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clinicalnlplab

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PubmedQA_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Splenic contraction induced by repeated apneas has been shown to increase oxygen availability. Our aim was to determine whether repeated maximal voluntary apnea enhances the performance of cyclists in a subsequent 4-km time trial.', 'Seven male cyclists [age: 27.1 ± 2.1 years; height: 182 ± 8 cm; body mass: 74.8 ± 9.2 kg; peak oxygen uptake: 56.9 ± 6.6 mL min(-1) kg(-1) (mean ± SD)] performed a 4-km time trial on an ergometer with and without four prior maximal bouts of apnea interspersed with 2 min of recovery.', 'The average power output during the time trial was similar with (293 ± 48 W) and without (305 ± 42 W) prior apnea (P = 0.11, d = 0.27). The spleen was reduced in size after the fourth bout of apnea (-12.4 ± 9.0 %), as well as one (-36.6 ± 10.3 %) and 10 min (-19.5 ± 17.9 %) after the time trial, while with normal breathing the spleen was smaller one (-35.0 ± 11.3 %) and 10 min (-23.4 ± 19.7 %) after the time trial. Heart rate; oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production; tissue oxygen saturation; and the lactate concentration, pH, oxygen saturation, level of hemoglobin and hematocrit of the blood were similar under both conditions.'] Does repeated apnea-induced contraction of the spleen in cyclists enhance performance in a subsequent time-trial?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Diet is an area of major interest to those investigating the causes of cancer of the oesophagus in the Transkei. This study looked at the associations between intragastric epidermal growth factor level, diet and intragastric pH.', 'A dietary survey was co-ordinated with studies of gastric luminal epidermal growth factor and gastric fluid pH in 120 rural Transkeians.', 'Gastric fluid epidermal growth factor was associated with low dietary intake of animal products (p = 0.002) and vegetables (p = 0.026). There was no association with pH.'] Is gastric luminal epidermal growth factor affected by diet?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the leading cancers in most Asian countries. Alterations of immune function have been detected in OSCC patients. The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a central mediator of the immune response involved in a wide range of immuno-inflammatory and infectious diseases. Polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene has been intensively studied as a potential determinant of susceptibility to numerous cancers.', \"We genotyped 192 patients with OSCC and 146 healthy case controls by using polymerase chain reaction-double restriction fragment length polymorphism with amplification-created restriction sites to assess allelic determinants at the TNF-alpha polymorphic sites -308 and -238 in the promoter region. Genotype frequencies were evaluated with Fisher's test.\", 'The -308 TNFG (tumor necrosis factor G) allele genotype was higher in patients with OSCC (91.2% vs. 82.2%; P = 0.02) and TNFG/A was lower (8.3% vs. 11.8%; P = 0.02); the -238 TNFG/A allele genotype was lower in patient with OSCC (2.1% vs. 6.9%; P = 0.02).'] Is tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism associated with susceptibility to oral squamous cell carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Endometriosis affects 5-10% of women and is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. Establishing new blood supply is a fundamental requirement for endometriosis lesion growth. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), recruited by stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), contribute to neoangiogenesis in endometriotic lesions. We hypothesized that SDF-1 is central to the neoangiogenesis and survival of endometriotic lesions, and blocking of SDF-1 will reduce vascularization of lesions in a mouse model.', 'Using immunohistochemistry, we evaluated SDF-1 and CD34(+) EPCs in human endometriotic lesions and normal endometrium samples. EPCs were co-localized using CD34 and VEGFR2. Effects of SDF-1 blocking on endometriotic lesion survival were assessed in BALB/c-Rag2(-/-) /IL2rγ(-/-) mice engrafted with human endometrium and treated with SDF-1-blocking antibody or an isotype control. Weekly blood samples from experimental mice were analyzed for cytokines and EPCs.', 'SDF-1 and CD34(+) EPCs were abundant in human endometriotic lesions compared with eutopic endometrium. In our mouse model, SDF-1-blocking antibody reduced CD31(+) microvessels compared with isotype control.'] Does blocking of stromal cell-derived factor-1 reduce neoangiogenesis in human endometriosis lesions in a mouse model?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We compared outcomes in post-menopausal estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NAHT) or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT).', 'We retrospectively identified post-menopausal women who received either NAHT or NACT for non-metastatic, non-inflammatory, ER+, Her2neu negative breast cancer from 2004 to 2011. We compared long-term rates of locoregional relapse free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS) using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify patient and disease factors significantly associated with these endpoints.', 'We identified 99 patients in our study, including 27 who received NAHT and 72 who received NACT. There were no differences in 4-year LRFS, DMFS, or OS between groups. On Cox proportional hazards modeling, the type of systemic therapy (NAHT versus NACT) was not associated with OS. However, patients with progesterone receptor (PR) positive disease had a 92% lower risk of death compared to patients with PR negative disease.'] Is neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy Associated with Comparable Outcomes to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Post-Menopausal Women with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"To evaluate the impact of passenger leukocytes in liver grafts on the rate of microchimerism induction after liver transplantation and to evaluate immunological changes thereafter based on serial donor-specific MLC's in these patients.\", '26 orthotopic liver transplant recipients were prospectively evaluated for immunological changes based on the co-transplantation of donor-derived leukocytes. Intraoperatively harvested liver biopsies and peripheral blood-lymphocytes of liver transplant recipients were sampled at various time points. Donor spleen cells were obtained during organ procurement.', 'HLA-PCR analysis demonstrated a stable pattern of microchimerism in 15 out of 26 patients. Microchimerism was detectable by PCR up to a mean of 7 weeks after transplantation, when chimerism in the peripheral blood became negative. Passenger donor leukocytes were present in all biopsies obtained during backtable preparation of the liver graft. For the 15 patients presenting microchimerism the rate of passenger leukocytes in the liver graft biopsies showed a mean of 155.8 leukocytes per mm 2 liver tissue (SD +/- 23.2 cells/mm2, range 121 to 217 cells per mm2 tissue). Otherwise patients without chimerism showed a mean of 90.4 passenger leukocytes per mm2 tissue (SD +/- 14.5 cells/mm2, range: 52 to 99 cells/mm2). Lymphocyte proliferation, determined by donor-specific \"multiple\" single-way- mixed-lymphocyte-cultures (dsmMLC) was reduced to a mean of 62.2 % of preoperative values (SD +/- 14.5 %, range 33 % to 88 %) in the 15 patients with stable microchimerism. Otherwise in the 11 patients without microchimerism dsmMLC results stayed at continuously higher levels with a mean of 106 % (SD +/- 13.4, range 92 % to 134 %).'] Does amount of co-transplanted donor-derived leukocytes determine in-vivo microchimerism and mixed lymphocyte culture changes post-liver transplantation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is the most common noninvasive precursor to invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Misexpression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is commonly encountered in invasive neoplasia; however, miRNA abnormalities in PanIN lesions have not been documented.', 'Three candidate miRNAs (miR-21, miR-155, and miR-221) previously reported as overexpressed in pancreatic cancers were assessed in 31 microdissected PanINs (14 PanIN-1, 9 PanIN-2, 8 PanIN-3) using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Subsequently, miR-155 was evaluated by locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization (LNA-ISH) in PanIN tissue microarrays.', 'Relative to microdissected non-neoplastic ductal epithelium, significant overexpression of miR-155 was observed in both PanIN-2 (2.6-fold, p = 0.02) and in PanIN-3 (7.4-fold, p = 0.014), while borderline significant overexpression of miR-21 (2.5-fold, p = 0.049) was observed in PanIN-3 only. In contrast, no significant differences in miR-221 levels were observed between ductal epithelium and PanIN lesions by qRT-PCR. LNA-ISH confirmed the aberrant expression of miR-155 in PanIN-2 (9 of 20, 45%) and in PanIN-3 (8 of 13, 62%), respectively, when compared with normal ductal epithelium (0 of 10) (p < 0.01).'] Is aberrant MicroRNA-155 expression an early event in the multistep progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Infectious complications are among the most serious problems that occur in severely head-injured patients treated with mild hypothermia. The mechanism underlying the susceptibility to infection has not been clarified. Heat shock protein (HSP) 60 has been reported to play an essential role in innate immunity. Thus, we conducted a study to clarify the impact of mild hypothermia on the expression of HSPs in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in severely head-injured patients.', 'Between September 1997 and November 1999, 17 severely head-injured patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less at admission in whom intracranial pressure could be maintained below 20 mm Hg by conventional therapy were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: a mild hypothermia group (HT group, nine patients) and a normothermia group (NT group, eight patients). The HT group was subjected to mild hypothermia (intracranial temperature, 34 degrees C) for 48 hours followed by rewarming at a rate of 1 degrees C per day for 3 days, whereas the NT group was subjected to normothermia (intracranial temperature, 37 degrees C) for 5 days. Blood samples were serially obtained at three time points; days 0 to 1, days 2 to 5, and days 6 to 14 after head injury. We measured the expression of HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 by flow cytometry.', 'The two groups were similar with respect to prognostic factors, and there was no difference in clinical outcome. The expression of PMNL HSP60 in the HT group was significantly lower in all three time periods compared with that in the NT group (p < 0.05), whereas expression of the other HSPs did not differ significantly between the groups. The incidence of infectious complications was significantly increased in the HT group over that in the NT group (p < 0.05). In in vitro studies, PMNLs from 10 healthy volunteers were incubated at 37 degrees C, 34 degrees C, or 26 degrees C for 1 hour with sodium arsenite (100 micromol/L), an HSP inducer. The expression of HSP60 at 26 degrees C and 34 degrees C was significantly lower than that at 37 degrees C (p < 0.05), whereas expression of the other HSPs did not differ significantly at 26 degrees C, 34 degrees C, or 37 degrees C.'] Does mild hypothermia reduce expression of heat shock protein 60 in leukocytes from severely head-injured patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect is a potent form of immunotherapy against many hematologic malignancies and some solid tumors. The beneficial GVT effect after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is tightly linked to its most significant complication, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) after allogeneic BMT is not well understood. This study used a series of complementary knockout and antibody blockade strategies to analyze the impact of IL-6 in multiple clinically relevant murine models of GVHD and GVT.', 'We examined the effect of the source of IL-6 by analyzing the role IL-6 deficiency in donor T cells, donor bone marrow or in host tissues. We confirmed and extended the relevance of IL-6 deficiency on GVHD and GVT by treating BMT recipients with anti-mouse IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), MR16-1.', 'Deficiency of IL-6 in donor T cells led to prolongation of survival. Total inhibition of IL-6 with MR16-1 caused an even greater reduction in GVHD-induced mortality. The reduction in GVHD was independent of the direct effects on T effector cell expansion or donor regulatory T cells. GVT responses were preserved after treatment with MR16-1.'] Does interleukin-6 modulate graft-versus-host responses after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We examined whether development of radiation-induced lung injury after irradiation for breast cancer correlates with lymphocyte radiosensitivity (LRS) in vitro.', 'Patients were selected from a cohort of 177 patients, who were treated with adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for loco-regional breast cancer, and included 14 patients who had severe early lung injury measured as respiratory symptoms caused by RT and treated with corticosteroids (i.e. \"cases\") and a corresponding 14 control patients without such symptoms. LRS was measured as the postirradiation fraction of mitogen-stimulated blood lymphocytes in S- and G2-phase. Plasma levels of TGF-beta 1 and thiols, both suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced lung injury, were also analysed.', 'The result showed that cells from the controls responded to a higher extent to mitogen stimulation than cells from the cases (p < 0.05). Analysis of the fraction of S- and G2-phase cells after irradiation showed no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.57 and 0.31, respectively). There was no difference in plasma levels of TGF-beta 1 and thiols in patients who did or did not develop pulmonary injury after RT. Tamoxifen administered before or at RT did not influence the incidence of pulmonary reactions.'] Is radiation-induced cell cycle response in lymphocytes related to clinical side-effects in breast cancer patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Peridinin-containing dinoflagellates have a highly reduced chloroplast genome, which is unlike that found in other chloroplast containing organisms. Genome reduction appears to be the result of extensive transfer of genes to the nuclear genome. Unusually the genes believed to be remaining in the chloroplast genome are found on small DNA 'minicircles'. In this study we present a comparison of sets of minicircle sequences from three dinoflagellate species.\", 'PCR was used to amplify several minicircles from Amphidinium carterae so that a homologous set of gene-containing minicircles was available for Amphidinium carterae and Amphidinium operculatum, two apparently closely related peridinin-containing dinoflagellates. We compared the sequences of these minicircles to determine the content and characteristics of their chloroplast genomes. We also made comparisons with minicircles which had been obtained from Heterocapsa triquetra, another peridinin-containing dinoflagellate. These in silico comparisons have revealed several genetic features which were not apparent in single species analyses. The features include further protein coding genes, unusual rRNA genes, which we show are transcribed, and the first examples of tRNA genes from peridinin-containing dinoflagellate chloroplast genomes.'] Does comparative analysis of dinoflagellate chloroplast genomes reveal rRNA and tRNA genes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['CHARGE (coloboma, heart defect, choanal atresia, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear abnormalities, and/or hearing loss defect) syndrome consists of a combination of congenital malformations including genital hypoplasia and retarded growth.', 'The objective of the study was to study gonadotropic axis function and growth parameters in CHARGE syndrome.', 'This was a retrospective study.', 'The study included 32 children with CHARGE syndrome.', 'Nineteen of 20 affected boys had micropenis and/or cryptorchidism, consistent with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism during fetal life. None of the boys was of pubertal age. Seven of nine boys tested before the age of 5 months during the neonatal peak period had extremely low testosterone levels. LH response to GnRH stimulation was variable during the first year of life and not correlated with existing clinical abnormalities. None of the girls over the age of 12 yr (n = 7) had begun puberty spontaneously, and a lack of response to GnRH stimulation was documented in five of them. Olfactory evaluation (n = 10) and magnetic resonance imaging (n = 18) of the forebrain revealed defective sense of smell and abnormal olfactory bulbs in all cases. Cardiorespiratory and nutritional problems were corrected, but the mean height of the 25 children who had reached 5 yr of age was -2 +/- 0.2 sd score. Height was not correlated with birth length or body mass index. GH deficiency was diagnosed in only three children.'] Does cHARGE syndrome include hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and abnormal olfactory bulb development?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Nausea and vomiting in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) can be from various causes, including the use of high-dose cytarabine.', 'The authors compared 2 schedules of palonosetron versus ondansetron in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in patients with AML receiving high-dose cytarabine. Patients were randomized to: 1) ondansetron, 8 mg intravenously (IV), followed by 24 mg continuous infusion 30 minutes before high-dose cytarabine and until 12 hours after the high-dose cytarabine infusion ended; 2) palonosetron, 0.25 mg IV 30 minutes before chemotherapy, daily from Day 1 of high-dose cytarabine up to Day 5; or 3) palonosetron, 0.25 mg IV 30 minutes before high-dose cytarabine on Days 1, 3, and 5.', 'Forty-seven patients on ondansetron and 48 patients on each of the palonosetron arms were evaluable for efficacy. Patients in the palonosetron arms achieved higher complete response rates (no emetic episodes plus no rescue medication), but the difference was not statistically significant (ondansetron, 21%; palonosetron on Days 1-5, 31%; palonosetron on Days 1, 3, and 5, 35%; P = .32). Greater than 77% of patients in each arm were free of nausea on Day 1; however, on Days 2 through 5, the proportion of patients without nausea declined similarly in all 3 groups. On Days 6 and 7, significantly more patients receiving palonosetron on Days 1 to 5 were free of nausea (P = .001 and P = .0247, respectively).'] Is daily palonosetron superior to ondansetron in the prevention of delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cigarette smoking influences and enhances the development of atherosclerosis. We investigated if nicotine, an important constituent of cigarette smoking, has a stimulatory effect on bovine smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro through the mediation of bFGF and TGF-beta 1.', 'Bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) were stimulated with (-)-nicotine at various concentrations ranging from 6 x 10(-4) mol/L to 6 x 10(-8) mol/L. SMC viability and count were assessed. The presence of bFGF and TGF-beta 1 in serum-free conditioned media was determined by the inhibition antibody-binding assay, and the mitogenic activity of (-)-nicotine on SMC was analyzed by the 3H-thymidine uptake. Polymerase chain reaction was used to study the expression of bFGF and TGF-beta 1.', 'The bFGF release after (-)-nicotine stimulation was greater than in the controls, whereas TGF-beta 1 release was lower. The greatest mitogenic activity was found at a (-)-nicotine concentration of 6 x 10(-6) mol/L. The addition of monoclonal antibody anti-bFGF decreased the 3H-thymidine uptake of SMC exposed to (-)-nicotine, whereas the addition of monoclonal antibody anti-TGF-beta 1 increased the 3H-thymidine uptake of stimulated SMC. bFGF mRNA expression was significantly higher in SMC exposed to (-)-nicotine than in the controls, but TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in SMC exposed to 6 x 10(-6) mol/L (-)-nicotine than in SMC treated with the other concentrations of (-)-nicotine and in controls.'] Is nicotine-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation mediated through bFGF and TGF-beta 1?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study was to characterize the hemodynamic changes in the contralateral testis during acute spermatic cord torsion in anesthetized rats.', 'We used videomicroscopy to examine the microcirculation of the contralateral testis following acute torsion. Specifically, we examined the effect on vasomotion, a rhythmic dilation and constriction of the arterioles that is involved in fluid and nutrient exchange and modulation of local vascular resistance. In a separate set of experiments, blood flow in the contralateral internal spermatic artery was measured with an ultrasonic flow probe during acute torsion.', \"Following 720 degrees torsion, the amplitude of vasomotion in the contralateral testis increased 121% (29.0 +/- 3.9% versus 13.0 +/- 1.7%) compared with controls. Blood flow in the contralateral internal spermatic artery decreased 43% after 2 hours' torsion.\"] Does acute spermatic cord torsion alter the microcirculation of the contralateral testis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion may be widely used in patients in septic shock, but the use is not well-described. Our aim was to describe the current use of FFP transfusion in medical patients with septic shock.', 'This was a prospective cohort study of medical patients with septic shock (n = 60) admitted to two general intensive care units (ICUs) during a three-month period. Patients were divided into two groups, one received FFP transfusion, the other did not. Baseline characteristics, transfusions and outcome were compared between the groups. Episodes of bleeding, procedures and coagulation parameters were compared between days with and without FFP transfusion.', '57% of the patients received a median of six (interquartile range: 3-10) units of FFP during their ICU stay. The FFP-transfused patients had higher sequential organ failure assessment scores at admission (13 (9-15) versus 10 (7-11), p = 0.02) than the untransfused patients, but there were no differences in simplified acute physiology score II or mortality. On days of FFP transfusion, international normalized ratio levels (1.8 (1.4-2.3) versus 1.3 (1.2-1.6), p < 0.0001) were higher, and invasive procedures (p < 0.0001), episodes of bleeding (p < 0.0001), transfusion of red blood cells (p < 0.0001) and platelets (p < 0.0001) more frequent than on days without transfusion. Two thirds of FFP transfusions were given to patients with clinical evidence of bleeding and/or as prophylaxis before invasive procedures.'] Are the majority of patients in septic shock transfused with fresh-frozen plasma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To further understand the role that chronic viral infections of the male genital tract play on HIV-1 dynamics and replication.', 'Retrospective, observational study including 236 paired semen and blood samples collected from 115 recently HIV-1 infected antiretroviral naive men who have sex with men.', \"In this study, we evaluated the association of seminal HIV-1 shedding to coinfections with seven herpes viruses, blood plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, CD4 T-cell counts, presence of transmitted drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in HIV-1 pol, participants' age and stage of HIV-infection using multivariate generalized estimating equation methods. Associations between herpes virus shedding, seminal HIV-1 levels, number and immune activation of seminal T-cells was also investigated (Mann-Whitney).\", 'Seminal herpes virus shedding was observed in 75.7% of individuals. Blood HIV-1 RNA levels (P < 0.01) and seminal cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpes virus (HHV)-8 levels (P < 0.05) were independent predictors of detectable seminal HIV-1 RNA; higher seminal HIV-1 levels were associated with CMV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) seminal shedding, and absence of DRM (P < 0.05). CMV and EBV seminal shedding was associated with higher number of seminal T-lymphocytes, but only presence of seminal CMV DNA was associated with increased immune activation of T-lymphocytes in semen and blood.'] Do herpes viruses and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations influence the virologic and immunologic milieu of the male genital tract?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine whether stone attenuation and the skin-to-stone distance (SSD) can predict for stone fragmentation by SWL independently. Identifying the factors predictive of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) outcome would help streamline the care of patients with stones.', 'A retrospective review was performed of 111 patients undergoing initial SWL for a solitary, 5-20 mm, renal calculus. Stone size, location, attenuation value, and SSD were determined on pretreatment noncontrast computed tomography. The outcome was categorized as stone free, complete fragmentation <5 mm, and incomplete fragmentation >or=5 mm or unchanged at 2 weeks on kidney/ureter/bladder radiography.', 'After SWL, 44 (40%) were stone free, 27 (24%) had complete fragmentation, and 40 (36%) of 111 patients had incomplete fragmentation. The stone attenuation of the successfully treated patients (stone free and complete fragmentation groups) was 837 +/- 277 Hounsfield units (HU) vs 1092 +/- 254 HU for those with treatment failure (incomplete fragmentation; P < .01). The mean SSD also differed: 9.6 cm +/- 2.0 vs 11.1 cm +/- 2.5 for the successful treatment group vs the treatment failure group, respectively (P = .01). On multivariate analysis, the factors that independently predicted the outcome were stone attenuation, SSD, and stone composition. When patients were stratified into 4 risk groups (stone <900 HU and SSD <9.0 cm, stone <900 HU and SSD >or=9.0 cm, stone >or=900 HU and SSD <9.0 cm, and stone >or=900 HU and SSD >or=9.0 cm), the SWL success rate was 91%, 79%, 58%, and 41%, respectively (odds ratio 7.1, 95% confidence interval 1.6-32 for <900 HU and SSD <9.0 cm group vs other 3 risk groups; P = .01).'] Does stone attenuation and skin-to-stone distance on computed tomography predict for stone fragmentation by shock wave lithotripsy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Acute pain can lead to immune dysfunction, which can be partly ameliorated by successful pain management. Opioids, which are widely used for analgesia, can result in the deterioration of immune function. This study aimed to investigate the influence of morphine with or without flurbiprofen as post-operative analgesics on the immune systems of patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery.', '60 patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery were equally randomized into two groups. They received post-operative patient-controlled intravenous (IV) analgesia using morphine either with or without flurbiprofen. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, Bruggemann comfort scale (BCS) scores, morphine consumption, time of first flatus, incidence of nausea/vomiting, and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺) and natural killer cells (CD3⁻CD16⁺CD56⁺) were evaluated.', 'No significant difference was observed in the VAS scores, BCS scores, and nausea/vomiting incidence between groups. Less morphine was consumed and the time of first flatus was earlier in patients receiving morphine with flurbiprofen than morphine alone. The expression of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD4⁺/CD8⁺, and CD3⁻CD16⁺CD56⁺ decreased at 2 hours after incision and, except for CD3⁻CD16⁺CD56⁺, returned to baseline at 120 hours after surgery. Moreover, the expression of CD3⁻CD16⁺CD56⁺ at 2 hours after incision and the expression of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD4⁺/CD8⁺, and CD3⁻CD16⁺CD56⁺ at 24 hours after surgery were higher in patients receiving morphine with flurbiprofen than morphine alone.'] Does flurbiprofen improve dysfunction of T-lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cells in cancer patients receiving post-operative morphine analgesia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit a low fertility by chronic hyperandrogenemia. Different evidence have shown that androgens could regulate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and glucose metabolism. However, it is unclear whether androgens can exert these effects on human endometrial stromal cells. Our goal was to study the protein content of GRP78 (an ER homeostasis marker) in endometria from women with PCOS and healthy women and to assess the GRP78 protein levels and its relationship with glucose uptake on a human endometrial stromal cell line stimulated with testosterone.', 'Immunohistochemistry assays for GRP78 were performed on endometrial samples obtained from women with PCOS (n = 8) and control women subjected to hysterectomy (n = 8). Western blot analysis for GRP78 and glucose uptake was assessed in a telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cell line (T-HESC) exposed to testosterone for 24 or 48 hours and challenged to an insulin short-term stimulation. Tukey test was performed for human samples comparison. Student t test or ANOVA-Bonferroni test was carried out according to the in vitro experiment. P < .05 was considered as significant.', 'GRP78 stromal immunostaining was reduced in PCOS endometria compared to controls (P < .05). The T-HESC shows a testosterone-dependent downregulation of GRP78 protein content (P < .05), concomitant with half-reduction in glucose uptake compared to controls (P < .05). Moreover, enhanced small interfering RNA against GRP78 messenger RNA leads to a decrease in glucose uptake (P < .05). Such effects were reverted by hydroxyflutamide, an inhibitor of androgen receptor.'] Does hyperandrogenism decrease GRP78 Protein Level and Glucose Uptake in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the frequency of pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis when different alternative diagnoses were considered most likely before testing, because the relationship between specific alternative diagnoses and the diagnosis of PE has not been explored.', \"This study was a preplanned secondary analysis of a prospective study of the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism conducted in the emergency department (ED) of an urban university hospital. Physicians were queried as to their most likely pretest diagnosis when they ordered any of the following tests to evaluate possible PE: D-dimer, contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest, ventilation-perfusion lung scan, or pulmonary angiogram. To compare the frequency of PE diagnosis across alternative diagnoses, risk ratios, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p-values using Fisher's exact test were calculated.\", 'Six hundred seven patients were enrolled, and 61 had PE. Physicians thought PE was the most likely pretest diagnosis in 162 (26.7%) patients, and 20.4% (95% CI = 14.4% to 27.4%) of these patients had PE. For four alternative diagnoses, PE was diagnosed less frequently than when PE was considered most likely: musculoskeletal pain (2.2%, 95% CI = 0.4% to 6.2%), anxiety (1.7%, 95% CI = 0.0 to 9.2%), asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0, 95% CI = 0.0 to 10.9%), and viral syndrome (0, 95% CI = 0.0 to 14.3%).'] Is the probability of pulmonary embolism a function of the diagnoses considered most likely before testing?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Little genetic information exists on the ability of wine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to hydrolyse glycoconjugates during malolactic fermentation. We tried to fill this important gap by characterizing a gene codifying for a putative beta-glucosidase enzyme from wine Lactobacillus plantarum and from a commercial strain of Oenococcus oeni.', 'The coding region of the putative beta-glucosidase gene is 1400 nucleotides long and started with an ATG codon. The gene is widespread among LAB and the highest identity was observed between the nucleotide of L. plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus paraplantarum and O. oenibeta-glucosidase gene. The protein sequence deduced from the isolated genes has a calculated molecular mass of 61.19 kDa. Furthermore, the expression of the beta-glucosidase gene in L. plantarum strain was analysed, under several stress, by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and Northern-blot analysis. The gene was apparently regulated by abiotic stresses such as temperature, ethanol and pH.'] Is a beta-glucosidase gene isolated from wine Lactobacillus plantarum regulated by abiotic stresses?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Children with univentricular hearts and aortic arch obstruction are treated sequentially with Norwood procedure, superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (SCPA), and Fontan operation. Early SCPA results in lower initial O2 saturation and longer hospitalization, but not increased mortality. We sought to determine the impact of early SCPA on Fontan candidacy and outcomes.', 'Eighty-five consecutive patients undergoing Norwood operation between January 1998 and February 2003 were divided into group 1 (SCPA at less than 4 months, n = 33) and group 2 (SCPA at more than 4 months, n = 52). Of the original cohort, 69 have undergone Fontan operation, 7 await Fontan, 1 was transplanted, 3 are not Fontan candidates, and 5 died late after SCPA. Group 1 (n = 25) and group 2 (n = 44) patients who have completed Fontan operation were compared for preoperative and perioperative variables: age, size, O2 saturation, pulmonary artery pressure and size, prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation and ventricular dysfunction, extubation rate in operating room, duration of pleural drainage, hospital stay, and discharge O2 saturation. Late functional status and ventricular function were also compared. Survival was compared for original groups 1 and 2.', 'There were no differences for any preoperative or perioperative variable, or late functional assessment. Actuarial survival at 6 years was also not different (88% +/- 5% for group 1 and 94% +/- 4% for group 2, p = 0.72).'] Does early cavopulmonary anastomosis after Norwood procedure result in excellent Fontan outcome?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Gongjin-Dan is a representative traditional Oriental medicine herbal drug that has been used to treat chronic fatigue symptoms for several hundred years. We evaluated the anti-fatigue effects of Gongjin-Dan and the underlying mechanisms in a chronic forced exercise mouse model.', 'Balb/C male mice underwent an extreme treadmill-based running stress (1-h, 5 days/week), and daily oral administration of distilled water, Gongjin-Dan (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg), or ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) for 28 days. The anti-fatigue effects of Gongjin-Dan were evaluated with behavioral tests (exercise tolerance and swimming tests), and the corresponding mechanisms were investigated based on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine and stress hormone levels in skeletal muscle, sera, and brain tissue.', 'Gongjin-Dan significantly increased exercise tolerance and latency times but reduced the number of electric shocks and immobilization time on the treadmill running and swimming tests, compared with the control group. Gongjin-Dan also significantly ameliorated alterations in oxidative stress-related biomarkers (reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde), inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ) and glycogen and L-lactate levels in skeletal muscle, compared with those in the control group. Moreover, Gongjin-Dan considerably normalized the forced running stress-induced changes in serum corticosterone and adrenaline levels, as well as brain serotonin level. These antioxidant and anti-stress effects of Gongjin-Dan were supported by the results of Western blotting (4-hydroxynonenal and heme oxygenase-1) and the gene expression levels (serotonin receptor and serotonin transporter).'] Does the traditional drug Gongjin-Dan ameliorate chronic fatigue in a forced-stress mouse exercise model?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate differences in the functional outcome between women sustaining cervical or trochanteric fractures of the hip.', 'We studied 684 of 736 women admitted consecutively to a rehabilitation hospital in Italy because of their first hip fracture. Functional recovery was assessed by using Barthel index scores. Fractures were classified as either cervical (n=335) or trochanteric (n=349) on the basis of surgical and radiographic findings.', 'After acute in-patient rehabilitation, women with trochanteric fracture had a significantly lower Barthel index score than women with cervical fracture (median values were 85 and 90 respectively, interquartile ranges were 25 and 30 respectively, P=0.001). Length of stay in the hospital was significantly longer in women with trochanteric fractures (median was 37 days vs 36 days; interquartile range was 10 days vs 8 days, P=0.018). However, the differences between the two groups were no longer significant after adjustment for eight variables that affect functional ability in the same population (i.e., age, pressure ulcers, cognitive impairment, neurologic impairment, infections during the length of stay, bone mineral density, body mass index, and Barthel index scores assessed before rehabilitation). Further-more, we found no significant differences in the change of Barthel index scores during rehabilitation and in Barthel index efficiency (change in the Barthel index score after rehabilitation divided by the length of stay in hospital) between the two groups of women.'] Does hip-fracture type affect the functional outcome after acute in-patient rehabilitation : a study of 684 elderly women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Th2 lymphocytes play a crucial role in the development of allergy. These pathologies are caused by coordinated production of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 that regulate the activity of eosinophils, basophils and B cells. According to the 'hygiene hypothesis', the reduced exposure to microorganisms favors allergy occurrence. The advances in medicine in the field of infection therapy promoted an increasing application of antibiotics which, apart from eliminating pathogens, also partially eliminate the microbiota.\", 'Epicutaneous (EC) immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by OVA challenge was used to study the influence of partial gut flora depletion by oral treatment with enrofloxacin on type-2 immune response.', 'Current work describes the influence of enrofloxacin application on anti-OVA antibody production and cytokine synthesis in young and adult mice. Immune response in adult mice is less sensitive to modification of natural gut flora. We observed that enrofloxacin treatment of adult mice leads to significant decrease of anti-OVA IgG2a production while synthesis of anti-OVA IgE was not changed. The production of type-1 (IFN-γ), type-2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) and Th17-associated (IL-17A) cytokines was inhibited. On the other hand, treatment of young mice with enrofloxacin significantly upregulates the production of anti-OVA IgE and inhibits the secretion of anti-OVA IgG2a antibodies. Additionally, treatment with enrofloxacin early in life prior to OVA immunization results in increased production of type-2 (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines.'] Does oral treatment with enrofloxacin early in life promote Th2-mediated immune response in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Renin-angiotensin system activation is involved in inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, decreases renin-angiotensin system activation, including plasma renin activity and angiotensin II, but increases the prorenin level, which may promote inflammation and fibrosis in renal tissue. Thus, we evaluated whether inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system by aliskiren would decrease renal inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction.', \"Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (Samtako, Kyoung Gi-Do, Korea) weighing 30 to 33 gm were divided into 4 groups, including vehicle or aliskiren treated sham operated and vehicle or aliskiren treated unilateral ureteral obstruction groups. We evaluated plasma renin activity, and plasma renin and renal mRNA expression levels of renin and (pro)renin receptor. To evaluate inflammation and fibrosis renal mRNA expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, osteopontin and transforming growth factor-β was measured. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining for CD68, transforming growth factor-β and α-smooth muscle actin were performed.\", \"Plasma renin activity was significantly lower in the aliskiren treated obstruction group than in the vehicle treated obstruction group. Aliskiren treatment increased renal mRNA expression of renin. The number of CD68 positive cells, and renal monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and osteopontin mRNA levels were significantly higher in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction than in sham operated mice. Aliskiren decreased the increased levels of these inflammation markers. Aliskiren also decreased renal transforming growth factor-β mRNA expression, transforming growth factor-β and α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining, and Masson's trichrome stained areas of unilateral ureteral obstruction kidneys.\"] Does aliskiren ameliorate renal inflammation and fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To present a novel technique for high-resolution stimulated echo diffusion tensor imaging with self-navigated interleaved spirals readout trajectories that can inherently and dynamically correct for image artifacts due to spatial and temporal variations in the static magnetic field (B0) resulting from eddy currents, tissue susceptibilities, subject/physiological motion, and hardware instabilities.', 'The Hahn spin echo formed by the first two 90° radiofrequency pulses is balanced to consecutively acquire two additional images with different echo times and generate an inherent field map, while the diffusion-prepared stimulated echo signal remains unaffected. For every diffusion-encoding direction, an intrinsically registered field map is estimated dynamically and used to effectively and inherently correct for off-resonance artifacts in the reconstruction of the corresponding diffusion-weighted image.', 'After correction with the dynamically acquired field maps, local blurring artifacts are specifically removed from individual stimulated echo diffusion-weighted images and the estimated diffusion tensors have significantly improved spatial accuracy and larger fractional anisotropy.'] Do dynamic and inherent B0 correction for DTI using stimulated echo spiral imaging?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Treatment with acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors leads to increased liver acetaldehyde levels and prevents hepatic inflammation and necrosis in ethanol-fed rats. This is accompanied by IkappaBa preservation and decreased activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. The present in vitro study was aimed to clarify whether acetaldehyde has an effect on degradation of IkappaBalpha and activation of NF-kappaB in LPS-stimulated rat Kupffer cells.', 'Kupffer cells were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats and preincubated with various concentrations of acetaldehyde (25-100 microM). Thereafter the cells were stimulated with LPS, and cytosolic and nuclear fractions were prepared. IkappaBalpha and p65 proteins and activation of NF-kappaB were evaluated.', 'In LPS-stimulated rat Kupffer cells, acetaldehyde diminished proteolytic degradation of IkappaBalpha, inhibited nuclear translocation of cytosolic p65 protein, and, accordingly, markedly decreased NF-kappaB activation.'] Does acetaldehyde inhibit NF-kappaB activation through IkappaBalpha preservation in rat Kupffer cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['A subgroup analysis of patient outcomes from a double-blind randomized controlled study comparing corticosteroid versus saline in microscopic lumbar disc surgery.', 'To study if the use of corticosteroids combined with surgery alleviates the damage to the nerve fibers in lumbar disc herniation.', 'The use of quantitative sensory testing can detect damage to the myelinated A-delta fibers (cold sense) and the unmyelinated C-fibers (warmth sense). Corticosteroids combined with surgery in lumbar disc surgery enhance the outcome after surgery in terms of less pain and more rapid rehabilitation.', 'Analyzing quantitative sensory testing before surgery and after 2 weeks and 2 years.', 'In the corticosteroid group, we saw a statistically significant normalization for the warmth disturbance comparing with control group, which not was detected concerning the cold disturbance.'] Does corticosteroids peroperatively diminish damage to the C-fibers in microscopic lumbar disc surgery?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Approximately 25% of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes will develop diastolic dysfunction. This defect, which is characterized by an increase in time to cardiac relaxation, results in part from a reduction in the activity of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a), the ATP-driven pump that translocates Ca(2+) from the cytoplasm to the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. To date, mechanisms responsible for SERCA2a activity loss remain incompletely characterized.', 'The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine model of type 1 diabetes, in combination with echocardiography, high-speed video detection, confocal microscopy, ATPase and Ca(2+) uptake assays, Western blots, mass spectrometry, and site-directed mutagenesis, were used to assess whether modification by reactive carbonyl species (RCS) contributes to SERCA2a activity loss.', \"After 6-7 weeks of diabetes, cardiac and myocyte relaxation times were prolonged. Total ventricular SERCA2a protein remained unchanged, but its ability to hydrolyze ATP and transport Ca(2+) was significantly reduced. Western blots and mass spectroscopic analyses revealed carbonyl adducts on select basic residues of SERCA2a. Mutating affected residues to mimic physio-chemical changes induced on them by RCS reduced SERCA2a activity. Preincubating with the RCS, methylglyoxal (MGO) likewise reduced SERCA2a activity. Mutating an impacted residue to chemically inert glutamine did not alter SERCA2a activity, but it blunted MGO's effect. Treating STZ-induced diabetic animals with the RCS scavenger, pyridoxamine, blunted SERCA2a activity loss and minimized diastolic dysfunction.\"] Does carbonylation contribute to SERCA2a activity loss and diastolic dysfunction in a rat model of type 1 diabetes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Entecavir (ETV) is a potent inhibitor of viral replication in chronic hepatitis B and prolonged treatment may result in regression of fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ETV on disease progression.', 'In a multicentre cohort study, 372 ETV-treated patients were investigated. Clinical events were defined as development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatic decompensation or death. Virological response (VR) was defined as HBV DNA <80 IU/ml.', 'Patients were classified as having chronic hepatitis B without cirrhosis (n=274), compensated cirrhosis (n=89) and decompensated cirrhosis (n=9). The probability of VR was not influenced by severity of liver disease (p=0.62). During a median follow-up of 20 months (IQR 11-32), the probability of developing clinical events was higher for patients with cirrhosis (HR 15.41 (95% CI 3.42 to 69.54), p<0.001). VR was associated with a lower probability of disease progression (HR 0.29 (95% CI 0.08 to 1.00), p=0.05) which remained after correction for established risk factors such as age. The benefit of VR was only significant in patients with cirrhosis (HR 0.22 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.99), p=0.04) and remained after excluding decompensated patients (HR 0.15 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.81), p=0.03). A higher HBV DNA threshold of 2000 IU/ml was not associated with the probability of disease progression (HR 0.20 (95% CI 0.03 to 1.10), p=0.10).'] Is virological response to entecavir associated with a better clinical outcome in chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Growing evidence suggests that blockade of the aldosterone-receptor may preserve kidney function by anti-inflammatory effects independent of the blood pressure. We hypothesized that the selective aldosterone-receptor antagonist eplerenone has a profound anti-inflammatory effect in the autologous phase of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis (GN).', 'Mice received ≈200mg/kg body wt/day eplerenone via supplemented chow diet or standard chow starting at the day of immunization with rabbit IgG. Three days later the anti-GBM antibody was injected and the experiments were stopped at day 7 and 14.', 'Mice receiving eplerenone showed significantly decreased albuminuria and glomerular sclerosis at day 7 and 14 after induction of anti-GBM GN. Eplerenone treatment significantly inhibited the infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and macrophages into the kidneys. Circulating levels and glomerular deposition of autologous IgG were comparable in both groups. At day 7 the pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and IL-6 were found to be significantly decreased in regional draining lymph nodes of eplerenone-treated mice, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly upregulated. In line, splenocytes from eplerenone-treated nephritic mice produced significantly increased IL-10.'] Is the selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone protective in mild anti-GBM glomeru-lonephritis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hypoxia-inducible-factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) has been considered as a regulator of both prosurvival and prodeath pathways in the nervous system. This study was designed to elucidate the role of HIF-1alpha in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury.', '2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a HIF-1alpha inhibitor, was tested at different dosages (1.5, 15 and 150 mg/kg) and a therapeutic window was tested by administrating 2-methoxyestradiol (15 mg/kg) immediately or 3 hours after the induction of a hypoxic ischemic injury. Infarct size using TTC staining and brain edema were measured at 48 hours post hypoxia-ischemia. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was examined by IgG staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and HIF-1alpha expression and distribution were studied by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis.', '2ME2 exhibited dose-dependent neuroprotection by decreasing infarct volume and attenuating brain edema. 2ME2 also attenuated BBB disruption, and decreased HIF-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. The neuroprotection, however, was lost when 2ME2 was administered 3 hours after neonatal HI.'] Does hIF-1 alpha inhibition ameliorate neonatal brain damage after hypoxic-ischemic injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common diagnosis in the emergency department. Brain computed tomography (CT) has become a standard diagnostic tool with which to examine TBI patients. Conventional X-rays are ineffective for the evaluation of torso or extremity injuries. In the current study, we attempted to establish a diagnostic modality to evaluate systemically initially unconscious patients in the emergency department with a rapid screening technique characterized by sufficient information, low cost and low radiation exposure.', 'From January 2008 to December 2009, patients with diminished level of consciousness received the Lodox/Statscan for evaluation of extracranial injuries were enrolled in this study. The accuracy of this diagnostic modality in detecting torso or extremity injuries in initially unconscious patients was analyzed by comparing the initial diagnosis (by the Lodox/Statscan) with the final diagnosis (confirmed by torso CT scan or after two weeks of follow-up).', 'There were 1,210 patients with TBI whose extracranial injuries were evaluated by the Lodox/Statscan. After excluding intra-abdominal injuries, the overall sensitivity rates of the Lodox/Statscan in diagnosing torso injuries and extremity injuries were 89.7% and 90.2%, respectively. No long bone fracture was missed by the Lodox/Statscan. The sensitivity and specificity of the Lodox/Statscan in diagnosing long bone fractures were both 100%. Most patients with torso injuries that were missed by the Lodox/Statscan could be managed conservatively without further treatment or complications. All of the missed extremity injuries were distal bone fractures.'] Does lodox/Statscan facilitate the early detection of commonly overlooked extracranial injuries in patients with traumatic brain injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['During nerve growth, cytoplasmic vesicles add new membrane preferentially to the growth cone located at the distal tip of extending axons. Growth cone membrane is also retrieved locally, and asymmetric retrieval facilitates membrane remodeling during growth cone repulsion by a chemorepellent gradient. Moreover, growth inhibitory factors can stimulate bulk membrane retrieval and induce growth cone collapse. Despite these functional insights, the processes mediating local membrane remodeling during axon extension remain poorly defined.', 'To investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of membrane retrieval in actively extending growth cones, we have used a transient labeling and optical recording method that can resolve single vesicle events. Live-cell confocal imaging revealed rapid membrane retrieval by distinct endocytic modes based on spatial distribution in Xenopus spinal neuron growth cones. These modes include endocytic \"hot-spots\" triggered at the base of filopodia, at the lateral margins of lamellipodia, and along dorsal ridges of the growth cone. Additionally, waves of endocytosis were induced when individual filopodia detached from the substrate and fused with the growth cone dorsal surface or with other filopodia. Vesicle formation at sites of membrane remodeling by self-contact required F-actin polymerization. Moreover, bulk membrane retrieval by macroendocytosis correlated positively with the substrate-dependent rate of axon extension and required the function of Rho-family GTPases.'] Does single vesicle imaging indicate distinct modes of rapid membrane retrieval during nerve growth?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Patients with cerebral cavernomas have an estimated risk of the development of epilepsy of 1.5% to 2.4% per patient-year.', 'To clarify the predictive value of different risk factors for epilepsy in patients with supratentorial cavernomas.', 'We retrospectively analyzed data of 109 patients with supratentorial cavernomas. The correlation of epilepsy with the variables of single or multiple cavernomas, sex, age, side, cortical involvement, mesiotemporal archicortical vs neocortical involvement, lobar location of neocortical cavernomas, the presence of a hemosiderin rim and of edema, and the maximal diameters of cavernoma, hemosiderin rim, and edema, if present, were calculated using univariate and multivariate penalized likelihood logistic regression models.', 'Cortical involvement was the most relevant risk factor for epilepsy (P < .0001). No patient with a subcortical cavernoma presented with epilepsy. Epilepsy was more common in patients with mesiotemporal archicortical cavernomas than in patients with neocortical cavernomas (P = .02), whereas the lobar location of neocortical cavernomas was not significantly associated with the risk of the development of epilepsy. In the multivariate analysis, a greater diameter of the cavernoma, the absence of edema, and localization in the left hemisphere were also associated with the occurrence of epilepsy (P < .05).'] Does epileptogenicity of cavernomas depend on ( archi- ) cortical localization?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Constipation is widely believed to cause hemorrhoids. However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. In the present study, the association of hemorrhoids with constipation and other potential risk factors was examined.', 'The analysis consisted of 325 consecutive patients who underwent proctoscopy at the Milwaukee VA Medical Center during 1989. Each participant was questioned regarding hemorrhoid symptoms, bowel habits, and associated medical conditions. At the time of proctoscopy, the presence or absence of hemorrhoids was recorded.', 'Hemorrhoids were identified in 168 subjects; the remaining 157 served as controls. No significant association was observed between constipation and hemorrhoids. Increasing age, cirrhosis, and varicose veins likewise were not associated with hemorrhoids. In contrast, the subjective complaint of diarrhea [odds ratio 2.1; 95% confidence limits (CL) 1.2-3.7] and obesity (odds ratio 1.7; 95% CL 1.1-2.7) were significantly associated with the presence of hemorrhoids.'] Is constipation a risk factor for hemorrhoids : a case-control study of potential etiological agents?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Mild hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHC), fasting or after methionine loading, is associated with an increased risk and severity of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Post-methionine and fasting HHC are responsive to treatment with vitamin B, and folic acid. We performed a prospective cohort study amongst normohomocysteinaemic and vitamin-treated (vitamin B6, 250 mg plus folic acid, 5 mg daily) hyperhomocysteinaemic patients with premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease and assessed the incidence of cardiovascular events.', \"We studied 273 consecutive patients with clinically manifest peripheral arterial occlusive disease with onset before the age of 56, 79 (28.9%) of whom had postmethionine HHC. Follow-up was obtained in 232 (85'%o) patients. At baseline, 70 (30')/) were hyperhomocysteinaemic after methionine loading and started treatment with vitamin B, and folic acid; 162 (70%) were normohomocysteinaemic (reference group).\", 'During the follow-up period (median 20, range 1-63 months), 48 (29.6%) and 23 (32.9%) of the normo- and the hyperhomocysteinaemic patients, respectively, had a new cardiovascular event. Most (75%) involved the peripheral arterial system. The crude incidence rate for any cardiovascular event was 0.16 (95% CI, 0.12-0.21) per person per year in the normohomocysteinaemic and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.09-0.22) per person per year in the hyperhomocysteinaemic group. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that higher plasma homocysteine levels were associated with an increased risk of new cardiovascular events in the normohomocysteinaemic patients (relative risk [RR] per 1 micromol L(-1), 1.17 [CI, 1.05-1.30] for fasting and 1.06 [CI, 1.01-1.12] for postmethionine levels), but not in the hyperhomocysteinaemic (vitamin-treated) patients. The adjusted RR for new cardiovascular events in the hyper- as compared to the normohomocysteinaemic patients was 0.76 (CI, 0.33-1.74).'] Are normohomocysteinaemia and vitamin-treated hyperhomocysteinaemia associated with similar risks of cardiovascular events in patients with premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease . A prospective cohort study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine whether impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is predicted by high Fasting Insulin-to-Glucose (FIG) ratio and to establish its correlation with insulin resistance and fasting insulin.', 'A population-based three-year follow-up study was performed. The target population consisted of healthy volunteers, men and non-pregnant women aged 30 years or over. Participants were required to have normal referenced ranges of OGTT and blood pressure. Previous diagnosis of chronic diseases was an exclusion criterion. At baseline and at the 3-yr of follow-up, an OGTT was performed. The ratio of serum Fasting Insulin (microUI/ml)/Fasting Glucose (mg/dl) was used to calculate the FIG ratio. Insulin action and secretion were estimated by HOMA and Insulinogenic index, respectively.', 'The FIG ratio was directly correlated with the HOMA index (r=0.83, p<0.01) and fasting insulin (r=0.95, p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that IGT was more likely to develop in subjects with high FIG ratio (RR 5.01; CI(95%) 1.9-12.2, p=0.02), high HOMA index (RR 6.1; CI(95%) 2.1-11.1, p=0.01), and fasting hyperinsulinemia (RR 4.7 CI(95%) 2.7-13.2, p<0.05). The cutoff point of FIG ratio for determining the risk of developing IGT was 0.25 +/- 0.05.'] Is glucose intolerance predicted by the high Fasting Insulin-to-Glucose ratio?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Immunotherapy is a promising approach in an effort to control castration resistant prostate cancer. We characterized tumor antigen reactive T cells in patients with prostate cancer and analyzed the suppression of antitumor responses by regulatory T cells.', 'Peripheral blood samples were collected from 57 patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer, 8 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and 16 healthy donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and antigen specific interferon-γ secretion of isolated T cells was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. T cells were functionally characterized and T-cell responses before and after regulatory T-cell depletion were compared. As test tumor antigens, a panel of 11 long synthetic peptides derived from a total of 8 tumor antigens was used, including prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase.', 'In patients with prostate cancer we noted a 74.5% effector T-cell response rate compared with only 25% in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and 31% in healthy donors. In most patients 2 or 3 tumor antigens were recognized. Comparing various disease stages there was a clear increase in the immune response against prostate specific antigens from intermediate to high risk tumors and castration resistant disease. Regulatory T-cell depletion led to a significant boost in effector T-cell responses against prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase.'] Are antigen specific T-cell responses against tumor antigens controlled by regulatory T cells in patients with prostate cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Improving quality of life (QoL) is an important objective in the treatment of schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to examine to what extent resilience, self-esteem, hopelessness, and psychopathology are correlated with QoL.', 'We recruited 52 out-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria and 77 healthy control subjects from the general community. In patients, psychopathology was quantified by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The following scales were used in both patients and control subjects: the Berliner Lebensqualitätsprofil, the Resilience Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale to assess QoL, resilience, self-esteem, and hopelessness respectively.', 'Patients with schizophrenia presented with significantly less QoL, resilience, self-esteem, and hope compared to healthy control subjects. In patients, QoL correlated moderately with resilience, self-esteem, and hopelessness and weakly with symptoms. With respect to the latter, particularly depression and positive symptoms were negatively correlated with QoL.'] Is quality of life in stabilized patients with schizophrenia mainly associated with resilience and self-esteem?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine whether self-reports of delayed care predict increased mortality and functional decline in community-dwelling elderly.', 'Longitudinal cohort study.', 'Five counties in North Carolina.', 'A total of 4,162 randomly sampled individuals aged 65 and older.', \"The primary outcome was the proportional hazard ratio (HR) for death in cohorts stratified by self-reports of delayed or foregone care. A secondary outcome, functional decline, measured the cohorts' odds of developing increased dependency in activities of daily living (ADLs). Control variables included predisposing, enabling, and need factors.\", 'Of 3,964 eligible participants reporting, 61% never, 27% once in a while, and 12% quite often delayed care. Over 3 years, 13% of participants died, and 17% developed increased ADL dependency. Nevertheless, in unadjusted and adjusted models, neither 3-year mortality HRs nor the odds of functional decline differed between cohorts reporting varying degrees of delayed care. Survival probabilities remained higher for 15 years among those reporting delaying care often.'] Does self-reported delay in seeking care have poor validity for predicting adverse outcomes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is essential for cellular growth and the maintenance of normal cellular processes. However, little is known about how maternal hypomagnesemia during pregnancy affects fetal growth and development. This study investigated the effects of maternal hypomagnesemia on the late gestation placenta and fetus, and postnatal outcomes until weaning.', 'Female CD1 mice consumed a control (0.2%\\xa0w/w\\xa0Mg(2+)), moderately Mg(2+) deficient (MMD; 0.02%\\xa0w/w\\xa0Mg(2+)) or severely Mg(2+) deficient (SMD; 0.005%\\xa0w/w\\xa0Mg(2+)) diet for 4 weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Dams were killed at E18.5 for embryonic studies or allowed to litter naturally and the offspring studied up to postnatal day 21.', 'At E18.5, both Mg(2+) deficient diets decreased maternal plasma and bone Mg(2+) but only the SMD diet decreased fetal plasma Mg(2+). Maternal hypomagnesemia led to fetal loss and fetal growth restriction. Maternal Mg(2+) deficiency increased placental glycogen cell area and decreased spongiotrophoblast cell area while upregulating mRNA expression of the MagT1 Mg(2+) transporter in spongiotrophoblast cells. The SMD animals also displayed instances of gross placental abnormalities. After birth, pups in the SMD group had increased early postnatal mortality and failed to thrive. Pups in the MMD group underwent catch-up growth but remained shorter than controls at PN21 and were hypomagnesemic and hypoglycemic.'] Does maternal hypomagnesemia cause placental abnormalities and fetal and postnatal mortality?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"The single-stranded RNA Flavivirus, Zika virus (ZIKV), has recently re-emerged and spread rapidly across the western hemisphere's equatorial countries, primarily through Aedes mosquito transmission. While symptoms in adult infections appear to be self-limiting and mild, severe birth defects, such as microcephaly, have been linked to infection during early pregnancy. Recently, Tang et al. (Cell Stem Cell 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.016) demonstrated that ZIKV efficiently infects induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), resulting in cell cycle abnormalities and apoptosis. Consequently, hNPCs are a suggested ZIKV target.\", 'We analyzed the transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) data (GEO: GSE78711) of ZIKV (Strain: MR766) infected hNPCs. For comparison to the ZIKV-infected hNPCs, the expression data from hNPCs infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Strain: AD169) was used (GEO: GSE35295). Utilizing a combination of Gene Ontology, database of human diseases, and pathway analysis, we generated a putative systemic model of infection supported by known molecular pathways of other highly related viruses.', 'We analyzed RNA-sequencing data for transcript expression alterations in ZIKV-infected hNPCs, and then compared them to expression patterns of iPSC-derived hNPCs infected with CMV, a virus that can also induce severe congenital neurological defects in developing fetuses. We demonstrate for the first time that many of cellular pathways correlate with clinical pathologies following ZIKV infection such as microcephaly, congenital nervous system disorders and epilepsy. Furthermore, ZIKV activates several inflammatory signals within infected hNPCs that are implicated in innate and acquired immune responses, while CMV-infected hNPCs showed limited representation of these pathways. Moreover, several genes related to pathogen responses are significantly upregulated upon ZIKV infection, but not perturbed in CMV-infected hNPCs.'] Does bioinformatic analysis reveal the expression of unique transcriptomic signatures in Zika virus infected human neural stem cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['RT amplification reaction has revealed that various single viruses or viral co-infections caused acute bronchiolitis in infants, and RV appeared to have a growing involvement in early respiratory diseases. Because remaining controversial, the objective was to determine prospectively the respective role of RSV, RV, hMPV and co-infections on the severity of acute bronchiolitis in very young infants.', '209 infants (median age: 2.4 months) were enrolled in a prospective study of infants <1 year old, hospitalized for a first episode of bronchiolitis during the winter epidemic season and with no high risk for severe disease. The severity was assessed by recording SaO(2)% at admission, a daily clinical score (scale 0-18), the duration of oxygen supplementation and the length of hospitalization. Viruses were identified in 94.7% by RT amplification reaction: RSV only (45.8%), RV only (7.2%), hMPV only (3.8%), dual RSV/RV (14.3%), and other virus only (2%) or coinfections (9%). RV compared respectively with RSV and dual RSV/RV infection caused a significant less severe disease with a lower clinical score (5[3.2-6] vs. 6[4-8], p = 0.01 and 5.5[5-7], p = 0.04), a shorter time in oxygen supplementation (0[0-1] days vs. 2[0-3] days, p = 0.02 and 2[0-3] days, p = 0.03) and a shorter hospital stay (3[3-4.7] days vs.6 [5-8] days, p = 0.001 and 5[4-6] days, p = 0.04). Conversely, RSV infants had also longer duration of hospitalization in comparison with RSV/RV (p = 0.01) and hMPV (p = 0.04). The multivariate analyses showed that the type of virus carried was independently associated with the duration of hospitalization.'] Does in very young infants severity of acute bronchiolitis depend on carried viruses?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Attenuation of hyperinsulinemia by diazoxide (DZ), an inhibitor of glucose-mediated insulin secretion, in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes and leptin resistance, decreased weight gain, improved lipid profile and prevented diabetes. Since the opposing effects of insulin and leptin regulate hepatic lipogenesis, we studied effects of insulin suppression on key insulin-sensitive genes regulating hepatic lipogenesis.', 'DZ (150 mg/kg/day) or vehicle [pair-fed (PF) and control (C)] was administered to pre-diabetic obese ZDF and ZDF lean (ZL) rats for 8 weeks.', 'Hepatic glucose transporter-2 protein expression decreased only in DZ-ZDF rats (p<0.001). However, insulin receptor substrate-1/2 protein expressions were enhanced in DZ-ZDF (p<0.02) and DZ-ZL (p<0.03) rats corresponding to increased phosphorylated protein kinase B levels in both strains (p<0.03). DZ increased glycogen synthase expression in ZDF (p<0.005) and ZL (p<0.002) rats. DZ reduced expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, (p<0.0001), fatty acid synthase (p<0.002), acetyl CoA carboxylase (p<0.001), hormone-sensitive lipase (p<0.005), and peroxisome proliferator agonist receptor-gamma (p<0.02) in ZDF rats, without altering expressions of acyl CoA oxidase, peroxisome proliferator receptor-alpha, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1. DZ decreased hepatic triglycerides (p<0.001), long chain acyl-CoA (p<0.001) and cholesterol (p<0.01) contents only in ZDF rats, but increased glycogen content in both strains (p<0.02).'] Does diazoxide attenuate insulin secretion and hepatic lipogenesis in zucker diabetic fatty rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine if a family in France, which manifests an autosomal dominant macular dystrophy, has North Carolina macular dystrophy (MCDR1) and to determine its possible molecular genetic relationship with the original North Carolina family.', 'A family from Northern France with a macular dystrophy underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and were ascertained for genetic studies. Blood collection and examinations were performed on 38 individuals. Fundus photographs with a hand held KOWA camera were obtained on affected subjects. DNA was extracted and genotyping performed using new microsatellite genetic markers, which have recently been found in the MCDR1 (North Carolina macular dystrophy) region. Standard two - point linkage and haplotype analysis was performed.', 'Eleven individuals were found with the clinical manifestations of North Carolina macular dystrophy. Two - point linkage analysis generated a maximum peak LOD score of 4.5 with a recombination of 0% between D6S1717 and the macular dystrophy locus in the French family. The haplotype associated with the disease is, however, different from that of the original North Carolina family.'] Does north Carolina macular dystrophy phenotype in France map to the MCDR1 locus?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['There is mounting clinical evidence that ethanol toxicity to the pancreas is linked with glutathione depletion from oxidative stress but there is not experimental proof that this occurs.', 'The effect of acute ethanol ingestion (4 g/kg) on the pancreatic content of reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonyl proteins were therefore studied in the rat.', 'Ethanol caused a significant reduction in GSH (p < 0.02) and an increase in GSSG (p < 0.005), MDA (p < 0.05), and carbonyl proteins (p < 0.05) in the rat pancreas. The GSH/GSSG ratios were significantly decreased after ethanol, especially in rats pretreated with diethylmaleate (DEM), a GSH blocker. Administration of ethanol after DEM further increased the rate of lipid and protein oxidation. Pretreatment with cyanamide (an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase) but not with 4-methylpyrazole (an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor) caused higher production of GSSG and MDA.'] Does acute ethanol administration induce oxidative changes in rat pancreatic tissue?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine differences in conclusions, statistical significances, and quality of systematic reviews on preventive effects of different targets of blood glucose lowering on macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.', 'We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Embase until October 15, 2011. Systematic reviews using meta-analyses to compare macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes randomized to different therapeutic targets of blood glucose were eligible for inclusion in this study. Effect measures were extracted and quality was assessed by Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire, Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. An additional checklist was used to control for completeness and suitability of included trials, correctness of data extraction, and choice of outcome parameters.', \"The 16 included systematic reviews were partially discrepant in statistical significances of reported outcome parameters. Twelve systematic reviews did not include available relevant trials and included eight systematic reviews that should not have been included according to the systematic review's aim and search strategies. Quality differed considerably among systematic reviews.\"] Do quality scores predict discrepant statistical significances among meta-analyses on different targets of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Recent studies have revealed that Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling (MAVS) protein plays an essential role in the inhibition of viral infection through type I interferon (IFN) pathway. It has been shown that 3C (pro) cysteine protease of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) cleaves MAVS to inhibit type I IFNs induction. Other workers also found that MAVS knock-out mice suffered CVB3 susceptibility and severe histopathological change. Accordingly,our experiments were designed to explore the protection of over-expressing MAVS against CVB3 infection and the possible mechanism.', 'In this study, HeLa cells (transfected with MAVS constructs pre- or post- exposure to CVB3) were used to analyze the function of exogenous MAVS on CVB3 infection. The results revealed that though CVB3 infection induced production of type I IFNs, viral replication and cell death were not effectively inhibited. Similarly, exogenous MAVS increased type I IFNs moderately. Morever, we observed robust production of type I IFNs in CVB3 post-infected HeLa cells thereby successfully inhibiting CVB3 infection, as well formation of cytopathic effect (CPE) and cell death. Finally, introduction of exogenous MAVS into CVB3 pre-infected cells also restricted viral infection efficiently by greatly up-regulating IFNs.'] Does over-expression of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein inhibit coxsackievirus B3 infection by enhancing type-I interferons production?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, especially in Asian populations. Early detection and effective intervention are vital. Plasma free amino acid profile is a potential biomarker for the early detection for lifestyle-related diseases. However, little is known about whether the altered plasma free amino acid profiles in subjects with metabolic syndrome are related to the effectiveness of dietary and exercise interventions.', 'Eighty-five Japanese subjects who fulfilled the Japanese diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome were enrolled in a 3-month diet and exercise intervention. The plasma free amino acid concentrations and metabolic variables were measured, and the relationships between plasma free amino acid profiles, metabolic variables and the extent of body weight reduction were investigated. Those who lost more than 3% of body weight were compared with those who lost less than 3%.', 'Baseline levels of most amino acids in the subset that went on to lose <3% body weight were markedly lower compared with the counterpart, although both groups showed similar proportional pattern of plasma amino acid profiles. The weight loss induced by the diet and exercise intervention normalized plasma free amino acid profiles. For those with a high degree of weight loss, those changes were also associated with improvement in blood pressure, triglyceride and hemoglobin A1c levels.'] Is weight loss associated with plasma free amino acid alterations in subjects with metabolic syndrome?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Increasing evidence suggests that sensory nerve dysfunction may underlie several urological disorders, including interstitial cystitis and sensory urgency. We determined the effect of botulinum toxin type A (Allergan, Irvine, California) on baseline and chemically evoked release of the sensory neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide in an isolated bladder preparation.', 'Whole rat bladders were incubated in a series of tissue baths containing physiological salt solution. Following bladder equilibration in PSS sequential incubation was performed and this sample was used to measure baseline CGRP release. To evoke CGRP release tissue was subsequently incubated in PSS containing capsaicin (30 nM) and adenosine triphosphate (10 microM). To measure the effect of BTX-A on baseline and evoked CGRP release bladders were incubated for 6 hours in an organ bath containing BTX-A (50 microM) or vehicle prior to bladder equilibration. CGRP release was determined by radioimmunoassay.', 'Mean baseline release of CGRP +/- SEM was 346 +/- 44 pg/gm. Adenosine triphosphate/capsaicin application increased CGRP release by 75% over baseline (606 +/- 98 pg/gm, p < 0.005). BTX-A application resulted in a 19% decrease in baseline release of CGRP, although this difference did not achieve statistical significance. BTX-A application significantly decreased evoked CGRP by 62% vs control (606 +/- 98 vs 229 +/- 21 pg/gm, p < 0.005).'] Does botulinum toxin type a inhibit calcitonin gene-related peptide release from isolated rat bladder?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate and compare the functional results of an established technique, laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(LRP), and the initial learning curve of robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP).', 'This is a transversal case-control hybrid studio including all patients undergoing RALRP (39 ) and similar number of patients undergoing LRP (37) from November 2009 to June 2011. We used a transversal phone interrogatory to evaluate functional outcome.', 'The groups were comparable for IMC, age, serum PSA, prostatic ultrasound volume, biopsy Gleason, following time and clinical stage. For operative variables, there was no difference in estimated blood loss, hospital stay, days of drainage, time to catheter removal, transfusion rate and surgical margins. Median operative time was 216 min for RALRP, and 153 min for LRP (p < 0,001). There were no differences in erectile function or continence at 12 months. Mean time to continence was 5.7 weeks in RALRP and 8.9 week in LRP (p < 0,001). There was no difference in time to normal erectile function.'] Does comparison of the initial robot-assisted radical prostatectomy result with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) functions are impaired in the presence of diabetes mellitus. Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor, which is expected to modify proangiogenic cells. This study aimed to investigate whether and how aliskiren could improve the function of EPCs from patients with type II diabetes (T2DM).', 'Endothelial progenitor cells fibronectin adhesion assay, chamber assay and in vitro tube formation assay were used to estimate the degree of EPC adhesion, migration and tube formation abilities. EPC protein and mRNA expressions were evaluated by Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. EPC vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) expression was knocked down by VEGF and (P)RR siRNA.', 'Aliskiren (0·1 or 10 μM) dose-dependently improved functions and increased both VEGF and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) expression of EPCs from patients with T2DM or EPCs from healthy volunteers and treated with high glucose. Transfection with VEGF siRNA significantly reduced the aliskiren-induced SDF-1α expression. Furthermore, (P)RR siRNA transfection impaired the aliskiren-induced VEGF and SDF-1 expression.'] Does aliskiren directly improve endothelial progenitor cell function from Type II diabetic patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We attempted to discriminate between carcinoma in situ (CIS) and the intraductal invasion/cancerization of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the pancreas, by comparing the histological patterns of the intraductal components and those of venous invasion.', 'Specimens from 30 patients with IDC were examined histopathologically. Intraductal components and blood vessel invasion in IDC were assessed in specimens stained with hematoxylin & eosin and elastica van Gieson (EVG).', 'Intraductal components of IDC were found in 28 of the 30 cases of IDC, in 261 ducts, and in 2.3 ducts per one section of one case, on average. The intraductal components of IDC were classified into three histological patterns, as follows: low papillary (including flat), tubular (including solid and cribriform), and mixed (low papillary plus tubular). The incidences of the low papillary, tubular, and mixed patterns in the 261 ducts, were 39% (102 ducts), 56% (145 ducts), and 5% (14 ducts), respectively. The histological pattern of venous invasion was tubular in all but 1 of the 26 cases, and this 1 case showed low papillary patterns as well as a tubular pattern.'] Does intraductal low papillary histological pattern of carcinoma component show intraductal spread in invasive carcinoma of the pancreas?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cortactin is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and is involved in pathogen-host cell interactions. Numerous pathogens exploit the phagocytic process and actin cytoskeleton to infect host cells. Coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of Q fever, is internalized by host cells through a molecular mechanism that is poorly understood.', \"Here we analyzed the role of different cortactin motifs in the internalization of C. burnetii by non-phagocytic cells. C. burnetii internalization into HeLa cells was significantly reduced when the cells expressed GFP-cortactin W525K, which carries a mutation in the SH3 domain that renders the protein unable to bind targets such as N-WASP. However, internalization was unaffected when the cells expressed the W22A mutant, which has a mutation in the N-terminal acidic region that destroys the protein's ability to bind and activate Arp2/3. We also determined whether the phosphorylation status of cortactin is important for internalization. Expression of GFP-cortactin 3F, which lacks phosphorylatable tyrosines, significantly increased internalization of C. burnetii, while expression of GFP-cortactin 3D, a phosphotyrosine mimic, did not affect it. In contrast, expression of GFP-cortactin 2A, which lacks phosphorylatable serines, inhibited C. burnetii internalization, while expression of GFP-cortactin SD, a phosphoserine mimic, did not affect it. Interestingly, inhibitors of Src kinase and the MEK-ERK kinase pathway blocked internalization. In fact, both kinases reached maximal activity at 15 min of C. burnetii infection, after which activity decreased to basal levels. Despite the decrease in kinase activity, cortactin phosphorylation at Tyr421 reached a peak at 1 h of infection.\"] Is cortactin involved in the entry of Coxiella burnetii into non-phagocytic cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Although it is recognized that burn survivors face a variety of challenges related to physical, psychologic and social late-effects of their injury, the impact of thermal injury on the lives of patients is not fully understood. To learn more about burn patient needs and to obtain information relevant to the design of clinical programs for treatment and aftercare, self-reports on how burn patients perceive their health and quality of life may be of significant value.', 'The generic health status (evaluated by SF-36) and overall quality of life (evaluated by the Quality of Life Scale [QOLS]) of 95 adult burn patients (total body surface area burned = 18.5 +/- 14.2% [mean +/- SD]; 82.1% men) were assessed 47.0 +/- 23.8 months postburn and compared with population norms.', 'The burn patient generic health status was significantly poorer than expected from general population scores, with reduced scores in the Physical Function (p < 0.001), Role Physical (p < 0.01), General Health (p < 0.001), Social Function (p < 0.001), and Role Emotional (p < 0.001) domains of the SF-36. Despite their reduced health status, overall quality of life was perceived as good, with QOLS scores similar to those of the general population. Patients living alone, unemployed, having nonburn physical illness, psychologic disorders, chronic pain, or having sustained full thickness injuries were found to be at particular risk.'] Do impaired generic health status but perception of good quality of life in survivors of burn injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Physical and psychological symptom burden among people with HIV infection is associated with poor quality of life, poorer treatment adherence, viral rebound and risk behaviour. Symptomatology has not been investigated among outpatients in sub-Saharan Africa.', 'To measure the seven-day period prevalence, burden and correlates of pain and other physical and psychological symptoms among HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).', 'This was a cross-sectional self-report study. A total of 378 patients were interviewed using validated tools in three South African public sector clinics.', 'The most prevalent symptoms were feeling sad (64%), feeling irritable (61.6%), worry (60.8%), numbness and tingling in hands/ feet (59.8%), and sexual problems (51%). In multivariate analysis, later disease stage was associated with worse psychological symptom burden (beta = 0.359; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.202 - 0.516; p < or = 0.001), global symptom burden (beta = 0.365; 95% CI 0.204 - 0.526; p < 0.001) and number of symptoms (beta = 0.308; 95% CI 0.150 - 0.465; p < 0.001). Those receiving treatment for a greater number of years also reported higher burden for physical (beta = 0.083; 95% CI 0.037 - 0.129; p < or = 0.001), psychological (beta = 0.068; 95% CI 0.019 - 0.117; p = 0.007) and global symptoms (beta = 0.065; 95% CI 0.016 - 0.115; p = 0.010), and a greater number of symptoms (beta = 0.081; 95% CI 0.032 - 0.130; p = 0.001).'] Is maintaining wellbeing for South Africans receiving ART : the burden of pain and symptoms greater with longer ART exposure?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Migraine is frequently accompanied by symptoms consistent with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). This study evaluated the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal symptoms and assessed the symptoms' relationship with the concomitant functional symptoms of anxiety, depression, and headache-related disability.\", 'This prospective study included 109 patients with migraine who were recruited from a headache clinic at a teaching hospital. The participants completed a self-administered survey that collected information on headache characteristics, functional gastrointestinal symptoms (using Rome III criteria to classify FGID), anxiety, depression, and headache-related disability.', 'In total, 71% of patients met the Rome III criteria for at least one FGID. In patients with FGID, irritable bowel syndrome was the most common symptom (40.4%), followed by nausea and vomiting syndrome (24.8%) and functional dyspepsia (23.9%). Depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher in patients meeting the criteria for any FGID. The number of the symptoms consistent with FGID in individual patients correlated positively with depression and anxiety.'] Do concomitant functional gastrointestinal symptoms influence psychological status in Korean migraine patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, has been shown to inhibit the progression of murine lupus nephritis by virtue of its potent immunosuppressive properties. The phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a major upstream activator of mTOR and has been implicated in the propagation of cancer and autoimmunity. However, the activation status of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in lupus nephritis has not been studied so far.', 'In NZBW/F1 female mice, we examined the glomerular expression of Akt and mTOR by immunofluorescence and western blot. We also searched for specific phosphorylations of these kinases known to ensue during activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In parallel, we examined the therapeutic role of rapamycin either before or after the development of overt lupus nephritis.', 'We found that in untreated mice, as opposed to healthy controls, Akt and mTOR were over-expressed and phosphorylated at key activating residues. Rapamycin prolonged survival, maintained normal renal function, normalized proteinuria, restored nephrin and podocin levels, reduced anti-dsDNA titres, ameliorated histological lesions, and reduced Akt and mTOR glomerular expression activation.'] Is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activated in murine lupus nephritis and downregulated by rapamycin?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Gallic acid (GA) is a plant phenol isolated from water caltrop which is reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. In this study, the antiproliferative effect of GA on human pancreatic cancer cell lines CFPAC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 as well as hepatocytes HL-7702 as normal cells was examined. Particularly, the mechanism of GA-induced apoptosis in MiaPaCa-2 cells in vitro was further studied.', 'Cell viability was measured using SRB assay, and apoptosis was detected by Hoechst staining and annexin V-PI staining assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by rhodamine-123 staining. Flow cytometry analysis was employed to detect the apoptosis-related events.', 'GA inhibited the proliferation of CFPAC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with IC(50)S of 102.3 ± 2.4 and 135.2 ± 0.6 µM at 48 h, respectively. GA treatment led to the increased proportion of cell apoptosis from 12.5 ± 0.72 to 78.3 ± 2.48% at the concentrations of 6.25 and 25.0 µg/ml, which was evidenced again by chromatins staining assay. Also, GA activated caspase-3, caspase-9, and reactive oxygen species, elevated Bax expression and [Ca(2+)](i) and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in MiaPaCa-2 cells. Remarkably, when compared with human normal cells HL-7702 (IC(50) >100 µg/ml), GA showed selective toxicity for cancer cells.'] Does gallic acid as a cancer-selective agent induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine whether local overexpression of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a pleiotropic cytokine that promotes the development of naive T cells into Th1 cells, could aggravate murine streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis, a model of acute arthritis.', 'C57BL/6 mice were injected intraarticularly with saline or with 10(7) plaque-forming units of control vector (Ad5del70-3) or IL-12 vector (AdmIL-12.1) into the right knee joint 1 day before intraarticular injection of 25 microg of SCW fragments. The development of joint swelling, changes in chondrocyte proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, and joint destruction were examined thereafter.', 'In normal joints, high levels of IL-12 (20 ng/ml on day 1) could be detected after application of the AdmIL-12.1 vector. After 14 days, expression of IL-12 was still found locally, but IL-12 alone did not induce protracted inflammation. Local expression of IL-12, in combination with SCW, markedly aggravated SCW-induced arthritis, as determined by enhanced joint swelling and prolonged inhibition of chondrocyte PG synthesis. Histologic examination on day 21 showed a chronic inflammatory process, with persistent cartilage PG depletion, cartilage erosion, and VDIPEN neoepitope expression (indicative of metalloproteinase activation). The mixture of IL-12 with SCW fragments did not lead to a chronic destructive process in mice deficient for recombination-activating gene 2, indicating the involvement of lymphocytes. In addition, systemic flare of smoldering SCW arthritis, produced by intravenous injection of SCW fragments, was only seen in the AdmIL-12/SCW group.'] Does local interleukin-12 gene transfer promote conversion of an acute arthritis to a chronic destructive arthritis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the single nucleotide polymorphisms and expression of KIR2DL4 (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) gene in pre-eclampsia patients.', 'KIR2DL4 gene polymorphisms were detected in 100 patients with pre-eclampsia and 100 healthy pregnant women, respectively, by using PCR-SS. Then, the expression of KIR2DL4 was measured in 5 cases of placentas tissues with pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancies by using qRT-PCR.', 'Compared with healthy controls, 16 loci of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified in pre-eclampsia patients, including 7 new polymorphisms loci. But, no significant difference was found in genotype distributions and allele frequencies in pre-eclampsia and controls (P>0.05). However, qRT-PCR results showed that KIR2DL4 mRNA in placenta tissues with pre-eclampsia was significantly lower than those with normal pregnancy, and the difference was statistically significant.'] Does kIR2DL4 expression rather than its single nucleotide polymorphisms correlate with pre-eclampsia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['There are few reports on the precise electrocardiographic characteristics of acute myocarditis. The present study was focused on QRS voltage changes at the superacute stage of murine myocarditis.', 'Serial electrocardiograms were recorded during the acute stage of viral myocarditis in mice, and then the cardiac pathology was examined. After recording baseline electrocardiograms, mice (n=235) were inoculated intraperitoneally with the encephalomyocarditis virus, resulting in severe myocarditis. Electrocardiograms were serially recorded until nine days after virus inoculation (superacute stage, days 3 to 6; acute stage, days 7 to 9). Changes in heart rate and QRS voltages were analyzed.', 'Serial electrocardiograms revealed that heart rates began to increase after day 3, and that the sum of the QRS voltages increased on day 3 and then decreased on days 7 to 9. Trivial mononuclear cell infiltrations and interstitial edema were most frequently found in mice at the superacute stage.'] Are qRS voltages transiently increased at the superacute stage of experimental myocarditis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Intravenous infusion of lidocaine decreases postoperative pain and speeds the return of bowel function. The authors therefore tested the hypothesis that perioperative lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation protocol in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy.', 'Forty patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic colectomy were randomly allocated to receive intravenous lidocaine (bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine at induction of anesthesia, then a continuous infusion of 2 mg.kg.h intraoperatively and 1.33 mg.kg.h for 24 h postoperatively) or an equal volume of saline. All patients received similar intensive postoperative rehabilitation. Postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, and fatigue scores were measured. Times to first flatus, defecation, and hospital discharge were recorded. Postoperative endocrine (cortisol and catecholamines) and metabolic (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and glucose) responses were measured for 48 h. Data (presented as median [25-75% interquartile range], lidocaine vs. saline groups) were analyzed using Mann-Whitney tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.', 'Patient demographics were similar in the two groups. Times to first flatus (17 [11-24] vs. 28 [25-33] h; P<0.001), defecation (28 [24-37] vs. 51 [41-70] h; P=0.001), and hospital discharge (2 [2-3] vs. 3 [3-4] days; P=0.001) were significantly shorter in patients who received lidocaine. Lidocaine significantly reduced opioid consumption (8 [5-18] vs. 22 [14-36] mg; P=0.005) and postoperative pain and fatigue scores. In contrast, endocrine and metabolic responses were similar in the two groups.'] Does intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitate acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Timely intervention in young stroke patients minimizes long term disability. We hypothesized that arrival to the emergency department by ambulance would be associated with increased rate of stroke intervention with intravenous t-PA or intra arterial procedures.', \"Charts of 77 patients aged 15-49 years diagnosed with ischemic stroke were analyzed. Data was collected on demographics, arrival to emergency department by ambulance, whether initial hospital at presentation was a Primary Stroke Center, and intervention by intravenous t-PA or intra arterial procedures. Data was analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and significant variables were included in multivariable analysis.\", 'Arrival by ambulance was significantly associated with acute stroke intervention in young adults (p=0.016). Gender and Primary Stroke Center certification did not make a difference in patients getting stroke intervention.'] Is arrival by ambulance associated with acute stroke intervention in young adults?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Genomewide expression profiling has identified a number of genes differentially expressed in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) compared to normal tissue. Some of these genes were linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We tested whether genes including desmocollins and homeobox genes were distinct on the protein level and correlated the expression with clinicopathological data.', 'Tissue microarrays of 402 R0-resected colorectal carcinomas of UICC stage II or III were constructed to evaluate ten biomarkers. Furthermore, mRNA expression of desmocollins was evaluated in eight colon cancer cell lines. Demethylation test was performed by treatment with 5-aza-2´-deoxycytide in five colon cancer cell lines.', 'On protein level, high expression of desmocollin 1 (DSC1) was observed in 41.6%, DSC2 in 58.0%, DSC3 in 61.4%, E-cadherin in 71.4%, CDX2 in 58.0%, PITX1 in 55.0%, CDK4 in 0.2%, TLE1 in 1.3%, Factor H in 42.5%, and MDM2 in 0.2%. Reduced expression of DSC1-3 was statistically linked to higher grading and DSC2, E-cadherin and CDX2 with shorter survival in high-grade carcinomas. Multivariate analysis showed that pathological stage and low PITX1 expression were statistically associated with shorter patients survival. On mRNA level, seven out of eight cell lines exhibited no expression of DSC1, and four out of seven restored DSC1 expression after demethylation test.'] Are loss of desmocollin 1-3 and homeobox genes PITX1 and CDX2 associated with tumor progression and survival in colorectal carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypervolemia is one of the principal causes.', 'To evaluate the influence of the reduction of volemia on blood pressure as well as on echocardiographic parameters in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.', 'Twelve patients with no clinical evidence of hypervolemia were submitted to an increase in the rate of the dialysis with the purpose of reducing body weight by 5%. The volemia was evaluated by electrical bioimpedance and by ultrasound of the inferior cava vena (ICV). Blood pressure was measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography both at baseline and 5 weeks after the intervention period.', 'After the increase in the ultrafiltration, body weight, extracellular water and the inspiratory diameter of the ICV decreased significantly in parallel with a non-significant increase in the collapsing ICV index. Despite the reduction of anti-hypertensive drugs, systolic blood pressure during the sleep period decreased from 138.4 ± 18.6 to 126.7 ± 18.0 mmHg, the nocturnal blood pressure drop increased and the final systolic left ventricular diameter decreased significantly.'] Is total body water reduction in subjects with chronic kidney disease on peritoneal dialysis associated with a better hypertension control?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Gastrointestinal injury is common clinically. The exact mechanism by which gastrointestinal repair occurs has yet to be well defined. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is known to be involved in gastrointestinal development and repair of tissues such as skin and heart. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Hh in the repair of the small intestine.', 'i) To study acute intestinal injury, we optimized a mouse model of 5-flurouracil (5-FU) induced injury of the small intestine. Ileal tissues were evaluated for injury and repair markers at day 0, 2, 5, and 9. ii) Immunohistochemistry (Sonic hedgehog, Shh), in situ hybridization (Shh), and Ptch/LacZ transgenic mice were carried out to localize hedgehog expression. A33CrPr × ShhTg knock-in mice were bred to study the effect of Shh over-expression. qPCR of Shh, Ihh, Ptch, Bmp4 was carried out to quantify hedgehog signaling. iii) 5FU treated mice were then treated with a hedgehog inhibitor or saline (control) and the effects of Shh inhibition including apoptosis, proliferation, and mitosis were then compared.', 'i) Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of Shh, qPCR of hedgehog signaling pathway genes, and Ptch/LacZ staining results consistently showed down-regulation during the injury phase (P<0.05) followed by up-regulation during the repair phase (P<0.005). ii) Hh signaling inhibition following 5-FU induced injury augmented apoptotic activity (P<0.05), suppressed mitotic activity (P<0.005) in intestinal crypts, and reduced Paneth cell hyperplasia (P<0.005). iii) Shh over-expression in conditionally knock-mice led to increased mitotic, Paneth, and goblet cells.'] Does hedgehog signaling display a biphasic expression pattern during intestinal injury and repair?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Urinary biomarkers of renal injury urinary may identify loss of renal function following nephron-sparing surgery (NSS). This study was designed to evaluate whether urinary l-type fatty acid-binding protein (l-FABP) is an early biomarker of loss of renal function after NSS. Specifically, the kinetics of urinary l-FABP level after NSS and its correlation with factors related to ischemic renal injury were analyzed.', 'This study prospectively evaluated 18 patients who underwent NSS between July and December 2014, including 12 who underwent laparoscopic and six who underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Urinary l-FABP concentrations were measured preoperatively and 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72\\u2009h after renal artery declamping. Loss of renal function loss was calculated by comparing the effective renal plasma flow, as determined by ', 'Urinary l-FABP concentration peaked within 2\\u2009h of declamping, which may quantify nephron damage caused by ischemia. The decrease in MAG3 reduction ratio correlated with both the ischemia time and peak urinary l-FABP concentration. Peak urinary l-FABP concentration showed a significant correlation with MAG3 reduction ratio.'] Is urinary l-type fatty acid-binding protein a predictor of early renal function after partial nephrectomy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The innate immunopathogenesis responsible for the susceptibility to hepatocyte injury in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers is not well defined. In this study, hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice (named HBs-Tg) were oversensitive to liver injury after immunologic [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or concanavalin A (ConA)] or chemical (CCl4) triggering. It was then found that the nonhepatotoxic low dose of ConA for wild-type mice induced severe liver injury in HBs-Tg mice, which was dependent on the accumulated intraheptic natural killer (NK) cells. Expressions of NKG2D ligands (Rae-1 and Mult-1) in hepatocytes were markedly enhanced upon ConA stimulation in HBs-Tg mice, which greatly activated hepatic NK cells via NKG2D/Rae-1 or Mult-1 recognition. Interestingly, the presence of NK T cells was necessary for NK cell activation and worked as positive helper cell possibly by producing interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in this process.'] Does increased susceptibility to liver injury in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice involve NKG2D-ligand interaction and natural killer cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['A silencer region (I-allele) within intron 16 of the gene for the regulator of vascular perfusion, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is implicated in phenotypic variation of aerobic fitness and the development of type II diabetes. We hypothesised that the reportedly lower aerobic performance in non-carriers compared to carriers of the ACE I-allele, i.e. ACE-DD vs. ACE-ID/ACE-II genotype, is associated with alterations in activity-induced glucose metabolism and capillarisation in exercise muscle.', 'Fifty-three, not-specifically trained Caucasian men carried out a one-legged bout of cycling exercise to exhaustion and/or participated in a marathon, the aim being to identify and validate genotype effects on exercise metabolism. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), serum glucose and lipid concentration, glycogen, and metabolite content in vastus lateralis muscle based on ultra-performance lipid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), were assessed before and after the cycling exercise in thirty-three participants. Serum metabolites were measured in forty subjects that completed the marathon. Genotype effects were assessed post-hoc.', 'Cycling exercise reduced muscle glycogen concentration and this tended to be affected by the ACE I-allele (p = 0.09). The ACE-DD genotype showed a lower maximal RER and a selective increase in serum glucose concentration after exercise compared to ACE-ID and ACE-II genotypes (+24% vs. +2% and -3%, respectively). Major metabolites of mitochondrial metabolism (i.e. phosphoenol pyruvate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, L-Aspartic acid, glutathione) were selectively affected in vastus lateralis muscle by exercise in the ACE-DD genotype. Capillary-to-fibre ratio was 24%-lower in the ACE-DD genotype. Individuals with the ACE-DD genotype demonstrated an abnormal increase in serum glucose to 7.7 mM after the marathon.'] Does the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism modify Exercise-Induced Muscle Metabolism?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Porous implants used in functional and aesthetic reconstruction of the orbit, face, and cranium are less likely to develop complications after they become biointegrated. We investigated whether the administration of exogenous growth factors could increase the rate of implant integration.', 'High-density porous polyethylene cubes were placed in dorsal paraspinal muscles of rabbits, and daily transcutaneous injections of saline, epidermal growth factor, or basic fibroblast growth factor were administered directly over the cubes for 10 days. At serial time points up to 10 weeks, cubes were explanted and the fibroblasts present at the center of the cubes were counted.', 'Injections of epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor increased the rate at which fibroblasts accumulated in porous polyethylene implants and decreased the time required to achieve a maximal rate of cellular accumulation within the cubes. At 4 weeks, when all cell populations had attained a linear rate of accumulation, cubes previously injected with saline, epidermal growth factor, or basic fibroblast growth factor contained an average of 10, 40, and 80 cells per 0.0156 mm2, at their centers, respectively.'] Do epidermal and fibroblast growth factors enhance fibrovascular integration of porous polyethylene implants?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study investigated the impact of a putative functional TLR4 polymorphism (Asp299Gly) on left ventricular (LV) structure in hypertensive subjects.', 'A sample of 443 patients (266 women and 177 men) was evaluated by clinical history, physical examination, anthropometry, analysis of inflammatory and metabolic parameters, echocardiography and TLR4 Asp299Gly genotyping. In addition, the relationship between the polymorphism and in vitro lipopolysaccharide responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytic cells was also assessed.', 'Women carrying the 299Gly allele presented lower posterior wall thickness (p=0.01), interventricular septum thickness (p=0.04), LV mass (p=0.01) and LV mass index (p=0.03), as well as a reduced prevalence of LV hypertrophy (p=0.002), in comparison to women with the wild-type genotype. These results were confirmed by stepwise and logistic regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders. Conversely, the 299Gly allele did not influence LV structure in men. Furthermore, in vitro assays revealed that monocytes of either men or women heterozygous for the 299Gly allele presented a lower lipopolysaccharide-induced production of interleukin-6, compared to non-carriers.'] Is the functional Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism associated with lower left ventricular mass in hypertensive women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration after myocardial infarction (MI) is known to attenuate ischaemic cardiomyopathy. This effect mainly resulted from an increase in mobilization and homing of CD34+/CD45+ cells into the ischaemic myocardium. PTH-related stem cell mobilization was shown to be related to endogenous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) release. The aim of our study is to determine the role of G-CSF on the cardioprotective effects of PTH.', 'G-CSF +/+ (C57BL/6) and G-CSF -/- mice were treated with PTH for 6 days after inducing a MI. The myocardial homing factor stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was analysed on day 2 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Stem cell populations in peripheral blood and hearts were examined by FACS on days 6 and 2, respectively. Cardiac function and immunohistochemistry were investigated on day 6 and day 30. PTH treatment resulted in a significant increase in CD45+/CD34+ cells in peripheral blood in G-CSF +/+ but not in G-CSF -/- mice. However, a significant increase in SDF-1 and enhanced migration of CD45+/CD34+ cells into the ischaemic myocardium was revealed after PTH administration in both G-CSF +/+ and G-CSF -/- mice. Enhanced stem cell homing was associated with improved cardiac function and post-MI survival after PTH treatment. Furthermore, infarct size, wall thickness, and neovascularization showed a significant improvement in both groups 30 days after MI.'] Are the cardioprotective effects of parathyroid hormone independent of endogenous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor release?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The choice of surgical approach for the management of subaxial cervical spine facet dislocations is a controversial subject amongst spine surgeons. Reasons for this include differences in the technical familiarity and experience of surgeons with the different surgical approaches, and variable interpretation of image studies regarding the existence of a traumatic intervertebral disc herniation and of the neurological status of the patient. Moreover, since the approaches are dissimilar, important variations are likely in neurological, radiographical and clinical outcomes.', 'To compare the effects (benefits and harms) of the different surgical approaches used for treating adults with acute cervical spine facet dislocation.', 'We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (9 May 2014), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, 2014 Issue 4), MEDLINE (1946 to April Week 5 2014), MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (8 May 2013), EMBASE (1980 to 2014 Week 18), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (9 May 2014), trial registries, conference proceedings and reference lists of articles to May 2014.', 'We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared surgical approaches for the management of adults with acute cervical spine facet dislocations with and without spinal cord injury.', 'Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data.', \"We included one randomised and one quasi-randomised controlled trial involving a total of 94 participants and reporting results for a maximum of 84 participants. One trial included patients with spinal cord injuries and the other included patients without spinal cord injuries. Both trials compared anterior versus posterior surgical approaches. Both trials were at high risk of bias, including selection bias (one trial), performance bias (both trials) and attrition bias (one trial). Data were pooled for one outcome only: non-union. Reflecting also the imprecision of the results, the evidence was deemed to be of very low quality for all outcomes; which means that our level of uncertainty about the estimates is high.Neither trial found differences between the two approaches in neurological recovery or status, as shown in one study by small clinically insignificant differences in NASS (Northern American Spine Society) neurological scores (0 to 100: optimal score) at one year of follow-up: anterior mean score: 85.23 versus posterior mean score: 83.86; mean difference (MD) 1.37 favouring anterior approach, 95% confidence interval (CI) -9.76 to 12.50; 33 participants; 1 study). The same trial found no relevant between-approach differences at one year in patient-reported quality of life measured using the 36-item Short Form Survey physical (MD -0.08, 95% CI -7.26 to 7.10) and mental component scores (MD 2.88, 95% CI -3.32 to 9.08). Neither trial found evidence of significant differences in long-term pain, or non-union (2/38 versus 2/46; risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% CI 0.04 to 34.91). One trial found better sagittal and more 'normal' alignment after the anterior approach (MD -10.31 degrees favouring anterior approach, 95% CI -14.95 degrees to -5.67 degrees), while the other trial reported no significant differences in cervical alignment. There was insufficient evidence to indicate between-group differences in medical adverse events, rates of instrumentation failure and infection. One trial found that the several participants had voice and swallowing disorders after anterior approach surgery (11/20) versus none (0/22) in the posterior approach group: RR 25.19, 95% CI 1.58 to 401.58); all had recovered by three months.\"] Does surgical approach for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Intracellular calcium signaling regulates a variety of cellular and physiological processes. The inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is a ligand gated calcium channel present on the membranes of endoplasmic reticular stores. In previous work we have shown that Drosophila mutants for the IP3R (itprku) become unnaturally obese as adults with excessive storage of lipids on a normal diet. While the phenotype manifests in cells of the fat body, genetic studies suggest dysregulation of a neurohormonal axis.', 'We show that knockdown of the IP3R, either in all neurons or in peptidergic neurons alone, mimics known itpr mutant phenotypes. The peptidergic neuron domain includes, but is not restricted to, the medial neurosecretory cells as well as the stomatogastric nervous system. Conversely, expression of an itpr+ cDNA in the same set of peptidergic neurons rescues metabolic defects of itprku mutants. Transcript levels of a gene encoding a gastric lipase CG5932 (magro), which is known to regulate triacylglyceride storage, can be regulated by itpr knockdown and over-expression in peptidergic neurons. Thus, the focus of observed itpr mutant phenotypes of starvation resistance, increased body weight, elevated lipid storage and hyperphagia derive primarily from peptidergic neurons.'] Does loss of IP3 receptor function in neuropeptide secreting neurons lead to obesity in adult Drosophila?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Interleukin (IL)-33 is a cytokine of the IL-1 family, which signals through the ST2 receptor. Previous work suggested implication of the IL-33/ST2 axis in the pathogenesis of human and mouse arthritis. Here, we directly investigated the role of endogenous IL-33 in K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis by using IL-33 knockout (KO) mice.', 'Arthritis was induced by injection of complete K/BxN serum or purified IgG. Disease severity was monitored by clinical and histological scoring.', 'K/BxN serum transfer induced pronounced arthritis with similar incidence and severity in IL-33 KO and wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, disease development was significantly reduced in ST2 KO mice. IL-33 expression in synovial tissue was comparable in arthritic WT and ST2 KO mice, and absent in IL-33 KO mice. Transfer of purified arthritogenic IgG instead of complete K/BxN serum also resulted in similar arthritis severity in IL-33 KO and WT mice, excluding a contribution of IL-33 contained in the serum of donor mice to explain this result. We investigated additional potential confounding factors, including purity of genetic background, but the mechanisms underlying reduced arthritis in ST2 KO mice remained unclear.'] Is disease severity in K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis affected by IL-33 deficiency?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The effects of trypsin on pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs) vary among species and depend on the localization of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). We compared PAR-2 localization in human and guinea-pig PDECs, and used isolated guinea pig ducts to study the effects of trypsin and a PAR-2 agonist on bicarbonate secretion.', 'PAR-2 localization was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in guinea pig and human pancreatic tissue samples (from 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 15 without pancreatic disease). Functionally, guinea pig PDECs were studied by microperfusion of isolated ducts, measurements of intracellular pH and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, and patch clamp analysis. The effect of pH on trypsinogen autoactivation was assessed using recombinant human cationic trypsinogen.', 'PAR-2 localized to the apical membrane of human and guinea pig PDECs. Trypsin increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and intracellular pH and inhibited secretion of bicarbonate by the luminal anion exchanger and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel. Autoactivation of human cationic trypsinogen accelerated when the pH was reduced from 8.5 to 6.0. PAR-2 expression was strongly down-regulated, at transcriptional and protein levels, in the ducts of patients with chronic pancreatitis, consistent with increased activity of intraductal trypsin. Importantly, in PAR-2 knockout mice, the effects of trypsin were markedly reduced.'] Does trypsin reduce pancreatic ductal bicarbonate secretion by inhibiting CFTR Cl⁻ channels and luminal anion exchangers?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) has emerged as a novel biomarker for heart failure, and serum sST2 concentrations could be increased in inflammatory diseases. We explored whether sST2 is related to cardiac dysfunction/failure and has a prognostic role in patients with suspected sepsis.', 'In a total of 397 patients with suspected sepsis, sST2 concentrations were measured by using the Presage ST2 Assay (Critical Diagnostics, USA). sST2 concentrations were analyzed according to procalcitonin (PCT) concentrations, cardiovascular subscores of the sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and clinical outcomes.', 'sST2 concentrations were increased significantly according to the five groups of PCT concentrations and cardiovascular subscores of the SOFA score (P<0.000001 and P=0.036, respectively). In-hospital mortality was significantly higher among patients with sST2 concentrations above 35 ng/mL (P=0.0213) and among patients with increased concentrations of both sST2 and PCT (P=0.0028).'] Does soluble ST2 have a prognostic role in patients with suspected sepsis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Postnatal heart remodeling was studied in rats submitted to prenatal protein--calorie restriction (R). Offspring were divided in four groups: control male (CM) and female (CF) vs. restricted male (RM) and female (RF) and lived 120 days. The offspring blood pressure (BP) and biometry were periodically analyzed. In the euthanasia day, the left ventricular (LV) mass index, the cardiomyocyte nuclei profile number (N[cmn]) (disector method), the cross-sectional cardiomyocyte area (A[cm]) and the stereology for intramyocardial arteries (ima) were estimated. Interactions between gender and prenatal nutritional conditions were tested with the two-way ANOVA. RM animals showed higher BP and greater body mass and smaller LV mass index than the other groups. N[cmn] and stereology parameters of ima were smaller, and A[cm] was greater in the R groups rats than in the C groups rats; these structural changes were only dependent of the prenatal nutritional condition but not gender-dependent.'] Is overweight gender-dependent in prenatal protein -- calorie restricted adult rats acting on the blood pressure and the adverse cardiac remodeling?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Early stage patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show cognitive impairment in frontal lobe functions and memory tests. Hippocampal atrophy is seen in medicated patients with advanced PD.\", 'To examine whether prefrontal or hippocampal atrophy are already present in early stage PD, and whether such atrophy is associated with cognitive impairment.', 'Twenty non-medicated, non-demented patients with early stage PD and 22 neurologically healthy age matched controls were studied. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging to study hippocampal and prefrontal atrophy. Atrophy was evaluated by a neuroradiologist using a five point scale. In addition, the patients underwent a neuropsychological test battery sensitive to frontal lobe functions and memory.', 'Patients with PD had atrophy in the right and the left prefrontal cortex. In the right hippocampus, the mean atrophy score was 1.15 in PD and 0.45 in controls. Corresponding figures for the left hippocampus were 1.05 for PD and 0.64 for controls. In PD, the left hippocampus atrophy correlated with verbal memory and prefrontal atrophy correlated with impaired performance in a test measuring vigilance.'] Is hippocampal and prefrontal atrophy in patients with early non-demented Parkinson 's disease related to cognitive impairment?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate the toxicity of combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA-4) and its vascular effects in the subcutaneous (s.c.) BT4An rat glioma, and additionally, to determine the tumor response of CA-4 combined with hyperthermia.', 'For assessment of drug toxicity, rats were given 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg CA-4 and followed by daily registration of weight and side effects. Interstitial tumor blood flow was determined by laser Doppler flowmetry in rats injected with 50 mg/kg CA-4. In the tumor response study we administered CA-4 50 mg/kg alone or combined with hyperthermia (waterbath 44 degrees C for 60 min) 0 or 3 h later.', 'We found that CA-4, at a well-tolerated dose of 50 mg/kg, induced a considerable time-dependent decrease in the tumor blood flow. Tumor blood flow was reduced by 47-55% during the first 110 min after injecting CA-4, and thereafter remained decreased until the measurements were terminated. Administering CA-4 3 h before hyperthermia yielded the best tumor response and increased tumor growth time significantly compared with simultaneous administration of CA-4 and hyperthermia (p = 0.03). Interestingly, CA-4 alone did not influence tumor growth.'] Does the new tubulin-inhibitor combretastatin A-4 enhance thermal damage in the BT4An rat glioma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The authors previously observed that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) overexpression was associated significantly with the development of oral cancer. In the current study, they investigated whether EZH2 can function as a prognostic predictor for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).', 'Expression levels of EZH2 in HNSCC cells were detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analyses. In addition, the effects of EZH2 ablation on the proliferation and invasion of HNSCC cells were investigated through small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate EZH2 and cyclin D1 expression in 46 HNSCC samples, and the expression levels also were re-evaluated in 124 independent samples by immunohistochemistry.', 'EZH2 expression was elevated remarkably in HNSCC specimens and cell lines. Upon EZH2 silencing, the proliferation and invasion of HNSCC cells were remarkably suppressed. EZH2 expression frequently was correlated with cyclin D1 expression (P = .034) and tumor differentiation (P = .020). In addition, both EZH2 messenger RNA levels and EZH2 protein levels were strongly associated with signs of histologic severity (P = .012 and P = .032, respectively). Univariate analysis revealed that high EZH2 expression was associated with worse overall survival (P = .001) and disease-free survival (P = .002). The combined expression of EZH2 and cyclin D1 had superior prognostic ability for patients with HNSCC than the expression of either marker alone. In multivariate analysis, EZH2 expression was identified as an independent predictor of overall and disease-free survival.'] Is up-regulation of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 associated positively with cyclin D1 overexpression and poor clinical outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in the production of malignant pleural effusions. In the present study, we examined the levels of soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), as possible regulators of VEGF activity, in transudative and exudative pleural effusions.', 'Forty-two patients were included in this study: 4 with transudative pleural effusions due to heart failure (HF), 38 with exudative pleural effusions (lung cancer [LC], 22; other malignant diseases [MD], 10; tuberculosis [TB], 6). The levels of VEGF, Ang-2, and sVEGFR-1 in the pleural effusions were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.', 'The levels of VEGF, Ang-2, and sVEGFR-1 in exudative effusions were higher than those in transudative effusions. Interestingly, the levels of VEGF and Ang-2 in bloody effusions were significantly higher than those in non-bloody effusions (p < 0.05), but the level of sVEGFR-1 in bloody effusions was lower than that in non-bloody effusions. The levels of VEGF and Ang-2 were significantly higher in the malignant effusions, compared with effusion from HF and TB (p < 0.05). In addition, sVEGFR-1 was significantly higher in the effusion from LC, MD, and TB compared with effusion from HF (p < 0.05). In the malignant effusions, direct correlations were observed among VEGF, sVEGFR-1, and Ang-2.'] Are levels of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 elevated in the exudative pleural effusions?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aims of this study were to (1) examine the pattern of experimental pain responses in the affected and nonaffected extremities in patients with shoulder pain and (2) explore the intraindividual association between sensitization states derived from experimental pain testing.', 'Experimental pain responses from 58 patients with shoulder pain (17 women, aged 18 to 52 y) were compared with those from 56 age-matched and sex-matched pain-free volunteers (16 women, aged 21 to 58 y). Experimental pain responses included pressure pain threshold (PPT), thermal pain threshold and tolerance, and suprathreshold heat pain response. Comparisons were made between the affected and nonaffected extremities of clinical participants and the average response of extremities in control participants. Peripheral and central sensitization indexes were computed for clinical participants using standardized scores and percentile cutoffs on the basis of the data from the control sample. Experimental pain responses in clinical participants observed beyond the 25th and 75th percentile of control sample responses were used for investigation of intraindividual association of sensitization states.', 'PPT at the acromion and masseter on the affected side of clinical participants were diminished compared with that on their nonaffected side (P<0.015). Bilateral sensitivity in clinical participants was noted for PPT at the acromion and suprathreshold heat pain response (P<0.015). Peripheral and central sensitization indexes demonstrated that individuals with shoulder pain present with variable patterns of peripheral and central sensitization.'] Do experimental pain responses support peripheral and central sensitization in patients with unilateral shoulder pain?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages are key regulatory components in many chronic inflammatory pathologies of the vasculature including the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the molecular and biochemical events underlying monocyte maturation are not fully understood.', 'We have used freshly isolated human monocytes and the model human monocyte cell line, THP-1, to investigate changes in the expression of a panel of monocyte and macrophage markers during monocyte differentiation. We have examined these changes by RT-PCR and FACS analysis. Furthermore, we cloned the CCR2 promoter and analyzed specific changes in transcriptional activation of CCR2 during monocyte maturation.', 'The CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is rapidly downregulated as monocytes move down the macrophage differentiation pathway while other related chemokine receptors are not. Using a variety of biochemical and transcriptional analyses in the human THP-1 monocyte model system, we show that both monocytes and THP-1 cells express high levels of CCR2, whereas THP-1 derived macrophages fail to express detectable CCR2 mRNA or protein. We further demonstrate that multiple signaling pathways activated by IFN-gamma and M-CSF, or by protein kinase C and cytoplasmic calcium can mediate the downregulation of CCR2 but not CCR1.'] Do differential signaling mechanisms regulate expression of CC chemokine receptor-2 during monocyte maturation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Opinion is divided regarding the optimal method of biliary reconstruction after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).', 'We investigated biliary complications and graft and patient survival in all patients who underwent liver transplantation for PSC in the United Kingdom between 1994 and 2003.', 'Anastomotic leak rates were similar, but a significantly higher stricture rate was observed in patients who had a duct-to-duct reconstruction compared with those who underwent a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. Graft and patient survival were also markedly worse in patients with a duct-to-duct anastomosis.'] Is roux-en-Y Choledochojejunostomy the method of choice for biliary reconstruction in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Although tight glucose control is used widely in hospitalized patients, there is concern that medication-induced hypoglycemia may worsen patient outcomes. We sought to determine if the mortality risk associated with hypoglycemia in hospitalized noncritically ill patients is linked to glucose-lowering medications (drug-associated hypoglycemia) or merely an association mediated by comorbidities (spontaneous hypoglycemia).', 'A retrospective cohort of patients admitted to the general wards of an academic center during 2007 was studied. The in-hospital mortality risk of a hypoglycemic group (at least 1 blood glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL) was compared with that of a normoglycemic group using survival analysis. Stratification by subgroups of patients with spontaneous and drug-associated hypoglycemia was performed.', 'Among 31,970 patients, 3349 (10.5%) had at least 1 episode of hypoglycemia. Patients with hypoglycemia were older, had more comorbidities, and received more antidiabetic agents. Hypoglycemia was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.09; P<.001). However, this greater risk was limited to patients with spontaneous hypoglycemia (HR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.97-3.47; P<.001) and not to patients with drug-associated hypoglycemia (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.74-1.52; P=.749). After adjustment for patient comorbidities, the association between spontaneous hypoglycemia and mortality was eliminated (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.76-1.64; P=.582).'] Is hypoglycemia-associated mortality drug-associated but linked to comorbidities?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We developed a unique remote monitoring and control diabetes management system (MDRS) supporting the use of an artificial pancreas (AP) at home. In this study, we aimed at assessing the efficacy and safety of the MDRS and its ability to prevent or shorten nocturnal hypoglycemia episodes without the use of an AP, as well as evaluating parental attitudes toward the use of such a system in the future.', 'This was a prospective, case control, randomized study. Eighteen patients treated nightly over a 2-week period by the MDRS were compared with 19 patients treated with sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy. We analyzed the performance of the MDRS, the number and duration of hypo- or hyperglycemia episodes, and the efficacy of the MDRS in detecting them. Parents of the study participants completed the hypoglycemia fear survey, attitude, and satisfaction questionnaires.', 'The MDRS allows continuous monitoring of the patients using it. Without the use of an AP, the MDRS did not significantly prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia episodes. The patients and their parents found the system reliable and user-friendly. The overall impression of the MDRS users was favorable, with a keen interest of the patients and their caregivers to use such a system in the future.'] Is a remote monitoring system for artificial pancreas support safe , reliable , and user friendly?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The objective of this study is to assess the value of metastatic lymph node ratio (LNR) in predicting disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with stage III adenocarcinoma of the colon.', 'From 1995 to 2003 inclusively, a total of 624 patients featuring stage III adenocarcinoma of the colon underwent curative resection. Of the 624 patients, an adequate number of lymph nodes (n > or = 12) had been harvested in 490 patients. These patients were stratified into LNR groups 1 (LNR < or = 0.4), 2 (0.4 < LNR < or = 0.7), and 3 (LNR > 0.7). Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test were used to evaluate the prognostic value of LNR. A Cox regression model was used for multivariate analyses.', 'The 5-year DFS rate was 66.7% for patients with LNR1, 35.1% for those with LNR2, and 0% for patients with LNR3 (p < 0.0001). In T3/4LNR1 patients (n = 411), there was no difference in survival between those with N1 stage and those with N2 stage. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that N stage (number of positive lymph nodes) was not a significant factor when LNR was taken into consideration.'] Is metastatic lymph node ratio a more precise predictor of prognosis than number of lymph node metastases in stage III colon cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1/CD54) and its ligand, CD11a/CD18, mediate endothelial adhesion of leukocytes and their consecutive transmigration. Anti-inflammatory effects of statins are considered to be exerted in part through inhibition of leukocyte-endothelial interactions. We investigated the in vivo effects of simvastatin treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients and the influence of various statins on expression of cellular adhesion molecules in vitro.', 'A total number of 107 hypercholesterolemic patients were treated with 20 mg (n=52) or 40 mg (n=55) of simvastatin daily. After 6 weeks of treatment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) expressed lower amounts of CD54-, CD18-, and CD11a-mRNA compared with pretreatment values. Surface expression of CD54 and CD18/CD11a on CD14+-monocytes also decreased significantly in both groups of patients. Moreover, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and cerivastatin were found to downregulate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced expression of CD54 and CD18/CD11a in isolated PBMCs obtained from normal donors as well as TNF-alpha-dependent expression of these CAMs in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, all three statins were found to reduce the binding of PBMCs to TNF-alpha-stimulated HUVECs in vitro.'] Does simvastatin reduce the expression of adhesion molecules in circulating monocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Excessive anticipatory reactions to potential future adversity are observed across a range of anxiety disorders, but the neurogenetic mechanisms driving interindividual differences are largely unknown. We aimed to discover and validate a gene-brain-behavior pathway by linking presumed genetic risk for anxiety-related psychopathology, key neural activity involved in anxious anticipation, and resulting aversive emotional states.', \"The functional neuroanatomy of aversive anticipation was probed through functional magnetic resonance imaging in two independent samples of healthy subjects (n = 99 and n = 69), and we studied the influence of genetic variance in the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR). Skin conductance and startle data served as objective psychophysiological indices of the intensity of individuals' anticipatory responses to potential threat.\", 'Threat cues signaling risk of future electrical shock activated the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), anterior insula, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, thalamus, and midbrain consistently across both samples. Threat-related dmPFC activation was enhanced in 5-HTTLPR short allele carriers in sample 1 and this effect was validated in sample 2. Critically, we show that this region mediates the increase in anticipatory psychophysiological reactions in short allele carriers indexed by skin conductance (experiment 1) and startle reactions (experiment 2).'] Does dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex mediate the Impact of Serotonin Transporter Linked Polymorphic Region Genotype on Anticipatory Threat Reactions?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine whether number and activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and platelets are associated with disease severity in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).', 'Prospective study.', 'Tertiary neonatal intensive care unit.', 'Preterm infants with severe (n = 18) or mild to moderate (n = 18) RDS who were consecutively admitted.', 'PMN and platelet counts and plasma concentrations of elastase-alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (E-alpha1-PI) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were recorded each day during the first 5 days of life. E-alpha1-PI-to-PMN and TxB2-to-platelet ratios were calculated to correct for the influence of the PMN and platelet count on elastase and thromboxane release.', 'From day 2, the severe RDS group had lower median PMN counts (1.5 vs 4.5 x 10/L), lower mean platelet counts (136 vs 230 x 10/L), and more elastase and thromboxane release, indicated by higher median E-alpha1-PI-to-PMN (39.2 vs 13.0 ng/10 PMNs on day 2) and TxB2-to-platelet (2.61 vs 0.52 pg/10 platelets on day 3) ratios than the mild-to-moderate group. Lower PMN and platelet counts and higher elastase and thromboxane release were correlated with birth asphyxia (lower 5-minute Apgar scores and umbilical arterial PH values), higher respiratory requirements (fraction of inspired oxygen and peak inspiratory pressure), and decreased values for continuous measures of RDS severity (ventilatory efficiency index and PaO2-to-alveolar oxygen tension ratio).'] Are number and activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets associated with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome severity?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the association between of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter polymorphisms and survival of advanced gastric cancer (GC) patients.', 'The IL-10 (-1082, rs1800896; -819, rs1800871; and-592, rs1800896) genotypes in 234 patients with advanced gastric cancer and in 243 healthy controls were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression for the associations between IL-10 genotypes and the risk of GC. The Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank testing was used to evaluate the association between genotype and survival of the patients.', 'The IL-10 -1082 G allele and GCC (-1082, -819 and -592) haplotype were associated with increased gastric cancer risks (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.6-3.2, P = 0.007, for -1082 G allele, OR = 2.3, 95% CI, 1.2-4.1, P = 0.005, for GCC haplotype, respectively). However, none of the three IL-10 gene polymorphisms (-1082, -819 and -592) was correlated with gastric cancer survival (P > 0.05), and none of the genotypes of the three IL-10 sites was found as independent prognostic risk factors in the multivariate test.'] Are polymorphisms of interleukin-10 promoter associated with prognosis of advanced gastric cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Adult burn patients who experience in-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) and undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) represent a unique patient population. We believe that they tend to be younger and have the added burden of the burn injury compared to other populations. Our objective was to determine the incidence, causes and outcomes following cardiac arrest (CA) and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within this population.', 'We conducted a retrospective review at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research (ISR) burn intensive care unit (BICU). Charts from 1st January 2000 through 31st August 2009 were reviewed for study. Data were collected all on adult burn patients who experienced in-hospital CA and CPR either in the BICU or associated burn operating room. Patients undergoing CPR elsewhere in our burn unit were excluded because we could not validate the time of CA since they are not routinely monitored with real-time rhythm strips. The study population included civilian burn patients from the local catchment area and burn casualties from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, but patients with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders were excluded.', 'We found 57 burn patients who had in-hospital CA and CPR yielding an incidence of one or more in-hospital CA of 34 per 1000 admissions (0.34%). Fourteen of these patients (25%) survived to discharge while 43 (75%) died. The most common initial cardiac rhythm was pulseless electrical activity (50.9%). The most common etiology of CA among burn patients was respiratory failure (49.1%). The most significant variable affecting survival to discharge was duration of CPR (P < 0.01) with no patient surviving more than 7 min of CPR.'] Do outcomes after cardiac arrest in an adult burn center?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Lymphocyte alterations have been associated with an increased prevalence of acute respiratory infections in COPD patients. AM3 is an oral immunomodulator that normalizes the defective functions of peripheral blood natural killer and phagocytic cells in COPD patients and improves their health-related quality of life.', 'To characterize putative systemic abnormalities of the T-cell compartment in COPD patients, and to investigate whether AM3 can restore such abnormalities.', 'The study was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a cohort of COPD patients. The results were also compared to those of nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects.', 'Outpatient departments of four hospitals.', 'Seventy COPD patients were randomized to receive either AM3 or a placebo orally for 90 consecutive days. Populations of 36 healthy nonsmokers and 36 healthy ex-smokers were used as control subjects.', 'Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma proteins in response to the T-cell polyclonal mitogens were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment.', 'The proliferative response was significantly decreased in COPD patients. Decreased production of IFN-gamma was the only defect in the profiles of the cytokine measures, and was selectively observed in COPD patients, but not in nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects. Treatment with AM3 significantly restored the PBMC proliferative response to polyclonal mitogens and significantly promoted stimulated IFN-gamma production in these patients. The normalization of these proliferative responses was not related to significant variations in the numbers of peripheral blood monocytes, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells or of any major naïve/memory/activated T-cell subset. The increased IFN-gamma production in the AM3 study arm was associated with an increase in the mean of number of IFN-gamma molecules produced per CD8+ T cells.'] Does treatment with AM3 restore defective T-cell function in COPD patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Preoperative nutritional deficiency (ND) has been shown to be a valuable prognostic factor in urologic malignancies. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of ND in patients with gastric cancer (GC).', 'A single-center cohort of 1026 GC patients undergoing curative resection between 2003 and 2012 was categorized to ND and nutritionally replete (NR) groups. Patients with body mass index <18.5 kg/m', 'Of the 1026 patients included in the study, 585 (57.0%) were categorized as ND. Overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 68.5% for ND patients and 44.0% for NR patients (P<.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that ND was a significant predictor of OS (hazard ratio: 1.954; 95% confidence interval: 1.552-2.460; P<.001). In stage-stratified analysis, it was still independently associated with OS in tumor-nodes-metastasis stage II and III (P=.004 and P<.001, respectively). Of note, the prognostic significance of ND was still maintained when stratified by age, sex, anemia, and adjuvant chemotherapy (all Ps<.05).'] Does preoperative Nutritional Deficiency be a Useful Predictor of Postoperative Outcome in Patients Undergoing Curative Resection for Gastric Cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine the association between traditional risk factors (TRF) and a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) with age of first acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Early onset ACS may occur due to a high burden of TRFs or to genetic factors that accelerate atherosclerosis. Whether recently discovered genetic variants for ACS are more prevalent at earlier age of first ACS remains unknown.', 'To construct a multilocus GRS, participants were genotyped for 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified from prior genome-wide association studies. Linear regression models were fit to estimate the association between TRFs and GRS with age of first ACS.', 'We included 460 participants with a first ACS enrolled in the Recurrence and Inflammation in the Acute Coronary Syndromes (RISCA) cohort. Several TRFs were associated (all p<0.05) with earlier age of first ACS: male sex (6.9 years earlier (95% CI 4.1 to 9.7)), current cigarette smoking (8.1 years (95% CI 6.1 to 10.0)), overweight (Body Mass Index, BMI >25) and obesity (BMI>30) (5.2 years (95% CI 2.6 to 7.9)). In women, hormone replacement therapy was also associated with earlier age of first ACS (4.8 years earlier (95% CI 0.3 to 8.4)). After multivariable adjustment for TRFs, a 1 SD increment in the GRS was associated with a 1.0 (95% CI 0.1 to 2.0) year earlier age of first ACS.'] Are traditional risk factors and a Genetic Risk Score associated with age of first acute coronary syndrome?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]