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CopeNLU 20

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Asian consumers have always largely relied on wet markets as places to source their food, but with the rise in middle-income families and a more western-style of living, supermarkets and convenience food outlets are rapidly becoming major food retailers in these countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Asian consumers have always largely relied on wet markets as places to source their food, but with the rise in middle-income families and a more western-style of living, supermarkets and convenience food outlets are rapidly becoming major food retailers in these countries [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Such stores are significant sources of EDNP foods and beverages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such stores are significant sources of EDNP foods and beverages [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "They include fast food restaurants (McDonalds, KFC), vending machines, street stalls, newsagents, petrol stations and other similar outlets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They include fast food restaurants (McDonalds, KFC), vending machines, street stalls, newsagents, petrol stations and other similar outlets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The number of convenience food outlets appears to be greater in lower socio-economic communities than in more affluent communities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The number of convenience food outlets appears to be greater in lower socio-economic communities than in more affluent communities [11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "However, little research has been conducted on the use of convenience food outlets in LMICs such as Vietnam, Indonesia and China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, little research has been conducted on the use of convenience food outlets in LMICs such as Vietnam, Indonesia and China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "About two thirds of all litters in the field study were wiped out by non-maternal infanticide, a level of infanticide which has not been reported in any other animal species as far as we know.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "About two thirds of all litters in the field study were wiped out by non-maternal infanticide, a level of infanticide which has not been reported in any other animal species as far as we know.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mothers usually did not defend their new-born against intruders in the nests, and no sow was observed to be able to fend off an intruder.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mothers usually did not defend their new-born against intruders in the nests, and no sow was observed to be able to fend off an intruder.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that active defense against infanticidal sows is not a common strategy in wild boars, in spite of casual reports from enclosure owners that sows readily defend their offspring against predators, such as dogs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that active defense against infanticidal sows is not a common strategy in wild boars, in spite of casual reports from enclosure owners that sows readily defend their offspring against predators, such as dogs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lack of defense of neonates has also been found in mice, where preceding suckling appears necessary in order to trigger maternal defensive aggression.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lack of defense of neonates has also been found in mice, where preceding suckling appears necessary in order to trigger maternal defensive aggression (Svare and Gandelman, 1976) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Svare and Gandelman, 1976)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Tumblr is also posed as a social networking website that facilitates users to easily connect to each other by following other users and blogs without having a mutual confirmation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tumblr is also posed as a social networking website that facilitates users to easily connect to each other by following other users and blogs without having a mutual confirmation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bloggers can also communicate via direct messages that can 1 https://www.tumblr.com/about be sent privately or can be posted publicly using 'ask box'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bloggers can also communicate via direct messages that can 1 https://www.tumblr.com/about be sent privately or can be posted publicly using 'ask box'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It facilitates bloggers to send these messages anonymously if they don't want to reveal their Tumblr identity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It facilitates bloggers to send these messages anonymously if they don't want to reveal their Tumblr identity [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Similar to other social networking websites, Tumblr has very low publication barriers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar to other social networking websites, Tumblr has very low publication barriers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A blogger can publish a new post and can re-blog an existing public post which is automatically broadcasted to it's followers unless it is enabled as a private post.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A blogger can publish a new post and can re-blog an existing public post which is automatically broadcasted to it's followers unless it is enabled as a private post [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The type of posts can be chosen among seven different categories including multi-media and other content: text, quote, link, photo, audio, video and URL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The type of posts can be chosen among seven different categories including multi-media and other content: text, quote, link, photo, audio, video and URL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unlike Twitter, Tumblr has no limit on the length of textual posts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unlike Twitter, Tumblr has no limit on the length of textual posts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar to hashtags in Twitter, there are separated tags associated with the blog content that make a post easier to be searchable on Tumblr 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar to hashtags in Twitter, there are separated tags associated with the blog content that make a post easier to be searchable on Tumblr 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tumblr also allows users to update their other connected social networking profiles when something is posted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tumblr also allows users to update their other connected social networking profiles when something is posted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "While in Asia and Latin America, the introduction of improved crop varieties and the application of scientific farming methods enabled food production to outstrip the population growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While in Asia and Latin America, the introduction of improved crop varieties and the application of scientific farming methods enabled food production to outstrip the population growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Africa, agricultural productivity actually declined.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Africa, agricultural productivity actually declined [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "To face this, many advocates are in favour of the use of genetically modified foods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To face this, many advocates are in favour of the use of genetically modified foods [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Given the relative paucity of science and research capacities in Africa, it is not surprising that the arrival of genetic engineering and its application to farming techniques are in many places viewed with suspicion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the relative paucity of science and research capacities in Africa, it is not surprising that the arrival of genetic engineering and its application to farming techniques are in many places viewed with suspicion [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Absence of a scientific community does not mean that there is no constituency to lead the debate on the genetic modification (GM) technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Absence of a scientific community does not mean that there is no constituency to lead the debate on the genetic modification (GM) technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, those debates quickly became drowned out by non-African voices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, those debates quickly became drowned out by non-African voices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the one hand, some US-based biotech companies were guilty of hyperbolic statements, presenting the GM technology as the key to unlocking the problem of food security in Africa.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, some US-based biotech companies were guilty of hyperbolic statements, presenting the GM technology as the key to unlocking the problem of food security in Africa [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, a well-organized group of predominantly Europe-based non-governmental organizations, or NGOs, sometimes made exaggerated claims about the health adverse effect of these GMO.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, a well-organized group of predominantly Europe-based non-governmental organizations, or NGOs, sometimes made exaggerated claims about the health adverse effect of these GMO [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Opposition to GMOs in Africa has manifested itself in several ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Opposition to GMOs in Africa has manifested itself in several ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "African governments adopted tight restrictions on the international movement of GMO crops and seeds under the Cartagena Protocol, a UN Convention on biological diversity launched in 1996.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "African governments adopted tight restrictions on the international movement of GMO crops and seeds under the Cartagena Protocol, a UN Convention on biological diversity launched in 1996 [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The position against GMOs has acted as a brake on the use of GMcrop in Africa.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The position against GMOs has acted as a brake on the use of GMcrop in Africa.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, only three African nations are known to produce biotech crops: South Africa, Egypt, and Burkina Faso.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, only three African nations are known to produce biotech crops: South Africa, Egypt, and Burkina Faso.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, if the grown of GM crops seems momently stopped, this seems to not be the case of processed food containing as ingredient, all or partially GM material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, if the grown of GM crops seems momently stopped, this seems to not be the case of processed food containing as ingredient, all or partially GM material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The question risen here is therefore: are there any commercialized and unauthorized GM food in African Market?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The question risen here is therefore: are there any commercialized and unauthorized GM food in African Market?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically Cameroonian market?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically Cameroonian market?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper aims at investigating the potential presence of GM food in the sudano-sahelian zone of Cameroon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper aims at investigating the potential presence of GM food in the sudano-sahelian zone of Cameroon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Based on the JNDs of images, most research efforts of perceptual coding have been concentrated on the design of proper quantizers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the JNDs of images, most research efforts of perceptual coding have been concentrated on the design of proper quantizers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They attempt to discriminate between signal components which are and are not detected by human eyes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They attempt to discriminate between signal components which are and are not detected by human eyes [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The main idea in perceptual coding is to hide the quantization error below the detection threshold.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main idea in perceptual coding is to hide the quantization error below the detection threshold.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meanwhile, perceptually irrelevant signal information is also removed to improve the standard coding paradigm of redundancy removal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, perceptually irrelevant signal information is also removed to improve the standard coding paradigm of redundancy removal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides using JND thresholds to adapt quantization step sizes for image coding, the JND thresholds can also effectively be applied to certain stages in the image coding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides using JND thresholds to adapt quantization step sizes for image coding, the JND thresholds can also effectively be applied to certain stages in the image coding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this article, a prediction error preprocessor based on the JND is investigated for higher performance in the design of the color image compression scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this article, a prediction error preprocessor based on the JND is investigated for higher performance in the design of the color image compression scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proposed method is investigated under the guidance of visual tolerance such that the dynamic range of the prediction error signals is reduced to obtain lower coding bit rates without decreasing the visual quality of the reconstructed color image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed method is investigated under the guidance of visual tolerance such that the dynamic range of the prediction error signals is reduced to obtain lower coding bit rates without decreasing the visual quality of the reconstructed color image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is, the prediction error preprocessor will be adapted by the JNDs of the color image to achieve this.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, the prediction error preprocessor will be adapted by the JNDs of the color image to achieve this.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the measure of JND profiles of the color image dominates this study, the JND estimator for color images will be designed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the measure of JND profiles of the color image dominates this study, the JND estimator for color images will be designed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this article, the wavelet-domain JND of each coefficient in luminance and chrominance components of color images are estimated in a locally adaptive fashion based on the wavelet decomposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this article, the wavelet-domain JND of each coefficient in luminance and chrominance components of color images are estimated in a locally adaptive fashion based on the wavelet decomposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the coefficient in luminance component, its visual tolerance is measured by using the visual masking effects given coefficient by coefficient by taking into account the luminance content and the texture of grayscale images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the coefficient in luminance component, its visual tolerance is measured by using the visual masking effects given coefficient by coefficient by taking into account the luminance content and the texture of grayscale images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, for the coefficient in chrominance components, its visual tolerance is measured by combining not only the visual masking effects, but also the effect given by the variance within the local region of the target coefficient while considering that the HVS is insensitive to chrominance than to luminance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, for the coefficient in chrominance components, its visual tolerance is measured by combining not only the visual masking effects, but also the effect given by the variance within the local region of the target coefficient while considering that the HVS is insensitive to chrominance than to luminance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The preprocessor is then designed by adjusting an appropriate quantity regulated by the JND profiles to shape the prediction error signals such that the perceptual distortion of the reconstructed color image can be reduced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The preprocessor is then designed by adjusting an appropriate quantity regulated by the JND profiles to shape the prediction error signals such that the perceptual distortion of the reconstructed color image can be reduced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, for any standard color image coding scheme, the proposed preprocessor that is independent of image cod-ers can be also used to preprocess the input color image such that the processed signal can be coded with higher performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, for any standard color image coding scheme, the proposed preprocessor that is independent of image cod-ers can be also used to preprocess the input color image such that the processed signal can be coded with higher performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rest of this article is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rest of this article is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 2, the estimation of subband JND profiles for color images is described.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 2, the estimation of subband JND profiles for color images is described.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proposed prediction error preprocessor based on the estimated subband JND profiles for color image compression is presented in Section 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed prediction error preprocessor based on the estimated subband JND profiles for color image compression is presented in Section 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simulation results on overall performance of the coding scheme are given in Section 4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simulation results on overall performance of the coding scheme are given in Section 4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 5, the conclusions of this article are made.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 5, the conclusions of this article are made.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this article we have explored the nonlinear dynamics of cyclic steps in a simple model of shallow-water flow over eroding topography (the St Venant equations coupled with an empirical Exner equation for sediment transport).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this article we have explored the nonlinear dynamics of cyclic steps in a simple model of shallow-water flow over eroding topography (the St Venant equations coupled with an empirical Exner equation for sediment transport).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These bedforms arise from a linear instability generated by the interaction between the flow dynamics and the erodible bed, and are expected once the flow becomes supercritical.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These bedforms arise from a linear instability generated by the interaction between the flow dynamics and the erodible bed, and are expected once the flow becomes supercritical (Parker & Izumi 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Parker & Izumi 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Using a combination of analytical and numerical methods, we studied the nonlinear saturation of this instability, in order to quantify the cyclic-step patterns that form and gauge how they interact with roll waves, a hydrodynamic instability expected under similar physical conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using a combination of analytical and numerical methods, we studied the nonlinear saturation of this instability, in order to quantify the cyclic-step patterns that form and gauge how they interact with roll waves, a hydrodynamic instability expected under similar physical conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous work on cyclic steps has largely concentrated on constructing steadily propagating step patterns with the form of periodic wavetrains.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous work on cyclic steps has largely concentrated on constructing steadily propagating step patterns with the form of periodic wavetrains.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These patterns consist of regular sequences of relatively abrupt steps in the bed with coincident hydraulic jumps in the overlying flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These patterns consist of regular sequences of relatively abrupt steps in the bed with coincident hydraulic jumps in the overlying flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Just beyond the onset of instability, we do observe patterns of this kind once the primary cyclic-step instability saturates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Just beyond the onset of instability, we do observe patterns of this kind once the primary cyclic-step instability saturates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these states do not remain steady, but suffer short-wavelength secondary instabilities driven by the same mechanism that creates the steps themselves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these states do not remain steady, but suffer short-wavelength secondary instabilities driven by the same mechanism that creates the steps themselves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, complicated spatiotemporal patterns form that do not resemble regular step sequences, except, perhaps, very close to the critical Froude number.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, complicated spatiotemporal patterns form that do not resemble regular step sequences, except, perhaps, very close to the critical Froude number.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further from onset, the formation of bedforms can reduce the water flux sufficiently to arrest erosion, leading to fixed patterns imprinted in the bed that coexist with migrating steps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further from onset, the formation of bedforms can reduce the water flux sufficiently to arrest erosion, leading to fixed patterns imprinted in the bed that coexist with migrating steps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The blocking of the flux also suppresses roll waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The blocking of the flux also suppresses roll waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Methane (CH 4 ) is produced as a result of anaerobic fermentation of the soluble and structural carbohydrates by methanogens in the rumen of ruminant animals, which is released into the environment by eructation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Methane (CH 4 ) is produced as a result of anaerobic fermentation of the soluble and structural carbohydrates by methanogens in the rumen of ruminant animals, which is released into the environment by eructation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The CH 4 emissions from ruminant animals range from 2 to 12% of the gross energy intake.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The CH 4 emissions from ruminant animals range from 2 to 12% of the gross energy intake (Johnson and Johnson, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Johnson and Johnson, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Besides, it has been estimated that the world's population of ruminants produce about 15% of total atmospheric CH 4 emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, it has been estimated that the world's population of ruminants produce about 15% of total atmospheric CH 4 emissions (Moss, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Moss, 1993)" ] }, { "text": "This means that CH 4 production from ruminant is not only represents a substantial loss in efficiency of animal production, but also contributes significantly to global warming as the greenhouse gas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that CH 4 production from ruminant is not only represents a substantial loss in efficiency of animal production, but also contributes significantly to global warming as the greenhouse gas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "We assessed the reliability and validity of a self-report IMSB questionnaire among women.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We assessed the reliability and validity of a self-report IMSB questionnaire among women.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the course of the study, we modified and improved the survey and came up with a final tool adjusted based on the IMB model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the course of the study, we modified and improved the survey and came up with a final tool adjusted based on the IMB model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IMB is the socio-cognitive model most frequently utilized to predict HIV-related sexual behaviors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "IMB is the socio-cognitive model most frequently utilized to predict HIV-related sexual behaviors [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The Persian version of the current questionnaire has proven to be reliable and valid in measurement of the different domains of HIV-related information, motivation, behavioral skills and behavior in our study population.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Persian version of the current questionnaire has proven to be reliable and valid in measurement of the different domains of HIV-related information, motivation, behavioral skills and behavior in our study population.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Size and homogeneity of the sample with regards to their gender is a strength for the present study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Size and homogeneity of the sample with regards to their gender is a strength for the present study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Women are physiologically more vulnerable to HIV and other STDs while contextual factors including gender norms prominently influence their sexual behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Women are physiologically more vulnerable to HIV and other STDs while contextual factors including gender norms prominently influence their sexual behavior [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Social factors affecting the process of decision-making to practice safe-sex is an area of under representation in the literature from MENA region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Social factors affecting the process of decision-making to practice safe-sex is an area of under representation in the literature from MENA region [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The assessment of motivation and behavioral skills for safe-sex practice in the present study yields valuable information for interventional scientists to develop gender-specific surveys and educational materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The assessment of motivation and behavioral skills for safe-sex practice in the present study yields valuable information for interventional scientists to develop gender-specific surveys and educational materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three different groups of women at various levels of risk for contracting HIV were evaluated in this study hence the questionnaire can be applied to different sub-populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three different groups of women at various levels of risk for contracting HIV were evaluated in this study hence the questionnaire can be applied to different sub-populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Previous studies among at-risk or HIV infected women in Iran suggest that knowledge on HIV does not necessarily lead to behavior change, hence more emphasis should be put on socio-cultural factors that affect women's behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies among at-risk or HIV infected women in Iran suggest that knowledge on HIV does not necessarily lead to behavior change, hence more emphasis should be put on socio-cultural factors that affect women's behavior [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "Stigma and discrimination cause most-at-risk women to avoid HIV testing and to seek the treatment and support they need.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Stigma and discrimination cause most-at-risk women to avoid HIV testing and to seek the treatment and support they need [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Accordingly, access to reliable and accurate information to understand the interactions between women's HIV-related knowledge, their attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLWH), their motivation and skills to practice safe-sex and finally their sexual behavior can improve efforts to develop effective safe-sex promotion programs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, access to reliable and accurate information to understand the interactions between women's HIV-related knowledge, their attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLWH), their motivation and skills to practice safe-sex and finally their sexual behavior can improve efforts to develop effective safe-sex promotion programs [9] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [11]" ] }, { "text": "Biological and behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSS) concerning HIV are often used to inform and evaluate HIV prevention programs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Biological and behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSS) concerning HIV are often used to inform and evaluate HIV prevention programs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the reliability and validity of utilized questionnaires for the behavioral component of these surveys is rarely considered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the reliability and validity of utilized questionnaires for the behavioral component of these surveys is rarely considered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Macrophyte decomposition in wetlands increases gravel clogging in subsurface flow systems (SSF), and contributes to the sediment layer in free-water surface systems (FWS), leading to terrestrialisation of the wetland.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Macrophyte decomposition in wetlands increases gravel clogging in subsurface flow systems (SSF), and contributes to the sediment layer in free-water surface systems (FWS), leading to terrestrialisation of the wetland (Kirschner et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kirschner et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "In this work, we studied the effect of vegetation harvesting and its consequences for plant decomposition in winter and early spring, comparing a harvested with a non-harvested constructed wetland.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work, we studied the effect of vegetation harvesting and its consequences for plant decomposition in winter and early spring, comparing a harvested with a non-harvested constructed wetland.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The geo-climatic setting of the area in Spain, where the constructed wetland is situated, is the following: the location coordinates are 42°36′N 5°35′W; mean annual precipitation is 400 to 500 mm; potential evaporation is 0.1742 ℓ/h·m 2 (in summer, measured in situ during the experiment); altitude is 800 m; and mean annual environmental temperature is 11ºC (19ºC in summer and 5ºC in winter).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The geo-climatic setting of the area in Spain, where the constructed wetland is situated, is the following: the location coordinates are 42°36′N 5°35′W; mean annual precipitation is 400 to 500 mm; potential evaporation is 0.1742 ℓ/h·m 2 (in summer, measured in situ during the experiment); altitude is 800 m; and mean annual environmental temperature is 11ºC (19ºC in summer and 5ºC in winter).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We must also stress one important thing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We must also stress one important thing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our calculation was pure formal in the sense that we have worked with Witten's star product as with an abstract object that does not depend on any background.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our calculation was pure formal in the sense that we have worked with Witten's star product as with an abstract object that does not depend on any background.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It would be nice to perform more detailed analysis based on the CFT technique, in the similar way as in the beautiful paper.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It would be nice to perform more detailed analysis based on the CFT technique, in the similar way as in the beautiful paper [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "We hope to return to this problem in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We hope to return to this problem in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In section (3) we review the formulation of the open bosonic string field theory based on the pure cubic action.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In section (3) we review the formulation of the open bosonic string field theory based on the pure cubic action [28, 29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28, 29]" ] }, { "text": "We will show how Witten's open bosonic string field theory action naturally emerges from the pure cubic string field action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will show how Witten's open bosonic string field theory action naturally emerges from the pure cubic string field action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use these elegant calculations in section (4) where we propose a background independent formulation of the Berkovits string field theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We use these elegant calculations in section (4) where we propose a background independent formulation of the Berkovits string field theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then we will show that from this action we can obtain any NSFT action for any CFT background.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then we will show that from this action we can obtain any NSFT action for any CFT background.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Random walk in a space-time random environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Random walk in a space-time random environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Analysis of the random average process utilizes a dual description in terms of backward random walks in a space-time random environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analysis of the random average process utilizes a dual description in terms of backward random walks in a space-time random environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Investigation of the fluctuations of RAP leads to a study of fluctuations of these random walks, both quenched invariance principles for the walk itself and limits for the quenched mean process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Investigation of the fluctuations of RAP leads to a study of fluctuations of these random walks, both quenched invariance principles for the walk itself and limits for the quenched mean process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The quenched invariance principles have been reported elsewhere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The quenched invariance principles have been reported elsewhere [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "The results for the quenched mean process are included in the present paper because they are intimately connected to the random average process results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results for the quenched mean process are included in the present paper because they are intimately connected to the random average process results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Beams of electromagnetic radiation endowed with orbital angular momentum (OAM) have become objects of intense theoretical and experimental studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Beams of electromagnetic radiation endowed with orbital angular momentum (OAM) have become objects of intense theoretical and experimental studies [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The aim of this work is to construct explicitly new solutions of the field equations in the linearized gravity which describe the gravitational waves carrying orbital angular momentum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this work is to construct explicitly new solutions of the field equations in the linearized gravity which describe the gravitational waves carrying orbital angular momentum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More precisely, these solutions have a specific value of the angular momentum; they are eigenfunctions (labeled by the integer quantum number m) of the component of the angular momentum operator in the direction of propagation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More precisely, these solutions have a specific value of the angular momentum; they are eigenfunctions (labeled by the integer quantum number m) of the component of the angular momentum operator in the direction of propagation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We shall restrict ourselves to the propagation of waves in empty space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We shall restrict ourselves to the propagation of waves in empty space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The problem of the generation of such waves would require a separate study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The problem of the generation of such waves would require a separate study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The main goal of this systematic review was to evaluate materials and methods used to maintain alveolar ridge height, width and bone quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main goal of this systematic review was to evaluate materials and methods used to maintain alveolar ridge height, width and bone quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most studies which investigated soft and hard tissue dimensional changes after tooth extraction states that ideal bone graft material should not only have osteoconductive properties but also promote osteoinduction and osteogenesis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most studies which investigated soft and hard tissue dimensional changes after tooth extraction states that ideal bone graft material should not only have osteoconductive properties but also promote osteoinduction and osteogenesis [46, 47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46", "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46, 47]" ] }, { "text": "Only autologous bone has these three properties and is still considered to be the gold standard for bone augmentation procedures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only autologous bone has these three properties and is still considered to be the gold standard for bone augmentation procedures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, extra site of operation and prolonged time of surgery, donor side morbidity, limited autologous bone availability and postoperative discomfort leads to the use of alternative bone substitutes for bone regeneration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, extra site of operation and prolonged time of surgery, donor side morbidity, limited autologous bone availability and postoperative discomfort leads to the use of alternative bone substitutes for bone regeneration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bone graft materials are chosen based on their ability to serve as a scaffold, maintain space for new bone ingrowth and possess only osteoconductive activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Bone graft materials are chosen based on their ability to serve as a scaffold, maintain space for new bone ingrowth and possess only osteoconductive activity [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] }, { "text": "Only DFDBA has osteoinductive properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only DFDBA has osteoinductive properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It serves not only as a scaffold for new bone regeneration but also stimulates the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It serves not only as a scaffold for new bone regeneration but also stimulates the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] }, { "text": "Many studies that investigated DFDBA state that demineralization of allogenic bone results in exposure of inner structure of bone graft, which contains bone morphogenetic proteins and growth factors that have osteoinductive potential.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies that investigated DFDBA state that demineralization of allogenic bone results in exposure of inner structure of bone graft, which contains bone morphogenetic proteins and growth factors that have osteoinductive potential [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49", "BIBREF50", "BIBREF51", "BIBREF52", "BIBREF53", "BIBREF54", "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "There is an increasing gap between the growth rate in the global human population and the availability of animal protein, with developing countries being more vulnerable to this gap.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is an increasing gap between the growth rate in the global human population and the availability of animal protein, with developing countries being more vulnerable to this gap (Riaz et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Riaz et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Goats provide meat, milk and other by-products.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Goats provide meat, milk and other by-products (Boyazoglu et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boyazoglu et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "There is a considerable potential for increased goat production and this depends on the recognition of their significance in supplying proteins of high biological value in the forms of meat and milk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a considerable potential for increased goat production and this depends on the recognition of their significance in supplying proteins of high biological value in the forms of meat and milk (Mamabolo & Webb, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mamabolo & Webb, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Owing to the great potential that goat production signifies, various efforts are being made to apply reproductive biotechnologies, including oestrus synchronization, to maximize meat production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Owing to the great potential that goat production signifies, various efforts are being made to apply reproductive biotechnologies, including oestrus synchronization, to maximize meat production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Detailed knowledge about calcaneus anatomy can facilitate alternative treatment procedures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Detailed knowledge about calcaneus anatomy can facilitate alternative treatment procedures [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Calcaneus is the biggest tarsal bone among all other tarsal bones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Calcaneus is the biggest tarsal bone among all other tarsal bones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It makes up talocalcaneal/subtalar joint with talus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It makes up talocalcaneal/subtalar joint with talus [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Many foot diseases such as talocalcaneal artritis and coalition, intra-articular breaks, flatfoot relate to talus or calcaneus and other bones of the foot.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many foot diseases such as talocalcaneal artritis and coalition, intra-articular breaks, flatfoot relate to talus or calcaneus and other bones of the foot [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Talocalcaneal joint allows for eversion and inversion movements of the foot.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Talocalcaneal joint allows for eversion and inversion movements of the foot.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Morphometric values of calcaneus are important for anatomy science, diagnosis procedure and treatment in orthopedic surgery, kinesiology, anthropology and forensic sciences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Morphometric values of calcaneus are important for anatomy science, diagnosis procedure and treatment in orthopedic surgery, kinesiology, anthropology and forensic sciences [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, calcaneus measurements are necessary for osteotomy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, calcaneus measurements are necessary for osteotomy [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Boehler's angle shows the strongest relationship for walking dynamic and produces clinical information for the researched issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Boehler's angle shows the strongest relationship for walking dynamic and produces clinical information for the researched issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main aim of treatment of calcaneal breaks reconstruction of Boehler's angle and restoration of calcaneus shape together with convenience of joint surface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of treatment of calcaneal breaks reconstruction of Boehler's angle and restoration of calcaneus shape together with convenience of joint surface [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Boehler's angle is composed of the line combining posterior tuberosity of calcaneus and peak of posterior surface and the line between the peak of posterior surface and anterior process of calcaneus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Boehler's angle is composed of the line combining posterior tuberosity of calcaneus and peak of posterior surface and the line between the peak of posterior surface and anterior process of calcaneus [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Calcaneus breaks are the most common tarsal breaks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Calcaneus breaks are the most common tarsal breaks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many breaks are obviously distinct.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many breaks are obviously distinct.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the breaks which are diagnosed hardly can only be diagnosed with low Boehler's angle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the breaks which are diagnosed hardly can only be diagnosed with low Boehler's angle [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Decrease of Boehler's angle is important for breaks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Decrease of Boehler's angle is important for breaks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the Boehler's angle belonging to the populations cannot be determined, many variations can be observed in angle measurement after operation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the Boehler's angle belonging to the populations cannot be determined, many variations can be observed in angle measurement after operation [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "We observed a large amount of heterogeneity and bias across studies, which was particularly acute in the field studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We observed a large amount of heterogeneity and bias across studies, which was particularly acute in the field studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Variations in the wild mosquito populations-such as their resistance levels, age, blood feeding and mating status (factors that themselves could influence resistance levels and host-seeking behaviour)-and also the local environment cannot be controlled for across studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Variations in the wild mosquito populations-such as their resistance levels, age, blood feeding and mating status (factors that themselves could influence resistance levels and host-seeking behaviour)-and also the local environment cannot be controlled for across studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the execution of the field trials was not uniform across the studies, e.g., washing of nets, rotation of nets/sleepers, season in which the trial took place, length of the trial, decontamination of huts, and exclusion of male mosquitoes from the analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the execution of the field trials was not uniform across the studies, e.g., washing of nets, rotation of nets/sleepers, season in which the trial took place, length of the trial, decontamination of huts, and exclusion of male mosquitoes from the analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only one field trial conducted a direct comparison of susceptible versus resistant mosquitoes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Only one field trial conducted a direct comparison of susceptible versus resistant mosquitoes [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Deterrence could not be measured because the mosquitoes were directly placed inside the huts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Deterrence could not be measured because the mosquitoes were directly placed inside the huts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the remaining studies we conducted indirect comparisons between trials of nets in areas of high or moderate resistance and those in low resistance areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the remaining studies we conducted indirect comparisons between trials of nets in areas of high or moderate resistance and those in low resistance areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Blinding of mosquito collectors, observers, and sleepers was not addressed in any of the studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Blinding of mosquito collectors, observers, and sleepers was not addressed in any of the studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the next section the RPM is described to some extent, starting from the fundamental equations proposed by Bertotti.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the next section the RPM is described to some extent, starting from the fundamental equations proposed by Bertotti [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "We emphasize the frequency-dependence of the magnetic behaviour of the dipole.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We emphasize the frequency-dependence of the magnetic behaviour of the dipole.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequently, we deal with the magnetodynamics of one lamination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, we deal with the magnetodynamics of one lamination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 3 we develop a fully discrete approximation method, namely a modified Galerkin FE-FD technique, for the highly nonlinear parabolic boundary value problem 0022-3727/96/030855+07$19.50 c 1996 IOP Publishing Ltd for the magnetic field strength in the lamination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 3 we develop a fully discrete approximation method, namely a modified Galerkin FE-FD technique, for the highly nonlinear parabolic boundary value problem 0022-3727/96/030855+07$19.50 c 1996 IOP Publishing Ltd for the magnetic field strength in the lamination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, the major difficulty is due to the fact that the governing parabolic PDE is an equation with memory, reflecting the hysteresis effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, the major difficulty is due to the fact that the governing parabolic PDE is an equation with memory, reflecting the hysteresis effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 4 the numerical results for the magnetic losses obtained from the magnetodynamic model, when using either the CPM or the RPM, are discussed and compared with experimental values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 4 the numerical results for the magnetic losses obtained from the magnetodynamic model, when using either the CPM or the RPM, are discussed and compared with experimental values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Acetylcholine is synthesized in neurons soma by combining choline with acetyl (originating from acetyl-CoA) via choline acetyl transferase (ChAT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Acetylcholine is synthesized in neurons soma by combining choline with acetyl (originating from acetyl-CoA) via choline acetyl transferase (ChAT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Synthesized acetylcholine is transported to the nerve ends via axonal transport and released to the synaptic space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Synthesized acetylcholine is transported to the nerve ends via axonal transport and released to the synaptic space (Geula & Mesulam, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Geula & Mesulam, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Acetylecholinesterase is responsible for hydrolysis of acetylcholine and therefore important for cholinergic neuronal system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Acetylecholinesterase is responsible for hydrolysis of acetylcholine and therefore important for cholinergic neuronal system (Nachmansohn & Wilson, 1951) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nachmansohn & Wilson, 1951)" ] }, { "text": "The inhibition of acetylecholinesterase causes accumulation of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular synapses and nerve synapses creates abnormal results, the most important one is the over activity of muscle tissues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The inhibition of acetylecholinesterase causes accumulation of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular synapses and nerve synapses creates abnormal results, the most important one is the over activity of muscle tissues (Roex et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roex et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "This over activity in fish leads to changes of behavior such as hyperactivity and anorexia as well as physiological effects such as asphyxia, potentially conducive to death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This over activity in fish leads to changes of behavior such as hyperactivity and anorexia as well as physiological effects such as asphyxia, potentially conducive to death (Beauvais et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Beauvais et al., 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Indeed, vitamin D supplementation effect may be influenced by some patient characteristics, and in our cohort, the factors influencing negatively the impact of vitamin D on survival were female gender, surgical admission, and history of chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, vitamin D supplementation effect may be influenced by some patient characteristics, and in our cohort, the factors influencing negatively the impact of vitamin D on survival were female gender, surgical admission, and history of chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Female gender is a known contributing factor for hypovitaminosis D in the general population in post menopausal age, but this subject has not been explored in critically ill patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Female gender is a known contributing factor for hypovitaminosis D in the general population in post menopausal age, but this subject has not been explored in critically ill patients [55, 56] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54", "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[55, 56]" ] }, { "text": "Surgical patients, in particular for gastrointestinal surgery, are the category most at risk of low vitamin D level, and in this group, several studies have highlighted a predictive ability of patient-centered outcomes by 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma levels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Surgical patients, in particular for gastrointestinal surgery, are the category most at risk of low vitamin D level, and in this group, several studies have highlighted a predictive ability of patient-centered outcomes by 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma levels [57] [58] [59] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56", "BIBREF57", "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[57] [58] [59]" ] }, { "text": "Finally, kidney disease and liver disease likely impacted the survival since they are necessary for vitamin D metabolism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, kidney disease and liver disease likely impacted the survival since they are necessary for vitamin D metabolism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We therefore hypothesize that patients with kidney disease may benefit from adding active vitamin D (i.e., calcitriol) to cholecalciferol.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We therefore hypothesize that patients with kidney disease may benefit from adding active vitamin D (i.e., calcitriol) to cholecalciferol [60] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF59" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[60]" ] }, { "text": "The results of the multiple analysis, where vitamin D supplementation does not remain statistically significant in reducing 28-day mortality when strong mortality determinants are added to the model (age, BMI, comorbidities, and mechanical ventilation at admission), suggest that if indeed vitamin D supplementation can lower mortality risk, its effect is smaller than these well-known factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the multiple analysis, where vitamin D supplementation does not remain statistically significant in reducing 28-day mortality when strong mortality determinants are added to the model (age, BMI, comorbidities, and mechanical ventilation at admission), suggest that if indeed vitamin D supplementation can lower mortality risk, its effect is smaller than these well-known factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, all these factors are non-modifiable, therefore even a modest benefit may be clinically relevant and further large prospective studies are warranted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, all these factors are non-modifiable, therefore even a modest benefit may be clinically relevant and further large prospective studies are warranted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In Europe the reduction in support linked to production is accompanied by a rural development policy based on the concept of multifunctionality to foster the development of alternative sources of income while preserving the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Europe the reduction in support linked to production is accompanied by a rural development policy based on the concept of multifunctionality to foster the development of alternative sources of income while preserving the environment (Simoncini et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Simoncini et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Multifunctionality has been the subject of many studies in recent \\HDUV EXW QHYHUWKHOHVV UHTXLUHV VLJQL¿FDQW DGYDQFHV LQ terms of operationalization and the application of the cash crops (Table 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Multifunctionality has been the subject of many studies in recent \\HDUV EXW QHYHUWKHOHVV UHTXLUHV VLJQL¿FDQW DGYDQFHV LQ terms of operationalization and the application of the cash crops (Table 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The coexistence of tradition and modernization make it a relevant study site to analyze the effects of the main drivers of change faced by European agriculture and the conditions of maintaining crop-livestock systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The coexistence of tradition and modernization make it a relevant study site to analyze the effects of the main drivers of change faced by European agriculture and the conditions of maintaining crop-livestock systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The results of the 3-vs-2 SSG analysis unveil that the final shooting situation is approximately twice as often created by a pass (assist) than by a dribbling of the shooter and that the shots after passes are much more successful than those after dribblings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the 3-vs-2 SSG analysis unveil that the final shooting situation is approximately twice as often created by a pass (assist) than by a dribbling of the shooter and that the shots after passes are much more successful than those after dribblings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This comes along with the fundamental tactical principles of football.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This comes along with the fundamental tactical principles of football (Clemente, et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Clemente, et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "The dribblers are most often under higher pressure of the opponent than the pass receivers; therefore, the shots of the receivers are more efficient than those of dribblers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dribblers are most often under higher pressure of the opponent than the pass receivers; therefore, the shots of the receivers are more efficient than those of dribblers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Exceptions are duels, where dribblers may overrun the defenders thus opening nearly free line to the goal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Exceptions are duels, where dribblers may overrun the defenders thus opening nearly free line to the goal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is supported by the high goal rate (40%) for the transition from the dribbling T 1 pattern to the T 0 -I pattern, whereas the 22% and 11% goal rate from T 1 -D to the two other shooting patterns are below-average.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is supported by the high goal rate (40%) for the transition from the dribbling T 1 pattern to the T 0 -I pattern, whereas the 22% and 11% goal rate from T 1 -D to the two other shooting patterns are below-average.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the results give evidence to some state-of-the-art knowledge in training science and practice regarding the preparation of shooting situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the results give evidence to some state-of-the-art knowledge in training science and practice regarding the preparation of shooting situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Passing, dribbling and shooting actions should always pursue to gain an advantage for the attacking team.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Passing, dribbling and shooting actions should always pursue to gain an advantage for the attacking team.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are two main relevant factors for having advantage in the 3-vs-2 SSG -positioning and pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two main relevant factors for having advantage in the 3-vs-2 SSG -positioning and pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study's results confirm that long shots are not as promising as shots from middle or short distances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study's results confirm that long shots are not as promising as shots from middle or short distances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, shots from the center of the field have higher scoring probabilities than side shots, but at this there is a strong relation to the factor pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, shots from the center of the field have higher scoring probabilities than side shots, but at this there is a strong relation to the factor pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the ball carrier passes past a defender and in this way moves from the center to the side, but at the same time he has less pressure by his opponent, then the scoring probability even so might increase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the ball carrier passes past a defender and in this way moves from the center to the side, but at the same time he has less pressure by his opponent, then the scoring probability even so might increase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "One main advantage of this method is that players' performances can objectively be assessed even with only few data available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One main advantage of this method is that players' performances can objectively be assessed even with only few data available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another advantage is that a player's actual goal ratio can meaningfully be compared with his/her expected goal ratio if extensive data is available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another advantage is that a player's actual goal ratio can meaningfully be compared with his/her expected goal ratio if extensive data is available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Big differences between the two values go along with unusual behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Big differences between the two values go along with unusual behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lower values for the observed performance indicate weaknesses in the finalisation of attacks and thus reveal players' inefficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lower values for the observed performance indicate weaknesses in the finalisation of attacks and thus reveal players' inefficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Higher values for the observed performance can be hints for tactical creativity, because the player's higher output may belong to surprising, original and flexible individual actions within the usual collective patterns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Higher values for the observed performance can be hints for tactical creativity, because the player's higher output may belong to surprising, original and flexible individual actions within the usual collective patterns (Memmert & Roth, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Memmert & Roth, 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The main objective of this study aims to investigate the effects and key parameters of DBD plasma discharge on polyamide 6,6 (PA66) fibers and to understand the nature and the mechanism of dye adsorption process promoted by DBD plasma.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main objective of this study aims to investigate the effects and key parameters of DBD plasma discharge on polyamide 6,6 (PA66) fibers and to understand the nature and the mechanism of dye adsorption process promoted by DBD plasma.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous investigations on the dyeing of polyamide fibers have studied various properties such as, adsorption, kinetics, diffusion, attachment and equilibrium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous investigations on the dyeing of polyamide fibers have studied various properties such as, adsorption, kinetics, diffusion, attachment and equilibrium [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "However, an investigation proposing a dyeing mechanism, which can explain the physico-chemical improvements occasioned by DBD plasma discharge in the dyeing process, was never performed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, an investigation proposing a dyeing mechanism, which can explain the physico-chemical improvements occasioned by DBD plasma discharge in the dyeing process, was never performed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scanning electron microscope (SEM), static and dynamic contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Fluorescence microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, surface energy, conductivity and pH of aqueous extraction have been used to study the changes of surface morphology, wettability and chemical composition of the plasma-treated polyamide fabrics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Scanning electron microscope (SEM), static and dynamic contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Fluorescence microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, surface energy, conductivity and pH of aqueous extraction have been used to study the changes of surface morphology, wettability and chemical composition of the plasma-treated polyamide fabrics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years, textile industry in developed countries is challenging an increasing global competition due to the changed world market conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, textile industry in developed countries is challenging an increasing global competition due to the changed world market conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This aspect forced western countries to exploit their high technical skills in the development of textile materials for high quality and technical performances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This aspect forced western countries to exploit their high technical skills in the development of textile materials for high quality and technical performances [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the increasing environmental and health concerns owing to the large quantities of water and hazardous chemicals used in the conventional textile finishing techniques lead to the development of new technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the increasing environmental and health concerns owing to the large quantities of water and hazardous chemicals used in the conventional textile finishing techniques lead to the development of new technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent decades, plasma technology has assumed a great importance among all available surface modification processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent decades, plasma technology has assumed a great importance among all available surface modification processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a dry, environmental-and worker-friendly method to achieve surface alteration without modifying the bulk properties of the materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a dry, environmental-and worker-friendly method to achieve surface alteration without modifying the bulk properties of the materials [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, non-thermal plasmas are especially suited because most textile materials are heat sensitive polymers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, non-thermal plasmas are especially suited because most textile materials are heat sensitive polymers [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "Among plasma technologies, atmospheric plasma is an alternative and cost-competitive method to wet chemical treatments, thus avoiding the need of expensive vacuum equipment and allowing continuous and uniform processing of fibers surfaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among plasma technologies, atmospheric plasma is an alternative and cost-competitive method to wet chemical treatments, thus avoiding the need of expensive vacuum equipment and allowing continuous and uniform processing of fibers surfaces [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The dielectric barrier discharge technology (DBD) in air is one of the most effective non-thermal atmospheric plasma sources and has been attracting increasing interest for industrial textile applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The dielectric barrier discharge technology (DBD) in air is one of the most effective non-thermal atmospheric plasma sources and has been attracting increasing interest for industrial textile applications [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Kienbock's disease is an affliction of the lunate leading to chronic debilitating pain and loss of function in the wrists of young productive patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Kienbock's disease is an affliction of the lunate leading to chronic debilitating pain and loss of function in the wrists of young productive patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The disease is manifested by avascular necrosis and subsequent disintegration of the lunate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The disease is manifested by avascular necrosis and subsequent disintegration of the lunate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the recognition of this disease entity for the past 70 years, its cause is still debated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the recognition of this disease entity for the past 70 years, its cause is still debated [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Although solar energy arguably holds great potential as it is abundant enough to fulfill the whole world total energy demand, the high market cost associated with the photovoltaic devices is often become a major hurdle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although solar energy arguably holds great potential as it is abundant enough to fulfill the whole world total energy demand, the high market cost associated with the photovoltaic devices is often become a major hurdle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) provides solution for this issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) provides solution for this issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "DSSC is basically part of third generation solar cell family that equipped with several advantages, such as low production cost, shorter investment payback time, colorful appearance, and transparency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "DSSC is basically part of third generation solar cell family that equipped with several advantages, such as low production cost, shorter investment payback time, colorful appearance, and transparency [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the present contribution, we aim to study the effects of counter-electrode materials on the photovoltaic performance of DSSC with monolithic structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present contribution, we aim to study the effects of counter-electrode materials on the photovoltaic performance of DSSC with monolithic structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Platinum was selected as one of the materials of interest because it has been widely used as catalyst in conventional DSSCs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Platinum was selected as one of the materials of interest because it has been widely used as catalyst in conventional DSSCs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a comparison, carbon based material was also used as counter-electrode because carbon is low-cost, abundant and its synthetic method has also been widely developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a comparison, carbon based material was also used as counter-electrode because carbon is low-cost, abundant and its synthetic method has also been widely developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, carbon is known to have good conductivity and reasonable catalytic activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, carbon is known to have good conductivity and reasonable catalytic activity [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "The results of this study are expected to promote further development on the monolithic DSSC in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this study are expected to promote further development on the monolithic DSSC in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Rather than completely removing the use of both TCO, an alternative way is to eliminate one of the TCO substrates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rather than completely removing the use of both TCO, an alternative way is to eliminate one of the TCO substrates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By using monolithic configuration, a single TCO substrate can be used to serve as both workingand counter-electrode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using monolithic configuration, a single TCO substrate can be used to serve as both workingand counter-electrode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be made possible by removing some of the conductive layer on the substrate in order to isolate the anode and cathode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be made possible by removing some of the conductive layer on the substrate in order to isolate the anode and cathode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The challenges that arise from such scheme is typically related to the spacer and counter-electrode material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The challenges that arise from such scheme is typically related to the spacer and counter-electrode material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous study showed that the thickness of both spacer and counter-electrode materials have significant effects on the performance of monolithic DSSC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous study showed that the thickness of both spacer and counter-electrode materials have significant effects on the performance of monolithic DSSC [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The type of catalytic material on the counter-electrode, however, has not been specifically discussed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The type of catalytic material on the counter-electrode, however, has not been specifically discussed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "With the fundamental solution and weight functions being derived we proceed, in Section 5, to describe nonuniform growth of a semi-infinite crack parallel to the boundary of a half-plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the fundamental solution and weight functions being derived we proceed, in Section 5, to describe nonuniform growth of a semi-infinite crack parallel to the boundary of a half-plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the whole plane such an algorithm based on the fundamental solution and the solution of the model problem on a suddenly stopped crack is known.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the whole plane such an algorithm based on the fundamental solution and the solution of the model problem on a suddenly stopped crack is known (Freund, 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Freund, 1990)" ] }, { "text": "We aim to generalize this procedure for a half-plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We aim to generalize this procedure for a half-plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main feature here is to take into account the fact that the Mode I and II weight functions after the longitudinal wave reflects from the boundary and strikes the crack do not act alone anymore and the off-diagonal weight functions play a substantial part.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main feature here is to take into account the fact that the Mode I and II weight functions after the longitudinal wave reflects from the boundary and strikes the crack do not act alone anymore and the off-diagonal weight functions play a substantial part.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We show that in order to determine the stresses radiated out by a suddenly stopped crack, one needs to solve a system of two Volterra convolution equations, a generalization of the single Abel equation appeared in the Freund method for the whole plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that in order to determine the stresses radiated out by a suddenly stopped crack, one needs to solve a system of two Volterra convolution equations, a generalization of the single Abel equation appeared in the Freund method for the whole plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On solving this system exactly we determine the stresses the crack needs to negate on the prospective fracture plane to proceed further.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On solving this system exactly we determine the stresses the crack needs to negate on the prospective fracture plane to proceed further.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The procedure to be exposed allows for the possibility of finding the SIFs at the tip of a crack propagating at piecewise constant speed bellow the boundary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The procedure to be exposed allows for the possibility of finding the SIFs at the tip of a crack propagating at piecewise constant speed bellow the boundary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The findings of the current study present insights regarding these remaining questions, based on interviews with a group of PWD and their family members.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings of the current study present insights regarding these remaining questions, based on interviews with a group of PWD and their family members.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Between 2007 and 2009, a series of interviews of PWD and their family members were completed to learn how they made difficult decisions about initiating, continuing, or stopping dialysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Between 2007 and 2009, a series of interviews of PWD and their family members were completed to learn how they made difficult decisions about initiating, continuing, or stopping dialysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Qualitative research methods were utilized to understand the factors that patients and families regarded as important in their decision-making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Qualitative research methods were utilized to understand the factors that patients and families regarded as important in their decision-making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The principal findings from the study were concentrated in three broad arenas of the participants' experiences with dialysis: adjustment to life on dialysis; reflections on the end of life; and finding meaning in a life on dialysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The principal findings from the study were concentrated in three broad arenas of the participants' experiences with dialysis: adjustment to life on dialysis; reflections on the end of life; and finding meaning in a life on dialysis [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Additional insights regarding PWD changing quality of life on dialysis and about their spiritual needs were reported separately.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional insights regarding PWD changing quality of life on dialysis and about their spiritual needs were reported separately [22, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 24]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A further problem is that the widespread use of fossil fuels within the current infrastructure is now considered to be the largest source of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which is a major contributor to the effects of global warming and climate change.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A further problem is that the widespread use of fossil fuels within the current infrastructure is now considered to be the largest source of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which is a major contributor to the effects of global warming and climate change [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The OECD reported that in 1990 4 billion tons of CO 2 were released into the atmosphere from vehicle operations alone, with a figure of 8 billion tons forecasted for 2020.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The OECD reported that in 1990 4 billion tons of CO 2 were released into the atmosphere from vehicle operations alone, with a figure of 8 billion tons forecasted for 2020 [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Ambitious targets set to reduce CO 2 , however, can only be achieved through major efficiency and conservation gains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ambitious targets set to reduce CO 2 , however, can only be achieved through major efficiency and conservation gains [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the next section we review the foliation of Minkowski space that motivates our framework and describe the generalisation to a specific class of asymptotically Ricci-flat manifolds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the next section we review the foliation of Minkowski space that motivates our framework and describe the generalisation to a specific class of asymptotically Ricci-flat manifolds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We then outline the approach taken to deducing the most general asymptotics of such spacetimes and which is based on the initial value formulation of general relativity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We then outline the approach taken to deducing the most general asymptotics of such spacetimes and which is based on the initial value formulation of general relativity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 3 we briefly review the latter formalism and apply it to our class of manifolds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 3 we briefly review the latter formalism and apply it to our class of manifolds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solving the equations of motion within such framework will allow us to obtain in a unique way the asymptotic behaviour of the metric for such spacetimes and to find its relation to the ambient metric of Fefferman and Graham.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Solving the equations of motion within such framework will allow us to obtain in a unique way the asymptotic behaviour of the metric for such spacetimes and to find its relation to the ambient metric of Fefferman and Graham [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "In section 4 we renormalize holographically the gravitational action and compute the vacuum expectation values and Ward identities of the family of dual field theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 4 we renormalize holographically the gravitational action and compute the vacuum expectation values and Ward identities of the family of dual field theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The last section represents a generalisation of the previous formalism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The last section represents a generalisation of the previous formalism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our class of asymptotically Ricci-flat manifolds will be generalised further by including subleading corrections to the spacetime asymptotics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our class of asymptotically Ricci-flat manifolds will be generalised further by including subleading corrections to the spacetime asymptotics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will allow us to obtain different expectation values for different field theories in this family.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This will allow us to obtain different expectation values for different field theories in this family.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the appendix we provide a few definitions that are necessary to our formalism together with several technical results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the appendix we provide a few definitions that are necessary to our formalism together with several technical results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Although a set of techniques, namely physical absorption, chemical absorption, adsorption and membranes are being used for CO 2 capture; these techniques are in their infancy and are not yet fully mature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although a set of techniques, namely physical absorption, chemical absorption, adsorption and membranes are being used for CO 2 capture; these techniques are in their infancy and are not yet fully mature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Over the past few years, extensive experimental work has been carried out to produce CO 2 adsorbents that can adsorb large amounts of CO 2 with low energy penalties on the method of regeneration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past few years, extensive experimental work has been carried out to produce CO 2 adsorbents that can adsorb large amounts of CO 2 with low energy penalties on the method of regeneration [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "As an outcome, numerous materials have been reported for CO 2 adsorption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an outcome, numerous materials have been reported for CO 2 adsorption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These materials include zeolites, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous spherical particles and activated carbon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These materials include zeolites, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous spherical particles and activated carbon [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Among these materials, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are recognized as a promising adsorbent for CO 2 because of their unique mechanical, chemical, thermal and electrical properties and extremely good characteristics at nanoscale, such as high surface area and porosity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these materials, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are recognized as a promising adsorbent for CO 2 because of their unique mechanical, chemical, thermal and electrical properties and extremely good characteristics at nanoscale, such as high surface area and porosity [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Global warming, due to the emission of greenhouse gases, is a challenging issue for the environment, which is gaining widespread attention within the research community.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Global warming, due to the emission of greenhouse gases, is a challenging issue for the environment, which is gaining widespread attention within the research community [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The excessive use of fossil fuels has increased the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere above a safe level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The excessive use of fossil fuels has increased the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere above a safe level [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Roughly 60% of global warming is attributed to CO 2 emissions, which is much higher than the total contribution of the rest of the greenhouse gases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Roughly 60% of global warming is attributed to CO 2 emissions, which is much higher than the total contribution of the rest of the greenhouse gases [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "At present, CO 2 content in the atmosphere is approximated to be 400 ppm, which is 25% higher than the pre-industrial level (300 ppm).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, CO 2 content in the atmosphere is approximated to be 400 ppm, which is 25% higher than the pre-industrial level (300 ppm) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, control over CO 2 emissions and its removal from the atmosphere is an imperative, in order to keep concentration at or below the safe level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, control over CO 2 emissions and its removal from the atmosphere is an imperative, in order to keep concentration at or below the safe level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many efforts are underway to remove CO 2 from flue gases produced at large industrial units, such as steel manufacturing plants, thermal power stations and oil refineries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many efforts are underway to remove CO 2 from flue gases produced at large industrial units, such as steel manufacturing plants, thermal power stations and oil refineries [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a cellulose derivative employed as coatings, excipients, encapsulations, binding materials, foaming agents, protection colloids, flocculants, and so forth, for a wide variety of applications in food, drugs, paper, ceramics, plastics, and so forth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a cellulose derivative employed as coatings, excipients, encapsulations, binding materials, foaming agents, protection colloids, flocculants, and so forth, for a wide variety of applications in food, drugs, paper, ceramics, plastics, and so forth [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Hydroxypropyl cellulose films are used as a food additive, HPC is used as a thickener, a low level binder and as an emulsion stabiliser with E number E463.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydroxypropyl cellulose films are used as a food additive, HPC is used as a thickener, a low level binder and as an emulsion stabiliser with E number E463.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In pharmaceuticals it is used as a disintegrant, and a binder, in tablets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In pharmaceuticals it is used as a disintegrant, and a binder, in tablets [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "They act as acceptable barriers to moisture and oxygen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They act as acceptable barriers to moisture and oxygen [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] }, { "text": "Blends based on HPC with natural or synthetic polymers were proposed to design new materials with enhanced properties and with wide range of applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Blends based on HPC with natural or synthetic polymers were proposed to design new materials with enhanced properties and with wide range of applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "We have focused on the copper alkoxide LTMS system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have focused on the copper alkoxide LTMS system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We could show that Raney copper works well as a LTMS hydrogenolysis catalyst.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We could show that Raney copper works well as a LTMS hydrogenolysis catalyst [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Subsequently we reported the catalytic behavior of a Cu(OCH 3 ) 2 / NaH/CH 3 OH catalyst system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently we reported the catalytic behavior of a Cu(OCH 3 ) 2 / NaH/CH 3 OH catalyst system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This catalyst system exhibited 75% syngas conversion at 120°C and 20 bar, showing however linear catalyst deactivation when syngas was charged multiple times.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This catalyst system exhibited 75% syngas conversion at 120°C and 20 bar, showing however linear catalyst deactivation when syngas was charged multiple times [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "In order to optimize this catalyst system, there is a need to characterize it and gain insight into the gradual catalyst activity decline.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to optimize this catalyst system, there is a need to characterize it and gain insight into the gradual catalyst activity decline.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "MeOH is currently synthesized from syngas (made up of CO/CO 2 / H 2 ) over Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts, which operate at 250°C and 70-100 bar of pressure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "MeOH is currently synthesized from syngas (made up of CO/CO 2 / H 2 ) over Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts, which operate at 250°C and 70-100 bar of pressure [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "Though this technology is highly optimized, it is capital intensive and syngas conversion per pass is thermodynamically limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though this technology is highly optimized, it is capital intensive and syngas conversion per pass is thermodynamically limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because conversion of syngas to methanol is an exothermic reaction (Eq. (1)) and lower temperature is required to achieve full conversion per pass.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because conversion of syngas to methanol is an exothermic reaction (Eq. (1)) and lower temperature is required to achieve full conversion per pass.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, syngas production accounts for more than half of the total capital cost in current methanol processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, syngas production accounts for more than half of the total capital cost in current methanol processes [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Complete syngas conversion per pass will allow use of air instead of pure oxygen in the syngas section of the methanol process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Complete syngas conversion per pass will allow use of air instead of pure oxygen in the syngas section of the methanol process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will significantly reduce the overall cost in methanol synthesis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This will significantly reduce the overall cost in methanol synthesis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, there is a need for low temperature methanol synthesis catalysts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, there is a need for low temperature methanol synthesis catalysts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Unilateral post-traumatic quadriceps tendon rupture after patellectomy is rare.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unilateral post-traumatic quadriceps tendon rupture after patellectomy is rare.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Quadriceps tendon rupture is more commonly seen in patients older than 40.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quadriceps tendon rupture is more commonly seen in patients older than 40.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tendon usually fails above the osteo-tendinous junction in 70% of patients, and in the intra-tendinous substance in the remaining 30%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tendon usually fails above the osteo-tendinous junction in 70% of patients, and in the intra-tendinous substance in the remaining 30%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A strong association exists with numerous systemic diseases and prior degenerative changes in the knee extensor mechanism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A strong association exists with numerous systemic diseases and prior degenerative changes in the knee extensor mechanism [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Reconstruction of a chronic patellar tendon rupture after patellectomy has been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reconstruction of a chronic patellar tendon rupture after patellectomy has been reported [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "To increase the trustworthiness of the study peerdebriefing sessions were held regularly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To increase the trustworthiness of the study peerdebriefing sessions were held regularly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They gave the interviewer (first author) a chance to evaluate her role in the research process and get input and critical comments from the other researchers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They gave the interviewer (first author) a chance to evaluate her role in the research process and get input and critical comments from the other researchers [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "These meetings also included negotiating the interpretation of the results and to see how the negative case analyses influenced emerging themes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These meetings also included negotiating the interpretation of the results and to see how the negative case analyses influenced emerging themes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The log book with impressions and decisions provided thick descriptions that allowed the entire research team to follow the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The log book with impressions and decisions provided thick descriptions that allowed the entire research team to follow the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Uptake of new technologies and products by construction firms is a complex process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Uptake of new technologies and products by construction firms is a complex process (Mazurkiewicz, Poteralska 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mazurkiewicz, Poteralska 2012)" ] }, { "text": "First, it is related to great risk and reorganisation of existing production processes and organisational systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First, it is related to great risk and reorganisation of existing production processes and organisational systems (Dunović et al. 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dunović et al. 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Criteria pertaining to the process of new technology uptake should be analysed assessing internal financial criteria of a company as well as aspects related to the external business environment and development of the technology market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Criteria pertaining to the process of new technology uptake should be analysed assessing internal financial criteria of a company as well as aspects related to the external business environment and development of the technology market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means a complex assessment of the effects brought by micro, meso and macro environments .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means a complex assessment of the effects brought by micro, meso and macro environments .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The importance to assess technological uncertainty becomes even more obvious as a company strives for competitive advantage and successful continuation of its activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The importance to assess technological uncertainty becomes even more obvious as a company strives for competitive advantage and successful continuation of its activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process is inseparable from technology uptake solutions as it considers future change of the technology over a certain period of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process is inseparable from technology uptake solutions as it considers future change of the technology over a certain period of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In sectors that encounter especially rapid technologic change, firms rarely receive full return on investments; in any case, new technologies are unavoidable in such business structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In sectors that encounter especially rapid technologic change, firms rarely receive full return on investments; in any case, new technologies are unavoidable in such business structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Not only does importance of such strategic decisions arise from substantial investment costs but also from their impact on the future operations of the firm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Not only does importance of such strategic decisions arise from substantial investment costs but also from their impact on the future operations of the firm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Investments into a new technology not only result in acquisition of a certain piece of equipment that enables a new process or provides an opportunity to improve existing or create new products or services; in addition, they shape competence and intellectual potential, which in time contributes to competitive edge of the company.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Investments into a new technology not only result in acquisition of a certain piece of equipment that enables a new process or provides an opportunity to improve existing or create new products or services; in addition, they shape competence and intellectual potential, which in time contributes to competitive edge of the company (Vasauskaitė et al. 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vasauskaitė et al. 2011)" ] }, { "text": "This necessitates models for assessment of new technology integration and adjustment in the market that would facilitate corporate decision-making related to market demand for a new technology, product or service.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This necessitates models for assessment of new technology integration and adjustment in the market that would facilitate corporate decision-making related to market demand for a new technology, product or service.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Based on the above discussion, we develop a combined method for diesel engine fault detection and isolation, which is based on the order tracking and FCM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the above discussion, we develop a combined method for diesel engine fault detection and isolation, which is based on the order tracking and FCM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Order tracking focuses mainly on the signal component associated with the speed, which transforms the nonstationary signals in the time domain to stationary signals in order domain for calculation of the power spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Order tracking focuses mainly on the signal component associated with the speed, which transforms the nonstationary signals in the time domain to stationary signals in order domain for calculation of the power spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the vibration signal under the variable speed working conditions can be analyzed by order tracking, and the features can be extracted easily.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the vibration signal under the variable speed working conditions can be analyzed by order tracking, and the features can be extracted easily [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "FCM is an unsupervised machine learning technique, which can objectively classify the categories with fuzzy characteristics through uncertainty description of the sample class and become an important tool in pattern recognition, image processing, fuzzy control, and other areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "FCM is an unsupervised machine learning technique, which can objectively classify the categories with fuzzy characteristics through uncertainty description of the sample class and become an important tool in pattern recognition, image processing, fuzzy control, and other areas [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Because the fault classification is very vague in mechanical fault of diesel engine, we can use this method to solve the problem of pattern recognition in engine fault detection and isolation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the fault classification is very vague in mechanical fault of diesel engine, we can use this method to solve the problem of pattern recognition in engine fault detection and isolation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to detect engine fault, we designed a measurement system which is shown in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to detect engine fault, we designed a measurement system which is shown in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We used vibration sensor to capture the vibration signal from diesel engine when it was running and speed sensor to monitor rotating speed of the engine simultaneously; then computer could get the vibration and speed signals including stationary and nonstationary signals under the variable speed working conditions of diesel engine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We used vibration sensor to capture the vibration signal from diesel engine when it was running and speed sensor to monitor rotating speed of the engine simultaneously; then computer could get the vibration and speed signals including stationary and nonstationary signals under the variable speed working conditions of diesel engine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the method of order tracking, the signals were analyzed and the features were extracted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the method of order tracking, the signals were analyzed and the features were extracted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, we used FCM to recognize the engine's conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, we used FCM to recognize the engine's conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "During the RE process, requirements analysts should conduct several activities, e.g., requirements elicitation and subsequent requirements modeling and analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the RE process, requirements analysts should conduct several activities, e.g., requirements elicitation and subsequent requirements modeling and analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The modeling and analysis activities consist of requirements modeling, requirements specifying, system modeling, requirements validation and verification (V&V).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The modeling and analysis activities consist of requirements modeling, requirements specifying, system modeling, requirements validation and verification (V&V) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Requirements modeling is the fundamental activity in the RE process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Requirements modeling is the fundamental activity in the RE process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It abstractly describes what the target system should achieve by formulating the organization's structures, business rules, goals, tasks, behavior of stakeholders and systems, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It abstractly describes what the target system should achieve by formulating the organization's structures, business rules, goals, tasks, behavior of stakeholders and systems, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Requirements models and system models can serve as the bases which are amenable to the following requirements activities, e.g., consistency checking, requirements verification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Requirements models and system models can serve as the bases which are amenable to the following requirements activities, e.g., consistency checking, requirements verification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Trends towards healthier life-styles world-wide and the rising cost of medical treatment, have fuelled the demand for preventative health care.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Trends towards healthier life-styles world-wide and the rising cost of medical treatment, have fuelled the demand for preventative health care.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In 1993, a study found that Americans paid more visits to alternative providers than to traditional doctors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 1993, a study found that Americans paid more visits to alternative providers than to traditional doctors (Gemigneni, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gemigneni, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "In 1990, $13.7 billion was spent on all categories of unconventional therapies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 1990, $13.7 billion was spent on all categories of unconventional therapies (Eisenberg et al., 1993 ) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Eisenberg et al., 1993 )" ] }, { "text": "The trend toward self-medication that was increasingly evident in the developed countries showed that there was a preference for natural therapy such as homeopathy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The trend toward self-medication that was increasingly evident in the developed countries showed that there was a preference for natural therapy such as homeopathy (Lin & Dwyer, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lin & Dwyer, 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The ultra-long wavelength (≥ 10 m) range is presently one of the new promising areas in radio astronomy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ultra-long wavelength (≥ 10 m) range is presently one of the new promising areas in radio astronomy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Ultra-Long Wavelength (ULW) band, as the last unexplored regions of the eletromagnetic (EM) spectrum, holds an essential role to understanding of the physical processes in celestial sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Ultra-Long Wavelength (ULW) band, as the last unexplored regions of the eletromagnetic (EM) spectrum, holds an essential role to understanding of the physical processes in celestial sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the first radio observation in astronomy was performed at this band by Karl Jansky in 1932-33, radio astronomy has moved rapidly to higher frequencies to address the quest for higher spatial resolution and better sensitivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the first radio observation in astronomy was performed at this band by Karl Jansky in 1932-33, radio astronomy has moved rapidly to higher frequencies to address the quest for higher spatial resolution and better sensitivity [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "However, the ULW band is 1 scientifically very attractive for some key science applications including the origins of the Universe forming of its large structure, evolution of the galaxy, stars, and planetary system, as well as the source of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the ULW band is 1 scientifically very attractive for some key science applications including the origins of the Universe forming of its large structure, evolution of the galaxy, stars, and planetary system, as well as the source of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays [5] , [24] , [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ], [ "BIBREF25" ], [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]", "[24]", "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A synthetic jet actuator has a nozzle or slot connected to a cavity in which typically a piezoelectric diaphragm oscillates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A synthetic jet actuator has a nozzle or slot connected to a cavity in which typically a piezoelectric diaphragm oscillates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By oscillating the diaphragm, the working fluid is alternately ingested and expelled through the nozzle exit, forming a train of discrete vortical structures that convert linear momentum to flow without net mass injection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By oscillating the diaphragm, the working fluid is alternately ingested and expelled through the nozzle exit, forming a train of discrete vortical structures that convert linear momentum to flow without net mass injection [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The fact that no external fluid source is required combined with the availability of increasingly small vibrating diaphragms, for example, piezoelectric disks, allows the design of extremely compact devices, even down to MEMS scale.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that no external fluid source is required combined with the availability of increasingly small vibrating diaphragms, for example, piezoelectric disks, allows the design of extremely compact devices, even down to MEMS scale [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A synthetic jet transfers linear momentum to the surroundings by alternately ingesting and expelling fluid from a cavity containing an oscillating diaphragm and has proven to be a useful active flow control device.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A synthetic jet transfers linear momentum to the surroundings by alternately ingesting and expelling fluid from a cavity containing an oscillating diaphragm and has proven to be a useful active flow control device [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Compared with continuous jets, synthetic jets are low-weight, compact devices and do not require internal fluid supply lines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with continuous jets, synthetic jets are low-weight, compact devices and do not require internal fluid supply lines [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "A schematic diagram of a typical synthetic jet actuator is shown in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A schematic diagram of a typical synthetic jet actuator is shown in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Recently deformability cytometry has been developed for high-throughput measurement of the mechanical properties of cells at a single cell level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently deformability cytometry has been developed for high-throughput measurement of the mechanical properties of cells at a single cell level [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "In this technique, cells flowing through a microchannel are mechanically stretched either using the flow or using a mechanical constriction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this technique, cells flowing through a microchannel are mechanically stretched either using the flow or using a mechanical constriction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By measuring the deformation of the cell and the time that the cell requires to traverse the constriction (i.e. transit time) it is possible to qualitatively assess the cells' mechanical properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By measuring the deformation of the cell and the time that the cell requires to traverse the constriction (i.e. transit time) it is possible to qualitatively assess the cells' mechanical properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For measuring the deformation of the cell, these works relied on the high speed imaging technique, requiring an expensive setup.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For measuring the deformation of the cell, these works relied on the high speed imaging technique, requiring an expensive setup.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Cell stiffness is often associated with diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cell stiffness is often associated with diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "In specific cases, cell stiffness has been shown to change with its developmental stage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In specific cases, cell stiffness has been shown to change with its developmental stage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, measurement of cells mechanical properties becomes a unique method to characterize distribution of development stages in a population of cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, measurement of cells mechanical properties becomes a unique method to characterize distribution of development stages in a population of cells [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "It is well reported in literature that glutaraldehyde, a chemical fixative, contributes to increasing cell stiffness by acting on all the structural components of the cell: the lipid membrane, the fluid cytoplasm, and the membrane skeleton.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well reported in literature that glutaraldehyde, a chemical fixative, contributes to increasing cell stiffness by acting on all the structural components of the cell: the lipid membrane, the fluid cytoplasm, and the membrane skeleton.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Glutaraldehyde also increases the effective viscosity of the cytoplasm and lipid membrane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Glutaraldehyde also increases the effective viscosity of the cytoplasm and lipid membrane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using chemically stiffened cells, we demonstrate differences in signal magnitudes and transit times between healthy and glutaraldehyde treated cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Using chemically stiffened cells, we demonstrate differences in signal magnitudes and transit times between healthy and glutaraldehyde treated cells [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "When outside the nest, males show a tendency to perform more sentinel duets than females.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When outside the nest, males show a tendency to perform more sentinel duets than females.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also observed that returning males used more song during sentinel than visit or relief duets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also observed that returning males used more song during sentinel than visit or relief duets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this species, the amount of singing given by the male after the female entered the nest is positively related to the time she subsequently spent inside the nest during the laying period.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this species, the amount of singing given by the male after the female entered the nest is positively related to the time she subsequently spent inside the nest during the laying period (Dunn and Zann 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dunn and Zann 1996)" ] }, { "text": "If male song encourages the female to remain in the nest during laying, it may have a similar function during incubation by informing that the male will not enter the nest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If male song encourages the female to remain in the nest during laying, it may have a similar function during incubation by informing that the male will not enter the nest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interestingly, in our recordings the vocal behavior of the female was also different between sentinel and other duets as females almost never used bill clicking in sentinel duets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, in our recordings the vocal behavior of the female was also different between sentinel and other duets as females almost never used bill clicking in sentinel duets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bill clicking has Note that estimates and SE are given on raw data, but models were computed on transformed data when necessary (transformation given in parentheses). been described as part of the nest ceremony occurring when a pair is searching for a nest site.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Bill clicking has Note that estimates and SE are given on raw data, but models were computed on transformed data when necessary (transformation given in parentheses). been described as part of the nest ceremony occurring when a pair is searching for a nest site (Zann 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF60" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zann 1996)" ] }, { "text": "In other species, bill clicking or clattering is considered as part of the courtship display.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other species, bill clicking or clattering is considered as part of the courtship display (Eda-Fujiwara et al. 2004; Soma and Mori 2015; Yoon et al. 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF48", "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Eda-Fujiwara et al. 2004; Soma and Mori 2015; Yoon et al. 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Here, we describe for the first time their use during incubation in the zebra finch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we describe for the first time their use during incubation in the zebra finch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because bill clicking was never used in sentinel duets in our study, but only when birds met in the nest (visits, reliefs), it could be part of a physical or behavioral greeting ceremony.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because bill clicking was never used in sentinel duets in our study, but only when birds met in the nest (visits, reliefs), it could be part of a physical or behavioral greeting ceremony (Wachtmeister 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wachtmeister 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Greeting or meeting ceremonies in birds are observed when the partners meet after a period of separation and in many species occur throughout the duration of the pair bond.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Greeting or meeting ceremonies in birds are observed when the partners meet after a period of separation and in many species occur throughout the duration of the pair bond (Wachtmeister 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wachtmeister 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Different sensing schemes have been developed in which QDs were typically used as FRET donors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different sensing schemes have been developed in which QDs were typically used as FRET donors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To improve the FRET efficiency, how to avoid the aggregation of QDs in vivo is an important issue for their practical use in biology and medicine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To improve the FRET efficiency, how to avoid the aggregation of QDs in vivo is an important issue for their practical use in biology and medicine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the biocompatibility of QDs remains as a major challenge in advance of their biomedical applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the biocompatibility of QDs remains as a major challenge in advance of their biomedical applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The development of new class of QDs with low toxicity will be crucial for more versatile applications in biological systems other than optical beacons for in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) and biosensing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of new class of QDs with low toxicity will be crucial for more versatile applications in biological systems other than optical beacons for in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) and biosensing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The possibility to use rare-earth-doped nanoparticles has been demonstrated in many different biological applications due to their unique optical property and relatively low toxicity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The possibility to use rare-earth-doped nanoparticles has been demonstrated in many different biological applications due to their unique optical property and relatively low toxicity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "UCNPs can be easily applied in a variety of assay formats including bioimaging, sensing, drug delivery, and cancer therapy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "UCNPs can be easily applied in a variety of assay formats including bioimaging, sensing, drug delivery, and cancer therapy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "UCNPs offer an alternative with minimal photodamage and autofluorescence due to NIR excitation, which enhances their prospects as optical biolabels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "UCNPs offer an alternative with minimal photodamage and autofluorescence due to NIR excitation, which enhances their prospects as optical biolabels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Literatures support the possibility of using scintillating nanoparticles combined with X-ray for self-lighting photodynamic therapy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Literatures support the possibility of using scintillating nanoparticles combined with X-ray for self-lighting photodynamic therapy [59] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[59]" ] }, { "text": "However, this reported work only demonstrated the capability of scintillating nanoparticles in generation of singlet oxygen in solutions, no cells study was implemented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this reported work only demonstrated the capability of scintillating nanoparticles in generation of singlet oxygen in solutions, no cells study was implemented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is, therefore, particularly interested in further demonstration of the utility of X-ray/PDT combined therapy with in vitro cancer cell lines or even in vivo animal pathological models in the near future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is, therefore, particularly interested in further demonstration of the utility of X-ray/PDT combined therapy with in vitro cancer cell lines or even in vivo animal pathological models in the near future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some efforts have focused on exploring new types of UCNPs conjugated with PS for deep cancer treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some efforts have focused on exploring new types of UCNPs conjugated with PS for deep cancer treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NIR excitation of such UCNPs to activate photosensitizers also needs further investigation to profile their photodynamic effects in use of cancer therapy in vivo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NIR excitation of such UCNPs to activate photosensitizers also needs further investigation to profile their photodynamic effects in use of cancer therapy in vivo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Generally speaking, we can only state that the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of players are equally important for their actions in the stage of defense and attack.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally speaking, we can only state that the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of players are equally important for their actions in the stage of defense and attack.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But almost all the variables, if we look at individually, Sprint test (p = 0.87), Repeated Sprint Ability (p = 0.20), the 300 meters run test (p = 0.90), 20 m multi-stage shuttle run test (p = 0.97), not impact the tactical movements because they are statistically insignificant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But almost all the variables, if we look at individually, Sprint test (p = 0.87), Repeated Sprint Ability (p = 0.20), the 300 meters run test (p = 0.90), 20 m multi-stage shuttle run test (p = 0.97), not impact the tactical movements because they are statistically insignificant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The only test that showed a statistical significance individually was Hoff test (p = 0.05) which is understandable because it contains elements which required great technical ability of players.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The only test that showed a statistical significance individually was Hoff test (p = 0.05) which is understandable because it contains elements which required great technical ability of players.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This test has specific aerobic nature and it is designed especially for soccer players.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This test has specific aerobic nature and it is designed especially for soccer players [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "However, its significance is reflected only in the phase of the attack.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, its significance is reflected only in the phase of the attack.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The explanation lies in the fact that we have isolated at the stage of attack variables such as: ball control, passing skills, advancing with ball that are part of the test.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The explanation lies in the fact that we have isolated at the stage of attack variables such as: ball control, passing skills, advancing with ball that are part of the test [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Defensive assignments were predominantly without ball so it is understandable why this specific test showed no statistically significant correlation (p = 0.18) with defensive assignments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Defensive assignments were predominantly without ball so it is understandable why this specific test showed no statistically significant correlation (p = 0.18) with defensive assignments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The importance of aerobic fitness in soccer is reflected in the fact that movement is mainly dominated by the aerobic activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The importance of aerobic fitness in soccer is reflected in the fact that movement is mainly dominated by the aerobic activities [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Tactical element of attack and defense are taking place under conditions of constant alternation of aerobic and anaerobic activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tactical element of attack and defense are taking place under conditions of constant alternation of aerobic and anaerobic activity [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "When performing a quick attack and counterattack (stage attacks) among players with or without the ball comes to the accumulation of lactate, which eliminates the over-intensity aerobic activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When performing a quick attack and counterattack (stage attacks) among players with or without the ball comes to the accumulation of lactate, which eliminates the over-intensity aerobic activity [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, good aerobic fitness is desirable and from this research it could be seen that they can influence the technical abilities of players in both the technical skills and tactical characteristics of defense phase (p = 0.03) and stage attacks (p = 0.03).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, good aerobic fitness is desirable and from this research it could be seen that they can influence the technical abilities of players in both the technical skills and tactical characteristics of defense phase (p = 0.03) and stage attacks (p = 0.03).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sprint abilities of football players are extremely important because they take place every 90 seconds and usually the sprint lasts 2-4 seconds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sprint abilities of football players are extremely important because they take place every 90 seconds and usually the sprint lasts 2-4 seconds [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Percentages on the activity of anaerobic character during soccer match is 1-11% with the effective time of the game (the time when the ball is in possession of) almost 0.5-3%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Percentages on the activity of anaerobic character during soccer match is 1-11% with the effective time of the game (the time when the ball is in possession of) almost 0.5-3% [3, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 15]" ] }, { "text": "Although we can see that the anaerobic capacity is less represented, their role is reflected in key situations, both in the defense and in attack phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although we can see that the anaerobic capacity is less represented, their role is reflected in key situations, both in the defense and in attack phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results have shown that the players must have the ability to multi-dimensional manifestation of anaerobic activity (sprint performance, repeated sprint performance and run performance), as observed individually these abilities do not affect the defensive and offensive elements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results have shown that the players must have the ability to multi-dimensional manifestation of anaerobic activity (sprint performance, repeated sprint performance and run performance), as observed individually these abilities do not affect the defensive and offensive elements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The importance of short sprints (Sprint test protocol) and repeated sprint ability should be especially emphasized during the match because the players perform from 1000-1400 mainly short activities, changing every 2-4 seconds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The importance of short sprints (Sprint test protocol) and repeated sprint ability should be especially emphasized during the match because the players perform from 1000-1400 mainly short activities, changing every 2-4 seconds [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "In our research, we see that these values of repeated sprint ability is much more important in tactical elements of the attacks (p = 0.20) than in the defense phase (p = 0.97).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our research, we see that these values of repeated sprint ability is much more important in tactical elements of the attacks (p = 0.20) than in the defense phase (p = 0.97).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The smallest impact of the attack phase has been showed in a variable 300 meter run test (p = 0.90) which can be attributed to time players during a game not required for expression of high-intensity activity on such a large distance but the greatest number of sprint action ends in the range of 20-40 meters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The smallest impact of the attack phase has been showed in a variable 300 meter run test (p = 0.90) which can be attributed to time players during a game not required for expression of high-intensity activity on such a large distance but the greatest number of sprint action ends in the range of 20-40 meters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Our data provide insights to estimate more effective development stages for the release of H. axyridis against M. persicae.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data provide insights to estimate more effective development stages for the release of H. axyridis against M. persicae.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, we should be cautious about releasing first instar larvae (or egg masses) of H. axyridis because they tend not to succeed at predation, even in a small arena.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, we should be cautious about releasing first instar larvae (or egg masses) of H. axyridis because they tend not to succeed at predation, even in a small arena.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, H. axyridis could be effective at suppressing M. persicae density at the fourth instar and adult stages because of higher attack rates and shorter handling times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, H. axyridis could be effective at suppressing M. persicae density at the fourth instar and adult stages because of higher attack rates and shorter handling times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Use of third instar larvae may be cost-effective because mass rearing to the fourth instar and adult stages would be unnecessary; however, functional response experiments conducted under laboratory conditions in a small arena may have limited value for determining the characteristics of predation under field conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Use of third instar larvae may be cost-effective because mass rearing to the fourth instar and adult stages would be unnecessary; however, functional response experiments conducted under laboratory conditions in a small arena may have limited value for determining the characteristics of predation under field conditions (Gitonga et al., 2002; Lee and Kang, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gitonga et al., 2002; Lee and Kang, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The functional response of ladybirds in patches containing low numbers of prey can appear irrelevant as they tend to avoid such patches and aggregate in those that contain high numbers of prey in area-restricted search.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The functional response of ladybirds in patches containing low numbers of prey can appear irrelevant as they tend to avoid such patches and aggregate in those that contain high numbers of prey in area-restricted search (Kawai, 1976; Nakamuta, 1985; Dixon, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kawai, 1976; Nakamuta, 1985; Dixon, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Further experiments incorporating a large spatial scale are needed to know the effective release stage of H. axyridis for M. persicae.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further experiments incorporating a large spatial scale are needed to know the effective release stage of H. axyridis for M. persicae.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Climatology records the strongest and the most active Tropical Cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP), among other global ocean basins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Climatology records the strongest and the most active Tropical Cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP), among other global ocean basins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TCs in this ocean basin are becoming even stronger in response to global warming.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TCs in this ocean basin are becoming even stronger in response to global warming [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "A tropical cyclone is a destructive weather system that causes huge losses of both life and property.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A tropical cyclone is a destructive weather system that causes huge losses of both life and property.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the damage could be reduced by effective preparedness, as long as TCs are predictable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the damage could be reduced by effective preparedness, as long as TCs are predictable [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Timely and accurate forecast for TC tracking is most necessary for the successful prevention of potential threats.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Timely and accurate forecast for TC tracking is most necessary for the successful prevention of potential threats [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The range in CLA concentrations of milk from grazing cows is large (0.5 to 1.7%) due to seasonal changes in forage availability, botanical composition, pasture lipid and linolenic (C 18:3 ) acid contents plus other unknown factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The range in CLA concentrations of milk from grazing cows is large (0.5 to 1.7%) due to seasonal changes in forage availability, botanical composition, pasture lipid and linolenic (C 18:3 ) acid contents plus other unknown factors [1] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Pasture-based diets results in milk with higher basal levels of CLA but further increases can be achieved by lipid supplementation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pasture-based diets results in milk with higher basal levels of CLA but further increases can be achieved by lipid supplementation [1] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Dietary addition of PUFA rich-oils often results in substantial increases in milk CLA content with a linear effect of adding sunflower oil on milk CLA up to 4% of inclusion regarding total DM intake.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dietary addition of PUFA rich-oils often results in substantial increases in milk CLA content with a linear effect of adding sunflower oil on milk CLA up to 4% of inclusion regarding total DM intake [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This was mainly explained by the increased availability of substrates for CLA or VA production in the rumen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This was mainly explained by the increased availability of substrates for CLA or VA production in the rumen [1] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Free oils are more effective to increase milk CLA and VA than oilseeds, due to the gradual release of PUFA from seeds compared to oils.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Free oils are more effective to increase milk CLA and VA than oilseeds, due to the gradual release of PUFA from seeds compared to oils.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This fact may allow a greater biohydrogenation of VA after seed feeding and hence a lower availability of the CLA precursor for absorption in the intestines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This fact may allow a greater biohydrogenation of VA after seed feeding and hence a lower availability of the CLA precursor for absorption in the intestines [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Studies in goats revealed that C 18:2 contained in seed was more extensively hydrogenated to C 18:0 compared to C 18:2 contained in oil.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies in goats revealed that C 18:2 contained in seed was more extensively hydrogenated to C 18:0 compared to C 18:2 contained in oil [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Direct comparisons between effects of oilseeds and free oils on milk fatty acid profile and CLA content in grazing dairy cows are lacking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Direct comparisons between effects of oilseeds and free oils on milk fatty acid profile and CLA content in grazing dairy cows are lacking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The distinct and more effective effects of free oils should be weighed with the difficulty for the farmer to manipulate liquid (not-solid) supplements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The distinct and more effective effects of free oils should be weighed with the difficulty for the farmer to manipulate liquid (not-solid) supplements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, it may also be a more expensive way to increase milk CLA considering the higher prices of oils than seeds and some detrimental effects of free oils on rumen function could also be expected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it may also be a more expensive way to increase milk CLA considering the higher prices of oils than seeds and some detrimental effects of free oils on rumen function could also be expected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Specifically, the phase-field (PF) models are of particular interest here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, the phase-field (PF) models are of particular interest here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The PF models provide a unified framework that can describe stress and temperature induced phase transformations, including their dynamics, in the variational settings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The PF models provide a unified framework that can describe stress and temperature induced phase transformations, including their dynamics, in the variational settings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These models have been used to study microstructures and mechanical properties of SMAs across different length scales.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These models have been used to study microstructures and mechanical properties of SMAs across different length scales [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "We have developed the 2D and 3D models with main focus on capturing the thermo-mechanical coupling in SMAs, which has been treated predominantly under isothermal assumptions in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have developed the 2D and 3D models with main focus on capturing the thermo-mechanical coupling in SMAs, which has been treated predominantly under isothermal assumptions in the literature [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Serum PGs have been widely used as biomarkers for GC or GA in clinical practice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Serum PGs have been widely used as biomarkers for GC or GA in clinical practice [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "However, the question of whether the PGs expression changes in Note: All the correlation coefficients were calculated by partial correlation controlling for the status of sex and age.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the question of whether the PGs expression changes in Note: All the correlation coefficients were calculated by partial correlation controlling for the status of sex and age.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Analyses results with P < 0.05 were highlighted in bold characters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analyses results with P < 0.05 were highlighted in bold characters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The conditions in the cold winter, in terms of a long period of ice cover combined with an increase in the ice thickness, are unfavourable to emergent aquatic macrophytes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The conditions in the cold winter, in terms of a long period of ice cover combined with an increase in the ice thickness, are unfavourable to emergent aquatic macrophytes (Alahuhta et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Alahuhta et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "On the contrary, submerged macrophytes were reported to be positively correlated with the duration of ice cover on a lake, as an effect of winter fish kill.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the contrary, submerged macrophytes were reported to be positively correlated with the duration of ice cover on a lake, as an effect of winter fish kill (Hargeby et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hargeby et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Long periods of ice cover may lead to winter fish kill that reduce predation pressure on zooplankton and consequently strengthen zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Long periods of ice cover may lead to winter fish kill that reduce predation pressure on zooplankton and consequently strengthen zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton (Gyllström et al., 2005; Jeppesen et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gyllström et al., 2005; Jeppesen et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Low phytoplankton biomass affects favourable light conditions in water and encourages the development of submerged macrophytes in a lake.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Low phytoplankton biomass affects favourable light conditions in water and encourages the development of submerged macrophytes in a lake.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the five years of the study, the effect of anoxia under the ice cover has never been observed, which could be linked with a relatively high mean water depth (>3.4 m) in the lakes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the five years of the study, the effect of anoxia under the ice cover has never been observed, which could be linked with a relatively high mean water depth (>3.4 m) in the lakes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the impact of winter fish kill can be omitted in the studied lakes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the impact of winter fish kill can be omitted in the studied lakes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The projected climate warming will have a profound effect on the shortening of the duration and thickness of the ice cover.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The projected climate warming will have a profound effect on the shortening of the duration and thickness of the ice cover (McCarthy et al., 2001; Leppäranta, 2010; Livingstone et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40", "BIBREF34", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McCarthy et al., 2001; Leppäranta, 2010; Livingstone et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "The earlier ice-out on lakes determines changes in the physicochemical parameters, which are important to the abundant development of phytoplankton in spring.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The earlier ice-out on lakes determines changes in the physicochemical parameters, which are important to the abundant development of phytoplankton in spring (Weyhenmeyer et al., 2008; Laugaste et al., 2010; Nõges et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF79", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Weyhenmeyer et al., 2008; Laugaste et al., 2010; Nõges et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "However, our results show that the effect of mild winters on lakes can also be observed in following growing season (Tab. 2).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, our results show that the effect of mild winters on lakes can also be observed in following growing season (Tab. 2).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "There are several fundamental methods for the formulation of equations of motion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are several fundamental methods for the formulation of equations of motion (Greenwood, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Greenwood, 1988)" ] }, { "text": "For example, Newton-Euler (NE) formulation, Euler-Lagrange principle, Gibbs-Appel approach, Kane's method, D'Alembert's principle, and similar others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, Newton-Euler (NE) formulation, Euler-Lagrange principle, Gibbs-Appel approach, Kane's method, D'Alembert's principle, and similar others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All the above mentioned approaches when applied to multibody systems have their own advantages and disadvantages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the above mentioned approaches when applied to multibody systems have their own advantages and disadvantages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, NE approach, which is one of the classical methods for dynamic formulation, uses the concept of \"free-body diagrams\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, NE approach, which is one of the classical methods for dynamic formulation, uses the concept of \"free-body diagrams\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For coupled systems, constrained forces (which are meant here to include both forces and moments) along with those applied externally are included in the free-body diagrams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For coupled systems, constrained forces (which are meant here to include both forces and moments) along with those applied externally are included in the free-body diagrams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mathematically, the NE equations of motion lead to three translational equations of motion of the Centre-of-Mass (COM), and three equations determining the rotational motion of the rigid body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mathematically, the NE equations of motion lead to three translational equations of motion of the Centre-of-Mass (COM), and three equations determining the rotational motion of the rigid body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The NE equations of any two free bodies are related through the constraint forces acting at their interface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The NE equations of any two free bodies are related through the constraint forces acting at their interface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The constraint forces arise due to the presence of a kinematic pair, e.g., a revolute or a prismatic, between the two neighbouring bodies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The constraint forces arise due to the presence of a kinematic pair, e.g., a revolute or a prismatic, between the two neighbouring bodies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For an open-loop multibody system, these constraints along with other unknowns, i.e., the actuating forces can be easily solved recursively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For an open-loop multibody system, these constraints along with other unknowns, i.e., the actuating forces can be easily solved recursively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, for a closed-loop system, the NE equations generally need to be solved simultaneously in order to obtain the driving and constraint forces together.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for a closed-loop system, the NE equations generally need to be solved simultaneously in order to obtain the driving and constraint forces together.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the use of the NE equations of motion for closed-loop systems is not as efficient as those for open-loop systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the use of the NE equations of motion for closed-loop systems is not as efficient as those for open-loop systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The maturity model and the process management lifecycle models should be regarded as a formalized set of elements (features) describing fully efficient processes or requirements that, when satisfied, enable the achievement of maturity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The maturity model and the process management lifecycle models should be regarded as a formalized set of elements (features) describing fully efficient processes or requirements that, when satisfied, enable the achievement of maturity (Rosemann & de Bruin, 2005; Hammer, 2007; Lockamy & McCormack, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rosemann & de Bruin, 2005; Hammer, 2007; Lockamy & McCormack, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "It is a form of a roadmap and a standardized method of communication between participants of a project designed to build a process-oriented organization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a form of a roadmap and a standardized method of communication between participants of a project designed to build a process-oriented organization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is important for both managers and process operators to fully understand their roles and be aware of the organization's maturity when implementing process management.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is important for both managers and process operators to fully understand their roles and be aware of the organization's maturity when implementing process management (Hammer, 2007; Lockamy & McCormack, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hammer, 2007; Lockamy & McCormack, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "A thorough self-assessment performed using maturity models and lifecycle models enables the organization to identify sources of deficiencies as well as areas for improvement within the continual improvement cycle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A thorough self-assessment performed using maturity models and lifecycle models enables the organization to identify sources of deficiencies as well as areas for improvement within the continual improvement cycle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Maturity models can be particularly useful for organizations initiating formalized process management, as they facilitate the identification of the current situation, thereby providing the motivation to act, while suggesting best practices that could be employed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Maturity models can be particularly useful for organizations initiating formalized process management, as they facilitate the identification of the current situation, thereby providing the motivation to act, while suggesting best practices that could be employed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The process management lifecycle method was chosen because the highlighted process areas in this model can be used for a comparative analysis of their perceptions by different grade levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The process management lifecycle method was chosen because the highlighted process areas in this model can be used for a comparative analysis of their perceptions by different grade levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Four postgraduates interviewed all teachers and recorded their conversation with their consent in a quiet room in the university or in the participant's school.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Four postgraduates interviewed all teachers and recorded their conversation with their consent in a quiet room in the university or in the participant's school.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interview lasted about from 20 minutes to 60 minutes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interview lasted about from 20 minutes to 60 minutes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then the records were tran-scribed into scripts word-by-word.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then the records were tran-scribed into scripts word-by-word.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The four postgraduates and the first author encoded the scripts based on Gross's classification of emotion regulation strategies which was classified as situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The four postgraduates and the first author encoded the scripts based on Gross's classification of emotion regulation strategies which was classified as situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation (Gross, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gross, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Distinct regulation strategies demonstrably have a different impact on individuals' interpersonal relationships.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Distinct regulation strategies demonstrably have a different impact on individuals' interpersonal relationships.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As already noted, nurturing a good teacher-student relationship is one of goals of emotion regulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As already noted, nurturing a good teacher-student relationship is one of goals of emotion regulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some teachers decrease their negative emotions for this reason.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some teachers decrease their negative emotions for this reason.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, shielding negative emotions from display may have deleterious social consequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, shielding negative emotions from display may have deleterious social consequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In one study, female college students' suppression had a negative impact on their own social interaction and dramatically reduced rapport and inhibited relationship formation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In one study, female college students' suppression had a negative impact on their own social interaction and dramatically reduced rapport and inhibited relationship formation (Butler, et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Butler, et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "However, culture may be a moderating factor between suppression and its negative consequences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, culture may be a moderating factor between suppression and its negative consequences (Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In Chinese culture context, if teachers suppress their negative emotions, can they foster positive teacher-student relationships?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Chinese culture context, if teachers suppress their negative emotions, can they foster positive teacher-student relationships?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Or do teachers who often repress their negative emotions have less healthy and more negative relationships than those who reappraise emotion stimulus?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Or do teachers who often repress their negative emotions have less healthy and more negative relationships than those who reappraise emotion stimulus?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Which teachers are those who are more likely to suppress emotions?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Which teachers are those who are more likely to suppress emotions?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is very necessary to explore the relationship between teachers' emotion, emotion regulation strategies in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is very necessary to explore the relationship between teachers' emotion, emotion regulation strategies in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Quantifying forest structure is of broad importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quantifying forest structure is of broad importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, understanding forest foliage profile can be of particular interest for biodiversity conservation and climate adaptation, as it affects the photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, understanding forest foliage profile can be of particular interest for biodiversity conservation and climate adaptation, as it affects the photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes (Ma et al., 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ma et al., 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Monitoring carbon stocks in forested ecosystems requires accurate quantification of the spatial distribution of wood volume.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Monitoring carbon stocks in forested ecosystems requires accurate quantification of the spatial distribution of wood volume (Levick et al., 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Levick et al., 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, description of 3D structure helps to investigate species competition, wood production, and ecosystem and agro-ecosystem dynamics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, description of 3D structure helps to investigate species competition, wood production, and ecosystem and agro-ecosystem dynamics (Béland et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Béland et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "For mapping forest structure, laser scanning is widely used in past decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For mapping forest structure, laser scanning is widely used in past decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Laser scanning technique, also known as light detection and ranging (lidar), acquires 3D coordinates of objects over a large scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Laser scanning technique, also known as light detection and ranging (lidar), acquires 3D coordinates of objects over a large scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, full-waveform laser scanners are able to measure the scattering properties of vegetation in a quantitative way.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, full-waveform laser scanners are able to measure the scattering properties of vegetation in a quantitative way (Wagner et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wagner et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, laser scanning generates a high potential for forest related studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, laser scanning generates a high potential for forest related studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The emission spectrum of the Tm, Ho: YAG ceramic (3at.% Tm, 0.5at.% Ho) laser at different absorbed pump powers are presented in Fig. 6(a) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The emission spectrum of the Tm, Ho: YAG ceramic (3at.% Tm, 0.5at.% Ho) laser at different absorbed pump powers are presented in Fig. 6(a) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dual-wavelength laser operation was obtained with the two emission peaks centered around 2090 and 2096 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dual-wavelength laser operation was obtained with the two emission peaks centered around 2090 and 2096 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spectrum were 0.25 nm and 0.3 nm, corresponding to the laser wavelength of 2090 nm and 2095.6 nm at the highest output power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spectrum were 0.25 nm and 0.3 nm, corresponding to the laser wavelength of 2090 nm and 2095.6 nm at the highest output power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the absorbed pump power was increased, obvious blue-shift of the emission wavelength was observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the absorbed pump power was increased, obvious blue-shift of the emission wavelength was observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may be attributed to the accumulating thermal effects improved the ceramic temperature and the particle population was changed due to the temperature increase which could change the inversion ratio in quasi-three level laser system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be attributed to the accumulating thermal effects improved the ceramic temperature and the particle population was changed due to the temperature increase which could change the inversion ratio in quasi-three level laser system [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Benefiting from eye-safe nature and high atmospheric transmission, Ho-doped solid-state lasers working in the 2.1 μm spectral region have attracted considerable attention in recent years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Benefiting from eye-safe nature and high atmospheric transmission, Ho-doped solid-state lasers working in the 2.1 μm spectral region have attracted considerable attention in recent years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is useful for a number of advanced applications, such as wind shear detection, coherent laser lidar, and remote sensing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is useful for a number of advanced applications, such as wind shear detection, coherent laser lidar, and remote sensing [1] , [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[2]" ] }, { "text": "As the wavelength of Ho lasers is beneficial to avoid two-photon absorption in non-oxide nonlinear crystals, it is a more preferable pump source for optical parametric oscillators (OPO) to generate mid-infrared lasers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As the wavelength of Ho lasers is beneficial to avoid two-photon absorption in non-oxide nonlinear crystals, it is a more preferable pump source for optical parametric oscillators (OPO) to generate mid-infrared lasers [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, the larger penetration depth of Ho-doped lasers, resulting from the laser wavelengths slightly above 2 μm, leads to different medical applications in comparison with Tm-doped lasers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the larger penetration depth of Ho-doped lasers, resulting from the laser wavelengths slightly above 2 μm, leads to different medical applications in comparison with Tm-doped lasers [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "To investigate the microstructure and morphology of these GO-rGO micropatterns, we performed AFM and SEM imaging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To investigate the microstructure and morphology of these GO-rGO micropatterns, we performed AFM and SEM imaging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As seen in Fig. 2c , the thickness of GO is about 1 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As seen in Fig. 2c , the thickness of GO is about 1 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Fig. 2d , the white area corresponds to rGO while the gray area represents GO with uniform morphologies in respective regions and an intimate interface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Fig. 2d , the white area corresponds to rGO while the gray area represents GO with uniform morphologies in respective regions and an intimate interface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reduction of GO film by the UV irradiation is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic measurements carried out with a non-patterned GO film before and after the UV irradiation under the same condition without using a photo mask.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reduction of GO film by the UV irradiation is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic measurements carried out with a non-patterned GO film before and after the UV irradiation under the same condition without using a photo mask.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As shown in Fig. 2e , the GO film shows a diffraction profile with a peak at 2h = 11.2°corresponding to an interlayer distance of 0.79 nm in consistent with reported data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Fig. 2e , the GO film shows a diffraction profile with a peak at 2h = 11.2°corresponding to an interlayer distance of 0.79 nm in consistent with reported data [23, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 24]" ] }, { "text": "The UV-reduced rGO shows a broad XRD peak at about 2h = 25°corre-sponding to the interlayer distance of about 0.40 nm, which is in a good agreement with the graphene interlayer distance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The UV-reduced rGO shows a broad XRD peak at about 2h = 25°corre-sponding to the interlayer distance of about 0.40 nm, which is in a good agreement with the graphene interlayer distance [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "These results indicate the occurrence of GO reduction by the UV irradiation and p-p stacking of the reduced graphene oxide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results indicate the occurrence of GO reduction by the UV irradiation and p-p stacking of the reduced graphene oxide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reduction of GO film by the UV irradiation was also confirmed by Raman spectra given in Fig. 2f , which shows the I D /I G peak intensity ratios of about 0.837 and 0.937 for GO and rGO, respectively, indicating a reduction in the average size of sp 2 domains with edge defects caused by the reduction of some C@C bonds in GO.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reduction of GO film by the UV irradiation was also confirmed by Raman spectra given in Fig. 2f , which shows the I D /I G peak intensity ratios of about 0.837 and 0.937 for GO and rGO, respectively, indicating a reduction in the average size of sp 2 domains with edge defects caused by the reduction of some C@C bonds in GO [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "The kinetic process of the UV irradiation reduction of GO was monitored by the optical transmittance and XPS measurements at different UV-irradiation times from 1 to 24 h. As can be seen in Fig. 3A , the samples were put on a paper with parallel lines as the background, the GO films became darker with increasing the irradiation time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The kinetic process of the UV irradiation reduction of GO was monitored by the optical transmittance and XPS measurements at different UV-irradiation times from 1 to 24 h. As can be seen in Fig. 3A , the samples were put on a paper with parallel lines as the background, the GO films became darker with increasing the irradiation time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The corresponding transmittance spectra over the visible wavelengths are shown in Fig. 3B , which also shows that the GO film become less transparent after UV irradiation, and that transmittance over the entire visible region decreased with increasing the UV-irradiation time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The corresponding transmittance spectra over the visible wavelengths are shown in Fig. 3B , which also shows that the GO film become less transparent after UV irradiation, and that transmittance over the entire visible region decreased with increasing the UV-irradiation time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After UV irradiation, the resulted UV-reduced graphene oxide also became electrically conducting with a resistance of 47 KX/cm for the rGO film obtained by UV irradiation for 24 h. Fig. 4 shows XPS results of GO before and after the UV irradiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After UV irradiation, the resulted UV-reduced graphene oxide also became electrically conducting with a resistance of 47 KX/cm for the rGO film obtained by UV irradiation for 24 h. Fig. 4 shows XPS results of GO before and after the UV irradiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As shown in Fig. 4A and Table 1 , C1s (65 at.%) and O1s (35 at.%) peaks were seen in the XPS survey spectrum for GO before the UV reduction (Fig. 4A(a) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Fig. 4A and Table 1 , C1s (65 at.%) and O1s (35 at.%) peaks were seen in the XPS survey spectrum for GO before the UV reduction (Fig. 4A(a) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Upon the UV irradiation, the oxygen atomic content decreased from 35% for GO to 20% in the UV-rGO after the UV exposure for 24 h (Fig. 4A(e) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Upon the UV irradiation, the oxygen atomic content decreased from 35% for GO to 20% in the UV-rGO after the UV exposure for 24 h (Fig. 4A(e) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The corresponding C/O ratio increased from 1.9 to 4, indicating, once again, the partial reduction of GO.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The corresponding C/O ratio increased from 1.9 to 4, indicating, once again, the partial reduction of GO.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high-resolution C1s XPS spectra for GO and UV-rGO at different UV irradiation durations are shown in Fig. 4B .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The high-resolution C1s XPS spectra for GO and UV-rGO at different UV irradiation durations are shown in Fig. 4B .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As can be seen, the C1s peak can be fitted mainly with four components at 284.5 eV (C@C), 286.5 eV (C-O), 288.1 eV (C@O) and 289.0 eV (COOH), respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As can be seen, the C1s peak can be fitted mainly with four components at 284.5 eV (C@C), 286.5 eV (C-O), 288.1 eV (C@O) and 289.0 eV (COOH), respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The UV irradiation caused a graduate decrease in the C-O peak intensity at 286.5 eV whereas the peak intensities of C@O (288.1 eV) and COOH (289.0 eV) remained largely unchanged, indicating that UV irradiation reduced mainly the C-O groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The UV irradiation caused a graduate decrease in the C-O peak intensity at 286.5 eV whereas the peak intensities of C@O (288.1 eV) and COOH (289.0 eV) remained largely unchanged, indicating that UV irradiation reduced mainly the C-O groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the past few years, the media consumption model has undergone major changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past few years, the media consumption model has undergone major changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Content delivery is shifting from traditional television broadcasting to Internet based video on demand (VoD).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Content delivery is shifting from traditional television broadcasting to Internet based video on demand (VoD).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Video content is distributed over-the-top.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Video content is distributed over-the-top.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Streams are delivered over the Internet and not using dedicated and managed distribution infrastructures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Streams are delivered over the Internet and not using dedicated and managed distribution infrastructures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The popularity of VoD services, such as YouTube and Netflix, is rising.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The popularity of VoD services, such as YouTube and Netflix, is rising.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Not only do they provide access to an ever growing catalog of video content, they also serve a large number of viewers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Not only do they provide access to an ever growing catalog of video content, they also serve a large number of viewers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Video content requires high bandwidth and takes a significant share of internet traffic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Video content requires high bandwidth and takes a significant share of internet traffic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in North-America in 2016, over 50% of internet traffic during peak hours is attributed to online video streaming.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in North-America in 2016, over 50% of internet traffic during peak hours is attributed to online video streaming [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "With an expected growth in this area, VoD will put a large on-even demand on our networks in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With an expected growth in this area, VoD will put a large on-even demand on our networks in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To solve the issue of shadowing, reflection and uneven illumination, we have shown that the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEVD) is a very relevant model to approximate differences of gamma functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To solve the issue of shadowing, reflection and uneven illumination, we have shown that the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEVD) is a very relevant model to approximate differences of gamma functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed GEVD is capable of finding proper extreme values based on image statistics allowing us to deal with extreme conditions like shadows, high illuminations and reflections.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed GEVD is capable of finding proper extreme values based on image statistics allowing us to deal with extreme conditions like shadows, high illuminations and reflections.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To solve the problem of low contrast between text and background, we have shown that the difference of gamma functions is a very relevant model to enhance contrast between text layers and background regions while reducing noise, using substantially lesser complex processes than other well-known approaches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To solve the problem of low contrast between text and background, we have shown that the difference of gamma functions is a very relevant model to enhance contrast between text layers and background regions while reducing noise, using substantially lesser complex processes than other well-known approaches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, this tool is robust to photometric effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, this tool is robust to photometric effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the proposed paper, users have to indicate if the text is darker or lighter than the background.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the proposed paper, users have to indicate if the text is darker or lighter than the background.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different methods could be used to automatically estimate the intensity level of the background, but we have shown in this study that without any prior knowledge it is very complicated to characterize complex backgrounds in natural image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different methods could be used to automatically estimate the intensity level of the background, but we have shown in this study that without any prior knowledge it is very complicated to characterize complex backgrounds in natural image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lastly, the proposed algorithm is very fast and easy to implement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lastly, the proposed algorithm is very fast and easy to implement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the future, we aim to address the challenging problem of text detection and segmentation with multi-view images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the future, we aim to address the challenging problem of text detection and segmentation with multi-view images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The idea will be to combine the text information extracted from different views, as example see Fig. 13 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The idea will be to combine the text information extracted from different views, as example see Fig. 13 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We aim also to address the challenging problem of text detection and segmentation in video sequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We aim also to address the challenging problem of text detection and segmentation in video sequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The idea will be to take into account the evolution of text information over time under the hypothesis that the camera moves in the scene, in other words that the angles of observation changes during the video and then local photometric effects can be temporally compensated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The idea will be to take into account the evolution of text information over time under the hypothesis that the camera moves in the scene, in other words that the angles of observation changes during the video and then local photometric effects can be temporally compensated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interest of exploiting temporal redundancy is that it can increase the probability of detecting text layers since the same text may appear under varying lighting conditions from frame to frame.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The interest of exploiting temporal redundancy is that it can increase the probability of detecting text layers since the same text may appear under varying lighting conditions from frame to frame [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, missed texts in individual frames can be interpolated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, missed texts in individual frames can be interpolated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can also remove false alarms in individual frames since they are usually not stable over time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can also remove false alarms in individual frames since they are usually not stable over time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Zooplankton community structure, population dynamics, and production are strongly influenced by lake productivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Zooplankton community structure, population dynamics, and production are strongly influenced by lake productivity (Sousa et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sousa et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "The response of zooplankton to changes in nutrient content is a useful means of monitoring the anthropogenic eutrophication of lakes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The response of zooplankton to changes in nutrient content is a useful means of monitoring the anthropogenic eutrophication of lakes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We employed this approach to assess the current state of Lake Taal and to compare it with previous data on the lake's trophic condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We employed this approach to assess the current state of Lake Taal and to compare it with previous data on the lake's trophic condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is a promising numerical method to analyze potential and elasticity problems and is shown to yield accurate results.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is a promising numerical method to analyze potential and elasticity problems and is shown to yield accurate results [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "In this method, a set of arbitrarily distributed nodes is used to interpolate the field variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this method, a set of arbitrarily distributed nodes is used to interpolate the field variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The method does not use either 'elements' or a back-ground mesh for integration and hence is truly meshless.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method does not use either 'elements' or a back-ground mesh for integration and hence is truly meshless.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this work, sizing of microgrid for a rural location considering a yearly load growth using HOMER PRO is presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work, sizing of microgrid for a rural location considering a yearly load growth using HOMER PRO is presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two EMS load following controller (LFC) based on HOMER and PSC developed with MATLAB and integrated with HOMER is utilised for cost-effective power management between generation and demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two EMS load following controller (LFC) based on HOMER and PSC developed with MATLAB and integrated with HOMER is utilised for cost-effective power management between generation and demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The selected energy alternative for designing of the microgrids for the specified location (Leporiang Village) is obtained after sustainable evaluation based on decision analysis tool.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The selected energy alternative for designing of the microgrids for the specified location (Leporiang Village) is obtained after sustainable evaluation based on decision analysis tool [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "A simple procedure outlining the integration of dispatch algorithm developed in MATLAB with HOMER is also illustrated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A simple procedure outlining the integration of dispatch algorithm developed in MATLAB with HOMER is also illustrated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 explains the various details about the study area, Section 3 discusses the architecture with specific details about the key simulation parameters, Section 4 discusses the EMSs used to determine the sizing of the elements of microgrid followed with results and conclusion in Sections 5 and 6, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 explains the various details about the study area, Section 3 discusses the architecture with specific details about the key simulation parameters, Section 4 discusses the EMSs used to determine the sizing of the elements of microgrid followed with results and conclusion in Sections 5 and 6, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Unfortunately, little research is currently available to ascertain just what the effects of such \"liberalization\" may be.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, little research is currently available to ascertain just what the effects of such \"liberalization\" may be.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At this point John Lott offers the currently available research related to changes in CHL permit density and crime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At this point John Lott offers the currently available research related to changes in CHL permit density and crime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lott reports the results of his preliminary analyses of state-level concealed handgun permit data and crime from 2007 and concludes that a one percentage point increase in the percent of the adults in a state holding CHL permits may generate roughly a 1.4 percent drop in the murder rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lott reports the results of his preliminary analyses of state-level concealed handgun permit data and crime from 2007 and concludes that a one percentage point increase in the percent of the adults in a state holding CHL permits may generate roughly a 1.4 percent drop in the murder rate [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This research follows Lott's lead in using CHL permit data as its main independent variable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This research follows Lott's lead in using CHL permit data as its main independent variable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this research differs from Lott's research in that we used county-level CHL permit and serious crime data covering at least a decade after passage of CHL legislation in four states.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this research differs from Lott's research in that we used county-level CHL permit and serious crime data covering at least a decade after passage of CHL legislation in four states.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In its report, the National Academy of Sciences indicated that new approaches and different data are needed to be used to develop a clearer picture of the relationship between concealed carry and crime.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In its report, the National Academy of Sciences indicated that new approaches and different data are needed to be used to develop a clearer picture of the relationship between concealed carry and crime [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The strategy utilized in this research constitutes one response to that call.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strategy utilized in this research constitutes one response to that call.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We used these county-level crime and CHL data to address two issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We used these county-level crime and CHL data to address two issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, what factors affect the rate at which concealed handgun licenses are issued in a county?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, what factors affect the rate at which concealed handgun licenses are issued in a county?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, what effect does an increasing CHL rate in a county have on changes in the crime rate?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, what effect does an increasing CHL rate in a county have on changes in the crime rate?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Why Do Individuals Seek a CHL?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Why Do Individuals Seek a CHL?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The basic argument used by those who support greater access to concealed handguns is that individuals seek a CHL as a response to the fear of victimization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic argument used by those who support greater access to concealed handguns is that individuals seek a CHL as a response to the fear of victimization [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, research on more general gun ownership indicates that demographic factors, as well as desire for self-protection, play a role in gun ownership.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, research on more general gun ownership indicates that demographic factors, as well as desire for self-protection, play a role in gun ownership [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Fragmentary data suggest that such factors may also play a role in who seeks a CHL.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fragmentary data suggest that such factors may also play a role in who seeks a CHL [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "One can argue that both crime and demographics may affect the demand for CHLs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One can argue that both crime and demographics may affect the demand for CHLs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The other side of the issue (analogous to supply) involves estimating the number of opportunities civilians have to acquire a CHL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The other side of the issue (analogous to supply) involves estimating the number of opportunities civilians have to acquire a CHL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, no previous research has investigated this issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, no previous research has investigated this issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this research, we use the number of federally licensed firearm dealers in a county to represent the supply of CHL providers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this research, we use the number of federally licensed firearm dealers in a county to represent the supply of CHL providers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CHL applicants must have a handgun, so the supply of firearm dealers is an important factor in access to a handgun.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CHL applicants must have a handgun, so the supply of firearm dealers is an important factor in access to a handgun.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The density of Federal Firearm Licensees (FFLs or licensed gun dealers) should be positively associated with increased opportunities to acquire a CHL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The density of Federal Firearm Licensees (FFLs or licensed gun dealers) should be positively associated with increased opportunities to acquire a CHL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Texas, for example, CHL applicants must provide a photo and fingerprints for a background check, pass a written exam, and pass a handgun proficiency test, which involves the supervised and graded a marksmanship test on a firing range.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Texas, for example, CHL applicants must provide a photo and fingerprints for a background check, pass a written exam, and pass a handgun proficiency test, which involves the supervised and graded a marksmanship test on a firing range [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "These requirements make it easier for commercial gun dealers (FLLs) to offer CHL courses, using their firing ranges, equipment, and employees for CHL training, as an additional source of revenue and a potential source of customers for firearms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These requirements make it easier for commercial gun dealers (FLLs) to offer CHL courses, using their firing ranges, equipment, and employees for CHL training, as an additional source of revenue and a potential source of customers for firearms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 serves as a graphical representation of our preliminary model for CHL licensing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 serves as a graphical representation of our preliminary model for CHL licensing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Most recently, the state of Kansas passed legislation allowing any adult resident to carry a concealed handgun without acquiring a license or receiving any training on gun safety or relevant state law related to the use of deadly force.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most recently, the state of Kansas passed legislation allowing any adult resident to carry a concealed handgun without acquiring a license or receiving any training on gun safety or relevant state law related to the use of deadly force [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "This highly publicized legislation that Kansas passed as it prepared to host the 2015 National Rifle Association annual meeting and gun show was not, however, ground-breaking legislation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This highly publicized legislation that Kansas passed as it prepared to host the 2015 National Rifle Association annual meeting and gun show was not, however, ground-breaking legislation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Kansas simply joined Alaska, Arkansas, Arizona, Montana, New Hampshire, and Vermont as states that do not require licensing of residents to carry concealed handguns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Kansas simply joined Alaska, Arkansas, Arizona, Montana, New Hampshire, and Vermont as states that do not require licensing of residents to carry concealed handguns [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "However ambiguous the results of the research on this topic may be, the effect of the passage of CHL legislation is, in reality, no longer a pressing policy issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However ambiguous the results of the research on this topic may be, the effect of the passage of CHL legislation is, in reality, no longer a pressing policy issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Forty-six of the 50 states in the United States now issue licenses to citizens that allow them to carry concealed handguns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Forty-six of the 50 states in the United States now issue licenses to citizens that allow them to carry concealed handguns [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Allowing concealed carry is no longer the issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Allowing concealed carry is no longer the issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instead, whether and how to loosen restrictions on the issuing and carrying of concealed handguns are the major policy issues that now dominate much of the concealed handgun debate in state legislatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead, whether and how to loosen restrictions on the issuing and carrying of concealed handguns are the major policy issues that now dominate much of the concealed handgun debate in state legislatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent years have seen a burst of state legislation easing citizens' restrictions of citizens' ability to carry concealed handguns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent years have seen a burst of state legislation easing citizens' restrictions of citizens' ability to carry concealed handguns [17, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 18]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The multiphase flow is the interaction of several phase (solid, liquid and gas).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The multiphase flow is the interaction of several phase (solid, liquid and gas).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The flow of solid-liquid is one of the simplest multiphase flow which is normally encountered in the flow of mud, flow of corpuscles in plasma and sedimentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The flow of solid-liquid is one of the simplest multiphase flow which is normally encountered in the flow of mud, flow of corpuscles in plasma and sedimentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The two-phase flow is studied in such a way that the governing equations is separate accordingly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two-phase flow is studied in such a way that the governing equations is separate accordingly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The propulsion and combustion in rockets and transport of powder materials suspension in pipe are some of engineering applications of fluid flow with particle suspension.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The propulsion and combustion in rockets and transport of powder materials suspension in pipe are some of engineering applications of fluid flow with particle suspension (Datta and Mishra, 1982) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Datta and Mishra, 1982)" ] }, { "text": "Gopinath, 2008 revealed the flow in magnetohydodynamic (MHD) generator is affected by the aggregation of slag and seeded particle in the channel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Gopinath, 2008 revealed the flow in magnetohydodynamic (MHD) generator is affected by the aggregation of slag and seeded particle in the channel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A third quantitative study used the HSES, which included augmented samples of students in a subset of NELS schools located in urban and suburban areas (the HSES) --the same data used in this study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A third quantitative study used the HSES, which included augmented samples of students in a subset of NELS schools located in urban and suburban areas (the HSES) --the same data used in this study (Rumberger & Thomas, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rumberger & Thomas, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Here the authors explored both dropout and turnover rates in urban and suburban high schools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here the authors explored both dropout and turnover rates in urban and suburban high schools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They reported higher dropout rates in public (compared to Catholic and other private schools), in urban schools, and in larger schools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They reported higher dropout rates in public (compared to Catholic and other private schools), in urban schools, and in larger schools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Findings about school resources were noteworthy: dropout rates were lower in schools with more excellent teachers (reported by students) and with lower student/teacher ratios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Findings about school resources were noteworthy: dropout rates were lower in schools with more excellent teachers (reported by students) and with lower student/teacher ratios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unsurprisingly, dropout rates were higher in schools with low attendance and with more students who had been retained before high school.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unsurprisingly, dropout rates were higher in schools with low attendance and with more students who had been retained before high school.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Another study was retrospective, in that it explored the individual and school factors associated with students not completing high school two years after their cohort had graduated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another study was retrospective, in that it explored the individual and school factors associated with students not completing high school two years after their cohort had graduated (Rumberger & Larson, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rumberger & Larson, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Most findings here focused on individuals' academic and social risk factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most findings here focused on individuals' academic and social risk factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One result, virtually absent from other studies on this topic, concerned mobility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One result, virtually absent from other studies on this topic, concerned mobility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students who dropped out were considerably more likely to have changed schools, before or during high school, and sometimes more than once.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students who dropped out were considerably more likely to have changed schools, before or during high school, and sometimes more than once.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Beyond the usual social risk factors associated with dropping out (minority status, single-parent family status, and low SES), the authors also identified academic risk factors (low expectations, grade retention, high absenteeism, and low school performance).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Beyond the usual social risk factors associated with dropping out (minority status, single-parent family status, and low SES), the authors also identified academic risk factors (low expectations, grade retention, high absenteeism, and low school performance).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Our data gave evidence of possible interactions between microorganisms with respect In Gc-type associations, pH remained too low for B. linens -which is acid-sensitive -to develop.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data gave evidence of possible interactions between microorganisms with respect In Gc-type associations, pH remained too low for B. linens -which is acid-sensitive -to develop.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous studies on B. linens have shown that this bacterium could not develop at a pH below 5.8.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies on B. linens have shown that this bacterium could not develop at a pH below 5.8 [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The low pH prevailing in post-manufacture curd, while tolerated by yeasts and LAB, is detrimental to the survival and/or growth of acid-sensitive species such as cheese surface bacteria.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The low pH prevailing in post-manufacture curd, while tolerated by yeasts and LAB, is detrimental to the survival and/or growth of acid-sensitive species such as cheese surface bacteria [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The rapid development in ICT opens opportunities as well as challenges to offer efficient and high quality healthcare services, eliminate medical errors, streamline the care-givers' workflow, provide decision support at the point of care, lower the cost and enhance the doctor-patient relationship.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The rapid development in ICT opens opportunities as well as challenges to offer efficient and high quality healthcare services, eliminate medical errors, streamline the care-givers' workflow, provide decision support at the point of care, lower the cost and enhance the doctor-patient relationship (Wu et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wu et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Example is via implementation of clinical information system (CIS) which has always been associated with efficient mechanism to provide quality care via effective information retrieval as well as efficient data management.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Example is via implementation of clinical information system (CIS) which has always been associated with efficient mechanism to provide quality care via effective information retrieval as well as efficient data management (Palm et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Palm et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Despite the fact that there has been increasing support on usage of electronic medical record, technology has started to adopt.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the fact that there has been increasing support on usage of electronic medical record, technology has started to adopt (Bower, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bower, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "There was no difference in accumulated temperature sums of first fly catch when soil and air temperatures were compared for 5°C and 7°C thermal thresholds in the two studied years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was no difference in accumulated temperature sums of first fly catch when soil and air temperatures were compared for 5°C and 7°C thermal thresholds in the two studied years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, some differences were observed between temperature sums calculated from soil and air temperatures for 5% cumulative hatch and more so for duration of flight period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some differences were observed between temperature sums calculated from soil and air temperatures for 5% cumulative hatch and more so for duration of flight period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different populations of R. cerasi pupae exposed to constant chilling temperatures in the range 0-12°C for different times overcome diapause in relation to adaptation of the local populations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Different populations of R. cerasi pupae exposed to constant chilling temperatures in the range 0-12°C for different times overcome diapause in relation to adaptation of the local populations (Moraiti et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Moraiti et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Our study showed that 5°C and 7°C can be used as thermal thresholds for accumulation of degree days for the studied population, since no major differences were observed between the two thresholds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study showed that 5°C and 7°C can be used as thermal thresholds for accumulation of degree days for the studied population, since no major differences were observed between the two thresholds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There were differences in accumulated temperature for day of first fly catch but the cumulative 5% catch was more stable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There were differences in accumulated temperature for day of first fly catch but the cumulative 5% catch was more stable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "One of the important properties relative to BNs is the Markov equivalence property which can be illustrated by the fact that the two networks X → Y and X ← Y are equivalent (i.e. encode the same joint probability distribution).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the important properties relative to BNs is the Markov equivalence property which can be illustrated by the fact that the two networks X → Y and X ← Y are equivalent (i.e. encode the same joint probability distribution).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, only one of them is a correct from causal point of view.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, only one of them is a correct from causal point of view.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, in the first network X causes Y , then, manipulating the value of X affects the value of Y contrary to the second one where Y is a cause of X meaning that manipulating X will not affect Y .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, in the first network X causes Y , then, manipulating the value of X affects the value of Y contrary to the second one where Y is a cause of X meaning that manipulating X will not affect Y .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus a BN cannot be considered as a proper causal network but the contrary is always true.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus a BN cannot be considered as a proper causal network but the contrary is always true.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means that given a Causal Bayesian Network (CBN) one can use it even to determine how the observation of specific values (evidence) affects the probabilities of query variable(s) or to predict the effect of an intervention on the remaining variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that given a Causal Bayesian Network (CBN) one can use it even to determine how the observation of specific values (evidence) affects the probabilities of query variable(s) or to predict the effect of an intervention on the remaining variables [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "A first preliminary step was to find out the major problems in the analysis and in the forecast of cold fronts in the vicinity of the Alps as seen by weather forecasters working in the daily routine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A first preliminary step was to find out the major problems in the analysis and in the forecast of cold fronts in the vicinity of the Alps as seen by weather forecasters working in the daily routine (Hoinka and Smith, 1986) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hoinka and Smith, 1986)" ] }, { "text": "As a result of this and as a guide for specific objectives of research concerning the orographic modifications of fronts several hypotheses have been formulated, which were to be assured or rejected.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result of this and as a guide for specific objectives of research concerning the orographic modifications of fronts several hypotheses have been formulated, which were to be assured or rejected (Hoinka and Volkert, 1987b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hoinka and Volkert, 1987b)" ] }, { "text": "Although these hypotheses were formulated in the framework of the experiment and therefore stimulated by the experiment, they cover clearly much more than purely experimental efforts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although these hypotheses were formulated in the framework of the experiment and therefore stimulated by the experiment, they cover clearly much more than purely experimental efforts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Another key, mechanism that may control C storage in forest soils is nutrient availability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another key, mechanism that may control C storage in forest soils is nutrient availability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many plantations, established as a consequence of owner abandonment, erosion control, and other forms of land improvement, were likely established without evaluation or improvement of nutrient status.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many plantations, established as a consequence of owner abandonment, erosion control, and other forms of land improvement, were likely established without evaluation or improvement of nutrient status.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Soil C accumulation is dependent on organic inputs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soil C accumulation is dependent on organic inputs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Plant production and the rate at which those materials become incorporated and stabilized in soils are a consequence of nutrient availability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plant production and the rate at which those materials become incorporated and stabilized in soils are a consequence of nutrient availability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nitrogen availability is essential to maintain high photosynthetic rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nitrogen availability is essential to maintain high photosynthetic rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has multiple controls on decomposition and SOM formation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has multiple controls on decomposition and SOM formation (Fog, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fog, 1988)" ] }, { "text": "Low tissue C:N ratios increase cellulose decomposition rates, but available N can retard the genetic expression of peroxidase enzymes required for the degradation of aromatics such as lignin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Low tissue C:N ratios increase cellulose decomposition rates, but available N can retard the genetic expression of peroxidase enzymes required for the degradation of aromatics such as lignin (Agren et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Agren et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Nitrogen is also a constituent of SOM and is required for the formation of humic components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nitrogen is also a constituent of SOM and is required for the formation of humic components (Haider, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Haider, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Other nutrients such as soil cations are important for stabilizing SOM, once it is in soil, against loss through microbial acquisition or leaching.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other nutrients such as soil cations are important for stabilizing SOM, once it is in soil, against loss through microbial acquisition or leaching (Baldock & Nelson, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Baldock & Nelson, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The amount of C sequestered depends not only on the maximum capacity of the soil to retain C based on vegetation, climate, and parent material, but also upon the flux into and out of soil pools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of C sequestered depends not only on the maximum capacity of the soil to retain C based on vegetation, climate, and parent material, but also upon the flux into and out of soil pools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Soil C flux is largely dependent on plant net primary productivity and on SOM decomposition rates that are largely consequences of nutrient and environmental limitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soil C flux is largely dependent on plant net primary productivity and on SOM decomposition rates that are largely consequences of nutrient and environmental limitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The hypertension was observed in our study in 21.5% of the studied population.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hypertension was observed in our study in 21.5% of the studied population.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This prevalence is lower than the 27.8% observed by Houinato throughout Benin in 2008.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This prevalence is lower than the 27.8% observed by Houinato throughout Benin in 2008 [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "However, this prevalence is closer to the 23.3% found by Houinato in Zou area where our study was carried out.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this prevalence is closer to the 23.3% found by Houinato in Zou area where our study was carried out.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The prevalence that we have recorded is lower than the 46% observed by Pessinaba in Saint Louis (Senegal); in the latter case, the difference in observed prevalence seems mainly related to the population in consideration (urban in Saint Louis, Senegal) but also to the higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the population studied by Pessinaba.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The prevalence that we have recorded is lower than the 46% observed by Pessinaba in Saint Louis (Senegal); in the latter case, the difference in observed prevalence seems mainly related to the population in consideration (urban in Saint Louis, Senegal) but also to the higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the population studied by Pessinaba [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "In fact, obesity and diabetes increase the risk of hypertension.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, obesity and diabetes increase the risk of hypertension [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Levamisole hydrochloride has been reported to be effective in vivo at a dosage of 50 mg 1-' against Gyrodactylus aculeati, obtained from Gasterosteus aculeatus and kept in rainbow trout.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Levamisole hydrochloride has been reported to be effective in vivo at a dosage of 50 mg 1-' against Gyrodactylus aculeati, obtained from Gasterosteus aculeatus and kept in rainbow trout (Schmahl & Taraschewsh 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schmahl & Taraschewsh 1987)" ] }, { "text": "In our experiment this dosage was partially effective against Gyrodactylus sp, in vitro, but not in vivo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our experiment this dosage was partially effective against Gyrodactylus sp, in vitro, but not in vivo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The only difference between the 2 experiments was the water temperature, which was 15 \"C in our work and 20 \"C in Schmahl & Taraschewsh's.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The only difference between the 2 experiments was the water temperature, which was 15 \"C in our work and 20 \"C in Schmahl & Taraschewsh's.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference of 5 \"C may possibly affect the activity of the drug, although we have no data to support this hypothesis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference of 5 \"C may possibly affect the activity of the drug, although we have no data to support this hypothesis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The fact that we studied global self-esteem (rather than sport-specific evaluations) is important because our findings indicate that sport-related experiences result in psychosocial effects that generalize beyond the sport domain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that we studied global self-esteem (rather than sport-specific evaluations) is important because our findings indicate that sport-related experiences result in psychosocial effects that generalize beyond the sport domain [24, 49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 49]" ] }, { "text": "This is not surprising, for sports are an important and engaging aspect of most children's lives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not surprising, for sports are an important and engaging aspect of most children's lives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research has shown that mean ratings of intrinsic motivation and focused attention in sports exceed those obtained for classroom activities and interactions with friends.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research has shown that mean ratings of intrinsic motivation and focused attention in sports exceed those obtained for classroom activities and interactions with friends [50, 51] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51", "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50, 51]" ] }, { "text": "For parents as well, sports are a significant aspect of family life, and their influences on children often are focused on this aspect of the child's experience.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For parents as well, sports are a significant aspect of family life, and their influences on children often are focused on this aspect of the child's experience [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is not surprising that a core personality variable such as global self-esteem could be influenced in a domain of such high significance for many children and parents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is not surprising that a core personality variable such as global self-esteem could be influenced in a domain of such high significance for many children and parents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The relation between motivation and self-esteem is the focus of the present research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relation between motivation and self-esteem is the focus of the present research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Motivational factors are thought to be critical to the development and maintenance of self-esteem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Motivational factors are thought to be critical to the development and maintenance of self-esteem [14, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 18]" ] }, { "text": "Researchers have also suggested that the social environment is a main contributor to the quality of motivation and therefore to self-esteem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Researchers have also suggested that the social environment is a main contributor to the quality of motivation and therefore to self-esteem [4, 5, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5, 13]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, we link self-esteem, and changes in selfesteem, to theoretical concepts drawn from two prominent motivational theories, namely, Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we link self-esteem, and changes in selfesteem, to theoretical concepts drawn from two prominent motivational theories, namely, Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory [4, 5, 16, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5, 16, 19]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The two motivational theories, AGT and SDT, that provided the conceptual framework for the present study, complement one another in important ways.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The two motivational theories, AGT and SDT, that provided the conceptual framework for the present study, complement one another in important ways [13, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 32]" ] }, { "text": "Both focus on important aspects of motivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both focus on important aspects of motivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "AGT addresses differences in conceptions of success in the form of achievement goal orientations and the motivational climates that help establish, maintain, and change them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "AGT addresses differences in conceptions of success in the form of achievement goal orientations and the motivational climates that help establish, maintain, and change them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SDT focuses on a broader set of basic psychological needs and their links to psychological well-being, with special emphasis on the relative autonomy dimension of motivational regulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SDT focuses on a broader set of basic psychological needs and their links to psychological well-being, with special emphasis on the relative autonomy dimension of motivational regulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Within the AGT framework, firm empirical linkages have been established between motivational climate and achievement goal orientations, and both variables have been related to important indices of enjoyment, achievement behaviors, and well-being, including self-esteem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the AGT framework, firm empirical linkages have been established between motivational climate and achievement goal orientations, and both variables have been related to important indices of enjoyment, achievement behaviors, and well-being, including self-esteem [28, 32, 48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28, 32, 48]" ] }, { "text": "SDT-inspired research has established links between motivational autonomy and psychological well-being, including self-esteem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "SDT-inspired research has established links between motivational autonomy and psychological well-being, including self-esteem [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Finally, empirical relations have been demonstrated between motivational climate, achievement goal orientations, autonomy, and self-esteem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, empirical relations have been demonstrated between motivational climate, achievement goal orientations, autonomy, and self-esteem [14, 17, 27, 33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 17, 27, 33]" ] }, { "text": "Additional linkages between the two theories have been forged through evidence that intrinsic motivation (the strongest representation of autonomous motivation) helps mediate the effects of motivational climate on indices of psychological wellbeing, including self-esteem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional linkages between the two theories have been forged through evidence that intrinsic motivation (the strongest representation of autonomous motivation) helps mediate the effects of motivational climate on indices of psychological wellbeing, including self-esteem [14, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 18]" ] }, { "text": "Much of this work has been conducted within the sport environment, known to be an engaging and important setting for psychological development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Much of this work has been conducted within the sport environment, known to be an engaging and important setting for psychological development [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The present study builds upon previous results in three major ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present study builds upon previous results in three major ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, all previous research has focused on the motivational climate initiated within the athletic setting by the coach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, all previous research has focused on the motivational climate initiated within the athletic setting by the coach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, parents also create a parallel motivational climate to which their children are exposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, parents also create a parallel motivational climate to which their children are exposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To this point, the role of parent-initiated motivational climate has received far less attention, even though parents are acknowledged as an essential contributor to well-being and motivational development in children.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To this point, the role of parent-initiated motivational climate has received far less attention, even though parents are acknowledged as an essential contributor to well-being and motivational development in children [36] [37] [38] [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36] [37] [38] [39]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, youth athletes typically experience extensive parental exposure to achievement-related values and across a broad range of settings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, youth athletes typically experience extensive parental exposure to achievement-related values and across a broad range of settings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, we therefore focus on the athlete-perceived parent-initiated motivational climate and its influence on both self-esteem and autonomy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we therefore focus on the athlete-perceived parent-initiated motivational climate and its influence on both self-esteem and autonomy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In an achievement situation such as sport, individuals adopt specific conceptions of success and attempt to achieve the success criterion and/or to avoid a failure criterion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In an achievement situation such as sport, individuals adopt specific conceptions of success and attempt to achieve the success criterion and/or to avoid a failure criterion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whether an individual is focused on mastery or ego goals in a particular moment is influenced by interacting dispositional and environmental factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whether an individual is focused on mastery or ego goals in a particular moment is influenced by interacting dispositional and environmental factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most important dispositional factor is a general orientation toward mastery or ego-oriented goals (i.e., a mastery orientation or an ego orientation).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most important dispositional factor is a general orientation toward mastery or ego-oriented goals (i.e., a mastery orientation or an ego orientation).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The environmental factor of importance is the motivational climate, comprised of the communicated values and reinforcement contingencies created by significant others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The environmental factor of importance is the motivational climate, comprised of the communicated values and reinforcement contingencies created by significant others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Corresponding to mastery and ego achievement goal orientations are mastery and ego motivational climates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Corresponding to mastery and ego achievement goal orientations are mastery and ego motivational climates [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "A mastery climate reinforces self-referenced improvement, learning from mistakes, effort, and enjoyment, whereas an ego climate rewards outperforming others using the minimal required effort, while punishing mistakes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A mastery climate reinforces self-referenced improvement, learning from mistakes, effort, and enjoyment, whereas an ego climate rewards outperforming others using the minimal required effort, while punishing mistakes [19, 21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "Research demonstrates that the motivational climate strengthens its corresponding goal orientation and that modifying the motivational climate can result in shifts in the nature and/or strength of young athletes' goal orientations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research demonstrates that the motivational climate strengthens its corresponding goal orientation and that modifying the motivational climate can result in shifts in the nature and/or strength of young athletes' goal orientations [23] [24] [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23] [24] [25]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) focuses on how the social environment influences achievement goals and competence evaluations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) focuses on how the social environment influences achievement goals and competence evaluations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the theory continues to evolve, the key principle in AGT is that individuals vary in their conceptions of what constitutes success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the theory continues to evolve, the key principle in AGT is that individuals vary in their conceptions of what constitutes success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a task, or mastery conception, success evaluations are self referenced rather than other-referenced, and people view themselves as successful when they give maximal effort, increase their skill level, demonstrate personal mastery, and learn from mistakes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a task, or mastery conception, success evaluations are self referenced rather than other-referenced, and people view themselves as successful when they give maximal effort, increase their skill level, demonstrate personal mastery, and learn from mistakes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The focus is on personal improvement \"become the best you can be\" and on enjoyment of the process involved in gaining competencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The focus is on personal improvement \"become the best you can be\" and on enjoyment of the process involved in gaining competencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In an ego conception, success perceptions are based on social comparison processes, and success perceptions are contingent on \"winning\" by outperforming others using equal or less effort, often in the service of attaining recognition and status.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an ego conception, success perceptions are based on social comparison processes, and success perceptions are contingent on \"winning\" by outperforming others using equal or less effort, often in the service of attaining recognition and status [19] [20] [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21] [22]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Developmental factors that influence self-esteem have attracted the attention of both theorists and researchers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Developmental factors that influence self-esteem have attracted the attention of both theorists and researchers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Within a variety of settings, interactions with significant others provide important feedback in the form of reflected appraisals, and social comparison processes evoke selfevaluative inferences about one's traits and competencies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within a variety of settings, interactions with significant others provide important feedback in the form of reflected appraisals, and social comparison processes evoke selfevaluative inferences about one's traits and competencies [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "One such domain in which specific personal and reflected evaluations of self-worth can be generated is sport.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One such domain in which specific personal and reflected evaluations of self-worth can be generated is sport [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "In part, this is because the environmental conditions created by significant others, such as coaches or parents, reinforce specific behaviors in youth athletes that contribute toward attaining psychological well-being.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In part, this is because the environmental conditions created by significant others, such as coaches or parents, reinforce specific behaviors in youth athletes that contribute toward attaining psychological well-being [5, [13] [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, [13] [14] [15] [16]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, sport exposes athletes to environmental influences that affect motivational processes thought to contribute to well-being and self-esteem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, sport exposes athletes to environmental influences that affect motivational processes thought to contribute to well-being and self-esteem [5, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 17]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Microalgae are oxygenic photosynthetic organisms that are found in diverse environments such as salt water and fresh water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microalgae are oxygenic photosynthetic organisms that are found in diverse environments such as salt water and fresh water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are even found in environments as extreme as desserts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are even found in environments as extreme as desserts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The majority of these organisms are photosynthetic species, as such they are capable of producing sugars from CO 2 and light.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The majority of these organisms are photosynthetic species, as such they are capable of producing sugars from CO 2 and light [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Sugar production in these algae has been shown to increase as a response to osmotic shock generated by high salt concentrations, a mechanism known as osmoregulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sugar production in these algae has been shown to increase as a response to osmotic shock generated by high salt concentrations, a mechanism known as osmoregulation [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]