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clinicalnlplab

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PubmedQA_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) whose hips are dislocated but reducible (Ortolani positive) are more likely to experience Pavlik harness treatment failure than are patients with dysplastic and reduced but dislocatable (Barlow positive) hips. However, data regarding factors associated with failure are limited and conflicting.', 'We asked: (1) What is the frequency of Pavlik harness treatment failure among Ortolani-positive hips, Barlow-positive hips, and dysplastic hips? (2) What are the factors predictive of failure of Pavlik harness treatment for Ortolani-positive hips?', 'In this retrospective study we identified 150 patients who underwent the Pavlik harness method for treatment of DDH between August 2011 and July 2015. Six patients initially treated at an outside facility, four patients with associated conditions, and three who pursued treatment elsewhere were excluded. A total of 137 patients (215 hips) with a median age at the time of Pavlik placement of 30 days (range, 4-155 days) were included. Of the 215 hips, 78 (36.3%) were Ortolani positive, 60 (27.9%) were Barlow positive, and 77 (35.8%) were stable, with the diagnosis of dysplasia made on ultrasound. All patients were treated with the Pavlik harness method. The primary outcome was failure of the Pavlik harness to achieve and maintain concentric hip reduction assessed by examination and ultrasound. All patients were followed after completion of Pavlik treatment for a minimum of 2 months (mean, 3 months; range, 2-4 months). In addition, 90% (122 of 137) of the patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Patient-specific data including family history, breech versus cephalic presentation at birth, age, sex, laterality, and hip abduction were recorded. Ultrasound data at the time of diagnosis included Graf classification, alpha angle, and percentage of femoral head coverage.', 'The Pavlik harness method failed in 27% (21 of 78) of hips that were Ortolani positive, 8% (six of 77) with dysplasia, and 5% (three of 60) that were Barlow positive. After controlling for potential confounding variables, such as range of hip abduction, male sex (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 6.9; 95% CI, 2.0-24.2; p = 0.002) and Graf Type IV ultrasound classification (dislocated hip with alpha angle less than 43° and labrum displaced downward) (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3-15.4; p = 0.019) were identified as independent predictors of failure of Pavlik treatment among Ortolani-positive hips.'] Does higher Pavlik Harness Treatment Failure be Seen in Graf Type IV Ortolani-positive Hips in Males?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"In vivo, bones' osteogenic response to mechanical loading involves proliferation of surface osteoblasts. This response is replicated in vitro and involves ERK-mediated activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and upregulation of estrogen response element activity. This proliferative response can be blocked by selective estrogen receptor modulators and increased by transfection of additional ERalpha.\", \"We have now investigated the mechanisms of ER involvement in osteoblast-like cells' early responses to strain by comparing the responses of primary cultures of these cells derived from homozygous ERalpha knockout (ERKO) mice (ERalpha-/-) with those from their wildtype (ERalpha+/+) and heterozygous (ERalpha+/-) littermates and from ER/beta knockout (BERKO) mice (ERbeta+/+, ERbeta+/-, and ERbeta-/-).\", 'Whereas ERalpha+/+, ERalpha+/-, ERbeta+/+, and ERbeta-/- cells proliferate in response to a single 10-minute period of cyclic strain, ERalpha-/- cells do not. Transfection of fully functional, but not mutant, ERalpha rescues the proliferative response to strain in these cells. The strain-related response of ERalpha-/- cells is also deficient in that they show no increased activity of an AP-I driven reporter vector and no strain-related increases in NO production. Their strain-related increase in prostacyclin production is retained. They proliferate in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 but not insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I or IGF-II, showing the importance of ERalpha in the IGF axis and the ability of ERalpha-/- cells to proliferate normally in response to a mitogenic stimulus that does not require functional ERalpha.'] Do osteoblast-like cells from estrogen receptor alpha knockout mice have deficient responses to mechanical strain?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Sclerostin is a negative regulator of bone formation.', 'The aim of the study was to compare serum sclerostin levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and evaluate its relationship to estrogen, TH, bone turnover, and bone mass.', 'We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of healthy community-dwelling pre- and postmenopausal women.', 'There were no interventions.', 'We compared serum sclerostin levels in pre- and postmenopausal women and correlated sclerostin levels with female sex hormones, calciotropic hormones, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density.', 'Premenopausal women were 26.8 yr old, and postmenopausal women were 56.8 yr old. Postmenopausal women had lower values for estradiol (30 +/- 23 vs. 10 +/- 4 pg/ml; P < 0.001), estrone (61 +/- 24 vs. 29 +/- 10 pg/ml; P <0.001), and free estrogen index (FEI) (6 +/- 4 vs. 3 +/- 2 pmol/nmol; P = 0.008) and significantly lower bone mineral density at all sites compared to premenopausal women, with no significant differences in levels of PTH, 25-hydroxy or 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D levels. Postmenopausal women had significantly higher serum sclerostin levels (1.16 +/- 0.38 ng/ml vs. 0.48 +/- 0.15 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Because most of the premenopausal women were on oral contraceptives, subsequent analyses were limited to postmenopausal women. There were significant negative correlations between sclerostin and FEI and sclerostin and PTH in this group. Using multiple regression analysis, both FEI (beta = -0.629; P = 0.002) and PTH (beta = -0.554; P = 0.004) were found to be independent predictors of sclerostin levels in postmenopausal women.'] Do serum sclerostin levels negatively correlate with parathyroid hormone levels and free estrogen index in postmenopausal women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We investigated the influence of different aspects of alcohol consumption on the risk of Type 2 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes in adults.', 'We used data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey (HUNT) study, in which all adults aged ≥ 20 years from Nord-Trondelag County were invited to participate in three surveys in 1984-1986, 1995-1997 and 2006-2008. Patients with diabetes were identified using self-reports, and participants with onset age ≥ 35 years were classified as having Type 2 diabetes if they were negative for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (n = 1841) and as having autoimmune diabetes if they were positive for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (n = 140). Hazard ratios of amount and frequency of alcohol use, alcoholic beverage choice, and binge drinking and alcohol use disorders were estimated.', 'Moderate alcohol consumption (adjusted for confounders) was associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes in men, but not in women (hazard ratio for men 10-15 g/day 0.48, 95% CI 0.28-0.77; hazard ratio for women ≥ 10 g/day 0.81, 95% CI 0.33-1.96). The reduced risk was primarily linked to consumption of wine [hazard ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.99 (per g/day)]. No increased risk was seen in participants reporting binge drinking or in problem drinkers. The results were also compatible with a reduced risk of autoimmune diabetes associated with alcohol consumption [hazard ratio 0.70, 95% CI 0.45-1.08 (frequent consumption) and hazard ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.13-0.97 (2-7 g/day)].'] Is alcohol consumption associated with reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes in adults : results from the Nord-Trøndelag health study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hyperuricemia significantly increases risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms responsible for this association are as yet unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of uric acid on development of NAFLD and insulin resistance.', 'We initially analyzed the impact of uric acid on the development of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice and in two cell models, HepG2 and L02. Subsequently, we studied the role of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in uric acid-induced fat accumulation and insulin signaling impairment.', 'We found that uric acid directly induces hepatocyte fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and insulin signaling impairment both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that uric acid-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, whereas lowering uric acid by allopurinol inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a high fat diet mouse model of NAFLD. Moreover, knocking down NLRP3 expression significantly attenuated uric acid-induced fat accumulation both in HepG2 cells and L02 cells. Knocking down NLRP3 expression also rescued uric acid-induced insulin signaling impairment in both cell types.'] Does uric acid regulate hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent mechanism?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In 1996, a multicenter randomized study comparing after breast-conservative surgery, sequential vs concurrent adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) with radiation therapy (RT) was initiated (ARCOSEIN study). Seven hundred sixteen patients were included in this trial. After a median follow-up of 6.7 (4.3-9) years, we decided to prospectively evaluate the late effects of these two strategies.', 'A total of 297 patients were asked to follow-up from the five larger including institutions. Seventy-two percent (214 patients) were eligible for late toxicity. After breast-conserving surgery with axillary dissection, patients were treated either with sequential treatment with CT first followed by RT (arm A) or CT administered concurrently with RT (arm B). In all patients, CT regimen combined mitoxantrone (12 mg/m(2)), 5-FU (500 mg/m(2)), and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m(2)), 6 cycles (day 1-day 21). In arm B, patients received concurrently the first 3 cycles of CT with RT. In arm A, RT started 3 to 5 weeks after the 6th cycle of CT. Conventional RT was delivered to the whole breast using a 2 Gy-fraction protocol to a total dose of 50 Gy (+/-boost to the primary tumour bed). The assessment of toxicity was blinded to treatment and was graded by the radiation oncologist according to the LENT-SOMA scale. Skin pigmentation was also evaluated using a personal 5-points scoring system (excellent, good, moderate, poor, very poor).', \"Among the 214 evaluated patients, 107 were treated in each arm. The two populations were homogeneous for patients', tumors' and treatment characteristics. Subcutaneous fibrosis (SF), telengectasia (T), skin pigmentation (SP), and breast atrophy (BA) were significantly increased in arm B. Twenty patients experienced grade superior or equal to 2 (SF) in arm B vs five in arm A (P=0.003). Twenty-five and seven patients showed grade superior or equal to 2 (T) in arm B and A, respectively (P=0.001). Forty-four and twenty patients showed grade superior or equal to 2 (BA) in arm B and A, respectively (P=0.0006). Thirty patients experienced grade superior or equal to 3 (SP) in arm B vs fifteen in arm A (P=0.02). No statistical difference was observed between the two arms concerning grade superior or equal to 2 pain, breast oedema, and lymphoedema. No deaths were caused by late toxicity.\"] Does [ Concurrent administration of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy after breast-conservative surgery enhance late toxicities ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We investigated the effects of intrathecal application of nerve growth factor (NGF) antibodies (Ab) on bladder hyperreflexia in chronic spinalized rats.', 'In adult female rats an intrathecal catheter was implanted at the level of the L6 to S1 spinal cord, followed by complete transection of the Th8 to 9 spinal cord. At 10 days after spinalization the intrathecal catheter was connected to an osmotic pump for continuous delivery of vehicle or NGF Ab (10 microg daily) for 2 weeks. Awake cystometry was then performed. NGF levels in the L5 to S1 dorsal root ganglia, L6 spinal cord and bladder were also measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.', 'The number of uninhibited bladder contractions per voiding cycle, maximal pressure of uninhibited bladder contraction and maximal voiding pressure were significantly decreased in NGF Ab treated versus vehicle treated spinalized rats. Intercontraction interval, baseline intravesical pressure, pressure threshold for voiding and voiding efficiency were not significantly changed by NGF Ab treatment. NGF levels in the bladder, L6 spinal cord and L5 to S1 dorsal root ganglia of vehicle treated spinalized rats was 1.6 to 4.8 times higher than in spinal cord intact rats. After intrathecal NGF Ab treatment NGF levels were significantly lower in the L6 to S1 dorsal root ganglia (30% to 35%) and L6 spinal cord (53%) but not in the bladder or L5 dorsal root ganglia compared with levels in vehicle treated spinalized rats.'] Does immunoneutralization of nerve growth factor in lumbosacral spinal cord reduce bladder hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Anti-von Willebrand factor (vWf) antibody mediated platelet activation was studied using 2 monoclonal anti-vWf antibodies promoting the binding of vWf to GPIbalpha: 1C1E7 (IgG2a) reacting with the vWf N-terminus and 75H4B12 (IgM), characterized in this paper and studied in association with 1C1E7.', '75H4B12 binds to an N-terminal epitope in vWf, different from that reacting with 1C1E7. When com-bined, 1C1E7 and 75H4B12 promoted vWf binding to isolated GPIb under static conditions, even in the absence of ristocetin or botrocetin, and induced platelet aggregation synergistically in the presence of zero to subthreshold ristocetin concentrations. Specific inhibitors of GPIbalpha-vWf interactions prevented vWf binding to GPIbalpha in ELISA and during platelet aggregation. In addition, the 1C1E7 dependent platelet aggregation involved Fc receptor mediated platelet activation, a phenomenon even more pronounced when 1C1E7 and 75H4B12 were combined. A 75H4B12 binding phage expressing a peptide homologous with vWf sequence 88-95 neutralized the antibody induced platelet activation. However, at arterial shear rates, both 1C1E7 and 75H4B12 potently prolonged cartridge closure times in the PFA-100, compatible with inhibition of platelets by vWf, unfolded by the combined action of shear stress and antibodies.'] Do anti-vWf antibodies induce GPIbalpha and FcgammaRII mediated platelet aggregation only at low shear forces?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The Gnas transcription unit located within an imprinting region encodes several proteins, including the G-protein alpha-subunit, Gsalpha, its isoform XLalphas and their variant truncated neural forms GsalphaN1 and XLN1. Gsalpha and GsalphaN1 are expressed predominantly from the maternally derived allele in some tissues, whereas XLalphas and XLN1 are expressed exclusively from the paternally derived allele. The relative contribution of full-length Gsalpha and XLalphas, and truncated forms GsalphaN1 and XLN1 to phenotype is unknown. The edematous-small point mutation (Oed-Sml) in exon 6 of Gnas lies downstream of GsalphaN1 and XLN1, but affects full-length Gsalpha and XLalphas, allowing us to address the role of full-length Gsalpha and XLalphas. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the metabolic phenotypes of Oed and Sml mice, and to correlate phenotypes with affected transcripts.', 'Mice were fed standard or high-fat diets and weighed regularly. Fat mass was determined by DEXA analysis. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure metabolic rate. Glucose was measured in tolerance tests and biochemical parameters in fasted plasma samples. Histological analysis of fat and liver was carried out post mortem.', 'Oed mice are obese on either diet and have a reduced metabolic rate. Sml mice are lean and are resistant to a high-fat diet and have an increased metabolic rate.'] Does a missense mutation in the non-neural G-protein alpha-subunit isoforms modulate susceptibility to obesity?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Despite of the fact that mammalian genomes are far more spacious than prokaryotic genomes, recent nucleotide sequencing data have revealed that many mammalian genes are arranged in a head-to-head orientation and separated by a small intergenic sequence. Extensive studies on some of these neighboring genes, in particular homologous gene pairs, have shown that these genes are often co-expressed in a symmetric manner and regulated by a shared promoter region. Here we report the identification of two non-homologous brain disease-related genes, with one coding for a serine protease inhibitor (SERPINI1) and the other for a programmed cell death-related gene (PDCD10), being tightly linked together by an asymmetric bidirectional promoter in an evolutionarily conserved fashion. This asymmetric bidirectional promoter, in cooperation with some cis-acting elements, is responsible for the co-regulation of the gene expression pattern as well as the tissue specificity of SERPINI1 and PDCD10.', 'While SERPINI1 is predominantly expressed in normal brain and down-regulated in brain tumors, PDCD10 is ubiquitously expressed in all normal tissues but its gene transcription becomes aberrant in different types of cancers. By measuring the luciferase activity in various cell lysates, their 851-bp intergenic sequence was shown to be capable of driving the reporter gene expression in either direction. A 175-bp fragment from nt 1 to 175 in the vicinity of PDCD10 was further determined to function as a minimal bidirectional promoter. A critical regulatory fragment, from nt 176-473 outside the minimal promoter in the intergenic region, was identified to contain a strong repressive element for SERPINI1 and an enhancer for PDCD10. These cis-acting elements may exist to help coordinate the expression and regulation of the two flanking genes.'] Are two non-homologous brain diseases-related genes , SERPINI1 and PDCD10 , tightly linked by an asymmetric bidirectional promoter in an evolutionarily conserved manner?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To compare the haemodynamic effect of low dose midazolam and etomidate as induction agent in emergency department rapid sequence intubation.', 'A prospective observational study in two phases. In phase one, midazolam 2-4 mg was used as induction agent and in phase two, etomidate 0.2-0.3 mg/kg was used. The haemodynamic data were recorded before and after intubation for comparison. Changes in mean systolic blood pressure were analysed with SPSS software.', 'A 10% decrease in mean systolic blood pressure was observed in the midazolam group (p = 0.001) while there was no significant change in the etomidate group. Some 19.5% of patients had hypotension after being given midazolam while only 3.6% with etomidate (p = 0.002). Patients older than 70 tended to have more hypotension episodes but the difference was not statistically significant.'] Is midazolam more likely to cause hypotension than etomidate in emergency department rapid sequence intubation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Rhesus macaque and human preimplantation embryos display similar rates of chromosomal abnormalities. The aim of this study was to determine whether embryos developing from MI oocytes that mature post-retrieval display more chromosomal anomalies than those embryos that are generated from oocytes that are at MII at the time of retrieval.', 'Rhesus macaque oocytes were obtained after hormonal ovarian stimulation. Immediately after retrieval, the oocytes were classified according to their maturational status. Following in vitro fertilization, Day 3 embryos with good morphology and development derived from oocytes maturing post-retrieval and those from oocytes that were mature at the time of retrieval were cytogenetically assessed using a five-color fluorescent in situ fluorescent hybridization assay developed for rhesus macaque chromosomes homologous to human chromosomes 13, 16, 18, X and Y.', 'Blastomeres from 53 embryos were analyzed. Of the 27 embryos that developed from oocytes that were mature at collection, 18 embryos were chromosomally normal (66.7%), while from the 26 embryos that developed from oocytes that matured post-retrieval, only 9 embryos were chromosomally normal (34.6%).'] Do rhesus macaque embryos derived from MI oocytes maturing after retrieval display high rates of chromosomal anomalies?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Two-stage revision surgery for infected total hip arthroplasty (THA) is commonly advocated, but substantial morbidity and expense are associated with this technique. In certain cases of infected THA, treatment with one-stage revision surgery and intraarticular infusion of antibiotics may offer a reasonable alternative with the distinct advantage of providing a means of delivering the drug in high concentrations.', 'We describe a protocol for intraarticular delivery of antibiotics to the hip through an indwelling catheter combined with one-stage revision surgery and examine (1) the success as judged by eradication of infection at 1 year when treating chronically infected cemented stems; (2) success in treating late-onset acute infections in well-ingrown cementless stems; and (3) what complications were associated with this approach in a small case series.', \"Between January 2002 and July 2013, 30 patients (30 hips) presented to the senior author for treatment of infected THA. Of those, 21 patients (21 hips) with infected cemented THAs underwent débridement and single-stage revision to cementless total hip implants followed by catheter infusion of intraarticular antibiotics. Nine patients (nine hips) with late-onset acute infections in cementless THA had bone-ingrown implants. These patients were all more than 2 years from their original surgery and had acute symptoms of infection for 4 to 9 days. Seven had their original THA elsewhere, and two were the author's patients. All were symptom-free until the onset of their infection, and none had postoperative wound complications, fever, or prolonged pain suggestive of a more chronic process. They were treated with débridement and head and liner exchange, again followed by catheter infusion of intraarticular antibiotics. During this time period, this represented all infected THAs treated by the senior author, and all were treated with this protocol; no patient underwent two-stage exchange during this time, and no patients were lost to followup. At the time of the surgery, two Hickman catheters were placed in each hip to begin intraarticular delivery of antibiotics in the early postoperative period. Antibiotics were infused daily into the hip for 6 weeks with the tubes used for infusion only. Eleven of the single-stage revisions and four of the hips treated with débridement had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Patients were considered free of infection if they had no clinical signs of infection and had a normal C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at 1 year. Complications were ascertained by chart review.\", 'Twenty of 21 (95%) infections in patients who had single-stage revision for chronically infected cemented THA were apparently free from infection and remained so at a mean followup of 63 months (range, 25-157 months). One case grew Candida albicans in the operative cultures and remained free of signs of infection after rerevision followed by infusion of fluconazole. The nine cementless THAs treated with débridement and head/liner exchange all remained free of signs of infection at a mean followup of 74 months (range, 62-121 months). Few complications were associated with the technique. Four patients had elevated serum levels of vancomycin without renal function changes and two patients had transient blood urea nitrogen/creatinine elevations with normal vancomycin levels that resolved with dosage adjustments. No patient had evidence of permanent renal damage. None of the patients in this study developed a chronic fistula or had significant drainage from the catheter site.'] Does one-stage Revision With Catheter Infusion of Intraarticular Antibiotics Successfully treat Infected THA?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To study the mechanism of bortezomib resistance in JurkatB lines derived from T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia Jurkat line.', 'Cytotoxicities of popular chemotherapeutic drugs to JurkatB cells were analyzed by trypan blue assay. Functional drug efflux in JurkatB cells was determined by flow cytometry utilizing daunorubicin and the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was detected by Western blot. mRNA expression levels of proteasome beta5 subunit (PSMB5) were measured by quantitation real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In situ hybridization was performed to detect the amplification of PSMB5 gene. The chymotrypsin-like activities were assayed by measuring the release of the fluorescent 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) from the substrate N-succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC. Cytogenetic studies were performed using R-banded metaphases and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. IkappaB-alpha levels were detected by Western blot.', 'No cross-resistance to daunorubicin, adriamycin, vindesine, and etoposide was found in JurkatB cells. No evidence of drug efflux was found in JurkatB cells and the expression of P-gp was negative. The PSMB5 mRNA was overexpressed in highly resistant JurkatB5 and JurkatB1 lines compared with parental Jurkat, corresponding well with the increase of chymotrypsin-like activity and a karyotype of i(14q). Amplification of PSMB5 gene was demonstrated by in situ hybridization and FISH. The decreased IkappaB-alpha level in JurkatB5 cells after bortezomib treatment indicating an upregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity.'] Does overexpression of the PSMB5 gene contribute to bortezomib resistance in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia cells derived from Jurkat line?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Recently, genetic polymorphism (rs3803662C>T) in TOX3 was reported to induce the risk of breast cancer. In this study, we hypothesized that rs3803662 could influence gastric cancer survival outcomes.', 'With multiplex SNaPshot method, we genotyped TOX3 rs3803662 in 880 gastric patients with surgical resection. The association between genotype and survival outcomes was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression analysis models and the log-rank test.', 'There was no association in the analyses of rs3803662 and survival of gastric cancer. However, the stratified analysis by histology showed that rs3803662 CT/TT genotype was associated with a significantly better survival for diffuse-type gastric cancer (log-rank p\\u200a=\\u200a0.030, hazard ratio [HR] \\u200a=\\u200a0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] \\u200a=\\u200a0.46-0.96), than the CC genotype. In addition, this favorable effect was especially obvious among gastric cancer patients with tumor size >5 cm, T3 and T4 depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, no drinking, no distant metastasis, no chemotherapy and gastric cardia cancer.'] Is a genetic polymorphism in TOX3 associated with survival of gastric cancer in a Chinese population?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The interpretation of CT scans for the evaluation of calcaneal fractures is difficult. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction (volume rendering technique [VRT]) has been valuable in the evaluation of irregularly shaped bones. However, their value for the analysis of calcaneal fractures is still debated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of additional use of 3D CTs in calcaneal fractures.', 'In a prospective multicenter study, the CT data set of 5 different fractures was presented to 57 evaluators. First, the participating surgeons were asked to assess the fractures on the basis of axial, coronal, and sagittal reconstructions using a multiple-choice questionnaire. Second, 3D reconstructions (VRT) were presented. The CT scans were validated by the intraoperative findings and the results were compared to the model solution of 3 foot and ankle surgeons. Intra- and interrater reliabilities were calculated.', 'The proportion of intraobserver agreement was 82%, with Cohen kappa of κ = 0.748 (P < .001). Interrater agreement varied between 0.772 (P = .006) for the assessment of concomitant fractures and 0.987 (P < .001) for the suggested approach. The evaluation of several items improved after presentation of the 3D CTs (Cochrane Q test, P < .001). The benefit of 3D imaging was higher in inexperienced surgeons and complex fractures (Friedman test P < .001).'] Does value of 3D Reconstructions of CT scan for Calcaneal Fracture Assessment?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To test whether the association between blood groups and Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) reported in some Scandinavian countries and in Hungary was present in our region.', 'We studied 78 patients treated at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary from 1990 to 1996, and compared their distribution of ABO blood groups with that found in 24.501 blood donors typed at the Blood Transfusion Centre during the same period.', 'Overall, 47 of 78 (60%) of patients with an Achilles tendon rupture belonged to blood group O, compared with 51% of the population as a whole. Only 22 (28%) of the Achilles tendon rupture patients belonged to blood group A, whereas 35% of the general population were members of this group (NS). The A/O ratio was 0.47 for the tendon rupture patients, compared with 0.68 for the general population (NS).'] Do aBO blood groups and achilles tendon rupture in the Grampian Region of Scotland?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['As is the case in many developing countries, more than half of the new cervical cancer cases in Georgia are late-stage diagnoses, thus reducing the opportunity for effective treatment. A state cancer screening programme was launched in Tbilisi in 2006; 5 years later the programme had expanded to other regions in Georgia.', \"This study was designed to estimate awareness about human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer screening, the HPV vaccine, and the seroprevalence of HPV infection among reproductive-aged Georgian women. Study participants were recruited from four women's consultation centres in different regions of Georgia. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires and HPV seroprevalence was assessed for HPV types 6/11/16/18.\", 'Of the 500 study participants, 52.0% were aware of HPV and 36.4% stated that the main cause of cervical cancer is HPV. Of those aware of HPV, 78% reported attending for cervical cancer screening at least once during their lifetime. Half (50.8%) of all respondents were unaware of the HPV vaccine. Of the women who agreed to be tested for anti-HPV antibodies (n=317), 21.1% were positive. Women reporting no condom use were more likely to have HPV antibodies (prevalence ratio 2.77; 95% confidence interval 1.79-4.27). Awareness of cervical cancer screening was significantly associated with HPV seropositivity. With multivariate analysis, both absence of condom use and lack of knowledge about cervical cancer screening were independently associated with HPV seropositivity.'] Does seroprevalence and awareness of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer screening result among reproductive-aged Georgian women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To study the co-effect of procyanidins extracted from the lotus seed pod (LSPC) and bilobalide (BIL) on ameliorating scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in young mice.', \"Fifty male Kunming mice with similar learning and memory capabilities were selected by Morris water maze test and were randomized into 5 groups (n=10 in each group): control group, scopolamine group, L-(LSPC+BIL) group (50 mg/kg LSPC+10 mg/kg BIL), M-(LSPC+BIL) group (100 mg/kg LSPC+20 mg/kg BIL), H-(LSPC+BIL) group (150 mg/kg LSPC+30 mg/kg BIL). Scopolamine model with impaired learning and memory was established by scopolamine treatment (1 mg/kg), and after 10 min mice were tested. In L-, M-, and H-(LSPC+BIL) groups, mice were treated with LSPC and BIL ig. for 30 days, while mice in the other 2 groups were treated with normal saline ig. instead. After the 30-day's treatment, the co-effect of LSPC and BIL on learning and memory was tested by Morris water maze and the step-down avoidance tests.\", 'The memory impairment caused by scopolamine in young mice could be ameliorated by co-treatment of LSPC and BIL, as indicated by significantly shorter escape latency and swimming distance in the Morris water maze test, when compared with those in the scopolamine group. In the step-down avoidance test, mice in all the 3 dose groups showed significantly smaller number of errors and longer latency than mice in the scopolamine group did.'] Does the mixture of procyanidins extracted from the lotus seed pod and bilobalide ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Chronic transfusion therapy causes a progressive iron overload that damages many organs including the heart. Recent evidence suggests that L-type calcium channels play an important role in iron uptake by cardiomyocytes under conditions of iron overload. Given that beta-adrenergic stimulation significantly enhances L-type calcium current, we hypothesised that beta-adrenergic blocking drugs could reduce the deleterious effects of iron overload on the heart.', 'Iron overload was generated by intraperitoneal injections of iron dextran (1g/kg) administered once a week for 8 weeks in male C57bl/6 mice, while propranolol was administered in drinking water at the dose of 40 mg/kg/day. Cardiac function and ventricular remodelling were evaluated by echocardiography and histological methods.', 'As compared to placebo, iron injection caused cardiac iron deposition. Surprisingly, despite iron overload, myocardial function and ventricular geometry in the iron-treated mice resulted unchanged as compared to those in the placebo-treated mice. Administration of propranolol increased cardiac performance in iron-overloaded mice. Specifically, as compared to the values in the iron-overloaded group, in iron-overloaded animals treated with propranolol left ventricular fractional shortening increased (from 31.6% to 44.2%, P =0.01) whereas left ventricular end-diastolic diameter decreased (from 4.1 ± 0.1 mm to 3.5 ± 0.1 mm, P =0.03). Propranolol did not alter cardiac systolic function or left ventricular sizes in the placebo group.'] Does the C57BL/6 genetic background confer cardioprotection in iron-overloaded mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cerebral white-matter (WM) abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlate with neurodevelopmental disability in infants born prematurely.', 'Quantitative histological measures of WM and ventricular volumes correlated with qualitative MRI scores of WM volume loss and ventriculomegaly. Diffuse astrocytosis was associated with signal abnormality on T(2)-weighted imaging and higher apparent diffusion coefficient in WM. Loss of oligodendrocytes was associated with lower relative anisotropy characterized by higher radial diffusivity values. The relationship between histopathology and MRI abnormalities was more pronounced in animals in the 28 d model, equivalent to the term human infant.'] Does mR imaging correlate of white-matter pathology in a preterm baboon model?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Systemic administration of oxaliplatin has no effect on the tumors in the central nervous system (CNS) due to the limited concentration of oxaliplatin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while it was clinically reported that oxaliplatin can induce acute encephalopathy. Currently, the impairment of neuronal functions in the CNS after systemic administration of oxaliplatin remains uninvestigated.', 'The von Frey test and the plantar test were performed to evaluate neuropathic pain behavior after a single intraperitoneal administration of oxaliplatin (4 mg/kg) in rats. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, electrophysiologic recording, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and small interfering RNA were applied to understand the mechanisms.', 'Concentration of oxaliplatin in CSF showed a time-dependent increase after a single administration of oxaliplatin. Spinal application of oxaliplatin at the detected concentration (6.6 nM) significantly increased the field potentials in the dorsal horn, induced acute mechanical allodynia (n = 12 each) and thermal hyperalgesia (n = 12 each), and enhanced the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in the projection neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing lamina I to II neurons. The authors further found that oxaliplatin significantly increased the nuclear factor-κB p65 binding and histone H4 acetylation in cx3cl1 promoter region. Thus, the upregulated spinal CX3CL1 markedly mediated the induction of central sensitization and acute pain behavior after oxaliplatin administration.'] Does cerebrospinal Fluid Oxaliplatin contribute to the Acute Pain Induced by Systemic Administration of Oxaliplatin?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The risk of under diagnosed or development of subsequent prostate cancer and the treatment of patients diagnosed with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia remain controversial. We evaluated the relationship between high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on initial biopsy and the future presence of prostate cancer.', 'From December 1997 to February 2008 a total of 328 men underwent a second prostate biopsy after being initially diagnosed with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Men with prostate cancer or atypia on initial biopsy were excluded from study. Another 335 men without high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, prostate cancer or atypia underwent a second prostate biopsy based on clinical suspicion alone. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the effect of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on the subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer after adjustment for prostate specific antigen, age, presence of inflammation, abnormal digital rectal examination and number of cores obtained at biopsy. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia was also stratified into multifocal disease and laterality. Adjusted Kaplan-Meier plots were generated to estimate the rates of prostate cancer.', 'High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia alone on initial prostate biopsy had a significant effect on the subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer (HR 1.89; 95% CI 1.39, 2.55; p <0.0001). Stratifying high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia into multifocal and bilateral disease significantly increased the hazard ratios to 2.56 (95% CI 1.83, 3.60) and 2.20 (95% CI 1.51, 3.21), respectively, resulting in estimated 3-year cancer rates of 29.0% and 37.0% compared to 12.5% and 18.9%, respectively, following benign biopsy.'] Is multifocal high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia a risk factor for subsequent prostate cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Sildenafil potentiates the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway. Since neuronal NOS is very important in the penis, we assessed whether NOS1 polymorphisms are associated with altered responsiveness to sildenafil in erectile dysfunction (ED).', 'Patients (n = 137) were divided as clinical ED or postoperative ED. They were subdivided as good responders or poor responders to sildenafil, and genotypes for rs41279104 and rs2682826 NOS1 polymorphisms were determined.', 'We found that the rs41279104 CT genotype was associated with good responders in postoperative ED patients, while rs2682826 CT genotype was associated with good responders in postoperative ED, and the TT genotype associated with good responders in both groups. Finally, the CT haplotype was associated with good responders in postoperative ED.'] Are nNOS polymorphisms associated with responsiveness to sildenafil in clinical and postoperative erectile dysfunction?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To explore the feasibility of enhancing apoptosis-inducing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on human gastric cancer cells by stable transfection of extrinsic Smac gene.', 'After Smac gene was transferred into gastric cancer cell line MKN-45, subclone cells were obtained by persistent G418 selection. Cellular Smac gene expression was determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. After treatment with mitomycin (MMC) as an apoptotic inducer, in vitro cell growth activities were investigated by trypan blue-staining method and MTT colorimetry. Cell apoptosis and its rates were determined by electronic microscopy, annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining flow cytometry. Cellular caspase-3 protein expression and its activities were assayed by Western blotting and colorimetry.', 'When compared with MKN-45 cells, the selected subclone cell line MKN-45/Smac had significantly higher Smac mRNA (3.12+/-0.21 vs 0.82+/-0.14, t = 7.52, P<0.01) and protein levels (4.02+/-0.24 vs 0.98+/-0.11, t = 8.32, P<0.01). After treatment with 10 microg/mL MMC for 6-24 h, growth inhibition rate of MKN-45/Smac (15.8+/-1.2-54.8+/-2.9%) was significantly higher than that of MKN-45 (5.8+/-0.4- 24.0+/-1.5%, t = 6.42, P<0.01). Partial MKN-45/Smac cancer cells presented characteristic morphological changes of apoptosis under the electronic microscope with an apoptosis rate of 36.4+/-2.1%, which was significantly higher than that of MKN-45 (15.2+/-0.8%, t = 9.25, P<0.01). Compared with MKN-45, caspase-3 expression levels in MKN-45/Smac were improved significantly (3.39+/-0.42 vs 0.96+/-0.14, t = 8.63, P<0.01), while its activities were 3.25 times as many as those of MKN-45 (0.364+/-0.010 vs 0.112+/-0.007, t = 6.34, P<0.01).'] Does stable transfection of extrinsic Smac gene enhance apoptosis-inducing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on gastric cancer cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We have previously reported that fosB mRNA is induced by hypertrophic stimuli (thrombin, angiotensin II) but not proliferative stimuli (platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) (J Biol Chem. 1994;9:6399-6404). Our aim in the present study was to investigate the potential role of FosB in PASMC hypertrophy.', 'Adenoviruses carrying sense or antisense fosB RNA expression cassettes were used to infect cultured PASMCs with the aim of increasing or inhibiting fosB expression, respectively. We examined whether fosB expression modification affected the growth of quiescent PASMCs, thrombin-induced hypertrophy, or platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation. PASMC growth was assessed by daily cell number count, determination of [3H]leucine incorporation, and quantification of total cellular protein. Neither an increase nor a decrease in FosB protein expression caused a significant change in the growth of quiescent PASMCs over a period of 96 hours, indicating that FosB alone is not sufficient to induce hypertrophy. Modification of FosB levels did not affect platelet-derived growth factor-induced PASMC proliferation. An increase in FosB expression did not augment thrombin-induced hypertrophy; however, inhibition of FosB expression resulted in a diminution of thrombin-induced hypertrophy by 58+/-6% (P<0.005).'] Does antisense fosB RNA inhibit thrombin-induced hypertrophy in cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Characterized by the presence of involuntary speech disfluencies, developmental stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder of atypical speech-motor coordination. Although the etiology of stuttering is multifactorial, language development during early childhood may influence both the onset of the disorder and the likelihood of recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in neural indices mediating language processing are associated with persistence or recovery in school-age children who stutter.', 'Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were obtained from 31 6-7-year-olds, including nine children who do not stutter (CWNS), 11 children who had recovered from stuttering (CWS-Rec), and 11 children who persisted in stuttering (CWS-Per), matched for age, and all with similar socioeconomic status, nonverbal intelligence, and language ability. We examined ERPs elicited by semantic and syntactic (phrase structure) violations within an auditory narrative consisting of English and Jabberwocky sentences. In Jabberwocky sentences, content words were replaced with pseudowords to limit semantic context. A mixed effects repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed for ERP components with four within-subject factors, including condition, hemisphere, anterior/posterior distribution, and laterality.', 'During the comprehension of English sentences, ERP activity mediating semantic and syntactic (phrase structure) processing did not distinguish CWS-Per, CWS-Rec, and CWNS. Semantic violations elicited a qualitatively similar N400 component across groups. Phrase structure violations within English sentences also elicited a similar P600 component in all groups. However, identical phrase structure violations within Jabberwocky sentences elicited a P600 in CWNS and CWS-Rec, but an N400-like effect in CWS-Per.'] Does neurodevelopment for syntactic processing distinguish childhood stuttering recovery versus persistence?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Perirenal fat is associated with poor blood pressure control and chronic kidney disease but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that perirenal fat impairs renal arterial endothelial function in pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements.', 'We studied 14 domestic pigs after 16 weeks of a high fat/high fructose diet (obesity-metabolic derangement group) or standard chow (lean group). Renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and visceral fat volumes were studied in\\xa0vivo by computerized tomography. Renal arterial endothelial function was also studied ex\\xa0vivo in organ baths.', 'Pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements demonstrated increased body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and intra-abdominal fat compared to lean pigs and perirenal fat volume was significantly larger. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were markedly elevated while urinary protein level was preserved. Ex\\xa0vivo acetylcholine induced, endothelium dependent vasodilation of renal artery rings was substantially impaired in pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements compared to lean pigs. Endothelial function was further blunted in obesity-metabolic derangement and lean arterial rings by incubation with perirenal fat harvested from pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements but not from lean pigs. It was restored by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α. Perirenal fat from pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements also showed increased pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and tumor necrosis factor-α expression.'] Does perirenal Fat promote Renal Arterial Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Swine through Tumor Necrosis Factor-α?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To prepare IL-2-anchored and tumor-derived exosomes vaccine, and investigate the antitumor efficiency of the special cytotoxic T-lymphocytes induced by Ex/GPI-IL-2.', 'To construct pEGFP-N1-IL2gpi plasmid coding a fusion gene of a DNA oligo encoding GPI-anchor signal sequence attaching to human IL-2 cDNA. Then T24 cell lines stably expressing GPI-IL-2 proteins (T24/GPI-IL-2) were established. Ex/GPI-IL-2 were isolated and purified by ultrafiltration and sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the morphology and molecule markers were analyzed. The mixed lymphocyte reaction study and cytotoxic study were performed to determine the proliferative effect of T lymphocytes and the cytotoxicity induced by Ex/GPI-IL-2.', 'The pEGFP-N1-IL2gpi plasmid was successfully constructed, and cell lines stably expressing GPI-IL-2 fusion proteins were established. Ex/GPI-IL-2 were small vesicular and saucer-shaped in diameter of 30-90 nm, containing heat shock protein 70, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, MAGE-1 and GPI-IL-2. Ex/GPI-IL-2-pulsed could dendritic cells induce proliferation of T cells and cytotoxic immune response more efficiently (P<0.05).'] Does [ Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored interleukin-2 expressed on tumor-derived exosomes induce anti-tumor immune response ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In critically ill patients independent studies have shown contradictory findings regarding the prognostic significance of the D/D genotype of the I/D angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism. The study aim was to evaluate the effect of both ACE I/D polymorphism and ACE serum levels on the clinical outcomes of critically ill septic patients.', 'This study recruited 186 Caucasian patients with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Epidemiological, clinical data, co-morbidities and severity scores were recorded. Measurements of serum ACE activity and genotyping for ACE I/D polymorphism were carried out. Primary outcomes were the 28- and the 90-day mortality; secondary outcomes included the number of days without renal or cardiovascular failure and ventilation-free days over the 28-day period following study enrolment.', 'Neither 28- nor 90-day mortality were associated with ACE I/D polymorphism (p=0.59 and 0.34, respectively) or circulating ACE levels (p=0.17 and 0.25, respectively). Similarly, ACE polymorphism and levels were not related to ventilation-free days (p=0.14 and 0.25, respectively), days without cardiovascular failure (p=0.14 and 0.81, respectively) and days without renal failure (p=0.64 and 0.27, respectively).'] Are angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) insertion/deletion ( I/D ) polymorphism and circulating ACE levels associated with outcome in critically ill septic patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is usually a self-limiting illness. Diabetics are prone to develop liver diseases and liver regeneration is impaired in them. Natural course of AVH in diabetics has not been assessed and may be severe.', 'Observational prospective study to evaluate natural course of AVH in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Consecutive patients with AVH were included and categorized in to those with or without diabetes. Etiology, complications, mortality and recovery parameters of AVH were identified and compared between two groups.', '131 consecutive AVH between March 2007 and March 2009 were evaluated; 12 diabetics and 83 non-diabetics (n\\xa0=\\xa095) were included for analysis. Hepatitis E was the commonest cause (n\\xa0=\\xa055, 57.89%) in the whole cohort. However, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) as the etiology was significantly higher among diabetics than in non-diabetics (58.33% vs. 25.3%, P\\xa0=\\xa00.02). In contrast, hepatitis E was the etiology in 61.44% of non-diabetics. Frequency of severe hepatitis was significantly higher in diabetics than in non-diabetics (5/12; 41.67% vs. 9/83; 10.64%, P\\xa0<\\xa00.005). 5 of 14 (36%) with severe hepatitis were diabetics. Liver failure and death occurred in 2 (16%) diabetics, while none among the non-diabetics had liver failure. Multiple variable logistic regression analysis revealed that acute hepatitis B (OR 4.7 (95% CI 1.34-16.47)) and diabetes (OR 4.0 (95%\\xa0CI 0.96-16.47)) were associated with severe hepatitis.'] Are patients with Diabetes Mellitus Prone to Develop Severe Hepatitis and Liver Failure due to Hepatitis Virus Infection?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Considering the health potential of lemon and berry fruits, different functional beverages rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, which demonstrated beneficial effects, were developed. To fulfill this objective, lemon juice was combined with 2 different concentrates, elderberry and grape, in a proportion of 5% (w/v). Bioactive composition (flavonoids and vitamin C) and color stability, as well as the antioxidant capacity of mixtures, during a period of 56 d of storage, were studied. A protective role of anthocyanins on ascorbic acid preservation was noted for both lemon-berry blends, keeping vitamin C stable until the end of the storage. In addition, the new drink combining lemon and elderberry performed better than the grape-lemon mixture in terms of health-promoting phytochemicals content, just as in vitro antioxidant capacity and color characteristics.'] Does new beverages of lemon juice with elderberry and grape concentrate as a source of bioactive compounds?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The targeted vascular module in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) consists of self-selected hospitals that choose to collect extra clinical details for better risk adjustment and improved procedure-specific outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare patient selection and outcomes between targeted and nontargeted hospitals in the NSQIP regarding the operative management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).', 'We identified all patients who underwent endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) or open AAA repair from 2011 to 2013 and compared cases by whether the operation took place in a targeted or nontargeted hospital. EVAR and open repair as well as intact and ruptured aneurysms were evaluated separately. Only variables contained in both modules were used to evaluate rupture status and operation type. All thoracoabdominal aneurysms were excluded. Univariate analysis was performed for intact and ruptured EVAR and open repair grouped by complexity, defined as visceral involvement in open repair and a compilation of concomitant procedures for EVAR. Multivariable models were developed to identify effect of hospital type on mortality.', 'There were 17,651 AAA repairs identified. After exclusion of aneurysms involving the thoracic aorta (n\\xa0= 352), there were 1600 open AAA repairs at targeted hospitals (21% ruptured) and 2725 at nontargeted hospitals (19% ruptured) and 4986 EVARs performed at targeted hospitals (6.7% ruptured) and 7988 at nontargeted hospitals (5.2% ruptured). There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality rates between targeted and nontargeted hospitals for intact aneurysms (EVAR noncomplex, 1.8% vs 1.4% [P\\xa0= .07]; open repair noncomplex, 4.2% vs 4.5% [P\\xa0= .7]; EVAR complex, 5.0% vs 3.2% [P\\xa0= .3]; open repair complex, 8.0% vs 6.0% [P\\xa0= .2]). For ruptured aneurysms, again there was no difference in mortality between the targeted and nontargeted hospitals (EVAR noncomplex, 23% vs 25% [P\\xa0= .4]; open repair noncomplex, 38% vs 34% [P\\xa0= .2]; EVAR complex, 29% vs 33% [P\\xa0= 1.0]; open repair complex, 27% vs 41% [P\\xa0= .09]). Multivariable analysis further demonstrated that having an operation at a targeted vs nontargeted hospital had no impact on mortality for both intact and ruptured aneurysms (odds ratio, 1.1 [0.9-1.4] and 1.0 [0.8-1.3], respectively).'] Are patient selection and perioperative outcomes similar between targeted and nontargeted hospitals ( in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program ) for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine the behavior of soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors in circulation before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and the relationship to the development of cytokinemia and acute complications comprising systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The predictive value of soluble TNF receptor is assessed herein.', 'Prospective study comparing prebypass and postbypass levels in patients with and without complications indicative of SIRS and MODS.', 'Cardiac surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary care hospital.', 'A total of 20 pediatric patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass during open heart surgery.', 'Blood samples were collected from catheters before and 2 hrs and 24 hrs after the onset of bypass.', 'We measured plasma levels of soluble TNF receptors by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 20 patients before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Clinical data, including duration of bypass and tests or signs indicative of SIRS/MODS, were collected. Soluble TNF receptor I (p55 sR), significantly increased (2241 +/- 312 pg/mL) at 2 hrs after bypass (p <.0005) and remained elevated (2826 +/- 695 pg/mL) at 1 day after bypass (p <.005) when compared with prebypass levels (725 +/- 130 pg/mL). Patients with the acute complications of SIRS/MODS had a higher ratio of postbypass to prebypass p55 sR levels (5.0-fold, p <.001) when compared with patients with no SIRS/MODS (1.75-fold). Remarkably, before surgery, levels of TNF p55 sR predict both cytokinemia (r =.67 to.73, p <.05) and SIRS/MODS (p <.01). The prebypass levels of TNF p55 sR were consistently higher (range, 1000-1400 pg/mL) in patients who subsequently developed SIRS/MODS than the levels (range, 400-570 pg/mL) in patients who did not develop SIRS/MODS. Hypotension, respiratory dysfunctions, and coagulopathy were particularly more prevailing (p <.005) among the complications that were associated with high prebypass levels of TNF p55 sR.'] Does soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 predict cytokinemia and systemic inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The effect of sex matching between donors and recipients was studied in 135 kidney transplant operations performed in our center between December 1998 and December 2007.', 'Patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1 (63 patients, male donor-male recipient), group 2 (25 patients, male donor-female recipient), group 3 (37 patients, female donor-male recipient), and group 4 (10 patients, female donor-female recipient). Except for donor age, recipient body mass index and donor-recipient HLA AB-DR matching, recipient, and donor demographics, and the immunosuppression were comparable in all groups.', 'Acute rejection and the need for antithymocyte globulin Fresenius rescue therapy were comparable between the 4 donor-recipient combinations. Excellent 1-year actuarial patient and graft survival, comparable hospital stay, and incidence of delayed graft and slow graft function were comparable between the 4 groups. One death occurred, each, in groups 1 and 2; posttransplant complications being comparable. While 1-year graft survival (death censored and uncensored) were comparable, 1-year graft function (serum creatinine) showed that the worst graft function was seen in group 3 (female-to-male). Significant differences between the 4 patient groups also were seen in pretransplant and posttransplant hemoglobin levels as well as in posttransplant arterial hypertension and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol blood levels. Other metabolic indices were generally comparable between the 4 patient groups.'] Does sex matching play a role in outcome of kidney transplant?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Are the results of cemented titanium hip arthroplasty as bad as described in literature? We present the 10-year results of a cemented mild grid blasted Titanium-Aluminium-Vanadium Stem in Total-Hip-Arthroplasty.', 'The clinical and radiological reexamination was documented in standardized questionnaire in which several scores were integrated. All X-rays were stored and analysed by a special hardware and software computer system.', \"35% of all patients could be reexamined both clinically and roentgenologically. 71 patients were male (mean age 56.1 years) and 130 female (mean age 59.3 years). The average follow-up period was 11 years and 4 months. The mean Merle d'Aubigné hip score increased from 10.5 to 16.0 points at the follow-up evaluation. Radiolucent lines were according to the zones of Gruen seen in 1% to 22% depending on the zone and the size of the femoral component. 18 reoperations of the femoral component (2.9%) had to be performed. The survivorship analysis (Kaplan-Meier) showed a 95.4% survival of the femoral component after 10 years.\"] Does [ 10 year result with a cemented fine-grit-blasted titanium-aluminum-vanadium hip endoprosthesis shaft ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that lactate accumulation correlates with the radioresistance of malignant tumors due to the radical scavenging capacity of lactate or metabolic intermediates of glycolysis, such as pyruvate.', 'Five human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HNSCCs) xenografted in nude mice were treated with a clinically relevant irradiation protocol with 30 fractions within 6 weeks. The radiation dose necessary to locally control 50% of the tumors (TCD50) ranged from 47.4 to 129.8 Gy. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, and ATP in viable tumor regions as potential indicators of glycolytic activity were assessed with structure-associated quantitative bioluminescence imaging.', 'Mean lactate concentrations of the different tumor cell lines were in the range of 7.3-25.9 micromol/g. TCD50 values were positively correlated with tumor lactate levels (R = 0.9824, p = 0.0028).'] Does tumor lactate content predict for response to fractionated irradiation of human squamous cell carcinomas in nude mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Suppression of activation of pathogenic CD4(+) T cells is a potential therapeutic intervention in multiple sclerosis (MS). We previously showed that a small heat shock protein, CRYAB, reduced T cell proliferation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a model of MS.', 'We assessed whether the ability of CRYAB to reduce the activation of T cells translated to the human disease.', 'CD4(+) T cells from healthy controls and volunteers with MS were activated in vitro in the presence or absence of a CRYAB peptide (residues 73-92). Parameters of activation (proliferation rate, cytokine secretion) and tolerance (anergy, activation-induced cell death, microRNAs) were evaluated.', 'The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by CD4(+) T cells was decreased in the presence of CRYAB in a subset of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) participants with mild disease severity while no changes were observed in healthy controls. Further, there was a correlation for higher levels of miR181a microRNA, a marker upregulated in tolerant CD8(+) T cells, in CD4(+) T cells of MS patients that displayed suppressed cytokine production (responders).'] Does cRYAB modulate the activation of CD4+ T cells from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Reduced adiponectin is implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH), and the I148M Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) polymorphism predisposes to NAFLD and liver damage progression in NASH and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) by still undefined mechanisms, possibly involving regulation of adipose tissue function. Aim of this study was to evaluate whether the I148M PNPLA3 polymorphism influences serum adiponectin in liver diseases and healthy controls.', 'To this end, we considered 144 consecutive Italian patients with NAFLD, 261 with CHC, 35 severely obese subjects, and 257 healthy controls with very low probability of steatosis, all with complete clinical and genetic characterization, including adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genotype. PNPLA3 rs738409 (I148M) and ADIPOQ genotypes were evaluated by Taqman assays, serum adiponectin by ELISA. Adiponectin mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of 35 obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery.', 'Adiponectin levels were independently associated with the risk of NAFLD and with the histological severity of the disease. Adiponectin levels decreased with the number of 148\\u2009M PNPLA3 alleles at risk of NASH both in patients with NAFLD (p\\u2009=\\u20090.03), and in healthy subjects (p\\u2009=\\u20090.04). At multivariate analysis, PNPLA3 148\\u2009M alleles were associated with low adiponectin levels (<6\\u2009mg/ml, median value) independently of NAFLD diagnosis, age, gender, BMI, and ADIPOQ genotype (OR 1.67, 95% c.i. 1.07-2.1 for each 148\\u2009M allele). The p.148\\u2009M PNPLA3 variant was associated with decreased adiponectin mRNA levels in the VAT of obese patients (p\\u2009<\\u20090.05) even in the absence of NASH. In contrast, in CHC, characterized by adiponectin resistance, low adiponectin was associated with male gender and steatosis, but not with PNPLA3 and ADIPOQ genotypes and viral features.'] Does the I148M PNPLA3 polymorphism influence serum adiponectin in patients with fatty liver and healthy controls?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In 1989 we reported that 1 year of daily treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ) significantly reduced the recurrence rate after a first afebrile seizure in children compared with no treatment in a randomized open trial. We sought to determine if the long-term clinical course and rate of remission were changed by treatment starting after the first seizure.', 'Participants of the original trial (14 CBZ, 17 no medication) were contacted in 2001.', 'Sixteen controls and 10 CBZ (84%) cases were followed up for 15 years. After randomization and follow-up, 12 controls and five treated patients had at least one more seizure (p = NS). For those with recurrences, the number of recurrences appeared to be the same in both groups. Number of medications used was also the same. Terminal remission (>2 years seizure free with or without medication) was achieved by eight (80%) of 10 CBZ and 14 (88%) of 16 controls, and terminal remission off medication in six (60%) of 10 CBZ (p = NS).'] Is long-term outcome unchanged by antiepileptic drug treatment after a first seizure : a 15-year follow-up from a randomized trial in childhood?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Albuminuria and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are common manifestations of many inflammatory diseases. Cardiovascular-based drugs, with secondary anti-inflammatory actions, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors are able to reduce both proteinuria and CRP levels, raising the question of whether CRP directly influences the processes that result in proteinuria. As proteinuria is thought to be induced as a result of podocyte dysfunction, we investigated whether there is a pathomechanistic link with CRP.', 'Podocytes were analysed for evidence of endogenous CRP production in response to inflammatory agents. In addition, they were incubated in the presence of various concentrations of exogenous CRP and analysed for evidence of a response to treatment.', 'Our results demonstrated that inflammatory agents such as macrophage-conditioned medium and interleukin-1β induced the expression of CRP messenger RNA in podocytes. However, they were unable to induce CRP protein. Stimulation of podocytes with exogenous CRP demonstrated that 10 μg/mL CRP induced a low but significant level of interleukin-6 secretion. Tumour necrosis factor α, however, was not detected. CRP did up-regulate the expression of the slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and CD2AP, as well as the structural proteins ezrin and podocalyxin-like protein-1, proteins known to be involved in signalling via the phosphotidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase pathway. CRP exposure reduced caspase-3 enzyme activity and up-regulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In the presence of the PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002, the ability of CRP to suppress caspase-3 activity was significantly reduced.'] Do low-level C-reactive protein levels exert cytoprotective actions on human podocytes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical characteristics and insulin secretion in adults with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). We also compared these characteristics in subjects with antibody-negative type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or adult-onset type 1 diabetes (T1DM) to subjects with LADA.', 'In this cross-sectional study, 82 patients with LADA, 78 with T1DM and 485 with T2DM were studied. Clinical and metabolic data, in particular those that related to metabolic syndrome, fasting C-peptide and islet-cell autoantibodies [glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADAb) and IA2 (IA2Ab)] were measured.', 'The frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with LADA (37.3%) was higher than in those with T1DM (15.5%; p = 0.005) and lower than in patients with T2DM (67.2%; p < 0.001). During the first 36 months of the disease, the C-peptide concentration in LADA patients was higher than in subjects with T1DM but was lower than in T2DM patients (p < 0.01 for comparisons). Glycemic control in LADA patients (HbA1c 8.1%) was worse than in patients with T2DM (HbA1c 7.6%; p =0.007). An inverse association between GADAb titers and C-peptide concentrations was found in subjects with LADA (p < 0.001). Finally, LADA patients rapidly progressed to insulin treatment.'] Is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults perched between type 1 and type 2 : evidence from adults in one region of Spain?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Although bupropion is efficacious for smoking cessation, only a minority of smokers are able to quit. Pharmacogenetic research may improve treatment outcomes through discovery of DNA sequences predictive of successful pharmacotherapy for subgroups of smokers. We investigated variants in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in a smoking cessation trial of bupropion.', 'A double-blind, placebo-controlled, 10-week trial of bupropion and counseling (with a 6-month follow-up period) was conducted at two university-based smoking cessation research programs. Abstinence was biochemically verified at the end of treatment and at 6 months after the target quit date.', 'At the end of the treatment phase, statistically significant interaction effects indicated that COMT haplotypes of two SNPs (rs737865 and rs165599) predicted the efficacy of bupropion compared with placebo. This interaction effect was attenuated at 6-month follow-up.'] Do catechol-O-methyltransferase ( COMT ) gene variants predict response to bupropion therapy for tobacco dependence?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We have previously reported that low humidity amplifies the hyperproliferative and inflammatory response to barrier disruption. Other reports suggest that epidermal interleukin (IL)-1 alpha is stimulated by various factors related to epidermal inflammation and that it may induce other proinflammatory molecules.', 'To evaluate the generation of IL-1 alpha in the skin of hairless mice kept under various conditions of environmental humidity.', 'We carried out an immunohistochemical study, and evaluated epidermal IL-1 alpha mRNA and protein levels, and release of IL-1 alpha from skin after tape stripping, in hairless mice kept under low or high humidity.', 'The immunohistochemical study showed that the amount of IL-1 alpha in the epidermis was higher in animals kept in a low-humidity environment than in a high-humidity one. The epidermal IL-1 alpha mRNA and protein levels increased significantly when the animals were kept under low humidity. Moreover, the release of IL-1 alpha from skin immediately after tape stripping was significantly higher in animals kept in a low-humidity environment than in a high-humidity one.'] Is epidermal interleukin-1 alpha generation amplified at low humidity : implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of stable renal or cardiac transplant recipients were previously shown to respond to allogeneic cells but not to soluble protein antigens. The aim of the present study was to assess the T-cell and antigen-presenting cell (APC) functions of stable lung transplant (LT) recipients.', \"We obtained PBMC from 38 stable LT recipients. PBMC from healthy volunteers served as controls. PBMC were stimulated with either anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, allogeneic PBMC, or tetanus toxoid (TT). T-cell activation was assessed by determination of interleukin (IL)-2 levels in culture supernatants; in some experiments, interferon-y levels were also determined. Patients' APC function was tested in a mixed leukocyte reaction using patients' PBMC as stimulators. The expression of class II MHC, B7.2, and CD40 molecules on patients' APC was determined by flow cytometry, and their production of IL-10 and IL-12 at the basal state and upon CD40 ligation was also measured.\", \"Patients' T cells produced normal amounts of IL-2 in response to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and allogeneic PBMC. In contrast, the response of memory T cells to TT was severely blunted both in terms of IL-2 and interferon-y production. Patients' PBMC were poor stimulators in mixed leukocyte reaction, and class II MHC expression on patients' monocytes was significantly reduced. Patients' APC presented a modest but significant increase in basal IL-10 production and produced significantly less IL-12 upon CD40 ligation than control APC.\"] Does impaired antigen-presenting cell function contribute to T-cell hyporesponsiveness in stable lung transplant recipients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The primary defect of placental development in preeclampsia is speculated to occur at midtrimester gestation. Abnormal feto-maternal immune reactions have been considered as factors in such defective placentation.', 'Midtrimester amniotic fluid specimens were retrospectively identified as coming from gestations that later had severe preeclampsia develop, gestations with normal outcomes, and gestations measured for cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8). The effect of each cytokine on thrombomodulin levels was tested in cultured trophoblast cells.', 'Among the measured cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly elevated in the midtrimester amniotic fluid of the future preeclamptic group. Trophoblasts stimulated with TNF-alpha plus IL-6 had significantly decreased levels of cellular thrombomodulin compared to those without cytokine addition.'] Is elevated IL-6 in midtrimester amniotic fluid involved with the onset of preeclampsia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Determine whether sleeping and resting energy expenditure and sleeping, resting, and 24-hour fuel use distinguish obesity-prone from obesity-resistant women and whether these metabolic factors explain long-term weight gain.', 'Forty-nine previously overweight but currently normal-weight women were compared with 49 never-overweight controls. To date, 87% of the 98 women have been re-evaluated after 1 year of follow-up, without intervention, and 38% after 2 years. Subjects were studied at a General Clinical Research Center after 4 weeks of tightly controlled conditions of energy balance and macronutrient intake. Forty-nine obesity-prone weight-reduced women were group-matched with 49 never-overweight obesity-resistant controls. All were premenopausal, sedentary, and normoglycemic. Energy expenditure and fuel use were assessed using chamber calorimetry. Body composition was assessed using DXA.', 'At baseline, percent body fat was not different between the obesity-prone and control women (33 +/- 4% vs. 32 +/- 5%, respectively; p = 0.22). Analysis of covariance results show that after adjusting for lean and fat mass, sleeping and resting energy expenditure of obesity-prone women was within 2% of controls. Neither sleeping nor resting energy expenditure nor sleeping, resting, or 24-hour fuel use was significantly different between the groups (p > 0.25). None of the metabolic variables contributed significantly to patterns of weight gain at 1 or 2 years of follow-up.'] Do low resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fat use contribute to obesity in women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study was to investigate the link between circulating adiponectin levels and peak oxygen uptake and/or physical activity in Japanese.', 'A total of 528 subjects (188 men and 340 women) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Circulating adiponectin levels, physical activity measured by tri-axial accelerometers, peak oxygen uptake and metabolic risk parameters were evaluated. We also assessed anthropometric factors, blood pressure, blood examinations and energy intake.', 'Circulating adiponectin levels were 6.7 ± 3.0 μg/mL in men and 11.0 ± 4.9 μg/mL in women. Circulating adiponectin levels were positively correlated with physical fitness after adjusting for age, physical activity evaluated by Σ [metabolic equivalents × h per week (METs h/w)], cigarette smoking habit and energy intake in both sexes. However, these associations were attenuated further after adjusting for body mass index including other confounding factors, especially in men. However, circulating adiponectin levels were not associated with physical activity in either sex.'] Are circulating adiponectin levels associated with peak oxygen uptake in Japanese?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The French health authorities recommend systematic screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) urogenital infections in dedicated sexual health centers (planning centers) for women under 25\\xa0years old and for women who have changed partners during the last year. The two main purposes of this study were to assess adherence to this recommendation in planning centers and to identify possible obstacles to this screening.', 'We conducted an observational prospective study from April to August\\xa02013\\xa0in planning centers of Poitou-Charentes. Data on declarative screening practices and possible obstacles to Ct screening were collected qualitatively. Real center practices were also recorded to assess conformity with guidelines. Quantitative data were collected about real activities in each center. Screening percentage among women younger than 25\\xa0years and among those who had changed partners during the year was computed for each center. The main endpoint was percentage of centers that did not follow the recommendations. Declared practices were compared to observational practices using real practices data.', 'Twelve out of 17\\xa0planning centers in the region participated. Six centers declared they performed systematic screening for Ct infection in women under 25\\xa0and 2\\xa0centers in women who had changed partners during the year. No center fully complied with the recommendations. Forty-three percent (601/1390) of women with standard screening criteria were screened and 52\\xa0% (102/197) of women without these criteria were screened. Depending on the center, declared practices could overestimate or underestimate the observed practices. The declared obstacles were lack of time, patient refusal, budget issues and no specific organization.'] Is [ In Poitou-Charentes family planning centers , Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women more frequently detected through the presence or absence of risk factors than in accordance with official guidelines ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Suppression of hypertensive response to noxious stimulation by volatile anesthetics may be a result of suppression of the stimulation-induced norepinephrine response or that of the cardiovascular response to catecholamines, or both. The suppression of the cardiovascular response is established, but that of norepinephrine response has not been confirmed. The authors hypothesized that the suppression of cardiovascular response but not that of norepinephrine response plays a major role in suppressing the noxious stimulation-induced hypertensive response by volatile anesthetics.', 'Forty healthy donors for living-related liver transplantation were allocated to four groups: receiving 1.2% (end-tidal) isoflurane in oxygen and nitrogen, 2.0% isoflurane, 1.7% sevoflurane, or 2.8% sevoflurane. The intraoperative plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were measured for the first 15 min of surgery and were compared with the preoperative values.', 'Norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations both increased intraoperatively in all four groups. The values of maximum increase and area under the concentration-versus-time curve of norepinephrine were greater in the high dose groups of both anesthetics. The intraoperative blood pressure did not differ by different doses of anesthetics, and the degree of increase of blood pressure was not proportional to the plasma catecholamine concentrations.'] Do isoflurane and sevoflurane augment norepinephrine responses to surgical noxious stimulation in humans?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Malachite green (MG), an environmentally hazardous material, is used as a non permitted food colouring agent, especially in India. Selenium (Se) is an essential nutritional trace element required for animals and humans to guard against oxidative stress induced by xenobiotic compounds of diverse nature. In the present study, the role of the selenium compound diphenylmethyl selenocyanate (DMSE) was assessed on the oxidative stress (OS) induced by a food colouring agent, malachite green (MG) in vivo in mice.', 'Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) were intraperitoneally injected with MG at a standardized dose of 100 μg/ mouse for 30 days. DMSE was given orally at an optimum dose of 3 mg/kg b.w. in pre (15 days) and concomitant treatment schedule throughout the experimental period. The parameters viz. ALT, AST, LPO, GSH, GST, SOD, CAT, GPx, TrxR, CA, MN, MI and DNA damage have been evaluated.', 'The DMSE showed its potential to protect against MG induced hepatotoxicity by controlling the serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate amino transferase (ALT and AST) levels and also ameliorated oxidative stress by modulating hepatic lipid peroxidation and different detoxifying and antioxidative enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and also the selenoenzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and reduced glutathione level which in turn reduced DNA damage.'] Does diphenylmethyl selenocyanate attenuate malachite green induced oxidative injury through antioxidation & inhibition of DNA damage in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To confirm the anti-invasion and anti-migration effects of down-regulation of Notch1 combined with interleukin (IL)-24 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.', 'γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were used to down-regulate Notch1. HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with GSI-I or/and IL-24 for 48 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The cellular and nuclear morphology was observed under a fluorescence microscope. To further verify the apoptotic phenotype, cell cultures were also analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. The expression of Notch1, SNAIL1, SNAIL2, E-cadherin, IL-24, XIAP and VEGF was detected by Western blot. The invasion and migration capacities of HCC cells were detected by wound healing assays. Notch1 and Snail were down-regulated by RNA interference, and the target proteins were analyzed by Western blot. To investigate the mechanism of apoptosis, we analyzed HepG2 cells treated with siNotch1 or siCON plus IL-24 or not for 48 h by caspase-3/7 activity luminescent assay.', 'GSI-I at a dose of 2.5 μmol/L for 24 h caused a reduction in cell viability of about 38% in HepG2 cells. The addition of 50 ng/mL IL-24 in combination with 1 or 2.5 μmol/L GSI-I reduced cell viability of about 30% and 15%, respectively. Treatment with IL-24 alone did not induce any cytotoxic effect. In SMMC7721 cells with the addition of IL-24 to GSI-I (2.5 μmol/L), the reduction of cell viability was only about 25%. Following GSI-I/IL-24 combined treatment for 6 h, the apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells was 47.2%, while no significant effect was observed in cells treated with the compounds employed separately. Decreased expression of Notch1 and its associated proteins SNAIL1 and SNAIL2 was detected in HepG2 cells. Increased E-cadherin protein expression was noted in the presence of IL-24 and GSI-I. Furthermore, the increased GSI-I and IL-24 in HepG2 cell was associated with downregulation of MMP-2, XIAP and VEGF. In the absence of treatment, HepG2 cells could migrate into the scratched space in 24 h. With IL-24 or GSI-I treatment, the wound was still open after 24 h. And the distance of the wound closure strongly correlated with the concentrations of IL-24 and GSI-I. Treatment of Notch-1 silenced HepG2 cells with 50 ng/mL IL-24 alone for 48 h induced cytotoxic effects very similar to those observed in non-silenced cells treated with GSI-I/IL-24 combination. Caspase-3/7 activity was increased in the presence of siNotch1 plus IL-24 treatment.'] Does notch1 downregulation combined with interleukin-24 inhibit invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study assesses whether oral multiple-dose charcoal therapy (MDC) or whole-bowel irrigation (WBI) enhances the excretion of previously absorbed salicylate.', 'A controlled, randomized, three-limbed crossover protocol was used in nine humans who ingested aspirin. Salicylate levels were measured in serial serum specimens and 32-hour urine collections and kinetic parameters were calculated.', 'There were no differences among the control (CTL), MDC, or WBI groups for area under the serum concentration vs time curve (CTL, 2320 +/- 501 mg/L.h MDC, 2040 +/- 454 mg/L.h; WBI, 2093 +/- 418 mg/L.h) or for urinary salicylates (CTL, 54.9% +/- 9.4%; MDC, 50.9% +/- 8.0%, WBI, 52.4% +/- 13.7% of ingested dose).'] Do multiple-dose charcoal and whole-bowel irrigation increase clearance of absorbed salicylate?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Incarvillea sinensis is widely distributed from Southwest China to Northeast China and in the Russian Far East. The distribution of this species was thought to be influenced by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Quaternary glaciation. To reveal the imprints of geological events on the spatial genetic structure of Incarvillea sinensis, we examined two cpDNA segments ( trnH- psbA and trnS- trnfM) in 705 individuals from 47 localities.', 'A total of 16 haplotypes was identified, and significant genetic differentiation was revealed (GST =0.843, NST\\u2009=\\u20090.975, P\\u2009<\\u20090.05). The survey detected two highly divergent cpDNA lineages connected by a deep gap with allopatric distributions: the southern lineage with higher genetic diversity and differentiation in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the northern lineage in the region outside the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The divergence between these two lineages was estimated at 4.4 MYA. A correlation between the genetic and the geographic distances indicates that genetic drift was more influential than gene flow in the northern clade with lower diversity and divergence. However, a scenario of regional equilibrium between gene flow and drift was shown for the southern clade. The feature of spatial distribution of the genetic diversity of the southern lineage possibly indicated that allopatric fragmentation was dominant in the collections from the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.'] Does phylogeographic analysis reveal significant spatial genetic structure of Incarvillea sinensis as a product of mountain building?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The relationship between glycemic control and lipid abnormalities with urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is unknown. We sought to investigate the association of dyslipidemia and glycemic control with levels of albuminuria in the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) participants with DM and CKD stage 3 or higher.', 'We performed a cross-sectional study of 6639 eligible KEEP patients with DM and CKD Stage 3 to 5 from June 2008 to December 2009. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of lipid parameters (per 10 mg/dl change in serum level) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values with three degrees of albuminuria normo (<30 mg/g), micro (30 to 300 mg/g) and macro (>300 mg/g).', '2141 KEEP participants were included. HbA1c levels were strongly associated with micro-albuminuria (compared to normo-albuminuria) and macro-albuminuria (compared to normo-albuminuria and micro-albuminuria). Each 1.0% increase in HbA1c increased the odds of micro-albuminuria by 32% (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.23-1.42) and the odds of macro-albuminuria (vs. microalbuminuria) by 16% (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.28). Only increases in serum HDL were associated with decreased odds of micro-albuminuria; otherwise, the association between other components of the serum lipid profile with urinary ACR did not reach statistical significance.'] Is dysglycemia but not lipids associated with abnormal urinary albumin excretion in diabetic kidney disease : a report from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program ( KEEP )?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The genetic variations in serotonin-related genes may be associated with antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD). The tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) gene and serotonin 5A receptor (HTR5A) gene are known to be involved in serotonin biosynthesis and signal transduction, respectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible interaction between the TPH1 gene and the HTR5A gene in the treatment outcome of escitalopram in MDD.', 'In total, 245 patients diagnosed with MDD were recruited, and their symptoms were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAMD-17). The association between the TPH1 218A/C and HTR5A 12A/T polymorphisms and the clinical outcomes (remission, response and changes in HAMD-17 score) was investigated after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of escitalopram treatment using multiple logistic regression or multiple linear regression analysis.', 'No significant associations of TPH1 or HTR5A gene polymorphisms were observed with either response rate or remission rate at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after escitalopram treatment. In addition, the gene-gene interaction between TPH1 and HTR5A genes was not associated with the treatment outcome.'] Are serotonin-related polymorphisms in TPH1 and HTR5A genes associated with escitalopram treatment response in Korean patients with major depression?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bcl-w and Bfl-1, inhibit the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 are constitutively expressed in the liver. Although previous research established Bcl-xL as a critical apoptosis antagonist in differentiated hepatocytes, the significance of Mcl-1 in the liver, especially in conjunction with Bcl-xL, has not been clear. To examine this question, we generated hepatocyte-specific Mcl-1-deficient mice by crossing mcl-1(flox/flox) mice and AlbCre mice and further crossed them with bcl-x(flox/flox) mice, giving Mcl-1/Bcl-xL-deficient mice. The mcl-1(flox/flox) AlbCre mice showed spontaneous apoptosis of hepatocytes after birth, as evidenced by elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and caspase-3/7 activity and an increased number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the liver; these phenotypes were very close to those previously found in hepatocyte-specific Bcl-xL-deficient mice. Although mcl-1(flox/+) AlbCre mice did not display apoptosis, their susceptibility to Fas-mediated liver injury significantly increased. Further crossing of Mcl-1 mice with Bcl-xL mice showed that bcl-x(flox/+) mcl-1(flox/+) AlbCre mice also showed spontaneous hepatocyte apoptosis similar to Bcl-xL-deficient or Mcl-1-deficient mice. In contrast, bcl-x(flox/flox) mcl-1(flox/+) AlbCre, bcl-x(flox/+) mcl-1(flox/flox) AlbCre, and bcl-x(flox/flox) mcl-1(flox/flox) AlbCre mice displayed a decreased number of hepatocytes and a reduced volume of the liver on day 18.5 of embryogenesis and rapidly died within 1 day after birth, developing hepatic failure evidenced by increased levels of blood ammonia and bilirubin.\"] Do mcl-1 and Bcl-xL cooperatively maintain integrity of hepatocytes in developing and adult murine liver?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cell-derived plasma microparticles (<1.5\\xa0μm) originating from various cell types have the potential to regulate thrombogenesis and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that microparticles generated during hepatic surgery co-regulate postoperative procoagulant and proinflammatory events.', 'In 30 patients undergoing liver resection, plasma microparticles were isolated, quantitated, and characterized as endothelial (CD31+, CD41-), platelet (CD41+), or leukocyte (CD11b+) origin by flow cytometry and their procoagulant and proinflammatory activity was measured by immunoassays.', 'During liver resection, the total numbers of microparticles increased with significantly more Annexin V-positive, endothelial and platelet-derived microparticles following extended hepatectomy compared to standard and minor liver resections. After liver resection, microparticle tissue factor and procoagulant activity increased along with overall coagulation as assessed by thrombelastography. Levels of leukocyte-derived microparticles specifically increased in patients with systemic inflammation as assessed by C-reactive protein but are independent of the extent of liver resection.'] Do endothelial- and Platelet-Derived Microparticles Are Generated During Liver Resection in Humans?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Although in vitro studies have determined that the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is crucial to the activation of transcription factors and regulation of the production of proinflammatory mediators, the roles of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in acute lung injury have not been elucidated.', 'Saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 6 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intratracheally with a 1-hour pretreatment with SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor; 30 mg/kg, IO), or PD98059 (an MEK/ERK inhibitor; 30 mg/kg, IO). Rats were sacrificed 4 hours after LPS treatment.', 'SP600125 or PD98059 inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, total protein and LDH activity in BAL fluid, and neutrophil influx into the lungs. In addition, these MAP kinase inhibitors substantially reduced LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators, such as CINC, MMP-9, and nitric oxide. Inhibition of JNK correlated with suppression of NF-kappaB activation through downregulation of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha, while ERK inhibition only slightly influenced the NF-kappaB pathway.'] Does inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase improve lung injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Longer dialysis session length (treatment time, TT) has been associated with better survival among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The impact of TT on clinical markers that may contribute to this survival advantage is not well known.', 'Using data from the international Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, we assessed the association of TT with clinical outcomes using both standard regression analyses and instrumental variable approaches. The study included 37,414 patients on in-center HD three times per week with prescribed TT from 120 to 420 min.', 'Facility mean TT ranged from 214 min in the USA to 256 min in Australia-New Zealand. Accounting for country effects, mortality risk was lower for patients with longer TT {hazard ratio for every 30 min: all-cause mortality: 0.94 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92-0.97], cardiovascular mortality: 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-0.98) and sudden death: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88-0.98)}. Patients with longer TT had lower pre- and post-dialysis systolic blood pressure, greater intradialytic weight loss, higher hemoglobin (for the same erythropoietin dose), serum albumin and potassium and lower serum phosphorus and white blood cell counts. Similar associations were found using the instrumental variable approach, although the positive associations of TT with weight loss and potassium were lost.'] Is longer dialysis session length associated with better intermediate outcomes and survival among patients on in-center three times per week hemodialysis : results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study ( DOPPS )?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Multidrug resistance is a significant barrier to the development of successful cancer treatment. To identify genetic alterations that are directly involved in paclitaxel resistance, a functional cloning strategy was developed.', 'Using mRNA from paclitaxel resistant human ovarian cancer cell line SW626TR, a cDNA library was established in a pCMV-Script vector that permits expression of cDNA inserts in mammalian cells. Transfection of the pCMV-Script/SW626TR cDNA library into the paclitaxel-sensitive human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, U-20S, resulted in several paclitaxel-resistant clones.', 'DNA sequencing of clone C16 demonstrates complete homology to human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Retransfection of the PGK1 insert into U-20S confers a multidrug resistant phenotype, characterized by a 30-fold increase in paclitaxel resistance, and cross-resistance to vincristine; adriamycin and mitoxantrone, but not methotrexate or cisplatin. Enzymatic analysis of the PGK1 transfectants demonstrates an increase in PGK1 activity as compared to the parental cell line, U-20S. Northern and Western analysis of PGK1 transfectants reveals no change in MDR-1 expression compared with the parental cell line. In addition, co-culture of PGK1 transfectants with verapamil only partially reverses the multidrug resistant phenotype. Rhodamine 123 studies are also consistent with an MDR-1 independent mechanism of increased drug efflux.'] Does overexpression of human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 ( PGK1 ) induce a multidrug resistance phenotype?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Increasing evidence suggests seizures cause blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction including decreased seizure threshold and higher onset potential of future seizures. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB damage in seizures remains poorly understood. Evidence in human and animal models shows BBB disruption is associated with activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after cerebral ischemia and inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine whether MMP-9 concentrations in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) are associated with BBB disruption in patients after epileptic seizures.', 'Thirty-one patients with generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures were included in the study: 20 had recurrent GTC seizures (RS), and 11 had a single GTC seizure (SS) episode. Twenty-five adult non-seizure patients were used as controls. CSF samples were collected by lumbar puncture within 24 h after seizure cessation (range: 3-15 h, mean 6.2 h). CSF MMP-9 levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MMP enzyme activity was measured by gelatin zymography. The CSF/serum albumin ratio (albumin quotient, QAlb) was used as a measure of blood-brain barrier permeability.', 'We found significantly higher CSF MMP-9 concentrations in seizure patients compared with controls (P < 0.001). CSF MMP-9 levels and QAlb values were higher in RS patients compared with SS and controls. Moreover, CSF MMP-9 concentration showed strong correlation between QAlb values (r = 0.76, P < 0.0001) and between CSF leukocyte counts (r = 0.77, P < 0.0001) in patients after seizures. Gelatin zymography showed MMP-9 proteolytic activity only in GTC seizure patients.'] Does disruption of the blood-brain barrier after generalized tonic-clonic seizures correlate with cerebrospinal fluid MMP-9 levels?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Microcirculatory dysfunction is a common feature of sepsis. The potent vasoconstrictor endothelin (ET) is released in sepsis and endotoxemia, potentially contributing to sepsis-induced microcirculatory failure. In this study we tested the hypothesis that mixed ET receptor antagonism with tezosentan would improve splanchnic microcirculatory blood flow in acute porcine endotoxemia.', 'Sixteen anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs received an infusion of endotoxin for 300 min. After 120 min eight pigs received a bolus dose of tezosentan 1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of tezosentan of 1 mg/kg/h throughout the experiment. Eight pigs served as endotoxin controls. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure microcirculatory blood flow in the liver and in the ileal and colon mucosa. PCO(2) in the ileal mucosa was measured by air tonometry and portal vein flow by an ultrasonic flow probe.', 'Endotoxin administration induced a state of shock with impaired splanchnic microcirculatory blood flow. Microcirculation in the mucosa of the colon and ileum and mucosal-arterial PCO(2) gap were improved by tezosentan. Portal vein flow was increased, but hepatic microcirculatory blood flow was not significantly improved. Tezosentan preserved cardiac index and decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure compared to controls, without causing any differences in the heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure response. Tezosentan also distinctly improved pH and arterial lactate values.'] Does mixed endothelin receptor antagonism with tezosentan improve intestinal microcirculation in endotoxemic shock?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Testicular development is arrested in the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse due to a congenital deficiency in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis. Chronic treatment of male hpg mice with estradiol induces FSH synthesis and secretion, and causes testicular maturation and qualitatively normal spermatogenesis. As estradiol negative feedback normally inhibits FSH production in the male, this study tested whether this paradoxical response to estradiol in the male hpg mouse might be due to inadequate masculinisation or incomplete defeminization in the neonatal period. Previous studies have demonstrated that treatment of hpg mice with testosterone propionate in the immediate neonatal period is necessary to allow full reproductive behaviors to be expressed following suitable endocrine stimulation at adult ages.', 'Hpg mice were treated with 100 mug testosterone propionate or vehicle on postnatal day 2. At 35 days of age, subgroups of these mice were treated with silastic implants containing estradiol or cholesterol. Reproductive behavior was scored in tests with steroid-primed female mice, then testicular development was assessed histologically, and measures of pituitary FSH content made at 85 days of age.', 'The neonatal testosterone propionate treatment successfully defeminized female litter mates, as revealed by impaired vaginal opening and deficiencies in lordosis behavior, and it allowed appropriate male reproductive behavior to be expressed in a proportion of the hpg males when tested at an adult age. However, neonatal androgen supplementation did not block or even reduce the subsequent actions of estradiol in increasing pituitary FSH content, nor did it affect the ability of estradiol to induce qualitatively normal spermatogenesis.'] Does neonatal androgenization of hypogonadal ( hpg ) male mice abolish estradiol-induced FSH production and spermatogenesis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) represents a chronic immune-antigen-mediated allergic disease of the oesophagus of still unknown aetiology. Environmental exposure has been postulated to play a pathogenetic role. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been inversely associated with allergic diseases including atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis and H. pylori may play a protective role in these conditions. Little is known about the relationship between EoE and H. pylori.', 'To investigate in a case-control study whether H. pylori infection is associated with a reduced risk of developing EoE.', 'H. pylori infection was evaluated by serology in 58 [11(19%) female, 47 (81%) male, median age: 36.5 years, range 20-72 years] patients with a clinical and histologically proven diagnosis of EoE and 116 age and sex-matched controls (1 case: 2 controls). Antibodies against H. pylori were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with H. pylori-specific IgG ≥ 30 enzyme immunounits were classified as H. pylori-positive.', '3/58 (5.2%) patients with EoE had serological evidence of H. pylori infection (EoE - H. pylori current infection) and 5/58 (8.6%) reported prior eradication therapy for H. pylori infection (EoE - H. pylori former infection). The control group demonstrated significantly higher seroprevalence of H. pylori (37.9%, P < 0.0001) when compared to patients with EoE. EoE was inversely associated with H. pylori infection [odds ratio (OR) 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11-0.50].'] Is helicobacter pylori infection associated with a reduced risk of developing eosinophilic oesophagitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has a complicated life-cycle, and its genome encodes many components that can modify the cellular environment to facilitate efficient viral replication. The protein UL14 is likely involved in viral maturation and egress (Cunningham C. et al), and it facilitates the nuclear translocation of viral capsids and the tegument protein VP16 during the immediate-early phase of infection (Yamauchi Y. et al, 2008). UL14 of herpes simplex virus type 2 exhibits multiple functions (Yamauchi Y. et al, 2001, 2002, 2003).', 'To better understand the function(s) of UL14, we generated VP16-GFP-incorporated UL14-mutant viruses with either single (K51M) or triple (R60A, R64A, E68D) amino acid substitutions in the heat shock protein (HSP)-like sequence of UL14. We observed the morphology of cells infected with UL14-null virus and amino acid-substituted UL14-mutant viruses at different time points after infection.', 'UL14(3P)-VP16GFP and UL14D-VP16GFP (UL14-null) viruses caused similar defects with respect to growth kinetics, compartmentalization of tegument proteins, and cellular morphology in the late phase. Both the UL14D-VP16GFP and UL14(3P)-VP16GFP viruses led to the formation of an aggresome that incorporated some tegument proteins but did not include nuclear-egressed viral capsids.'] Does herpes simplex virus type 1 UL14 tegument protein regulate intracellular compartmentalization of major tegument protein VP16?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The study focuses on the influence of a probiotic supplement alone and in combination with a calcium supplement on faecal lactobacilli colonisation and beneficial health effects such as a lowering of blood cholesterol.', 'Thirty-two men and women participated in the double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. All participants consumed a probiotic drink containing 10(10)CFU/d Lactobacillus paracasei (LPC37) for four weeks. In addition, one group consumed bread enriched with pentacalcium hydroxy-triphosphate (CaP; 1g Ca/d) and the other group had bread without CaP. After a two-week washout and a two-week placebo period, the intervention was switched for further four weeks.', 'After intervention with LPC37+CaP, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma decreased significantly compared to LPC37 and placebo. The faecal concentration of L.\\xa0paracasei and that of all lactobacilli increased significantly after LPC37+CaP and LPC37 compared to placebo. Moreover, secondary bile acids in faeces increased significantly after LPC37+CaP intervention compared to placebo.'] Does a combination of calcium phosphate and probiotics beneficially influence intestinal lactobacilli and cholesterol metabolism in humans?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['It is necessary to clarify if the presence of a prominent R wave in V1, in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients, is due to the involvement of the posterior wall (currently inferobasal segment) or the lateral wall (as has been demonstrated recently by electrocardiographic contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance [ECG-CE-CMR] correlations studies).', 'In 155 patients with inferolateral zone MI, as detected by CE-CMR, the following ECG parameters were evaluated and correlated with MI location according to CE-CMR: R/S ratio in V1 ≥ 1 (classic criteria for posterior MI), R/S ratio in V1 ≥ 0.5, and R in V1 ≥ 3 mm.', 'R/S ≥ 1 criterion: Present in 20 cases: 3 of lateral MI, 17 of inferolateral MI, 0 of inferior MI. Absent in 135 cases, 81 of lateral/inferolateral MI (28/53), 54 of inferior MI (SE 19.8%, SP 100%). R/S ≥ 0.5 criterion: Present in 47 cases: 6 of lateral MI, 39 of inferolateral MI, 2 of inferior MI. Absent in 108 cases, 56 of lateral/inferolateral MI (25/31), 52 of inferior MI (SE 44.6%, SP 96.4%). R ≥ 3 mm criterion: Present in 30 cases: 5 of IM lateral, 23 of inferolateral MI, 2 of inferior MI. Absent in 125 cases, 73 lateral/inferolateral MI (26/47), 52 inferior MI (SE 27.7%, SP 96.4%).'] Does lateral MI explain the Presence of Prominent R Wave ( R ≥ S ) in V1?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Mortality and morbidity in burn cases can be reduced with early diagnosis. Many markers are used for early diagnosis of burn complications like sepsis. In this current study, the relationship between numerical/morphologic granulocyte abnormalities and complications was investigated in pediatric burns. It was aimed to introduce histopathologic marker(s) for burn-related complications.', 'Thirty-two pediatric burn cases hospitalized between December 2006 and December 2009 were included in the study. A total of 192 complete blood count and peripheral blood smear results were analyzed comparatively. Findings were used to identify any correlation among white blood cell count and peripheral blood smear changes (the appearance of immature granular cells, toxic granulation, purple granules and Döhle bodies) and complications such as bacteriemia, sepsis, wound infections, severe anemia, and graft failure.', 'White blood cell count changes and the appearance of immature granular cells were not suitable for use as a diagnostic marker for complications. Nevertheless, there was a statistically significant correlation between the appearance of toxic granulation, purple granules and Döhle bodies and subsequent complications (p: <0.0001, 0.041, 0.001, respectively).'] Do [ The association between cellular morphological changes in peripheral blood smear and complications in pediatric burn cases ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The optimal treatment of bleeding due to radiation proctitis is still controversial. Although argon plasma coagulation (APC) has been recently reported as an effective treatment, its efficacy in relation to disease severity is unknown. The study aims were to prospectively evaluate (i) the efficacy of APC in endoscopically mild and severe radiation proctitis, and (ii) the recurrence rate following successful treatment.', '56 patients (mean age 68.4 years) with radiation proctitis after radiotherapy for prostate cancer were studied. All presented with rectal bleeding, occurring a median 21.5 months after radiotherapy. Using an established scoring system, patients were classified into two groups, with mild or severe disease. We also examined the correlation between endoscopic severity and hemoglobin level as a more objective measure of bleeding activity. Success was defined either as cessation of bleeding or a significant reduction so that further treatment was not required.', 'Proctitis was classified as mild in 27 patients (48%) and severe in 29 (52%). Endoscopically judged severity and hemoglobin level showed good correlation (R = 0.58). All patients with mild proctitis and 23/29 (79%) with severe disease were successfully treated (P < 0.05). During a follow-up of a mean of 17.9 months (range 6-33), 34/38 patients (89.5%) remained in clinical remission. Recurrence was higher in those using anticoagulant or aspirin (P = 0.02).'] Does argon plasma coagulation have a long-lasting therapeutic effect in patients with chronic radiation proctitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The impact of KRAS signaling on cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) expression has not yet been explored. We investigated the impact of KRAS on CIP2A expression in colorectal cancer patients after colorectal liver metastasectomy.', 'We examined CIP2A expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and used direct sequencing to identify the mutational status of KRAS exon 2 (codon 12 and 13). The association between CIP2A expression, KRAS genotype, clinicopathological parameters and survival were examined by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model. A combination of immunoblotting and proliferation assays were employed to elucidate the role of CIP2A in signal transduction pathways in wild-type KRAS Caco-2 cells.', 'A total of 220 colorectal cancer patients who had undergone colorectal liver metastasectomy were included in the study. The mutant KRAS genotype was associated with CIP2A overexpression. CIP2A expression was an independent prognostic marker in patients with wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer after colorectal liver metastasectomy (relative risk\\u2009=\\u20091.873, P\\u2009=\\u20090.019). Targeted silencing of CIP2A in Caco-2 cells (wild-type KRAS) led to decreased expression of pERK/ERK and decreased cell proliferation. Overexpression of mutant KRAS G12D in Caco-2 cells led to an increase in CIP2A expression and cell proliferation. In Caco-2 cells with the KRAS G12D, KRAS overexpression preserved the regulation effect of CIP2A in KRAS and abrogated the impact of CIP2A regulation on pERK/ERK and cell proliferation. CIP2A inhibition also increased the efficacy of cetuximab in Caco-2 cells.'] Is cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A ( CIP2A ) an independent prognostic marker in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer after colorectal liver metastasectomy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to risk factors of coronary artery disease, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which are closely linked with visceral adiposity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether NAFLD was associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC), which is used as a surrogate marker for coronary atherosclerosis independent of computed tomography (CT)-measured visceral adiposity. Out of 5,648 subjects who visited one of our health screening centers between 2003 and 2008, we enrolled 4,023 subjects (mean age, 56.9 ± 9.4 years; 60.7% males) without known liver disease or a history of ischemic heart disease. CAC score was evaluated using the Agatston method. On univariate analysis, the presence of CAC (score >0) was significantly associated with age, sex, body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and NAFLD. Increasing CAC scores (0, <10, 10-100, ≥ 100) were associated with higher prevalence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61-2.10; P<0.001). Multivariable ordinal regression analysis was adjusted for traditional risk factors, and CT-measured visceral adipose tissue area in a subgroup of subjects showed that the increased CAC scores were significantly associated with the presence of NAFLD (OR, 1.28, 95% CI, 1.04-1.59; P = 0.023) independent of visceral adiposity.'] Is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with coronary artery calcification?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Biomarkers may be helpful in screening patients with psoriasis for PsA. Our purpose was to identify serum biomarkers for psoriasis and PsA.', 'Fifty-two patients with psoriasis (26 satisfying CASPAR classification criteria for PsA) and 26 healthy controls were recruited for our study. Patients with psoriasis and PsA were group matched for age, sex and psoriasis duration, whereas controls were matched for age and sex. Blood samples were drawn at the time of assessment and serum was analysed for the following: IL-12, IL-12p40, IL-17, TNF super family member 14 (TNFSF14), MMP-3, RANK ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), C-propeptide of Type II collagen (CPII), collagen fragment neoepitopes Col2-3/4(long mono) (C2C) and Col2-3/4(short) (C1-2C) and highly sensitive CRP (hsCRP). Data were analysed using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted.', 'Fifty-two patients with psoriatic disease had a mean age of 46 years and psoriasis duration of 16.8 years. Compared with controls, increased serum levels of RANKL, TNFSF14, MMP-3 and COMP independently associated with psoriatic disease (P < 0.05). Twenty-six PsA patients (mean swollen and/or tender joint count 16, swollen joint count 5) were then compared with 26 patients who had psoriasis alone. Increased levels of hsCRP, OPG, MMP-3 and the CPII : C2C ratio were independently associated with PsA (P < 0.03).'] Do soluble biomarkers differentiate patients with psoriatic arthritis from those with psoriasis without arthritis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the risk of postoperative hemorrhage during a 3-year period of early postoperative administration of nadroparin (Fraxiparin) plus compression stockings in a large cohort of patients who underwent spinal surgery.', 'A total of 1,954 spinal procedures at different levels (503 cervical, 152 thoracic and 1,299 lumbar), performed between June 1999 and 2002 at the Department of Neurosurgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University Frankfurt, were included in this study. To prevent venous thromboembolic events (VTE), all patients were routinely treated subcutaneously with 0.3 ml of early (less than 24 h) postoperative nadroparin calcium (Fraxiparin) (2850 IU anti-Xa, Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, France) plus intra- and postoperative compression stockings until discharge. The occurrence of a postoperative hematoma (defined as a hematoma requiring surgical evacuation because of space occupation and/or neurological deterioration) and a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were recorded in a database and analyzed retrospectively.', '13 (0.7%) of the 1,954 spinal operations were complicated by major postoperative hemorrhages. In 5 of the 13 patients (38.5%) the hemorrhage occurred on the day of surgery before the administration of nadroparin. Thus, the hemorrhage rate of patients receiving nadroparin was 0.4% (8/1,949). Ten (77%) of the 13 patients with major postoperative hematoma showed a progressive neurological deficit, which resolved in 6 patients and resulted in a hematoma-related morbidity of 31% (4/13). Only 1 patient (0.05%) in this series developed a clinically evident DVT, and none of the patients suffered from pulmonary embolus during the hospital stay.'] Is postoperative nadroparin administration for prophylaxis of thromboembolic events associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage after spinal surgery?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Establishing time of onset is important in acute stroke management. Current imaging modalities do not allow determination of stroke onset time. Although correlations between sodium magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity within ischemic lesions and time of onset have been shown in animal models, the relation to onset time has not been established in human stroke. Utilizing high-quality sodium images, we tested the hypothesis that sodium signal intensity increases with time from symptom onset in human ischemic stroke.', 'Twenty-one stroke patients (63 +/- 15 years old) were scanned 4 to 104 hours after symptom onset. Follow-up images were obtained in 10 patients at 23 to 161 hours after onset, yielding a total of 32 time points. A standard stroke imaging protocol was acquired at 1.5 Tesla, followed by sodium magnetic resonance imaging at 4.7 Tesla. Relative sodium signal intensity within each lesion was measured with respect to the contralateral side.', 'The sodium image quality was sufficient to visualize each acute lesion (lesion volume range, 1.7-217cm(3)). Relative sodium signal intensity increased nonlinearly over time after stroke onset. Sodium images acquired within 7 hours (n = 5) demonstrated a relative increase in lesion intensity of 10% or less, whereas the majority beyond 9 hours demonstrated increases of 23% or more, with an eventual leveling at 69 +/- 18%.'] Does sodium imaging intensity increase with time after human ischemic stroke?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study describes unsedated transnasal oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (UT-OGD) in the office setting. Evaluation of national guidelines regarding primary endoscopy for the investigation of upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms was also a focus of this study.', 'Retrospective registration of 2,000 cases regarding demographics, symptoms, pre-endoscopic treatment, feasibility and findings.', 'The proportion of males was 42%. 19% of the patients were referred due to alarm symptoms. The transnasal feasibility was 97%. Endoscopic findings: No abnormal findings (NAF) 53%, hiatal hernia 25%, oesophagitis 11%, gastric inflammation 11%, ulcer 10%, cancer 1% and others 1%. Alarm symptoms (AS) versus non-alarm symptoms (NAS): 35% of patients with AS had NAF versus 58% in the NAS group (p < 0.001). Cancer was present in 4% of the cases in the AS group versus 0.1% in the NAS group (p < 0.001). < 45 years versus ≥ 45 years: 69% of patients < 45 years had NAF versus 45% of patients ≥ 45 years (p < 0.001). Cancer was present in 0% of the cases in those < 45 years versus 1.4% in those ≥ 45 years (p = 0.002).'] Do clinical findings confirm national guidelines regarding primary gastroscopy for upper gastrointestinal symptoms?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by the mosquito vector, and causes a wide range of symptoms that lead to dengue fever (DF) or life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The host and viral correlates that contribute to DF and DHF are complex and poorly understood, but appear to be linked to inflammation and impaired coagulation. Full-length osteopontin (FL-OPN), a glycoprotein, and its activated thrombin-cleaved product, trOPN, integrate multiple immunological signals through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.', 'To understand the role of OPN in DENV-infection, we assessed circulating levels of FL-OPN, trOPN, and several coagulation markers (D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex [TAT], thrombomodulin [TM], and ferritin in blood obtained from 65 DENV infected patients in the critical and recovery phases of DF and DHF during a dengue virus epidemic in the Philippines in 2010.', 'Levels of FL-OPN, trOPN, D-dimer, TAT, and TM were significantly elevated in the critical phase in both the DF and DHF groups, as compared with healthy controls. During the recovery phase, FL-OPN levels declined while trOPN levels increased dramatically in both the DF and DHF groups. FL-OPN levels were directly correlated with D-dimer and ferritin levels, while the generation of trOPN was associated with TAT levels, platelet counts, and viral RNA load.'] Are elevated levels of full-length and thrombin-cleaved osteopontin during acute dengue virus infection associated with coagulation abnormalities?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study investigated whether vergence and accommodation development in preterm infants is preprogrammed or is driven by experience.', 'Thirty-two healthy infants, born at mean 34 weeks gestation (range, 31.2-36 weeks), were compared with 45 healthy full-term infants (mean 40.0 weeks) over a 6-month period, starting at 4 to 6 weeks postnatally. Simultaneous accommodation and convergence to a detailed target were measured using a Plusoptix PowerRefII infrared photorefractor as a target moved between 0.33 and 2 m. Stimulus/response gains and responses at 0.33 and 2 m were compared by both corrected (gestational) age and chronological (postnatal) age.', \"When compared by their corrected age, preterm and full-term infants showed few significant differences in vergence and accommodation responses after 6 to 7 weeks of age. However, when compared by chronological age, preterm infants' responses were more variable, with significantly reduced vergence gains, reduced vergence response at 0.33 m, reduced accommodation gain, and increased accommodation at 2 m compared to full-term infants between 8 and 13 weeks after birth.\"] Does convergence and Accommodation Development be Preprogrammed in Premature Infants?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We compared migraine features and acute therapy response in menstrually-related migraines (MRMs) and non-menstrually-related migraines (NMRMs).', 'Women with frequent, disabling migraines were prospectively diagnosed with MRM according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II; N = 107) criteria using a daily electronic headache dairy. Participants received individualized acute therapy while free of prophylactic migraine medications.', 'Repeated measures logistic regression revealed MRMs were longer (23.4 vs. 16.1 hours, odds ratio [OR]\\u2009= 1.01, confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.02) and more likely associated with disability (85.6% vs. 75.6%, OR = 1.82, CI 1.27, 2.58) than NMRMs. MRMs were also less responsive to acute therapy (two-hour pain-free response = 6.7% vs. 13.4%, OR =\\u2009.45, CI .26, .80) and reoccurred more frequently within 24 hours after a four-hour pain-free response (36.0% vs. 19.6%, OR = 2.12, CI 1.27, 3.53) than NMRMs.'] Do menstrual and nonmenstrual migraines differ in women with menstrually-related migraine?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Spinal cord ischemia is a devastating complication of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Recent studies have suggested a neuroprotective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against cerebral ischemia. We investigated the effect of linolenic acid (LIN) in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia.', 'Rats were subjected to cross-clamping of the aortic arch and left subclavian artery for 14 minutes. Groups were as follows: sham operation (n = 15); ischemia (n = 15), receiving only vehicle; LIN A (n = 15), receiving LIN before clamping; and LIN B (n = 15), receiving LIN at onset of reperfusion. Neurologic status was assessed daily for 7 days. Spinal cords were harvested for histopathologic analysis, TUNEL staining, and immunohistochemistry for Bax, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and nuclear factor-kappaB.', 'Ischemic rats had severe and definitive paraplegia. LIN-treated rats had significantly better neurologic function. Histopathologic analysis disclosed severe neuronal necrosis in the lumbar gray matter of ischemic rats, whereas most of the LIN-treated rats sustained mild to moderate injury. LIN reduced the loss of motor neurons at 7 days (LIN A, 17 +/- 6, and LIN B, 15 +/- 7, versus ischemia, 6 +/- 2 per section; P <.05). LIN prevented apoptotic neuronal cell death, Bax immunoreactivity of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nuclear HSP70 immunoreactivity was noted exclusively in motor neurons from LIN-treated rats and not in motor neurons from ischemic rats.'] Does linolenic acid prevent neuronal cell death and paraplegia after transient spinal cord ischemia in rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study determined the mechanism used by neutrophils (PMNs) to induce hepatocellular injury.', 'Neutrophils have been shown to be potent mediators of cell and tissue injury and have been hypothesized to contribute to the hepatic injury that occurs after trauma and infection. Oxygen radical scavengers protect the liver in vivo from inflammatory injury and it has been suggested that PMNs are the source of these toxic oxygen radicals. The specific mechanism used by PMNs to produce hepatocellular damage, however, has not been determined.', 'Neutrophils were cultured in vitro with hepatocytes (HCs) and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to induce HC injury in the presence of oxygen radical scavengers and protease inhibitors.', 'PMA induced a PMN-mediated HC injury that was dependent on the number of PMNs present and the concentration of PMA. Protease inhibitors reduced the extent of HC injury, while oxygen radical scavengers had no effect. Hydrogen peroxide, directly applied, was able to injure HCs, but only at concentrations greater than those that could be produced by PMA-stimulated PMNs.'] Is hepatocyte injury by activated neutrophils in vitro mediated by proteases?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To use a geographic information system (GIS) and spatial statistics to describe the geographic variation of burn injuries in children 0-14 years of age in a major metropolitan area.', \"The authors reviewed patient records for burn injuries treated during 1995 at the two children's hospitals in St. Louis. Patient addresses were matched to block groups using a GIS, and block group burn injury rates were calculated. Mapping software and Bayesian analysis were used to create maps of burn injury rates and risks in the city of St. Louis.\", 'Three hundred eleven children from the city of St. Louis were treated for burn injuries in 1995. The authors identified an area of high incidence for burn injuries in North St. Louis. The filtered rate contour was 6 per 1,000 children at risk, with block group rates within the area of 0 to 58.8 per 1,000 children at risk. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of North St. Louis burn data revealed a relative risk range of 0.8771 to 1.182 for census tracts within North St. Louis, suggesting that there may be pockets of high risk within an already identified high-risk area.'] Do geographic variation of pediatric burn injuries in a metropolitan area?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of the study was to determine whether young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have evidence of early structural changes in echocardiographic parameters as a measurement of cardiovascular risk.', 'We investigated the association of PCOS and echocardiographic parameters in 984 black and white women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a cohort followed prospectively for 20 yr. Women ages 34-46 (Year 16) completed questionnaires recalling symptoms of oligomenorrhea and hirsutism in their 20s and 30s. Serum androgens were obtained at Year 2. Women in their 20s and 30s were classified into four mutually exclusive groups: 1) PCOS; 2) isolated oligomenorrhea (IO); 3) isolated hyperandrogenism (IH); and 4) reference group. Outcome measures were defined as echocardiography data from Year 5. We used multivariable linear regression models to evaluate the association of PCOS and its components with left ventricular (LV) mass index, left atrial (LA) diameter, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and mitral inflow early wave to late wave ratio.', 'Among 984 participants, 42 women (4.3%) were classified as PCOS, 67 (6.8%) as IO, and 178 (18.0%) as IH. In multivariable linear regression analyses, women with PCOS had a 3.14 g/m(2.7) (95% confidence interval, 0.48-5.81) higher LV mass index compared to the reference group (approximately 10% higher). PCOS women also had a 0.11 cm/m (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.19) larger LA diameter, after adjustment for age and race.'] Is polycystic ovary syndrome associated with higher left ventricular mass index : the CARDIA women 's study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hepatic gluconeogenesis tightly controls blood glucose levels in healthy individuals, yet disorders of fatty acids (FAs) oxidation are characterized by hypoglycemia. We studied the ability of free-FAs to directly inhibit gluconeogenesis, as a novel mechanism that elucidates the hypoglycemic effect of FAs oxidation defects.', 'Primary rat hepatocytes were pre-treated with FAs prior to gluconeogenic stimuli with glucagon or dexamethasone and cAMP.', 'Pre-treatment with 1\\u2009mM FAs (mixture of 2:1 oleate:palmitate) for 1 hour prior to gluconeogenic induction, significantly decreases the induced expression of the gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase) as well as the induced glucose production by the cells. The inhibitory effect of FAs upon gluconeogenesis is abolished when pre-treatment is elongated to 18 hours, allowing clearance of FAs into triglycerides by the cells. Replacement of palmitate with the non-metabolic fatty acid 2-bromopalmitate inhibits esterification of FAs into triglycerides. Accordingly, the increased exposure to unesterified-FAs allows their inhibitory effect to be extended even when pre-treatment is elongated to 18 hours. Similar changes were caused by FAs to the induction of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) expression, indicating this transcriptional coactivator as the mediating link of the effect. This inhibitory effect of FAs upon gluconeogenic induction is shown to involve reduced activation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) transcription factor.'] Does fatty acids-stress attenuate gluconeogenesis induction and glucose production in primary hepatocytes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Endothelial-like vascular progenitor cells (VPCs) can be collected in peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) products that are used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The association between VPCs in PBSC products and transplant-related toxicity caused by high-dose chemo/radiotherapy was assessed to identify potential mediators of vascular repair.', 'PBSC grafts in 29 patients (mean age: 48 years; range, 20-67 years) undergoing autologous HSCT were analyzed using a cell culture assay for VPC cluster formation in fibronectin-coated dishes in serum-rich angiogenic conditions. Transplant toxicity was estimated using total length of hospital stay (LOS) following HSCT and the Seattle criteria for transplant-related organ toxicity for 8 organ systems (grade 0-4).', 'LOS following graft reinfusion was lower (14.7 vs 20.0 days, p = 0.002) and the mean number of organs with any toxicity (1.0 vs 2.4, p = 0.016) or with toxicity grade > or = 2 was reduced (0.2 vs 1.6 organs, p = 0.007) in patients with high graft VPC content (n = 10, >2.0 x 10(3) VPCs/kg) compared with reduced VPC content (n = 19, < or = 2.0 x 10(3) VPCs/kg). An association between graft CD34(+) levels and LOS or organ toxicity was not observed. In addition, graft VPC levels were independent of graft CD34 counts, peripheral blood monocytes and hemoglobin levels, age, and disease (p = NS).'] Is increased graft content of vascular progenitor cells associated with reduced toxicity following autologous hematopoietic transplantation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Citrus nobiletin can exert robust anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. We evaluated the impact of nobiletin on the excessive inflammatory response and impaired barrier function in a rodent colitis model.', 'Colitis was established by infusion with 1 mL 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in ethanol (40% v/v) in rats at a 125 mg/kg dose. Caco-2 cell monolayer exposed to LPSs is used as a culture model for intestinal permeability measurements. Nobiletin decreased rat epithelial proinflammatory cytokines and mediators production. Nobiletin restored impaired barrier function in colitic rats and Caco-2 monolayer. Nobiletin decreased protein expressions of Akt, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) isolated from rat intestinal epithelial tissue and Caco-2 cell, respectively. PI3K inhibitor or siRNA targeting of either Akt or NF-κB mitigated the impact of nobiletin on MLCK expression and barrier function in Caco-2 monolayer, respectively.'] Does citrus nobiletin ameliorate experimental colitis by reducing inflammation and restoring impaired intestinal barrier function?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The interactions of CD44 with hyaluronan are thought to be crucial for tumor cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, migration, and invasion. For migration to occur, however, the interactions between hyaluronan and cell surface receptors need to be transient. Hyaluronidases may facilitate the degradation of hyaluronan bound to the cell surface and thus reduce the interactions of the cells with the matrix, whereas the overproduction of hyaluronan in the absence of hyaluronidase activity may prevent cells from proliferating or invading normal surrounding tissue.', 'We analyzed the effects in vitro and in vivo of hyaluronan synthase-2 (HAS2) overexpression on a murine glioma cell line that is deficient in hyaluronidase activity. In addition, we evaluated the expression levels of HAS and hyaluronidase genes in human glioma cell lines and in glioma specimens.', 'Increased hyaluronan synthesis had no effect on the in vitro proliferation of the cells but diminished their in vivo growth rate. Several human glioma cell lines were found to overexpress hyaluronan synthases, but they did so in conjunction with hyaluronidase Hyal2 and MGEA5 expression. Similarly, all glioblastomas multiforme expressed hyaluronidases MGEA5 and Hyal2.'] Does overexpression of hyaluronan synthase-2 reduce the tumorigenic potential of glioma cells lacking hyaluronidase activity?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Substantial heterogeneity in HIV prevalence has been observed within sub-Saharan Africa. It is not clear which factors can explain these differences. Our aim was to identify risk factors that could explain the large differences in HIV-1 prevalence among pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe, and Moshi, Tanzania.', 'Cross-sectional data from a two-centre study that enrolled pregnant women in Harare (N = 691) and Moshi (N = 2654) was used. Consenting women were interviewed about their socio-demographic background and sexual behaviour, and tested for presence of sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections. Prevalence distribution of risk factors for HIV acquisition and spread were compared between the two areas.', 'The prevalence of HIV-1 among pregnant women was 26% in Zimbabwe and 7% in Tanzania. The HIV prevalence in both countries rises constantly with age up to the 25-30 year age group. After that, it continues to rise among Zimbabwean women, while it drops for Tanzanian women. Risky sexual behaviour was more prominent among Tanzanians than Zimbabweans. Mobility and such infections as HSV-2, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis were more prevalent among Zimbabweans than Tanzanians. Reported male partner circumcision rates between the two countries were widely different, but the effect of male circumcision on HIV prevalence was not apparent within the populations.'] Does sexual behaviour reflect HIV-1 prevalence differences : a comparison study of Zimbabwe and Tanzania?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine the association between serum uric acid (UA) levels and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects without diabetes or hyperuricemia.', '6172 women and 2662 men aged 50+ years without diabetes from Phase 1 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study were included. Data on personal history, physical examination and biochemical parameters were collected. Subjects were categorized by serum UA concentration, and the association between UA levels and cardiovascular risk factors was examined using generalized linear models.', 'In both men and women with normouricemia (UA<420 μmol/l in men and <360 μmol/l in women), tertiles of UA levels were adversely associated with body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, total- and HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse pressure, fasting plasma glucose and white blood cell count (P value for trend ranged from 0.04 to <0.001), and also consistently associated with metabolic disorders including obesity, hypertension, hypertension treatment, dyslipidemia, waist circumference increased since the age of 18 years and the metabolic syndrome (P value for trend ranged from 0.02 to <0.001).'] Are uric acid levels , even in the normal range , associated with increased cardiovascular risk : the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Coagulopathy has a high prevalence in critically ill patients. An increased International Normalized Ratio (INR) is a common trigger to transfuse fresh frozen plasma (FFP), even in the absence of bleeding. Therefore, FFP is frequently administered to these patients. However, the efficacy of FFP in correcting hemostatic disorders in non-bleeding recipients has been questioned.', 'To assess whether INR prolongation parallels changes in the results of other tests investigating hemostasis, and to evaluate the coagulant effects of a fixed dose of FFP in non-bleeding critically ill patients with a coagulopathy.', 'Markers of coagulation, individual factor levels and levels of natural anticoagulants were measured. Also, thrombin generation and thromboelastometry (ROTEM) assays were performed before and after FFP transfusion (12 mL kg(-1) ) to 38 non-bleeding critically ill patients with an increased INR (1.5-3.0).', 'At baseline, levels of factor II, FV, FVII, protein C, protein S and antithrombin were reduced, and thrombin generation was impaired. ROTEM variables were within reference ranges, except for a prolonged INTEM clot formation time. FFP transfusion increased the levels of coagulation factors (FII, 34% [interquartile range (IQR) 26-46] before vs. 44% [IQR 38-52] after; FV, 48% [IQR 28-76] before vs. 58% [IQR 44-90] after; and FVII, 25% [IQR 16-38] before vs. 37% [IQR 28-55] after), and the levels of anticoagulant proteins. Thrombin generation was unaffected by FFP transfusion (endogenous thrombin potential, 72% [IQR 51-88] before vs. 71% [IQR 42-89] after), whereas ROTEM EXTEM clotting time and maximum clot firmness slightly improved in response to FFP.'] Does fresh frozen plasma transfusion fail to influence the hemostatic balance in critically ill patients with a coagulopathy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Poor dietary habits are associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease. However, the cost of foods associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease can be a significant barrier to healthy eating.', 'The aim of this study is to determine whether food prices per serving differed across Kentucky counties based on health ranking and overall nutritional quality.', 'Fifteen counties were randomly selected based on County Health Ranking. Overall Nutritional Quality Index and cost of 75 foods were assessed in all 15 counties in the same week. A generalized estimating equations model and post hoc analyses were used to assess differences in food cost by nutritional quality and health ranking.', 'Food prices were significantly less in the most healthy counties compared with the least healthy (Z = 3.8; P < .001; $0.08 per serving). Prices were also significantly higher in least healthy counties (tertile 3) compared with moderately healthy counties (tertile 2) (Z = 2.3; P = .024; $0.05 per serving).'] Do food Costs Are Higher in Counties With Poor Health Rankings?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Vitamin D and its metabolites play an important role in calcium homeostasis, bone remodeling, hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Recent studies also suggest a beneficial role of vitamin D in slowing the progression of chronic renal glomerular diseases. This study investigated the effects and potential mechanism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)[1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] on the regulation of myofibroblast activation from interstitial fibroblast, a critical event in generating alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA)-positive, matrix-producing effector cells in renal interstitial fibrosis.', 'Normal rat renal interstitial fibroblast cell line (NRK-49F) was used as a model system. Myofibroblast activation was initiated by incubation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Expression of alpha-SMA, collagen I, thrombospondin-1, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunostaining, respectively. HGF promoter activity was evaluated by using luciferase reporter assay.', 'Incubation of rat renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F) with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) suppressed TGF-beta1-induced de novo alpha-SMA expression in a dose-dependent manner. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) also suppressed type I collagen and thrombospondin-1 expression induced by TGF-beta1. Interestingly, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced HGF mRNA expression and protein secretion in renal interstitial fibroblasts. Transfection studies revealed that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated HGF gene promoter activity, which was dependent on the presence of vitamin D response element (VDRE). 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced the binding of vitamin D receptor to the VDRE in HGF promoter region. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was capable of stimulating HGF receptor phosphorylation in renal fibroblasts. Incubation with specific HGF neutralizing antibody largely abolished 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of myofibroblast activation.'] Does 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D inhibit renal interstitial myofibroblast activation by inducing hepatocyte growth factor expression?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine the degree of microvascular endothelial dysfunction in relation to classical cardiovascular risk factors, arterial stiffness, and numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and endothelial microparticles (EMPs), in obese and normal-weight children.', 'Cross-sectional study with 57 obese (15.2±1.4 years) and 30 normal-weight children (15.4±1.5 years). The principal outcome was microvascular endothelial function measured with peripheral arterial tonometry. Fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis and EMPs (CD31+/CD42b- particles) and EPCs (CD34+/KDR+/CD45dim/- cells) flow cytometry. Characteristics between groups were compared by use of the appropriate independent samples test; a stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of microvascular endothelial function.', 'Microvascular endothelial function was significantly impaired in obese children and inversely correlated with body mass index Z scores (r=-0.249; P=.021) and systolic blood pressure (r=-0.307; P=.004). The number of EPCs was significantly lower in obese children and correlated with endothelial function (r=0.250; P=.022), and the number of EMPs was significantly greater in obese children and correlated inversely with endothelial function (r=-0.255; P=.021). Multivariate analysis revealed that systolic blood pressure and numbers of circulating EPCs and EMPs are important determinants of endothelial function.'] Are endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial microparticles independent predictors of endothelial function?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Nitric oxide (NO) modulates the expression of the chaperone Hsp72 in the heart, and exercise stimulates both NO production and myocardial Hsp72 expression. The main purpose of the study was to investigate whether NO interferes with an exercise-induced myocardial Hsp72 expression.', 'Male Wistar rats (70-100 days) were divided into control (C, n=12), L-NAME-treated (L, n=12), exercise (E, n=13) and exercise plus L-NAME-treated (EL, n=20) groups. L-NAME was given in drinking water (700 mg·L(-1)) and the exercise was performed on a treadmill (15-25 m·min(-1), 40-60 min.day(-1)) for seven days. Left ventricle (LV) protein Hsp content, NOS and phosphorylated-NOS (p-NOS) isoforms were measured using Western blotting. The activity of NOS was assayed in LV homogenates by the conversion of [(3)H]L-arginine to [(3)H]L-citrulline.', 'Hsp72 content was increased significantly (223%; p < 0.05) in the E group compared to the C group, but exercise alone did not alter the NOS content, p-NOS isoforms or NOS activity. Contrary to our expectation, L-NAME enhanced (p < 0.05) the exercise-induced Hsp72 content (EL vs. C, L and E groups = 1019%, 548% and 457%, respectively). Although the EL group had increased stimulatory p-eNOS(Ser1177) (over 200%) and decreased inhibitory p-nNOS(Ser852) (ñ50%) compared to both the E and L groups (p < 0.05), NOS activity was similar in all groups.'] Does l-NAME treatment enhance exercise-induced content of myocardial heat shock protein 72 ( Hsp72 ) in rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The calcimimetic agent R-568 lowers plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in hemodialysis patients with mild secondary hyperparathyroidism, but its efficacy in those with more severe secondary hyperparathyroidism has not been studied.', 'Twenty-one patients undergoing hemodialysis three times per week with plasma PTH levels between 300 and 1200 pg/mL were randomly assigned to 15 days of treatment with either 100 mg of R-568 (N = 16) or placebo (N = 5). Plasma PTH and blood ionized calcium levels were measured at intervals of up to 24 hours after oral doses on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 12, and 15.', 'Pretreatment PTH levels were 599 +/- 105 (mean +/- SE) and 600 +/- 90 pg/mL in subjects given R-568 or placebo, respectively, and values on the first day of treatment did not change in those given placebo. In contrast, PTH levels fell by 66 +/- 5%, 78 +/- 3%, and 70 +/- 3% at one, two, and four hours, respectively, after initial doses of R-568, remaining below pretreatment values for 24 hours. Blood ionized calcium levels also decreased after the first dose of R-568 but did not change in patients given placebo. Despite lower ionized calcium concentrations on both the second and third days of treatment, predose PTH levels were 422 +/- 70 and 443 +/- 105 pg/mL, respectively, in patients given R-568, and values fell each day by more than 50% two hours after drug administration. Predose PTH levels declined progressively over the first nine days of treatment with R-568 and remained below pretreatment levels for the duration of study. Serum total and blood ionized calcium concentrations decreased from pretreatment levels in patients given R-568, whereas values were unchanged in those given placebo. Blood ionized calcium levels fell below 1.0 mmol/L in 7 of 16 patients receiving R-568; five patients withdrew from study after developing symptoms of hypocalcemia, whereas three completed treatment after the dose of R-568 was reduced.'] Does a calcimimetic agent lower plasma parathyroid hormone levels in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) encodes displacement into the phase of the magnetic resonance signal. The encoding frequency (ke) maps the measured phase to tissue displacement while the strength of the encoding gradients affects image quality. 2D cine DENSE studies have used a ke of 0.10\\xa0cycles/mm, which is high enough to remove an artifact-generating echo from k-space, provide high sensitivity to tissue displacements, and dephase the blood pool. However, through-plane dephasing can remove the unwanted echo and dephase the blood pool without relying on high ke. Additionally, the high sensitivity comes with the costs of increased phase wrapping and intra-voxel dephasing. We hypothesized that ke below 0.10\\xa0cycles/mm can be used to improve image characteristics and provide accurate measures of cardiac mechanics.', 'Spiral cine DENSE images were obtained for 10 healthy subjects and 10 patients with a history of heart disease on a 3\\xa0T Siemens Trio. A mid-ventricular short-axis image was acquired with different ke: 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10\\xa0cycles/mm. Peak twist, circumferential strain, and radial strain were compared between acquisitions employing different ke using Bland-Altman analyses and coefficients of variation. The percentage of wrapped pixels in the phase images at end-systole was calculated for each ke. The dephasing of the blood signal and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were also calculated and compared.', 'Negligible differences were seen in strains and twist for all ke between 0.04 and 0.10\\xa0cycles/mm. These differences were of the same magnitude as inter-test differences. Specifically, the acquisitions with 0.04\\xa0cycles/mm accurately quantified cardiac mechanics and had zero phase wrapping. Compared to 0.10\\xa0cycles/mm, the acquisitions with 0.04\\xa0cycles/mm had 9\\xa0% greater SNR and negligible differences in blood pool dephasing.'] Does 2D cine DENSE with low encoding frequencies accurately quantify cardiac mechanics with improved image characteristics?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Multiple Sclerosis (MS) frequently causes injury to the anterior visual pathway (AVP), impairing quality of life due to visual dysfunction. Development of biomarkers in MS is a high priority and both low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA) and time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) have been proposed as candidates for this purpose. We sought to assess whether psychophysical assessments of color vision are similarly correlated with structural measures of AVP injury, and therefore augment measures of visual disability in MS.', 'We studied the association between high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA), LCVA, color vision (Hardy-Rand-Rittler plates (HRR) and Lanthony D15 tests) and OCT, using both high-resolution spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT; Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) and TD-OCT (Stratus, Carl Zeiss, US) in a cohort of 213 MS patients (52 with previous optic neuritis) and 47 matched controls in a cross-sectional study.', 'We found that MS patients have impairments in HCVA and LCVA (p < 0.001) but that they suffer from even more profound abnormalities in color discrimination (p < 0.0001). We found strong correlation between color vision and SD-OCT measures of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (average RNFL, r = 0.594, p < 0.001) and papillomacular bundle thickness (r = -0.565, p < 0.001). The correlation between OCT scores and functional visual impairments of all types was much stronger for SD-OCT than for TD-OCT.'] Is color vision strongly associated with retinal thinning in multiple sclerosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the allele frequencies and genotype distribution of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene polymorphism in septic patients.', 'A prospective, consecutive entry study was made among 60 patients with the diagnosis of sepsis who were admitted consecutively into the general intensive care unit (ICU), Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 1997 and 1999. APACHE II scoring and MODS scoring were made within 24 hours after admission. The genomic DNA of peripheral blood nucleated cells was extracted. The polymorphic regions within intron 6 of IL-1 alpha gene containing variable numbers of a tandem repeat (VNTR) of 46 bp, and intron 2 of IL-1ra gene containing VNTR of 86 bp were amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Alleles A1-4 and RN1-4 were identified according to the size of amplified DNA product. The region containing the AvaI polymorphic site at position -511 of IL-1 beta gene was amplified by PCR, and subsequently digested with AvaI restriction enzyme.', 'The frequencies of allele IL-1ra RN2 and genotype RN2/2 in the 60 septic patients were significantly higher than those in normal controls (0.34 vs 0.23, P < 0.01, and 0.12 vs 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively). The allele frequencies or genotype distribution of IL-1 alpha VNTR gene polymorphism and IL-1 beta AvaI polymorphism did not differ between the septic patients and normal controls. In addition, genotypes A2/2, B2/2 and RN2/2 were associated with a significantly higher mortality (80%, 81% and 71%, respectively) in septic patients. Patients with any 2 of the three alleles, i.e. A2, B2 and RN2, suffered from a much more severe sepsis (as measured by APACHE II and MODS scores) and higher mortality rate ( 55-65%), while septic patients with genotypes A1/1, B1/1 or RN1/1 showed a much lower mortality (0-13%).'] Does [ Genomic polymorphism within interleukin-1 family cytokines influence the outcome of septic patients ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We previously demonstrated a markedly dependent distribution of ventilator-induced lung injury in oleic acid-injured supine animals ventilated with large tidal volumes and positive end-expiratory pressure > or =10 cm H2O. Because pleural pressure distributes more uniformly in the prone position, we hypothesized that the extent of injury induced by purely mechanical forces applied to the lungs of normal animals might improve and that the distribution of injury might be altered with prone positioning.', 'To compare the extent and distribution of histologic changes and edema resulting from identical patterns of high end-inspiratory/low end-expiratory airway pressures in both supine and prone normal dogs.', 'We ventilated 10 normal dogs (5 prone, 5 supine) for 6 hrs with identical ventilatory patterns (a tidal volume that generated a peak transpulmonary pressure of 35 cm H2O when implemented in the supine position before randomization, positive end-expiratory pressure = 3 cm H2O). Ventilator-induced lung injury was assessed by gravimetric analysis and histologic grading.', 'Wet weight/dry weight ratios (WW/DW) and histologic scores were greater in the supine than the prone group (8.8+/-2.8 vs. 6.1+/-0.7; p = .01 and 1.4+/-0.3 vs. 1+/-0.3; p = .037, respectively). In the supine group, WW/DW and histologic scores were significantly greater in dependent than nondependent regions (9.4+/-1.9 vs. 6.7+/-0.9; p = .01 and 2.0+/-0.4 vs. 0.9+/-0.4; p = .043, respectively). In the prone group, WW/DW also was greater in dependent regions (6.7+/-1.1 vs. 5.8+/-0.5; p = .054), but no significant differences were found in histologic scores between dependent and nondependent regions (p = .42).'] Does prone positioning attenuate and redistributes ventilator-induced lung injury in dogs?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used antidepressants and one of the most commonly used medications. There is growing concern that SSRIs, which sequester in bone marrow at higher concentrations than brain or blood, increase bone fragility and fracture risk. However, their mechanism of action on human osteoclasts (OC) and osteoblasts (OB) differentiation remains unclear.', 'Expression of serotonin receptors (5-HTR), transporter (5-HTT), and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) was assessed in human OC (precursors and mature) and OB (nonmineralizing and mineralizing) by polymerase chain reaction. OC formation and resorption was measured in the presence of 5 SSRIs. OBs cultured with SSRIs for 28 days were assessed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone mineralization. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by annexin V flow cytometry.', 'OCs and OB expressed TPH1, 5-HTT, and 5-HTR1B. The 5-HTR2A was expressed only in OB, whereas 5-HTR2B expression increased from precursor to mature OC. All SSRIs (except citalopram) dose-dependently inhibited OC formation and resorption between 1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L; order of potency: sertraline > fluoxetine > paroxetine > fluvoxamine > citalopram. Similarly, SSRIs (except citalopram) inhibited ALP and bone mineralization by OB but only at 30 μmol/L. Apoptosis was induced by SSRIs in OC and OB in an identical pattern to inhibitory effects. Serotonin treatment had no effect on either OC or OB parameters.'] Do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors inhibit human osteoclast and osteoblast formation and function?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]