. Dynamic cranioplasty, or directly applied force on the exposed skull, is a surgical technique commonly used to remodel cranial vaults in infants with craniosynostosis. The study is evaluating whether this technique causes intracranial hypertension that has the potential to damage the brain. A secondary goal of the study is to evaluate a modified technique that accomplishes the same cosmetic effect without exposing the patient to a period of intracranial hypertension. - Bruce Kaufman, MD, Dr. Lew and Marike Zwienenberg-Lee, MD, have joined a multi-institutional ShuntCheck study to investigate a newly developed noninvasive device for assessing ventriculoperitoneal shunt function. The study would aim to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the device to current diagnostic modalities used to evaluate shunt patency in symptomatic patients. The study also combines the device results with other diagnostic methods, including the neurosurgeon's clinical judgment, to improve the overall accuracy of diagnosing cases of suspected shunt failure. Drs. Kaufman, Lew and Zwienenberg-Lee are examining surgical outcomes using nonpenetrating titanium clips for dural closure in pediatric intraspinal surgery. This novel technique can result in a less invasive surgical approach with potentially shorter operative time while continuing to achieve a low rate of postoperative complication from a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Dr. Lew and colleagues published a review of their experience utilizing a modified osteoplastic orbitozygomatic craniotomy for pediatric neurosurgical cases that required improved visualization of the anterior and anterolateral skull base. This surgical technique proved advantageous in ease of use, achieved superior operative exposure that minimized risk to the patient by decreasing brain retraction, and lessened the risk of perioperative infection by maintaining a vascularized bone flap. It also resulted in improved cosmesis and function of the temporalis muscle anatomy. - Dr. Zwienenberg-Lee and Sachin Jogal, MD, are lead investigators in a multidisciplinary preclinical study investigating the use of selenoproteins for the prevention of radiation-induced injury in pediatric brain tumors. Brain irradiation is a standard adjuvant treatment for many pediatric brain tumors after surgical resection and has resulted in long-term tumor control. However, many brain tumor survivors develop serious side effects, including decreased cognitive ability, visual perceptual skills, information processing and social skills, poorer memory and concentration skills, hormone deficiencies, hearing and growth impairment. Administration of selenoproteins immediately following radiation therapy may prevent the occurrence of some of these side effects. Mechanisms of cellular injury and cognitive decline after brain irradiation also are being explored in relation to this study.

<urn:uuid:ff0acb7e-80d3-443e-acdc-7ae30d054f3d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/42514/Nav/1/router.asp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702849682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111409-00017-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Return to iTeach Essentials training course page. Essential Pre-Blackboard Skills for Faculty To start working with Blackboard, at the most basic level, it is highly recommended that faculty are already comfortable with the following computer skills. The table below provides the most essential technology competencies recommended for faculty who wish to use Blackboard. Chances are, you have a computer literate friend, relative, or colleague who could help you become familiar with most of the skills below over the course of a few meetings. Many people prefer the "one-to-one" approach when getting started learning to use technology. You might also start out by contacting the educational technology or distance learning staff at your college to see if they have anyone who can help, or ask if your college has faculty Additionally, check out your college's Continuing Education courses to find keyboarding or other computer courses that might fit your schedule. The table below lists some of the most essential skills, as well as links to quick tutorials and reference websites, which can help you get started. |Basic Computer Skils |Using the mouse and keyboard - Comfortable with the mouse and the use of single-click, double-click and right-click. - Comfortable and efficient with keyboarding skills. Learning to Use the Mouse (3 mins) About the Mouse About the Keyboard |Operating system interface - Open multiple windows using operating system software (e.g. Windows Explorer or the Mac Finder). - Minimize and maximize windows, and move and resize Utilize built-in Help system of operating system and appropriate applications. |Working with Windows: Basic Concepts Desktop fundamentals in Windows XP Desktop Fundamentals in Windows Windows 7 Tutorials - Change your monitor's display resolution settings. |Change monitor display resolution |File and folder management tasks - Open, save, name (and rename), print, and delete files. - Saving a file as a different file type (such as .rtf or - Explain the difference between the Save and Save As - Create, name (and rename) folders. - Organize files and folders (including subfolders) into an efficient structure for workflow and backup purposes. - Move and/or copy files and folders using drag and drop and/or copy and paste. - Search for files in various locations on PC or network - Recognize and use common icons, windows, menus, and file extensions (e.g. .doc, .xls, .ppt, .txt, .htm) |Working with Files & Folders in Windows XP: Using "Windows Explorer" Searching for Files & Folders in Windows How to Create and Rename Folders in Windows FileWorking with Files & Folders in Windows |Using the Internet - Use an Internet web browser (e.g. Internet Explorer, Mozilla FireFox, Netscape, Safari) to explore the Web for content and information. - Enter the address of an Internet site and connect to that site, or copy and paste a web address into a web - Utilize a search engine (e.g. Google, Yahoo) effectively to find websites on various topics. |Exploring the Internet |Download and install required plug-ins or helper applications - Navigate to a website that contains links to download helper applications and plug-ins that enhance functionality or provide access to specific types of content (for example, - Follow the instructions provided that will enable you to download and then install the plug-in or helper app on your Flash Player is a commonly plug-in used by both instructors and students; it enables users to view and interact with rich multimedia content in Flash format. |Open PDF Files with Adobe Reader - "PDF" stands for "Portable Document Format". The PDF file format is one of the most widely used file formats on the Internet. It used for document-sharing on thousands of - The Adobe software company created the program, which is available as a free download from Adobe's website: http://get.adobe.com/reader/ - Once a computer user downloads and installs Adobe Reader on their computer (it can be installed on Macs, Windows PCs, and computers with other operating systems, as well), they can open any PDF document. Adobe PDF (Word format) Adobe PDF files If you can open this file, you have Adobe Reader installed on your - If you are a CT Community College faculty member in our system you should already know how to access your college email account via Outlook Web Access (OWA) in order to communicate with students and receive messages from within the college community. This can be accomplished by logging into your email via myCommNet or by accessing OWA It is strongly recommended that you communicate with your students using your college email account, rather than through a personal email account. - Use an email program to create, open, reply, and forward messages and organize messages into folders. - Open an attachment, and add a file as an attachment to an e-mail message that you create. |Access your college email through Outlook Web |Word processing skills - Use the Save As command to save word processing files as different file types to compensate for software version - Enter, edit, select, delete, copy and paste, and move text in a document. - Utilize spelling and grammar checking tools. Office 2007 Overview video Office 2007 Resources Office 2010 Tutorials Return to iTeach Essentials training course page.

<urn:uuid:94e438d7-298f-4184-afef-d2a0bec18e7b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://ctdlc.org/Services/Instructional_Design/iteachBbSkills.cfm?nav=16

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698063918/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095423-00034-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

JEFFREY BROWN: Next, research breakthroughs that seem almost like science fiction. It's all about growing human tissue and replacing or repairing muscles and, someday, even limbs. NewsHour science correspondent Miles O'Brien has our story. Be advised: Some of the images are graphic. MILES O'BRIEN: I am not sure when or why I thought it was a good idea to go for a bike ride on a 100-degree Texas afternoon with a 26-year-old Marine corporal. There I was eating Isaias Hernandez's dirt. No surprise, right? Well, take a look at his right thigh. CPL. ISAIAS HERNANDEZ, U.S. Marine Corps: It looked like a chicken, like if you would take a bite out of it down to the bone. MILES O'BRIEN: It happened in Iraq in 2004. He was badly injured in an artillery attack on his convoy. CPL. ISAIAS HERNANDEZ: They patched it up because they said the other thank option would be amputation because they couldn't just leave my leg on with a hole in it. DR. STEPHEN BADYLAK, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine: You need people who think quantitatively and qualitatively working together on problems like this. MILES O'BRIEN: What he did was reach out to this man. Dr. Steve Badylak is deputy director of the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh, where they are in the vanguard of a fast-moving field called tissue engineering. The goal? Grow tissue or even whole organs to repair damaged or diseased human bodies. Here, they are using pig bladders to help grow human muscle -- that's right, pig bladders. It turns out, they are a good source of a fundamental biological building block known as the extracellular matrix. DR. STEPHEN BADYLAK: So, the matrix, the extracellular matrix -- we call it ECM -- is a sort of unique collection of structural and functional molecules that we then use as a therapeutic device to tell the body how to heal itself. MILES O'BRIEN: ECM is like a magnet and a manual for the stem cells inside us. Scientists are not sure why, but the matrix lures those malleable cells and gives them the cues they need to, in this case, morph into muscle. MILES O'BRIEN: The pillow. DR. STEPHEN BADYLAK: We call this a powder pillow. MILES O'BRIEN: The stem cells made their way to a pillow filled with powdered pig bladder matrix implanted in Corporal Hernandez's thigh in 2008. With the help of a lot of hard physical therapy from a very motivated Marine, they became muscle, a lot of muscle. DR. STEPHEN BADYLAK: We never imagined we were going to get the robust response that we got. Now, he's replaced somewhere between 10 and 15 percent of his muscle mass at that site, but that muscle has gotten so strong that it's something like 50 percent of the strength of the quad. MILES O'BRIEN: Badylak is starting a larger human trial. So, using ECM, are you manufacturing body parts? DR. STEPHEN BADYLAK: We're allowing the body to manufacture. We're setting the stage. MILES O'BRIEN: Laura Niklason is doing just that in her lab at Yale University. So we can buy parts? LAURA NIKLASON, Yale University: We have reached the point where we can buy parts. For simple tissues, we can buy parts. MILES O'BRIEN: Niklason hopes the spare arteries and veins she has grown will be tested in human trials soon, but she is not stopping there. She and her team are growing living, breathing replacement rat lungs that are genetically tailored for a rejection-free transplant, because they are grown from the very cells of the recipient. LAURA NIKLASON: Otherwise, you would be making a lung that would reject, just like the way lung transplants can reject now. So that's one of the major challenges with engineering a human lung, is we're going to have to learn enough and employ enough stem cell biology so that we can take stem cells from the patient and coax them to become all of the different cell types that we need to make a lung. MILES O'BRIEN: The key to the coaxing process is our friend the extracellular matrix. A matrix from a donor rat lung is bathed in cells that are genetically identical to the recipient. The cells marinate in an incubator called a bioreactor for seven days, creating a lung that is a perfect genetic match for the recipient. If they're not breathing, they don't develop, essentially? LAURA NIKLASON: Yeah. MILES O'BRIEN: Unfortunately, the rat lungs she has grown and transplanted so far are short-lived. They fail within hours because of blood clots. Niklason isn't sure why. In fact, there is still a lot she is not sure of. LAURA NIKLASON: That matrix has an enormous number of cues which we don't yet understand. But it directs the adhesion and the survival of cells within the lung. So, even though we deliver a mixture of cells into the lung, we find that they all go to their proper locations. MILES O'BRIEN: It will be a long time before scientists will grow a breathing lung or a beating heart that could save a human life, but maybe not as long as you think. DR. ANTHONY ATALA, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine: When we started this, this was really still considered science fiction. MILES O'BRIEN: Anthony Atala is director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. He's been at it for more than two decades. Now, he and his team are working on engineering more than 30 different tissues and organs, bladders and urethras, ears, skin, muscles, human liver tissue, and even a beating heart valve. DR. ANTHONY ATALA: We know that, naturally, what a heart does is, it beats on its own. So, for us, the concept of recreating this in the laboratory is really nothing more than just recreating what nature already knows how to do. MILES O'BRIEN: Atala makes it sound easy, but, of course, it is not. Humans do have the ability to regenerate. Our skin, for example, turns over every two weeks or so. But, over time, humans have also evolved to seal up disease and injuries with scars. It's good for keeping us alive after a trauma, but it prevents regeneration. DR. DAVID GARDINER, University of California, Irvine: Just because we don't regenerate doesn't mean that we can't regenerate. It just means that we don't. Now, what we have done here is change the information in the cells at the wound-site. MILES O'BRIEN: Dr. David Gardiner of the University of California, Irvine, is trying to learn how to make humans better regenerators by studying nature's reigning regeneration champ: the salamander. DR. DAVID GARDINER: When you cut off a salamander's arm, you can cut it off at any level. So, you can cut off fingers, you can cut off at the wrist or the arm or the elbow or the shoulder. And whatever you cut off, that's always what grows back. It doesn't grow back more and it doesn't grow back less. MILES O'BRIEN: Gardiner wonders how a human who has lost a limb might be able to recover like a salamander. DR. DAVID GARDINER: We do in fact have intrinsic regenerative abilities, just like the salamander does. It's just like two ends of the spectrum. We're not very good at regenerating complex organ structures like limbs or spinal cords and stuff like that. MILES O'BRIEN: But there is some promising research on that front as well. Look at this before-and-after video. It's the same paralyzed rat. Its ability to walk greatly improved after cells like these were implanted near its spinal cord injury. Aileen Anderson is an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine. AILEEN ANDERSON, University of California, Irvine: What we know is that when we transplant these cells, we can restore the ability of animals with spinal cord injury to step. We can restore their ability to be coordinated. MILES O'BRIEN: They are called neural stem cells, stem cells that are ideally suited to repair the central nervous system. So, neural stem cells are more specialized? AILEEN ANDERSON: Neural stem cells are more specialized. If you picture sort of a tree with embryonic stem cells at the trunk, and all the specialized cells that are relative to different organs like the brain or the spleen or your bone marrow, up in the branches, they become more and more specialized as you ascend. MILES O'BRIEN: Anderson and her team are working toward clinical trials to inject neural stem cells into humans with spinal cord injuries. Could these stem cells act like jumper cables? Maybe so. AILEEN ANDERSON: Our hypothesis, our working plan here is that that restoration of circuitry is what's yielding the recovery of function. MILES O'BRIEN: But you don't know for sure? AILEEN ANDERSON: Nobody knows. How -- how many things do you know in science that you know for sure? We think we -- we think we know this because, if we transplant cells and let animals recover to a stable baseline, and then we selectively ablate the human cells that we transplanted, we lose the functional recovery. MILES O'BRIEN: Francesco Clark is a big believer in the seemingly magical power of stem cells. In 2002, he dove into the shallow end of a pool. FRANCESCO CLARK: And I was completely paralyzed in the blink of an eye. MILES O'BRIEN: At first, he could not move a muscle or even breathe on his own. Over time, he has steadily improved, thanks to a tough regimen of physical therapy and, he says, three stem cell treatments he received in China and Germany. They are not yet approved in the U.S. So, at this point, do you firmly believe there will be a cure for paralysis and that will derive out of stem cells treatments? FRANCESCO CLARK: Absolutely. Yes, they're no doubt in my mind. I mean, I'm talking, I'm breathing, I'm moving my arms, I'm wiggling around, I'm getting stronger. It's just -- you want to say it's a matter of time, but it's not just time. There's a lot of effort that goes into it. MILES O'BRIEN: So, how many years before we come back and see you walking around the house here? FRANCESCO CLARK: I'm pushing for five years. MILES O'BRIEN: For real? FRANCESCO CLARK: Yeah. MILES O'BRIEN: Like any Marine worth his salt, Isaias Hernandez is still pushing as well. DR. STEPHEN BADYLAK: He's been such a warrior in more ways than one, that he deserves whatever we can give him. So, we're going to do one more surgery on Cpl. Hernandez. We're going to add more matrix and see if we can build more muscle for him and make him even better than he is today. So that's his future. MILES O'BRIEN: How you feeling? CPL. ISAIAS HERNANDEZ: Good. MILES O'BRIEN: His goal for the future? A return to combat. Why do you want to go back? CPL. ISAIAS HERNANDEZ: Want to finish up at least a full tour -- if not, then just do everything to the best of my ability. MILES O'BRIEN: We done yet? CPL. ISAIAS HERNANDEZ: Depends on how long you want to ride for. Because these trails total, it's about 10 miles. MILES O'BRIEN: How is the leg? CPL. ISAIAS HERNANDEZ: Leg's good. MILES O'BRIEN: Let's do it. I am living, exhausted proof he already has plenty of ability, thanks in large part to an exploding field of science that may one day make us all live longer and stronger. JEFFREY BROWN: And it's science Thursday on the NewsHour online. There, we look at images of the giant asteroid Vesta captured by NASA's Dawn spacecraft and beamed back to Earth.

<urn:uuid:b816dfae-82a0-4209-8e04-6a389c7222e6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/july-dec11/tissuescience_12-15.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699238089/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101358-00013-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

National Parks Commemorate the Service and Sacrifice of Military Members on Veterans Day America’s 398 national parks offered free admission during the Veterans Day weekend in honor of those that serve and have served in the United States military. The National Park of American Samoa is free to visit year round. “National parks preserve places that commemorate our country’s collective heritage – our ideals, our majestic lands, our sacred sites, our patriotic icons – which our military has defended through the years,” said National Park Service Director Jonathan B. Jarvis. “We are grateful for the service and sacrifice of military members, past and present, and honored to tell their story at many of our national parks.” American Samoa was instrumental during World War II to help protect the important trade route between the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. Pago Pago Harbor—the deepest natural harbor in the South Pacific—provided a critical safe haven for military and trade vessels to replenish supplies and refit their ships. The United States military trained local Samoans to assist with the war effort and included the Fita Fita Guard or Navy Landsmen and the Maligi Samoa Marines. They served as mail carriers, local police, boat crews, and basic military defense services. From frontier forts to World War II battlefields, more than 70 national parks have direct connections to the military. These include our earliest national parks where army engineers designed park roads and buildings and the cavalry enforced regulations from 1886 until the National Park Service was established in 1916.

<urn:uuid:5c0368a1-7fe1-4e51-8d2c-dd8e2f7b044b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://pacificislandparks.com/2012/11/13/national-parks-commemorate-the-service-and-sacrifice-of-military-members-on-veterans-day/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707439012/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123039-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Hugh Pickens writes "BBC reports that astronomers have invented a game to help uncover the basis of galactic collisions, showing players images of colliding galaxies and asking them to match those to simulations. These galactic mergers could be the key to why the Universe contains a mixture of different galaxies — some with trailing spiral arms, others more like compact balls of stars. Astronomers say that humans are 'much better than computers' at spotting the patterns and similarities. 'The strength of the game is that it takes results from many people,' says Dr Chris Lintott from Oxford University, one of the members of the Galaxy Zoo team. The developers describe the game as a 'cosmic fruit machine' (i.e., slot machine). The game shows players one real galaxy image and, on command, eight randomly selected simulations pop into the 'slot'" surrounding that image. The aim is for players to choose the simulations that look most similar to the real galaxy and take those through to the next round to examine them further. The simulated images show the different aspects of galaxy formation, so as people play, they will generate data that will help astronomers understand these collisions. 'These collisions take millions of years to unfold,' says Anthony Holincheck, a graduate student at George Mason University and another member of the team. 'All we get from the Universe is a single snapshot of each one. [With] simulations, we will be able to watch each cosmic car crash unfold in the computer.'"

<urn:uuid:53c32f61-7b6a-42f3-b38a-7bcd00332f8a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://science.slashdot.org/story/09/11/25/2018222/Astronomers-Invent-Galaxy-Game/insightful-comments

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697503739/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094503-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Regardless of whether you are teaching ESL or any other type of class, class structure is important. You will need to apply your esl lesson plan in to four critical phases. Because they are which may be most effective when learning a language usually do not wander from these phases. You will need to split the course in to a warm up finally, a demonstration stage, a training stage, and stage a production stage when designing a lesson plan in writing or otherwise. Minutes are usually totaled 50 by class periods and these stages should be spread by you based on the model below. According to Esltutor.ca the warm-up is solely designed to engage your students in the subject of the day. It’s most crucial and you ought to not begin without it. It often includes something which will shock your pupils in to attending to. You may even need to start with a brief guessing task that challenges your pupils and makes them lively. Or your warm-up might be some thing as simple as a discussion. For instance, if the lesson of the day is on describing things. Start the lesson by writing on the board, “Bread is square, but how come sandwich meat round?” Spend 5 minutes in a open-ended discussion on why this may be. Generate responses to questions such as for example, “Is this true for the sandwich?” “What does your sandwich seem like?” “What colour may be the meat?” “What do you put in your sandwich?” “Do you cut it in to halves? Would you cut it triangular or rectangular?” Read more of this article »

<urn:uuid:c5df9554-b9fd-43eb-a0d7-a7f4aaf1c07f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cepan.ca/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711441609/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133721-00042-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Many famous authors such as Graham Hancock, David Hatcher Childress, and Nic Flemming have written extensively about the many submerged megalithic ruins found on the shallow seafloor in diverse regions of the world, yet because they still believe the Ice Age ended circa 10000 b.c., so the bronze-age-appearance of the ruins forces them to say that such civilizations existed circa 10000 b.c. while ‘though mainstream science says 3000 b.c. for the inception of bronze age civilizations. Why won’t these academics come to their senses that the Ice Age ended actually circa 1500 b.c., confirmed by the legends of Kumari Kandam, Kususthali, Ogyges, and Hotu Matua? The main reason is that they don’t want to depart from the darwinian timeline, the alternative to which is the biblical timeline, acknowlegement of the Table of Nations and the “late date” for the end of the Ice Age saying that Bible history is real history. It would be odd to say that you believe the history in the Bible yet are not a Christian, the dilemma facing Hancock, Childress, Flemming, and the rest, for they know that a 1500 b.c. time for the end of the Ice Age would make the evidence fit very nicely, but to admit the Bible is true to many is akin to shooting your own dog. We do indeed pray for them, bringing this http://genesisveracityfoundation.com to their attention.

<urn:uuid:8caf83de-6b02-4d68-8565-83d43d687a57>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://dancingfromgenesis.wordpress.com/2012/09/08/submerged-megalithic-bronze-age-cities-legends-ruins-controversy-implications-timeline-end-ice-age-atlantis-theories-alternative-archaeology-authors/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708835190/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125355-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Temple of Ptah at Karnak in Luxor, Egypt by Jimmy Dunn Ptah is a very ancient Egyptian god evidenced from at least the Old Kingdom where his cult was located in the Memphis region. At Karnak in Luxor (ancient Thebes), his temple consists of three interconnecting sanctuaries that are, together with Ptah, consecrated to his Memphite triad, which also included Sekhmet and Nefertum. The sanctuaries are preceded by a small portico of two columns and a pylon in the name of Tuthmosis III, who built the core of the temple. It is oriented west-east, like the Temple of Amun. The temple was built on the site of an earlier temple of the Middle Kingdom in wood and brick that was restored by Shabaka during the 25th Dynasty and by the Ptolemies and Romans. Interestingly, the Ptolemies did not replace the earlier royal cartouches with their own, but actually repaired damaged and missing sections with the names of the original builders. The Temple is located on the northern perimeter of the Temple of Amun, just inside the gate leading to the Montu precinct. This was not the easiest temple ever excavated at Karnak, for unusual reasons. In 1900 when G. Legran began the work, his Egyptian laborers were reluctant. They feared this place, where seven small children had been swallowed up by a cave-in, causing its name locally to be known as the "infants' grave. They thought that this must be the den of the ghoul, the ogress that must have eaten them, for their bodies were never recovered. Therefore, to excavate here was to attack the ogress in her very lair, and she was said to be guarded in the north of the temple by a row of blacks who protected her from any who came near. In that precise location, Legrain discovered a statue of Djehuty made from black granite. Legrain tells us that: "In Karnak confidence was restored with the departure of Djehuty (the statue was shipped off to Cairo). In the opinion of the peasants, by discovering the black statue I had quite simply made the guardian genie of the temple of Ptah my prisoner, and what's more, by copying and translating the few lines of hieroglyphs carved there, I had made myself the master of the magic grimoire, which would compel the surrender of the children eaters". There were five gateways added at a later date to this small temple. A large granite stela in the name of Tuthmosis III was found between the fourth and fifth gates, with the following text: "My majesty commands that there be built the temple of Ptah-south-of-his wall, in Thebes, which is a station .... of my father Amun-Ra, lord of Thebes... Lo, my majesty found this temple built of brick and wooden columns and its doorway of wood, beginning to go to ruin. My majesty commands to stretch the cord upon this temple anew, erected of fine white sandstone, and the walls around it of brick, as a work enduring for eternity. My majesty erected for it doors of new cedar of the best of the terraces [Lebanon], mounted with Asiatic copper... I overlaid for him his great seat with electrum of the best of the countries. All vessels were of gold and silver, and every splendid costly stone, clothing of fine linen, white linen... to perform his pleasing ceremonies at the feasts of the beginning of the season." There were actually seven total doorways that provided access to the sanctuary of Ptah. While the first two doorways are constructed to have a lintel, the following three that precede the pylon are of the "broken lintel" variety topped by a cornice and a torus. On the exterior and interior facades of the first doorway, which crosses an enclosure of baked bricks, are the cartouches of Ptolemy VI, while on the interior facades of the passage are those of Ptolemy XI and Ptolemy XIII. In the jambs of this doorway is a depiction of Nefertum bearing a lotus feather topped with two long feathers on her head. Two menat counterweights also fall out of this. The second and fourth doorways are in the name of Shabaka, though his cartouches were later hammered out. The third doorway is in the name of Ptolemy XIII, and consists of two engaged columns. The fifth doorway serves as an entrance to a portico of four composite columns of Ptolemy III. The columns are very elegant, with a height of about 5.25 meters, while the space between the torus framing the doorway measures about half of this. The doorway leading to the portico actually bears the titles of Tuthmosis III. On the gate with the broken lintel ascribed to Ptolemy III, as well as the doorpost of the pylon doorway beyond, the king wears the white crown and makes a gesture of entering the sanctuary after being purified four times. On the north, the king is wearing the red crown. The sixth door, all the way in the back, crosses through the pylon, and beyond a small altar makes up the seventh doorway, which opens directly onto the central sanctuary where the statue of Ptah is located. Inside of the pylon, on its south wing of the east facade, is a door leading to a little chamber that has a second doorway leading out to the south. The cartouches on the jambs of this first door are in the name of Ptolemy IV, heir of the god Euergetes. On the lintel, the king makes offerings to a seated Ptah. There is a large scene to the right, where Ptolemy IV advances toward Hathor. Beyond this doorway on the south wall of the main chamber, there is a scene sculpted in light sunk relief. To the right, above the was scepter of Amun, are four vertical lines of an inscription that Mariette saw in its complete state, but which Legrain found nothing but the bottom half by the time he explored the temple. The part that was lost allowed historians to date the Ptah feast mentioned here as having taken place two months after Horemheb's coronation, which coincided with the Beautiful Feast of the Valley at Luxor. Oddly, however, the cartouche here seems to have been usurped by Horemheb and the bas-reliefs in no way resemble those styled during his reign. In this scene, behind Amun, "Ptah, lord of Ma'at, king of the Two Lands, beautiful of countenance in Thebes" stands on the pedestal of Ma'at, with his head tightly bound in a blue lapis lazuli headdress. His two hands emerge from his wrapped body holding the sheath that ends in the djed pillar, from which the was scepter emerges. Behind Ptah, Khonsu-in-Thebes-Neferhotep is wearing the crown-prince's braid, which passes under his diadem. He holds in his hands a number of different scepters, including the djed pillar, the was scepter, the ankh, the hek crosier and the nekhakha scepter. He wears the menat necklace with its distinctive counterweight. Further along this wall towards the east, another scene on the south wall depicts the king, wearing the blue helmet, making an offering of two vessels of wine. Following him is his ka, which wears the king's Horus name, "Mighty Bull Appearing in Thebes", on its head. The ka also holds in his right hand a long cane topped by a bust of the pharaoh and with his left hand he holds the key of life and the feather of Ma'at. On the other side of this chamber on the north wing of the pylon, on the interior of the doorway, the restorations completed by Ptolemy III in this part of the building are mentioned. The interior facade of the doorway is sloped and here we find the cartouches of Tuthmosis III, whereas the wall of the north wing of the pylon is vertical and carved with the cartouches of Ptolemy IV. Like on the south wing of the pylon, the north wing also has an inner chamber and above the small doorway of this chamber are found two scenes of worship in the name of Ptolemy IV. On the bottom register the king, followed by Arsinoe, worships Ptah four times. Here, Ptah stands in his naos followed by Hathor. On the upper register, the king offers Ma'at to the Theban triad of Amun, Mut and Khonsu. To the right of this scene are stairs that lead to the roof of the pylon and the corner of the north wall. Further around on the north wall of the chamber is a scene where Ptolemy IV offers a statuette of a "sphinx bearing the cosmetics" to Ptah, who is standing in his naos and holding the was, the ankh and the djed in his hands. Hathor stands behind him, followed by Imhotep, son of Ptah. The famous Imhotep, architect of the Old Kingdom Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara and also a physician, was deified in the Ptolemaic Period and merged with the Greek Asclepios. Behind Imhotep, under the portico's architrave, is a text of three vertical lines in the name of Tuthmosis III which read: "To his father Ptah, beautiful of countenance, lord of the Two Lands... He built the House of Ptah anew in fine white sandstone, the door panels of cedar from the best of terraces [Lebanon], more beautiful than it was before...When My Majesty found this house built of bricks." This text is very similar to that found between the fourth and fifth doors of this temple. Here, under the portico and above a small niche, is a bas-relief that is very similar to that located on the opposite south facade, representing Tuthmosis III followed by his ka. Just in front of the sanctuary of Ptah are two large columns. They have a base diameter of about 106 centimeters with a shaft that measures some 3.5 meters tall. They measure about 4.02 meters from the base to the abacus. In the sanctuary itself is a splendid statue of Ptah (though headless) carved from a monolithic block of black granite in such a way that a pink vein of stone starts from the right and and crosses the chest. Ptah holds in his hands the same scepters as in his representation in the bas reliefs. These include the was, which emerges from a long sheath ending in the djed. The swaddled feet of the statue are massive, and one might also note the detail of the user necklace. Before Ptah, on the same pedestal, is the bottom part of a kneeling figure. To the south of the sanctuary of Ptah is that of Sekhmet. The statue of her, made of black granite, was found in many pieces by Legrain and was pieced back together and re-erected in its original site in the south chapel, just below a small orifice installed in a paving stone of the roof, through which moonlight filters on certain nights directly on the statue's head. The statue is striking for its slender body and narrow thighs that contrast with the massive head that wears a flattened disk with raised uraeus. She holds the wadj scepter with the flowering lotus and the ankh of life in her hands. The back, outside wall of the temple is also noteworthy. Here, at two different levels going from left to right, are a representation of Ptah in light relief, whose head must have been sculpted on an a stone that is now missing, and also one of Hathor, followed by two deified scribes from the Old and New Kingdom. One is Imhotep, son of Ptah while the other scribe is Amenhotep, son of Hapi. Imhotep, who wears only a short loincloth and a pectoral, holds the was of the gods in his hand. Amenhotep, who wears a long robe held up by a suspender, carries the palette and scroll of the scribe. In front of Hathor is a very small Horus the child (Harpocrates of the Greeks). Here, the Horus child also bears the title of smatawi, "binding of the Two Lands". |Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, The||Wilkinson, Richard H.||2000||Thames and Hudson, Ltd||ISBN 0-500-05100-3| |History of Egyptian Architecture, A (The Empire (the New Kingdom) From the Eighteenth Dynasty to the End of the Twentieth Dynasty 1580-1085 B.C.||Badawy, Alexander||1968||University of California Press||LCCC A5-4746| |Luxor, Karnak and the Theban Temples||Siliotti, Alberto||2002||American University In Cairo Press, The||ISBN 977 424 641 1| |Temples of Karnak, The||de Lubicz, R. A. Schwaller||1999||Inner Tradition||ISBN 0-89281-712-7| |Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor||Strudwick, Nigel & Helen||1999||Cornell University Press||ISBN 0 8014 8616 5| Last Updated: Aug 4th, 2011 Who are we? Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online.

<urn:uuid:f0c3d55c-33c9-430e-af2d-9f39f7c614d2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/ptahkarnak.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383218/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Cova Arias usually studies oysters, not tarballs. But when balls of oil started washing up outside her Dauphin Island Lab after the BP oil spill, the Auburn University professor and her team decided to run a few tests. They particularly wondered whether the tarballs contained any of the lethal bacteria that they track in seafood. They found that the tarballs -- which oil executives and government officials have said are little more than a nuisance -- are teeming with bacteria, including Vibrio vulnificus, the leading cause of death from eating bad oysters. In fact, they discovered that the balls had up to 100 times more of that particular bacteria than the water they floated in and 10 times more than the sand they rested on. "We were surprised," said Arias, a microbiologist in Auburn's Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and the lead writer on a paper the team published on their results online in the journal EcoHealth in November. Now Arias is seeking grant money to find out more about bacteria in tarballs. Mostly, she wants to know what kind they are and what they're doing there. Are they benefiting from the degrading oil, or do the blobs just provide a structure? Are any of them helping break down the oil? "There are a lot of questions," said Arias, who ran some early tests. For now, they'll have to wait not just for the funding to roll in, but for the water to warm up, as V. vulnificus is most prevalent during the summer -- thus the old warning about avoiding raw oysters from May through August. Meanwhile, she warns that it's best to give any tarballs -- which show up on Gulf beaches even when there's not a major spill -- a wide berth, even though it's unlikely most people will get sick from them. Some people do have greater risk from V. vulnificus, especially those with suppressed immune systems and chronic health conditions like liver problems and diabetes, and it can travel through cuts in the skin. "Tarballs accumulate a lot of bacteria, and they should be treated as you would treat a bad crab or something that is rotten on the beach," said Arias. "There's more to it than just being a nuisance." Join the conversation by clicking to comment or email Wolfson at [email protected].

<urn:uuid:c478faa8-0710-499b-874f-2ff681248971>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2012/03/auburn_researcher_finds_danger.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00086-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Then God said, “Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb that yields seed, and the fruit tree that yields fruit according to its kind, whose seed is in itself, on the earth”; and it was so. And the earth brought forth grass, the herb that yields seed according to its kind, and the tree that yields fruit, whose seed is in itself according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. Classification systems are used to help us organize and study living things. There are many different ways to group living things depending on the presuppositions that you start with. Evolutionists believe that all living things descended from a single common ancestor. Because they have this presupposition, they use the differences in physical traits, DNA, and protein sequences to determine relationships among different kinds of animals and plants. This assumption of a common ancestor has forced evolutionists to reorganize many of the original classifications of animals. Dinosaurs are now believed to be the ancestors of birds. Some have even suggested reclassifying birds as reptiles since the molecular evidence is interpreted to support this claim. The classification of the apes, among which evolutionists include humans, has changed to reflect the evolutionary view that humans are just intelligent apes. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that chimpanzees be included in the human genus Homo. The Bible tells us that man was created in the image of God, and therefore man should not be classified as an ape. Creationists, starting from the truth found in the Bible, classify living things into distinct “kinds” and recognize the amazing genetic variety found within each kind. The field of baraminology involves studying the classification of living things through the biblical concept of the created kinds. The molecular evidence of proteins and DNA can be used to understand relationships within the created kinds, but it can’t be used to understand how one kind changed into another, because that type of change has never occurred. Evolutionists will not arrive at an accurate understanding of the relationships of living things because their starting assumptions do not reflect the absolute truth available in God’s Word. |Linnaeus develops a system for classification.||444||341||448–449||300||2:1| |Classification is based on evolutionary relationships and physical traits.||442||T7, 341||452–453, 457||T298||2:2| |Classification uses cladograms and phylogenetic trees to interpret and describe evolutionary relationships.||445, 452||345–348, T345||453, 458, T458||310||2:3, 2:4| |Homologous and analogous structures are used to determine evolutionary relationships.||444||—||384, T453||305, 594||3:6, 3:7, 3:29| |Dinosaurs are the ancestors of modern birds. Birds are actually closely related to alligators.||445, 452–453||345–348, T346, T558, T561, 564, 568||432, 799, 807, T807||307– 309, 727, T787||2:5, 2:6, 2:7, 3:35| |All life on earth came from a single common ancestor.||454–455||—||382, T382– T383, T385, 410, T418, 457, 460–461||413||3:6, 3:7, 3:8, 3:13, 3:19| |Evolutionary relationships can be determined by comparing DNA and amino acid sequences. Evolutionary time can be measured with molecular clocks.||462||T303, 341, 343, T343–T344||451, 454, T454, 455, T455||220, 232, 413, 602, 737||2:8, 3:6, 3:29| Note: Page numbers preceded by “T” indicate items from the teacher notes found in the margins of the Teacher’s Edition. Genesis records that God created the animals and plants according to their kind. Genesis explains that God created specific kinds of animals. These kinds were able to breed and reproduce more of the same kind with a great variety of traits. It is not absolutely clear what the boundaries of the original kinds were, but it is clear from Genesis that the different animals and plants did not evolve from one another. The creation of life on earth was certainly a miraculous event that man will never be able to fully understand—it must be accepted by faith. However, it requires just as much—if not more— faith to accept the evolutionary story of the beginning of life and the first cell from lifeless matter. The current system of classification is based on the pioneering work of the creation scientist Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus developed a classification system that was based on physical characteristics. Linnaeus is credited with popularizing the use of hierarchies and binomial nomenclature—the two-name system used for names in science today. Linnaeus called man Homo diurnis (man of the day) and grouped him in the primate group based on physical traits. Today, humans are called Homo sapiens (wise man). Classifying humans based on physical traits alone does not reflect the biblical idea of being created in the image of God. While it is true that humans share the physical traits attributed to mammals, humans have a spirit that distinguishes them from animals. Despite the fact that we share many traits with the primates, humans are not simply highly evolved apes; we were specially created in the image of God. Linnaeus based his work on natural theology, the idea that God had created order in the universe and man could understand that Divine Order by studying the creation. He wrote in a preface to Systema Naturae, “The Earth’s creation is the glory of God, as seen from the works of Nature by Man alone.” Linnaeus believed in “fixity of species” (the idea that organisms do not change over time) early in his life, but his plant-breeding experiments showed that hybrids were evidence against the idea that species have remained the same since they were created. Linnaeus found that hybridization could happen above the species level and that organisms in nature were in a state of competition. He explained this as the struggle for nature to maintain the balance that God had instilled in it at creation. New organisms that arose were all derived from the primae speciei (original kinds) and were a part of God’s original plan because He placed the potential for variation in the original creation. Modern biblical creationists still use the concept Modern biblical creationists still use the concept of the created kind as a basis for classification and the limit of variation. A group of creation scientists called the Biology Study Group is currently attempting to classify animals within created kinds, or baramins (from the Hebrew bara—create and min—kind), based on several criteria, including genetic information and breeding studies. The created kinds roughly correspond to the current classification at the family level. However, some kinds may extend up to the order or down to the genus level, since the current system of classification does not take the idea of special creation into account. Any organisms that can interbreed are considered part of the same kind, but those that can’t may or may not be. Further research is needed to understand which organisms, both living and extinct, belong to each created kind. Created Kind (Baramin): the original organisms (and their descendants) created supernaturally by God as described in Genesis 1; these organisms reproduce only their own kind within the limits of preprogrammed information, but with great variation. Note: Since the original creation, organisms of one kind presumably cannot interbreed with a different kind, but individuals within a kind may have lost the ability (information) to interbreed due to the effects of the Curse. Classification systems today are still based on physical characteristics, but the natural order is no longer accepted as coming from God. Evidence of design in the natural world is ignored. Secular scientists repeat the mantra that the apparent design is just an accident and that matter and energy are all that can be used to describe how the universe works. Evolutionary relationships are used to reorganize moden classification systems based on the belief that all organisms have a common ancestor. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary relationships between all living organisms. Taxonomists, scientists who classify living things, use different types of diagrams to display the supposed relationships. These diagrams show how organisms are supposed to have descended from a single ancestor. The diagrams come in several forms. The fan diagrams show the organisms with respect to their common ancestors and the relative size of the groups. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are very similar in that they show evolutionary relationships based on various characteristics. There is much debate in taxonomy about what traits to include when doing the analysis. Different relationships come to light depending on which characteristics are given the most weight in the system of classification. Evolutionists assume that they can construct the complete “tree of life” by including as many traits as possible. Evidence from DNA, anatomy, development, and fossils are commonly used in the construction of these systems. A major problem with phylogenetic trees and other related models is the lack of evidence that supports the links between known organisms and their supposed fossil relatives. The lines that connect an ancestor to the living organism are mostly imaginary. Very little fossil evidence supports the lines on the diagrams that connect the different kinds of organisms over millions of years, but the lines are often presented as fact. Darwin expected the fossils to show a progression of form, from fish to amphibian, for example, but that progression is missing. The term “missing link” is often used to refer to these gaps and the missing fossils that supposedly fill them. Whenever you see one of these trees, ask, “What direct evidence supports the lines on the tree?” In some cases there are examples of fossils that fit in the sequence, but the vast majority are missing the evidence. The reliability of such a model is called into question when it is based on so many assumptions. The fossil record is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. Creationists disagree with the idea of a “tree of life” as evolutionists see it—all life originating from a single, unknown, common ancestor. If we consider the created kinds from Genesis, the picture of life would look more like an orchard—distinct groups of animals showing variety within a kind. The trees in this orchard do not overlap one another or cross one another, representing the limits of variety within the DNA of the created kinds. This view (developed by Dr. Kurt Wise) is confirmed by the evidence from operational science. Illustration used with permission from Dr. Kurt Wise and Creation Science Fellowship of Pittsburgh from the 1990 ICC Proceedings, Bob Walsh editor, vol. 2, p. 358. While new species have been observed to arise, it is always within the limits of the created kinds. The study of this variability and the relationships of animals within the original created kinds is called baraminology. This approach to classifying life is fundamentally opposed to the tree of life. This does not mean that creationists reject the majority of classifications by evolutionary biologists but that the evolutionary history associated with the classifications is rejected. More research is needed in the field of baraminology to understand the relationships within the created kinds. This field of research can make specific predictions about the relationships of organisms based on breeding experiments and improve the current understanding of God’s divine order. Evolutionists use the idea of “molecular clocks” to determine the amount of time that has elapsed since an alleged ancestor split into two groups. This evidence is used to suggest that humans and chimpanzees came from a common ancestor that lived sometime between 4 and 8 million years ago. The operational science behind molecular clocks is based on differences in the DNA sequence or the sequence of amino acids in proteins. The tricky part is interpreting the time involved in these supposed changes. The model of molecular clocks assumes that evolution has happened. Yet, the idea of a Designer who used similar plans to create similar organisms and molecules is just as reasonable an explanation from a scientific perspective. The belief that all of these animals share a common ancestor is based on the assumption that evolution can create new information. The use of DNA and fossils to construct classification schemes has misled people to accept the idea that birds are actually closely related to crocodiles. The Bible describes these two as being created on separate days—not close relatives. Another popular belief is that birds are actually living dinosaurs. Some prominent scientists refuse to accept the idea, but many still find the mystique of watching a dinosaur eating from a feeder in the backyard intriguing. This idea is prominent in the textbooks and media, even though no theory seems to fit the scenario accurately. Whether or not a mechanism for evolving birds from some small theropod dinosaur can be devised, many scientists are sure that it must have happened. It seems that almost all of the new dinosaur fossils are shown by artists to have feathers. Even though there was no clear evidence to support the feathered interpretation, the feathers are added to convince the public that science has found these things to be true. The next time you hear of one of these feathered fossils, ask to see the feather imprints—like the ones preserved so well in the fossilized bird Archaeopteryx. Ultimately, all classification schemes and theoretical relationships are based on man’s interpretation of the evidence. Starting with the truth found in God’s Word will lead us closer to the true interpretation of the evidence than starting with the fallible ideas of men. 2:1 Carolus Linnaeus, Morris, Men of Science, Men of God The modern system of classification is known as the Linnaean system and is based on the work of the creation scientist Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus was actually trying to identify the original kinds from Genesis in his research. Linnaeus related the Genesis kind to his category of species and therefore believed in the “fixity of species.” Linnaeus recognized that variation happens within the created kinds, not between kinds. Evolutionists often make the false claim that creationists believed, and still believe, that species don’t change. 2:2 Arthur Jones on biology, Ashton, www.answersingenesis.org/home/Area/isd/jones.asp Evolutionists often claim that the acceptance of creation is a “science stopper” and that the actions of God cut off the possibility for studying scientific concepts. This idea, however, is false. A belief in special creation only removes the option of continuous evolution, not the study of the many other relationships among living things. The study of cichlid fish by Dr. Jones showed the amazing variety of characteristics within the cichlid species, including coloration and ability to survive in saltwater. What was also apparent was that the cichlids were a distinct kind of fish that showed no evolutionary relationships in the breeding experiments. The fossil record supports the notion of fixed kinds of fish, with very few supposed transitional forms between kinds of fish. Creationists are not bound to any classification system that rises above the level of kind. Parts of the classification schemes may be correct as they appear today, but more research needs to be done to clarify the relationships. 2:3 How to read an evolutionary family tree, Weston, www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v18/i3/familytree.asp Charts and diagrams can be wonderful aids in giving clarity and visual reinforcement to a point or lesson one is trying to make. However, these explanatory tools can also be confusing, and in some cases misleading, when the illustrations and their implications are not fully explained. Such is the case with charts that supposedly show the evolutionary relationship of creatures. A typical illustration, such as the one showing insect ancestry, will try to convince you of how a certain group of creatures has evolved from a common ancestor in the past. However, these charts almost always use dotted lines when the supposed evolutionary path is unknown. In these instances, you should simply ignore the dotted lines. By doing so, you will usually be left with a diagram showing that the different types of species depicted have remained basically the same throughout history. Without the dotted lines, these charts simply show the diversity within a kind, revealing that today’s creatures haven’t really changed from so-called “ancient” ancestors. The dotted lines reinforce the fact that there is no evidence to prove the existence of a common ancestor. Go to your local library and check all the evolutionary trees you can find. You’ll find this a revealing and worthwhile exercise. 2:4 Dinosaurs: phylogenetic chart, www.answersingenesis.org/go/phylogenetic-chart The next time you see a phylogenetic tree (“tree of life”) in a textbook or magazine article, take a look at the fine print. Honest diagrams will make a distinction between the actual evidence and the interpreted information by using shading or dashed and solid lines. In the picture shown on the next page, the lighter lines indicate solid fossil evidence and the darker lines and branching points represent interpretations. So, the real evidence shows stasis, not change. Dinosaurs were dinosaurs and did not change into something else or from something else. The links between kinds are simply stories about the evidence. The evidence does not prove evolution, as is often suggested. 2:5 Archaeoraptor: featured dinosaur from National Geographic doesn’t fly, Austin, www.icr.org/article/464 A fossil discovered in 1999 was one of many claimed by a number of scientists and promoted by the media, especially National Geographic, to be a feathered dinosaur. The fossil was from a region in China that has been producing many new fossil forms and changing many ideas surrounding the evolutionary history of secular scientists. The fossil was named Archaeoraptor and included a bird’s upper body structure with fossilized feather imprints but the tail of a theropod dinosaur. The fossil was promoted as proof positive that birds had evolved from dinosaurs. The National Geographic article that accompanied the release of the fossil had a model of T. rex covered in feathers. This prompted the curator of birds at the Smithsonian Institute to proclaim:With the publication of “Feathers for T. rex?” by Christopher P. Sloan in its November issue, National Geographic has reached an all-time low for engaging in sensationalistic, unsubstantiated tabloid journalism. Upon further examination by various experts, it was determined that the fossil was actually a fraud. The apparent difference in the body and tail were actually different— from two different organisms. Despite the fact that this and other “feathered dinosaurs” have been shown to be fakes or misinterpretations, the media and many scientists are still claiming feathers should be shown on fossils that show no evidence of feathers. 2:6 On the alleged dinosaurian ancestry of birds, Camp, www.trueorigin.org/birdevo.asp The idea of dinosaurs evolving into birds has been around since 1868 when it was first proposed by Thomas Huxley. Since Huxley, the hypothesis has undergone major shifts. Even after 130 years of new evidence, the interpretation is still contested. The presence of two new fossil species, Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx, has shed little light on the topic. Depending on the bias of the interpreter, these two are either flightless birds or feathered theropod dinosaurs. The presence of short, fibrous structures on a Sinosauropteryx fossil is often interpreted as “protofeathers” despite the fact that the existence and structure of these ancestral feathers are completely hypothetical. In another problematic find, the fossil Protoavis is considered to be more similar to modern birds than Archaeopteryx but is 75 million years older. This causes significant problems for the theropod theory because the common ancestor would need to be much older than the earliest known dinosaur Eoraptor. The plastic nature of the evolutionary theory makes it certain that something else will be put in the role of bird ancestor if the dinosaurs don’t fit. The development of the bird lung is another major issue because no suitable ancestor exists from which the lungs could have developed. Another major question is whether birds evolved from the ground up (cursorial) or down from the trees (arboreal). Many hypotheses have been suggested, but there seems to be no solid evidence for one side or the other. The evolution of birds is an area where scientists have found little to agree on. The special creation of birds and their subsequent variation explain the evidence much better. 2:7 Scientific American admits creationists hit a sore spot, Matthews, www.answersingenesis.org/go/sciam-sore The old paradigm of bird evolution is admittedly flawed, according to writers of an article in Scientific American. The authors admit that evolution does not provide a valid mechanism for creating the amazingly strong, yet lightweight, structures found in birds but not in their close dinosaur cousins. Archaeopteryx is discounted as shedding no light on the subject since its feathers look just like modern feathers. There is no fossil evidence of the transition from simple reptilian scales to complex feathers with their many interlocking parts. Evolution cannot explain why feathers would have developed from scales for flight and then developed a new developmental pathway to form them. To explain this, the authors suggest that feathers evolved before theropod dinosaurs or birds. There is no fossil evidence to support this claim, and the possible reasons for the development of feathers includes camouflage, insulation, protection, and other hypotheses that are not supported by the fossil evidence. Challenging evolution is not an option, so the evidence just gets reevaluated. The new mode of interpretation is called evolutionary developmental biology, or “evo-devo” for short. According to evo-devo, “the complex mechanisms by which an individual organism grows to its full size and form can provide a window into the evolution of a species’ anatomy.” In other words, by looking at the stages of feather development in a bird today, we can look for “ancient” dinosaur feathers at the early stages of development. The new concept is based on many assumptions that limit its scientific validity, but it has become popular nonetheless. Challenges to the idea of dino-to-bird evolution continue to plague the proposal, and leading evolutionary biologists cannot even agree on the big picture, let alone the details. 2:8 The demise of mitochondrial Eve, Harrub and Thompson, www.trueorigin.org/mitochondrialeve01.asp Evolutionary scientists believe that all humans on the earth originated from a small group in Africa over 200,000 years ago. This group included “mitochondrial Eve.” Researchers of human origins believe that the ancestry of humans can be traced by analyzing mutations of the DNA contained in the mitochondria of every cell. This mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is assumed to be transferred only from mother to offspring in the egg cell. The mitochondria in the sperm do not enter the egg, so they don’t become a part of the offspring’s cells. Assuming that the mtDNA sequence of two females should be more similar the farther back in time you go, researchers calculated how long ago the different people groups separated from each other. The African group had more differences from the other groups, so it is assumed that they have had more time to accumulate the mutations. The date was also calibrated by using the assumed divergence of chimps and humans to calculate the rate of mutation. The mitochondrial Eve idea is only valid if humans receive mtDNA only from the mother and if the rate of mutation is constant and known. Since none of these assumptions are known, the dating method may be invalid. Since recent research indicates that there is mixing of paternal and maternal mtDNA, no conclusion about the rate or origin is reliable—mitochondrial Eve appears to be dead. The idea that mutation rates are constant and can be used as a “molecular clock” has also been called into question. The dates arrived at by molecular analysis are much older than the dates given when paleontologists interpret the fossil evidence. Many studies have shown that there are different rates of mutation in different populations and in different sections of the mtDNA. This makes the dating very speculative. (see a complete list in the Introduction) Bones of Contention by Marvin Lubenow Buried Alive by Jack Cuozzo Creation: Facts of Life by Gary Parker Evolution: The Fossils Still Say No! by Duane Gish If Animals Could Talk by Werner Gitt Men of Science, Men of God by Henry Morris Help keep these daily articles coming. Support AiG. This illustrated exposé reveals and refutes every instance of evolution in America’s most popular biology textbooks. A true eye-opener for teens, teachers and parents.

<urn:uuid:27f1ca66-ee40-470f-9af6-29920f1cdd57>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/ee/classifying-life

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700107557/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102827-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Small Business Administration ) is a United States government agency that provides support to entrepreneurs and small businesses. The mission of the Small Business Administration is "to maintain and strengthen the nation's economy by enabling the establishment and viability of small businesses and by assisting in the economic recovery of communities after disasters." The agency's activities are often summarized as the "3 Cs" of capital, contracts and counseling. SBA loans are made through banks, credit unions and other lenders who partner with the SBA. The SBA provides a government-backed guarantee on part of the loan. Under the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act, SBA loans were enhanced to provide up to a 90 percent guarantee in order to strengthen access to capital for small businesses after credit froze in 2008. The agency had record lending volumes in late 2010. SBA helps lead the federal government's efforts to deliver 23 percent of prime federal contracts to small businesses. Small business contracting programs include efforts to ensure that certain federal contracts reach woman-owned and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses as well as businesses participating in programs such as 8(a) and HUBZone. SBA has at least one office in each U.S. state. In addition, the agency provides grants to support counseling partners, including approximately 900 Small Business Development Centers (often located at colleges and universities), 110 Women's Business Centers, and SCORE, a volunteer mentor corps of retired and experienced business leaders with approximately 350 chapters. These counseling services provide services to over 1 million entrepreneurs and small business owners annually. The SBA was created on July 30, 1953, by President Eisenhower with the signing of the Small Business Act . Its function was and is to "aid, counsel, assist and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small business concerns." The SBA has survived a number of threats to its existence. In 1996, the newly Republican-controlled House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the Constitution... planned to eliminate the agency. It survived and went on to receive a record high budget in 2000. Renewed efforts by the Bush Administration The presidency of George W. Bush began on January 20, 2001, when he was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States of America. The oldest son of former president George H. W. Bush, George W... to end the SBA loan program met congressional resistance, although the SBA's budget was repeatedly cut, and in 2004 certain expenditures were frozen. The Obama Administration has supported the SBA budget. Significant supplemental appropriations for the agency strengthened SBA lending through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010. The SBA has an Administrator and a Deputy Administrator. It has an associate administrator for the following offices: - Capital Access - Communications and Public Liaison - Congressional and Legislative Affairs - Disaster Assistance - Entrepreneurial Development - Field Operations - Government Contracting and Business Development - International Trade International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product... Investment has different meanings in finance and economics. Finance investment is putting money into something with the expectation of gain, that upon thorough analysis, has a high degree of security for the principal amount, as well as security of return, within an expected period of time... - Management and Administration - Native American Affairs - Performance Management - Small Business Development Centers - Veterans Affairs Veterans Affairs is a term of the business that deals with the relation between a government and its veteran communities, usually administered by the designated government agency. It might refer to:*Department of Veterans' Affairs... Senate-confirmed appointees include: Administrator, Deputy Administrator, Chief Counsel for Advocacy, and Inspector General. The most visible elements of the SBA are the loan programs it administers. The SBA does not provide grants or direct loan A loan is a type of debt. Like all debt instruments, a loan entails the redistribution of financial assets over time, between the lender and the borrower.... s with the exception of Disaster Relief Loans. Instead, the SBA guarantees against default certain portions of business loans made by banks and other lenders that conform to its guidelines. These programs are not generally for persons with bad credit who can't get bank loans. Rather, the primary use of the programs is to make loans for longer repayment periods based in part upon looser underwriting criteria than normal commercial business loans. A business can qualify for the loan even if the yearly payment approximates previous year's profit. Most banks want annual payment for loans no more than two-thirds (2/3) of prior year's operating profits. Lower payments, longer terms and relaxed criteria allow some businesses to borrow more money than otherwise. One of the most popular uses of SBA loans is commercial mortgages on buildings occupied or to be occupied by small business. These programs are beneficial to small business because most bank programs frequently require larger down payments and/or have repayment terms requiring borrowers refinance every five years. They can be beneficial to the bank in that banks can reduce risk by taking a first-lien position for a smaller percentage of the project, then arranging for a SBA Certified Development Company to finance the remainder through a second-lien position. Loan Guarantee Program The 7(a) Loan Guarantee Program is designed to help small entrepreneurs start or expand their businesses. The program makes capital available to small businesses through bank and non-bank lending institutions. The Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 permanently increased the maximum size of these loans from $2 million to $5 million. 504 Fixed Asset Financing Program The 504 Fixed Asset Financing Program is administered through non-profit Certified Development Companies throughout the country. This program provides funding for the purchase or construction of real estate and/or the purchase of business equipment/machinery. Of the total project costs, a lender must provide 50% of the financing, a Certified Development Company provides up to 40% of the financing through a 100% SBA-guaranteed debenture, and the applicant provides approximately 10% of the financing. Thorough due diligence of properties purchased through this program is required. Specific SBA Level I Environmental Site Assessment guidelines apply as all properties are treated as "high risk." The Small Business Jobs Act permanently increased the maximum size of these loans from $2 million to $5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturers). The Small Business Jobs Act increased the maximum amount of SBA microloans from $35,000 to $50,000. These are offered through non-profit microloan financial intermediaries. Disaster assistance loans Homeowners and renters are eligible for long-term, low-interest loans to rebuild or repair a damaged property to pre-disaster condition. Before making a loan, the SBA must establish the cost of repairing or rebuilding the structure (determined by SBA's Field Inspectors who visit the property), applicant's repayment ability (determined by applicant's creditworthiness and income) and whether the applicant can secure credit in the commercial market (called the credit elsewhere test). Applicants who do not qualify for disaster assistance loans are referred to the Federal Emergency Management Agency The Federal Emergency Management Agency is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security, initially created by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1978 and implemented by two Executive Orders... (FEMA) for grants. Although SBA won’t decline a loan for lack of collateral In lending agreements, collateral is a borrower's pledge of specific property to a lender, to secure repayment of a loan.The collateral serves as protection for a lender against a borrower's default - that is, any borrower failing to pay the principal and interest under the terms of a loan obligation... , the agency is statutorily required to collateralize whatever assets are available including the damaged property, a second home or other real estate. Businesses are also eligible for long-term, low-interest loans to recover from declared disasters. Similar to the homeowner's loan program mentioned above, small business owners pledge any available assets and acquire a similar pledge from a spouse or partner in the case of shared assets. If defaulting on the debt, the spouse or partner must surrender their value in the assets. The total value of an applicant’s assets is not considered by the SBA; therefore, a company may be approved for a loan regardless of whether that entity has little or substantial net worth. Once an SBA loan is approved, the SBA mails closing documents to the applicant for signature. Disbursements include an initial unsecured amount of $14,000, and subsequent disbursements depending upon construction progress and continued insurance coverage. After final disbursement, the loan is transferred to one of the SBA's servicing offices for management, or to its collections office in the case of default. Disaster Relief Loans are often approved within 21 days. However, after Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was a powerful Atlantic hurricane. It is the costliest natural disaster, as well as one of the five deadliest hurricanes, in the history of the United States. Among recorded Atlantic hurricanes, it was the sixth strongest overall... the SBA processed applications, on average, in about 74 days. If a business with a Disaster Relief Loan defaults on the loan, and the business is closed, the SBA will pursue the business owner to liquidate all personal assets, to satisfy an outstanding balance. The IRS will withhold any tax refund expected by the former business owner and apply the amount toward the loan balance. Small Business Development Centers Approximately 900 Small Business Development Center sites are funded through a combination of state and SBA support in the form of matching grants. Typically, SBDCs are co-located at community colleges, state universities, and/or other entrepreneurial hubs. Women's Business Centers 110 Women's Business Centers are funded through matching grants to nonprofit organizations, many of which are located in underserved, accessible areas. These centers often serve small, home-based enterprises. Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) SBA annually grants SCORE the funds to oversee approximately 350 chapters of volunteers who provide free mentoring and counseling to entrepreneurs and small business owners. 8(a) Business Development Program The 8(a) Business Development Program assists in the development of small businesses owned and operated by individuals who are socially and economically disadvantaged, such as women and minorities. The following ethnic groups are classified as eligible: Black Americans; Hispanic Americans; Native Americans (American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, or Native Hawaiians); Asian Pacific Americans (persons with origins from Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Japan, China (including Hong Kong), Taiwan, Laos, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Vietnam, Korea, The Philippines, U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Republic of Palau), Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Samoa, Macao, Fiji, Tonga, Kiribati, Tuvalu, or Nauru); Subcontinent Asian Americans (persons with origins from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, the Maldives Islands or Nepal). In 2011, the SBA, along with the FBI and the IRS, uncovered a massive scheme to defraud this program. Civilian employees of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, working in concert with an employee of Alaska Native Corporation Eyak Technology LLC allegedly submitted fraudulent bills to the program, totaling over 20 million dollars, and kept the money for their own use. It also alleged that the group planned to steer a further 780 million dollars towards their favored contractor. HUBZone is an SBA program for small companies that operate and employ people in Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones). The HUBZone program was created in response to the HUBZone Empowerment Act created by the US Congress in 1998. SBA loan industry The SBA loan industry can be divided into distinct categories: - Large bank institutions, such as Chase, Bank of America and Wells Fargo, generate the bulk of their SBA loan volume by loans, especially the express loan and line of credit, offered to those who would be declined for 'normal' bank credit due to factors such as length of time in business or slightly more conservative underwriting factors. Banks have sophisticated computer systems that generally make this process seamless, and are quite different from other financial institutions who utilize SBA lending for separate and distinct purposes. - SBA loans are used heavily by banks of all sizes to finance the purchase or construction of business owner-occupied real estate (i.e. real property purchased for commerce). Many banks offer SBA loans only for this purpose. In particular, they finance properties that a bank would consider too risky to finance conventionally, due to being of a special use [bowling alley, automobile repair] or environmentally risky nature [petroleum products storage, electrical substation] that can make their resale value limited. Some example properties include motels, gas stations and car washes. - SBA loans also encourage individuals to buy existing business. Since, unlike in real estate transactions, commercial lenders can fund referral fee earned by business brokers helping people buy and sell businesses, this segment of industry is supported by smaller banks and standalone finance companies who understand this sector. Small Business Investment Companies One of the first steps toward a professionally managed private equity Private equity, in finance, is an asset class consisting of equity securities in operating companies that are not publicly traded on a stock exchange.... and venture capital Venture capital is financial capital provided to early-stage, high-potential, high risk, growth startup companies. The venture capital fund makes money by owning equity in the companies it invests in, which usually have a novel technology or business model in high technology industries, such as... industry was the passage of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958. The 1958 Act officially allowed the SBA to license private "Small Business Investment Companies" (SBICs) to help with financing and managing small entrepreneurial businesses in the United States. Passage of the Act addressed concerns raised in a Federal Reserve Board report to Congress that concluded that a major gap existed in the capital markets for long-term funding for growth-oriented small businesses. Additionally, it was thought that fostering entrepreneurial companies would spur technological advances to compete with the Soviet Union The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.... . Facilitating the flow of capital through the economy up to the pioneering small concerns in order to stimulate the U.S. economy was and still is today the main goal of the SBIC program. The passage of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 by the federal government was an important incentive for would-be venture capital organizations. The act provided venture capital firms structured either as SBICs or Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Companies (MESBICs) access to federal funds which could be leveraged at a ratio of up to 4:1 against privately raised investment funds. In 2005, in response to extensive losses incurred in connection with tech boom investments, the SBA decided to wind down its "Participating Securities" SBIC program, which had provided equity-like SBA backing for equity-oriented SBIC funds. The SBA's "Debenture" SBIC program, the original SBIC vehicle founded in 1958, is still very much alive and healthy and continues to license and contribute capital to SBIC funds. The SBIC program had its highest ever year in Fiscal Year 2010.

<urn:uuid:19b59215-1eca-4603-b220-b901b8b37d90>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Small_Business_Administration

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698150793/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095550-00009-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Japanese researchers report ordinary household vinegar, the kind used to make oil-and-vinegar salad dressings or pickles, appears to turn on genes that help fight fat. Vinegar has a long history in fold medicine and many claims have been made about is curative power. Now, there is a growing body of medical evidence that lends support to some of the claims; for example, research has suggested the main chemical in vinegar, called acetic acid, can help control blood pressure and blood sugar. Recent research suggests vinegar might help a person lose weight or fight obesity. Tomoo Kondo and colleagues gave acetic acid or water to mice via a stomach tube. All were provided a high-fat diet to eat normally. Researchers found that the mice developed a lot less body fat (up to 10% less) than mice who didn’t receive the vinegar compound. The amount of food eaten by the mice was not affected. The findings are scheduled to be published in the July 8, 2009 issue of Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Scientists believe acetic acid turns on genes that produce proteins that help the body break down fats. Such an action helps prevent fat buildup in body, and thwarts weight gain. The researchers wrote, “We intend to perform further clinical studies to confirm fat pad reduction and energy consumption enhancement by vinegar intake. Moreover, we will investigate the effect of acetic acid on fatty oxidative activation in other organs, particularly skeletal muscle.” “The results of this study suggest that acetic acid suppresses body fat accumulation by increasing fatty oxidation and thermogenesis in the liver through PPAR-alpha,” the researchers added.

<urn:uuid:43081fcd-f31f-4293-a162-a702268eacc1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/275533

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706009988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120649-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en