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[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Based on students' test score data and a large-scale labor force survey, this study reports the effect of actual age at school entry on educational attainment and labor market outcomes for both sexes in Japan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on students' test score data and a large-scale labor force survey, this study reports the effect of actual age at school entry on educational attainment and labor market outcomes for both sexes in Japan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The research design based on Japanese data is advantageous for estimating the pure effect of actual age at school entry because the Japanese educational system does not induce a variation of educational attainment by the birth month as in the US).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The research design based on Japanese data is advantageous for estimating the pure effect of actual age at school entry because the Japanese educational system does not induce a variation of educational attainment by the birth month as in the US (Angrist and Krueger (1991) ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Angrist and Krueger (1991)" ] }, { "text": "In addition, both delaying school attendance and repeating grades are quite rare in the Japanese educational system, and this makes it possible to estimate the population's average treatment effect of birth month on education and labor market outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, both delaying school attendance and repeating grades are quite rare in the Japanese educational system, and this makes it possible to estimate the population's average treatment effect of birth month on education and labor market outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "As a result of the above limitation, the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) which is capable of dealing with global optimization problem characterized by the large number of local minima, without the need of calculating any gradient or partial derivative information, especially for addressing problems for which the objective functions are not differentiable, stochastic, or even discontinuous.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result of the above limitation, the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) which is capable of dealing with global optimization problem characterized by the large number of local minima, without the need of calculating any gradient or partial derivative information, especially for addressing problems for which the objective functions are not differentiable, stochastic, or even discontinuous [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The SCE-UA method is becoming much more useful and has recently been used to optimize complex mathematical problem of multiparameters, and multimodal objective functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The SCE-UA method is becoming much more useful and has recently been used to optimize complex mathematical problem of multiparameters, and multimodal objective functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, few attempts have been made to address the STHTC optimization problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, few attempts have been made to address the STHTC optimization problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Flexible transparent conducting films (TCFs) with low electrical resistance and high optical transmittance have received considerable attention for niche applications in flexible or foldable displays, touch screens, solar cells, transistors, and transparent electrodes for liquid-crystal displays.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Flexible transparent conducting films (TCFs) with low electrical resistance and high optical transmittance have received considerable attention for niche applications in flexible or foldable displays, touch screens, solar cells, transistors, and transparent electrodes for liquid-crystal displays [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Deposition of indium-tin oxide (ITO) on plastic substrates for the preparation of flexible TCFs has been an attractive strategy owing to its transparency, conductivity, and wide usability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Deposition of indium-tin oxide (ITO) on plastic substrates for the preparation of flexible TCFs has been an attractive strategy owing to its transparency, conductivity, and wide usability [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, ITO is costly and brittle, and the film transparency is poor in the near-infrared range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, ITO is costly and brittle, and the film transparency is poor in the near-infrared range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, a substitute for ITO is necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a substitute for ITO is necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For generic coefficients the exact number of complex solutions of a sparse system of polynomials is known from Kushnirenko's Theorem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For generic coefficients the exact number of complex solutions of a sparse system of polynomials is known from Kushnirenko's Theorem [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "To estimate the number of real solutions, however, is considerably more delicate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To estimate the number of real solutions, however, is considerably more delicate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lower bound in the approach of Soprunova and Sottile is the degree of a map on the oriented double cover of the real part Y P of the toric variety associated with the lattice polytope P, where P comes in as the common Newton polytope of the polynomials in the system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lower bound in the approach of Soprunova and Sottile is the degree of a map on the oriented double cover of the real part Y P of the toric variety associated with the lattice polytope P, where P comes in as the common Newton polytope of the polynomials in the system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In combinatorial terms this map degree translates into the size difference of the two color classes of facets of a rdf-triangulation K of P. More precisely, only those facets of K count in the size difference, called the signature, which have odd normalized volume.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In combinatorial terms this map degree translates into the size difference of the two color classes of facets of a rdf-triangulation K of P. More precisely, only those facets of K count in the size difference, called the signature, which have odd normalized volume.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We sketch this approach in Section 5.1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We sketch this approach in Section 5.1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Discharges between micro-mesh and anode strips can occur in Micromegas detectors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Discharges between micro-mesh and anode strips can occur in Micromegas detectors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although nondestructive, they create dead time due to the necessary restoration of the amplification field between mesh and anode strips.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although nondestructive, they create dead time due to the necessary restoration of the amplification field between mesh and anode strips.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The efficiency as well as the spatial resolution can be degraded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The efficiency as well as the spatial resolution can be degraded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Measurements have shown, that a local charge density in a 100 µm × 100 µm region exceeding 1.8 × 10 6 e leads to the formation of streamers and subsequent discharges.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Measurements have shown, that a local charge density in a 100 µm × 100 µm region exceeding 1.8 × 10 6 e leads to the formation of streamers and subsequent discharges [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Minimum ionizing particles usually create ionization charges on the order of 100 e, but the critical charge density can be exceeded by strongly ionizing particles such as alpha particles, low-energy protons or products from hadronic or electromagnetic showers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Minimum ionizing particles usually create ionization charges on the order of 100 e, but the critical charge density can be exceeded by strongly ionizing particles such as alpha particles, low-energy protons or products from hadronic or electromagnetic showers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Bladder cancer, the fourth most common cancer in men, is commonly treated with radical cystectomy in patients with muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bladder cancer, the fourth most common cancer in men, is commonly treated with radical cystectomy in patients with muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Survival is strongly correlated with both tumor and nodal stage with five-year survival of 15-35% in those with lymph node positive disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Survival is strongly correlated with both tumor and nodal stage with five-year survival of 15-35% in those with lymph node positive disease [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In patients treated with radical cystectomy, pathologic stage classification is higher than predicted clinical stage classification in 42% of patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In patients treated with radical cystectomy, pathologic stage classification is higher than predicted clinical stage classification in 42% of patients [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, occult lymph node disease is identified in 20-45% of patients at the time of cystectomy with clinical T2-T4 disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, occult lymph node disease is identified in 20-45% of patients at the time of cystectomy with clinical T2-T4 disease [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, distant recurrences are seen in 20-50% of patients and outnumber local recurrences, which are seen in 5-15% of patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, distant recurrences are seen in 20-50% of patients and outnumber local recurrences, which are seen in 5-15% of patients [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is thought to provide additional benefit by treatment of \"micrometastases\" present in large numbers of patients with clinically localized disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is thought to provide additional benefit by treatment of \"micrometastases\" present in large numbers of patients with clinically localized disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Finally, another important determinant of structural changes associated to AF is represented by the angiotensin system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, another important determinant of structural changes associated to AF is represented by the angiotensin system [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "Epidemiological studies have extensively demonstrated the association between AF and hypertension or elevated AngII.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Epidemiological studies have extensively demonstrated the association between AF and hypertension or elevated AngII [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42]" ] }, { "text": "Because AngII is a potent inducer of senescence in atrial endothelium and since ECs express high levels of ACE promoting AngII formation, we tested the hypothesis that the local angiotensin system may be involved in the pro-senescent effect of thrombin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because AngII is a potent inducer of senescence in atrial endothelium and since ECs express high levels of ACE promoting AngII formation, we tested the hypothesis that the local angiotensin system may be involved in the pro-senescent effect of thrombin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We could establish that thrombin induced ACE and AT1R expression in atrial ECs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We could establish that thrombin induced ACE and AT1R expression in atrial ECs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, involvement of the local angiotensin system was emphasized by the demonstration that losartan, an AT1R antagonist, and also perindoprilat, an ACE inhibitor, blunted thrombin-induced oxidative stress and senescence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, involvement of the local angiotensin system was emphasized by the demonstration that losartan, an AT1R antagonist, and also perindoprilat, an ACE inhibitor, blunted thrombin-induced oxidative stress and senescence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Altogether, these findings highlight a pivotal role of the local angiotensin system in the thrombin-mediated induction of premature endothelial senescence via activation of AT1R.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Altogether, these findings highlight a pivotal role of the local angiotensin system in the thrombin-mediated induction of premature endothelial senescence via activation of AT1R.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Collectively, our data substantiate a new paradigm linking thrombin and AF to each other, in a vicious amplification loop where AF favors thrombin generation and thrombin per se, by inducing premature senescence of the atrial ECs, and shifts their phenotype towards pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic and pro-remodeling patterns, promoting deleterious atrial remodeling and AF maintenance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Collectively, our data substantiate a new paradigm linking thrombin and AF to each other, in a vicious amplification loop where AF favors thrombin generation and thrombin per se, by inducing premature senescence of the atrial ECs, and shifts their phenotype towards pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic and pro-remodeling patterns, promoting deleterious atrial remodeling and AF maintenance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Evaporator coils are usually constructed using different types of circuiting that may interfere with refrigerant maldistribution since the channels are interconnected in the coil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Evaporator coils are usually constructed using different types of circuiting that may interfere with refrigerant maldistribution since the channels are interconnected in the coil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The circuiting may also create maldistribution of air temperature, moisture and/or frost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The circuiting may also create maldistribution of air temperature, moisture and/or frost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, we wanted to decouple each effect of maldistribution in order to perform a generic investigation of each individual maldistribution source.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we wanted to decouple each effect of maldistribution in order to perform a generic investigation of each individual maldistribution source.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each coil was simplified to two straight channels where each channel was aligned in the first row in order to have the same inlet air temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each coil was simplified to two straight channels where each channel was aligned in the first row in order to have the same inlet air temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, each coil was assumed to have similar flow distribution conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, each coil was assumed to have similar flow distribution conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The test case was an 8.8 kW residential air-conditioning unit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The test case was an 8.8 kW residential air-conditioning unit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The focus of this investigation was to study the effect of maldistri-bution in the evaporator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The focus of this investigation was to study the effect of maldistri-bution in the evaporator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objective was to examine the influence of the distributor, feeder tubes and the airflow on cooling capacity and COP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective was to examine the influence of the distributor, feeder tubes and the airflow on cooling capacity and COP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper includes a description of the developed evaporator model in order to clarify the results presented in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper includes a description of the developed evaporator model in order to clarify the results presented in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model was verified by comparing to results from a commercial software program called Coil-Designer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The model was verified by comparing to results from a commercial software program called Coil-Designer (Jiang et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jiang et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Each source of flow maldistribution was then investigated by imposing each source to the model individually.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each source of flow maldistribution was then investigated by imposing each source to the model individually.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the significance of the two-phase frictional pressure drop and heat transfer correlations were investigated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the significance of the two-phase frictional pressure drop and heat transfer correlations were investigated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many two-phase friction and heat transfer correlations exist, and they may yield different results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many two-phase friction and heat transfer correlations exist, and they may yield different results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also investigated how these variables influenced the calculations of flow maldistribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also investigated how these variables influenced the calculations of flow maldistribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, three different twophase friction and heat transfer correlations were used in the evaporator model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, three different twophase friction and heat transfer correlations were used in the evaporator model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "We also found that about twice as many consultations in the intervention group included a discussion about pain; again a finding with important clinical relevance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also found that about twice as many consultations in the intervention group included a discussion about pain; again a finding with important clinical relevance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pain is reported to be a major concern for cancer patients, and might potentially influence quality of life by reducing physical and psychological functioning if left untreated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pain is reported to be a major concern for cancer patients, and might potentially influence quality of life by reducing physical and psychological functioning if left untreated [27, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, 28]" ] }, { "text": "The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for relief for cancer related pain that is reported to be effective.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for relief for cancer related pain that is reported to be effective [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "However, lack of communication about the pain reduces the possibility of pain management.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, lack of communication about the pain reduces the possibility of pain management [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "The increased discussion about pain in the intervention group in our study implies that the Choice ITPA can contribute to important improvements in patients' symptom management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increased discussion about pain in the intervention group in our study implies that the Choice ITPA can contribute to important improvements in patients' symptom management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "It is not surprising that the theory of a radiating charge is much better understood in the quantum realm where the radiation is the result of spontaneous transitions between stationary states induced by the interaction of the charge with the vacuum radiation field and where the frequency Lamb shift results from emission and absorption of a photon by the oscillator.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not surprising that the theory of a radiating charge is much better understood in the quantum realm where the radiation is the result of spontaneous transitions between stationary states induced by the interaction of the charge with the vacuum radiation field and where the frequency Lamb shift results from emission and absorption of a photon by the oscillator [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "At the moment the quantum electrodynamics is the theory that best agrees with experiments and the only coherent way to treat the radiation from charges; the price to be payed is that the theory is not easily applied so that physical problems are usually modelled by forgetting completely the radiation reaction even when this should be present at least in principle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the moment the quantum electrodynamics is the theory that best agrees with experiments and the only coherent way to treat the radiation from charges; the price to be payed is that the theory is not easily applied so that physical problems are usually modelled by forgetting completely the radiation reaction even when this should be present at least in principle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally speaking this is a good assumption, however.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally speaking this is a good assumption, however.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The PI3K pathway is critical because it is a master regulator of proliferation and survival signaling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The PI3K pathway is critical because it is a master regulator of proliferation and survival signaling [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "Constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway has been shown to lead to the progression of malignant disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway has been shown to lead to the progression of malignant disease [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "In malignant melanoma, the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade is one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In malignant melanoma, the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade is one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways [11, 36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 36]" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, single-agent therapy targeting the PI3K pathway in melanoma has proven disappointing in clinical trials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, single-agent therapy targeting the PI3K pathway in melanoma has proven disappointing in clinical trials [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "We speculate that these monotherapy trials have failed because melanoma cells have multiple, non-redundant ways of activating the PI3K Figure 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We speculate that these monotherapy trials have failed because melanoma cells have multiple, non-redundant ways of activating the PI3K Figure 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Steady-state effects of riluzole combinatorial therapy on the PI3K/MAPK pathways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Steady-state effects of riluzole combinatorial therapy on the PI3K/MAPK pathways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "C8161, UACC903, HT144, SKMEL2, and UACC930 human melanoma cell lines were plated at 8 × 10 5 on a 60-mm dish and allowed to recover o/n.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "C8161, UACC903, HT144, SKMEL2, and UACC930 human melanoma cell lines were plated at 8 × 10 5 on a 60-mm dish and allowed to recover o/n.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The following day, cells were treated with either vehicle (DMSO), 10 μM riluzole, 1 μM API-2, 2.5 nM rapamycin, 10 μM riluzole combined with 1 μM API-2, or 10 μM riluzole combined with 2.5 nM rapamycin for 18 hours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The following day, cells were treated with either vehicle (DMSO), 10 μM riluzole, 1 μM API-2, 2.5 nM rapamycin, 10 μM riluzole combined with 1 μM API-2, or 10 μM riluzole combined with 2.5 nM rapamycin for 18 hours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 18-hour treatment time point was chosen because previous work has shown that that is adequate time for feedback loop activation to take place in melanoma cell lines in vitro and is representative of steady state(A).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The 18-hour treatment time point was chosen because previous work has shown that that is adequate time for feedback loop activation to take place in melanoma cell lines in vitro and is representative of steady state [20] (A).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Band intensities were analyzed with Gene Tools software (Syngene).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Band intensities were analyzed with Gene Tools software (Syngene).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Raw volume of pAkt and total Akt with background subtracted was normalized to GAPDH, with vehicle-treated cells set as 100%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Raw volume of pAkt and total Akt with background subtracted was normalized to GAPDH, with vehicle-treated cells set as 100%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mean ratio of pAkt/Total Akt for C8161 (triplicate) and UACC903 (duplicate) is shown for each single-agent and combinational therapy (B).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mean ratio of pAkt/Total Akt for C8161 (triplicate) and UACC903 (duplicate) is shown for each single-agent and combinational therapy (B).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Energy consumption is always a critical parameter of modern wireless communication systems, where the power has to be used efficiently.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy consumption is always a critical parameter of modern wireless communication systems, where the power has to be used efficiently [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, ever-increasing demand for data rate makes it inevitable to employ resources efficiently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, ever-increasing demand for data rate makes it inevitable to employ resources efficiently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A way to improve resource efficiency is to employ underlay cognitive radio (UCR) systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A way to improve resource efficiency is to employ underlay cognitive radio (UCR) systems [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "In UCR systems, which are interference-limited, there are two types of users, primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In UCR systems, which are interference-limited, there are two types of users, primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PUs are the licensed users, and SUs can transmit only if they do not disturb the PUs' communications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PUs are the licensed users, and SUs can transmit only if they do not disturb the PUs' communications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the interference from SUs has to be limited to meet the PUs' requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the interference from SUs has to be limited to meet the PUs' requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The Eurostat statistics on the 28 EU member states' performance in relation to renewable energy show that the Netherlands comes 25th in the EU-28.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Eurostat statistics on the 28 EU member states' performance in relation to renewable energy show that the Netherlands comes 25th in the EU-28 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Around 4.5 % of gross Dutch final energy consumption comes from renewable energy sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Around 4.5 % of gross Dutch final energy consumption comes from renewable energy sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although ambitious policy goals regarding renewable energy were formulated, so far, the Dutch government has not been able to realize its aspirations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although ambitious policy goals regarding renewable energy were formulated, so far, the Dutch government has not been able to realize its aspirations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is surprising, because the Netherlands performs reasonable well in terms of innovation and competitiveness indexes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is surprising, because the Netherlands performs reasonable well in terms of innovation and competitiveness indexes [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The success of horizontal innovations has been described in many sectors but depends strongly on the characteristics of the innovation system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The success of horizontal innovations has been described in many sectors but depends strongly on the characteristics of the innovation system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A necessary condition for the development of these bottom-up innovations is horizontal networks with 1) the incentive to innovate, 2) the incentive to reveal their innovation, and 3) low cost and competition advantage in relation to private enterprises.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A necessary condition for the development of these bottom-up innovations is horizontal networks with 1) the incentive to innovate, 2) the incentive to reveal their innovation, and 3) low cost and competition advantage in relation to private enterprises [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "If the third condition is not met, private enterprises on the market will pick up the bottom-up innovations and integrate them in their own products or services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the third condition is not met, private enterprises on the market will pick up the bottom-up innovations and integrate them in their own products or services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These factors seem to be a useful conceptual framework to describe and assess the chances for success of the horizontal innovations that take place in local energy initiatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These factors seem to be a useful conceptual framework to describe and assess the chances for success of the horizontal innovations that take place in local energy initiatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The reputation of local energy cooperatives as frontrunners was ascertained in interviews with Hier Opgewekt and an expert in this field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reputation of local energy cooperatives as frontrunners was ascertained in interviews with Hier Opgewekt and an expert in this field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hier Opgewekt acts as an independent information and communication manager in the field of Dutch local energy initiatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hier Opgewekt acts as an independent information and communication manager in the field of Dutch local energy initiatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The expert recently wrote a description of the Dutch local energy initiatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The expert recently wrote a description of the Dutch local energy initiatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, specialist literature was used as well as information about prize-winning organizations amongst local energy cooperatives, participation on national committees of local energy cooperatives, and participation in the dissemination of knowledge about local energy cooperatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, specialist literature was used as well as information about prize-winning organizations amongst local energy cooperatives, participation on national committees of local energy cooperatives, and participation in the dissemination of knowledge about local energy cooperatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since several local energy cooperatives specialize in wind energy, it was appropriate to choose one such cooperative as a case study, whereas the others specialize in other renewable energy technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since several local energy cooperatives specialize in wind energy, it was appropriate to choose one such cooperative as a case study, whereas the others specialize in other renewable energy technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the number of members in a cooperative is probably part of the success of frontrunners, it is understandable that the frontrunners are larger than average, but we avoided choosing only the largest cooperatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the number of members in a cooperative is probably part of the success of frontrunners, it is understandable that the frontrunners are larger than average, but we avoided choosing only the largest cooperatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of the frontrunners are relatively old, but we also chose some cooperatives that were established not so long ago.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the frontrunners are relatively old, but we also chose some cooperatives that were established not so long ago.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Having taken into account the aforementioned background characteristics (technology, size, and age) of frontrunners, we selected Deltawind, Texel Energie, Grunneger Power, and Lochem Energie.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Having taken into account the aforementioned background characteristics (technology, size, and age) of frontrunners, we selected Deltawind, Texel Energie, Grunneger Power, and Lochem Energie [21, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 32]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Innovation system theory points at the relevance of innovators' competitive environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Innovation system theory points at the relevance of innovators' competitive environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Local energy initiatives' innovations can only be successful when they can compete with the large multinational energy companies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Local energy initiatives' innovations can only be successful when they can compete with the large multinational energy companies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An innovation in a local energy cooperative is the result of a bottom-up process in a horizontal network, whereas innovation in large multinationals is the result of a topdown process (pipe-line process).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An innovation in a local energy cooperative is the result of a bottom-up process in a horizontal network, whereas innovation in large multinationals is the result of a topdown process (pipe-line process).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The development of innovations in horizontal networks can be successful in some markets even when competitors use a top-down model for innovation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of innovations in horizontal networks can be successful in some markets even when competitors use a top-down model for innovation [26, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26, 27]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The spontaneous establishment of local energy initiatives can also be conceptualized as a radical innovation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The spontaneous establishment of local energy initiatives can also be conceptualized as a radical innovation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A radical innovation is a successful introduction of a new concept, product, service, or production process on a market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A radical innovation is a successful introduction of a new concept, product, service, or production process on a market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Innovation system theory interprets innovations as a result of the interactions between dependent consumers, producers, research and education, the political system, the supply system, and the infrastructure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Innovation system theory interprets innovations as a result of the interactions between dependent consumers, producers, research and education, the political system, the supply system, and the infrastructure [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "Unlike classical innovation theory, innovation system theory does not focus only on research-and technology-related factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unlike classical innovation theory, innovation system theory does not focus only on research-and technology-related factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the essence of local energy cooperatives is nontechnical innovation, an innovation system approach seems appropriate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the essence of local energy cooperatives is nontechnical innovation, an innovation system approach seems appropriate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Depression is one of the most common mental disorders that can affect people of all ages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Depression is one of the most common mental disorders that can affect people of all ages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is the leading cause of disability and requires significant health care cost to treat effectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is the leading cause of disability and requires significant health care cost to treat effectively [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Compared to the traditional clinical consultation, mental health studies based on social media present several advantages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to the traditional clinical consultation, mental health studies based on social media present several advantages [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "For instance, social media sites provide great venues for people to share their experiences, vent emotion and stress, which are useful for medical practitioners to understand patients' experiences outside the controlled clinical environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, social media sites provide great venues for people to share their experiences, vent emotion and stress, which are useful for medical practitioners to understand patients' experiences outside the controlled clinical environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, information captured during clinical consultation generally reflects only the situation of the patient at the time of care.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, information captured during clinical consultation generally reflects only the situation of the patient at the time of care.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, data collected from social media is dynamic, thereby providing opportunities for observing and recognising critical changes in patients' behaviour.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, data collected from social media is dynamic, thereby providing opportunities for observing and recognising critical changes in patients' behaviour [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The unique characteristics of photonic crystal fiber (PCF), such as manipulation of fiber characteristics with careful design of air-hole parameters, endlessly single-mode guidance, and large signal-sample interaction length, have attracted much research interest in recent years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The unique characteristics of photonic crystal fiber (PCF), such as manipulation of fiber characteristics with careful design of air-hole parameters, endlessly single-mode guidance, and large signal-sample interaction length, have attracted much research interest in recent years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, sensing applications using PCFs have also been widely explored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, sensing applications using PCFs have also been widely explored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, most research efforts mainly exploit PCF characteristics to realize gas/liquid sensors with guided-wave/evanescent-wave interaction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most research efforts mainly exploit PCF characteristics to realize gas/liquid sensors with guided-wave/evanescent-wave interaction [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "It has been established that PCF-based optical fiber sensors offer extraordinary sensitivity for gas/liquid monitoring.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been established that PCF-based optical fiber sensors offer extraordinary sensitivity for gas/liquid monitoring.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a detailed experimental demonstration along with an exhaustive theoretical analysis of an optical fiber polarimetric torsion sensor based on PM-PCF.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a detailed experimental demonstration along with an exhaustive theoretical analysis of an optical fiber polarimetric torsion sensor based on PM-PCF.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A simplified theoretical analysis is also given to explain the operation principle of the proposed torsion sensor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A simplified theoretical analysis is also given to explain the operation principle of the proposed torsion sensor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The twist angle of the PM-PCF-based torsion sensor was measured with polarimetric detection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The twist angle of the PM-PCF-based torsion sensor was measured with polarimetric detection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Normalized sensitivity as high as ∼0:014=°was measured within the linear twist angle range from 30°to 70°.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Normalized sensitivity as high as ∼0:014=°was measured within the linear twist angle range from 30°to 70°.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sensor response was observed to be highly reversible and repeatable over 90°twist in both the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) directions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sensor response was observed to be highly reversible and repeatable over 90°twist in both the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) directions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Owing to the low thermal coefficient of PM-PCF, our proposed torsion sensor eliminates the requirement of temperature compensation when deployed in a harsh environment where temperature fluctuation is inevitable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Owing to the low thermal coefficient of PM-PCF, our proposed torsion sensor eliminates the requirement of temperature compensation when deployed in a harsh environment where temperature fluctuation is inevitable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High birefringence of the PM-PCF ensures that the torsion sensor will be compact, releasing the limitation of the torsion gauge length.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High birefringence of the PM-PCF ensures that the torsion sensor will be compact, releasing the limitation of the torsion gauge length.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 illustrates the experimental setup of the proposed PM-PCF-based torsion sensor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 illustrates the experimental setup of the proposed PM-PCF-based torsion sensor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The light source used in this experiment was a tunable semiconductor laser (Santec, Model TSL-210) operating at 1550 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The light source used in this experiment was a tunable semiconductor laser (Santec, Model TSL-210) operating at 1550 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The polarization extinction ratio of this light source was higher than 40 dB. A polarization controller (OFR) was used to adjust the polarization state of the light launched into the PM-PCF.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The polarization extinction ratio of this light source was higher than 40 dB. A polarization controller (OFR) was used to adjust the polarization state of the light launched into the PM-PCF.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The PM-PCF (PM-1550-01, produced by BlazePhotonics) had a beat length of <4 mm at 1550 nm and a polarization extinction ratio of >30 dB over 100 m. The scanning electron micrograph image of the transverse cross section of the PM-PCF is shown in the inset of Fig. 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The PM-PCF (PM-1550-01, produced by BlazePhotonics) had a beat length of <4 mm at 1550 nm and a polarization extinction ratio of >30 dB over 100 m. The scanning electron micrograph image of the transverse cross section of the PM-PCF is shown in the inset of Fig. 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mode field diameters for the two orthogonal polarizations were 3.6 and 3:1 μm, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mode field diameters for the two orthogonal polarizations were 3.6 and 3:1 μm, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The total loss of the two splicing points was ∼4 dB and was achieved by repeated arc discharges applied over the splicing points to collapse the air holes of the small-core PM-PCF.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The total loss of the two splicing points was ∼4 dB and was achieved by repeated arc discharges applied over the splicing points to collapse the air holes of the small-core PM-PCF [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "The length of the PM-PCF used in this experiment was ∼15 cm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The length of the PM-PCF used in this experiment was ∼15 cm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In competitive coevolution, individuals represent complete solutions that are gradually refined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In competitive coevolution, individuals represent complete solutions that are gradually refined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cooperative coevolution is used in situations where a problem can be naturally decomposed into sub-components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cooperative coevolution is used in situations where a problem can be naturally decomposed into sub-components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In CC, individuals represent such sub-components and are assessed in collaboration with other individuals so as to form complete solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In CC, individuals represent such sub-components and are assessed in collaboration with other individuals so as to form complete solutions [12] , [13] , [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ], [ "BIBREF12" ], [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]", "[13]", "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Interaction of electromagnetic fields with media that have time varying properties is of significant interest in different applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interaction of electromagnetic fields with media that have time varying properties is of significant interest in different applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among such phenomena we should mention propagation of electromagnetic pulses in modulated dielectric waveguides, which finds applications in a range of areas including pulse generation, compression, reshaping and filtering, wavelength conversion and terahertz wave generation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among such phenomena we should mention propagation of electromagnetic pulses in modulated dielectric waveguides, which finds applications in a range of areas including pulse generation, compression, reshaping and filtering, wavelength conversion and terahertz wave generation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Analysis of such phenomena also provides useful insight onto behavior of high speed switches, ultra-short pulse lasers etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analysis of such phenomena also provides useful insight onto behavior of high speed switches, ultra-short pulse lasers etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More generally, these problems are of significant importance for understanding of optical communications technology and quantum electronics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More generally, these problems are of significant importance for understanding of optical communications technology and quantum electronics [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Plasma-based reactive ion etching (RIE) is a very controllable dry process exploiting both chemical and physical processes to remove solid material locally.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Plasma-based reactive ion etching (RIE) is a very controllable dry process exploiting both chemical and physical processes to remove solid material locally [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The plasma is generated with a powerfull RF electromagnetic field under low pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The plasma is generated with a powerfull RF electromagnetic field under low pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accelerating ions colide with the wafer surface and eventually react with it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accelerating ions colide with the wafer surface and eventually react with it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effect is a combination of chemical reaction and atomic sputtering, whose balance depends on the material and method (gas concentrations, powers, substrate temperature).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect is a combination of chemical reaction and atomic sputtering, whose balance depends on the material and method (gas concentrations, powers, substrate temperature).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Capsular types of pneumococci isolated from blood been isolated significantly (P < 0-05, x 2 t e s t ) more frequently during the latter period and type 3 had decreased from 7-8 to 5-4 per cent of all invasive isolates (data not shown).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Capsular types of pneumococci isolated from blood been isolated significantly (P < 0-05, x 2 t e s t ) more frequently during the latter period and type 3 had decreased from 7-8 to 5-4 per cent of all invasive isolates (data not shown).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our study some year-toyear variation was seen in the numbers of different pneumococcal capsular types as a percentage of all isolates: types 1 (10-7-16-4%), 4 (6-9-10-2%), 7F (5-3-10-0%), 12F (2-5-9-2%) and 14 (7-3-101 %), but overall there was no significant difference between the frequency of these predominant types during 1983-8 and 1989-94 (P > 005, x 2 test).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study some year-toyear variation was seen in the numbers of different pneumococcal capsular types as a percentage of all isolates: types 1 (10-7-16-4%), 4 (6-9-10-2%), 7F (5-3-10-0%), 12F (2-5-9-2%) and 14 (7-3-101 %), but overall there was no significant difference between the frequency of these predominant types during 1983-8 and 1989-94 (P > 005, x 2 test).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Type 2, a vaccine type not recovered at all in Denmark during 1983-8, was isolated eight times during 1989-94.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Type 2, a vaccine type not recovered at all in Denmark during 1983-8, was isolated eight times during 1989-94.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Type 24F, a nonvaccine type, isolated more frequently in Denmark compared with other countries, was 19th in the overall order of frequency but was the 9th most common cause of pneumococcal meningitis (4-7 %).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Type 24F, a nonvaccine type, isolated more frequently in Denmark compared with other countries, was 19th in the overall order of frequency but was the 9th most common cause of pneumococcal meningitis (4-7 %).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A total of 58 of the 90 known types was encountered ( Table 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A total of 58 of the 90 known types was encountered ( Table 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 23 vaccine types represented 92 % of all isolates, 94 % of isolates from patients less than 15 years of age (Table 3) , and 87 % of the CSF isolates ( Table 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 23 vaccine types represented 92 % of all isolates, 94 % of isolates from patients less than 15 years of age (Table 3) , and 87 % of the CSF isolates ( Table 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this calculation type 6A is considered together with type 6B because they have been shown to offer cross-protection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this calculation type 6A is considered together with type 6B because they have been shown to offer cross-protection [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Agile in essence is an iterative, lightweight and lean software design and development methodology that was born in the late 1990s to be highly compatible with the rapid development of the WWW (World Wide Web).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Agile in essence is an iterative, lightweight and lean software design and development methodology that was born in the late 1990s to be highly compatible with the rapid development of the WWW (World Wide Web) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Similar to climbing a well-designed ladder where length of all steps and distance between each step is equivalent, agile methods divides a task into small-length iterations that have the same interval size and distance making the transition between iterations much smoother with much higher pace.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar to climbing a well-designed ladder where length of all steps and distance between each step is equivalent, agile methods divides a task into small-length iterations that have the same interval size and distance making the transition between iterations much smoother with much higher pace.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Agile methodologies try to find an equilibrium point between no process and too much process, allowing it to survive in dynamic environments where requirements frequently change while striving high quality software product.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Agile methodologies try to find an equilibrium point between no process and too much process, allowing it to survive in dynamic environments where requirements frequently change while striving high quality software product [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Unlike other methods, agile methods rely on feedback as control mechanism which ensures greater customer satisfaction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unlike other methods, agile methods rely on feedback as control mechanism which ensures greater customer satisfaction [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This study focused on the influence of CCT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study focused on the influence of CCT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the considerable effect of CCT on color performance, most color evaluation does not take this effect into account.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the considerable effect of CCT on color performance, most color evaluation does not take this effect into account.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most studies have highlighted the significant relationship between CCT and brightness experience, and luminosity is often considered in most standard color evaluation metrics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most studies have highlighted the significant relationship between CCT and brightness experience, and luminosity is often considered in most standard color evaluation metrics [29, 34, 35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 34, 35]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the intention of this study was to create a transformation relationship between CCT and luminosity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the intention of this study was to create a transformation relationship between CCT and luminosity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study attempted to match metamerism under different light sources and compare to corresponding under different light sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study attempted to match metamerism under different light sources and compare to corresponding under different light sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same visual experience can be reached by adjusting CCT and luminosity through this relationship and reasonable separation of CCT from the current color performance evaluation standards can be achieved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The same visual experience can be reached by adjusting CCT and luminosity through this relationship and reasonable separation of CCT from the current color performance evaluation standards can be achieved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Luminosity and correlated color temperature (CCT) have become the two of the most important factors in the evaluation of the performance of light sources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Luminosity and correlated color temperature (CCT) have become the two of the most important factors in the evaluation of the performance of light sources [18, 21, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 21, 25]" ] }, { "text": "Kruithof introduced the \"Kruithof curve\" to describe the change in luminosity and CCT's effect on visual experience in generating pleasing feelings on images.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Kruithof introduced the \"Kruithof curve\" to describe the change in luminosity and CCT's effect on visual experience in generating pleasing feelings on images [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Both Fotios and McNelis indicated that under the same CRI, the light sources with higher CCT have higher brightness and visual experience and are more preferred.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both Fotios and McNelis indicated that under the same CRI, the light sources with higher CCT have higher brightness and visual experience and are more preferred [27, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, 28]" ] }, { "text": "Ju pointed out that under the same luminosity, higher CCT light sources have higher brightness visual experiences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ju pointed out that under the same luminosity, higher CCT light sources have higher brightness visual experiences [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Houser and his colleagues utilized statistical tools and confirmed the high correlation between CCT and various common color evaluation standards such as CRI and CQS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Houser and his colleagues utilized statistical tools and confirmed the high correlation between CCT and various common color evaluation standards such as CRI and CQS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CCT should not be used as a color evaluation standard because it is often predetermined before the creation of any light and lighting system; thus Huser further suggested the removal of CCT from color evaluation standards to provide more accurate color performance evaluation metrics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CCT should not be used as a color evaluation standard because it is often predetermined before the creation of any light and lighting system; thus Huser further suggested the removal of CCT from color evaluation standards to provide more accurate color performance evaluation metrics [30] [31] [32] [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30] [31] [32] [33]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Information and choice overload are closely linked.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Information and choice overload are closely linked.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A large variety in choice typically leads to more information about attributes of the product or service, which can cause feelings of dissatisfaction when the information cannot easily be processed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A large variety in choice typically leads to more information about attributes of the product or service, which can cause feelings of dissatisfaction when the information cannot easily be processed (Huffman and Kahn, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Huffman and Kahn, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, new products with many complex features may overwhelm consumers, persuading them to buy a product with many unnecessary features, which also leaves them unsatisfied with their choice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, new products with many complex features may overwhelm consumers, persuading them to buy a product with many unnecessary features, which also leaves them unsatisfied with their choice (Thompson et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF94" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thompson et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "To demonstrate the ability to generalize this analysis approach to larger populations of homes or for \"general\" data where the specific house volume or occupancy may not be known precisely, the #occ ) for each ventilation strategy (runtime ventilation (RTV) = blue and continuous exhaust ventilation (CEV) = red), in the summer and winter periods, as well as overall.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To demonstrate the ability to generalize this analysis approach to larger populations of homes or for \"general\" data where the specific house volume or occupancy may not be known precisely, the #occ ) for each ventilation strategy (runtime ventilation (RTV) = blue and continuous exhaust ventilation (CEV) = red), in the summer and winter periods, as well as overall.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the box plot, the center line represents the average, the box bottom and top represent the first and third quartile, respectively; and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values in each data set.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the box plot, the center line represents the average, the box bottom and top represent the first and third quartile, respectively; and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values in each data set.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The grey box overlaid on the data represents a typical range for per person CO 2 emission ranges for a person at rest of 24-37 g/h/pp.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The grey box overlaid on the data represents a typical range for per person CO 2 emission ranges for a person at rest of 24-37 g/h/pp [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Maintaining adequate indoor air is a critical element of high-performance, sustainable homes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Maintaining adequate indoor air is a critical element of high-performance, sustainable homes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mechanical ventilation is a typical strategy for maintaining healthy indoor air quality in residential buildings, which is intended to dilute indoor air pollutants with outdoor air with the goal of maintaining concentrations below levels that may lead to negative health impacts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mechanical ventilation is a typical strategy for maintaining healthy indoor air quality in residential buildings, which is intended to dilute indoor air pollutants with outdoor air with the goal of maintaining concentrations below levels that may lead to negative health impacts [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Other components that make up a comprehensive strategy for indoor air quality include limiting materials and activities that provide the source of pollutants, and employing local exhaust in dedicated areas where high concentrations of contaminants are likely to occur (e.g., kitchens or bathrooms).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other components that make up a comprehensive strategy for indoor air quality include limiting materials and activities that provide the source of pollutants, and employing local exhaust in dedicated areas where high concentrations of contaminants are likely to occur (e.g., kitchens or bathrooms) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is currently no simplified and well-understood framework for comparing the relative efficacy of different indoor air quality mitigation approaches or understanding how multiple strategies may work together to address various indoor air contaminants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is currently no simplified and well-understood framework for comparing the relative efficacy of different indoor air quality mitigation approaches or understanding how multiple strategies may work together to address various indoor air contaminants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To enable indoor air quality standards and building science practitioners to compare and contrast the efficacy of various indoor air quality mitigation approaches, alone or in combination, it is necessary to better understand the varied sources of indoor air contaminants and how different mitigation approaches will affect those sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To enable indoor air quality standards and building science practitioners to compare and contrast the efficacy of various indoor air quality mitigation approaches, alone or in combination, it is necessary to better understand the varied sources of indoor air contaminants and how different mitigation approaches will affect those sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This article describes a generalized model for describing the relationship between indoor air quality contaminant sources and the effectiveness of different indoor air quality mitigation strategies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This article describes a generalized model for describing the relationship between indoor air quality contaminant sources and the effectiveness of different indoor air quality mitigation strategies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We believe that such a model can be used to compare and develop recommendations about different approaches in different climates and housing types.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We believe that such a model can be used to compare and develop recommendations about different approaches in different climates and housing types.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The article also illustrates application of the model to data collected in 10 homes in Gainesville, FL.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The article also illustrates application of the model to data collected in 10 homes in Gainesville, FL [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The EM signals measured by the receiving antenna is not necessarily easy to interpret.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The EM signals measured by the receiving antenna is not necessarily easy to interpret.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, this signal requires numerical interpretation to determine the size, location, and shape of the defects in the concrete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, this signal requires numerical interpretation to determine the size, location, and shape of the defects in the concrete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This constitutes an inverse problem and reconstructs from the measured EM waves a map of the dielectric permittivity of the structure (subsurface).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This constitutes an inverse problem and reconstructs from the measured EM waves a map of the dielectric permittivity of the structure (subsurface).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Commonly used inversion methods provide only a single realization (image) of the structure of interest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Commonly used inversion methods provide only a single realization (image) of the structure of interest [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "This realization exhibits the closest match between the observed and simulated EM waves but does not appropriately communicate measurement and modeling uncertainties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This realization exhibits the closest match between the observed and simulated EM waves but does not appropriately communicate measurement and modeling uncertainties [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Indeed, this \"best\" image derived from deterministic inversion methods constitutes just one realization of an infinite space of solutions deemed feasible if modeling and data uncertainties are explicitly considered.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, this \"best\" image derived from deterministic inversion methods constitutes just one realization of an infinite space of solutions deemed feasible if modeling and data uncertainties are explicitly considered [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Probabilistic inversion methods allow for the treatment of different sources of error and return to the user an ensemble of solutions deemed statistically acceptable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Probabilistic inversion methods allow for the treatment of different sources of error and return to the user an ensemble of solutions deemed statistically acceptable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such methods can be formulated using either a measure theoretic or random variable approach, the first being the most formal and axiomatic definition of probability and preferred by theoreticians, and the latter more easy and practical to use and therefore favored by practitioners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such methods can be formulated using either a measure theoretic or random variable approach, the first being the most formal and axiomatic definition of probability and preferred by theoreticians, and the latter more easy and practical to use and therefore favored by practitioners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among these methods, Bayesian inference coupled with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation has found widespread application and use in GPR inversion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these methods, Bayesian inference coupled with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation has found widespread application and use in GPR inversion [6, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]" ] }, { "text": "This approach results in a posterior parameter distribution and quantifies the uncertainty in the modeling results emerging from the model, observed data, likelihood function and prior distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This approach results in a posterior parameter distribution and quantifies the uncertainty in the modeling results emerging from the model, observed data, likelihood function and prior distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we present a probabilistic inversion method to determine the relative permittivity distribution of underground structures from crosshole GPR waveform data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we present a probabilistic inversion method to determine the relative permittivity distribution of underground structures from crosshole GPR waveform data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use herein a twodimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model to simulate the EM wave propagation for a 2D permittivity distribution characterized sparsely using the discrete cosine transform (DCT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We use herein a twodimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model to simulate the EM wave propagation for a 2D permittivity distribution characterized sparsely using the discrete cosine transform (DCT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The posterior distribution of the DCT-parameters is determined by fitting the FDTD model against the observed GPR traces using MCMC simulation with DREAM (ZS) method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The posterior distribution of the DCT-parameters is determined by fitting the FDTD model against the observed GPR traces using MCMC simulation with DREAM (ZS) method [17, [36] [37] [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, [36] [37] [38]" ] }, { "text": "The DREAM (ZS) algorithm automatically tunes the scale and orientation of the proposal distribution during evolution of the Markov chains to their limiting distribution and therefore leads to high sampling efficiencies and a rapid convergence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The DREAM (ZS) algorithm automatically tunes the scale and orientation of the proposal distribution during evolution of the Markov chains to their limiting distribution and therefore leads to high sampling efficiencies and a rapid convergence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We are especially concerned herein with the impact of the amount of GPR data, their measurement errors, and the number of retained DCT-coefficients on the inversion results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are especially concerned herein with the impact of the amount of GPR data, their measurement errors, and the number of retained DCT-coefficients on the inversion results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of our stochastic inversion with DREAM (ZS) are benchmarked against those derived from deterministic inversion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of our stochastic inversion with DREAM (ZS) are benchmarked against those derived from deterministic inversion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper concludes with a summary of the main findings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper concludes with a summary of the main findings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This nondestructive method uses electromagnetic (EM) radiation in the microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio spectrum, and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This nondestructive method uses electromagnetic (EM) radiation in the microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio spectrum, and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GPR can have applications in a variety of media, including rock, soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and has found widespread application and use in civil engineering to detect subsurface objects, changes in material properties, and voids and cracks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "GPR can have applications in a variety of media, including rock, soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and has found widespread application and use in civil engineering to detect subsurface objects, changes in material properties, and voids and cracks [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Yet, for large civil structures such as giant dams, large pile foundations, and deep diaphragm walls, the EM electromagnetic wave encounters a diffractor (e.g. buried object) or a boundary between two materials with contrasting dielectric properties, it will be reflected, refracted or scattered back.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, for large civil structures such as giant dams, large pile foundations, and deep diaphragm walls, the EM electromagnetic wave encounters a diffractor (e.g. buried object) or a boundary between two materials with contrasting dielectric properties, it will be reflected, refracted or scattered back.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This signal (waveform) that arrives at the receiving antenna thus stores important information about the structure and properties of the subsurface in-between the two antennas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This signal (waveform) that arrives at the receiving antenna thus stores important information about the structure and properties of the subsurface in-between the two antennas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By using multiple different vertical positions of the transmitter and receiver antennas a crosshole GPR data set is obtained which much better characterizes the subsurface than waveforms measured with surface GPR.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using multiple different vertical positions of the transmitter and receiver antennas a crosshole GPR data set is obtained which much better characterizes the subsurface than waveforms measured with surface GPR.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "This paper proposes a decentralized MPC design approach for large-scale processes that are possibly dynamically coupled and that are subject to input constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper proposes a decentralized MPC design approach for large-scale processes that are possibly dynamically coupled and that are subject to input constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The paper extends preliminary work appeared in the conference papers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper extends preliminary work appeared in the conference papers [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "A (partial) decoupling assumption only appears in the prediction models used by different MPC controllers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A (partial) decoupling assumption only appears in the prediction models used by different MPC controllers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The chosen degree of decoupling represents a tuning knob of the approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The chosen degree of decoupling represents a tuning knob of the approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sufficient criteria for analyzing the asymptotic stability of the process model in closed loop with the set of decentralized MPC controllers are provided.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sufficient criteria for analyzing the asymptotic stability of the process model in closed loop with the set of decentralized MPC controllers are provided.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If such conditions are not verified, then the structure of decentralization should be modified by augmenting the level of dynamical coupling of the prediction submodels, increasing consequently the number and type of exchanged information about state measurements among the MPC controllers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If such conditions are not verified, then the structure of decentralization should be modified by augmenting the level of dynamical coupling of the prediction submodels, increasing consequently the number and type of exchanged information about state measurements among the MPC controllers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To cope with the case of a non-ideal communication channel among neighboring MPC controllers, sufficient conditions for ensuring closed-loop stability of the overall closed-loop system are also given when packets containing state measurements are lost intermittently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To cope with the case of a non-ideal communication channel among neighboring MPC controllers, sufficient conditions for ensuring closed-loop stability of the overall closed-loop system are also given when packets containing state measurements are lost intermittently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Large-scale multi-variable control problems, such as those arising in the process industries, are often dealt with model predictive control (MPC) techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Large-scale multi-variable control problems, such as those arising in the process industries, are often dealt with model predictive control (MPC) techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In MPC the control problem is formulated as an optimization one, where many different (and possibly conflicting) goals are easily formalized and constraints on state and control variables can be included.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In MPC the control problem is formulated as an optimization one, where many different (and possibly conflicting) goals are easily formalized and constraints on state and control variables can be included [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "However, centralized MPC is often unsuitable for control of large-scale and networked systems, mainly due to lack of scalability and to maintenance issues of global models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, centralized MPC is often unsuitable for control of large-scale and networked systems, mainly due to lack of scalability and to maintenance issues of global models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Air sparging becomes one of the most implemented and popular removal technologies since it was implemented for the first time in Germany in 1985.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Air sparging becomes one of the most implemented and popular removal technologies since it was implemented for the first time in Germany in 1985.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Air sparging is a relatively simple and effective in situ treatment technology based on injection clean pressurized air or potentially other gases to remove volatile organic carbon (VOC) and semi volatile organic carbon (SVOC) in addition to biodegradable contaminants from the saturated zone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Air sparging is a relatively simple and effective in situ treatment technology based on injection clean pressurized air or potentially other gases to remove volatile organic carbon (VOC) and semi volatile organic carbon (SVOC) in addition to biodegradable contaminants from the saturated zone [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The treatment is based on converting solvents and gasoline from the dissolved phase to the vapor phase through air stripping.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The treatment is based on converting solvents and gasoline from the dissolved phase to the vapor phase through air stripping.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dissolved VOCs or SVOCs absorbed by soil particles tend to volatilize and migrate to the vadose zone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dissolved VOCs or SVOCs absorbed by soil particles tend to volatilize and migrate to the vadose zone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system can be used to recover the volatilized contaminants from the vadose zone before it can migrate to enclosed spaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Then a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system can be used to recover the volatilized contaminants from the vadose zone before it can migrate to enclosed spaces [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The Verdet constant of paramagnetic materials increases on cooling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Verdet constant of paramagnetic materials increases on cooling [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "Besides, other thermo-optical characteristics of the medium also improve with decreasing temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, other thermo-optical characteristics of the medium also improve with decreasing temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This feature was used for creation of a cryogenic FI (CFI)-a device where both the MOE and the FI magnetic system are cooled down to the temperature of boiling liquid nitrogen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This feature was used for creation of a cryogenic FI (CFI)-a device where both the MOE and the FI magnetic system are cooled down to the temperature of boiling liquid nitrogen [6, 9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Application in CFI of traditional media is not always fully justified, as parameters of a magneto-optical medium change on cooling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Application in CFI of traditional media is not always fully justified, as parameters of a magneto-optical medium change on cooling [7, 11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, with cooling to nitrogen temperatures, traditional FI media [e.g., terbium gallium garnet (TGG) crystals] may be inferior to novel ones that have not been used in CFI before.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, with cooling to nitrogen temperatures, traditional FI media [e.g., terbium gallium garnet (TGG) crystals] may be inferior to novel ones that have not been used in CFI before.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The second notable feature in Fig. 1 is that in SF flames with large fuel mole fraction, the sooting limits closely follow the iso-temperature curve, suggesting that soot formation is primarily controlled by temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second notable feature in Fig. 1 is that in SF flames with large fuel mole fraction, the sooting limits closely follow the iso-temperature curve, suggesting that soot formation is primarily controlled by temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is expected as in a SF flame, soot oxidation is not present, and thus the soot loading of the flame is mainly controlled by inception and growth process, both of which are sensitive to temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is expected as in a SF flame, soot oxidation is not present, and thus the soot loading of the flame is mainly controlled by inception and growth process, both of which are sensitive to temperature [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40]" ] }, { "text": "On the contrary, in SFO flames with diluted fuel streams and large XO, the sooting limits span an appreciable range of iso-temperature curves, implying that temperature is not the only factor controlling soot formation in SFO flames.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the contrary, in SFO flames with diluted fuel streams and large XO, the sooting limits span an appreciable range of iso-temperature curves, implying that temperature is not the only factor controlling soot formation in SFO flames.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The social meaning of language change in online communities can be better understood by linking language change to community membership dynamics, i.e., the progression of individual community members from new to regular member.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The social meaning of language change in online communities can be better understood by linking language change to community membership dynamics, i.e., the progression of individual community members from new to regular member.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, studies have shown that the adoption of slang words and jargon follows predictable temporal patterns, both at the community level and over the lifespan of individual community members.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, studies have shown that the adoption of slang words and jargon follows predictable temporal patterns, both at the community level and over the lifespan of individual community members [6] , [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ], [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]", "[8]" ] }, { "text": "This lifecycle pattern mirrors the generational aspect of language change by which children acquire a dialect from their parents and peers, and then retain the dialect into adulthood (the \"adult language stability assumption\").", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This lifecycle pattern mirrors the generational aspect of language change by which children acquire a dialect from their parents and peers, and then retain the dialect into adulthood (the \"adult language stability assumption\") [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The results from the experimental study reported in this paper are merely a snapshot of the main findings from a much larger analysis including deeper examination of the data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results from the experimental study reported in this paper are merely a snapshot of the main findings from a much larger analysis including deeper examination of the data (Brolin, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brolin, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Further analysis has been undertaken with regard to the combination of the main effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further analysis has been undertaken with regard to the combination of the main effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since when performing observations at the various factories it was possible to get a more holistic perspective of the often very complex settings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since when performing observations at the various factories it was possible to get a more holistic perspective of the often very complex settings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Modern production systems differ greatly depending on, for instance, company and factory size, product complexity and economics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Modern production systems differ greatly depending on, for instance, company and factory size, product complexity and economics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This provided the insight that it is not only one factor at a time that affects the assembler but several combined factors that form the complex manual assembly environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This provided the insight that it is not only one factor at a time that affects the assembler but several combined factors that form the complex manual assembly environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings will be reported in future publications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings will be reported in future publications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), first described in 1991, is a rare, poorly differentiated neoplasm that portends a grim prognosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), first described in 1991, is a rare, poorly differentiated neoplasm that portends a grim prognosis [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "NUT carcinoma most often affects the midline upper aerodigestive tract structures, but can also affect the thymus, thorax, lungs, and mediastinum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NUT carcinoma most often affects the midline upper aerodigestive tract structures, but can also affect the thymus, thorax, lungs, and mediastinum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NMC are uniquely defined by their genetics, rather than the tissue or site of origin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NMC are uniquely defined by their genetics, rather than the tissue or site of origin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In almost all cases of NMC, NUT of chromosome 15 is abnormally fused to another gene, most commonly BRD4 of chromosome 19 (t15:19).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In almost all cases of NMC, NUT of chromosome 15 is abnormally fused to another gene, most commonly BRD4 of chromosome 19 (t15:19).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "To establish the mass production of AC from biomass, it is important to secure the resources from the viewpoint of supply chain costs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To establish the mass production of AC from biomass, it is important to secure the resources from the viewpoint of supply chain costs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of woody biomass, it is sometimes difficult to secure a healthy supply of waste wood chips from lumber mill factories because normally they are scattered in the mountain areas, which raises the costs for the development of transport networks in terms of the effective agglomeration of waste wood chips.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of woody biomass, it is sometimes difficult to secure a healthy supply of waste wood chips from lumber mill factories because normally they are scattered in the mountain areas, which raises the costs for the development of transport networks in terms of the effective agglomeration of waste wood chips.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, poultry industries have already established their transport networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, poultry industries have already established their transport networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we can expect a healthy supply of waste feathers, preventing the extra costs for transportation and agglomeration; for example, the American poultry industry deals with more than 4 billion lb of chicken feathers per year.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we can expect a healthy supply of waste feathers, preventing the extra costs for transportation and agglomeration; for example, the American poultry industry deals with more than 4 billion lb of chicken feathers per year [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The North Karelia Project used a settings-based community approach to address the complexity of causality in cardiovascular disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The North Karelia Project used a settings-based community approach to address the complexity of causality in cardiovascular disease [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "It is important to note that North Karelia, from its initiation, was a community-based intervention effort to reduce the very high CVD rates in Finland.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note that North Karelia, from its initiation, was a community-based intervention effort to reduce the very high CVD rates in Finland.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was started in 1972, but was infused with ideas and perspectives arising from health promotion strategies promulgated by the European Region of WHO and captured in the well-known Ottawa Charter for health promotion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was started in 1972, but was infused with ideas and perspectives arising from health promotion strategies promulgated by the European Region of WHO and captured in the well-known Ottawa Charter for health promotion [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "The essential health promotion component was the idea of being community-based with the participation of the community, as opposed to the community just being the subject of research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The essential health promotion component was the idea of being community-based with the participation of the community, as opposed to the community just being the subject of research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition the study focused on interventions with multiple approaches, including marketing, use of primary care physicians, as well as environmental approaches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition the study focused on interventions with multiple approaches, including marketing, use of primary care physicians, as well as environmental approaches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A widely accepted view is that the North Karelia project demonstrated both the utility and effectiveness of community-based projects with a non-clinical health promoting orientation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A widely accepted view is that the North Karelia project demonstrated both the utility and effectiveness of community-based projects with a non-clinical health promoting orientation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To that end, two different volunteer platforms are studied: DG and P2P.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To that end, two different volunteer platforms are studied: DG and P2P.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To analyze each system under the same conditions, churn is simulated using real-world traces of host availability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To analyze each system under the same conditions, churn is simulated using real-world traces of host availability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fault tolerance is then analyzed in terms of loss of quality in obtained solutions: we have firstly considered a worst-case scenario in which the systems degrade from an initial maximum of available hosts, i.e. the population size shrinks as the computers fail.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fault tolerance is then analyzed in terms of loss of quality in obtained solutions: we have firstly considered a worst-case scenario in which the systems degrade from an initial maximum of available hosts, i.e. the population size shrinks as the computers fail.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, in a more realistic test case, several policies have been designed to allow that new available computers rejoin the ongoing search.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, in a more realistic test case, several policies have been designed to allow that new available computers rejoin the ongoing search.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This results in the population changing size as computers arrive to or depart from the system; a merely accidental consequence which arises from the system dynamics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This results in the population changing size as computers arrive to or depart from the system; a merely accidental consequence which arises from the system dynamics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it directly links our approach to other variable population size studies, a technique that has been previously devised for optimizing EAs performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it directly links our approach to other variable population size studies, a technique that has been previously devised for optimizing EAs performance [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Sandwich structures are made from high-bending stiffness external skins bonded onto high transverse shear and low strength cores, such as foams or honeycombs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sandwich structures are made from high-bending stiffness external skins bonded onto high transverse shear and low strength cores, such as foams or honeycombs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The main structural features of sandwich composites are their high specific bending stiffness, strength, and favourable compressive behaviour, which are all characteristics that make them suitable for aerospace applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main structural features of sandwich composites are their high specific bending stiffness, strength, and favourable compressive behaviour, which are all characteristics that make them suitable for aerospace applications [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "A variety of materials have been developed and evaluated as sandwich cores, with the hexagonal honeycomb cells made from aluminium and stainless steel being the most common ones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A variety of materials have been developed and evaluated as sandwich cores, with the hexagonal honeycomb cells made from aluminium and stainless steel being the most common ones [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In mitigation scenarios, reductions are mostly achieved through fuel switching and further enhancements in energy efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In mitigation scenarios, reductions are mostly achieved through fuel switching and further enhancements in energy efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In some models, activity reduction and some modal shifting also contribute to emission reduction (e.g. Imaclim-R), but energy intensity improvement and fuel switching are nevertheless much more important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In some models, activity reduction and some modal shifting also contribute to emission reduction (e.g. Imaclim-R), but energy intensity improvement and fuel switching are nevertheless much more important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The enhancement of technology efficiency as an intervention strategy for emission reduction pushes the annual efficiency change rate to the maximum of what has historically been measured in OECD regions between 1973 and 2007 by Millard-Ball and Schipper.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The enhancement of technology efficiency as an intervention strategy for emission reduction pushes the annual efficiency change rate to the maximum of what has historically been measured in OECD regions between 1973 and 2007 by Millard-Ball and Schipper [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "Fuel switching towards electricity, hydrogen and biofuels goes significantly beyond historical rates of change and the scenarios would imply a clear break with historical trends.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fuel switching towards electricity, hydrogen and biofuels goes significantly beyond historical rates of change and the scenarios would imply a clear break with historical trends.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The model that we have described can be contrasted to a method of search control known as operator subgoaling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The model that we have described can be contrasted to a method of search control known as operator subgoaling (Laird, Newell and Rosenbloom, 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Laird, Newell and Rosenbloom, 1987)" ] }, { "text": "With operator subgoaling, the best operator that has been proposed is selected even though it cannot be implemented directly in the current state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With operator subgoaling, the best operator that has been proposed is selected even though it cannot be implemented directly in the current state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The operator is posted on the goal stack and the preconditions for operator application are posted as the current goal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The operator is posted on the goal stack and the preconditions for operator application are posted as the current goal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, the search strategy that we have described here is relatively lean in the demands that it places on memory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, the search strategy that we have described here is relatively lean in the demands that it places on memory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When a decision was made that there was an attractive, previously experienced operator, this operator was not posted as the goal, rather the problem solver chose the single operator required to achieve the required preconditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When a decision was made that there was an attractive, previously experienced operator, this operator was not posted as the goal, rather the problem solver chose the single operator required to achieve the required preconditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once these have been met, the choices on the new menu are considered afresh and a choice made.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once these have been met, the choices on the new menu are considered afresh and a choice made.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, it is possible, that the greater power of the operator subgoaling mechanism is required to model human interactive search.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, it is possible, that the greater power of the operator subgoaling mechanism is required to model human interactive search.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is often the case, for example, that establishing the preconditions for an operator requires more than one step.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is often the case, for example, that establishing the preconditions for an operator requires more than one step.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this circumstance operator selection needs to be guided by a consistent focus on the desired preconditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this circumstance operator selection needs to be guided by a consistent focus on the desired preconditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We see no reason why the instancebased framework that we have described should not be capable of supporting this more sophisticated strategy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We see no reason why the instancebased framework that we have described should not be capable of supporting this more sophisticated strategy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Our findings indicated that most fifth graders in the sample had at least a moderate level of concern regarding various issues associated with the transition to middle school.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our findings indicated that most fifth graders in the sample had at least a moderate level of concern regarding various issues associated with the transition to middle school.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Entry anxiety is common among rising sixth graders, and attending a school orientation or participating in an established transition program helps students, as well as parents, normalize fears and provide assurance by establishing a sense of familiarity with new school environment and routines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Entry anxiety is common among rising sixth graders, and attending a school orientation or participating in an established transition program helps students, as well as parents, normalize fears and provide assurance by establishing a sense of familiarity with new school environment and routines (Pickhardt, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pickhardt, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "While there are various transition program models that may help students acclimate to these transitions, there is a lack of empirical research on the implementation and success of these models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While there are various transition program models that may help students acclimate to these transitions, there is a lack of empirical research on the implementation and success of these models (Ryan, Shim, & Makara, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ryan, Shim, & Makara, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, further research is warranted to determine the essential characteristics of effective middle school transition programs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, further research is warranted to determine the essential characteristics of effective middle school transition programs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Pacific Gas and Electric Company, which operates the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, performed a series of experimental releases of sulfur hexafluoride, a benign gas, from the California plant soon after the 1986 Chernobyl accident.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pacific Gas and Electric Company, which operates the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, performed a series of experimental releases of sulfur hexafluoride, a benign gas, from the California plant soon after the 1986 Chernobyl accident.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The purpose of these experiments was to gather concentration data at downwind observation sites after each release to be used for validation of established particle dispersion models in the presence of complex terrain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The purpose of these experiments was to gather concentration data at downwind observation sites after each release to be used for validation of established particle dispersion models in the presence of complex terrain (Thuillier, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thuillier, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "The inverse problem, to determine if the release characteristics can be inferred based on observations of the plume, was of less interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inverse problem, to determine if the release characteristics can be inferred based on observations of the plume, was of less interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the latest large-scale radioactive release that happened after an accident in Fukushima, Japan, has prompted renewed interest in the experimental release data from 1986 as a testbed for particle dispersion forward and inverse modeling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the latest large-scale radioactive release that happened after an accident in Fukushima, Japan, has prompted renewed interest in the experimental release data from 1986 as a testbed for particle dispersion forward and inverse modeling (Lucas et al., 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lucas et al., 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Highly complex systems of this nature rarely allow for well controlled experiments, making the 1986 experimental release data a rare asset.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Highly complex systems of this nature rarely allow for well controlled experiments, making the 1986 experimental release data a rare asset.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Process-aware Information Systems (PAIS) offer promising perspectives for enterprise computing and are increasingly used to support business processes at an operational level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Process-aware Information Systems (PAIS) offer promising perspectives for enterprise computing and are increasingly used to support business processes at an operational level [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In contrast to data-or function-oriented information systems (IS), PAIS strictly separate process logic from application code, relying on explicit process models which provide the schemes for process execution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to data-or function-oriented information systems (IS), PAIS strictly separate process logic from application code, relying on explicit process models which provide the schemes for process execution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This allows for a separation of concerns, which is a well established principle in computer science to increase maintainability and to reduce cost of change.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This allows for a separation of concerns, which is a well established principle in computer science to increase maintainability and to reduce cost of change [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In South Korea's evaluation-oriented school education, however, PE has been ignored and is in fact classified as optional; it is not considered for college entrance exams, and does not lend itself to performance evaluations, because of its unique characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In South Korea's evaluation-oriented school education, however, PE has been ignored and is in fact classified as optional; it is not considered for college entrance exams, and does not lend itself to performance evaluations, because of its unique characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this respect, standards for PE achievements and evaluations were promulgated, and research on developing an evaluation system was conducted at a national level, led by the Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this respect, standards for PE achievements and evaluations were promulgated, and research on developing an evaluation system was conducted at a national level, led by the Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Performance assessment is an evaluation method that observes and judges students' knowledge, function and attitude in various authentic tasks and situations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Performance assessment is an evaluation method that observes and judges students' knowledge, function and attitude in various authentic tasks and situations (McMillan, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McMillan, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "During the performance assessment process, teachers make comprehensive judgments through students' answers, outputs, and behaviors through several measurements and observations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the performance assessment process, teachers make comprehensive judgments through students' answers, outputs, and behaviors through several measurements and observations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even with such national efforts, teachers still face difficulties with the evaluation of PE classes in their teaching activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even with such national efforts, teachers still face difficulties with the evaluation of PE classes in their teaching activities (Yoo, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yoo, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "On the one hand, this metricg µν implies that the scalar field evolves on a geometry, in which the smallest sphere has a surface area that is bounded from below by 4π(min r≥0 {q(r)}) 2 > 0.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, this metricg µν implies that the scalar field evolves on a geometry, in which the smallest sphere has a surface area that is bounded from below by 4π(min r≥0 {q(r)}) 2 > 0.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, it defines a second causal structure that can be contrasted to the \"background\" structure given by g µν .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, it defines a second causal structure that can be contrasted to the \"background\" structure given by g µν .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter will result in pictures that describe a k-essence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter will result in pictures that describe a k-essence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another interesting question is what is happening to the self-similarity when the modifications are in action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another interesting question is what is happening to the self-similarity when the modifications are in action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To answer it, we can refine our code by an implementation of Garfinkle's algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To answer it, we can refine our code by an implementation of Garfinkle's algorithm [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Finally, a related question that is still open is whether the critical solution of the modified collapse is an unstable star.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, a related question that is still open is whether the critical solution of the modified collapse is an unstable star.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "While the latter could induce a self-focusing effect since the higher intensity at the pulse center leads to a larger refractive index.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the latter could induce a self-focusing effect since the higher intensity at the pulse center leads to a larger refractive index.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is worthwhile to point out that these nonlinear effects sometimes may counteract each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worthwhile to point out that these nonlinear effects sometimes may counteract each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, a plasma channel as long as a few kilometres in the atmosphere could be created if the Kerr effect balances the diffraction and the ionization-induced defocusing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, a plasma channel as long as a few kilometres in the atmosphere could be created if the Kerr effect balances the diffraction and the ionization-induced defocusing [22, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 32]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Importantly, it provides an ingenious method for manipulating light, and becomes the basic principle underlying the operation of a number of magneto-optical devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Importantly, it provides an ingenious method for manipulating light, and becomes the basic principle underlying the operation of a number of magneto-optical devices [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "In principle, the Faraday rotation is caused by magneto-chiral dichroism of left-circularly polarized (LCP) and right-circularly polarized (RCP) electromagnetic waves propagating at differential speeds in magnetized materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In principle, the Faraday rotation is caused by magneto-chiral dichroism of left-circularly polarized (LCP) and right-circularly polarized (RCP) electromagnetic waves propagating at differential speeds in magnetized materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the magneto-chiral dichroism in most materials are very weak, considerable Faraday rotation generally happens only after a long propagation distance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the magneto-chiral dichroism in most materials are very weak, considerable Faraday rotation generally happens only after a long propagation distance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This severely limits the miniaturization and integration of magneto-optical devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This severely limits the miniaturization and integration of magneto-optical devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the search for enhanced Faraday rotation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the search for enhanced Faraday rotation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a collection of charged particles, a dense plasmas responds strongly to electromagnetic waves and thus often gives rise to a strong Faraday rotation under the influence of a magnetic field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a collection of charged particles, a dense plasmas responds strongly to electromagnetic waves and thus often gives rise to a strong Faraday rotation under the influence of a magnetic field [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, the plasma optical devices are particularly suitable for the fast manipulation of ultrashort high-power laser pulses due to their ultrahigh damage threshold.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the plasma optical devices are particularly suitable for the fast manipulation of ultrashort high-power laser pulses due to their ultrahigh damage threshold [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "To be able to develop basis for tactical or strategic decision making to improve agricultural productivity in Tanzania, a new approach in which crop models could be used is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To be able to develop basis for tactical or strategic decision making to improve agricultural productivity in Tanzania, a new approach in which crop models could be used is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To date, there have been some efforts in evaluating or adapting some dynamic crop models in Tanzania.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To date, there have been some efforts in evaluating or adapting some dynamic crop models in Tanzania.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the progress has been slow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the progress has been slow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since most models have been developed elsewhere in Europe and USA, their use outside their domain of development requires a great deal of data for their calibration and validation, which is not readily available or difficult to obtain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since most models have been developed elsewhere in Europe and USA, their use outside their domain of development requires a great deal of data for their calibration and validation, which is not readily available or difficult to obtain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most important aspects in evaluating crop models include determination of cultivar specific parameters or coefficients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most important aspects in evaluating crop models include determination of cultivar specific parameters or coefficients [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Cultivar coefficients for maize varieties in Tanzania are not known and are not included in the cultivar database of DSSAT version 4.5.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cultivar coefficients for maize varieties in Tanzania are not known and are not included in the cultivar database of DSSAT version 4.5 [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "As a result, it is difficult to understand underlying processes that impact on crop yield, and therefore it may be difficult in designing appropriate strategies to improve crop productivity as well as efficient resource use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, it is difficult to understand underlying processes that impact on crop yield, and therefore it may be difficult in designing appropriate strategies to improve crop productivity as well as efficient resource use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous studies using crop models have succumbed to serious shortfalls due to lack of crop cultivar parameters and either opted for generic models or used surrogate maize cultivars, the result of which could lead to more uncertainty in the results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies using crop models have succumbed to serious shortfalls due to lack of crop cultivar parameters and either opted for generic models or used surrogate maize cultivars, the result of which could lead to more uncertainty in the results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "It should be emphasised that this discussion only deals with microbivorous nematodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be emphasised that this discussion only deals with microbivorous nematodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Plant parasitic nematodes migrate over long distances in soil towards a root attractant-up to 8 cm d À1 has been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Plant parasitic nematodes migrate over long distances in soil towards a root attractant-up to 8 cm d À1 has been reported (Pinkerton et al., 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pinkerton et al., 1987)" ] }, { "text": "Distance-dependant nitrogen transport by diffusion or hyphal growth can not be ruled out as possible mechanisms behind the distance-dependant increase in long rhabditid larvae, however: By creating a more favourable (N rich) environment nitrogen transport can mediate a faster nematode growth in a N-poor site.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Distance-dependant nitrogen transport by diffusion or hyphal growth can not be ruled out as possible mechanisms behind the distance-dependant increase in long rhabditid larvae, however: By creating a more favourable (N rich) environment nitrogen transport can mediate a faster nematode growth in a N-poor site (Georgieva et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Georgieva et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Riva and Yang have developed a software documentation process that uses Rigi to visualize software artifacts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Riva and Yang have developed a software documentation process that uses Rigi to visualize software artifacts [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "They used Rigi's scripting capabilities to export this information to Visio as a UML model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They used Rigi's scripting capabilities to export this information to Visio as a UML model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The exporter writes files in Visio's XML vocabulary employing predefined UML master shapes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The exporter writes files in Visio's XML vocabulary employing predefined UML master shapes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The authors take advantage of Visio's ability to produce HTML renderings to webenable the documentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The authors take advantage of Visio's ability to produce HTML renderings to webenable the documentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is interesting to note that their approach uses Rigi's scripting to write Visio XML files whereas our approach uses Visio's scripting to read in Rigi files.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is interesting to note that their approach uses Rigi's scripting to write Visio XML files whereas our approach uses Visio's scripting to read in Rigi files.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "One way to overcome these impediments is by grafting reverse engineering functionality onto entrenched tools, a facet of an approach dubbed adoption-centric reverse engineering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One way to overcome these impediments is by grafting reverse engineering functionality onto entrenched tools, a facet of an approach dubbed adoption-centric reverse engineering [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The base tools could be integrated software development environments (IDEs), but in general need not be related to programming, and include such applications as editors, shells, browsers, word processors, and personal information managers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The base tools could be integrated software development environments (IDEs), but in general need not be related to programming, and include such applications as editors, shells, browsers, word processors, and personal information managers [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Some of these tools offer built-in extension facilities or development kits, making it easier to repurpose them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of these tools offer built-in extension facilities or development kits, making it easier to repurpose them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our proposed approach is to craft software engineering functionality on top of COTS products that offer end-user programmability through either a scripting language or a more general automation API.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our proposed approach is to craft software engineering functionality on top of COTS products that offer end-user programmability through either a scripting language or a more general automation API.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In related projects in our group we extend Lotus Notes and PowerPoint to visualize and manipulate Rigi graphs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In related projects in our group we extend Lotus Notes and PowerPoint to visualize and manipulate Rigi graphs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Other research has leveraged COTS products as well to build software engineering tools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other research has leveraged COTS products as well to build software engineering tools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), USA, in association with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA has jointly proposed a national program that would significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve the fuel efficiency of heavy-duty vehicles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), USA, in association with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA has jointly proposed a national program that would significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve the fuel efficiency of heavy-duty vehicles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This new initiative is intended to promote specific measures within automotive industry in reducing fuel consumption leading to significant savings of about 1 billion tons of GHG emissions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This new initiative is intended to promote specific measures within automotive industry in reducing fuel consumption leading to significant savings of about 1 billion tons of GHG emissions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lightweighting could be one major component to achieve these standards under which the fleet-wide fuel consumption is foreseen to drop as much 16% to 24%, Figure 2.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lightweighting could be one major component to achieve these standards under which the fleet-wide fuel consumption is foreseen to drop as much 16% to 24%, Figure 2 [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Numerically, it is found that the CI perturbative expansion displays a better behaviour than the corresponding FO series.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerically, it is found that the CI perturbative expansion displays a better behaviour than the corresponding FO series [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, employing the known perturbative results up to order α 3 s as well as estimates for the contributions at order α 4 s and α 5 s , it is found that the difference between the two approaches is much larger than would be naively expected, based on the last included terms in the expansion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, employing the known perturbative results up to order α 3 s as well as estimates for the contributions at order α 4 s and α 5 s , it is found that the difference between the two approaches is much larger than would be naively expected, based on the last included terms in the expansion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past, this apparent ambiguity has cast doubts as to which way of resumming the perturbative series is preferable and it represents the dominant source of theoretical uncertainty in the determination of α s from the hadronic τ decay rate up to this day.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past, this apparent ambiguity has cast doubts as to which way of resumming the perturbative series is preferable and it represents the dominant source of theoretical uncertainty in the determination of α s from the hadronic τ decay rate up to this day.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Usefulness of the proposed vehicle detection and classification method was verified during experiments in real-world traffic conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Usefulness of the proposed vehicle detection and classification method was verified during experiments in real-world traffic conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A schema of the test site, as well as distances between reference positions and beacons, is presented in Figure 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A schema of the test site, as well as distances between reference positions and beacons, is presented in Figure 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three BLE beacons were installed on road side at height of 50, 100, and 200 centimeters above the road surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three BLE beacons were installed on road side at height of 50, 100, and 200 centimeters above the road surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This configuration was selected, as providing the most promising results, on the basis of preliminary tests.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This configuration was selected, as providing the most promising results, on the basis of preliminary tests [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "On the opposite side of the road, four reference points were determined in equal distances of 4 meters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the opposite side of the road, four reference points were determined in equal distances of 4 meters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this area the RSSI measurements were conducted using four smartphones Redmi 3S held at a height of about 1 meter near to the reference positions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this area the RSSI measurements were conducted using four smartphones Redmi 3S held at a height of about 1 meter near to the reference positions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data were collected in a period of two hours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data were collected in a period of two hours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During that period, more than 400 vehicles have passed through the analyzed road section.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During that period, more than 400 vehicles have passed through the analyzed road section.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A mobile application was developed to enable effective collection of the experimental data ( Figure 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A mobile application was developed to enable effective collection of the experimental data ( Figure 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additional mobile devices were used by observers to record the events related to presence of vehicles in front of the reference locations, with recognition of three vehicle classes (personal car, semitruck, and truck).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional mobile devices were used by observers to record the events related to presence of vehicles in front of the reference locations, with recognition of three vehicle classes (personal car, semitruck, and truck).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All the mobile devices were synchronized via NTP protocol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the mobile devices were synchronized via NTP protocol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examples of collected records for two different reference positions are presented in Figure 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Examples of collected records for two different reference positions are presented in Figure 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The vertical red lines in Figure 4 show the time instances when passing vehicles were registered by the observers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The vertical red lines in Figure 4 show the time instances when passing vehicles were registered by the observers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The labels below vertical lines denote class of the vehicles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The labels below vertical lines denote class of the vehicles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results show that the vehicles cause visible changes of RSSI for both locations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results show that the vehicles cause visible changes of RSSI for both locations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the signal noise increases with distance between beacons and mobile device (Figure 4(a) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the signal noise increases with distance between beacons and mobile device (Figure 4(a) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "As it was already mentioned above in this section, the type of the event (which relates to vehicle presence and class) is recognized based on the aggregated RSSI data, by using a classifier ensemble (Algorithm 4).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As it was already mentioned above in this section, the type of the event (which relates to vehicle presence and class) is recognized based on the aggregated RSSI data, by using a classifier ensemble (Algorithm 4).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proposed ensemble consists of classifiers that are fed with various subsets of the aggregated data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed ensemble consists of classifiers that are fed with various subsets of the aggregated data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A different set of the reference positions, for which the RSSI data are collected, is assigned to each classifier in the ensemble.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A different set of the reference positions, for which the RSSI data are collected, is assigned to each classifier in the ensemble.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hereinafter, this set will be referred to as the classifier range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hereinafter, this set will be referred to as the classifier range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For each classifier in the ensemble a weight is determined, which corresponds to number of the classifier's votes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For each classifier in the ensemble a weight is determined, which corresponds to number of the classifier's votes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The total number of votes for a given event type is calculated by adding the weights of the classifiers that have recognized this particular event type.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The total number of votes for a given event type is calculated by adding the weights of the classifiers that have recognized this particular event type.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the event type, which receives the highest total number of votes, is selected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the event type, which receives the highest total number of votes, is selected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In case of a tie the class which has higher a priori probability is selected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In case of a tie the class which has higher a priori probability is selected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Weights of the classifiers are adjusted during training procedure with use of the evolutionary strategy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Weights of the classifiers are adjusted during training procedure with use of the evolutionary strategy [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The structural changes in the GeO 2 films with the irradiation are illustrated in the scheme plotted in Fig. 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The structural changes in the GeO 2 films with the irradiation are illustrated in the scheme plotted in Fig. 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For all the samples and the different layers we have obtained values of the positron diffusion length (L + ) ranging between 5 nm and 25 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For all the samples and the different layers we have obtained values of the positron diffusion length (L + ) ranging between 5 nm and 25 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The detection by DBS of a thin superficial layer that decreases its thickness with the laser irradiation treatment, well-correlates with the results obtained by AFM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The detection by DBS of a thin superficial layer that decreases its thickness with the laser irradiation treatment, well-correlates with the results obtained by AFM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Probably, this layer is highly defected due to their S n values by which it is characterized (higher than the S n values found in the bulk of the films).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Probably, this layer is highly defected due to their S n values by which it is characterized (higher than the S n values found in the bulk of the films).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the decrease in roughness and thickness of the defected superficial layer could be linked to the decrement of the attenuation coefficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the decrease in roughness and thickness of the defected superficial layer could be linked to the decrement of the attenuation coefficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From the results reported in Table 2 , it can be seen that the S n values obtained for layer III are slightly higher than those of layer II, indicating a structural change of the GeO 2 samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From the results reported in Table 2 , it can be seen that the S n values obtained for layer III are slightly higher than those of layer II, indicating a structural change of the GeO 2 samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, the thickness of this modified layer is larger in the sample annealed for a longer irradiation time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, the thickness of this modified layer is larger in the sample annealed for a longer irradiation time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of layer II, for the laser treated films S n values are almost equal to that not treated sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of layer II, for the laser treated films S n values are almost equal to that not treated sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 4 shows that: a) the bulk of the film involved by the structural change increases by increasing the irradiation time from 1 to 2 h; b) the change starts from the film/substrate interface moving towards the surface of the films.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 4 shows that: a) the bulk of the film involved by the structural change increases by increasing the irradiation time from 1 to 2 h; b) the change starts from the film/substrate interface moving towards the surface of the films.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of different GeO 2 phases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of different GeO 2 phases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rutile GeO 2 phase present after 1 h of irradiation exhibits a higher refractive index than that of the trigonal phase observed after 2 h of irradiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The rutile GeO 2 phase present after 1 h of irradiation exhibits a higher refractive index than that of the trigonal phase observed after 2 h of irradiation [40, 41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40, 41]" ] }, { "text": "However, DBS results would allow inferring that the lack of substantial changes in the macroscopic refractive index measured after 1 and 2 h of irradiation, respectively, could be attributed to a balance between the contributions of the different phases to the modified matrixes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, DBS results would allow inferring that the lack of substantial changes in the macroscopic refractive index measured after 1 and 2 h of irradiation, respectively, could be attributed to a balance between the contributions of the different phases to the modified matrixes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The behavior described in point b) could be assigned to the heating of the substrate by the CO 2 laser inducing a progressive modification of the film from the substrate to the surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The behavior described in point b) could be assigned to the heating of the substrate by the CO 2 laser inducing a progressive modification of the film from the substrate to the surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The SiO 2 matrix, in fact, due to the lattice vibration in the region of 940 cm −1 , presents a higher absorbance in the region of the CO 2 laser line with respect to that of the GeO 2 system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The SiO 2 matrix, in fact, due to the lattice vibration in the region of 940 cm −1 , presents a higher absorbance in the region of the CO 2 laser line with respect to that of the GeO 2 system [42] [43] [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42] [43] [44]" ] }, { "text": "For that reason the CO 2 radiation is mainly absorbed by the SiO 2 substrate that induces the change in the GeO 2 film.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For that reason the CO 2 radiation is mainly absorbed by the SiO 2 substrate that induces the change in the GeO 2 film.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The behavior of some animals changes when they are parasitized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The behavior of some animals changes when they are parasitized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The possibility that such changes are adaptive for the parasite has been controversial, because some alterations may be incidental byproducts of the parasite's effects on its host.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The possibility that such changes are adaptive for the parasite has been controversial, because some alterations may be incidental byproducts of the parasite's effects on its host [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Other changes, however, are well designed to promote the survival of the parasite, and are thought to represent manipulation of the host to the parasite's advantage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other changes, however, are well designed to promote the survival of the parasite, and are thought to represent manipulation of the host to the parasite's advantage [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In the race for an operational approach of the resilience concept, some researchers have focused on assessments, indicators and dashboards.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the race for an operational approach of the resilience concept, some researchers have focused on assessments, indicators and dashboards.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But the confusion in the comprehension of this vague concept, its multiple origins and multiple application fields are questioning the effectiveness of this search for implementation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "But the confusion in the comprehension of this vague concept, its multiple origins and multiple application fields are questioning the effectiveness of this search for implementation (Brand and Jax, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brand and Jax, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "This research focuses on urban resilience to natural hazards.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This research focuses on urban resilience to natural hazards.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use here the resilience concept in a previous work: \"The ability of a city to absorb a disturbance and recover its functions after the disturbance\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We use here the resilience concept in a previous work: \"The ability of a city to absorb a disturbance and recover its functions after the disturbance\" (Lhomme et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lhomme et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "This definition implies that the urban system is able to reduce globally the effects of a perturbation and that its functions (decisionmaking, economic development, cultural development, life support, etc.) can be maintained or restored rapidly following a disturbance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This definition implies that the urban system is able to reduce globally the effects of a perturbation and that its functions (decisionmaking, economic development, cultural development, life support, etc.) can be maintained or restored rapidly following a disturbance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Now, urban functions depends on urban services (water supply, telecommunications, transportation, energy), so their continuity of service is essential.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Now, urban functions depends on urban services (water supply, telecommunications, transportation, energy), so their continuity of service is essential.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, a resilient city needs reliable services that rely on a resilient network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, a resilient city needs reliable services that rely on a resilient network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The nature of fractures in tempered glass determines the glass's degree of safety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nature of fractures in tempered glass determines the glass's degree of safety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The European Standard EN121 50-1 defines the minimum number of fragments required for soda-lime silicate safety glass on the basis of fragmentation test results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The European Standard EN121 50-1 defines the minimum number of fragments required for soda-lime silicate safety glass on the basis of fragmentation test results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In an area of 50 mm × 50 mm, the number of fragments should be not less than 15 pcs, 40 pcs, and 30 pcs when the glass thicknesses are 3 mm, 4 -12 mm, and 15 -19 mm, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an area of 50 mm × 50 mm, the number of fragments should be not less than 15 pcs, 40 pcs, and 30 pcs when the glass thicknesses are 3 mm, 4 -12 mm, and 15 -19 mm, respectively [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "This paper argues that the social redistributive norm prevailing in Africa whereby wealthy individuals have the social obligation to share their resources with their relatives and extended family is detrimental to the continent economic growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper argues that the social redistributive norm prevailing in Africa whereby wealthy individuals have the social obligation to share their resources with their relatives and extended family is detrimental to the continent economic growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since becoming an entrepreneur sends a signal of economic success, it involves a substantial family taxation and therefore discourages many local talented people to engage in such occupation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since becoming an entrepreneur sends a signal of economic success, it involves a substantial family taxation and therefore discourages many local talented people to engage in such occupation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We identify the impact of the phenomenon by distinguishing between local entrepreneurs, who are subject to this social norm, and entrepreneurs of foreign origin, who are not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We identify the impact of the phenomenon by distinguishing between local entrepreneurs, who are subject to this social norm, and entrepreneurs of foreign origin, who are not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Local entrepreneurs are therefore constrained both on the credit market and on the labor market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Local entrepreneurs are therefore constrained both on the credit market and on the labor market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, nonlocals have a competitive hedge as they do not suffer from the same labor distortions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, nonlocals have a competitive hedge as they do not suffer from the same labor distortions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting productivity gap helps explain the over-representation of minority entrepreneurs in the region, like the Indians in East Africa, the Lebanese and Syrians in West Africa, and Europeans in Southern Africa.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting productivity gap helps explain the over-representation of minority entrepreneurs in the region, like the Indians in East Africa, the Lebanese and Syrians in West Africa, and Europeans in Southern Africa (Biggs and Shah 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Biggs and Shah 2006)" ] }, { "text": "It also suggests that talented entrepreneurs may prefer to keep running smaller informal firms because growing toward bigger formal ones may imply facing a higher taxation from their extended network of relatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It also suggests that talented entrepreneurs may prefer to keep running smaller informal firms because growing toward bigger formal ones may imply facing a higher taxation from their extended network of relatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Results revealed, accordance with the hypothesis, that perceived need support from both the teacher and peers positively predicted perceived satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in PE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results revealed, accordance with the hypothesis, that perceived need support from both the teacher and peers positively predicted perceived satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in PE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In terms of the eff ect of perceived need support from the teacher, this is consistent with past research conducted in PE.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of the eff ect of perceived need support from the teacher, this is consistent with past research conducted in PE [2, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28]" ] }, { "text": "Results revealed, however, that the magnitude of the eff ects of perceived need support from the teacher and peers on need satisfaction variables were diff erent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results revealed, however, that the magnitude of the eff ects of perceived need support from the teacher and peers on need satisfaction variables were diff erent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifi cally, perceived need support from the teacher had stronger eff ect on perceived satisfaction of the needs for competence and autonomy, whereas perceived need support from peers had stronger eff ect on perceived satisfaction of the need for relatedness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifi cally, perceived need support from the teacher had stronger eff ect on perceived satisfaction of the needs for competence and autonomy, whereas perceived need support from peers had stronger eff ect on perceived satisfaction of the need for relatedness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Th is is, actually, not surprising, because research has shown that children in this age rely more heavily on teacher's feedback, compared with peers, as a source of their perceived competence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Th is is, actually, not surprising, because research has shown that children in this age rely more heavily on teacher's feedback, compared with peers, as a source of their perceived competence [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Th e stronger eff ect of perceived need support from the teacher, compared with peers, on perceived satisfaction of the need for autonomy can be att ributed to the teacher's person who is the main authority in classes and thereby able to facilitate students' feelings of autonomy by, for example, including them into the decision-making processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Th e stronger eff ect of perceived need support from the teacher, compared with peers, on perceived satisfaction of the need for autonomy can be att ributed to the teacher's person who is the main authority in classes and thereby able to facilitate students' feelings of autonomy by, for example, including them into the decision-making processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Th e possible explanation for the weaker eff ect of perceived need support from the teacher on perceived satisfaction of the need for relatedness, compared with peers, could be that it is rather rare to have really close relationships between teachers and students at this age.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Th e possible explanation for the weaker eff ect of perceived need support from the teacher on perceived satisfaction of the need for relatedness, compared with peers, could be that it is rather rare to have really close relationships between teachers and students at this age [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Th e perceived autonomy support from the teacher, however, should not be considered as the sole source of perceived autonomy support infl uencing students' autonomous motivation in PE.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Th e perceived autonomy support from the teacher, however, should not be considered as the sole source of perceived autonomy support infl uencing students' autonomous motivation in PE [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Th e research has demonstrated that, in addition to the teacher's support, the quality of students' relationships with their closest friends as well as the extent to which they feel accepted by their peers in PE classes, also aff ected positively students' motivation via the perceived satisfaction of the need for relatedness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Th e research has demonstrated that, in addition to the teacher's support, the quality of students' relationships with their closest friends as well as the extent to which they feel accepted by their peers in PE classes, also aff ected positively students' motivation via the perceived satisfaction of the need for relatedness [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Th is confi rms that both the teacher and peers comprise the social context of PE and they have independent roles in motivational processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Th is confi rms that both the teacher and peers comprise the social context of PE and they have independent roles in motivational processes [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Based on the latt er results, one may argue that when students perceive their peers' behaviour in PE as autonomysupportive, this will likely lead to the formation of autonomous motivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the latt er results, one may argue that when students perceive their peers' behaviour in PE as autonomysupportive, this will likely lead to the formation of autonomous motivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Th is study is not without limitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Th is study is not without limitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the major limitations is the omission of measures about students' autonomous motivation towards leisuretime physical activity, as well as situation-specifi c beliefs and judgements about leisure-time physical activity behaviour, specifi ed in the theory of planned behaviour.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the major limitations is the omission of measures about students' autonomous motivation towards leisuretime physical activity, as well as situation-specifi c beliefs and judgements about leisure-time physical activity behaviour, specifi ed in the theory of planned behaviour [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Past studies have demonstrated that autonomous motivation towards PE has an impact to actual leisure-time physical activity behaviour indirectly through the autonomous motivation towards leisure-time physical activity and constructs from the theory of planned behaviour about leisuretime physical activity behaviour.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Past studies have demonstrated that autonomous motivation towards PE has an impact to actual leisure-time physical activity behaviour indirectly through the autonomous motivation towards leisure-time physical activity and constructs from the theory of planned behaviour about leisuretime physical activity behaviour [2, 11, 12, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 11, 12, 21]" ] }, { "text": "Second limitation pertains to the correlational nature of the data that precludes the inference of causality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second limitation pertains to the correlational nature of the data that precludes the inference of causality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Th ird, since the study was conducted on a sample of students only from one Estonian town, the fi ndings may not be generalizable to all secondary school students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Th ird, since the study was conducted on a sample of students only from one Estonian town, the fi ndings may not be generalizable to all secondary school students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "There are a number of works investigating various aspects of the axial-flux PM machines including the electromagnetic and/or thermal phenomena.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are a number of works investigating various aspects of the axial-flux PM machines including the electromagnetic and/or thermal phenomena [1] - [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The thermal and parasitic loss effects are receiving increased attention due to the drive towards high-power dense, compact and efficient machine designs for automotive and aerospace applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The thermal and parasitic loss effects are receiving increased attention due to the drive towards high-power dense, compact and efficient machine designs for automotive and aerospace applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition there has been an upsurge of interest in axial-flux machines due to their potential for greater torque density and more compact construction as compared with their radial-flux counterparts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition there has been an upsurge of interest in axial-flux machines due to their potential for greater torque density and more compact construction as compared with their radial-flux counterparts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, thermal analysis of the axial-flux machines is less developed and understood than that of the radial-flux machine topologies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, thermal analysis of the axial-flux machines is less developed and understood than that of the radial-flux machine topologies [6] - [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ], [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]", "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "It is necessary to point out the singularity of the event presented in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is necessary to point out the singularity of the event presented in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An increase of the screen temperature after the onset of fog, attributed to the unstabilisation of the saturated layers and the movement of the thermal inversion from the ground to the top of the fog layer, is commonly observed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An increase of the screen temperature after the onset of fog, attributed to the unstabilisation of the saturated layers and the movement of the thermal inversion from the ground to the top of the fog layer, is commonly observed (Roach et al., 1976) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roach et al., 1976)" ] }, { "text": "The particularity of the described case is that the fog layer deepens during several hours -at least until the sunrise -at a regular rate, causing a progressive increase of the low-level temperature that lasts for hours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The particularity of the described case is that the fog layer deepens during several hours -at least until the sunrise -at a regular rate, causing a progressive increase of the low-level temperature that lasts for hours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Another important contribution from this study is the ability to better tailor the EPI communication strategies to the wide differences among immunization services users (audience segmentation).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another important contribution from this study is the ability to better tailor the EPI communication strategies to the wide differences among immunization services users (audience segmentation).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, messages can remind those individuals who identify lack of affiliation with the health system as a barrier that neither affiliation, nor the possession of a vaccination card, nor registration in Colombia's civil registry are requirements for vaccination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, messages can remind those individuals who identify lack of affiliation with the health system as a barrier that neither affiliation, nor the possession of a vaccination card, nor registration in Colombia's civil registry are requirements for vaccination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively, the EPI may design strategies to prioritize vulnerable regions identified in this and previous studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, the EPI may design strategies to prioritize vulnerable regions identified in this and previous studies [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "These regions might include Antiguos Territorios Nacionales, Pacífica, Santanderes, and Tolima-Huila, where some service-quality indicators were found to be more than 20 points below national averages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These regions might include Antiguos Territorios Nacionales, Pacífica, Santanderes, and Tolima-Huila, where some service-quality indicators were found to be more than 20 points below national averages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Attention should also be paid to minority populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Attention should also be paid to minority populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elevated proportions of Afro-Colombians and indigenous citizens identified barriers related to the vaccinator and health system, and only 72.1% participants believed that people in health centers were treated equally regardless of their affiliation with the healthcare system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Elevated proportions of Afro-Colombians and indigenous citizens identified barriers related to the vaccinator and health system, and only 72.1% participants believed that people in health centers were treated equally regardless of their affiliation with the healthcare system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings are consistent with previous studies in Colombia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings are consistent with previous studies in Colombia [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Another potential target group is fathers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another potential target group is fathers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While mothers generally take children to be vaccinated, fathers often influence the decision to vaccinate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While mothers generally take children to be vaccinated, fathers often influence the decision to vaccinate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Participants in all six groups indicated that workshops should be held to educate fathers on the importance of vaccination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants in all six groups indicated that workshops should be held to educate fathers on the importance of vaccination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In all three patients, control ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide were in the mid-range of ''normal'' study populations (normal value approximately 1.5 lÁmin À1 Ámm Hg À1).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In all three patients, control ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide were in the mid-range of ''normal'' study populations (normal value approximately 1.5 lÁmin À1 Ámm Hg À1 [20, 22] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 22]" ] }, { "text": "The values of the contribution of the peripheral chemoreceptors to total ventilation were at the low end of what is normally observed in healthy volunteers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The values of the contribution of the peripheral chemoreceptors to total ventilation were at the low end of what is normally observed in healthy volunteers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our three participants, we observed that the contribution of the peripheral response to the total response to CO 2 was on average 22% (range 16%-31%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our three participants, we observed that the contribution of the peripheral response to the total response to CO 2 was on average 22% (range 16%-31%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In healthy volunteers this value ranges from 20% to 40%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In healthy volunteers this value ranges from 20% to 40% [20, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 28]" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, the preoperative values of the ventilatory responses to the 3-min hypoxic pulses were at low end of ''normal'' with a mean response of 0.3 lÁmin À1 Á% À1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the preoperative values of the ventilatory responses to the 3-min hypoxic pulses were at low end of ''normal'' with a mean response of 0.3 lÁmin À1 Á% À1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In normal volunteers the hypoxic ventilatory response ranges from 0.2-2.0 lÁmin À1 Á% À1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In normal volunteers the hypoxic ventilatory response ranges from 0.2-2.0 lÁmin À1 Á% À1 [22, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 30]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "As for the MRI findings, nerve tumors are known to show intermediate iso-intensity in T1-weighted images, and high signal intensity with clear boundaries and spindles which represent the shades of the soft tissue in T2-weighted images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As for the MRI findings, nerve tumors are known to show intermediate iso-intensity in T1-weighted images, and high signal intensity with clear boundaries and spindles which represent the shades of the soft tissue in T2-weighted images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Often, \"Target signs\" can be observed in the enhanced images as the surrounding parts show a high signal intensity and the center part shows low signal intensity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Often, \"Target signs\" can be observed in the enhanced images as the surrounding parts show a high signal intensity and the center part shows low signal intensity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The \"target sign\" may also appear in neurofibromas and this can be helpful in diagnosing a schwannoma.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The \"target sign\" may also appear in neurofibromas and this can be helpful in diagnosing a schwannoma.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However this cannot be a definitive characteristic finding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However this cannot be a definitive characteristic finding [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "In this case, MRI findings show a low signal intensity in T1 weighted image and a moderate signal intensity in T2 weighted image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, MRI findings show a low signal intensity in T1 weighted image and a moderate signal intensity in T2 weighted image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, the enhanced T1 weighted image showed an enhancement pattern surrounding the tumor and attachment to the radial nerve.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, the enhanced T1 weighted image showed an enhancement pattern surrounding the tumor and attachment to the radial nerve.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the mass was able to be diagnosed as a nerve sheath tumor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the mass was able to be diagnosed as a nerve sheath tumor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Commercial WLEDs and w-WLEDs that produced a CCT of approximately 4000 K and 3000 K, respectively, were fabricated by Lextar Electronics Corp. in Taiwan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Commercial WLEDs and w-WLEDs that produced a CCT of approximately 4000 K and 3000 K, respectively, were fabricated by Lextar Electronics Corp. in Taiwan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the current study, the WLEDs and w-WLEDs were fabricated as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the current study, the WLEDs and w-WLEDs were fabricated as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, a 35 × 22 mil 2 chip of GaN-based patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) LEDs (emission wavelength, 445 nm) was bonded to a commercial 5630-type plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC) and packaged using silver paste and gold wire.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, a 35 × 22 mil 2 chip of GaN-based patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) LEDs (emission wavelength, 445 nm) was bonded to a commercial 5630-type plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC) and packaged using silver paste and gold wire.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The GaN PSS LED structures used in this study were identical to those described previously.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The GaN PSS LED structures used in this study were identical to those described previously [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Subsequently, a green phosphor (Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3+ , LuAG) and a red phosphor (CaAlSiN 3 :Eu 2+ , CASN) with various wt% concentrations were used to create the WLEDs and w-WLEDs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, a green phosphor (Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3+ , LuAG) and a red phosphor (CaAlSiN 3 :Eu 2+ , CASN) with various wt% concentrations were used to create the WLEDs and w-WLEDs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The WLEDs had a LuAG and CASN phosphor concentration of 21.4 wt% and 3.6 wt%, respectively, and the w-WLEDs had a LuAG and CASN phosphor concentration of 23.1 wt% and 4.5 wt%, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The WLEDs had a LuAG and CASN phosphor concentration of 21.4 wt% and 3.6 wt%, respectively, and the w-WLEDs had a LuAG and CASN phosphor concentration of 23.1 wt% and 4.5 wt%, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They were uniformly mixed with silicone and then poured into the lead frame by using traditional phosphor-dispensing techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They were uniformly mixed with silicone and then poured into the lead frame by using traditional phosphor-dispensing techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the WLEDs to become w-WLEDs, the LuAG phosphor concentration must be increased by 8% and the CASN phosphor must be increased by 25%, an increase which raises the fabrication cost of w-WLEDs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the WLEDs to become w-WLEDs, the LuAG phosphor concentration must be increased by 8% and the CASN phosphor must be increased by 25%, an increase which raises the fabrication cost of w-WLEDs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "International Journal of Photoenergy In other words, when the WLED photons passed through the c-SCPhC thin films, one part was reflected and the other was transmitted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "International Journal of Photoenergy In other words, when the WLED photons passed through the c-SCPhC thin films, one part was reflected and the other was transmitted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reflected light of the WLEDs can be absorbed by the phosphor layer and increase the red-light emission.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reflected light of the WLEDs can be absorbed by the phosphor layer and increase the red-light emission [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, we report that the WLED devices containing c-SCPhCs achieved a higher luminous flux than the commercial w-WLEDs, because of the GNDF influence and increased light reemission in the red-light region (Figure 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we report that the WLED devices containing c-SCPhCs achieved a higher luminous flux than the commercial w-WLEDs, because of the GNDF influence and increased light reemission in the red-light region (Figure 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Considering the existence variety of all regular rings (with unit), or of (sectionally) complemented Arguesian lattices, the matrix rings over finite prime fields and their lattices of right ideals, respectively, already provide sets of generators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the existence variety of all regular rings (with unit), or of (sectionally) complemented Arguesian lattices, the matrix rings over finite prime fields and their lattices of right ideals, respectively, already provide sets of generators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, free objects, with quasi-inverse, or with (sectional) complementation as a fundamental operation, are residually finite and have a solvable word problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, free objects, with quasi-inverse, or with (sectional) complementation as a fundamental operation, are residually finite and have a solvable word problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, the word problem for finite presentations in the ring (or lattice) signature is unsolvable for existence varieties admitting no bound on the height of subdirect irreducibles (see Hutchinson).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, the word problem for finite presentations in the ring (or lattice) signature is unsolvable for existence varieties admitting no bound on the height of subdirect irreducibles (see Hutchinson [18] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Soil erosion has both on-farm and off-farm impacts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soil erosion has both on-farm and off-farm impacts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reduction of soil depth can impair the land's productivity and sediment transport can degrade streams and lakes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reduction of soil depth can impair the land's productivity and sediment transport can degrade streams and lakes (Uri, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Uri, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "When soil particles wash off a field, they may be transported by runoff until discharged into a water body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When soil particles wash off a field, they may be transported by runoff until discharged into a water body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Not all agricultural constituents that are transported from a field reach water systems but a significant quote of finer particles, which are the most chemical active, is discharged.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Not all agricultural constituents that are transported from a field reach water systems but a significant quote of finer particles, which are the most chemical active, is discharged.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once agricultural pollutants enter a water system, they lower water quality and impose economic losses on water users.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once agricultural pollutants enter a water system, they lower water quality and impose economic losses on water users.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Synthetic polymers, mostly petroleum-based, are used as packaging materials essentially due to their excellent thermo-mechanical properties and cheap availability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Synthetic polymers, mostly petroleum-based, are used as packaging materials essentially due to their excellent thermo-mechanical properties and cheap availability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But their recalcitrant nature in environment poses a major threat compelling us to look for biopolymers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But their recalcitrant nature in environment poses a major threat compelling us to look for biopolymers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Starch is one of the most promising candidates for future composite materials because of their low cost, renewable nature, biodegradability and thermoplastic behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Starch is one of the most promising candidates for future composite materials because of their low cost, renewable nature, biodegradability and thermoplastic behavior (Mali et al. 2005a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mali et al. 2005a)" ] }, { "text": "The successful use of starch films depends on their mechanical and permeability properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The successful use of starch films depends on their mechanical and permeability properties (Arvanitoyannis 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Arvanitoyannis 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The major problem with plasticized starch is its increased permeability to water vapor/oxygen and low strength.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The major problem with plasticized starch is its increased permeability to water vapor/oxygen and low strength.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Starch owes much of its functionalities to its major components, amylose and amylopectin and their physical organization into granular structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Starch owes much of its functionalities to its major components, amylose and amylopectin and their physical organization into granular structure (French 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(French 1984)" ] }, { "text": "To reinforce the starch matrix, nanocellulose prepared by acid hydrolysis is being used to improve the mechanical and functional properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To reinforce the starch matrix, nanocellulose prepared by acid hydrolysis is being used to improve the mechanical and functional properties (Teixeira et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2009; Wenjuan 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Teixeira et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2009; Wenjuan 2011)" ] }, { "text": "In these processes, the acid hydrolysis introduces bulky sulfate groups that help in uniform dispersion during composite formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these processes, the acid hydrolysis introduces bulky sulfate groups that help in uniform dispersion during composite formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even at low levels, the sulfate groups caused a significant decrease in degradation temperatures and an increase in char fraction confirming that the sulfate groups act as flame retardants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even at low levels, the sulfate groups caused a significant decrease in degradation temperatures and an increase in char fraction confirming that the sulfate groups act as flame retardants (Roman and Winter 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roman and Winter 2004)" ] }, { "text": "But, the problem arises in biodegradability and hence nanocellulose without surface modification is essential for 100% eco-friendly biodegradable polymer composites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But, the problem arises in biodegradability and hence nanocellulose without surface modification is essential for 100% eco-friendly biodegradable polymer composites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Regarding the factors associated with general obesity /abdominal obesity other than CKD (Tables 4 and 5) , it is notable that male gender was negatively associated with both general obesity and abdominal obesity in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding the factors associated with general obesity /abdominal obesity other than CKD (Tables 4 and 5) , it is notable that male gender was negatively associated with both general obesity and abdominal obesity in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although controversial, no obvious gender differences in obesity prevalence have been detected to date.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although controversial, no obvious gender differences in obesity prevalence have been detected to date [25, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25, 26]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, older age and unemployment were negatively associated with obesity in the present study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, older age and unemployment were negatively associated with obesity in the present study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been reported that the prevalence of obesity is highest in middle-aged adults (40-59 years) and lowest in young adults (20-39 years).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported that the prevalence of obesity is highest in middle-aged adults (40-59 years) and lowest in young adults (20-39 years) [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Regarding comorbidity factors, HTN was significantly associated with both general obesity and abdominal obesity and DM was only associated with abdominal obesity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding comorbidity factors, HTN was significantly associated with both general obesity and abdominal obesity and DM was only associated with abdominal obesity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given that obesity is a well-established major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type-II diabetes, this is not a surprising finding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Given that obesity is a well-established major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type-II diabetes, this is not a surprising finding [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Further, our study findings also agree that WC, not BMI, might be a better indicator of obesity-related health risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, our study findings also agree that WC, not BMI, might be a better indicator of obesity-related health risk [15, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 22]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The problems concerning the distribution of goods between depots and final users are known as Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The problems concerning the distribution of goods between depots and final users are known as Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Vehicle routing problems are widespread in distribution and logistics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Vehicle routing problems are widespread in distribution and logistics [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The general VRP comprised an assignment problem, travelling salesman problem and vehicle-path problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The general VRP comprised an assignment problem, travelling salesman problem and vehicle-path problem [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Dantzig and Ramser introduced VRP in 1959, and described a real world application, and proposed the first mathematical programming formulation and algorithmic approach for the solution of the problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dantzig and Ramser introduced VRP in 1959, and described a real world application, and proposed the first mathematical programming formulation and algorithmic approach for the solution of the problem [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Regional development is a consequence of compound economic factors: national and regional policy, governmental engagement, investment in social and technical infrastructure founded from external and internal resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regional development is a consequence of compound economic factors: national and regional policy, governmental engagement, investment in social and technical infrastructure founded from external and internal resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of EU New Member States, fundamental impact on the socio-economic development is brought upon by European Structural Funds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of EU New Member States, fundamental impact on the socio-economic development is brought upon by European Structural Funds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The competitiveness of enterprises and territorial systems depends on the creation of new knowledge, access to information and information processing -in other words -on innovation in the broad sense.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The competitiveness of enterprises and territorial systems depends on the creation of new knowledge, access to information and information processing -in other words -on innovation in the broad sense (Smętkowski at al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smętkowski at al., 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Spatial aspects of the impact of transport infrastructure relate to a range of phenomena and socio-economic processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatial aspects of the impact of transport infrastructure relate to a range of phenomena and socio-economic processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are indications of the need for conducting research aimed at deeper identification of relationships between demand for transport, investment in transport sector and Gross Domestic Product.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are indications of the need for conducting research aimed at deeper identification of relationships between demand for transport, investment in transport sector and Gross Domestic Product (Preston 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Preston 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The most tangible effect of spatial impact the transport infrastructure has are the changes in land use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most tangible effect of spatial impact the transport infrastructure has are the changes in land use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is how certain trends become visible, in -for example -location of economic activities related to transport sector and its infrastructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is how certain trends become visible, in -for example -location of economic activities related to transport sector and its infrastructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Spatial aspects of the impact of transport infrastructure relate to a range of phenomena and socio-economic processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatial aspects of the impact of transport infrastructure relate to a range of phenomena and socio-economic processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are indications of the need for conducting research aimed at deeper identification of relationships between demand for transport, investment in transport sector and Gross Domestic Product.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are indications of the need for conducting research aimed at deeper identification of relationships between demand for transport, investment in transport sector and Gross Domestic Product (Preston 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Preston 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The most tangible effect of spatial impact the transport infrastructure has are the changes in land use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most tangible effect of spatial impact the transport infrastructure has are the changes in land use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is how certain trends become visible, in -for example -location of economic activities related to transport sector and its infrastructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is how certain trends become visible, in -for example -location of economic activities related to transport sector and its infrastructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Such a detector can be operated as a highly granular compact Time Projection Chamber (TPC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a detector can be operated as a highly granular compact Time Projection Chamber (TPC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the possible applications is a tracking detector where the amount of material over the track is the same as that in a biologically relevant site, such as a cell nucleus, as a sort of 'tracking microdosimeter'.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the possible applications is a tracking detector where the amount of material over the track is the same as that in a biologically relevant site, such as a cell nucleus, as a sort of 'tracking microdosimeter' [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Other advantages of such a device include the direct access to the statistics of the gas avalanches produced by the GEM foils, and the radiation hardness of the device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other advantages of such a device include the direct access to the statistics of the gas avalanches produced by the GEM foils, and the radiation hardness of the device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A widespread deployment of distributed generation (DG) units is envisioned in the near future, driven by the increasing environmental concerns, the diversification of energy sources, and the energy security challenge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A widespread deployment of distributed generation (DG) units is envisioned in the near future, driven by the increasing environmental concerns, the diversification of energy sources, and the energy security challenge [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Thanks to the rapidly developed power electronics technology, the voltage-sourced DC-AC inverter is gaining a wide acceptance as an efficient interface for DG units connected to the grid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thanks to the rapidly developed power electronics technology, the voltage-sourced DC-AC inverter is gaining a wide acceptance as an efficient interface for DG units connected to the grid [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, harmonic distortion stems from the increased use of nonlinear electronic devices that may degrade the grid power quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, harmonic distortion stems from the increased use of nonlinear electronic devices that may degrade the grid power quality [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, due to the widely used LC-filters in the grid-connected converters, harmonic resonances resulting from the aggregated shunt-connected capacitors for a number of LC-filters, the capacitive loads, as well as the Power Factor Correction (PFC) capacitors are becoming a power quality challenge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, due to the widely used LC-filters in the grid-connected converters, harmonic resonances resulting from the aggregated shunt-connected capacitors for a number of LC-filters, the capacitive loads, as well as the Power Factor Correction (PFC) capacitors are becoming a power quality challenge [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "In turn, the LC resonance between the paralleled converters coupled through the grid impedance degrades the performance of converters in the microgrid system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In turn, the LC resonance between the paralleled converters coupled through the grid impedance degrades the performance of converters in the microgrid system [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Generally, layered rock salt structures, spinel structures and olivine structures are the current interest crystal structure of cathode materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, layered rock salt structures, spinel structures and olivine structures are the current interest crystal structure of cathode materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The examples of cathode materials with their crystallographic properties are listed in Table 1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The examples of cathode materials with their crystallographic properties are listed in Table 1 [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "The most commonly used cathode material in lithium ion batteries is LiCoO 2 , which in fact is still the most used for the commercial production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most commonly used cathode material in lithium ion batteries is LiCoO 2 , which in fact is still the most used for the commercial production [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "LiCoO 2 forms the α-NaFeO 2 structure, which is a distorted rock-structure where the cations order in alternating (1 1 1) planes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "LiCoO 2 forms the α-NaFeO 2 structure, which is a distorted rock-structure where the cations order in alternating (1 1 1) planes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This ordering results in trigonal structure (R-3m).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This ordering results in trigonal structure (R-3m).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apart from that, this ordering also results in planes of lithium ions so that lithiation and delithiation can occur.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Apart from that, this ordering also results in planes of lithium ions so that lithiation and delithiation can occur [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Fig. 2 shows the structure of LiCoO 2 with a cubic close-packed oxygen array providing a twodimensional network of edge-shared CoO 6 octahedra (blue) for the lithium ions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fig. 2 shows the structure of LiCoO 2 with a cubic close-packed oxygen array providing a twodimensional network of edge-shared CoO 6 octahedra (blue) for the lithium ions [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The cell is in the discharge state when it is constructed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cell is in the discharge state when it is constructed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When it is charged, lithium ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the electrolyte while the electrons move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the external circuit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When it is charged, lithium ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the electrolyte while the electrons move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the external circuit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, the cells voltage will become higher as the potential of the cathode rises and that of anode is lowered during charging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, the cells voltage will become higher as the potential of the cathode rises and that of anode is lowered during charging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cell is discharged by the connection of a load between the positive and negative electrodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cell is discharged by the connection of a load between the positive and negative electrodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the lithium ions and electrons move in opposite directions when discharging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the lithium ions and electrons move in opposite directions when discharging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, electrical energy is obtained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, electrical energy is obtained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fig. 1 illustrates the principle of the lithium-ion battery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fig. 1 illustrates the principle of the lithium-ion battery [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Fig. 1 : Principle of lithium-ion battery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fig. 1 : Principle of lithium-ion battery [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our data also offer an explanation for the contradictory findings in epidemiological studies of association between antipsychotic use and breast cancer risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data also offer an explanation for the contradictory findings in epidemiological studies of association between antipsychotic use and breast cancer risk [19, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 67] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF66" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 67]" ] }, { "text": "First, many of these studies did not differentiate between hyperprolactinemia-inducing antipsychotics and other drugs that do not raise serum PRL levels significantly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, many of these studies did not differentiate between hyperprolactinemia-inducing antipsychotics and other drugs that do not raise serum PRL levels significantly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, and perhaps as equally important, PRL-mediated JAK2-STAT5 signaling has a dichotomous effect on mammary cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, and perhaps as equally important, PRL-mediated JAK2-STAT5 signaling has a dichotomous effect on mammary cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elevated JAK2-STAT5 signaling can weaken the apoptosis anticancer barrier in precancerous lesions that have already formed in the otherwise normal breast epithelia and thus may potentially increase breast cancer risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Elevated JAK2-STAT5 signaling can weaken the apoptosis anticancer barrier in precancerous lesions that have already formed in the otherwise normal breast epithelia and thus may potentially increase breast cancer risk [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "The same signaling pathway can cause the mammary cells to undergo differentiation potentially leading to lower cell proliferation rates and thus may reduce the chance of gaining mutations and consequently breast cancer risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The same signaling pathway can cause the mammary cells to undergo differentiation potentially leading to lower cell proliferation rates and thus may reduce the chance of gaining mutations and consequently breast cancer risk [68] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF67" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[68]" ] }, { "text": "This dichotomous function of JAK2-STAT5 has been reported by us as a major mechanism to explain the dichotomous effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk -while an early-age pregnancy protects against breast cancer, a late-age pregnancy increases breast cancer risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This dichotomous function of JAK2-STAT5 has been reported by us as a major mechanism to explain the dichotomous effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk -while an early-age pregnancy protects against breast cancer, a late-age pregnancy increases breast cancer risk [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "At a young age, the breast epithelia are unlikely to have accumulated mutated cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At a young age, the breast epithelia are unlikely to have accumulated mutated cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pregnancy at this time induces these normal cells to differentiate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pregnancy at this time induces these normal cells to differentiate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, they become less proliferative and less likely to suffer mutations, and cancer risk is reduced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, they become less proliferative and less likely to suffer mutations, and cancer risk is reduced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, at an older age, mutated cells are more likely to have accumulated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, at an older age, mutated cells are more likely to have accumulated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pregnancy at this time with elevated JAK2-STAT5 activity can cause these precancerous cells to evade the apoptosis anticancer barrier and to evolve into cancer at accelerated speeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pregnancy at this time with elevated JAK2-STAT5 activity can cause these precancerous cells to evade the apoptosis anticancer barrier and to evolve into cancer at accelerated speeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same may hold true in patients on antipsychotics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The same may hold true in patients on antipsychotics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While hyperprolactinemia-inducing antipsychotics may increase breast cancer in women who have already gained precancerous cells, they may even lower the cancer risk in women who have not yet accumulated early lesions, such as younger women without any family history of early breast cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While hyperprolactinemia-inducing antipsychotics may increase breast cancer in women who have already gained precancerous cells, they may even lower the cancer risk in women who have not yet accumulated early lesions, such as younger women without any family history of early breast cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, it may not be a surprise that these more general epidemiological studies have generated inconclusive data on antipsychotics and breast cancer risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, it may not be a surprise that these more general epidemiological studies have generated inconclusive data on antipsychotics and breast cancer risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our findings suggest that it is now important to specifically study the association between hyperprolactinemia-inducing antipsychotics and the breast cancer risk in women with preexisting precancerous early lesions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our findings suggest that it is now important to specifically study the association between hyperprolactinemia-inducing antipsychotics and the breast cancer risk in women with preexisting precancerous early lesions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Statistical analyses consisted of Pearson's correlation tests and T -tests (SPSS for Windows version 13.0) as well as one binomial test.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Statistical analyses consisted of Pearson's correlation tests and T -tests (SPSS for Windows version 13.0) as well as one binomial test (Conover, 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Conover, 1980)" ] }, { "text": "In the correlation tests, each shoal was analyzed separately, and then the 6 p-values were combined with −2 ln p and tested against a χ 2 distribution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the correlation tests, each shoal was analyzed separately, and then the 6 p-values were combined with −2 ln p and tested against a χ 2 distribution (Sokal & Rohlf, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sokal & Rohlf, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "The t-tests compared leaders and non-leaders, and in the case of the boldness scores the data were log-transformed for normality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The t-tests compared leaders and non-leaders, and in the case of the boldness scores the data were log-transformed for normality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These 'leaders versus non-leaders' comparisons were done on data pooled over all 6 trials, and we used both the absolute values of each individual and their deviation from the mean of the individual's shoal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These 'leaders versus non-leaders' comparisons were done on data pooled over all 6 trials, and we used both the absolute values of each individual and their deviation from the mean of the individual's shoal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We address these challenges by developing a video forecasting approach with two main novel components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We address these challenges by developing a video forecasting approach with two main novel components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Human body pose is a natural intermediate representation for this forecasting, and hence utilized in many previous methods for synthesizing human motion and video.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Human body pose is a natural intermediate representation for this forecasting, and hence utilized in many previous methods for synthesizing human motion and video [2, 6, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 6, 32]" ] }, { "text": "We follow in this paradigm, predicting body poses and using them to generate video sequences of future human motion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We follow in this paradigm, predicting body poses and using them to generate video sequences of future human motion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Further difficulties arise in generating accurate human poses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further difficulties arise in generating accurate human poses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous generative approaches use simplistic temporal pose models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous generative approaches use simplistic temporal pose models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Within the field of 3D action recognition, human pose sequences are subjected to spatiotemporal analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the field of 3D action recognition, human pose sequences are subjected to spatiotemporal analysis [17, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 18]" ] }, { "text": "Specifically, structure-based spatio-temporal LSTMs are effective for robust processing of human body joint position data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, structure-based spatio-temporal LSTMs are effective for robust processing of human body joint position data [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Moreover, we tested the mediating effect of board task needs in the generation-board composition relationship.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, we tested the mediating effect of board task needs in the generation-board composition relationship.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study not only contributes to the literature on governance in family firms, but also adds to the recent literature examining behavioral perspectives of corporate governance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This study not only contributes to the literature on governance in family firms, but also adds to the recent literature examining behavioral perspectives of corporate governance (Forbes and Milliken, 1999; Huse, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Forbes and Milliken, 1999; Huse, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Board task needs are theoretically distinct from board task performance, and the majority of prior board role research has concentrated on the latter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Board task needs are theoretically distinct from board task performance, and the majority of prior board role research has concentrated on the latter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, these underresearched board task needs take a central position in models about understanding actual board behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, these underresearched board task needs take a central position in models about understanding actual board behavior (Huse, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Huse, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The mediation effect of the need for control (hypothesis 2c) was tested by estimating the same set of six regression models (Table 5) as for the need for advice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mediation effect of the need for control (hypothesis 2c) was tested by estimating the same set of six regression models (Table 5) as for the need for advice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As mentioned, the results of the first two regressions confirm the ANOVA results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As mentioned, the results of the first two regressions confirm the ANOVA results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In model 1, we estimated the effect of generation on the control needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In model 1, we estimated the effect of generation on the control needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We find a positive effect, but only the difference between the first and the third or later generations is statistically significant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We find a positive effect, but only the difference between the first and the third or later generations is statistically significant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of model 2 show that generation also has a significant positive effect on the number of family directors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of model 2 show that generation also has a significant positive effect on the number of family directors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The nature of the relationship is revealed in model 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nature of the relationship is revealed in model 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the regression coefficient in this model is not significant, our tests suggest a direct effect of the generational phase on the number of family directors on the board.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the regression coefficient in this model is not significant, our tests suggest a direct effect of the generational phase on the number of family directors on the board (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mathieu and Taylor, 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Moving forward, future research can explore other commodities and market areas because product pricing will depend on product characteristics and local market conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moving forward, future research can explore other commodities and market areas because product pricing will depend on product characteristics and local market conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the majority of U.S. farms involved in local food sales likely rely on direct-to-consumer marketing such as farmers markets, community supported agriculture, and so forth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the majority of U.S. farms involved in local food sales likely rely on direct-to-consumer marketing such as farmers markets, community supported agriculture, and so forth (Low and Vogel, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Low and Vogel, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Because this article focuses on the intermediated marketing channel, investigation of consumer demand for local food in alternative sales networks would be another important step in advancing the understanding of the local food system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because this article focuses on the intermediated marketing channel, investigation of consumer demand for local food in alternative sales networks would be another important step in advancing the understanding of the local food system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Consider a taxpayer who earns an income which is subject to self-reporting requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consider a taxpayer who earns an income which is subject to self-reporting requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If she does not report the income, she saves on taxes, but faces the risk of detection, which may entail fines and legal consequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If she does not report the income, she saves on taxes, but faces the risk of detection, which may entail fines and legal consequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rational taxpayers trade off the gains from evasion against the costs of detection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rational taxpayers trade off the gains from evasion against the costs of detection (Allingham and Sandmo 1972) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Allingham and Sandmo 1972)" ] } ]