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CopeNLU 20

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The evaluation of composite development in vivo has been a key issue in the research of in-situ forming biomaterials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evaluation of composite development in vivo has been a key issue in the research of in-situ forming biomaterials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nowadays, biomaterials can be evaluated by several methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, biomaterials can be evaluated by several methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Histology, general morphology, X-ray, and immunohistochemistry are universally and commonly used in the evaluation of bone tissue engineering through 2 Journal of Nanomaterials in vivo studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Histology, general morphology, X-ray, and immunohistochemistry are universally and commonly used in the evaluation of bone tissue engineering through 2 Journal of Nanomaterials in vivo studies [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "These traditional high-sensitivity methods failed to detect transformation noninvasively in real time always at the cost of experiment-animal sacrifice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These traditional high-sensitivity methods failed to detect transformation noninvasively in real time always at the cost of experiment-animal sacrifice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Callus in X-ray images obviously lags behind the actual time, a visual resolution just with 25% discrepancy of bone mineral content.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Callus in X-ray images obviously lags behind the actual time, a visual resolution just with 25% discrepancy of bone mineral content.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The traditional methods portray little value in quantitative and noninvasive system of injectable gel evaluation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The traditional methods portray little value in quantitative and noninvasive system of injectable gel evaluation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Present applications of noninvasive and quantitative bone tissue engineering assessment include dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Present applications of noninvasive and quantitative bone tissue engineering assessment include dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The result of DXA, areal bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm 2 ), ignores the bone's spatial geometric distribution to a large extent, which is limited by its two-dimensionality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The result of DXA, areal bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm 2 ), ignores the bone's spatial geometric distribution to a large extent, which is limited by its two-dimensionality [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Volumetric BMD can be measured only by QCT now, and its 3D images can be used to accurately evaluate the size, geometry and density of both cortical and trabecular bones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Volumetric BMD can be measured only by QCT now, and its 3D images can be used to accurately evaluate the size, geometry and density of both cortical and trabecular bones [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "QCT, which improves the performance of DXA, however, has similar disadvantage as DXA and increases the risk of high radiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "QCT, which improves the performance of DXA, however, has similar disadvantage as DXA and increases the risk of high radiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is limited in clinic due to its high cost, high radiation, requirement for precise apparatus, and limited access to CT scanners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is limited in clinic due to its high cost, high radiation, requirement for precise apparatus, and limited access to CT scanners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some other methods such as micro-CT ( CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and impulse response method have been tentatively but limitedly applied in bone density determination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some other methods such as micro-CT ( CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and impulse response method have been tentatively but limitedly applied in bone density determination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the last decade, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) has been used to assess the fracture risk of osteoporosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last decade, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) has been used to assess the fracture risk of osteoporosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ultrasonic parameters then developed to be an ingenious aid to reflect elasticity and mechanical intensity of biomaterials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultrasonic parameters then developed to be an ingenious aid to reflect elasticity and mechanical intensity of biomaterials [18] [19] [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20]" ] }, { "text": "In our previous study, we found that diagnostic ultrasound could be used for evaluation of injectable biomaterials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our previous study, we found that diagnostic ultrasound could be used for evaluation of injectable biomaterials [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "However, the correlations between CT and diagnostic ultrasound in the evaluation of the biomaterials were not clear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the correlations between CT and diagnostic ultrasound in the evaluation of the biomaterials were not clear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So in this paper, we quantitatively compared computed tomography (CT) with ultrasound in the evaluation of injectable hydrogel biomaterials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So in this paper, we quantitatively compared computed tomography (CT) with ultrasound in the evaluation of injectable hydrogel biomaterials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "It is now proven that between the two equal level surfaces of temperature and water vapors rating respectively at 0.0098˚C and 6.11 mb, troposphere thermoelastic properties are diametrically opposed to those of the ideal gas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is now proven that between the two equal level surfaces of temperature and water vapors rating respectively at 0.0098˚C and 6.11 mb, troposphere thermoelastic properties are diametrically opposed to those of the ideal gas [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "The consequences of this revelation on our perception of climate phenomena are many.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The consequences of this revelation on our perception of climate phenomena are many.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, hot air is not always lighter than cold air throughout the troposphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, hot air is not always lighter than cold air throughout the troposphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This thermodynamic property was unfortunately unknown to public and has led to numerous errors and inconsistencies that abound in many Atmospheric and Climate Sciences publications (including audiovisuals productions).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This thermodynamic property was unfortunately unknown to public and has led to numerous errors and inconsistencies that abound in many Atmospheric and Climate Sciences publications (including audiovisuals productions).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Before using perfect gas assumption everyone must now remember that one of the constituents of the atmosphere (saturated water vapor in this case) has, depending on the location, behavior diametrically opposite to that of ideal gas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Before using perfect gas assumption everyone must now remember that one of the constituents of the atmosphere (saturated water vapor in this case) has, depending on the location, behavior diametrically opposite to that of ideal gas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This subtle precaution allows avoiding misinterpretations like that updrafts are necessarily associated with warming or that downdrafts are necessarily associated with cooling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This subtle precaution allows avoiding misinterpretations like that updrafts are necessarily associated with warming or that downdrafts are necessarily associated with cooling [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]" ] }, { "text": "ClausiusClapeyron formula combined with Carnot principle strengthens our knowledge of the passive convection movements (through-out the troposphere) and finally allows earth's atmosphere tricellular circulation thermodynamics and kinematics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ClausiusClapeyron formula combined with Carnot principle strengthens our knowledge of the passive convection movements (through-out the troposphere) and finally allows earth's atmosphere tricellular circulation thermodynamics and kinematics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each of us will now easily see that the presence of water substance in all three states in the earth's atomsphere gives to troposphere the exclusivity of a general circulation consists of three groups of pas-sive convective cells (Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar) on either side of the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each of us will now easily see that the presence of water substance in all three states in the earth's atomsphere gives to troposphere the exclusivity of a general circulation consists of three groups of pas-sive convective cells (Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar) on either side of the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The situation of growth overexploitation of the hake fishery in the Gulf of Lions has been stated in some papers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The situation of growth overexploitation of the hake fishery in the Gulf of Lions has been stated in some papers (Aldebert et al., 1993; Aldebert and Recasens, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aldebert et al., 1993; Aldebert and Recasens, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "This means that the effort is excessive or the size of the individuals caught is too low, or both.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that the effort is excessive or the size of the individuals caught is too low, or both.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This problem is mainly generated by trawl, because the trawling fleet is larger than the longliner and the target is the smaller individuals of the stock.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This problem is mainly generated by trawl, because the trawling fleet is larger than the longliner and the target is the smaller individuals of the stock.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Contrary to the relative irreversibility of diabetes, IFG can be treated using appropriate intervention measures, thereby delaying or preventing diabetes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Contrary to the relative irreversibility of diabetes, IFG can be treated using appropriate intervention measures, thereby delaying or preventing diabetes [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Nonetheless, because IFG does not typically present with clinical symptoms, confirmation and interventions should begin at an earlier stage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, because IFG does not typically present with clinical symptoms, confirmation and interventions should begin at an earlier stage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A current prevalence and relevant risk factors for IFG have been reported by various ethnic groups and countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A current prevalence and relevant risk factors for IFG have been reported by various ethnic groups and countries [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]" ] }, { "text": "By contrast, nationwide data for the incidence of IFG in Taiwan have not been presented in the past 15 years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By contrast, nationwide data for the incidence of IFG in Taiwan have not been presented in the past 15 years [7, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, this research adopted the new IFG diagnostic threshold (100-125 mg/dl) to analyze data obtained from the nationwide Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) for 2005 to 2008.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this research adopted the new IFG diagnostic threshold (100-125 mg/dl) to analyze data obtained from the nationwide Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) for 2005 to 2008.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The research objectives were to understand the prevalence of IFG among adults in Taiwan, and to explore the crucial variables that influence Taiwanese adults' IFG levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The research objectives were to understand the prevalence of IFG among adults in Taiwan, and to explore the crucial variables that influence Taiwanese adults' IFG levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of an in-depth investigation of IFG prevalence in Taiwan and other relevant factors can be compared with international research to identify the potential causes of IFG and provide a reference for the planning of future diabetes interventions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of an in-depth investigation of IFG prevalence in Taiwan and other relevant factors can be compared with international research to identify the potential causes of IFG and provide a reference for the planning of future diabetes interventions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Applications of the Ti−V−O system under oxidizing conditions were reported by numerous studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Applications of the Ti−V−O system under oxidizing conditions were reported by numerous studies [9, 10, 4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10, 4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "One such application of the Ti-V-O system under oxidizing conditions is its effect as supportive promoter for catalyst during the selective oxidation of butadiene, 1-butene, and benzene to maleic anhydride, and of naphtalene and ooxylene to phthalic anhydride.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One such application of the Ti-V-O system under oxidizing conditions is its effect as supportive promoter for catalyst during the selective oxidation of butadiene, 1-butene, and benzene to maleic anhydride, and of naphtalene and ooxylene to phthalic anhydride [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "A better knowledge of phase relations assists in identifying appropriate processing conditions and to understand the ageing phenomena of catalysts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A better knowledge of phase relations assists in identifying appropriate processing conditions and to understand the ageing phenomena of catalysts [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Compared with historical data, such as those recently reported by the Hvidøre Study Group in 275 children with multiple daily injections (mean HbA 1c 7.9±1.5% after 12 months of diabetes), we observed beneficial effects of insulin pump therapy during the first year of diabetes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with historical data, such as those recently reported by the Hvidøre Study Group in 275 children with multiple daily injections (mean HbA 1c 7.9±1.5% after 12 months of diabetes), we observed beneficial effects of insulin pump therapy during the first year of diabetes [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "The overall HbA 1c was 7.5±1.1% and additional use of continuous glucose monitoring has no statistically significant impact on the overall glycaemic control, except in children with regular sensor use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The overall HbA 1c was 7.5±1.1% and additional use of continuous glucose monitoring has no statistically significant impact on the overall glycaemic control, except in children with regular sensor use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the latter group, average HbA 1c was 0.8% lower than in the Hvidøre report with more than half of these patients achieving HbA 1c below 7.0% without any severe hypoglycaemic event.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the latter group, average HbA 1c was 0.8% lower than in the Hvidøre report with more than half of these patients achieving HbA 1c below 7.0% without any severe hypoglycaemic event.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were not reported at all in patients with sensor-augmented pump treatment, but occurred in four patients in the control group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were not reported at all in patients with sensor-augmented pump treatment, but occurred in four patients in the control group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This difference has to be interpreted with caution because of the low frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in the whole study, particularly as previous studies have shown limited effectiveness of CGM as a preventive tool for hypoglycaemia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This difference has to be interpreted with caution because of the low frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in the whole study, particularly as previous studies have shown limited effectiveness of CGM as a preventive tool for hypoglycaemia [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Spatial autocorrelation pertains to the non-random pattern of attribute values over a set of spatial units.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatial autocorrelation pertains to the non-random pattern of attribute values over a set of spatial units.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been used to understand crime rates in a variety of ways, including traditional geographical statistics (e.g., Moran's I).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been used to understand crime rates in a variety of ways, including traditional geographical statistics (e.g., Moran's I).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, Malleson and Andresen studied the relationship between social networks and crime, analyzing the spatial differences between disease and crime based on Moran's I.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, Malleson and Andresen studied the relationship between social networks and crime, analyzing the spatial differences between disease and crime based on Moran's I [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "However, traditional autocorrelation statistics represent only snapshots related to the distribution of spatial variables in the study area within a period of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, traditional autocorrelation statistics represent only snapshots related to the distribution of spatial variables in the study area within a period of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Their findings are static and lack a description of the development of spatial variables over time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Their findings are static and lack a description of the development of spatial variables over time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Microbial communities also matter; for example, some substrates that are easily hydrolyzed in the oxygenated water column in one location resist hydrolysis in another.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Microbial communities also matter; for example, some substrates that are easily hydrolyzed in the oxygenated water column in one location resist hydrolysis in another [13, 45] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 45]" ] }, { "text": "Essential differences among microbial communities are therefore often missed in a standard organic geochemical perspective on organic matter degradation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Essential differences among microbial communities are therefore often missed in a standard organic geochemical perspective on organic matter degradation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a perspective in essence treats microbial communities as a \"black box\"; carbon is processed, but the specifics are hidden.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a perspective in essence treats microbial communities as a \"black box\"; carbon is processed, but the specifics are hidden.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From this perspective, organic matter quality is frequently considered solely from a chemical perspective, defined, for example, in terms of C/N ratio or molar ratios of specific constituents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From this perspective, organic matter quality is frequently considered solely from a chemical perspective, defined, for example, in terms of C/N ratio or molar ratios of specific constituents [49, 50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49", "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49, 50]" ] }, { "text": "This perspective misses the point that organic matter quality is not a constant that can be defined meaningfully solely in chemical terms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This perspective misses the point that organic matter quality is not a constant that can be defined meaningfully solely in chemical terms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To transform and metabolize organic matter, members of a heterotrophic microbial community must sense the presence of a substrate and produce the correct extracellular enzyme(s) to hydrolyze it to sizes suitable for uptake ( Figure 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To transform and metabolize organic matter, members of a heterotrophic microbial community must sense the presence of a substrate and produce the correct extracellular enzyme(s) to hydrolyze it to sizes suitable for uptake ( Figure 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Multiple factors are then in play: substrate quantity, nature, and accessibility and also microbial capabilities and the potential to realize them under specific environmental conditions, parameters that at this time are very difficult to measure experimentally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Multiple factors are then in play: substrate quantity, nature, and accessibility and also microbial capabilities and the potential to realize them under specific environmental conditions, parameters that at this time are very difficult to measure experimentally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Pecan nut processing results in a relatively high volume of shell (40 to 50%), an industrial byproduct of reddish color, that can constitute an alternative source of compounds with high antioxidant capacity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pecan nut processing results in a relatively high volume of shell (40 to 50%), an industrial byproduct of reddish color, that can constitute an alternative source of compounds with high antioxidant capacity (Worley, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Worley, 1994)" ] }, { "text": "In the south of Brazil, Pecan nut shell is used for infusion, but there are no studies related to the composition of the shell and to the presence of compounds with possible positive effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the south of Brazil, Pecan nut shell is used for infusion, but there are no studies related to the composition of the shell and to the presence of compounds with possible positive effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the objective of the present work was to determine the nutritional composition, the total phenolic compound and condensed tannin contents of Pecan nut shells and to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Pecan nut shell infusion through ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)]; DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and β-carotene/linoleic acid systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the objective of the present work was to determine the nutritional composition, the total phenolic compound and condensed tannin contents of Pecan nut shells and to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Pecan nut shell infusion through ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)]; DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and β-carotene/linoleic acid systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The antioxidant activity of the infusion determined through the β-carotene/linoleic acid system was compared to a commercial antioxidant composed of a mixture of natural tocopherols recommended for use in fats and oils and to mixtures of infusion and tocopherols in equal proportions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The antioxidant activity of the infusion determined through the β-carotene/linoleic acid system was compared to a commercial antioxidant composed of a mixture of natural tocopherols recommended for use in fats and oils and to mixtures of infusion and tocopherols in equal proportions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we have combined equally, the cooling capability and electrical energy generation of thermoelectric materials to fit into one module.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we have combined equally, the cooling capability and electrical energy generation of thermoelectric materials to fit into one module.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, our module consists of two components, TEC and TEG.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, our module consists of two components, TEC and TEG.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TEC is used for cooling by transferring the heat from its cold side to the hot side by means of Seebeck effect; TEG plays the role of a remedy device by converting the waste heat of the hot side of TEC into electrical energy by means of Peltier effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "TEC is used for cooling by transferring the heat from its cold side to the hot side by means of Seebeck effect; TEG plays the role of a remedy device by converting the waste heat of the hot side of TEC into electrical energy by means of Peltier effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The combination of thermoelectric coolers and thermoelectric generators is novel and such module has been used in the photovoltaic application under different sun concentration ratio in a previous study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The combination of thermoelectric coolers and thermoelectric generators is novel and such module has been used in the photovoltaic application under different sun concentration ratio in a previous study [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Modeling and finite element method is used to examine the cooling behavior and the electrical power generation of TEC-TEG module at different electrical potential using COMSOL Multiphysics software.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Modeling and finite element method is used to examine the cooling behavior and the electrical power generation of TEC-TEG module at different electrical potential using COMSOL Multiphysics software.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Medical and nursing staff's perception of the role of the clinical pharmacist in ED in the present study is worthy of review.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Medical and nursing staff's perception of the role of the clinical pharmacist in ED in the present study is worthy of review.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A majority of our respondents were willing to accept the availability of a full-time clinical pharmacist in ED and more than half agreed with the statement that clinical pharmacist involvement in the health care team at ED would be helpful in patient care.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A majority of our respondents were willing to accept the availability of a full-time clinical pharmacist in ED and more than half agreed with the statement that clinical pharmacist involvement in the health care team at ED would be helpful in patient care.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, some respondents had differing opinions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some respondents had differing opinions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A possible reason for this negative attitude is that these staff perceive that the pharmacist will complicate or interfere with their work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A possible reason for this negative attitude is that these staff perceive that the pharmacist will complicate or interfere with their work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings are in agreement with findings elsewhere which also indicate there are barriers to the acceptance of the pharmacist in the health care team by nurses and physicians.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings are in agreement with findings elsewhere which also indicate there are barriers to the acceptance of the pharmacist in the health care team by nurses and physicians [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Semitone mapping leads to the stimulation of different groups of electrodes for each tone on the musical scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Semitone mapping leads to the stimulation of different groups of electrodes for each tone on the musical scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each tone has a harmonic structure of overtones which will in turn be regularly spaced along the basilar membrane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each tone has a harmonic structure of overtones which will in turn be regularly spaced along the basilar membrane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis results showed that Smt mapping preserved the spatial ratio of partials of the processed tones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis results showed that Smt mapping preserved the spatial ratio of partials of the processed tones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may lead to a better preservation of the harmonic structure when presented to a CI recipient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may lead to a better preservation of the harmonic structure when presented to a CI recipient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mapping approach outlined in this article has been tested with NH listeners as well as CI recipients and the outcomes are presented in an accompanying article.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mapping approach outlined in this article has been tested with NH listeners as well as CI recipients and the outcomes are presented in an accompanying article [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "An exact matching of the electrode location to the tonotopical characteristic frequency location is not possible.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An exact matching of the electrode location to the tonotopical characteristic frequency location is not possible [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Thus the phenomenon of the missing fundamental is not expected to occur with CI patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus the phenomenon of the missing fundamental is not expected to occur with CI patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Equation 4 yields a range of 0.19 to 0.38 mm for the spacing between successive semitones for the Smt-LF mapping.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Equation 4 yields a range of 0.19 to 0.38 mm for the spacing between successive semitones for the Smt-LF mapping.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the Smt-MF mapping, the range is from 0.3 to 0.4 mm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the Smt-MF mapping, the range is from 0.3 to 0.4 mm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Assuming that VCs are located exactly midway between two adjacent physical electrodes, the channel spacing for the Nucleus straight electrode array is about 0.38 mm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Assuming that VCs are located exactly midway between two adjacent physical electrodes, the channel spacing for the Nucleus straight electrode array is about 0.38 mm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is the same order of magnitude as the spacing required for the Smt-MF mapping.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is the same order of magnitude as the spacing required for the Smt-MF mapping.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the match is not exact, the semitone mapping minimizes the spatial distortion of the harmonic structure representation on the basilar membrane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the match is not exact, the semitone mapping minimizes the spatial distortion of the harmonic structure representation on the basilar membrane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Bullying has been investigated in many countries as it gained international attention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bullying has been investigated in many countries as it gained international attention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is a plethora of research conducted on bullying among primary school children and adolescents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a plethora of research conducted on bullying among primary school children and adolescents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there is a limited amount of published literature on bullying in preschool *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Sciences of Preschool Education and Educational Design, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece; Tel: +30 2241 0 99121; E-mail: [email protected] age and in particular on preschool teachers' perceptions about preschool bullying.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is a limited amount of published literature on bullying in preschool *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Sciences of Preschool Education and Educational Design, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece; Tel: +30 2241 0 99121; E-mail: [email protected] age and in particular on preschool teachers' perceptions about preschool bullying.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teachers are expected to play a significant role in prevention and interventions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Teachers are expected to play a significant role in prevention and interventions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teachers responses also guide their behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Teachers responses also guide their behavior (Yoon and Kerber 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yoon and Kerber 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "All the above strategies are regarded as effective and they are all included in a systemic approach to the prevention of school bullying.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the above strategies are regarded as effective and they are all included in a systemic approach to the prevention of school bullying.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The findings indicate that teachers regard that classroom activities for diversity acceptance, the development of empathy, the cooperation between school and family and the implementation of socio-emotional learning programs in school context are among the most effective strategies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings indicate that teachers regard that classroom activities for diversity acceptance, the development of empathy, the cooperation between school and family and the implementation of socio-emotional learning programs in school context are among the most effective strategies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They also value teacher training, the cooperation between school, family, and community services for bullying prevention, as well as peer support and the creation of prevention activities and material such as videos.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They also value teacher training, the cooperation between school, family, and community services for bullying prevention, as well as peer support and the creation of prevention activities and material such as videos.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data have practical implications for the design of interventions and training programs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data have practical implications for the design of interventions and training programs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teachers perceptions regarding the effective strategies are crucial to the success of the implementation of preventive strategies, as they are among the key stakeholders of prevention initiatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Teachers perceptions regarding the effective strategies are crucial to the success of the implementation of preventive strategies, as they are among the key stakeholders of prevention initiatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has also been highlighted that prevention programs should be developmentally appropriate and tailored to the needs of the preschool children and contexts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has also been highlighted that prevention programs should be developmentally appropriate and tailored to the needs of the preschool children and contexts (Mishna 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mishna 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Appropriate education for teachers on identifying the characteristics and the various forms of bullying should be emphasized in the educational setting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Appropriate education for teachers on identifying the characteristics and the various forms of bullying should be emphasized in the educational setting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They need to be aware of what constitutes bullying and be able to recognize the indirect forms of bullying.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They need to be aware of what constitutes bullying and be able to recognize the indirect forms of bullying.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, teachers should receive training on bullying prevention and become aware of group dynamics, as bullying is a social phenomenon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, teachers should receive training on bullying prevention and become aware of group dynamics, as bullying is a social phenomenon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, peers are required to adopt anti-bullying roles and support victims.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, peers are required to adopt anti-bullying roles and support victims.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "When a network of MPAs was developed in the northern Channel Islands, offshore of Santa Barbara, California, ecological factors known to affect marine populations were incorporated into the design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When a network of MPAs was developed in the northern Channel Islands, offshore of Santa Barbara, California, ecological factors known to affect marine populations were incorporated into the design (Airamé et al. 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Airamé et al. 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Based on oceanographic and biological data, the region was divided into 3 biogeographical regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on oceanographic and biological data, the region was divided into 3 biogeographical regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Habitats were defined in terms of sediment type, water depth and dominant plant types.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Habitats were defined in terms of sediment type, water depth and dominant plant types.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternate networks were then configured to have 1 to 4 reserves, comprising 30−50% of the area, in each bioregion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternate networks were then configured to have 1 to 4 reserves, comprising 30−50% of the area, in each bioregion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MPAs were chosen to include all habitats in the smallest possible area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MPAs were chosen to include all habitats in the smallest possible area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The California Fish and Game Commission then selected a network, which was implemented in 2003.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The California Fish and Game Commission then selected a network, which was implemented in 2003.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The ability of moderate halophiles to grow under extreme salt conditions makes them potentially useful for the production of heterologous proteins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ability of moderate halophiles to grow under extreme salt conditions makes them potentially useful for the production of heterologous proteins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An additional advantage is that most of them have very simple nutritional requirements, being able to use a wide range of compounds as the sole source of carbon and energy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An additional advantage is that most of them have very simple nutritional requirements, being able to use a wide range of compounds as the sole source of carbon and energy (Kushner & Kamekura, 1988 ; Ventosa et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kushner & Kamekura, 1988 ; Ventosa et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "In addition, for the production of stable salt-tolerant enzymes from extremophiles it is important to use halophilic micro-organisms as hosts, since the correct protein folding at high salt concentrations, specific posttranslational modification, and protein secretion in extreme conditions are essential for a correct enzyme function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, for the production of stable salt-tolerant enzymes from extremophiles it is important to use halophilic micro-organisms as hosts, since the correct protein folding at high salt concentrations, specific posttranslational modification, and protein secretion in extreme conditions are essential for a correct enzyme function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The correct heterologous expression and secretion by Halomonas of the thermostable α-amylase from B. licheniformis is a promising starting point for the use of moderately halophilic bacteria as cell factories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The correct heterologous expression and secretion by Halomonas of the thermostable α-amylase from B. licheniformis is a promising starting point for the use of moderately halophilic bacteria as cell factories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, we reported the production and biochemical characterization of an extracellular amylase by the moderately halophilic bacterium H. meridiana.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, we reported the production and biochemical characterization of an extracellular amylase by the moderately halophilic bacterium H. meridiana (Coronado et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Coronado et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The amylase exhibited activity at high salinity (up to 30 % salts) with an optimum at 10 % salt, pH 7n0 (being stable in alkaline conditions) and 37 mC. The main end products of starch hydrolysis were maltose and maltotriose, indicating an α-amylase activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The amylase exhibited activity at high salinity (up to 30 % salts) with an optimum at 10 % salt, pH 7n0 (being stable in alkaline conditions) and 37 mC. The main end products of starch hydrolysis were maltose and maltotriose, indicating an α-amylase activity (Coronado et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Coronado et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The activity of this enzyme at high salinity and the absence of genetic studies of enzymes from this group of extremophilic micro-organisms of great biotechnological potential led us to investigate it in more detail.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The activity of this enzyme at high salinity and the absence of genetic studies of enzymes from this group of extremophilic micro-organisms of great biotechnological potential led us to investigate it in more detail.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Nanoparticles are being increasingly used in different domains of human use and issues like their environmental impacts are seriously looked into.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nanoparticles are being increasingly used in different domains of human use and issues like their environmental impacts are seriously looked into (Nowack and Bucheli, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nowack and Bucheli, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Stability of nanoparticles and their reactivity in environment are therefore important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stability of nanoparticles and their reactivity in environment are therefore important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The finding of behaviour of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles prepared through electrodeposition is therefore interesting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The finding of behaviour of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles prepared through electrodeposition is therefore interesting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Every semester a majority of institutions conduct a student assessment of teaching, typically by employing a survey or rating form completed by students currently enrolled in a class for the purposes of evaluating a faculty member's teaching effectiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every semester a majority of institutions conduct a student assessment of teaching, typically by employing a survey or rating form completed by students currently enrolled in a class for the purposes of evaluating a faculty member's teaching effectiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of these instruments was introduced to U.S. institutions of higher learning in the 1920s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of these instruments was introduced to U.S. institutions of higher learning in the 1920s (Doyle, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Doyle, 1983)" ] }, { "text": "Not surprisingly, the 1920s also brought the first research studies on student ratings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Not surprisingly, the 1920s also brought the first research studies on student ratings (Remmers & Brandenburg, 1927) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Remmers & Brandenburg, 1927)" ] }, { "text": "These student ratings are often the primary measure of teaching effectiveness and are used by many institutions for promotion, tenure and merit pay increase decisions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These student ratings are often the primary measure of teaching effectiveness and are used by many institutions for promotion, tenure and merit pay increase decisions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of these instruments in human resources-related decisions makes the issues related to student evaluation of faculty teaching effectiveness an important concern for faculty and administrators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of these instruments in human resources-related decisions makes the issues related to student evaluation of faculty teaching effectiveness an important concern for faculty and administrators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The evaluations were given to the same introductory finance course class taught to non-finance majors by the same instructor in each of the semesters studied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evaluations were given to the same introductory finance course class taught to non-finance majors by the same instructor in each of the semesters studied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By using this process, various issues related to class characteristics such as class level/difficulty, time of day of the class, male or female instructor have been controlled.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using this process, various issues related to class characteristics such as class level/difficulty, time of day of the class, male or female instructor have been controlled.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These characteristics have been found in some cases to affect evaluations although some characteristics have not been shown to possess a consistent effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These characteristics have been found in some cases to affect evaluations although some characteristics have not been shown to possess a consistent effect (Basow & Silberg, 1987; Franklin & Theall, 1992; Koushki & Kuhn, 1982; Kulik, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Basow & Silberg, 1987; Franklin & Theall, 1992; Koushki & Kuhn, 1982; Kulik, 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "There are a variety of situations where both massless and massive spin-2 states appear, and it would be interesting to explore how our constraints interact with these examples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are a variety of situations where both massless and massive spin-2 states appear, and it would be interesting to explore how our constraints interact with these examples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is already known that the way string theory is consistent with these eikonal constraints is rather intricate: it is not through having the cubic vertex combinations we have identified, but rather through cancellations between particles on the leading Regge trajectory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is already known that the way string theory is consistent with these eikonal constraints is rather intricate: it is not through having the cubic vertex combinations we have identified, but rather through cancellations between particles on the leading Regge trajectory [1, 49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 49]" ] }, { "text": "Another oft-studied situation where massive spin-2 states arise coupled to gravity is in KaluzaKlein reductions, where an infinite set of massive spin-2 particles appear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another oft-studied situation where massive spin-2 states arise coupled to gravity is in KaluzaKlein reductions, where an infinite set of massive spin-2 particles appear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It would be illuminating to study the cubic couplings which arise in these cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would be illuminating to study the cubic couplings which arise in these cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years, there has been a considerable interest for generating laser pulses comprising a less number of field oscillations called few-cycle laser pulses at different wavelengths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, there has been a considerable interest for generating laser pulses comprising a less number of field oscillations called few-cycle laser pulses at different wavelengths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Few-cycle pulses in the femtosecond range are highly useful in the development of femtosecond laser technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Few-cycle pulses in the femtosecond range are highly useful in the development of femtosecond laser technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should be emphasized that these few-cycle pulses help probe the dynamics of electrons in the matter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be emphasized that these few-cycle pulses help probe the dynamics of electrons in the matter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is anticipated that the attosecond laser technology shall led to attoelectronics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is anticipated that the attosecond laser technology shall led to attoelectronics [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the high-intensity few-cycle laser pulses are at the forefront of the recent research in the ultrafast laser physics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the high-intensity few-cycle laser pulses are at the forefront of the recent research in the ultrafast laser physics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has become an attractive candidate for high power applications, due to integrating lots of outstanding physical properties like high breakdown voltage, high frequency application and low on-resistance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has become an attractive candidate for high power applications, due to integrating lots of outstanding physical properties like high breakdown voltage, high frequency application and low on-resistance [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "For power devices, the property of high breakdown voltage is particularly significant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For power devices, the property of high breakdown voltage is particularly significant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On account of the limit of technique process, the off-state breakdown voltage (V BD ) of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is still far from the limitation of GaN material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On account of the limit of technique process, the off-state breakdown voltage (V BD ) of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is still far from the limitation of GaN material [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "CUDA in particular is a potent framework combining MIMD, SIMD and SIMT in a special arrangement allowing access to the vast numbers of parallel processors on CUDA-enabled GPUs for arbitrary computation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CUDA in particular is a potent framework combining MIMD, SIMD and SIMT in a special arrangement allowing access to the vast numbers of parallel processors on CUDA-enabled GPUs for arbitrary computation [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "We endeavour to not extensively discuss this, but we provide a brief overview here for convenience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We endeavour to not extensively discuss this, but we provide a brief overview here for convenience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The parallel architecture of CUDA is used by defining a 1, 2, or 3-dimensional hypothetical \"grid\" of threads divided into regular \"thread blocks\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The parallel architecture of CUDA is used by defining a 1, 2, or 3-dimensional hypothetical \"grid\" of threads divided into regular \"thread blocks\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Collectively this is known as a \"grid\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Collectively this is known as a \"grid\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process involves using a set of special syntax superimposed upon the C language by NVidia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process involves using a set of special syntax superimposed upon the C language by NVidia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This modified compiler is known as nvcc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This modified compiler is known as nvcc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While it expands upon the C syntax, it is implemented as a pre-processor, compiling device-specific code sections into PTX instructions, which are later compiled into low-level GPU instructions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While it expands upon the C syntax, it is implemented as a pre-processor, compiling device-specific code sections into PTX instructions, which are later compiled into low-level GPU instructions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A section of devicespecific code is written in C-like function syntax.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A section of devicespecific code is written in C-like function syntax.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These functions are known as \"kernels\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These functions are known as \"kernels\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Kernels are copied to the device before execution takes place.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Kernels are copied to the device before execution takes place.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "As with parallelism in general, it is vitally important that race conditions are prevented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As with parallelism in general, it is vitally important that race conditions are prevented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the Kawasaki exchange model, cells in the lattice must be able to read-/write in the Von Neumann neighbourhood of Manhattan distance r = 1 from the cell index, and at least read from the extended Von Neumann neighbourhood of Manhattan distance r = 2.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the Kawasaki exchange model, cells in the lattice must be able to read-/write in the Von Neumann neighbourhood of Manhattan distance r = 1 from the cell index, and at least read from the extended Von Neumann neighbourhood of Manhattan distance r = 2 [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "This imposes some restrictions on the order we are able to process the lattice cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This imposes some restrictions on the order we are able to process the lattice cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sequential simulations typically overcome this problem by performing Monte Carlo updates of cell sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sequential simulations typically overcome this problem by performing Monte Carlo updates of cell sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We follow a similar path, except we perform Monte Carlo (hence random order) updates in a 3x3 grid around each one lattice site, and divide the CUDA thread grid into a smaller lattice able to process 1/3 of the lattice at a time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We follow a similar path, except we perform Monte Carlo (hence random order) updates in a 3x3 grid around each one lattice site, and divide the CUDA thread grid into a smaller lattice able to process 1/3 of the lattice at a time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This ensures that there is a gap of two cells between each concurrently running thread.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This ensures that there is a gap of two cells between each concurrently running thread.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The architecture is a combination of art, science and technology to produce a building that is practical, aesthetic and symbolic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The architecture is a combination of art, science and technology to produce a building that is practical, aesthetic and symbolic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the two disciplines have a meeting point in the production process prior to 'study drawing' with exploring illustration of a work is produced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the two disciplines have a meeting point in the production process prior to 'study drawing' with exploring illustration of a work is produced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interest income 'art work' remains the same as the gaze 'audience'.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Interest income 'art work' remains the same as the gaze 'audience' (Neto, 2014; Szubielska et al., 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Neto, 2014; Szubielska et al., 2016)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In recent decades, joint global political efforts to develop common abatement commitments for GHG emissions reduction have been actively on-going.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent decades, joint global political efforts to develop common abatement commitments for GHG emissions reduction have been actively on-going.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Common protocols, such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and more recently the 2015 Paris Agreement, have led to national strategies and policies to limit emissions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Common protocols, such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and more recently the 2015 Paris Agreement, have led to national strategies and policies to limit emissions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In most cases, the final fine tuning and actual implementation of the policies is the responsibility of municipalities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In most cases, the final fine tuning and actual implementation of the policies is the responsibility of municipalities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means that the local effects and timelines of implementation may vary a lot, both between and within countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that the local effects and timelines of implementation may vary a lot, both between and within countries [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Various policies focus on the use of alternative fuels and sources of energy, energy conservation, and land use modifications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various policies focus on the use of alternative fuels and sources of energy, energy conservation, and land use modifications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides GHG-emissions, emissions of other pollutants may also be affected by these policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides GHG-emissions, emissions of other pollutants may also be affected by these policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These pollutants, such as particulate matter, harm human health, and the implementation of emissions reducing policies can bring health benefits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These pollutants, such as particulate matter, harm human health, and the implementation of emissions reducing policies can bring health benefits [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "When assessing and comparing the planned or executed GHG abatement policies, it is informative to also estimate their local co-benefits instead of assessing only direct costs of the measures and their impacts on GHG emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When assessing and comparing the planned or executed GHG abatement policies, it is informative to also estimate their local co-benefits instead of assessing only direct costs of the measures and their impacts on GHG emissions [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The assessment of the local short term co-benefits of urban scale implementation of GHG-mitigation policies on public health and well-being was the objective of the EU FP7 funded project Urban Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China and Europe (URGENCHE).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The assessment of the local short term co-benefits of urban scale implementation of GHG-mitigation policies on public health and well-being was the objective of the EU FP7 funded project Urban Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China and Europe (URGENCHE) [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "This assessment was targeted on five case study cities in Europe and two in China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This assessment was targeted on five case study cities in Europe and two in China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This article presents results of the assessment for the city of Kuopio in Finland with the following objectives: (1) evaluate how local greenhouse gas abatement strategies affect air pollutant emissions, (2) assess the local health effects of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Kuopio, and (3) analyze spatial differences in the exposures to PM 2.5 (i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This article presents results of the assessment for the city of Kuopio in Finland with the following objectives: (1) evaluate how local greenhouse gas abatement strategies affect air pollutant emissions, (2) assess the local health effects of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Kuopio, and (3) analyze spatial differences in the exposures to PM 2.5 (i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In this case, traffic was the largest contributor of the local sources to the ambient annual levels of PM 2.5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, traffic was the largest contributor of the local sources to the ambient annual levels of PM 2.5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As there were no PM 2.5 emission factors available for different biofuels, no realistic assumptions could be made for the 2020 scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As there were no PM 2.5 emission factors available for different biofuels, no realistic assumptions could be made for the 2020 scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More importantly, several other studies have demonstrated that much higher health benefits can be achieved by GHG abatement strategies that reduce emissions by replacing motor vehicle transportation with biking and walking.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More importantly, several other studies have demonstrated that much higher health benefits can be achieved by GHG abatement strategies that reduce emissions by replacing motor vehicle transportation with biking and walking [37] [38] [39] [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37] [38] [39] [40]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Increased use of biofuels in traffic and in heat and power generation is a cornerstone of the national GHG abatement strategies in Finland and prioritized locally in the Kuopio area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increased use of biofuels in traffic and in heat and power generation is a cornerstone of the national GHG abatement strategies in Finland and prioritized locally in the Kuopio area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The assessment demonstrates that actions can have a major effect on the local fossil CO2 emissions, in this case lowering them by 55% from the 2010 baseline to the 2020 CO2 interventions scenario.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The assessment demonstrates that actions can have a major effect on the local fossil CO2 emissions, in this case lowering them by 55% from the 2010 baseline to the 2020 CO2 interventions scenario.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It seems that older people and people with low income live in areas with the higher PM 2.5 annual average levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It seems that older people and people with low income live in areas with the higher PM 2.5 annual average levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This makes sense as a high proportion of older people in Kuopio live close to the city center, where the PM 2.5 levels are the highest because of the traffic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This makes sense as a high proportion of older people in Kuopio live close to the city center, where the PM 2.5 levels are the highest because of the traffic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, some of the suburbs with the oldest apartment buildings with cheaper rents are located near the highway.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, some of the suburbs with the oldest apartment buildings with cheaper rents are located near the highway.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This trend between low socioeconomic status (SES) and higher exposures to air pollutants is in line with previous studies from other geographical locations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This trend between low socioeconomic status (SES) and higher exposures to air pollutants is in line with previous studies from other geographical locations [29] [30] [31] [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29] [30] [31] [32]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "IPCC, however, advises the use of national emission factors in cases where they are available.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "IPCC, however, advises the use of national emission factors in cases where they are available [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "We therefore used the emission factors provided by the national expert organization Motiva Oy, which recommended in 2010 the use of zero as the emission factor for wood and wood residues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We therefore used the emission factors provided by the national expert organization Motiva Oy, which recommended in 2010 the use of zero as the emission factor for wood and wood residues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the re-take circulation is ignored instead (which errors in the opposite direction), the CO 2 emission factor of wood products (109.6 t/TJ) is actually a bit higher than for peat (97-107 t/TJ), oil (73.5 t/TJ), and coal (93.3 t/TJ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the re-take circulation is ignored instead (which errors in the opposite direction), the CO 2 emission factor of wood products (109.6 t/TJ) is actually a bit higher than for peat (97-107 t/TJ), oil (73.5 t/TJ), and coal (93.3 t/TJ) [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The correlation between the two scoring methods was also computed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The correlation between the two scoring methods was also computed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results showed that there was a highly significant correlation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results showed that there was a highly significant correlation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this does not mean that there is an agreement among the raters; another analysis was conducted below.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this does not mean that there is an agreement among the raters; another analysis was conducted below.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The correlation between two scoring methods was 0.80 which is deemed acceptable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The correlation between two scoring methods was 0.80 which is deemed acceptable (Stemler, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stemler, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Rubrics are used by teachers to evaluate students' performance on specific tasks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rubrics are used by teachers to evaluate students' performance on specific tasks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A rubric is a scoring scale used to assess students' performance along a task-specific set of well-defined criteria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A rubric is a scoring scale used to assess students' performance along a task-specific set of well-defined criteria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A number of benefits were discussed for using rubrics as a tool to evaluate students on performance tasks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A number of benefits were discussed for using rubrics as a tool to evaluate students on performance tasks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of rubrics can 1) increase the consistency of judgment when assessing performance tasks, 2) provide is a valid judgment of performance assessment that cannot be achieved by not using the rubric, 3) give positive educational consequences, such as promoting learning and/or improve instruction, and 4) provide students with quality feedback.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of rubrics can 1) increase the consistency of judgment when assessing performance tasks, 2) provide is a valid judgment of performance assessment that cannot be achieved by not using the rubric, 3) give positive educational consequences, such as promoting learning and/or improve instruction, and 4) provide students with quality feedback (Jonsson & Svingby, 2007; Archbald & Newmann, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jonsson & Svingby, 2007; Archbald & Newmann, 1988)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "As an alternative, analytic scoring, which involves \"the separation of the various features of a composition into components for scoring purposes\", has also received considerable scholarly attention (Wiseman, 2012, p. 60 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an alternative, analytic scoring, which involves \"the separation of the various features of a composition into components for scoring purposes\", has also received considerable scholarly attention (Wiseman, 2012, p. 60 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An analytic scoring rubric typically includes writing components relating to the test taker's lexical, syntactic, discourse, and rhetorical competence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An analytic scoring rubric typically includes writing components relating to the test taker's lexical, syntactic, discourse, and rhetorical competence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, an analytic scoring rubric offers more detailed information about a test taker's writing performance than does the single score of a holistic scoring rubric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, an analytic scoring rubric offers more detailed information about a test taker's writing performance than does the single score of a holistic scoring rubric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An analytic rubric provides orderly and comprehensive feedback to teachers and assists them in the discrimination of the weak and strong aspect in students writing performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An analytic rubric provides orderly and comprehensive feedback to teachers and assists them in the discrimination of the weak and strong aspect in students writing performance (Hamp-Lyons, 1995; Crehan, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hamp-Lyons, 1995; Crehan, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "In other words, an analytic rubric has higher discriminating power.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, an analytic rubric has higher discriminating power (Mendelsohn & Cumming, 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mendelsohn & Cumming, 1987)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Holistic scoring is \"a global approach\" to scoring that is underscored by the idea that \"writing is a single entity which is best captured by a single scale that integrates the inherent qualities of the writing\" (Wiseman, 2012, p. 59) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Holistic scoring is \"a global approach\" to scoring that is underscored by the idea that \"writing is a single entity which is best captured by a single scale that integrates the inherent qualities of the writing\" (Wiseman, 2012, p. 59) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, holistic scoring considers the entire written response and assigns an overall score to the performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, holistic scoring considers the entire written response and assigns an overall score to the performance (White, 1985; Weigle, 2002; Hyland, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50", "BIBREF48", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(White, 1985; Weigle, 2002; Hyland, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "This cost-effectiveness of holistic scoring makes it a suitable approach for large-scale assessment of written performance, especially for decisions concerning placement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This cost-effectiveness of holistic scoring makes it a suitable approach for large-scale assessment of written performance, especially for decisions concerning placement (Cumming, 1990; Hamp-Lyons, 1990; Reid, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cumming, 1990; Hamp-Lyons, 1990; Reid, 1993)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Assessment of students performance has to be as accurate as possible because it may have consequences for students being assessed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Assessment of students performance has to be as accurate as possible because it may have consequences for students being assessed (Black, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Black, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "There are some sources of variability in any assessment, one of which is raters' judgments of students' performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are some sources of variability in any assessment, one of which is raters' judgments of students' performance (Black, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Black, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "This was the focus of this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was the focus of this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The difference between holistic and analytical rubrics in enhancing the reliability of scoring was investigated and the results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the means of the two scoring rubrics, holistic and analytic approaches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference between holistic and analytical rubrics in enhancing the reliability of scoring was investigated and the results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the means of the two scoring rubrics, holistic and analytic approaches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was found that when raters use analytical scoring rubric, they give lower scores than when using holistic scoring rubric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was found that when raters use analytical scoring rubric, they give lower scores than when using holistic scoring rubric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such findings make sense because analytical rubrics have many details and scoring them is more rigorous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such findings make sense because analytical rubrics have many details and scoring them is more rigorous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies in literature indicated that for this reason analytical scoring rubrics are often used for diagnostic purposes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies in literature indicated that for this reason analytical scoring rubrics are often used for diagnostic purposes (Jacobs, Zingraf, Wormuth, Hartfiel, & Hughey, 1981; Perkins, 1983; Hamp-Lyons, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF40", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jacobs, Zingraf, Wormuth, Hartfiel, & Hughey, 1981; Perkins, 1983; Hamp-Lyons, 1991)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Norway has become the worlds largest producer of Atlantic salmon through use of open net structures in the sea.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Norway has become the worlds largest producer of Atlantic salmon through use of open net structures in the sea.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aquaculture facilities have grown both in size and number.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aquaculture facilities have grown both in size and number.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, the industry faces increased attention on environmental challenges related to fish escapes, sea-lice, diseases and pollution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, the industry faces increased attention on environmental challenges related to fish escapes, sea-lice, diseases and pollution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is despite improvements in technology and operational procedures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is despite improvements in technology and operational procedures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aquaculture industry is under a considerable pressure to introduce technologies and practices that reduce the influence from the aquaculture on the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The aquaculture industry is under a considerable pressure to introduce technologies and practices that reduce the influence from the aquaculture on the environment (Michael et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Michael et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "A possible contribution to the solution, is to develop a Closed Flexible Fish Cage (CFFC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A possible contribution to the solution, is to develop a Closed Flexible Fish Cage (CFFC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main objective of the CFFC is to better restrict and control the interaction between the fish farm and the surrounding environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main objective of the CFFC is to better restrict and control the interaction between the fish farm and the surrounding environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "There is an increasing need for the development of ultrasonic nondestructive testing (UT) methods for inspecting parts made of composite materials following the increasing use of such materials in the industry (e.g., aircraft and aerospace industries).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is an increasing need for the development of ultrasonic nondestructive testing (UT) methods for inspecting parts made of composite materials following the increasing use of such materials in the industry (e.g., aircraft and aerospace industries).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to design new UT methods or to demonstrate performances of existing ones, simulation tools are very helpful.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to design new UT methods or to demonstrate performances of existing ones, simulation tools are very helpful [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Since attenuation plays an important role in actual testing of composites, models on which these tools are based must take into account the various attenuation phenomena encountered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since attenuation plays an important role in actual testing of composites, models on which these tools are based must take into account the various attenuation phenomena encountered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "We included only participants who were 18 years or older (M ¼ 26.7 years, SD ¼ 10.3), identified as heterosexual, and were current U.S. residents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We included only participants who were 18 years or older (M ¼ 26.7 years, SD ¼ 10.3), identified as heterosexual, and were current U.S. residents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of this group, we excluded 8,274 participants (3.2%) who had incomplete data for key measures and 7,903 participants (3.1%) who had at least one of (a) an overall error rate of greater than 30%, (b) error rates above 40% on any individual block, or (c) a latency of 400 ms or less on more than 10% of IAT trials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Of this group, we excluded 8,274 participants (3.2%) who had incomplete data for key measures and 7,903 participants (3.1%) who had at least one of (a) an overall error rate of greater than 30%, (b) error rates above 40% on any individual block, or (c) a latency of 400 ms or less on more than 10% of IAT trials (Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003; Nosek, Smyth et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003; Nosek, Smyth et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "The final data set consisted of 248,922 participants, with a mean of 151.41 (SD ¼ 91.56; median ¼ 128) participants per day.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The final data set consisted of 248,922 participants, with a mean of 151.41 (SD ¼ 91.56; median ¼ 128) participants per day.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In the event of a fire breaking out in a tunnel, smoke diffuses widely along the ventilation airflow in the tunnel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the event of a fire breaking out in a tunnel, smoke diffuses widely along the ventilation airflow in the tunnel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The evacuation environment may therefore be insufficiently secured.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The evacuation environment may therefore be insufficiently secured [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "When ventilation equipment in a tunnel is replaced, the safety and economic efficiency of the new ventilation equipment must be evaluated in advance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When ventilation equipment in a tunnel is replaced, the safety and economic efficiency of the new ventilation equipment must be evaluated in advance [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "However, it is unrealistic to verify the new ventilation equipment by performing a demonstration experiment owing to its cost and versatility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is unrealistic to verify the new ventilation equipment by performing a demonstration experiment owing to its cost and versatility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is considered useful to predict an evacuation situation in which a fire breaks out in a tunnel by performing a numerical simulation and examining the safety of the tunnel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is considered useful to predict an evacuation situation in which a fire breaks out in a tunnel by performing a numerical simulation and examining the safety of the tunnel [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14] [15] [16]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, vemurafenib (PLX 4032, Zelboraf (R) ), a highly selective B-Raf kinase inbihitor, has been approved by the US-Food and Drug Administration for treatment of metastatic and unresectable BRAF V600E + melanomas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, vemurafenib (PLX 4032, Zelboraf (R) ), a highly selective B-Raf kinase inbihitor, has been approved by the US-Food and Drug Administration for treatment of metastatic and unresectable BRAF V600E + melanomas [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Vemurafenib improves the overall *Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA; Tel: +1 718 990 1432; Fax: +1 718 990 1877; E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +1-718-990-5814; Fax: +1 718 990 1877; E-mail: [email protected] survival of patients by inhibiting the Raf-Mek-Erk signaling pathway which inhibits tumor growth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Vemurafenib improves the overall *Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA; Tel: +1 718 990 1432; Fax: +1 718 990 1877; E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +1-718-990-5814; Fax: +1 718 990 1877; E-mail: [email protected] survival of patients by inhibiting the Raf-Mek-Erk signaling pathway which inhibits tumor growth [3, 7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, due to drug resistance initiated by various signaling molecules such as NRAS and PDGFR , vemurafenib cannot be used to treat cancers that result from mutations in the B-Raf gene unrelated to V600E.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, due to drug resistance initiated by various signaling molecules such as NRAS and PDGFR , vemurafenib cannot be used to treat cancers that result from mutations in the B-Raf gene unrelated to V600E [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) play a key role in cell signaling pathways and the resultant cross talk between different pathways makes them a target in the field of drug discovery and development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) play a key role in cell signaling pathways and the resultant cross talk between different pathways makes them a target in the field of drug discovery and development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, the FDA has approved several small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and a number of studies have elaborated on their potential as anti-cancer agents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, the FDA has approved several small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and a number of studies have elaborated on their potential as anti-cancer agents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several research groups have reported that several pan-EGFR, Bcr-Abl, HER-2, VEGF and FGFR TKIs possess the ability to modulate ABC transporters and decrease MDR mediated resistance by these transporters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several research groups have reported that several pan-EGFR, Bcr-Abl, HER-2, VEGF and FGFR TKIs possess the ability to modulate ABC transporters and decrease MDR mediated resistance by these transporters [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "TKIs, such as lapatinib, erlotinib, imatinib and nilotinib significantly reverse MDR in cells that overexpress ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC10.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TKIs, such as lapatinib, erlotinib, imatinib and nilotinib significantly reverse MDR in cells that overexpress ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC10 [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, TKIs are being extensively studied as potential modulators of MDR by inhibiting the energydependent efflux of the chemotherapeutic agents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, TKIs are being extensively studied as potential modulators of MDR by inhibiting the energydependent efflux of the chemotherapeutic agents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Metastatic melanoma has led to a steady increase in cancer-related deaths in the United States over the last decade.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Metastatic melanoma has led to a steady increase in cancer-related deaths in the United States over the last decade [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It has been reported that more than 90% of melanomas express the BRAF V600E mutation (substitution of glutamic acid for valine at amino acid 600).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported that more than 90% of melanomas express the BRAF V600E mutation (substitution of glutamic acid for valine at amino acid 600).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The V600E mutation on the B-Raf gene and activation of the gene is instrumental in transducing downstream signaling in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The V600E mutation on the B-Raf gene and activation of the gene is instrumental in transducing downstream signaling in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, there have been extensive studies targeting the V600E mutated B-Raf to develop effective melanoma therapies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, there have been extensive studies targeting the V600E mutated B-Raf to develop effective melanoma therapies [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In a competitive market environment, the system operator needs to know how much additional power can be transferred from one area to another area without violating system constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a competitive market environment, the system operator needs to know how much additional power can be transferred from one area to another area without violating system constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accurate evaluation of the transfer capability of a transmission system is required to maximize the utilization of the existing transmission systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accurate evaluation of the transfer capability of a transmission system is required to maximize the utilization of the existing transmission systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In practice, the transfer capability of the transmission networks can be limited by various system constraints such as thermal, voltage and stability limits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, the transfer capability of the transmission networks can be limited by various system constraints such as thermal, voltage and stability limits (Gravener et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gravener et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The ability to incorporate such limits into the optimization problem is a challenge in the ATC calculation from an engineering perspective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ability to incorporate such limits into the optimization problem is a challenge in the ATC calculation from an engineering perspective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Optimization techniques have been applied to various traditional power system problems including minimization of generation costs and system losses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Optimization techniques have been applied to various traditional power system problems including minimization of generation costs and system losses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various optimization tools have been developed to solve optimal power flow, economic dispatch and unit commitment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various optimization tools have been developed to solve optimal power flow, economic dispatch and unit commitment (Wood & Wollenberg, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wood & Wollenberg, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "These problems are complex due to both the nonlinear nature of power flows and a large number of continuous or discrete decision variables and constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These problems are complex due to both the nonlinear nature of power flows and a large number of continuous or discrete decision variables and constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The recent movement towards an open, competitive market environment introduced new optimization problems such as market clearing mechanism, bidding decision and available transfer capability (ATC) calculation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The recent movement towards an open, competitive market environment introduced new optimization problems such as market clearing mechanism, bidding decision and available transfer capability (ATC) calculation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These new optimization problems become more complicated due to the complexity of power systems and the uncertainties in the electricity market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These new optimization problems become more complicated due to the complexity of power systems and the uncertainties in the electricity market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The main feature of such apparent anomaly becomes evident when the solar cell's I-V characteristics under illumination present a peculiar concave shape within the fourth quadrant (the power generating quadrant); instead of exhibiting the normally expected, so-called \"J\" type conventional convex shape.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main feature of such apparent anomaly becomes evident when the solar cell's I-V characteristics under illumination present a peculiar concave shape within the fourth quadrant (the power generating quadrant); instead of exhibiting the normally expected, so-called \"J\" type conventional convex shape.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This deformation of the illuminated I-V curve is commonly referred to as the S-shape \"kink\" of the I-V characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This deformation of the illuminated I-V curve is commonly referred to as the S-shape \"kink\" of the I-V characteristics [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The presence of such bend seriously reduces the solar cell's fill factor by depressing the location of the maximum power point, and thus represents a serious impairment for the cell's power conversion efficiency that must be avoided, minimised or suppressed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of such bend seriously reduces the solar cell's fill factor by depressing the location of the maximum power point, and thus represents a serious impairment for the cell's power conversion efficiency that must be avoided, minimised or suppressed [7, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 11]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Today, there is an abundance of literature on the intangible factors of regional development briefly listed above (innovation, entrepreneurship, education, etc.) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Today, there is an abundance of literature on the intangible factors of regional development briefly listed above (innovation, entrepreneurship, education, etc.) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the existing literature on the research theme of land and property in economic development remains limited and poor on a general level, despite its relative popularity in the nineties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the existing literature on the research theme of land and property in economic development remains limited and poor on a general level, despite its relative popularity in the nineties (Adams et al., 1994; Baker, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Adams et al., 1994; Baker, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "In an effort to fill this research gap, we have developed an exploratory piece of research on the theme of the effectiveness of industrial land policies, with the aim to define their true roles in relation to economic development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In an effort to fill this research gap, we have developed an exploratory piece of research on the theme of the effectiveness of industrial land policies, with the aim to define their true roles in relation to economic development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As we will explain in further detail in the subsection 3.1, our theoretical framework is based on the differentiation between the spatial effectiveness on the one hand, and the economic effectiveness on the other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we will explain in further detail in the subsection 3.1, our theoretical framework is based on the differentiation between the spatial effectiveness on the one hand, and the economic effectiveness on the other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our empirical analyses have been developed on the basis of a study area covering seven countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our empirical analyses have been developed on the basis of a study area covering seven countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We decided to work on this group of countries from Northwest Europe because there are many diversities in their industrial land policies, even though they belong to a relatively homogenous economic context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We decided to work on this group of countries from Northwest Europe because there are many diversities in their industrial land policies, even though they belong to a relatively homogenous economic context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The actual literature focused on the energy-growth relation displays a wide variety of result.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The actual literature focused on the energy-growth relation displays a wide variety of result.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Today, the energy-growth connection has widely been empirically examined since the study of Kraft and Kraft.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Today, the energy-growth connection has widely been empirically examined since the study of Kraft and Kraft.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The general results of the current works on energy consumption are not uniform.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The general results of the current works on energy consumption are not uniform.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some different econometric technics were used (unit root tests, cointegration tests, etc.) to identify the causality direction between these variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some different econometric technics were used (unit root tests, cointegration tests, etc.) to identify the causality direction between these variables (Shahbaz and Lean 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shahbaz and Lean 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Samples of rumen contents were collected by an esophageal tube and a vacuum pump four hours after meal on the 11th day of each experimental period for determination of pH and N-NH 3 concentration in the rumen fluid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Samples of rumen contents were collected by an esophageal tube and a vacuum pump four hours after meal on the 11th day of each experimental period for determination of pH and N-NH 3 concentration in the rumen fluid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pH was measured immediately after collection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pH was measured immediately after collection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the quantification of the ammonia concentration, 50 mL of rumen fluid were filtered and 1 mL of sulfuric acid -H 2 SO 4 (1:1) was added to the filtrate and subsequently distilled over potassium hydroxide -KOH 2N.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the quantification of the ammonia concentration, 50 mL of rumen fluid were filtered and 1 mL of sulfuric acid -H 2 SO 4 (1:1) was added to the filtrate and subsequently distilled over potassium hydroxide -KOH 2N (Vieira, 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vieira, 1980)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves contain approximately 36% polyphenols, the majority of which are catechins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves contain approximately 36% polyphenols, the majority of which are catechins [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Catechins (flavan-3-ols), a flavonoid, are divided into major and minor substances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Catechins (flavan-3-ols), a flavonoid, are divided into major and minor substances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The major substances are epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The major substances are epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The minor substances, which are epimers of major catechins, are catechin (C), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin (GC) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The minor substances, which are epimers of major catechins, are catechin (C), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin (GC) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These substances account for the bitter and astringent taste of the tea.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These substances account for the bitter and astringent taste of the tea.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The addition of bovine, soy, rice milk, ascorbic acid and citrus juice resulted in the increase of post-digestion recovery of EGCG, EGC, ECG and EC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The addition of bovine, soy, rice milk, ascorbic acid and citrus juice resulted in the increase of post-digestion recovery of EGCG, EGC, ECG and EC [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Hence, protecting the catechins from the GIT environment will increase their post-digestion recovery for oral delivery purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, protecting the catechins from the GIT environment will increase their post-digestion recovery for oral delivery purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Loading catechins, mostly EGCG, into a biopolymer vehicle is one way to protect them from GIT instability and for the sustained-delivery of catechins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Loading catechins, mostly EGCG, into a biopolymer vehicle is one way to protect them from GIT instability and for the sustained-delivery of catechins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the biopolymer vehicle candidate must pass several criteria, such as biocompatibility, toxicity, physical-mechanical properties and acid-environment characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the biopolymer vehicle candidate must pass several criteria, such as biocompatibility, toxicity, physical-mechanical properties and acid-environment characteristics [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the present study, the effect of periodic blowing (PB) on a turbulent boundary layer was investigated through direct numerical simulations of the spatially evolving turbulent boundary layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, the effect of periodic blowing (PB) on a turbulent boundary layer was investigated through direct numerical simulations of the spatially evolving turbulent boundary layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these simulations, the Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness at the inlet was Re θ = 300, which is relatively low compared to the relevant higher Reynolds number experimental results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these simulations, the Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness at the inlet was Re θ = 300, which is relatively low compared to the relevant higher Reynolds number experimental results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The time-mean blowing velocities were restricted to values smaller than 10% of the free-stream velocity (A + =0.25, 0.50, and 1.00) and the blowing frequency was fixed at f + = f ν/u 2 τ,in = 0.017, which corresponds to twice the ejection frequency of the inner layer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The time-mean blowing velocities were restricted to values smaller than 10% of the free-stream velocity (A + =0.25, 0.50, and 1.00) and the blowing frequency was fixed at f + = f ν/u 2 τ,in = 0.017, which corresponds to twice the ejection frequency of the inner layer (Tardu, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tardu, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The objective of the present study was to elucidate the response of a turbulent boundary layer to PB, with particular emphasis on the modulation of the wall shear stress and mean velocities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective of the present study was to elucidate the response of a turbulent boundary layer to PB, with particular emphasis on the modulation of the wall shear stress and mean velocities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A spanwise vortical structure was generated by PB, which led to a reduction in the skin friction near the wall.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A spanwise vortical structure was generated by PB, which led to a reduction in the skin friction near the wall.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The oscillating components of the turbulent intensities and Reynolds shear stress were analyzed to characterize the unsteady dynamic response of turbulent structure to PB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The oscillating components of the turbulent intensities and Reynolds shear stress were analyzed to characterize the unsteady dynamic response of turbulent structure to PB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, a comparison was made between the time-mean velocity, turbulent intensities and Reynolds shear stress under PB and SB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, a comparison was made between the time-mean velocity, turbulent intensities and Reynolds shear stress under PB and SB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The energy partition parameter was examined to investigate the energy redistribution due to PB and SB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The energy partition parameter was examined to investigate the energy redistribution due to PB and SB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Profiles of the rms velocity fluctuations (u rms , v rms and w rms ) and Reynolds shear stress (−u v ) are shown in Fig. 7 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Profiles of the rms velocity fluctuations (u rms , v rms and w rms ) and Reynolds shear stress (−u v ) are shown in Fig. 7 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As mentioned above, the velocity fluctuations and Reynolds shear stress are attenuated near the slot (x/θ in = 80) but are enhanced downstream of the slot (x/θ in ≥ 100) for both PB and SB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As mentioned above, the velocity fluctuations and Reynolds shear stress are attenuated near the slot (x/θ in = 80) but are enhanced downstream of the slot (x/θ in ≥ 100) for both PB and SB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The maximum change of u rms is observed at x/θ in = 100, whereas the maximum changes of v rms , w rms and −u v are located in the far downstream (x/θ in ≥ 110).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The maximum change of u rms is observed at x/θ in = 100, whereas the maximum changes of v rms , w rms and −u v are located in the far downstream (x/θ in ≥ 110).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is interesting that the increases in v rms and w rms for PB are larger than those for SB, whereas the increase in u rms for PB is slightly smaller than that for SB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is interesting that the increases in v rms and w rms for PB are larger than those for SB, whereas the increase in u rms for PB is slightly smaller than that for SB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that PB enhances the energy redistribution in the streamwise downstream more strongly than SB does.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that PB enhances the energy redistribution in the streamwise downstream more strongly than SB does.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To examine the energy redistribution altered by the local forcings, the energy partition parameter K * = 2u 2 / v 2 + w 2 is employed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To examine the energy redistribution altered by the local forcings, the energy partition parameter K * = 2u 2 / v 2 + w 2 is employed (Lee et al., 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lee et al., 1990)" ] }, { "text": "This parameter is a measure of the relative contribution to the turbulent kinetic energy of the streamwise turbulence intensity and the intensities normal to the mean flow.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This parameter is a measure of the relative contribution to the turbulent kinetic energy of the streamwise turbulence intensity and the intensities normal to the mean flow (Neves et al., 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Neves et al., 1994)" ] }, { "text": "As shown in Fig. 8 , K * significantly decreases near the wall for both PB and SB in comparison with the 'no forcing' case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Fig. 8 , K * significantly decreases near the wall for both PB and SB in comparison with the 'no forcing' case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Above the slot (x/θ in = 80), the values of K * for SB are smaller than those for PB in the vicinity of the wall (y + ≤ 10).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Above the slot (x/θ in = 80), the values of K * for SB are smaller than those for PB in the vicinity of the wall (y + ≤ 10).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the values of K * for PB are smaller than those for SB in the downstream (x/θ in ≥ 90).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the values of K * for PB are smaller than those for SB in the downstream (x/θ in ≥ 90).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The amount of energy transfer from the streamwise velocity component to the other two velocity components under PB is generally larger than that under SB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of energy transfer from the streamwise velocity component to the other two velocity components under PB is generally larger than that under SB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Masonry's strength, durability and resilience to water and fire have contributed to its widespread and continued use throughout history.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Masonry's strength, durability and resilience to water and fire have contributed to its widespread and continued use throughout history.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relative ease of construction was particularly important before the development of a highly mechanised construction industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relative ease of construction was particularly important before the development of a highly mechanised construction industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Today historic masonry structures continue to play an important role in transportation infrastructure; it is estimated that there are over 40,000 masonry arch bridges still in service in UK.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Today historic masonry structures continue to play an important role in transportation infrastructure; it is estimated that there are over 40,000 masonry arch bridges still in service in UK [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The primary function of structural masonry is to carry the compressive loads, although it is also capable of resisting lateral forces derived from wind, earthquake or other applied loading.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The primary function of structural masonry is to carry the compressive loads, although it is also capable of resisting lateral forces derived from wind, earthquake or other applied loading.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Masonry can resist relatively high compressive stresses, but it has lower shear and flexural capacity, both of which are a function of applied normal stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Masonry can resist relatively high compressive stresses, but it has lower shear and flexural capacity, both of which are a function of applied normal stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent decades, some historic masonry transportation infrastructure, including masonry arch bridges, have exhibited shear failure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent decades, some historic masonry transportation infrastructure, including masonry arch bridges, have exhibited shear failure [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Duplex stainless steels (DSS) have two phases, ferrite and austenite in almost equal proportion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Duplex stainless steels (DSS) have two phases, ferrite and austenite in almost equal proportion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The two phases' structure is very dependent on their composition and thermal history.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two phases' structure is very dependent on their composition and thermal history.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Duplex stainless steel is employed in chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, marine and paper industry due to its excellent mechanical and good corrosion performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Duplex stainless steel is employed in chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, marine and paper industry due to its excellent mechanical and good corrosion performance [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It offers a combination of properties, such as particularly good corrosion resistance in hot corrosion environments containing-chloride ions, mechanical strength and ductility, abrasion resistance, and weldability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It offers a combination of properties, such as particularly good corrosion resistance in hot corrosion environments containing-chloride ions, mechanical strength and ductility, abrasion resistance, and weldability [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "The commercial production of duplex stain-less steels started in about 1937.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The commercial production of duplex stain-less steels started in about 1937 [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Where b is the width of the load strip.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Where b is the width of the load strip.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This correction results in a downward adjustment of 4 percent in the maximum stress, if the size of the load strip is as specified in ASTM 496.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This correction results in a downward adjustment of 4 percent in the maximum stress, if the size of the load strip is as specified in ASTM 496 [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The correction of the linear elastic load condition therefore accounts only for a small portion of the overestimation of f t reported for splitting tensile tests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The correction of the linear elastic load condition therefore accounts only for a small portion of the overestimation of f t reported for splitting tensile tests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Another approach for general systems is Dynamic Concurrency Throttling (DCT) which aims to reduce the number of active threads during parallel regions, that are constrained by shared resources, to reduce energy consumption.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another approach for general systems is Dynamic Concurrency Throttling (DCT) which aims to reduce the number of active threads during parallel regions, that are constrained by shared resources, to reduce energy consumption [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Such general purpose approaches for energy-efficient scheduling typically focus on a single set of parameters that is adjusted beforehand or at run-time, using a limited set of performance metrics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such general purpose approaches for energy-efficient scheduling typically focus on a single set of parameters that is adjusted beforehand or at run-time, using a limited set of performance metrics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They use data mining tools to generate a model and select the most appropriate configuration at run-time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They use data mining tools to generate a model and select the most appropriate configuration at run-time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main problem is that they rely on the predictability of observed metrics over time to compensate for the tracing overhead and system reconfiguration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main problem is that they rely on the predictability of observed metrics over time to compensate for the tracing overhead and system reconfiguration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, they cannot be used efficiently on DBMS applications, which might need to handle unpredictable workloads and manifest multiple behaviors over a short period of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, they cannot be used efficiently on DBMS applications, which might need to handle unpredictable workloads and manifest multiple behaviors over a short period of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "H 2 O electrolysis constitutes a promising method for the production of H 2 and O 2 , with high purity and no pollution, by using electrical energy (Eq. (1)).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "H 2 O electrolysis constitutes a promising method for the production of H 2 and O 2 , with high purity and no pollution, by using electrical energy (Eq. (1)) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "One characteristic and recent application of this technology is electrolysis at high temperatures, by using Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One characteristic and recent application of this technology is electrolysis at high temperatures, by using Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Specifically, the electrical energy demand for the high temperature (600-1000°C) H 2 O electrolysis process, is much lower than the corresponding energy at low temperatures (< 100°C), which yields significantly higher efficiency and performance in the former case.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, the electrical energy demand for the high temperature (600-1000°C) H 2 O electrolysis process, is much lower than the corresponding energy at low temperatures (< 100°C), which yields significantly higher efficiency and performance in the former case [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "In the case of SOECs, H 2 O in the form of steam is fed to the cathode side, where it is reduced to hydrogen [reaction].", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of SOECs, H 2 O in the form of steam is fed to the cathode side, where it is reduced to hydrogen [reaction (2) ].", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(2)" ] }, { "text": "Oxygen anions (O 2-) pass through the electrolyte to the anode, where they recombine to molecular oxygen, releasing two electrons (Reaction (3)).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Oxygen anions (O 2-) pass through the electrolyte to the anode, where they recombine to molecular oxygen, releasing two electrons (Reaction (3)) [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The experimental limits on the branching ratios of the rare top quark decays were established by the experiments at Tevatron and LHC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experimental limits on the branching ratios of the rare top quark decays were established by the experiments at Tevatron and LHC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The CDF experiment set upper bound on branching ratio for top quark FCNC decay as BR( → ) < 3.2 × 10 −2.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The CDF experiment set upper bound on branching ratio for top quark FCNC decay as BR( → ) < 3.2 × 10 −2 [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Presently, the most powerful upper limits on top quark FCNC branching ratios from different channels are BR( → ) < 1.61 × 10 −4 and BR( → ) < 1.82 × 10 −3 at 95% confidence level (CL) given by the CMS experiment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Presently, the most powerful upper limits on top quark FCNC branching ratios from different channels are BR( → ) < 1.61 × 10 −4 and BR( → ) < 1.82 × 10 −3 at 95% confidence level (CL) given by the CMS experiment [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Concerning our process − → − ± + , with the hadronic decay mode of the boson we will have at least three jets and one electron in the final state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Concerning our process − → − ± + , with the hadronic decay mode of the boson we will have at least three jets and one electron in the final state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We take into account ( 1) and ( 2) backgrounds which have the same final state after and decays hadronically, as that of the signal process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We take into account ( 1) and ( 2) backgrounds which have the same final state after and decays hadronically, as that of the signal process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, multijet QCD backgrounds are not included in the analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, multijet QCD backgrounds are not included in the analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The transverse momentum and pseudo-rapidity distributions of the leading jet and second and third jets are presented in Figure 3 for the signal and interfering background together, and in Figure 4 only the backgrounds 1 and 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The transverse momentum and pseudo-rapidity distributions of the leading jet and second and third jets are presented in Figure 3 for the signal and interfering background together, and in Figure 4 only the backgrounds 1 and 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The distribution has similar shape for signal and considers backgrounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The distribution has similar shape for signal and considers backgrounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to select signal events, each event is required to have one electron, two jets, and one -jet with the highest .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to select signal events, each event is required to have one electron, two jets, and one -jet with the highest .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The number of selected objects in the signal events can help to suppress the background events effectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The number of selected objects in the signal events can help to suppress the background events effectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The kinematical distributions ( ( ) and ( )) for the electron in the event are shown in Figure 5 for + 1 and in Figure 6 for only 1 and 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The kinematical distributions ( ( ) and ( )) for the electron in the event are shown in Figure 5 for + 1 and in Figure 6 for only 1 and 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the specific signatures of the signal is the presence of an electron with high transverse momentum ( ( ) > 20 GeV) and central pseudo-rapidity (| ( )| < 2.5).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the specific signatures of the signal is the presence of an electron with high transverse momentum ( ( ) > 20 GeV) and central pseudo-rapidity (| ( )| < 2.5).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The leading jet with ( ) > 40 GeV and other two jets with ( ) > 30 GeV are considered in our analysis, as the cuts flow shown in Table 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The leading jet with ( ) > 40 GeV and other two jets with ( ) > 30 GeV are considered in our analysis, as the cuts flow shown in Table 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the LHeC has an energy asymmetry, the jets from the process mainly peaked in the backward region according to the collisions; therefore the pseudo-rapidity range for jets is taken to be −4 < ( ) < 0 for the analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the LHeC has an energy asymmetry, the jets from the process mainly peaked in the backward region according to the collisions; therefore the pseudo-rapidity range for jets is taken to be −4 < ( ) < 0 for the analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the fast simulation, the detector card includestagging efficiency to be 70%, with mistagging efficiencies for -jets and light jets of 10% and 0.3%, respectively, in the considered ( , ) range of the jets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the fast simulation, the detector card includestagging efficiency to be 70%, with mistagging efficiencies for -jets and light jets of 10% and 0.3%, respectively, in the considered ( , ) range of the jets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These are consistent with the typical values used by the LHC experiments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These are consistent with the typical values used by the LHC experiments [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "The top quark mass is reconstructed from three jets (with onetagged jet) after selection cuts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The top quark mass is reconstructed from three jets (with onetagged jet) after selection cuts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At each cut step we calculate the cut efficiencies as shown in Figure 7 for different FCNC coupling parameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At each cut step we calculate the cut efficiencies as shown in Figure 7 for different FCNC coupling parameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This figure shows that the cut efficiency changes from 6% to 1% for interfering backgrounds ( 1) and ( 2) with cut steps from Cut-1 to Cut-5 when the FCNC coupling ( ) is set to zero.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This figure shows that the cut efficiency changes from 6% to 1% for interfering backgrounds ( 1) and ( 2) with cut steps from Cut-1 to Cut-5 when the FCNC coupling ( ) is set to zero.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the signal the cut efficiency depends on the value of the couplings, for example, it decreases from 10% to 2.5% for the couplings = = 0.05.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the signal the cut efficiency depends on the value of the couplings, for example, it decreases from 10% to 2.5% for the couplings = = 0.05.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The top quark is the most massive of all observed elementary particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The top quark is the most massive of all observed elementary particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The top quark interacts with the other quarks of Standard Model (SM) via gauge and Yukawa couplings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The top quark interacts with the other quarks of Standard Model (SM) via gauge and Yukawa couplings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It interacts primarily by the strong interaction, but can only decay through the weak interaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It interacts primarily by the strong interaction, but can only decay through the weak interaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The top quark decays to a boson and either a bottom quark (most frequently), a strange quark, or a down quark (rarely).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The top quark decays to a boson and either a bottom quark (most frequently), a strange quark, or a down quark (rarely).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also a unique probe to search for the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also a unique probe to search for the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Being the heaviest quark, effects of new physics on its couplings are expected to be larger than that for other fermions; hence it is expected that possible deviations with respect to predictions of the SM might be found with precise measurements of its couplings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Being the heaviest quark, effects of new physics on its couplings are expected to be larger than that for other fermions; hence it is expected that possible deviations with respect to predictions of the SM might be found with precise measurements of its couplings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is known that the flavour changing neutral current (FCNC) transitions are absent at tree level and highly suppressed at loop level due to the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani (GIM) mechanism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that the flavour changing neutral current (FCNC) transitions are absent at tree level and highly suppressed at loop level due to the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani (GIM) mechanism [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The branching ratios for the top quark FCNC decays through the process → are of the order 10 −14 − 10 −12 in the SM.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The branching ratios for the top quark FCNC decays through the process → are of the order 10 −14 − 10 −12 in the SM [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, various scenarios beyond the standard model (BSM), such as two Higgs doublet model, supersymmetry, and technicolor, predict much larger rates at the order of 10 −6 −10 −5.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, various scenarios beyond the standard model (BSM), such as two Higgs doublet model, supersymmetry, and technicolor, predict much larger rates at the order of 10 −6 −10 −5 [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, an observation of the large FCNC induced couplings would indicate the existence of the BSM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, an observation of the large FCNC induced couplings would indicate the existence of the BSM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Previous studies concerning the conscious processing hypothesis and the distraction hypothesis have suggested that two types of changes in attention cause poor performance under pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies concerning the conscious processing hypothesis and the distraction hypothesis have suggested that two types of changes in attention cause poor performance under pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The debate remains surrounding the exact change responsible for poor performance under pressure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The debate remains surrounding the exact change responsible for poor performance under pressure (Beilock and Carr, 2001; Lewis and Linder, 1997; Mullen et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Beilock and Carr, 2001; Lewis and Linder, 1997; Mullen et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "However, theˆndings of this study indicate that under a low level of stress both types of attention shifts, namely increased attention to movements and increased attention to distractors (here stressors), were shown to be associated with poor performance or with kinematic changes during golf-putting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, theˆndings of this study indicate that under a low level of stress both types of attention shifts, namely increased attention to movements and increased attention to distractors (here stressors), were shown to be associated with poor performance or with kinematic changes during golf-putting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the results of this study suggest that both increased attention toward movements and increased distraction can cause poor motor performances when athletes are under pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the results of this study suggest that both increased attention toward movements and increased distraction can cause poor motor performances when athletes are under pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A signiˆcant increase was observed in various stress measures in the test block relative to levels observed on theˆnal acquisition block.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A signiˆcant increase was observed in various stress measures in the test block relative to levels observed on theˆnal acquisition block.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "State anxiety, negative aŠect, and HR measures were all higher due to pressure applied in the test block.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "State anxiety, negative aŠect, and HR measures were all higher due to pressure applied in the test block.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Theseˆndings suggest that the stipulation of a cash reward-plus-punishment, used in this study, had an eŠect on the participants' emotional state and arousal level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Theseˆndings suggest that the stipulation of a cash reward-plus-punishment, used in this study, had an eŠect on the participants' emotional state and arousal level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although they also suggest that the induction of stress through pressure was eŠective, it should be noted that state anxiety increased, on average, by approximately 7 points and HR increased on average by approximately 6 bpm; this indicates that the stress created in the study was rather weak.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although they also suggest that the induction of stress through pressure was eŠective, it should be noted that state anxiety increased, on average, by approximately 7 points and HR increased on average by approximately 6 bpm; this indicates that the stress created in the study was rather weak.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been reported that HR can increase by 20 to 40 bpm due to pressure during actual athletic events.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported that HR can increase by 20 to 40 bpm due to pressure during actual athletic events (McArdle et al., 1967; Yoshie et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McArdle et al., 1967; Yoshie et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, our results indicate the di‹culty of creating a realistic stress level in experimental settings that compares reliably with actual athletic events.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, our results indicate the di‹culty of creating a realistic stress level in experimental settings that compares reliably with actual athletic events (Williams et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Williams et al., 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we analyze the measurements of UDP and TCP performance over 3G and 3.5G wireless networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we analyze the measurements of UDP and TCP performance over 3G and 3.5G wireless networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The novelty of our measurement experiments lies in that we took measurements in a fast moving car on a highway and in a high-speed train running at 300 km/h.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The novelty of our measurement experiments lies in that we took measurements in a fast moving car on a highway and in a high-speed train running at 300 km/h.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous studies that measure the performance of the 3G network depend on stationary end hosts and do not include the mobile end hosts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies that measure the performance of the 3G network depend on stationary end hosts and do not include the mobile end hosts [4, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Predictably, our results show that mobile nodes experience far worse performance than stationary nodes over the same network, indicating difficulties that are specific to this type of measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Predictably, our results show that mobile nodes experience far worse performance than stationary nodes over the same network, indicating difficulties that are specific to this type of measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Many enhancements have been proposed as a means of overcoming the negative effects on the TCP performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many enhancements have been proposed as a means of overcoming the negative effects on the TCP performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elaarag surveyed research on improvements to TCP performance over mobile wireless networks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Elaarag surveyed research on improvements to TCP performance over mobile wireless networks [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "We note that most solutions are based on theoretical modeling and simulation with limited mobility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We note that most solutions are based on theoretical modeling and simulation with limited mobility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Experimental research into mobility is daunting because of the difficulty of creating a mobile environment for experiments and because the task of recreating the same environment for verification is not always feasible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Experimental research into mobility is daunting because of the difficulty of creating a mobile environment for experiments and because the task of recreating the same environment for verification is not always feasible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We have also conducted IR analysis to extend the results of Granger test by providing the information on the magnitude/strength of the causal interference.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have also conducted IR analysis to extend the results of Granger test by providing the information on the magnitude/strength of the causal interference.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use the generalized impulse response approach which is superior to the \"orthogonalized\" impulse responses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We use the generalized impulse response approach which is superior to the \"orthogonalized\" impulse responses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The generalized impulse response approach is insensitive to the order of vector autoregression (VAR) variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The generalized impulse response approach is insensitive to the order of vector autoregression (VAR) variables (Hurley, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hurley, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Considering the effect of dust on the performance of PV modules is typically restricted to analyzing how it reduces the effective incident irradiance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the effect of dust on the performance of PV modules is typically restricted to analyzing how it reduces the effective incident irradiance [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "This is equivalent to assuming that dust is uniformly distributed over the PV modules and PV array surfaces, thus reducing the shortcircuit current but without affecting either the open-circuit voltage or the fill factor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is equivalent to assuming that dust is uniformly distributed over the PV modules and PV array surfaces, thus reducing the shortcircuit current but without affecting either the open-circuit voltage or the fill factor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the power delivered is reduced in the same proportion as the distribution of the dust.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the power delivered is reduced in the same proportion as the distribution of the dust.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, observed dust distributions are often far from being uniform, and this non-uniformity implies some kind of mismatch between cells in the same PV module, as well as between modules within the same string.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, observed dust distributions are often far from being uniform, and this non-uniformity implies some kind of mismatch between cells in the same PV module, as well as between modules within the same string.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the former case, it translates into anomalies in the I-V curve when the affected PV module is considered separately.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the former case, it translates into anomalies in the I-V curve when the affected PV module is considered separately.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the latter, it translates into voltage losses when the affected PV module operates in a string.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the latter, it translates into voltage losses when the affected PV module operates in a string.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The corresponding power losses from the latter case can be significantly larger than what is suggested by the simple distribution of dust.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The corresponding power losses from the latter case can be significantly larger than what is suggested by the simple distribution of dust.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, non-uniform dust patterns can also give rise to the formation of hot spots, threatening the PV modules' lifetime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, non-uniform dust patterns can also give rise to the formation of hot spots, threatening the PV modules' lifetime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper presents some experimental observations made in a 2-MW PV park located at Cartagena (in the southeast of Spain).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper presents some experimental observations made in a 2-MW PV park located at Cartagena (in the southeast of Spain).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 (a) shows dust deposits on several PV modules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 (a) shows dust deposits on several PV modules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Strongly non-uniform patterns can be clearly observed in some of them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Strongly non-uniform patterns can be clearly observed in some of them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These patterns arise spontaneously, probably as the result of complex combinations of dominant breeze winds with the PV module frames and the arrangements of the arrays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These patterns arise spontaneously, probably as the result of complex combinations of dominant breeze winds with the PV module frames and the arrangements of the arrays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1(b) shows dust affecting not only to the free space between the solar cells and the frames but also to some of the solar cell surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1(b) shows dust affecting not only to the free space between the solar cells and the frames but also to some of the solar cell surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Just to show that this case is not a very particular one, Figure l(c and d) shows non-uniform dust patterns observed in other Spanish PV arrays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Just to show that this case is not a very particular one, Figure l(c and d) shows non-uniform dust patterns observed in other Spanish PV arrays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, that can be often the case in non-cleaned PV arrays operating in arid regions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, that can be often the case in non-cleaned PV arrays operating in arid regions [7, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Subsequent I-V curves and operation voltage measurements show that the derived power loss is significantly larger than the short-circuit reduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequent I-V curves and operation voltage measurements show that the derived power loss is significantly larger than the short-circuit reduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, hot spots up to 23 degrees on the surroundings have also been observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, hot spots up to 23 degrees on the surroundings have also been observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is, dust deposits are acting as partial shades, but with the additional annoyance of their becoming permanent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, dust deposits are acting as partial shades, but with the additional annoyance of their becoming permanent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The polymerization starts in homogeneous phase by action of the initiator, generating nuclei from which colloidal particles are produced, which grow and end up separating of the reaction medium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The polymerization starts in homogeneous phase by action of the initiator, generating nuclei from which colloidal particles are produced, which grow and end up separating of the reaction medium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PVP could be considered as a stabilizing agent in the polymerization reaction, which acts as a surfactant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PVP could be considered as a stabilizing agent in the polymerization reaction, which acts as a surfactant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PVP also plays an important role in obtaining stable particles with spherical shape, and prevents the aggregation of colloidal particles during the polymerization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PVP also plays an important role in obtaining stable particles with spherical shape, and prevents the aggregation of colloidal particles during the polymerization (Zou et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zou et al., 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Two different volumes of 3-amino-1-propene were used for the synthesis carried out with the co-monomer, and fixed amounts of initiator (ACVA) and surfactant agent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two different volumes of 3-amino-1-propene were used for the synthesis carried out with the co-monomer, and fixed amounts of initiator (ACVA) and surfactant agent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was observed that the sphere diameter varied according to the amount of co-monomer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was observed that the sphere diameter varied according to the amount of co-monomer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the addition of 1 ml of 3-amino-1-propene, spheres of 1 μm in diameter were obtained, whereas when 2 ml of co-monomer were added, the particle size decreased obtaining PS spheres of 0.5 μm in diameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the addition of 1 ml of 3-amino-1-propene, spheres of 1 μm in diameter were obtained, whereas when 2 ml of co-monomer were added, the particle size decreased obtaining PS spheres of 0.5 μm in diameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results obtained by SEM are presented in the following micrographs ( Figure 5 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results obtained by SEM are presented in the following micrographs ( Figure 5 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is clear that the addition of co-monomer influences the size of the synthesized latex spheres.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is clear that the addition of co-monomer influences the size of the synthesized latex spheres.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, the main objective of this addition is to modify the surface of the spheres, since the amino groups of the comonomer would cover the surface of the PS spheres with positive charge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, the main objective of this addition is to modify the surface of the spheres, since the amino groups of the comonomer would cover the surface of the PS spheres with positive charge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be considered that this effect of the 3-amino-1-propene addition is an important factor in optimizing the coating of the spheres to obtain certain hollow spherical materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be considered that this effect of the 3-amino-1-propene addition is an important factor in optimizing the coating of the spheres to obtain certain hollow spherical materials (Zou et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zou et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "In the particular case to which the templates studied in this work are aimed, corresponding to silica-based materials, an acid-base interaction with the hydroxyl groups of silica can be generated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the particular case to which the templates studied in this work are aimed, corresponding to silica-based materials, an acid-base interaction with the hydroxyl groups of silica can be generated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "RaceMob's crowdsourcing approach is in part inspired by cooperative bug isolation (CBI).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "RaceMob's crowdsourcing approach is in part inspired by cooperative bug isolation (CBI) [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "CBI collects various information about program execution at user sites from both failing and successful runs to identify the likely causes of failures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CBI collects various information about program execution at user sites from both failing and successful runs to identify the likely causes of failures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first system that detected concurrency bugs in a collaborative setup was CCI.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first system that detected concurrency bugs in a collaborative setup was CCI [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "CCI extended CBI to gather information pertaining to concurrency bugs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CCI extended CBI to gather information pertaining to concurrency bugs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both CBI and CCI detect bugs that cause software failures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both CBI and CCI detect bugs that cause software failures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "RaceMob targets a different problem: detecting all data races in a program, most of which only rarely cause visible failures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RaceMob targets a different problem: detecting all data races in a program, most of which only rarely cause visible failures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined as a tumor that lacks expression of the oestrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancer cases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined as a tumor that lacks expression of the oestrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancer cases [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "TNBC is associated with younger age at diagnosis, African-American race, higher histological grade, larger size, more advanced disease stage and a tendency towards local and visceral metastases rather than bone metastases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TNBC is associated with younger age at diagnosis, African-American race, higher histological grade, larger size, more advanced disease stage and a tendency towards local and visceral metastases rather than bone metastases [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "TNBC is characterized by high invasiveness, poor prognosis, and an early peak of recurrence within the first 3 years, as well as a higher 5-year mortality rate than other breast cancer subtypes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TNBC is characterized by high invasiveness, poor prognosis, and an early peak of recurrence within the first 3 years, as well as a higher 5-year mortality rate than other breast cancer subtypes [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Corporate social responsibility (CSR) implies that firm policies and practices exceed the narrow, technical, and legal requirements to create economic value.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Corporate social responsibility (CSR) implies that firm policies and practices exceed the narrow, technical, and legal requirements to create economic value (Davis 1973) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Davis 1973)" ] }, { "text": "Firms are increasingly considered as social actors that, beyond their mere economic self-interest, adhere to or even actively change norms in society.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Firms are increasingly considered as social actors that, beyond their mere economic self-interest, adhere to or even actively change norms in society (Scherer and Palazzo 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Scherer and Palazzo 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Within the CSR literature, scholars see firms as corporate citizens, which does not only mean that corporations need to behave like 'good citizens', but that they are responsible for protecting citizen rights.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the CSR literature, scholars see firms as corporate citizens, which does not only mean that corporations need to behave like 'good citizens', but that they are responsible for protecting citizen rights (Matten and Crane 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Matten and Crane 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Other actors in society apply ever-increasing pressure on firms to act as a corporate citizen by means of their CSR policy and practices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other actors in society apply ever-increasing pressure on firms to act as a corporate citizen by means of their CSR policy and practices (Matten and Crane 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Matten and Crane 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In acute antepartum pyelonephritis, infection with organisms resistant to ampicillin did not affect patient outcomes in terms of the course of their hospital stay or the frequency of common complications of pyelonephritis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In acute antepartum pyelonephritis, infection with organisms resistant to ampicillin did not affect patient outcomes in terms of the course of their hospital stay or the frequency of common complications of pyelonephritis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The similarities in outcomes between patients infected with ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-sensitive organisms are reassuring in light of the common use of ampicillin and gentamicin to treat acute antepartum pyelonephritis and the increasing reports of ampicillin-resistant organisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The similarities in outcomes between patients infected with ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-sensitive organisms are reassuring in light of the common use of ampicillin and gentamicin to treat acute antepartum pyelonephritis and the increasing reports of ampicillin-resistant organisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are several possible explanations for this finding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are several possible explanations for this finding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first explanation is that while over fifty percent of the organisms cultured were resistant to ampicillin, all patients were receiving gentamicin in addition to ampicillin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first explanation is that while over fifty percent of the organisms cultured were resistant to ampicillin, all patients were receiving gentamicin in addition to ampicillin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, only a single patient had an organism that was resistant to gentamicin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, only a single patient had an organism that was resistant to gentamicin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ampicillin and gentamicin may create a pharmacologic synergy that may also explain the discrepancy between in vitro susceptibilities and in vivo findings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ampicillin and gentamicin may create a pharmacologic synergy that may also explain the discrepancy between in vitro susceptibilities and in vivo findings [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "This also raises the question of whether treatment with gentamicin alone would be adequate to treat the majority of cases of acute antepartum pyelonephritis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This also raises the question of whether treatment with gentamicin alone would be adequate to treat the majority of cases of acute antepartum pyelonephritis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Data from 1.89 million health maintenance organization participants estimated the prevalence of AF to be <0.1 % in patients <55 years of age, and an overall prevalence of 0.95 %.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Data from 1.89 million health maintenance organization participants estimated the prevalence of AF to be <0.1 % in patients <55 years of age, and an overall prevalence of 0.95 % [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Given the relatively young age of bariatric surgery cohorts, including ours (median age 47 years, IQR 38-56), the prevalence of AF would be predicted to be low.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the relatively young age of bariatric surgery cohorts, including ours (median age 47 years, IQR 38-56), the prevalence of AF would be predicted to be low [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Nonetheless, our observed prevalence was 1.9 % overall, and exponentially increased with age to over 10 % in patients 70 years of age (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, our observed prevalence was 1.9 % overall, and exponentially increased with age to over 10 % in patients 70 years of age (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This demonstrates the substantial contribution of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities towards the multifactorial development of AF.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This demonstrates the substantial contribution of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities towards the multifactorial development of AF.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, citrus growers in FL are showing keen interest in low volume applications of insecticides for ACP control because of the reduced cost of this application procedure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, citrus growers in FL are showing keen interest in low volume applications of insecticides for ACP control because of the reduced cost of this application procedure [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Normally, low volume applicators generate smaller droplets than do conventional airblast sprayers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Normally, low volume applicators generate smaller droplets than do conventional airblast sprayers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there is no information on the relationship between the droplet size and the efficacy of ACP control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is no information on the relationship between the droplet size and the efficacy of ACP control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the present study was conducted using fenpropathrin in order to determine the effect of spray droplet size on the mortality of ACP life stages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the present study was conducted using fenpropathrin in order to determine the effect of spray droplet size on the mortality of ACP life stages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the effects of the spray discharge rate and droplet density on the insecticide's efficacy against ACP were investigated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the effects of the spray discharge rate and droplet density on the insecticide's efficacy against ACP were investigated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Typically, mixtures of polar and non-polar liquids show azeotropic behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Typically, mixtures of polar and non-polar liquids show azeotropic behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For 3-pentanone/isooctane mixtures, the mole fraction of 3-pentanone in the azeotropic mixture is on the order of 0.4 with some temperature-dependence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For 3-pentanone/isooctane mixtures, the mole fraction of 3-pentanone in the azeotropic mixture is on the order of 0.4 with some temperature-dependence (Fuchs et al. 1984; Lin and Sick 2002; Davy et al. 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fuchs et al. 1984; Lin and Sick 2002; Davy et al. 2003)" ] }, { "text": "The 3-pentanone concentration in our experiments is 15%, which is smaller than that of the azeotropic mixture at the same temperature; therefore, the mixture exhibits preferential evaporation of 3-pentanone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 3-pentanone concentration in our experiments is 15%, which is smaller than that of the azeotropic mixture at the same temperature; therefore, the mixture exhibits preferential evaporation of 3-pentanone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The red clover root borer, Hylastinus obscurus Marsham (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most serious global pests associated with red clover, Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The red clover root borer, Hylastinus obscurus Marsham (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most serious global pests associated with red clover, Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae) (Steiner and Alderman, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Steiner and Alderman, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Both larval and adult stages feed on the roots, causing weakening and subsequent death of plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both larval and adult stages feed on the roots, causing weakening and subsequent death of plants (Aguilera et al., 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aguilera et al., 1996)" ] }, { "text": "An average of 1.5 H. obscurus per plant can cause 5.5% reduction in forage yield in 2-3 year-old pastures and infestation levels can reach 70% to 100%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An average of 1.5 H. obscurus per plant can cause 5.5% reduction in forage yield in 2-3 year-old pastures and infestation levels can reach 70% to 100% (Aguilera et al., 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aguilera et al., 1996)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The Supreme Audit Office of the Czech Republic has pointed out that public procurement of medical equipment for university hospitals during 2006-2011 was carried out without previous allocations of state analyses of already used devices, which increases the risk of inefficient spending of financial resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Supreme Audit Office of the Czech Republic has pointed out that public procurement of medical equipment for university hospitals during 2006-2011 was carried out without previous allocations of state analyses of already used devices, which increases the risk of inefficient spending of financial resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the purchased medical equipment remains without proper control by the authorities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the purchased medical equipment remains without proper control by the authorities [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to develop new operational efficiency indicators for medical equipment in order to carry out multi-criteria monitoring during the lifecycle of medical devices and to make reasonable decisions regarding their management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to develop new operational efficiency indicators for medical equipment in order to carry out multi-criteria monitoring during the lifecycle of medical devices and to make reasonable decisions regarding their management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Parsing is the first step in many tasks, such as compiler construction and static analysis, that deal with source code.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Parsing is the first step in many tasks, such as compiler construction and static analysis, that deal with source code.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When building a (domain-specific) programming language, it is desirable to quickly build a parser and spend most of the effort in other phases such as name resolution and type checking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When building a (domain-specific) programming language, it is desirable to quickly build a parser and spend most of the effort in other phases such as name resolution and type checking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the long investment in theory and practice of parsing, constructing parsers remains a difficult task, often left to the experts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the long investment in theory and practice of parsing, constructing parsers remains a difficult task, often left to the experts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Syntax of most programming languages cannot be directly expressed using current parsing tools that are based on pure (deterministic) context-free grammars, and there is a need for (manual) grammar modification, and various hacks in the lexer and parser.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Syntax of most programming languages cannot be directly expressed using current parsing tools that are based on pure (deterministic) context-free grammars, and there is a need for (manual) grammar modification, and various hacks in the lexer and parser [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Artesunate (ART) is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin, which is the active principle of the traditional herb Artemisia annua, and is one of potential antimalarial treatments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Artesunate (ART) is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin, which is the active principle of the traditional herb Artemisia annua, and is one of potential antimalarial treatments [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Due to its strong cytotoxicity, ART has recently been the subject for various studies about its effects on cancer cell lines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to its strong cytotoxicity, ART has recently been the subject for various studies about its effects on cancer cell lines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is shown that ART plays an important role against leukemia, melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, central nervous system cancer, and breast cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is shown that ART plays an important role against leukemia, melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, central nervous system cancer, and breast cancer [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Several antitumoral mechanisms of ART are studied such as modulating genes and proteins, coordinating growth signals, apoptosis, proliferation capacity, angiogenesis and tissue invasion, and metastasis, for example, p53, Bcl-2 familymediated mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several antitumoral mechanisms of ART are studied such as modulating genes and proteins, coordinating growth signals, apoptosis, proliferation capacity, angiogenesis and tissue invasion, and metastasis, for example, p53, Bcl-2 familymediated mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [1, 2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 2]" ] }, { "text": "However, ART is not very stable, most probably by the opening of the lactone ring, due to its unusual peroxy group and poor aqueous solubility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, ART is not very stable, most probably by the opening of the lactone ring, due to its unusual peroxy group and poor aqueous solubility [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, development of a drug delivery carrier that can maintain sustained release profile and avoid rapid degradation is essential for effective therapy of ART.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, development of a drug delivery carrier that can maintain sustained release profile and avoid rapid degradation is essential for effective therapy of ART [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) is the widely used biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that has been approved by the FDA for drug delivery systems (DDS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) is the widely used biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that has been approved by the FDA for drug delivery systems (DDS) [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, PLGA-based DDS can provide a sustained and controlled drug release and reduce side effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, PLGA-based DDS can provide a sustained and controlled drug release and reduce side effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the previous study, PLGA-based NPs were fabricated containing 2 Journal of Nanomaterials ART using oil/water emulsion evaporation method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the previous study, PLGA-based NPs were fabricated containing 2 Journal of Nanomaterials ART using oil/water emulsion evaporation method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results showed particle size of 170 nm, high entrapment efficiency (up to 83.4%), and good stability (evaluated for 1 month) after lyophilization with 5% of mannitol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results showed particle size of 170 nm, high entrapment efficiency (up to 83.4%), and good stability (evaluated for 1 month) after lyophilization with 5% of mannitol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "ART was dispersed inside particle core allowing a sustained release up to 48 h. The ART-PLGA formulation significantly reduced cell viability compared to the free ART in the in vitro cytotoxicity test with three cancer cell lines such as A549, SCC-7, and MCF-7 by using MTT assay.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ART was dispersed inside particle core allowing a sustained release up to 48 h. The ART-PLGA formulation significantly reduced cell viability compared to the free ART in the in vitro cytotoxicity test with three cancer cell lines such as A549, SCC-7, and MCF-7 by using MTT assay [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "However, the PLGA NPs have low intracellular uptake because the slightly negative surface charge of PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA with carboxylic end-group) tends to limit their interaction with the negatively charged cell surface, especially of cancer cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the PLGA NPs have low intracellular uptake because the slightly negative surface charge of PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA with carboxylic end-group) tends to limit their interaction with the negatively charged cell surface, especially of cancer cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, due to a deficiency of functional groups on PLGA surface, these DDS are believed to be difficult to achieve functionalities such as passive targeting and active targeting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, due to a deficiency of functional groups on PLGA surface, these DDS are believed to be difficult to achieve functionalities such as passive targeting and active targeting [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we introduced the BSG algorithm, which is a Bayesian version of the SG method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we introduced the BSG algorithm, which is a Bayesian version of the SG method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, BSG is based on a VB solution to the SG objective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, BSG is based on a VB solution to the SG objective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We provide the mathematical derivation of the proposed solution as well as step by step algorithm that is straightforward to implement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We provide the mathematical derivation of the proposed solution as well as step by step algorithm that is straightforward to implement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We present experimental results on various linguistic tasks that show that BSG and SG are competitive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We present experimental results on various linguistic tasks that show that BSG and SG are competitive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In future we plan to investigate the application of BSG to general item similarity tasks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In future we plan to investigate the application of BSG to general item similarity tasks [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The mechanisms responsible for the variation of mean drag and the fluctuating lift have been scrutinized in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanisms responsible for the variation of mean drag and the fluctuating lift have been scrutinized in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In terms of potential applications, other studies have shown that it is possible to substantially increase the heat transfer rate from heated plates by reducing the reattachment length.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of potential applications, other studies have shown that it is possible to substantially increase the heat transfer rate from heated plates by reducing the reattachment length (Cooper, Sheridan & Flood 1986) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cooper, Sheridan & Flood 1986)" ] }, { "text": "While the external forcing reduces the reattachment length, with careful selection of chord-to-thickness ratio and/or applied frequency, the drag penalty can be avoided while also reducing the fluctuating lift forces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the external forcing reduces the reattachment length, with careful selection of chord-to-thickness ratio and/or applied frequency, the drag penalty can be avoided while also reducing the fluctuating lift forces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Although the current study advances previous research on anger and CSA in several key ways, specifically the use of a prospective design with documented abuse history and facial coding of emotion, there were also limiting factors that warrant discussion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the current study advances previous research on anger and CSA in several key ways, specifically the use of a prospective design with documented abuse history and facial coding of emotion, there were also limiting factors that warrant discussion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, the disclosure/nondisclosure of CSA experiences among survivors was measured as a between-subjects variable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, the disclosure/nondisclosure of CSA experiences among survivors was measured as a between-subjects variable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study was originally designed to compare facial expressions of emotions between survivors who voluntarily disclosed and did not disclose CSA experiences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study was originally designed to compare facial expressions of emotions between survivors who voluntarily disclosed and did not disclose CSA experiences (Bonanno et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bonanno et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, this design does not allow us to compare facial expressions in the same participants when discussing other events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, this design does not allow us to compare facial expressions in the same participants when discussing other events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A more informative design would have included a second interview in which CSA survivors who had originally disclosed an abuse experience were asked to disclose a nonabuse, distressing event, and CSA survivors who had not disclosed an abuse experience were asked to disclose an abuse experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A more informative design would have included a second interview in which CSA survivors who had originally disclosed an abuse experience were asked to disclose a nonabuse, distressing event, and CSA survivors who had not disclosed an abuse experience were asked to disclose an abuse experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Expressing anger indirectly via facial expressions may lead to better social consequences than expressing anger directly via verbal expressions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Expressing anger indirectly via facial expressions may lead to better social consequences than expressing anger directly via verbal expressions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Knowing how to effectively express anger relates to feelings of interpersonal independence and boundaries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowing how to effectively express anger relates to feelings of interpersonal independence and boundaries (Kennedy-Moore & Watson, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kennedy-Moore & Watson, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, based on interpersonal feedback, some CSA survivors may learn to rely more fully on facial expressions of anger when discussing nonabuse experiences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, based on interpersonal feedback, some CSA survivors may learn to rely more fully on facial expressions of anger when discussing nonabuse experiences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This strategy may lead them to be less socially withdrawn.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This strategy may lead them to be less socially withdrawn.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our study, CSA survivors who expressed more anger while discussing nonabuse experiences reported decreased social withdrawal symptoms approximately two years later.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, CSA survivors who expressed more anger while discussing nonabuse experiences reported decreased social withdrawal symptoms approximately two years later.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, they did not similarly report greater social competence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, they did not similarly report greater social competence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perhaps these women experience less social isolation but do not view themselves as having particularly strong interpersonal abilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps these women experience less social isolation but do not view themselves as having particularly strong interpersonal abilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The reasons why nondisclosers chose to describe an event other than abuse cannot be fully explained based on the current data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reasons why nondisclosers chose to describe an event other than abuse cannot be fully explained based on the current data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, it is possible that for these women, CSA experiences were genuinely not as meaningful or distressing for them as another stressful life experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, it is possible that for these women, CSA experiences were genuinely not as meaningful or distressing for them as another stressful life experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this were the case, nondisclosure may have been associated with abuse severity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this were the case, nondisclosure may have been associated with abuse severity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a previous study using the same sample found no meaningful differences in overall abuse severity between the discloser and nondiscloser groups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a previous study using the same sample found no meaningful differences in overall abuse severity between the discloser and nondiscloser groups (Bonanno et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bonanno et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Second, the CSA nondisclosers may have felt fear or intimidation when asked to describe their most stressful experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, the CSA nondisclosers may have felt fear or intimidation when asked to describe their most stressful experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, all participants were familiar with the study's general procedures, as they had participated for approximately 7 years and had not been asked about trauma or CSA until the fourth wave of data collection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, all participants were familiar with the study's general procedures, as they had participated for approximately 7 years and had not been asked about trauma or CSA until the fourth wave of data collection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, when asked directly about CSA experiences in a subsequent interview, all but 2 participants (3% of the CSA survivors in the study) openly disclosed a previous abuse experience.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, when asked directly about CSA experiences in a subsequent interview, all but 2 participants (3% of the CSA survivors in the study) openly disclosed a previous abuse experience (Bonanno et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bonanno et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Third, the CSA nondislosers may have been dissociating from their experience of abuse while discussing a nonabuse event.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, the CSA nondislosers may have been dissociating from their experience of abuse while discussing a nonabuse event.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this possibility is unlikely as another previous study found that the CSA nondisclosing group actually scored significantly lower on a measure of the dissociation compared to the disclosing group .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this possibility is unlikely as another previous study found that the CSA nondisclosing group actually scored significantly lower on a measure of the dissociation compared to the disclosing group .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fourth, it may be possible that the nondisclosing women were defensively withholding their experience of CSA during the interview.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fourth, it may be possible that the nondisclosing women were defensively withholding their experience of CSA during the interview.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This explanation has some credence in evidence that the nondisclosing group demonstrated greater facial expressions of shame in the current study and also scored highly on a measure of repressive coping, defined as the tendency to avoid unpleasant thoughts and memories, relative to the disclosing group .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This explanation has some credence in evidence that the nondisclosing group demonstrated greater facial expressions of shame in the current study and also scored highly on a measure of repressive coping, defined as the tendency to avoid unpleasant thoughts and memories, relative to the disclosing group .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The nonverbal expression of anger in the face is one such indirect means.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nonverbal expression of anger in the face is one such indirect means.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Facial expressions are a primary means by which emotion is communicated socially.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Facial expressions are a primary means by which emotion is communicated socially (Bowlby, 1980; Darwin, 1872; Ekman, 1993; Keltner & Kring, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bowlby, 1980; Darwin, 1872; Ekman, 1993; Keltner & Kring, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "For survivors who did not describe a CSA experience, subtly communicating anger via facial expressions may have served as a beneficial alternative to direct verbal expression of anger.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For survivors who did not describe a CSA experience, subtly communicating anger via facial expressions may have served as a beneficial alternative to direct verbal expression of anger.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results showed that these participants, even when describing events other than CSA, did not describe verbal anger themes at rates greater than chance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results showed that these participants, even when describing events other than CSA, did not describe verbal anger themes at rates greater than chance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Participants who described events other than CSA did not differ from CSA disclosure participants in direct anger expression, but when they communicated their anger indirectly via facial expressions, they had better outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants who described events other than CSA did not differ from CSA disclosure participants in direct anger expression, but when they communicated their anger indirectly via facial expressions, they had better outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Besides the integral equation methods, the finite element method (FEM) is also widely used for analysis of composite conducting body and dielectric because of its powerful ability of modeling complex inhomogeneous materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides the integral equation methods, the finite element method (FEM) is also widely used for analysis of composite conducting body and dielectric because of its powerful ability of modeling complex inhomogeneous materials [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "As well known, the absorption boundary condition (ABC) is required in FEM in order to truncate the computational region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As well known, the absorption boundary condition (ABC) is required in FEM in order to truncate the computational region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to combine together the advantage of FEM and integral equation, the hybrid FEM with the boundary integral method (FEM-BI) is proposed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to combine together the advantage of FEM and integral equation, the hybrid FEM with the boundary integral method (FEM-BI) is proposed [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]" ] }, { "text": "No ABC is needed in the FEM-BI, and the number of unknowns is reduced greatly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No ABC is needed in the FEM-BI, and the number of unknowns is reduced greatly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The EU Member States are facing a growing demand for comfort cooling in the residential and commercial area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The EU Member States are facing a growing demand for comfort cooling in the residential and commercial area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nowadays, electric vapour compression heat pumps are the most commonly used machinery in comfort cooling or refrigeration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, electric vapour compression heat pumps are the most commonly used machinery in comfort cooling or refrigeration [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "During energy consumption for cooling duty, greenhouse gases are released into the 3 atmosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During energy consumption for cooling duty, greenhouse gases are released into the 3 atmosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, common refrigerants in compression chillers, i.e. CFC's, HCFC's, and HFC's, are notorious contributors to global warming; some of them have an ozone depleting effect as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, common refrigerants in compression chillers, i.e. CFC's, HCFC's, and HFC's, are notorious contributors to global warming; some of them have an ozone depleting effect as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During production, servicing, and recycling part of these substance will end up in the environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During production, servicing, and recycling part of these substance will end up in the environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the future, cooling demand, and hence energy consumption for climate control and refrigeration, will continue to grow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the future, cooling demand, and hence energy consumption for climate control and refrigeration, will continue to grow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "An altogether different, although likewise rigorous, technique makes use of analytic continuation of partial wave representations of the scattered field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An altogether different, although likewise rigorous, technique makes use of analytic continuation of partial wave representations of the scattered field [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The use of a single complete family of functions (partial waves as in the analytic continuation of partial wave representations technique) representation of the scattered field outside the scattering body forms the basis of the Rayleigh hypothesis method for solving both the forward-scattering and inverse-scattering problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of a single complete family of functions (partial waves as in the analytic continuation of partial wave representations technique) representation of the scattered field outside the scattering body forms the basis of the Rayleigh hypothesis method for solving both the forward-scattering and inverse-scattering problems [15] [16] [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17] [18]" ] }, { "text": "The so-called equivalent source or multiple multipole methods rely on another single complete family of functions representation of the scattered field involving response functions to fictitious sources within the body for the exterior-boundary-value problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The so-called equivalent source or multiple multipole methods rely on another single complete family of functions representation of the scattered field involving response functions to fictitious sources within the body for the exterior-boundary-value problem [19] [20] [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21] [22]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "For analysis we assumed that facility birth would involve adequate basic obstetric care, including clean delivery surfaces, the cord being cut and tied with clean instruments, and immediate wrapping and drying of the baby.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For analysis we assumed that facility birth would involve adequate basic obstetric care, including clean delivery surfaces, the cord being cut and tied with clean instruments, and immediate wrapping and drying of the baby.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However health system weaknesses mean this may not always be so.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However health system weaknesses mean this may not always be so.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Evidence from a health facility survey in the study area found many instances of missing or recently out of stock items for delivery, including examination gloves and cord ligatures, particularly in dispensaries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Evidence from a health facility survey in the study area found many instances of missing or recently out of stock items for delivery, including examination gloves and cord ligatures, particularly in dispensaries [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Such weaknesses and the limited quality improvement work undertaken alongside the community intervention means care of mothers and newborns in health facilities is likely to remain a barrier to improved newborn survival.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such weaknesses and the limited quality improvement work undertaken alongside the community intervention means care of mothers and newborns in health facilities is likely to remain a barrier to improved newborn survival.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Offshore wind investments have reached reasonably maturity over the past decade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Offshore wind investments have reached reasonably maturity over the past decade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With 92 wind farms in operation in European countries, distinctive clusters of investors can be observed with new clusters expected to focus on the second half of the operational life of wind farms; in example, investors who will purchase assets approaching the end of their commercial life, at a low cost and extend its life in expense of higher O&M costs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With 92 wind farms in operation in European countries, distinctive clusters of investors can be observed with new clusters expected to focus on the second half of the operational life of wind farms; in example, investors who will purchase assets approaching the end of their commercial life, at a low cost and extend its life in expense of higher O&M costs [80] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF79" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[80]" ] }, { "text": "A detailed assessment of the returns is pertinent towards understanding the real cost and opportunity of investing in new or existing operational wind farms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A detailed assessment of the returns is pertinent towards understanding the real cost and opportunity of investing in new or existing operational wind farms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such an assessment could facilitate fair valuation of assets, supporting relevant investment/divestment decisions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such an assessment could facilitate fair valuation of assets, supporting relevant investment/divestment decisions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Authenticity has been a major concern of consumers, producers, and regulators since ancient times.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Authenticity has been a major concern of consumers, producers, and regulators since ancient times [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Modern instrumentation, advances in basic sciences and in information and communication technologies provide means for precise measurement and elucidation of origin of foods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Modern instrumentation, advances in basic sciences and in information and communication technologies provide means for precise measurement and elucidation of origin of foods [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Since the beginning of 20 th century, organizations that set standards for and control the origin of ingredients and the production process, have appeared all over the world e.g., the French 'Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO), Italy's 'Denominazione di Origine Controllata', Spain's 'Denominación de Origen', South Africa's 'Wine of Origin' or the United States' 'American Viticultural Areas'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the beginning of 20 th century, organizations that set standards for and control the origin of ingredients and the production process, have appeared all over the world e.g., the French 'Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO), Italy's 'Denominazione di Origine Controllata', Spain's 'Denominación de Origen', South Africa's 'Wine of Origin' or the United States' 'American Viticultural Areas'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The production of consumer goods according to these standardized procedures normally results in better products and is rewarded with higher prices at the point of sale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The production of consumer goods according to these standardized procedures normally results in better products and is rewarded with higher prices at the point of sale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, these financial benefits attract the production of counterfeit food and illegal food trades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, these financial benefits attract the production of counterfeit food and illegal food trades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Determination of food authenticity is an important issue in quality control and food safety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Determination of food authenticity is an important issue in quality control and food safety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Authenticity testing is a quality criterion for food and food ingredients, increasingly a result of legislative protection of regional foods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Authenticity testing is a quality criterion for food and food ingredients, increasingly a result of legislative protection of regional foods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, there is a pressing need for accurate standardized food authentication techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, there is a pressing need for accurate standardized food authentication techniques [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Food authenticity testing does not serve only consumers; the stakeholders include food industries who are seeking the opportunity to assure their food products labeling compliance and branding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Food authenticity testing does not serve only consumers; the stakeholders include food industries who are seeking the opportunity to assure their food products labeling compliance and branding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regulatory authorities are asking for an extended and updated list of the analytical methods for confirmation of authentic food products and to support law enforcement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regulatory authorities are asking for an extended and updated list of the analytical methods for confirmation of authentic food products and to support law enforcement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Analytical Chemists, based on their knowledge of methodologies, lead the research and technology development for food authentication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analytical Chemists, based on their knowledge of methodologies, lead the research and technology development for food authentication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, food authentication is a multi-disciplinary field that has input from instrumentation, biology, informatics, mathematics and statistics, agriculture, and food technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, food authentication is a multi-disciplinary field that has input from instrumentation, biology, informatics, mathematics and statistics, agriculture, and food technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This article provides a brief survey of analytical methods, information needs, and an up-to-date scientometric evaluation of the field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This article provides a brief survey of analytical methods, information needs, and an up-to-date scientometric evaluation of the field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This article is also a valuable source of information for food scientists that would like to be exposed to different analytical technologies used for food authentication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This article is also a valuable source of information for food scientists that would like to be exposed to different analytical technologies used for food authentication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most extensive use of molecular techniques is for determination of species and botanical origin, while all other techniques are mainly dealing with geographical origin and adulteration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most extensive use of molecular techniques is for determination of species and botanical origin, while all other techniques are mainly dealing with geographical origin and adulteration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mass spectrometry is a frontline technology rapidly replacing other methods in many fields of food science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mass spectrometry is a frontline technology rapidly replacing other methods in many fields of food science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This trend extends to food authentication, due to unsurpassed advantages such as high sensitivity, selectivity, throughput and multi-analyte capabilities of MS techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This trend extends to food authentication, due to unsurpassed advantages such as high sensitivity, selectivity, throughput and multi-analyte capabilities of MS techniques [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Multi-analyte capabilities are essential for food authentication studies since they provide more descriptors and thus facilitate better classification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Multi-analyte capabilities are essential for food authentication studies since they provide more descriptors and thus facilitate better classification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We are at a point where vast volumes of data are generated, but our ability to manage and analyze these date are falling behind the ability to generate these data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are at a point where vast volumes of data are generated, but our ability to manage and analyze these date are falling behind the ability to generate these data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To this end, various techniques described either under the term chemometrics or data analytics are crucial for future successful development of prediction models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To this end, various techniques described either under the term chemometrics or data analytics are crucial for future successful development of prediction models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Food authentication is the process that verifies that a food is in compliance with its label description.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Food authentication is the process that verifies that a food is in compliance with its label description.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may include, among others, the origin (species, geographical or genetic), production method (conventional, organic, traditional procedures, free range), or processing technologies (irradiation, freezing, microwave heating).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may include, among others, the origin (species, geographical or genetic), production method (conventional, organic, traditional procedures, free range), or processing technologies (irradiation, freezing, microwave heating).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The declaration of specific quality attributes in high-value products is of particular interest since these products are often target of fraudulent labeling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The declaration of specific quality attributes in high-value products is of particular interest since these products are often target of fraudulent labeling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Proof of provenance is an important topic for food safety, food quality and consumer protection, as well as the compliance with national legislation, international standards, and guidelines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Proof of provenance is an important topic for food safety, food quality and consumer protection, as well as the compliance with national legislation, international standards, and guidelines [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Due to the globalization of food markets and the resulting increase in variability and availability of food products from other countries, consumers are increasingly interested in knowing the geographical origin along with the assumed quality of the products they eat and drink.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the globalization of food markets and the resulting increase in variability and availability of food products from other countries, consumers are increasingly interested in knowing the geographical origin along with the assumed quality of the products they eat and drink.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The quality assurance and the methods used to authenticate foodstuffs are of great interest both from commercial and legal points of view.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The quality assurance and the methods used to authenticate foodstuffs are of great interest both from commercial and legal points of view [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]