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CopeNLU 20

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years, the most attractive research topics in body-centric communications are utilization of wearable and fabric based antennas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, the most attractive research topics in body-centric communications are utilization of wearable and fabric based antennas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The applications of wearable antenna is used for tracking, map-reading, computing and for the safety measures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The applications of wearable antenna is used for tracking, map-reading, computing and for the safety measures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Wearable antennas can also be applied for medical, fire men, military soldiers, elders and sportsmen.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wearable antennas can also be applied for medical, fire men, military soldiers, elders and sportsmen.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main requirements of wearable antennas include low weight, less cost, easily portable, less maintenance with less equipment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main requirements of wearable antennas include low weight, less cost, easily portable, less maintenance with less equipment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To design the textile antenna we require the information about electromagnetic characteristics such as loss tangent and permittivity of the fabric material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To design the textile antenna we require the information about electromagnetic characteristics such as loss tangent and permittivity of the fabric material (Rais et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rais et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Electromagnetic characteristics of fabric substrate can be measured using transmission or reflection waveguide method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Electromagnetic characteristics of fabric substrate can be measured using transmission or reflection waveguide method (Sankaralingam et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sankaralingam et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "The materials required for radiating elements like copper and conductive textile such as polyester, taffeta fabrics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The materials required for radiating elements like copper and conductive textile such as polyester, taffeta fabrics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The main objective of wearable antennas is to describe the integration of electronic systems into fabrics to assist intelligently.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main objective of wearable antennas is to describe the integration of electronic systems into fabrics to assist intelligently (Tanaka and Jang, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tanaka and Jang, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "These wearable electronics will not create any disturbance or problem to the user in any situation and facilitates easy integration with fabrics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These wearable electronics will not create any disturbance or problem to the user in any situation and facilitates easy integration with fabrics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "WPAN is one of the most important components in such fabrication antennas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "WPAN is one of the most important components in such fabrication antennas (Madhav et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Madhav et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Textile antennas are used for this purpose, which facilitates feasible integration to clothing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Textile antennas are used for this purpose, which facilitates feasible integration to clothing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This integration is important, radii at the bending should be very small (10 mm), more at the joints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This integration is important, radii at the bending should be very small (10 mm), more at the joints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For Bluetooth, we will design a patch antennas in the range of 2.4 GHz with return loss of <-10 dB on average.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For Bluetooth, we will design a patch antennas in the range of 2.4 GHz with return loss of <-10 dB on average.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bluetooth features can be obtained with bent of around 37.5 mm radius placed on upper arm of human body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bluetooth features can be obtained with bent of around 37.5 mm radius placed on upper arm of human body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With a maximum thickness of 6 mm, we can maintain comfortable wearing which when integrated to textiles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With a maximum thickness of 6 mm, we can maintain comfortable wearing which when integrated to textiles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Comparing with probe feed microstrip occupies more height to the patch antennas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comparing with probe feed microstrip occupies more height to the patch antennas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Microstrip feed assures flat structure and also its integration to electronic components directly on the fabric with in its proximity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microstrip feed assures flat structure and also its integration to electronic components directly on the fabric with in its proximity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With antenna design we have also carried experiments regarding electrical performances of various materials such as substrates of fabrics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With antenna design we have also carried experiments regarding electrical performances of various materials such as substrates of fabrics (Hall and Hao, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hall and Hao, 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "These changes lead to osmotic and ion-specific effects as well as to imbalances in plant nutrition, which may range from deficiencies in several nutrients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These changes lead to osmotic and ion-specific effects as well as to imbalances in plant nutrition, which may range from deficiencies in several nutrients (Qadir et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Qadir et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "To mitigate and repair the damage, plant cells detoxify ROS by the synchronous action of various antioxidants constituted of non-enzymatic and enzymatic components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To mitigate and repair the damage, plant cells detoxify ROS by the synchronous action of various antioxidants constituted of non-enzymatic and enzymatic components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) are the enzymatic antioxidants, while water soluble components (sugars and proteins) and the lipid-soluble components (carotenoids and α-tocopherol) are the non-enzymatic antioxidants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) are the enzymatic antioxidants, while water soluble components (sugars and proteins) and the lipid-soluble components (carotenoids and α-tocopherol) are the non-enzymatic antioxidants (Sheetal et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sheetal et al., 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Nitric oxide (NO) as a ubiquitous signal molecule participates in major physiological processes in plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nitric oxide (NO) as a ubiquitous signal molecule participates in major physiological processes in plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses (Wilson, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wilson, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "A notable increase of NO content was detected in the cotton seedlings exposed to 100 mM NaCl, whereas there was more increase in that of the SNP treatment under NaCl-stress (Figure 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A notable increase of NO content was detected in the cotton seedlings exposed to 100 mM NaCl, whereas there was more increase in that of the SNP treatment under NaCl-stress (Figure 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NaCl-induced inhibition of fresh and dry weight was significantly reversed when cotton seedlings were treated with SNP (Figure 2) , compared with the treatment of the cPTIO and K 4 Fe(CN) 6 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NaCl-induced inhibition of fresh and dry weight was significantly reversed when cotton seedlings were treated with SNP (Figure 2) , compared with the treatment of the cPTIO and K 4 Fe(CN) 6 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These evidences proved the hypothesis that SNP-released NO, rather than other substances of SNP decomposition, accounts for the alleviation effect on NaCl toxicity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These evidences proved the hypothesis that SNP-released NO, rather than other substances of SNP decomposition, accounts for the alleviation effect on NaCl toxicity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Lightening and short-circuit currents cause surges in the substation that endanger the operation of power system and the lives of personnel working in the substation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lightening and short-circuit currents cause surges in the substation that endanger the operation of power system and the lives of personnel working in the substation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The system that ensures the safety of power system and operators working in a substation is known as the Grounding System and the component of the grounding system that provides a low resistance path to the surge currents to flow into the earth and controls the surface potential gradients is called the grounding grid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The system that ensures the safety of power system and operators working in a substation is known as the Grounding System and the component of the grounding system that provides a low resistance path to the surge currents to flow into the earth and controls the surface potential gradients is called the grounding grid [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "The grounding grid is a network of conductors of certain topology depending on the need, usually rectangular in shape that is made of steel or galvanized steel or even made of copper in some developed countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The grounding grid is a network of conductors of certain topology depending on the need, usually rectangular in shape that is made of steel or galvanized steel or even made of copper in some developed countries [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "As the name indicates, grounding grid is buried inside earth with depth ranges from 0.7 to 1 m and can only be accessed through vertical conductors from the earth surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the name indicates, grounding grid is buried inside earth with depth ranges from 0.7 to 1 m and can only be accessed through vertical conductors from the earth surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mesh size of a practical grounding grid varies from 3 to 7 m.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mesh size of a practical grounding grid varies from 3 to 7 m [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Yield per plant is a combination of root biomass and rubber concentration parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yield per plant is a combination of root biomass and rubber concentration parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was no negative correlation apparent between root, rosette, or plant biomass and root rubber concentration, or total rubber per plant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was no negative correlation apparent between root, rosette, or plant biomass and root rubber concentration, or total rubber per plant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The highest yield per plant, in our study of unimproved plants, was 0.9 g rubber in a plant established from seed in autumn 2011, by direct seeding, and then harvested in early spring 2013, a longer growing season than could be readily added to a standard crop rotation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The highest yield per plant, in our study of unimproved plants, was 0.9 g rubber in a plant established from seed in autumn 2011, by direct seeding, and then harvested in early spring 2013, a longer growing season than could be readily added to a standard crop rotation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, 1 million plants per acre of this phenotype would yield 2160 kg/ha, grown under these conditions in northeast Ohio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, 1 million plants per acre of this phenotype would yield 2160 kg/ha, grown under these conditions in northeast Ohio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This amount is already within the rubber yield/ha/year range of tropical rubber tree plantations (800-3000 kg/ha/year and very similar to the yield from the semi-arid lands rubber crop, guayule.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This amount is already within the rubber yield/ha/year range of tropical rubber tree plantations (800-3000 kg/ha/year and very similar to the yield from the semi-arid lands rubber crop, guayule.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The correlation between rubber concentration in parental accession and progeny (Figure 9 ), indicates some degree of heritability of rubber concentration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The correlation between rubber concentration in parental accession and progeny (Figure 9 ), indicates some degree of heritability of rubber concentration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So interbred large high rubber plants may generate progeny with improved rubber yield.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So interbred large high rubber plants may generate progeny with improved rubber yield.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results indicate that the root system should be at least 30 g fresh weight and that these plants need to have a rosette fresh weight of at least 60 g to support high rubber production in roots (Figures 9 and 12 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results indicate that the root system should be at least 30 g fresh weight and that these plants need to have a rosette fresh weight of at least 60 g to support high rubber production in roots (Figures 9 and 12 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As plants are selected and bred for high biomass and high rubber concentration, it is possible that higher yielding plants may have different rosette and root biomass requirements to those described here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As plants are selected and bred for high biomass and high rubber concentration, it is possible that higher yielding plants may have different rosette and root biomass requirements to those described here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also possible that, because rubber is a metabolic end product, increasing rubber concentrations eventually may begin to inflict an unsustainable drain on plant resources and that these yields will plateau, as for other phenotypic traits in domesticated crops.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also possible that, because rubber is a metabolic end product, increasing rubber concentrations eventually may begin to inflict an unsustainable drain on plant resources and that these yields will plateau, as for other phenotypic traits in domesticated crops (Meredith 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Meredith 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Interestingly, rubber quantities above 300 mg rubber/g plant have been previously reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, rubber quantities above 300 mg rubber/g plant have been previously reported (Whaley and Bowen 1947) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Whaley and Bowen 1947)" ] }, { "text": "In our current study, highest rubber concentrations in these essentially wild plants were below 100 mg/g dry root, which would be less than 30 mg per average sized plant and less than 10% of the highest value reported.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our current study, highest rubber concentrations in these essentially wild plants were below 100 mg/g dry root, which would be less than 30 mg per average sized plant and less than 10% of the highest value reported.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, since this study was performed, we have observed rubber concentrations in roots of up to 220 mg/g dry root in large field plants grown in Ohio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, since this study was performed, we have observed rubber concentrations in roots of up to 220 mg/g dry root in large field plants grown in Ohio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Because of the associated cruciate ligaments and reflections of the synovial membrane, the intercondylar notch presents a narrow anatomic target where the synovial space and the araeolar synovial tissue cannot be easily distinguished while advancing the needle tip, making true anatomic injection difficult, resulting in only a 71% to 75% accuracy rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the associated cruciate ligaments and reflections of the synovial membrane, the intercondylar notch presents a narrow anatomic target where the synovial space and the araeolar synovial tissue cannot be easily distinguished while advancing the needle tip, making true anatomic injection difficult, resulting in only a 71% to 75% accuracy rate [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "We hypothesized that a modified anteriolateral portal where the synovial membrane overlying the medial femoral condyle is the needle target ( Figure 3 ) would be accurate and provide equivalent clinical outcomes as the standard lateral midpatellar approach (Figure 4) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We hypothesized that a modified anteriolateral portal where the synovial membrane overlying the medial femoral condyle is the needle target ( Figure 3 ) would be accurate and provide equivalent clinical outcomes as the standard lateral midpatellar approach (Figure 4) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The modified anteriomedial bent knee portal proved highly accurate (97% intraarticular accuracy) when the needle tip could be felt engaging the medial femoral condyle, which compares favorably with the 93% accuracy with the lateral midpatellar approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The modified anteriomedial bent knee portal proved highly accurate (97% intraarticular accuracy) when the needle tip could be felt engaging the medial femoral condyle, which compares favorably with the 93% accuracy with the lateral midpatellar approach [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the modified bent knee anteriolateral portal provided equivalent clinical outcomes to the standard lateral midpatellar approach (Table 1 and 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the modified bent knee anteriolateral portal provided equivalent clinical outcomes to the standard lateral midpatellar approach (Table 1 and 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Microorganisms responsible for anaerobic ammonium oxidation were identified as belonging to the phylum Planctomycetes and are as Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans , Candidatus Kuenenia stutgartiensis, Candidatus Scalindua wagneri and Candidatus Scalindua brodae.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Microorganisms responsible for anaerobic ammonium oxidation were identified as belonging to the phylum Planctomycetes and are as Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans , Candidatus Kuenenia stutgartiensis, Candidatus Scalindua wagneri and Candidatus Scalindua brodae (Kuypers et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kuypers et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "The first two have been found in wastewater treatment systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first two have been found in wastewater treatment systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scalindua has also been detected in many marine ecosystems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Scalindua has also been detected in many marine ecosystems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Many types of photovoltaic (PV) technologies are sensitive to moisture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many types of photovoltaic (PV) technologies are sensitive to moisture [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "The use of an impermeable front-sheet and back-sheet (e.g. a glass/glass laminate package) significantly reduces moisture ingress, but moisture may still diffuse in from the sides.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of an impermeable front-sheet and back-sheet (e.g. a glass/glass laminate package) significantly reduces moisture ingress, but moisture may still diffuse in from the sides [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, to keep a module dry for an expected 30 y lifetime, the edges must be sealed against moisture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, to keep a module dry for an expected 30 y lifetime, the edges must be sealed against moisture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One way this is accomplished is through the addition of desiccant-filled polyisobutylene (PIB) around the outside -15 mm perimeter between two pieces of glass (or other moisture barrier films).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One way this is accomplished is through the addition of desiccant-filled polyisobutylene (PIB) around the outside -15 mm perimeter between two pieces of glass (or other moisture barrier films).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PIB uniquely provides a very low moisture-permeability anddiffusivity, as well as a low glass transition temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PIB uniquely provides a very low moisture-permeability anddiffusivity, as well as a low glass transition temperature [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "When laminated between two pieces of glass, a compliant material with a low glass transition is necessary to accommodate mechanical stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When laminated between two pieces of glass, a compliant material with a low glass transition is necessary to accommodate mechanical stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other edge seal materials (e.g. epoxies) can have very low diffusivities, but they are hard and brittle and could easily crack or delaminate in a large module.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other edge seal materials (e.g. epoxies) can have very low diffusivities, but they are hard and brittle and could easily crack or delaminate in a large module.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Silicones based polymers [e.g. polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) have the highest diffusivities among polymeric materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Silicones based polymers [e.g. polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) have the highest diffusivities among polymeric materials [6, 11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "Over the course of 4.5 h, moisture was able to completely consume the Ca to the center of this 50-mm-square sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the course of 4.5 h, moisture was able to completely consume the Ca to the center of this 50-mm-square sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The penetration rate was so rapid that the thermal equilibration, occurring when samples were removed for measurement, adds uncertainty in the exposure time and temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The penetration rate was so rapid that the thermal equilibration, occurring when samples were removed for measurement, adds uncertainty in the exposure time and temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequent PDMS samples (Fig. 3) were 978-1-4244-5892-9/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE made using 152-mm-square glass and photographed through the test chamber window, avoiding removal from the environmental chamber, to determine moisture penetration distances (see Fig. 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequent PDMS samples (Fig. 3) were 978-1-4244-5892-9/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE made using 152-mm-square glass and photographed through the test chamber window, avoiding removal from the environmental chamber, to determine moisture penetration distances (see Fig. 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An ionomer [thermoplastic poly( ethylene-co-methacrylate) with Na+, and Zn 2 + counter ions] with an extremely low diffusivity is shown alongside the PDMS to demonstrate 00025'1 the other extreme for encapsulant materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An ionomer [thermoplastic poly( ethylene-co-methacrylate) with Na+, and Zn 2 + counter ions] with an extremely low diffusivity is shown alongside the PDMS to demonstrate 00025'1 the other extreme for encapsulant materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It takes -100 times longer for moisture to penetrate this ionomer, which is typically utilized as an encapsulation material whereas PDMS is commonly used as a sealant or a potting material for junction boxes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It takes -100 times longer for moisture to penetrate this ionomer, which is typically utilized as an encapsulation material whereas PDMS is commonly used as a sealant or a potting material for junction boxes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this capacity, PDMS serves to exclude liquid moisture (as long as it remains well adhered), but it does not prevent ingress of dissolved water vapor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this capacity, PDMS serves to exclude liquid moisture (as long as it remains well adhered), but it does not prevent ingress of dissolved water vapor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The association of growth and grain yield with gas exchange characteristics of plants has not been clearly established.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The association of growth and grain yield with gas exchange characteristics of plants has not been clearly established (Ashraf and Harris 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ashraf and Harris 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Our aim was to study the effect of soil water deficit on leaf gas exchange parameters, dry mass dynamics in leaves, stem and spike and grain yield of durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat genotypes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our aim was to study the effect of soil water deficit on leaf gas exchange parameters, dry mass dynamics in leaves, stem and spike and grain yield of durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat genotypes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also aimed to clarify the association of gas exchange parameters with growth and yield of wheat genotypes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also aimed to clarify the association of gas exchange parameters with growth and yield of wheat genotypes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Drought caused by lack of water in the soil is one of the main reasons for a decrease in wheat production worldwide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Drought caused by lack of water in the soil is one of the main reasons for a decrease in wheat production worldwide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Water shortage in the soil is also accompanied with high temperature, low humidity and high irradiance after the heading stage of growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Water shortage in the soil is also accompanied with high temperature, low humidity and high irradiance after the heading stage of growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Drought is the main cause reducing wheat productivity in rainfed regions of Azerbaijan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Drought is the main cause reducing wheat productivity in rainfed regions of Azerbaijan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Drought stress may impair many plant functions, but the main effect is reduction of carbon fixation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Drought stress may impair many plant functions, but the main effect is reduction of carbon fixation (Delfine et al. 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Delfine et al. 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Reduced CO 2 diffusion from the atmosphere to the site of carboxylation (decreased g s plus mesophyll conductance-g m ) is the main cause for decreased photosynthesis under most water-stress conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reduced CO 2 diffusion from the atmosphere to the site of carboxylation (decreased g s plus mesophyll conductance-g m ) is the main cause for decreased photosynthesis under most water-stress conditions (Flexas et al. 2004; Chaves et al. 2009; Peeva and Cornic 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Flexas et al. 2004; Chaves et al. 2009; Peeva and Cornic 2009)" ] }, { "text": "When drought stress is prolonged, a general metabolic impairment can eventually occur, particularly under conditions of high light intensity that favors *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +994504631989 oxidative stress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When drought stress is prolonged, a general metabolic impairment can eventually occur, particularly under conditions of high light intensity that favors *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +994504631989 oxidative stress (Flexas et al. 2006; Zhou et al. 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Flexas et al. 2006; Zhou et al. 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Drought stress reduces photosynthetic characteristics, shortens the duration of photosynthesis and promotes the senescence of leaves.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Drought stress reduces photosynthetic characteristics, shortens the duration of photosynthesis and promotes the senescence of leaves (Liu et al. 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liu et al. 2016)" ] }, { "text": "A decrease in P n limits expansion of assimilation area of vegetative organs and the accumulation of dry mass.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A decrease in P n limits expansion of assimilation area of vegetative organs and the accumulation of dry mass.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The decomposition obtained in Theorem 1.2 is called the Loewy decomposition of L and it has been generalized to linear partial differential operators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The decomposition obtained in Theorem 1.2 is called the Loewy decomposition of L and it has been generalized to linear partial differential operators [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "However, as far as we know, there is no similar study on Loewy decomposition for nonlinear ODEs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, as far as we know, there is no similar study on Loewy decomposition for nonlinear ODEs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we try to study nonlinear ODE of type (6) below and we call ODE (2) nonlinear Loewy factorizable algebraic ODE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we try to study nonlinear ODE of type (6) below and we call ODE (2) nonlinear Loewy factorizable algebraic ODE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The choice of the \"right\" detergent can be crucial, as shown for the Ca 2+ -ATPase from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The choice of the \"right\" detergent can be crucial, as shown for the Ca 2+ -ATPase from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this membrane protein, more than 30 detergents have been tested for preserving the activity of this IMP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this membrane protein, more than 30 detergents have been tested for preserving the activity of this IMP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis focused on chain length, influence of double bonds and character of the head group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis focused on chain length, influence of double bonds and character of the head group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A reduced activity was observed for shorter chain length (<10 C-Atoms) and bulky head groups just to mention two examples of this study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A reduced activity was observed for shorter chain length (<10 C-Atoms) and bulky head groups just to mention two examples of this study [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Also for the multidrug transporter LmrA from Lactococcus lactis the choice of detergent has been shown to be important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also for the multidrug transporter LmrA from Lactococcus lactis the choice of detergent has been shown to be important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, LmrA after solubilisation is active in FC16 whereas after reconstitution it is not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, LmrA after solubilisation is active in FC16 whereas after reconstitution it is not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For successful reconstitution, the detergent DDM had to be used for regaining LmrA specific activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For successful reconstitution, the detergent DDM had to be used for regaining LmrA specific activity [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The modern industrial society, population growth, and the interest in the environmental issues have greatly increased the need of new and clean renewable energy sources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The modern industrial society, population growth, and the interest in the environmental issues have greatly increased the need of new and clean renewable energy sources [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Among the latter, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy has become nowadays a real promising renewable/ alternate energy source due to its several advantages such as; absence of noise or mechanical moving parts, low operation cost, no emission of CO 2 or other harmful gases, flexibility in size, and its convenience with stand-alone systems in addition to grid-connected ones where they can be installed close to load centres, saving transmission lines losses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the latter, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy has become nowadays a real promising renewable/ alternate energy source due to its several advantages such as; absence of noise or mechanical moving parts, low operation cost, no emission of CO 2 or other harmful gases, flexibility in size, and its convenience with stand-alone systems in addition to grid-connected ones where they can be installed close to load centres, saving transmission lines losses [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Although PV energy has recently received considerable attention, high installation cost and low conversion efficiency of PV systems set a difficulty against its use on a large scale.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although PV energy has recently received considerable attention, high installation cost and low conversion efficiency of PV systems set a difficulty against its use on a large scale [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, the non-linear behaviour and dependency of PV panels on the atmospheric temperature and irradiance level create one of the main challenges facing the PV sector's penetration to the energy market.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the non-linear behaviour and dependency of PV panels on the atmospheric temperature and irradiance level create one of the main challenges facing the PV sector's penetration to the energy market [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "To minimise these drawbacks, PV operation at the maximum power point is a necessity which in turn maximises the PV system efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To minimise these drawbacks, PV operation at the maximum power point is a necessity which in turn maximises the PV system efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been presented in literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been presented in literature [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "They differ in the tracking accuracy, convergence speed, dynamic response under sudden environmental changes, required sensors, hardware implementation, and dependency on PV module parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They differ in the tracking accuracy, convergence speed, dynamic response under sudden environmental changes, required sensors, hardware implementation, and dependency on PV module parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The paper describes the algorithm for text line segmentation based on the analogy with Gaussian probability density function (PDF).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper describes the algorithm for text line segmentation based on the analogy with Gaussian probability density function (PDF).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This method has been widely used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This method has been widely used [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "It is based on the pre-assumption that writing text is extending only in the horizontal direction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is based on the pre-assumption that writing text is extending only in the horizontal direction [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, the handwritten text is characterized by variety of skews.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the handwritten text is characterized by variety of skews.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the solution is the incorporation of the local text skew into the algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the solution is the incorporation of the local text skew into the algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the evaluation of the local text skew the moment based method is used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the evaluation of the local text skew the moment based method is used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, this method is adopted for handwritten text by extracting the connected components with the bounding boxes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, this method is adopted for handwritten text by extracting the connected components with the bounding boxes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Afterwards, the separated connected components are cleared from the redundant fragments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Afterwards, the separated connected components are cleared from the redundant fragments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the handwritten text is split into distinct connected components suitable for processing by the moments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the handwritten text is split into distinct connected components suitable for processing by the moments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moment based method identifies the local text skewing of each connected components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moment based method identifies the local text skewing of each connected components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These skew angles are used as the inputs into the algorithm based on Gaussian kernel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These skew angles are used as the inputs into the algorithm based on Gaussian kernel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They establish the kernel orientation by the local text direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They establish the kernel orientation by the local text direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the algorithm achieves better text line segmentation results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the algorithm achieves better text line segmentation results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Many of the proposed methods have been used for text line segmentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many of the proposed methods have been used for text line segmentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, smearing methods are distinct due to their robustness, efficiency, and computational inexpensiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, smearing methods are distinct due to their robustness, efficiency, and computational inexpensiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these methods, the consecutive black pixels along the horizontal direction are smeared.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In these methods, the consecutive black pixels along the horizontal direction are smeared [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "This way, the enlarged area of black pixels around the text is established.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This way, the enlarged area of black pixels around the text is established.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is called boundary growing area (BGA).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is called boundary growing area (BGA).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, the white space area between black pixels is disappeared by filling it with black pixels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, the white space area between black pixels is disappeared by filling it with black pixels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "BGA represents the labeling regions which enclose the text lines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "BGA represents the labeling regions which enclose the text lines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Determination of these distinct regions that separate text lines represent the primary task of text line segmentation algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Determination of these distinct regions that separate text lines represent the primary task of text line segmentation algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Cross-device is a type of interaction where human users interact with multiple and separate input output devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cross-device is a type of interaction where human users interact with multiple and separate input output devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These input devices manipulate content in the output devices within a perceived interaction space and with immediate and explicit feedback.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These input devices manipulate content in the output devices within a perceived interaction space and with immediate and explicit feedback [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Cross-device interactions are carried out with a device through a communication medium, wherein communication technologies are employed to achieve message transfer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cross-device interactions are carried out with a device through a communication medium, wherein communication technologies are employed to achieve message transfer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nowadays, this type of interaction occurs mainly with the use of smartphones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, this type of interaction occurs mainly with the use of smartphones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Competition between smartphone manufacturers has caused a large variety of smartphone models to flourish, as well as operating systems and brands that a user can pick according to their needs or preferences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Competition between smartphone manufacturers has caused a large variety of smartphone models to flourish, as well as operating systems and brands that a user can pick according to their needs or preferences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Android (Google) and Apple (iOS), the two largest smartphone market holders, have caused a clear divide of development practices, design approaches and programming approaches due to competing standards and technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Android (Google) and Apple (iOS), the two largest smartphone market holders, have caused a clear divide of development practices, design approaches and programming approaches due to competing standards and technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, each operating system uses drastically different programming languages, IDEs and APIs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, each operating system uses drastically different programming languages, IDEs and APIs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To save valuable development time, developers generally employ libraries and/or frameworks to approach recurrent problems that manifest themselves during the implementation of communication technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To save valuable development time, developers generally employ libraries and/or frameworks to approach recurrent problems that manifest themselves during the implementation of communication technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A framework is defined as an incomplete but reusable software that can be extended by a developer via extension points.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A framework is defined as an incomplete but reusable software that can be extended by a developer via extension points [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The usage of development frameworks is common when creating applications that require communication, as the implementation details of technology specifications are abstracted and often times simplified to the developer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The usage of development frameworks is common when creating applications that require communication, as the implementation details of technology specifications are abstracted and often times simplified to the developer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To achieve guaranteed interoperability in cross-device communication, the framework needs to be integrated into all the operating systems that are to be communicated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To achieve guaranteed interoperability in cross-device communication, the framework needs to be integrated into all the operating systems that are to be communicated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Developers needs to carry out an extensive and complex analysis to know if a framework suits the given use cases, as frameworks are not designed to be an allencompassing solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Developers needs to carry out an extensive and complex analysis to know if a framework suits the given use cases, as frameworks are not designed to be an allencompassing solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this spirit, the electroweak sector of the SM can be formulated as a 5D warped model with two boundaries, one being the UV and the second one the IR brane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this spirit, the electroweak sector of the SM can be formulated as a 5D warped model with two boundaries, one being the UV and the second one the IR brane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Gauge bosons and chiral fermions are free to move in the bulk of the extra dimension.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Gauge bosons and chiral fermions are free to move in the bulk of the extra dimension.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The breaking of the electroweak symmetry occurs via a localized vev on the IR brane, which means that the higgs does not propagate into the bulk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The breaking of the electroweak symmetry occurs via a localized vev on the IR brane, which means that the higgs does not propagate into the bulk [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The hierarchy problem is solved because the higgs is interpreted as a composite object beyond the IR scale and this scale is set to be around a TeV. One can even send its vev to infinity and have a theory without a higgs (light scalar resonance) in the spectrum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The hierarchy problem is solved because the higgs is interpreted as a composite object beyond the IR scale and this scale is set to be around a TeV. One can even send its vev to infinity and have a theory without a higgs (light scalar resonance) in the spectrum [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "A third possibility is to suppose that the higgs is a 5D field but embedded in a gauge multiplet, so that its mass is protected.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A third possibility is to suppose that the higgs is a 5D field but embedded in a gauge multiplet, so that its mass is protected [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "This gauge symmetry is broken via boundary conditions and the higgs field arises as the lowest mode of the fifth component of the gauge field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This gauge symmetry is broken via boundary conditions and the higgs field arises as the lowest mode of the fifth component of the gauge field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is mapped in the 4D picture to a theory where the higgs is a pseudo goldstone boson corresponding to a spontaneously broken global symmetry of the strongly coupled sector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is mapped in the 4D picture to a theory where the higgs is a pseudo goldstone boson corresponding to a spontaneously broken global symmetry of the strongly coupled sector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Once this models are in agreement with present day bounds one could study the different experimental signatures and resonances that can be produced at LHC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once this models are in agreement with present day bounds one could study the different experimental signatures and resonances that can be produced at LHC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general the KK modes for gauge bosons tend to be too heavy ∼ 3 TeV so the most promising signal comes from some light fermionic resonance that can appear when the extra symmetry to cancel Zbb couplings is implemented.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general the KK modes for gauge bosons tend to be too heavy ∼ 3 TeV so the most promising signal comes from some light fermionic resonance that can appear when the extra symmetry to cancel Zbb couplings is implemented [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "We postpone a detailed study of these signatures until future publications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We postpone a detailed study of these signatures until future publications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Just before LEP-II the former approach was favoured due to the problems of models with dynamical breaking with the electroweak observables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Just before LEP-II the former approach was favoured due to the problems of models with dynamical breaking with the electroweak observables [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "But after LEP-II and the no-discovery of the higgs or any supersymmetric particle there has been a revival of interest in models with a compostite higgs or even without a higgs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But after LEP-II and the no-discovery of the higgs or any supersymmetric particle there has been a revival of interest in models with a compostite higgs or even without a higgs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The progress in model-building has been possible thanks to the formulation of strongly coupled theories as models with a warped extra dimension.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The progress in model-building has been possible thanks to the formulation of strongly coupled theories as models with a warped extra dimension [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "All these theories have been analyzed and different electroweak parameters have been calculated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All these theories have been analyzed and different electroweak parameters have been calculated [4, [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, [7] [8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper we are going to revisit the first two scenarios, those where the breaking is localized on the IR brane, but for a general warped metric and not only the one of AdS 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we are going to revisit the first two scenarios, those where the breaking is localized on the IR brane, but for a general warped metric and not only the one of AdS 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the 4D side, this corresponds to departure from an approximate conformal symmetry of the strongly coupled sector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the 4D side, this corresponds to departure from an approximate conformal symmetry of the strongly coupled sector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We calculate tree-level contributions to the electroweak parameters both in the case with a higgs localized on the IR brane and in the higgsless theory (we leave the study of a pseudo-goldstone higgs for future publications).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We calculate tree-level contributions to the electroweak parameters both in the case with a higgs localized on the IR brane and in the higgsless theory (we leave the study of a pseudo-goldstone higgs for future publications).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We present general formulae for the spectrum of gauge bosons and their contributions to S, T and Zbb couplings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We present general formulae for the spectrum of gauge bosons and their contributions to S, T and Zbb couplings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main conclusions is that, also in general backgrounds, SU(2) R is needed to cancel large contributions to T .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main conclusions is that, also in general backgrounds, SU(2) R is needed to cancel large contributions to T .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The S parameter is under control for the case with a higgs, while in the higgsless case cancelations are necessary to happen independent of the background metric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The S parameter is under control for the case with a higgs, while in the higgsless case cancelations are necessary to happen independent of the background metric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Diversity and difference have become increasingly important variables in planning and transport as the populations of cities and urban areas have become more diverse.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diversity and difference have become increasingly important variables in planning and transport as the populations of cities and urban areas have become more diverse.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The post-modernist approach to planning is based on the premise that diversity (culture, tradition and all forms of differences) are real and it is not effective to apply one universal value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The post-modernist approach to planning is based on the premise that diversity (culture, tradition and all forms of differences) are real and it is not effective to apply one universal value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the previous modernist era planners often ignored culture in making plans despite cultural differences make people have different needs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the previous modernist era planners often ignored culture in making plans despite cultural differences make people have different needs [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "One of the different needs is a security concern while using public transport.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the different needs is a security concern while using public transport.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The progressive nature and exploration in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have experienced unprecedented development and are considered to be the most preferable medium for communication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The progressive nature and exploration in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have experienced unprecedented development and are considered to be the most preferable medium for communication [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Nowadays global businesses are mobile and distributed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays global businesses are mobile and distributed [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, WSNs provide a seamless bridge to permeate the gap between distance and movement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, WSNs provide a seamless bridge to permeate the gap between distance and movement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the emergence of high data rate, low power consumption, and small sized sensor network applications due to the rapid advancement in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has increased the demand for wireless network services.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the emergence of high data rate, low power consumption, and small sized sensor network applications due to the rapid advancement in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has increased the demand for wireless network services [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Typically, in WSNs, the sensor nodes are not isolated; rather they are geographically distributed and may significantly vary up to thousands of sensor nodes depending upon the application.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Typically, in WSNs, the sensor nodes are not isolated; rather they are geographically distributed and may significantly vary up to thousands of sensor nodes depending upon the application [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 1 shows that each node is capable of sensing environmental variations and responding accordingly to those changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 shows that each node is capable of sensing environmental variations and responding accordingly to those changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each sensor node immediately reacts to the environmental variations and routes the environmental changes to the sink node.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each sensor node immediately reacts to the environmental variations and routes the environmental changes to the sink node.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the sink node translates and routes the aggregated data of all of the sensor nodes to the end user via a wireless radio interface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the sink node translates and routes the aggregated data of all of the sensor nodes to the end user via a wireless radio interface [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "WSNs are envisioned enablers for a wide range of applications, ranging from health monitoring, environmental surveillance, home appliances, industrial process monitoring, and inventory tracking to even providing networking facilities in or around a human body such as in wireless body area networks WBANs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "WSNs are envisioned enablers for a wide range of applications, ranging from health monitoring, environmental surveillance, home appliances, industrial process monitoring, and inventory tracking to even providing networking facilities in or around a human body such as in wireless body area networks WBANs [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "WSNs' sensing and monitoring phenomena are as diverse as speed, moisture, temperature, and any particular location by means of optical motion, piezoelectric and thermostat detectors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "WSNs' sensing and monitoring phenomena are as diverse as speed, moisture, temperature, and any particular location by means of optical motion, piezoelectric and thermostat detectors [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "For all of these applications, a WSN shares some of the common attributes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For all of these applications, a WSN shares some of the common attributes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sensor nodes are battery powered and have limited power; however, it is infeasible to recharge or replace the battery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sensor nodes are battery powered and have limited power; however, it is infeasible to recharge or replace the battery [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The part of the overall network functionality known as the medium access control (MAC) protocol handles issues regarding efficiency, fairness, and reliable access to the medium that is simultaneously used by variety of devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The part of the overall network functionality known as the medium access control (MAC) protocol handles issues regarding efficiency, fairness, and reliable access to the medium that is simultaneously used by variety of devices [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "The role of MAC layer protocols in wireless networks is of particular importance as these networks are quite different from their wired counterparts in many ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of MAC layer protocols in wireless networks is of particular importance as these networks are quite different from their wired counterparts in many ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MAC protocols for WSN are classified into two main broader categories: contention based and schedule based.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MAC protocols for WSN are classified into two main broader categories: contention based and schedule based.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this contribution we report on the development of μc-SiGe:H absorber layers for the usage as ultrathin bottom absorbers in silicon based multijunction solar cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this contribution we report on the development of μc-SiGe:H absorber layers for the usage as ultrathin bottom absorbers in silicon based multijunction solar cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been reported by several authors, that a Ge concentration in the film larger than 20% leads to a high defect formation and thus the Ge variation is limited in this contribution to maximum about 22%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported by several authors, that a Ge concentration in the film larger than 20% leads to a high defect formation and thus the Ge variation is limited in this contribution to maximum about 22% [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "The experiments were compared to samples and solar cells without Ge in the films.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experiments were compared to samples and solar cells without Ge in the films.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we refer to two techniques for implementing source-based dissemination trees: self pruning (selfP) and dominant pruning (dominantP).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we refer to two techniques for implementing source-based dissemination trees: self pruning (selfP) and dominant pruning (dominantP) [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Specifically, selfP uses periodic \"Hello\" messages to learn their immediate (1-hop) neighborhood, and from that decide which nodes should forward a message.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, selfP uses periodic \"Hello\" messages to learn their immediate (1-hop) neighborhood, and from that decide which nodes should forward a message.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, in dominantP, the \"Hello\" messages include information about the 2-hop neighborhood (i.e., each node can learn who are the neighbors of its neighbors).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, in dominantP, the \"Hello\" messages include information about the 2-hop neighborhood (i.e., each node can learn who are the neighbors of its neighbors).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the forwarding decisions in dominantP generate a dissemination tree that is much closer to the optimal tree, meaning that dominantP obtains higher reliability and better efficiency compared to selfP. However, its \"Hello\" messages can become very large when the network is large and dense.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the forwarding decisions in dominantP generate a dissemination tree that is much closer to the optimal tree, meaning that dominantP obtains higher reliability and better efficiency compared to selfP. However, its \"Hello\" messages can become very large when the network is large and dense.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Path analysis was used to determine the relative importance of the various mechanisms by which treatments affected seed number and germination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Path analysis was used to determine the relative importance of the various mechanisms by which treatments affected seed number and germination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Path analysis is a means of quantifying an otherwise qualitative model of how variables interact.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Path analysis is a means of quantifying an otherwise qualitative model of how variables interact (Wootton 1994; Wright 1934) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wootton 1994; Wright 1934)" ] }, { "text": "To perform path analysis, an a priori hypothetical diagram is constructed (Figure 1) showing the functional relationship among variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To perform path analysis, an a priori hypothetical diagram is constructed (Figure 1) showing the functional relationship among variables (Wootton 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wootton 1994)" ] }, { "text": "For each connecting path between variables, a path coefficient can be calculated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For each connecting path between variables, a path coefficient can be calculated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These path coefficients are equivalent to the standardized partial regression coefficients of multiple regression, and represent the effect of one variable on another dependent variable, with all other variables statistically held constant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These path coefficients are equivalent to the standardized partial regression coefficients of multiple regression, and represent the effect of one variable on another dependent variable, with all other variables statistically held constant (Mitchell 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mitchell 1992)" ] }, { "text": "In addition to determining the relationship among variables within the model, path analysis can be used to test how well a hypothetical model fits the data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to determining the relationship among variables within the model, path analysis can be used to test how well a hypothetical model fits the data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "No consistent pattern of seasonal production and removal of DOC was observed during the 11 yr of our study at Station ALOHA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No consistent pattern of seasonal production and removal of DOC was observed during the 11 yr of our study at Station ALOHA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instead, a multiyear net accumulation of DOC and DON throughout the upper ocean was observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead, a multiyear net accumulation of DOC and DON throughout the upper ocean was observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The seasonally driven process of DOC accumulation observed in the surface waters of the Sargasso and Mediterranean Seas apparently manifests itself over interannual and subdecadal time scales in the NPSG.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The seasonally driven process of DOC accumulation observed in the surface waters of the Sargasso and Mediterranean Seas apparently manifests itself over interannual and subdecadal time scales in the NPSG.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lack of seasonal mixing in surface waters at Station ALOHA results in diffusion-dominated export of DOM rather than the seasonal pumping witnessed in other oligotrophic oceans.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The lack of seasonal mixing in surface waters at Station ALOHA results in diffusion-dominated export of DOM rather than the seasonal pumping witnessed in other oligotrophic oceans (Copin-Montegut and Avril 1993; Carlson et al. 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Copin-Montegut and Avril 1993; Carlson et al. 1994)" ] }, { "text": "The resulting long-term accumulation of DOM reflects multiyear excesses in the balance between production, utilization, and diffusive loss, rather than the seasonal-scale imbalances observed in other oligotrophic oceans.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting long-term accumulation of DOM reflects multiyear excesses in the balance between production, utilization, and diffusive loss, rather than the seasonal-scale imbalances observed in other oligotrophic oceans.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, helper robots or service robots which interact with humans in welfare domain have attracted much attention of researchers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, helper robots or service robots which interact with humans in welfare domain have attracted much attention of researchers [1] , [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[2]" ] }, { "text": "We also have been developing such robot systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We also have been developing such robot systems [3] - [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ], [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]", "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Our research goal is to realize the robots that can carry out tasks ordered by humans through verbal and nonverbal interaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our research goal is to realize the robots that can carry out tasks ordered by humans through verbal and nonverbal interaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tasks may include such as getting objects, operating appliances, and helping humans to move.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tasks may include such as getting objects, operating appliances, and helping humans to move.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although we need research on mechanism, control and various other techniques to realize such robots, we would like to address computer vision problems in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although we need research on mechanism, control and various other techniques to realize such robots, we would like to address computer vision problems in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Every year in the United States, there are approximately 23,000 new brain and nervous system cancer diagnoses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Every year in the United States, there are approximately 23,000 new brain and nervous system cancer diagnoses [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, accounting for about 45% of these cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, accounting for about 45% of these cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The one-and two-year survival rates of GBM are only 53% and 15%, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The one-and two-year survival rates of GBM are only 53% and 15%, respectively [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, median survival is only 15 months following standard treatment, which consists of maximal safe resection, followed by adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, median survival is only 15 months following standard treatment, which consists of maximal safe resection, followed by adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Surgical resection of GBM is an important first step as it provides relief of mass effect, allows for histopathologic diagnosis, and improves survival.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surgical resection of GBM is an important first step as it provides relief of mass effect, allows for histopathologic diagnosis, and improves survival.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Intraoperative fluorescence imaging is an exciting technique that aids surgeons in the detection and resection of tumors in the operative setting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Intraoperative fluorescence imaging is an exciting technique that aids surgeons in the detection and resection of tumors in the operative setting [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Although 5-ALA has shown success in human glioblastoma trials, this visible light prodrug is not FDA-approved in the United States.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although 5-ALA has shown success in human glioblastoma trials, this visible light prodrug is not FDA-approved in the United States [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The only FDA-approved NIR contrast agent is indocyanine green (ICG).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The only FDA-approved NIR contrast agent is indocyanine green (ICG).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the NIR range, ICG fluoresces with a peak emission and excitation at 780 and 810 nm respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the NIR range, ICG fluoresces with a peak emission and excitation at 780 and 810 nm respectively [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Since initial FDA approval in 1958, there has been extensive research to improve the utility of ICG in the medical field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since initial FDA approval in 1958, there has been extensive research to improve the utility of ICG in the medical field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "ICG is traditionally administered as a video angiographic contrast agent with doses between 0.2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ICG is traditionally administered as a video angiographic contrast agent with doses between 0.2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the serum half-life is measured only in minutes, this allows the surgeon to perform bolus injections for intraoperative vascular identification.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the serum half-life is measured only in minutes, this allows the surgeon to perform bolus injections for intraoperative vascular identification [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The objective of this study was to experimentally analyze the collision behavior of drops of aqueous solutions of water-soluble polymer on a hot solid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective of this study was to experimentally analyze the collision behavior of drops of aqueous solutions of water-soluble polymer on a hot solid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This investigation was carried out using a two-dimensional strobe photography technique developed previously by the authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This investigation was carried out using a two-dimensional strobe photography technique developed previously by the authors [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "The effect of different solid temperatures and the impact inertia, as reflected in the Weber number, was studied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of different solid temperatures and the impact inertia, as reflected in the Weber number, was studied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, the deformation behavior of drops on a solid at 500 °C were interpreted in terms of the Weber number and previously reported formulae obtained from experiments on simple component liquids with a low molecular weight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, the deformation behavior of drops on a solid at 500 °C were interpreted in terms of the Weber number and previously reported formulae obtained from experiments on simple component liquids with a low molecular weight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used to observe the collision of the drops with the hot solid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used to observe the collision of the drops with the hot solid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The setup included a syringe unit to generate isolated drops, a dispenser to feed air into the syringe unit, a gas-tight tank to pressurize the syringe, a heated test surface on which the drops impinged, and the observation equipment for strobe photography.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The setup included a syringe unit to generate isolated drops, a dispenser to feed air into the syringe unit, a gas-tight tank to pressurize the syringe, a heated test surface on which the drops impinged, and the observation equipment for strobe photography.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In quench hardening, submergence methods are widely used (see Fig. 1(a) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In quench hardening, submergence methods are widely used (see Fig. 1(a) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hot materials are immersed in a quenchant (cooling fluid) bath to obtain rapid cooling rates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The hot materials are immersed in a quenchant (cooling fluid) bath to obtain rapid cooling rates [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Spray-cooling methods are also utilized, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spray-cooling methods are also utilized, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, hot materials are cooled by the impingement of fluid directed from a spray jet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, hot materials are cooled by the impingement of fluid directed from a spray jet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both cooling methods, water is commonly employed as the quenchant, because it can achieve large heat removal rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both cooling methods, water is commonly employed as the quenchant, because it can achieve large heat removal rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, large cooling rates are associated with large temperature variations in hot materials and can lead to the aforementioned side effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, large cooling rates are associated with large temperature variations in hot materials and can lead to the aforementioned side effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Non-Gaussian random fluctuations are widely observed in various areas such as physics, biology, seismology, electrical engineering and finance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Non-Gaussian random fluctuations are widely observed in various areas such as physics, biology, seismology, electrical engineering and finance [29, 16, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 16, 20]" ] }, { "text": "Lévy motions are a large class of non-Gaussian stochastic processes whose sample paths are discontinuous in time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lévy motions are a large class of non-Gaussian stochastic processes whose sample paths are discontinuous in time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a dynamical system driven by Lévy motions, almost all the orbits X t are discontinuous in time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a dynamical system driven by Lévy motions, almost all the orbits X t are discontinuous in time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, these orbits are càdlàg (right-continuous with left limit at each time instant), i.e., each of these orbits has countable jumps in time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, these orbits are càdlàg (right-continuous with left limit at each time instant), i.e., each of these orbits has countable jumps in time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to these jumps, an orbit could escape an open domain without passing through its boundary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to these jumps, an orbit could escape an open domain without passing through its boundary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the escape probability is the likelihood that an orbit, starting inside an open domain D, exits this domain first by landing in a target domain U in D c (the complement of domain D).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the escape probability is the likelihood that an orbit, starting inside an open domain D, exits this domain first by landing in a target domain U in D c (the complement of domain D).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Brownian motions are Gaussian stochastic processes and thus are appropriate for modeling Gaussian random fluctuations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Brownian motions are Gaussian stochastic processes and thus are appropriate for modeling Gaussian random fluctuations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Almost all sample paths of Brownian motions are continuous in time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Almost all sample paths of Brownian motions are continuous in time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a dynamical system driven by Brownian motions, almost all orbits (or paths or trajectories) are thus continuous in time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a dynamical system driven by Brownian motions, almost all orbits (or paths or trajectories) are thus continuous in time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The escape probability is the likelihood that an orbit, starting inside an open domain D, exits this domain first through a specific part Γ of the boundary ∂D. This concept helps understand various phenomena in sciences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The escape probability is the likelihood that an orbit, starting inside an open domain D, exits this domain first through a specific part Γ of the boundary ∂D. This concept helps understand various phenomena in sciences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One example is in molecular genetics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One example is in molecular genetics [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "The frequency of collisions of two single strands of long helical DNA molecules that leads to a double-stranded molecule is of interest and can be computed by virtu of solving an escape probability problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The frequency of collisions of two single strands of long helical DNA molecules that leads to a double-stranded molecule is of interest and can be computed by virtu of solving an escape probability problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It turns out that the escape probability satisfies an elliptic partial differential equation with properly chosen boundary conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It turns out that the escape probability satisfies an elliptic partial differential equation with properly chosen boundary conditions [26, 18, 25, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26, 18, 25, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Multi-phase interleaved voltage regulator modules (VRMs) provide fast dynamic response, small voltage and current ripple, and high power density.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multi-phase interleaved voltage regulator modules (VRMs) provide fast dynamic response, small voltage and current ripple, and high power density [1] [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2]" ] }, { "text": "They have been widely adopted for low output voltage, high output current, and fast load-transient applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They have been widely adopted for low output voltage, high output current, and fast load-transient applications [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Precise current sharing has been emphasized to reduce voltage and current ripple, while presumably minimizing thermal stress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Precise current sharing has been emphasized to reduce voltage and current ripple, while presumably minimizing thermal stress [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Average current mode control (ACMC) is commonly used to precisely match the current between each phase.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Average current mode control (ACMC) is commonly used to precisely match the current between each phase [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "However, due to variations in PCB layout, parasitic resistances, air-flow, and transistor on-resistance (R on ), it is common to observe significant temperature variations between the converter phases, which lead to reliability issues and sub-optimal device utilization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, due to variations in PCB layout, parasitic resistances, air-flow, and transistor on-resistance (R on ), it is common to observe significant temperature variations between the converter phases, which lead to reliability issues and sub-optimal device utilization [1, [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Temperature differences between phases lead to an increase in the peak temperature on the PCB, reduced mean-time-before-failure (MTBF) and reliability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Temperature differences between phases lead to an increase in the peak temperature on the PCB, reduced mean-time-before-failure (MTBF) and reliability [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In case of malignant transformation the cells undergo changes, which lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and abnormal differentiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In case of malignant transformation the cells undergo changes, which lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and abnormal differentiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, the genesis is involved in all aspects of development and growth of the tumor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, the genesis is involved in all aspects of development and growth of the tumor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studying the possible structural changes in DNA of tumor cells under the influence of millimeter-radio waves, in the absence of cytostatics, is useful, since the MM-therapy used in complex antineoplastic treatment promotes the reduction of toxic antitumor effect of chemo-and radiotherapy and increasing of its antitumor effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studying the possible structural changes in DNA of tumor cells under the influence of millimeter-radio waves, in the absence of cytostatics, is useful, since the MM-therapy used in complex antineoplastic treatment promotes the reduction of toxic antitumor effect of chemo-and radiotherapy and increasing of its antitumor effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In most of the literature data the tumor inhibition by means of MM-therapy, in the absence of cytostatic agents, was shown in experiments in vitro.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In most of the literature data the tumor inhibition by means of MM-therapy, in the absence of cytostatic agents, was shown in experiments in vitro [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "As can be seen from Table 1 , the pronounced effect of MM-therapy appears in the group with a half-hour continuous irradiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As can be seen from Table 1 , the pronounced effect of MM-therapy appears in the group with a half-hour continuous irradiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A sharp suppression of the level of DNA-methylation of sarcoma-37 is observed, which can be explained as follows: low intensity MM-waves, acting on the growth and proliferation of cells, on the enzyme activity, on the Correlation of tumor growth delay with the level of DNAmethylation is obvious.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A sharp suppression of the level of DNA-methylation of sarcoma-37 is observed, which can be explained as follows: low intensity MM-waves, acting on the growth and proliferation of cells, on the enzyme activity, on the Correlation of tumor growth delay with the level of DNAmethylation is obvious.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After 15 sessions of MM-therapy without cytostatic drugs, in animals of the third group (exposure 30 min) an inhibition of tumor growth by 33.5% was observed compared with a control group and a sharp suppression of DNA-methylation level 2.5 times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After 15 sessions of MM-therapy without cytostatic drugs, in animals of the third group (exposure 30 min) an inhibition of tumor growth by 33.5% was observed compared with a control group and a sharp suppression of DNA-methylation level 2.5 times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "DNA-demethylation in the tumor tissue under the influence of a half-hour exposure of MM-waves can be explained by enzymatic demethylation of remains of 5-MC, i.e., the mechanism of action of the studied waves basically involves demethylation of tumor DNA, which in its turn could sensitize the damage of chromatin, inhibit an efficient repair of DNA, which provides genomic instability and can cause apoptosis of tumor cells, leading to inhibition of tumor growth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "DNA-demethylation in the tumor tissue under the influence of a half-hour exposure of MM-waves can be explained by enzymatic demethylation of remains of 5-MC, i.e., the mechanism of action of the studied waves basically involves demethylation of tumor DNA, which in its turn could sensitize the damage of chromatin, inhibit an efficient repair of DNA, which provides genomic instability and can cause apoptosis of tumor cells, leading to inhibition of tumor growth [24, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 26]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The process of DNA-methylation is closely related with the appearance of tumors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The process of DNA-methylation is closely related with the appearance of tumors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Imbalance of DNA-methylation is observed in all, without exception, studied neoplasias.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Imbalance of DNA-methylation is observed in all, without exception, studied neoplasias.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The violation of methylation process manifests itself at the early stages of malignant transformation of cells; content of 5-methylcytosine (5MC), which is the only methyl base in DNA of animals and humans, could serve as a diagnostic test for tumor genesis; this opens the possibility for early diagnostics and treatment of disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The violation of methylation process manifests itself at the early stages of malignant transformation of cells; content of 5-methylcytosine (5MC), which is the only methyl base in DNA of animals and humans, could serve as a diagnostic test for tumor genesis; this opens the possibility for early diagnostics and treatment of disease [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Hypermethylation of tumor-DNA, the mechanism of which in many tumors is not clear, destabilizes the secondary structure of DNA as well, what may cause the selective sensitivity of malignant cells toward the influence of millimeter-waves in the absence of chemo-and radiotherapy and to allow receiving of expressed antitumor effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hypermethylation of tumor-DNA, the mechanism of which in many tumors is not clear, destabilizes the secondary structure of DNA as well, what may cause the selective sensitivity of malignant cells toward the influence of millimeter-waves in the absence of chemo-and radiotherapy and to allow receiving of expressed antitumor effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Overall, the lack of knowledge regarding livestockmanagement practices found in our study, together with the large proportion of consumers who feel insufficiently informed about FAW, suggests that current FAW views may be driven less by facts and more by perceptions (or misperceptions).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, the lack of knowledge regarding livestockmanagement practices found in our study, together with the large proportion of consumers who feel insufficiently informed about FAW, suggests that current FAW views may be driven less by facts and more by perceptions (or misperceptions).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One limitation of the present study is that the survey did not ask respondents whether they have actively sought out information about FAW or whether they would be interested in receiving information about FAW and what/who would be the most trusted source of this information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One limitation of the present study is that the survey did not ask respondents whether they have actively sought out information about FAW or whether they would be interested in receiving information about FAW and what/who would be the most trusted source of this information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Identifying whether and what types of online sources of FAW information would be influential was also not explored in the present study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Identifying whether and what types of online sources of FAW information would be influential was also not explored in the present study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These are questions for investigation in future research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These are questions for investigation in future research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Notably, findings from the 2014 Animal Tracker Australia survey suggested that the majority of Australian adults believe the least credible sources of information regarding FAW are businesses and corporations, and the most credible sources are NGOs authorised to inspect and enforce animal legislation, farmers and agriculturalists, animal protection/advocacy groups, academics and scientists, and farm-industry associations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Notably, findings from the 2014 Animal Tracker Australia survey suggested that the majority of Australian adults believe the least credible sources of information regarding FAW are businesses and corporations, and the most credible sources are NGOs authorised to inspect and enforce animal legislation, farmers and agriculturalists, animal protection/advocacy groups, academics and scientists, and farm-industry associations (Humane Research Council 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Humane Research Council 2014)" ] }, { "text": "However, the results reported were for the total Animal Tracker Australia survey sample and not segments with differing FAW attitudes; thus, the value of those findings for targeting unique consumer segments is limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the results reported were for the total Animal Tracker Australia survey sample and not segments with differing FAW attitudes; thus, the value of those findings for targeting unique consumer segments is limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Australia has the highest per capita meat consumption among OECD countries, with the average Australian consuming 92.5 kg of meat (beef, veal, pork, chicken and lamb) in 2015.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Australia has the highest per capita meat consumption among OECD countries, with the average Australian consuming 92.5 kg of meat (beef, veal, pork, chicken and lamb) in 2015.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While data show a steady increase in Australia's meat consumption over the past two decades, farm animal welfare (FAW) has become a topical issue in recent years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While data show a steady increase in Australia's meat consumption over the past two decades, farm animal welfare (FAW) has become a topical issue in recent years (Petrie 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Petrie 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Media stories suggesting unethical treatment of animals in livestock industries continue to bring FAW into the public eye.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Media stories suggesting unethical treatment of animals in livestock industries continue to bring FAW into the public eye.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, the livestock industry is increasingly scrutinised over concerns about the environmental footprint of meat production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the livestock industry is increasingly scrutinised over concerns about the environmental footprint of meat production (Meat and Livestock Australia 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Meat and Livestock Australia 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Overall, small shares of consumers were either concerned-FAW (10%) or anti-FAW (20%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, small shares of consumers were either concerned-FAW (10%) or anti-FAW (20%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our findings also showed that just one-third of Australian meat buyers appear to be concerned about the environmental impacts of meat production, with the majority (61%) expressing neutral views.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our findings also showed that just one-third of Australian meat buyers appear to be concerned about the environmental impacts of meat production, with the majority (61%) expressing neutral views.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The extent to which concerns about the environment correspond with knowledge of environmental impacts cannot be determined from our data but should be explored in future studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extent to which concerns about the environment correspond with knowledge of environmental impacts cannot be determined from our data but should be explored in future studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Notably, the environmental impact of meat production was not a concern of either of the two anti-FAW clusters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Notably, the environmental impact of meat production was not a concern of either of the two anti-FAW clusters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that consumers who are unconcerned about FAW are also unlikely to be concerned about the environmental impact of meat production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that consumers who are unconcerned about FAW are also unlikely to be concerned about the environmental impact of meat production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This finding is consistent with other literature linking environmental concerns with FAW concerns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding is consistent with other literature linking environmental concerns with FAW concerns (Kendall et al. 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kendall et al. 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "This paper is a continuation of the previous work.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper is a continuation of the previous work [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "The main purpose of it is to point out that there exists a remarkable structure through which a Weyl representation can be constructed from a weak Weyl representation which satisfies some additional property.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main purpose of it is to point out that there exists a remarkable structure through which a Weyl representation can be constructed from a weak Weyl representation which satisfies some additional property.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This structure, which may have physical significance too, makes it possible, for example, to identify the spectrum σ(|H|) of |H| (the absolute value of H) as σ(|H|) = [0, ∞) under some condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This structure, which may have physical significance too, makes it possible, for example, to identify the spectrum σ(|H|) of |H| (the absolute value of H) as σ(|H|) = [0, ∞) under some condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Another important finding in the study was about the central tendency and variation measured.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another important finding in the study was about the central tendency and variation measured.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As opposed to those on Level 2, the pre-service teachers on Level 3 thought that a value other than arithmetic mean should be calculated, and chose to find a typical value in order to assess the data set.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As opposed to those on Level 2, the pre-service teachers on Level 3 thought that a value other than arithmetic mean should be calculated, and chose to find a typical value in order to assess the data set.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, they separately calculated central tendency measures such as mode and median, and variation measures such as standard deviation, range and interquartile range, without considering the data within the context of the problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, they separately calculated central tendency measures such as mode and median, and variation measures such as standard deviation, range and interquartile range, without considering the data within the context of the problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While calculating standard deviation, which is a variation measure, in the context of the On-Time Arrival problem provides us with information on whether the delay times for each airline are homogenous or heterogeneous, it does not show us whether they are high or low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While calculating standard deviation, which is a variation measure, in the context of the On-Time Arrival problem provides us with information on whether the delay times for each airline are homogenous or heterogeneous, it does not show us whether they are high or low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, when the standard deviation of delay times is calculated for each company this value may be low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, when the standard deviation of delay times is calculated for each company this value may be low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This shows that delay times in different flights are close to each other, meaning there is low variation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This shows that delay times in different flights are close to each other, meaning there is low variation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this does not provide any information on whether the delay times are high or low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this does not provide any information on whether the delay times are high or low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, calculating standard deviation, which is one of the measures of variation, does not provide a meaningful result in this problem's context, because standard deviation and variance get affected by outliers as they are calculated using squares of deviation amounts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, calculating standard deviation, which is one of the measures of variation, does not provide a meaningful result in this problem's context, because standard deviation and variance get affected by outliers as they are calculated using squares of deviation amounts (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gravetter & Wallnau, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The researches on application of wasp colony algorithms to job shop scheduling are investigated in Carnegie Mellon University and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The researches on application of wasp colony algorithms to job shop scheduling are investigated in Carnegie Mellon University and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Vincent Cicirello and Stephen Smith put forward scheduling swap algorithm and routing wasp algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vincent Cicirello and Stephen Smith put forward scheduling swap algorithm and routing wasp algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The algorithms need to be investigated further to apply to practical scheduling problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The algorithms need to be investigated further to apply to practical scheduling problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Most job shop scheduling problems are NP-hard.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most job shop scheduling problems are NP-hard.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is not a set of systematic theories and methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is not a set of systematic theories and methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The future research tendency of job shop scheduling is integrated, dynamic and intelligent theories and methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The future research tendency of job shop scheduling is integrated, dynamic and intelligent theories and methods [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Research on parsing has mostly concentrated on parsing the Penn Treebank.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research on parsing has mostly concentrated on parsing the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al., 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Marcus et al., 1993)" ] }, { "text": "As a consequence, most parsers have probability models that are optimized for the syntactic annotations in this treebank and more generally for the language in the treebank.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence, most parsers have probability models that are optimized for the syntactic annotations in this treebank and more generally for the language in the treebank.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means that a parser trained on the Penn Treebank will show a severe degradation in performance when used for parsing data from another domain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that a parser trained on the Penn Treebank will show a severe degradation in performance when used for parsing data from another domain (McClosky et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McClosky et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "More recently, research has started on adapting parsers to new domains so that the degradation in parsing is minimized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, research has started on adapting parsers to new domains so that the degradation in parsing is minimized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the first venues at which domain adaptation was targeted was the 2007 CoNLL shared task on dependency parsing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the first venues at which domain adaptation was targeted was the 2007 CoNLL shared task on dependency parsing (Nivre et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nivre et al., 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "When performing comparisons of different treatment approaches, it is crucial to have well-matched groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When performing comparisons of different treatment approaches, it is crucial to have well-matched groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was no statistical difference between the groups for serum APAP concentration, time from ingestion to admission of serum APAP concentration, the incidence of concurrent co-ingestants, nor in the severity of liver injury (Tables 1 and 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was no statistical difference between the groups for serum APAP concentration, time from ingestion to admission of serum APAP concentration, the incidence of concurrent co-ingestants, nor in the severity of liver injury (Tables 1 and 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although comparison of mean enzyme levels can be misleading because of the data's nonGaussian distribution, we also found no group differences when we divided the data according to the criteria used by James and colleagues of mild (Ͻ100 IU L Ϫ1 ), moderate (Ͼ100, but Ͻ1,000 IU L Ϫ1 ), and severe (Ͼ1,000 IU L Ϫ1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although comparison of mean enzyme levels can be misleading because of the data's nonGaussian distribution, we also found no group differences when we divided the data according to the criteria used by James and colleagues of mild (Ͻ100 IU L Ϫ1 ), moderate (Ͼ100, but Ͻ1,000 IU L Ϫ1 ), and severe (Ͼ1,000 IU L Ϫ1 ) [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "For all of the parameters measured, the only difference was that the IV-treated patients were older.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For all of the parameters measured, the only difference was that the IV-treated patients were older.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible that this age difference might also be associated with body mass differences and hence reduced antiemetic dose on a per kilogram basis in the IV group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible that this age difference might also be associated with body mass differences and hence reduced antiemetic dose on a per kilogram basis in the IV group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this were the case, the net effect could be expected to increase antiemetic use in the IV group, which was not found and so this statistical difference is unlikely to influence our findings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this were the case, the net effect could be expected to increase antiemetic use in the IV group, which was not found and so this statistical difference is unlikely to influence our findings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Satisfying the constraints in the case ω = 0 is usually straightforward in two dimensions, but may present difficulties in 3D if a (or σ in the case of Maxwell's equations) is not constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Satisfying the constraints in the case ω = 0 is usually straightforward in two dimensions, but may present difficulties in 3D if a (or σ in the case of Maxwell's equations) is not constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The method may work even if the constraint is not verified in the case ω = 0: when dealing with the constraints |∇u ω | ≥ C, a generic choice of the boundary condition ϕ is sufficient.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The method may work even if the constraint is not verified in the case ω = 0: when dealing with the constraints |∇u ω | ≥ C, a generic choice of the boundary condition ϕ is sufficient [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, choosing a generic boundary condition may give a very low constant C and a very high number of frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, choosing a generic boundary condition may give a very low constant C and a very high number of frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An open problem is to find an alternative to the study of the constraints in ω = 0.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An open problem is to find an alternative to the study of the constraints in ω = 0.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, as far as the Helmholtz equation is concerned, an asymptotic expansion of u ω for high frequencies ω may give the required non-zero constraints, and by holomorphicity this would still give the desired result.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, as far as the Helmholtz equation is concerned, an asymptotic expansion of u ω for high frequencies ω may give the required non-zero constraints, and by holomorphicity this would still give the desired result.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "An open problem concerns a more precise estimation of the number of needed frequencies n.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An open problem concerns a more precise estimation of the number of needed frequencies n.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible to show that, under the assumption of real analytic coefficients, almost any d+1 frequencies in a fixed range give the required constraints, where d is the dimension of the space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible to show that, under the assumption of real analytic coefficients, almost any d+1 frequencies in a fixed range give the required constraints, where d is the dimension of the space [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The proof is based on the structure of analytic varieties, and so the hypothesis of real analyticity is crucial.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proof is based on the structure of analytic varieties, and so the hypothesis of real analyticity is crucial.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this assumption is far too strong for the applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this assumption is far too strong for the applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, a natural question to ask is whether it is possible to lower the assumption of real analyticity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, a natural question to ask is whether it is possible to lower the assumption of real analyticity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The dynamics and evolution of collisionless stellar ensembles is a subject of great interest in astrophysics since they are the primary tool for comparisons of observations and theory in galactic dynamics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The dynamics and evolution of collisionless stellar ensembles is a subject of great interest in astrophysics since they are the primary tool for comparisons of observations and theory in galactic dynamics [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Such systems are generally composed by billions of stars, so it is neither practical nor worthwhile to follow the orbit of each particle in the ensemble.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such systems are generally composed by billions of stars, so it is neither practical nor worthwhile to follow the orbit of each particle in the ensemble.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most testable predictions depend only on the distribution function F (x, v, t) (DF), a quantity that determines the probability of finding a single star in a given phase-space volume d 3 xd 3 v around the position x and the velocity v.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most testable predictions depend only on the distribution function F (x, v, t) (DF), a quantity that determines the probability of finding a single star in a given phase-space volume d 3 xd 3 v around the position x and the velocity v.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dynamics of the DF follows from the appropriate kinetic equation and it in turn determines the statistical evolution of the system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dynamics of the DF follows from the appropriate kinetic equation and it in turn determines the statistical evolution of the system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The dominance of manufacturer brands (national brands) in grocery product categories is increasingly being challenged by retailer brands (store brands or private label).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dominance of manufacturer brands (national brands) in grocery product categories is increasingly being challenged by retailer brands (store brands or private label).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This state of affairs is more pronounced in some categories than others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This state of affairs is more pronounced in some categories than others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By definition, manufacturer brands are brands owned by manufacturers and retailer brands are those owned by retailers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By definition, manufacturer brands are brands owned by manufacturers and retailer brands are those owned by retailers (Baden-Fuller, 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Baden-Fuller, 1984)" ] }, { "text": "The two types of brands are placed side-by-side at point of sale in grocery retail outlets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two types of brands are placed side-by-side at point of sale in grocery retail outlets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The brands feature in categories, which in simple terms are groups of similar products; for instance, milk category, tomato sauce category, and so on.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The brands feature in categories, which in simple terms are groups of similar products; for instance, milk category, tomato sauce category, and so on.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increasing change in the product composition of supermarket categories in this regard merits a close examination of the coexistence of the two types of participating brands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increasing change in the product composition of supermarket categories in this regard merits a close examination of the coexistence of the two types of participating brands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This article sets out to determine the impact of manufacturer brand innovation on retailer brands in supermarket categories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This article sets out to determine the impact of manufacturer brand innovation on retailer brands in supermarket categories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objectives of the article are; firstly, to identify aspects of manufacturer brand innovation that might inhibit and/or enhance retailer brands in grocery product categories; and secondly, to assess how relevant aspects of manufacturer brand innovation that enhance retailer brands are for the determination of strategic management regimes that govern the coexistence of the two types of brands in the categories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objectives of the article are; firstly, to identify aspects of manufacturer brand innovation that might inhibit and/or enhance retailer brands in grocery product categories; and secondly, to assess how relevant aspects of manufacturer brand innovation that enhance retailer brands are for the determination of strategic management regimes that govern the coexistence of the two types of brands in the categories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A car park as part of a building can be classified as open or closed depending on the ventilation condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A car park as part of a building can be classified as open or closed depending on the ventilation condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In accordance with ECCS, it may be considered as \"open\" if, for every parking level, the ventilation areas in the walls are: i) located in at least two opposite façades, ii) equal at least 1/3 of the total surface area of all the walls and iii) correspond to at least 5% of the floor area of one parking bay.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In accordance with ECCS, it may be considered as \"open\" if, for every parking level, the ventilation areas in the walls are: i) located in at least two opposite façades, ii) equal at least 1/3 of the total surface area of all the walls and iii) correspond to at least 5% of the floor area of one parking bay [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The main advantages of open car parks are: i) lower energy consumption, ii) natural light that contributes to the human comfort and safety of users, iii) natural ventilation, and iv) attractive architectural design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantages of open car parks are: i) lower energy consumption, ii) natural light that contributes to the human comfort and safety of users, iii) natural ventilation, and iv) attractive architectural design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, open car parks present specific characteristics that must be considered in the fire design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, open car parks present specific characteristics that must be considered in the fire design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Wound infections/necrosis were frequently observed after inguinal dissections with the prevalence rates 7-55% reported in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Wound infections/necrosis were frequently observed after inguinal dissections with the prevalence rates 7-55% reported in the literature [1, [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "The wide discrepancies in the incidence of reported complication rates may be attributed to the retrospective design of the studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The wide discrepancies in the incidence of reported complication rates may be attributed to the retrospective design of the studies [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Also, there is no universally accepted description of these complications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, there is no universally accepted description of these complications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our study, wound infection was defined by the use of antibiotics for culture-proven infected drainage postoperatively and wound dehiscence was described as wound healing problem with a measured defect of at least 1 cm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, wound infection was defined by the use of antibiotics for culture-proven infected drainage postoperatively and wound dehiscence was described as wound healing problem with a measured defect of at least 1 cm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Wound infections/necrosis were not observed in our 4 Journal of Skin Cancer prospective study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Wound infections/necrosis were not observed in our 4 Journal of Skin Cancer prospective study [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "These clear definitions for the complications in our study contribute the low reported incidence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These clear definitions for the complications in our study contribute the low reported incidence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A second explanation for the low incidence of complications is that our patients were relatively young (mean 48 years) with minimal associated comorbidities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A second explanation for the low incidence of complications is that our patients were relatively young (mean 48 years) with minimal associated comorbidities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Aseptic surgical technique and removal of the vascular compromised skin during the procedure may further help the low complication rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aseptic surgical technique and removal of the vascular compromised skin during the procedure may further help the low complication rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Mali, a low-income West African country, has eight administrative regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mali, a low-income West African country, has eight administrative regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "RESs have been implemented in all of them, with considerable variation in the levels of inter-and intraregional functionality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RESs have been implemented in all of them, with considerable variation in the levels of inter-and intraregional functionality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Kayes region, where this study was conducted, the seven districts' RESs were set up between 2002 and 2005.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Kayes region, where this study was conducted, the seven districts' RESs were set up between 2002 and 2005.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are supposed to facilitate normal deliveries in the CHCs and the referral of complicated cases to the DHCs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are supposed to facilitate normal deliveries in the CHCs and the referral of complicated cases to the DHCs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For early screening and referral of obstetric complications, whose occurrence is most often unpredictable, all deliveries should be carefully monitored by staff qualified for deliveries-essentially either midwives or other comparably skilled professionals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For early screening and referral of obstetric complications, whose occurrence is most often unpredictable, all deliveries should be carefully monitored by staff qualified for deliveries-essentially either midwives or other comparably skilled professionals [9] [10] [11] 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11] 32]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, in Kayes region, counting one midwife per CHC, 223 midwives would be required to implement the RESs, in addition to those at the DHCs and the regional hospital.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in Kayes region, counting one midwife per CHC, 223 midwives would be required to implement the RESs, in addition to those at the DHCs and the regional hospital.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in 2005, there were only seven midwives at the CHC level, and, in 2006 and 2009, only eleven.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in 2005, there were only seven midwives at the CHC level, and, in 2006 and 2009, only eleven.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the face of these shortages of qualified personnel, two strategies were implemented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the face of these shortages of qualified personnel, two strategies were implemented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One that took immediate effect was to extend obstetric services coverage in CHCs by using matrons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One that took immediate effect was to extend obstetric services coverage in CHCs by using matrons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are much less qualified than midwives but are more easily trained, recruited and, especially, retained in rural areas because they come most often from the local communities that train and employ them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are much less qualified than midwives but are more easily trained, recruited and, especially, retained in rural areas because they come most often from the local communities that train and employ them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Midwives complete three years of study after their baccalaureate degree, whereas matrons undergo a few months of internship and some theoretical training in a maternity unit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Midwives complete three years of study after their baccalaureate degree, whereas matrons undergo a few months of internship and some theoretical training in a maternity unit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The content of the matrons' training varies depending on the maternity unit they attend.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The content of the matrons' training varies depending on the maternity unit they attend.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, no particular level of schooling is required for this training, although most matrons have at least completed primary school.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, no particular level of schooling is required for this training, although most matrons have at least completed primary school.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In 2005, Kayes region had 196 matrons in CHCs and 222 in 2006.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2005, Kayes region had 196 matrons in CHCs and 222 in 2006.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another strategy was to train obstetric nurses, who are less qualified than midwives but more than matrons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another strategy was to train obstetric nurses, who are less qualified than midwives but more than matrons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are considered qualified to do deliveries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They are considered qualified to do deliveries [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "They receive three years of theoretical and practical training in competencies similar to midwifery skills, after a basic teaching diploma (six years of primary and four years of secondary schooling).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They receive three years of theoretical and practical training in competencies similar to midwifery skills, after a basic teaching diploma (six years of primary and four years of secondary schooling).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the CHCs of Kayes region, there were eight in 2005 and 14 in 2006.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the CHCs of Kayes region, there were eight in 2005 and 14 in 2006.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite these compromises in staff qualification at the peripheral levels, the implementation of RESs doubled the number of women who had access to obstetric care and reduced by half their risk of dying from obstetric complications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite these compromises in staff qualification at the peripheral levels, the implementation of RESs doubled the number of women who had access to obstetric care and reduced by half their risk of dying from obstetric complications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results were made possible through the combined action of all components of the RES.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results were made possible through the combined action of all components of the RES [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "At the regional scale, suburban habitats are colonised by the urban adapter species from the regional pool of species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the regional scale, suburban habitats are colonised by the urban adapter species from the regional pool of species (Blair 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Blair 1996)" ] }, { "text": "Suburban habitats usually are composed of gardens with lawn, trees and shrubs that are occupied by 'edge' species adapted to forest edges and surrounding open areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Suburban habitats usually are composed of gardens with lawn, trees and shrubs that are occupied by 'edge' species adapted to forest edges and surrounding open areas (Adams 1994; Marzluff 2001; McKinney 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF51", "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Adams 1994; Marzluff 2001; McKinney 2006)" ] }, { "text": "The expansion of the agriculture to grasslands and the forest fragmentation homogenise the landscape, promoting the expansion of forest edge species that, in turn, colonise suburban areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The expansion of the agriculture to grasslands and the forest fragmentation homogenise the landscape, promoting the expansion of forest edge species that, in turn, colonise suburban areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examples of such kind of bird species in our study are Turdus rufiventris and Furnarius rufus in Argentina and P. pica and Carduelis flammea in Finland.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Examples of such kind of bird species in our study are Turdus rufiventris and Furnarius rufus in Argentina and P. pica and Carduelis flammea in Finland.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The scientific bird research is currently dominated by studies conducted in Europe and North America, causing an important bias in the urban ecological research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The scientific bird research is currently dominated by studies conducted in Europe and North America, causing an important bias in the urban ecological research (Marzluff et al. 2001; Hedblom & Murgui 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Marzluff et al. 2001; Hedblom & Murgui 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Global comparative studies are very few, and there is a lack of knowledge of urban bird communities of Southern Hemisphere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Global comparative studies are very few, and there is a lack of knowledge of urban bird communities of Southern Hemisphere (Lepczyk et al. 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lepczyk et al. 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Comparable data across the world are needed to assess the effects of urbanisation on birds and to evaluate what processes influence the observed patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comparable data across the world are needed to assess the effects of urbanisation on birds and to evaluate what processes influence the observed patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, most of the biogeographical bird studies have considered the breeding season, whereas winter season studies have been less abundant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, most of the biogeographical bird studies have considered the breeding season, whereas winter season studies have been less abundant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, studies that analyse at the same time the similarity patterns of urban bird communities at different spatial scales are still rare.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, studies that analyse at the same time the similarity patterns of urban bird communities at different spatial scales are still rare (Olden 2006; Olden et al. 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF63", "BIBREF64" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Olden 2006; Olden et al. 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is relevant to explore at what scale urbanisation induces the homogenisation of bird communities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is relevant to explore at what scale urbanisation induces the homogenisation of bird communities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our hypothesis is that urbanisation promotes a homogenisation of bird communities only at the large biogeographical scale when sites in countries located at the two biomes are compared (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our hypothesis is that urbanisation promotes a homogenisation of bird communities only at the large biogeographical scale when sites in countries located at the two biomes are compared (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At this scale, homogenisation of communities may result from the introduction and establishment of cosmopolitan species that thrive in highly urbanised areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At this scale, homogenisation of communities may result from the introduction and establishment of cosmopolitan species that thrive in highly urbanised areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, at the more restricted regional scale (Fig. 1) , beta-diversity could be still high in both centres and suburbs partly due to the extinction delay.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, at the more restricted regional scale (Fig. 1) , beta-diversity could be still high in both centres and suburbs partly due to the extinction delay (Essl et al. 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Essl et al. 2015)" ] }, { "text": "This happens because towns are colonised by species typical of forest edges and surrounding areas in a process called regional homogenisation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This happens because towns are colonised by species typical of forest edges and surrounding areas in a process called regional homogenisation (McKinney 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McKinney 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "There are several, not necessarily mutually exclusive, possible processes behind the observed similarity patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are several, not necessarily mutually exclusive, possible processes behind the observed similarity patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One factor might be related to the species extinction and colonisation dynamics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One factor might be related to the species extinction and colonisation dynamics (Olden et al. 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF64" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Olden et al. 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Humans construct physically similar environments all around the world, and consequently, highly urbanised areas filter similar species from the regional species pool.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Humans construct physically similar environments all around the world, and consequently, highly urbanised areas filter similar species from the regional species pool (McKinney 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McKinney 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Alternatively, homogenisation of urban communities might increase due to the exotic species that are more abundant in towns than in their surrounding areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, homogenisation of urban communities might increase due to the exotic species that are more abundant in towns than in their surrounding areas (Kühn & Klotz 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kühn & Klotz 2006)" ] }, { "text": "When comparing countries located in different biomes, the process of biological invasion of cosmopolitan non-native species adapted to highly urbanised areas seems to be the dominant factor promoting taxonomical homogenisation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When comparing countries located in different biomes, the process of biological invasion of cosmopolitan non-native species adapted to highly urbanised areas seems to be the dominant factor promoting taxonomical homogenisation (McKinney 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McKinney 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Indeed, our comparison showed that species such as the C. livia and P. domesticus were dominant bird species in the town centres of both countries, as found worldwide.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, our comparison showed that species such as the C. livia and P. domesticus were dominant bird species in the town centres of both countries, as found worldwide (Aronson et al. 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aronson et al. 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Work occupies a central place in the life of human beings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Work occupies a central place in the life of human beings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The man \"is made\" in connection with his work and the work is a human activity for excellence, which holds a mediation between man (society) and nature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The man \"is made\" in connection with his work and the work is a human activity for excellence, which holds a mediation between man (society) and nature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Work is a structuring category in human life, as far as man interacts with the environment, through his work the man appropriates nature and transforms himself and his world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Work is a structuring category in human life, as far as man interacts with the environment, through his work the man appropriates nature and transforms himself and his world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such transformations allow him to participate and offer meaning to his own existence through time, and it takes place historically and socially.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such transformations allow him to participate and offer meaning to his own existence through time, and it takes place historically and socially (Jacques, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jacques, 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the current configuration of sociability, the existence of every human being is permeated by work, and work is the activity that regulates the various schedules and routines of everyday life-including leisure and rest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the current configuration of sociability, the existence of every human being is permeated by work, and work is the activity that regulates the various schedules and routines of everyday life-including leisure and rest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Work also defines interpersonal relationships, forms of inclusion, participation and social recognition; therefore, it is a way to build the identity of human beings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Work also defines interpersonal relationships, forms of inclusion, participation and social recognition; therefore, it is a way to build the identity of human beings (Jacques, 1997; Morin, Tonelli, & Pliopas, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jacques, 1997; Morin, Tonelli, & Pliopas, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "It is also noticed when we see that, generally, one of the most common questions we ask a person whom we just met is: \"Where do you work?\" or \"What do you do\"?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also noticed when we see that, generally, one of the most common questions we ask a person whom we just met is: \"Where do you work?\" or \"What do you do\"?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "While although a mass of efforts such as solvent additives, molecular dipoles, or interface modification has been devoted to optimize device efficiency, none of the present PSCs provides high PCE with long-term stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While although a mass of efforts such as solvent additives, molecular dipoles, or interface modification has been devoted to optimize device efficiency, none of the present PSCs provides high PCE with long-term stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Undoubtedly, a lack of confirmed stability may become the biggest barrier on the path of PSCs towards commercialization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Undoubtedly, a lack of confirmed stability may become the biggest barrier on the path of PSCs towards commercialization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "HTL is one of the most important components of PSCs, having functions of optimizing interface, adjusting the energy-match, and helping obtain higher PCE, which has a great effect on device performance and stability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "HTL is one of the most important components of PSCs, having functions of optimizing interface, adjusting the energy-match, and helping obtain higher PCE, which has a great effect on device performance and stability [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and 2,2 ′ ,7,7 ′ -tetrakis (N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9,-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) have been widely employed as HTL in the field of PSCs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and 2,2 ′ ,7,7 ′ -tetrakis (N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9,-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) have been widely employed as HTL in the field of PSCs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although PSCs that applied PEDOT:PSS and spiro-OMeTAD as HTL have obtained high PCE, none of them can provide with long-term stability partly because of the problematic acidic and hygroscopic characteristics of the organic HTMs applied in PSCs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although PSCs that applied PEDOT:PSS and spiro-OMeTAD as HTL have obtained high PCE, none of them can provide with long-term stability partly because of the problematic acidic and hygroscopic characteristics of the organic HTMs applied in PSCs [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "One of the limitations, given the research design, use of open-ended questions, and the preliminary focus of this study, is that the findings cannot be generalized to all fathers or to the larger population of fathers participating in the Early Head Start research study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the limitations, given the research design, use of open-ended questions, and the preliminary focus of this study, is that the findings cannot be generalized to all fathers or to the larger population of fathers participating in the Early Head Start research study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, these are preliminary data; it is expected that over 800 men will be interviewed before the research project is complete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, these are preliminary data; it is expected that over 800 men will be interviewed before the research project is complete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although we recognize the need to include a diverse ethnic and racial sample of fathers, that was not this study's focus, and as a result, this study does not offer a diverse participant sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although we recognize the need to include a diverse ethnic and racial sample of fathers, that was not this study's focus, and as a result, this study does not offer a diverse participant sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As an embedded qualitative study, a further limitation was the lack of freedom given to interviewers to pursue themes and to probe emerging issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an embedded qualitative study, a further limitation was the lack of freedom given to interviewers to pursue themes and to probe emerging issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because different people acted as analysts and interviewers, there was a lag in time between changes in the probes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because different people acted as analysts and interviewers, there was a lag in time between changes in the probes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, some of the interviewers were primarily trained as quantitative methodologists, and thus there was a great deal of variance in the skills of the interviewers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, some of the interviewers were primarily trained as quantitative methodologists, and thus there was a great deal of variance in the skills of the interviewers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, in some ways the integrity of the qualitative study was constrained by its placement within a larger quantitative paradigm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, in some ways the integrity of the qualitative study was constrained by its placement within a larger quantitative paradigm (Newman, Ridenour, Newman, & DeMarco, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Newman, Ridenour, Newman, & DeMarco, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Nowadays, manufacturing industries make inexorable attempt to achieve the competitive benefit of the design of an optimal layout of facilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, manufacturing industries make inexorable attempt to achieve the competitive benefit of the design of an optimal layout of facilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the fact that the facility layout problem (FLP) significantly affects the high manufacturing cost involved in intelligent manufacturing systems, it can be viewed as a crucial issue in the design of modern systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the fact that the facility layout problem (FLP) significantly affects the high manufacturing cost involved in intelligent manufacturing systems, it can be viewed as a crucial issue in the design of modern systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Facility layout is the problem of determining the relative locations of facilities on the shop floor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Facility layout is the problem of determining the relative locations of facilities on the shop floor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The optimal arrangement of these facilities leads to minimising the total manufacturing cost and maximising the productivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The optimal arrangement of these facilities leads to minimising the total manufacturing cost and maximising the productivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The material handling cost (MHC) forms 20% to 50% of the total manufacturing costs and it can be reduced by at least 10% to 30% by designing an optimal layout.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The material handling cost (MHC) forms 20% to 50% of the total manufacturing costs and it can be reduced by at least 10% to 30% by designing an optimal layout (Tompkins et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tompkins et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "According to the nature of product demands and time planning horizon, the FLP can be classified into four problems as follows: 1 static facility layout problem (SFLP) with deterministic and constant flow of materials over a single time period 2 dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) with different deterministic flow of materials in each period 3 stochastic static facility layout problem (SSFLP) with stochastic flow of materials over a single time period 4 stochastic dynamic facility layout problem (SDFLP) where product demands are random variable so that their parameters change from period to period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the nature of product demands and time planning horizon, the FLP can be classified into four problems as follows: 1 static facility layout problem (SFLP) with deterministic and constant flow of materials over a single time period 2 dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) with different deterministic flow of materials in each period 3 stochastic static facility layout problem (SSFLP) with stochastic flow of materials over a single time period 4 stochastic dynamic facility layout problem (SDFLP) where product demands are random variable so that their parameters change from period to period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Spatial orientation is defined as a psychical activity which is closely related to perception and realization of the spatial body location.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatial orientation is defined as a psychical activity which is closely related to perception and realization of the spatial body location.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As we demonstrated, it was similar in seniors and juniors, who solved test assignments on the computer in a considerably shorter time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we demonstrated, it was similar in seniors and juniors, who solved test assignments on the computer in a considerably shorter time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Analysis of the temporal structure of the randomly selected fights recorded during the National Qualification Tournament indicated that 23.9% of the time of the fight was a preparatory phase, when a judoka moves without holding the opponent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analysis of the temporal structure of the randomly selected fights recorded during the National Qualification Tournament indicated that 23.9% of the time of the fight was a preparatory phase, when a judoka moves without holding the opponent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In seniors, this specific activity, which preceded direct contact and fighting while holding the opponent in order to perform a throw, was shorter (12-13% of the time of the fight on average).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In seniors, this specific activity, which preceded direct contact and fighting while holding the opponent in order to perform a throw, was shorter (12-13% of the time of the fight on average) [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "A considerable part of judo fight (ca. 18%) occurs without contact with the opponent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A considerable part of judo fight (ca. 18%) occurs without contact with the opponent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is when the judoka evaluates the distance as they want to select the type of grip.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is when the judoka evaluates the distance as they want to select the type of grip.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Contemporary fighting regulations limit this choice to the upper body and the related parts of judo uniform.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Contemporary fighting regulations limit this choice to the upper body and the related parts of judo uniform.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although we found a significant difference between the age categories, the adequate reaction to moving objects is essential, regardless of the age, as it determines the use of the grip that allows for unbalancing an opponent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although we found a significant difference between the age categories, the adequate reaction to moving objects is essential, regardless of the age, as it determines the use of the grip that allows for unbalancing an opponent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the opponent attempts to do the same.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the opponent attempts to do the same.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, judo theory has developed the concept of fighting for grip, which is considered to be one of the technical and tactical skills.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, judo theory has developed the concept of fighting for grip, which is considered to be one of the technical and tactical skills [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "In this phase of the judo fight, the efficacy of visual analyser is of much importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this phase of the judo fight, the efficacy of visual analyser is of much importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it has been recently demonstrated that the results of balance tests with eyes open were similar in judokas and the untrained subjects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it has been recently demonstrated that the results of balance tests with eyes open were similar in judokas and the untrained subjects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same unipedal stance test with eyes open showed that the athletes reached significantly better results compared to the untrained subjects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The same unipedal stance test with eyes open showed that the athletes reached significantly better results compared to the untrained subjects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This caused that many years of judo training was beneficial for improvement in postural balance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This caused that many years of judo training was beneficial for improvement in postural balance [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "The muscle stretch reflex during postural task leads to less destabilizing movements and improved balance ability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The muscle stretch reflex during postural task leads to less destabilizing movements and improved balance ability [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The genus Junonia Hübner comprises approximately 30+ species of butterflies commonly known as buckeyes and pansies which are distributed worldwide, predominately in the tropics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The genus Junonia Hübner comprises approximately 30+ species of butterflies commonly known as buckeyes and pansies which are distributed worldwide, predominately in the tropics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The New World fauna is thought to have originated about 2-4 million years ago (Ma) from colonizing individuals from Africa or Asia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The New World fauna is thought to have originated about 2-4 million years ago (Ma) from colonizing individuals from Africa or Asia [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The number of species of Junonia in the New World is uncertain, but at least three, including J. evarete (Cramer), J. genoveva (Cramer), and J. coenia Hübner, are reported for North America.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The number of species of Junonia in the New World is uncertain, but at least three, including J. evarete (Cramer), J. genoveva (Cramer), and J. coenia Hübner, are reported for North America [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Junonia evarete and J. genoveva are also found in South America and the Caribbean.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Junonia evarete and J. genoveva are also found in South America and the Caribbean.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Another interesting feature of the worldsheet correlator in this limit has to do with the way crossing symmetry is manifested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another interesting feature of the worldsheet correlator in this limit has to do with the way crossing symmetry is manifested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Crossing symmetry has been a useful consistency check of the worldsheet theory and has played an important role in the case of the Y diagram.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Crossing symmetry has been a useful consistency check of the worldsheet theory and has played an important role in the case of the Y diagram [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Crossing symmetry is expected since the lollipop graph is invariant under simultaneous interchange of vertices 2 and 3 and the operators amounting to simultaneous interchange of y, z and J 2 , J 3 (see fig 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Crossing symmetry is expected since the lollipop graph is invariant under simultaneous interchange of vertices 2 and 3 and the operators amounting to simultaneous interchange of y, z and J 2 , J 3 (see fig 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So we expect that the functional dependence of the worldsheet correlator on the cross ratio should also not change aside from an appropriate weight factor under the transformation of the crossratio which exchanges the point of insertion of vertices 2 and 3 on the worldsheet keeping the other vertices fixed along with the simultaneous exchange of y, z and J 2 , J 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So we expect that the functional dependence of the worldsheet correlator on the cross ratio should also not change aside from an appropriate weight factor under the transformation of the crossratio which exchanges the point of insertion of vertices 2 and 3 on the worldsheet keeping the other vertices fixed along with the simultaneous exchange of y, z and J 2 , J 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We find that this is indeed the case for the explicit example which we have evaluated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We find that this is indeed the case for the explicit example which we have evaluated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interesting feature is that we need to sum up the contributions from the whole family of lollipop diagrams to see this crossing symmetry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interesting feature is that we need to sum up the contributions from the whole family of lollipop diagrams to see this crossing symmetry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In a previous study with common carp, we used microsatellite markers for parentage assignment of 240 families produced from 10 dams and 24 sires.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a previous study with common carp, we used microsatellite markers for parentage assignment of 240 families produced from 10 dams and 24 sires (Vandeputte et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vandeputte et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Heritability estimates for weight, standard length and Fulton's condition coefficient were found to range from 0.33 to 0.37.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Heritability estimates for weight, standard length and Fulton's condition coefficient were found to range from 0.33 to 0.37.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these estimates were obtained with 8-week-old juveniles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these estimates were obtained with 8-week-old juveniles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the results were encouraging and showed a potential for mass selection on growth in common carp, we undertook a first generation of selection to test the effectiveness of selective breeding for growth improvement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the results were encouraging and showed a potential for mass selection on growth in common carp, we undertook a first generation of selection to test the effectiveness of selective breeding for growth improvement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also set up new crosses to estimate the heritability of growth traits in larger fish.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also set up new crosses to estimate the heritability of growth traits in larger fish.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As in our previous experiments, we used microsatellite parentage assignment to access family information and avoid environmental effects common to full-sib families and the divergent selected genetic groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As in our previous experiments, we used microsatellite parentage assignment to access family information and avoid environmental effects common to full-sib families and the divergent selected genetic groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Electromagnetic band-gap structures (EBG) can be used for miniaturization and designing high gain patch antenna.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electromagnetic band-gap structures (EBG) can be used for miniaturization and designing high gain patch antenna.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Frequency selective structures (FSS) are defined as a periodic array of holes on a patch indicated on a substrate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Frequency selective structures (FSS) are defined as a periodic array of holes on a patch indicated on a substrate [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "These artificial magnetic materials have been used in substrate to increase effective permeability, thus the size of antenna will be reduced.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These artificial magnetic materials have been used in substrate to increase effective permeability, thus the size of antenna will be reduced [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "There is a need to design small size, easily fed and low cost antenna for multi-band applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a need to design small size, easily fed and low cost antenna for multi-band applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Slot antenna is a known antenna for wireless applications, with all attributes that WLAN communication systems need.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Slot antenna is a known antenna for wireless applications, with all attributes that WLAN communication systems need.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Methods such as notch technique, metamaterial, slot and fractal methods are used in order to design multi-band antennas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Methods such as notch technique, metamaterial, slot and fractal methods are used in order to design multi-band antennas [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In recent decades, different types of wireless systems are widely used because of simplicity, low cost, highspeed data transfer and easy operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent decades, different types of wireless systems are widely used because of simplicity, low cost, highspeed data transfer and easy operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, with development of wireless devices such as mobile phones, portable computers and smart phones, new protocols are needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, with development of wireless devices such as mobile phones, portable computers and smart phones, new protocols are needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11bg and HyperLAN/2 standards cover WLAN frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11bg and HyperLAN/2 standards cover WLAN frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The IEEE 802.11 standard has three frequency bands at 2.4 GHz (2.484-2.4), 5.2 GHz (5.35-5.15) and 5.8 GHz (5.825-5.725), and the frequency range 3.3-3.8 GHz has been allocated to wireless personal area network (WPAN) and WiMAX.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The IEEE 802.11 standard has three frequency bands at 2.4 GHz (2.484-2.4), 5.2 GHz (5.35-5.15) and 5.8 GHz (5.825-5.725), and the frequency range 3.3-3.8 GHz has been allocated to wireless personal area network (WPAN) and WiMAX [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "As is known, static magnetic properties of ferromagnets are determined by the effective magnetic anisotropy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As is known, static magnetic properties of ferromagnets are determined by the effective magnetic anisotropy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To reach the minimum coercive force of a material, its magnetic anisotropy must be decreased to a minimally possible magnitude.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To reach the minimum coercive force of a material, its magnetic anisotropy must be decreased to a minimally possible magnitude.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The more substantial contribution in the magnetic anisotropy is related to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy whose decrease in nanocrystalline materials is considered in terms of a random anisotropy model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The more substantial contribution in the magnetic anisotropy is related to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy whose decrease in nanocrystalline materials is considered in terms of a random anisotropy model [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In the case of maximally possible decrease in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the principal contribution in effective magnetic anisotropy is related to the magnetoelastic anisotropy, which is the interaction between the magnetostrictions of ferromagnetic phases and mechanical stresses in the material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of maximally possible decrease in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the principal contribution in effective magnetic anisotropy is related to the magnetoelastic anisotropy, which is the interaction between the magnetostrictions of ferromagnetic phases and mechanical stresses in the material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To control the magnetoelastic anisotropy and determine its contribution to the effective magnetic anisotropy, the magnetostriction magnitude should be measured by direct methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To control the magnetoelastic anisotropy and determine its contribution to the effective magnetic anisotropy, the magnetostriction magnitude should be measured by direct methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Another promising plant is B. vulgaris as its EOs at 0.5% reduced larval weight, increase the duration of the pupal period and decimated the fecundity and fertility of C. decolora.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another promising plant is B. vulgaris as its EOs at 0.5% reduced larval weight, increase the duration of the pupal period and decimated the fecundity and fertility of C. decolora.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Saponins have been suggested as responsible for the insecticidal activity of B. vulgaris because they decreased survival, reduced food intake, reduced weight gain, slowed down development and lowered reproductive potential.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Saponins have been suggested as responsible for the insecticidal activity of B. vulgaris because they decreased survival, reduced food intake, reduced weight gain, slowed down development and lowered reproductive potential.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is hypothesized that saponins, due to their bitterness, could either make the food less attractive to eat (repellent/deterrent activity), cause digestive problems, interrupt the molting process or have toxic effects on cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is hypothesized that saponins, due to their bitterness, could either make the food less attractive to eat (repellent/deterrent activity), cause digestive problems, interrupt the molting process or have toxic effects on cells (De Geyter et al. 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(De Geyter et al. 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Microdefects commonly occur on materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microdefects commonly occur on materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Microdefects of materials not only occur during the manufacture and fabrication process, but also form new microdefects under different loading circumstances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microdefects of materials not only occur during the manufacture and fabrication process, but also form new microdefects under different loading circumstances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, micro tip cracks will occur under fatigue loading, and voids or micro blunt cracks will occur under impact loading.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, micro tip cracks will occur under fatigue loading, and voids or micro blunt cracks will occur under impact loading [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "And the material properties strongly depend on the atom structure and microstructure of itself.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "And the material properties strongly depend on the atom structure and microstructure of itself [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Hence, in order to improve the security of materials during practical application, it is significant to study the effect of microdefects on macrocharacteristics of materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, in order to improve the security of materials during practical application, it is significant to study the effect of microdefects on macrocharacteristics of materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The beta estimates extracted from the amygdala and the behavioral measurements were screened for outliers (3 SD above the group mean) within each condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The beta estimates extracted from the amygdala and the behavioral measurements were screened for outliers (3 SD above the group mean) within each condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, 1.62% and 1.16% of the data points on average were excluded from response time (RT) and from accuracy, and 0.69% and 0.93% of the data points on average were excluded from the left and right amygdala activation for the further analyses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, 1.62% and 1.16% of the data points on average were excluded from response time (RT) and from accuracy, and 0.69% and 0.93% of the data points on average were excluded from the left and right amygdala activation for the further analyses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We report here the partial correlation coefficient r after controlling for the effects of the participants' age and sex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We report here the partial correlation coefficient r after controlling for the effects of the participants' age and sex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 1 presents the full list of activations (threshold: p < 0.001, extent: k = 4) for each of the contrasts of our interest: M averted fear -M direct fear, M direct fear -M averted fear, P direct fear -P averted fear, and P averted fear -P direct fear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 1 presents the full list of activations (threshold: p < 0.001, extent: k = 4) for each of the contrasts of our interest: M averted fear -M direct fear, M direct fear -M averted fear, P direct fear -P averted fear, and P averted fear -P direct fear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous studies have reported that the left and right amygdala showed differential preferences for clear threat cue (e.g., averted fear) vs. ambiguous threat cue (e.g., direct fear) and for M-biased vs. Pbiased stimuli.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies have reported that the left and right amygdala showed differential preferences for clear threat cue (e.g., averted fear) vs. ambiguous threat cue (e.g., direct fear) and for M-biased vs. Pbiased stimuli [23, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 31]" ] }, { "text": "We replicated these findings by showing that the right amygdala was preferentially activated by M-biased averted fear whereas the left amygdala was preferentially activated by P-biased direct fear ( Figure 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We replicated these findings by showing that the right amygdala was preferentially activated by M-biased averted fear whereas the left amygdala was preferentially activated by P-biased direct fear ( Figure 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Participants were asked to report whether the face presented in the stimulus looked fearful or neutral.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants were asked to report whether the face presented in the stimulus looked fearful or neutral.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to investigate the effects of anxiety on the processing of compound facial cues presented in the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) biased stimuli, we examined the relationship between participants' anxiety and behavioral measurements (accuracy and RT) and amygdala activation during perception of these stimuli.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to investigate the effects of anxiety on the processing of compound facial cues presented in the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) biased stimuli, we examined the relationship between participants' anxiety and behavioral measurements (accuracy and RT) and amygdala activation during perception of these stimuli.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We used trait anxiety rather than state anxiety to investigate the more enduring effects of anxiety.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We used trait anxiety rather than state anxiety to investigate the more enduring effects of anxiety [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Participants' state anxiety scores ranged from 20 to 64 (mean=32.6, SD=9.4), and trait anxiety scores from 20 to 66 (mean=33.9, SD=9.7).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants' state anxiety scores ranged from 20 to 64 (mean=32.6, SD=9.4), and trait anxiety scores from 20 to 66 (mean=33.9, SD=9.7).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The participants' trait anxiety highly correlated with their state anxiety scores (r = 0.71, p < 0.001).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The participants' trait anxiety highly correlated with their state anxiety scores (r = 0.71, p < 0.001).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "ONB accounts for 2-3% of tumours of the nasal cavity and it is likely derived from the olfactory basal reserve cells in the olfactory mucosa.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ONB accounts for 2-3% of tumours of the nasal cavity and it is likely derived from the olfactory basal reserve cells in the olfactory mucosa [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "ONB occurs in a wide range of ages and frequently presents with nasal obstruction, epistaxis and anosmia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ONB occurs in a wide range of ages and frequently presents with nasal obstruction, epistaxis and anosmia [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The prognosis of ONB is variable with 10-year survival rates between 45 and 76%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The prognosis of ONB is variable with 10-year survival rates between 45 and 76% [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Adjuvant radiotherapy for the primary lesion site was given in this case to reduce the risk of local recurrence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Adjuvant radiotherapy for the primary lesion site was given in this case to reduce the risk of local recurrence [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Long-term follow-up of these patients is recommended.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Long-term follow-up of these patients is recommended.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rarely ONB can cause a paraneoplastic syndrome that is secondary to ectopic secretion of peptides and hormones, or an immune response due to cross-reactivity between neoplastic cells and normal tissues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rarely ONB can cause a paraneoplastic syndrome that is secondary to ectopic secretion of peptides and hormones, or an immune response due to cross-reactivity between neoplastic cells and normal tissues [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Endocrinological manifestations of ONB include syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, ectopic ACTH syndrome, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, hypertension caused by catecholamine secretion and hyperprolactinemia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Endocrinological manifestations of ONB include syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, ectopic ACTH syndrome, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, hypertension caused by catecholamine secretion and hyperprolactinemia [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Only four cases with ACTH secretion confirmed at immunohistochemistry on tissue have previously been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Only four cases with ACTH secretion confirmed at immunohistochemistry on tissue have previously been reported [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "For the conception of this work will be used a mountain bike, this bicycles are typically used in single tracks where the terrain can be unpaved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the conception of this work will be used a mountain bike, this bicycles are typically used in single tracks where the terrain can be unpaved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On these tracks commonly we could encounter rocks, loose gravel, roots and steep grades inclines and declines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On these tracks commonly we could encounter rocks, loose gravel, roots and steep grades inclines and declines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under these conditions the biker will need to get a functional interaction with his \"machine\", in order to achieve a balance between speed and safety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under these conditions the biker will need to get a functional interaction with his \"machine\", in order to achieve a balance between speed and safety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mountain bike is produced to handle with this type of tracks, normally the material that is widely used is aluminum (offers a lighter, stiffer and efficient ride).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mountain bike is produced to handle with this type of tracks, normally the material that is widely used is aluminum (offers a lighter, stiffer and efficient ride) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "To control the bicycle along the track the biker needs to use the mechanisms with his hands (e.g., brakes) and feet (i.e., pedals), and the positioning of his body is also fundamental.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To control the bicycle along the track the biker needs to use the mechanisms with his hands (e.g., brakes) and feet (i.e., pedals), and the positioning of his body is also fundamental.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A functional position will permit the biker make rapid changes of direction and get the desirable speed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A functional position will permit the biker make rapid changes of direction and get the desirable speed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The biker position could be essential to deal with some external factors such as the slope of the track and its obstacles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The biker position could be essential to deal with some external factors such as the slope of the track and its obstacles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is the interactive behavior of the bicycle and biker which wanted to acquire, dynamic and kinematic data through a Wireless Sensor Network was designed and implemented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is the interactive behavior of the bicycle and biker which wanted to acquire, dynamic and kinematic data through a Wireless Sensor Network was designed and implemented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These WSN permits to get values to some of the following variables: i) braking intensity and frequency (both hands); ii) pedal strength (both feet); iii) position of the bicycle in the three plans of motion (x, y and z); iv) position of the biker in the three plans of motion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These WSN permits to get values to some of the following variables: i) braking intensity and frequency (both hands); ii) pedal strength (both feet); iii) position of the bicycle in the three plans of motion (x, y and z); iv) position of the biker in the three plans of motion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With this set of variables, it was possible to calculate some important aspects to describe the bicycle ~ biker interaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With this set of variables, it was possible to calculate some important aspects to describe the bicycle ~ biker interaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The history of bicycle remote us to the year of 1418 where the engineer Giovanni Fontana built a four wheeled \"bike\" with rope connected by gears.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The history of bicycle remote us to the year of 1418 where the engineer Giovanni Fontana built a four wheeled \"bike\" with rope connected by gears.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only 400 years later, in response to the starvation and the slaughtering of horses Baron Von Drais built the first two wheeled bike that has a cord connected to the back wheel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only 400 years later, in response to the starvation and the slaughtering of horses Baron Von Drais built the first two wheeled bike that has a cord connected to the back wheel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These velocipedes were made entirely of wood and were propelled by pushing off the feet.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These velocipedes were made entirely of wood and were propelled by pushing off the feet [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The years passed and the innovations were many, as the pedals, brakes, suspension, and the lighter and comfortable materials that we see today in our bikes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The years passed and the innovations were many, as the pedals, brakes, suspension, and the lighter and comfortable materials that we see today in our bikes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nowadays bicycles can be classified in four types: urban bike, BMX, road bikes and mountain bikes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays bicycles can be classified in four types: urban bike, BMX, road bikes and mountain bikes [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Approximate thermality We now turn to the issue of thermality of the radiated spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Approximate thermality We now turn to the issue of thermality of the radiated spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given a number density, say N in (k) as a function of the energy k, we know that there is a unitary matrix that relates it to radiated spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given a number density, say N in (k) as a function of the energy k, we know that there is a unitary matrix that relates it to radiated spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This unitary matrix is precisely the S-Matrix of the theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This unitary matrix is precisely the S-Matrix of the theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relation between the in and out spectra is given by N out (k) = S † N in (k)S. Using the explicit expression for the S-Matrix (2.32), we find where N in ++ and N in −− are the in-going number densities from either side of the potential.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relation between the in and out spectra is given by N out (k) = S † N in (k)S. Using the explicit expression for the S-Matrix (2.32), we find where N in ++ and N in −− are the in-going number densities from either side of the potential.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We see that indeed the scattered pulse emerges with thermal factors 1 + e ±2πk .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We see that indeed the scattered pulse emerges with thermal factors 1 + e ±2πk .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For most of the radiated spectrum to actually be thermal, we see that N in ++ and N in −− must be constant over a large range of energies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For most of the radiated spectrum to actually be thermal, we see that N in ++ and N in −− must be constant over a large range of energies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was observed to be the case in the context of 2d string theory, starting from a coherent pulse, seen as an excitation over an appropriate Fermi-sea vacuum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This was observed to be the case in the context of 2d string theory, starting from a coherent pulse, seen as an excitation over an appropriate Fermi-sea vacuum [25, 28, 29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25, 28, 29]" ] }, { "text": "In our context, since we do not yet have a first principles construction of the appropriate second quantised theory, this in-state may be chosen.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our context, since we do not yet have a first principles construction of the appropriate second quantised theory, this in-state may be chosen.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, a simple pulse with a wide-rectangular shape would suffice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, a simple pulse with a wide-rectangular shape would suffice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One may hope to create such a pulse microscopically, by going to the second quantised description and creating a coherent state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One may hope to create such a pulse microscopically, by going to the second quantised description and creating a coherent state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively, one may hope to realize a matrix quantum mechanics model that realizes a field theory in the limit of large number of particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, one may hope to realize a matrix quantum mechanics model that realizes a field theory in the limit of large number of particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After all, we know that each oscillator in our model really corresponds to a partial wave and not a single particle in the four dimensional black hole picture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After all, we know that each oscillator in our model really corresponds to a partial wave and not a single particle in the four dimensional black hole picture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Nowadays, due to the rapid industrialization, the demand for high-quality water has increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, due to the rapid industrialization, the demand for high-quality water has increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The wastewater that usually consists of fine particles, microorganisms, or organic pollutants has seriously polluted the drain water.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The wastewater that usually consists of fine particles, microorganisms, or organic pollutants has seriously polluted the drain water [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Also, industrial dyes have been recognized as one of the largest sources of water contamination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, industrial dyes have been recognized as one of the largest sources of water contamination [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Physical separation technique is an effective technology for the removal of water pollutants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Physical separation technique is an effective technology for the removal of water pollutants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared with conventional treatment technology, membrane processes can provide easy operational control, low energy costs, potential material recovery, and more compact assembly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with conventional treatment technology, membrane processes can provide easy operational control, low energy costs, potential material recovery, and more compact assembly [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "However, the membrane's inherent shortcoming that the pollutants could merely be separated from water without further degradation makes it prone to cause secondary pollution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the membrane's inherent shortcoming that the pollutants could merely be separated from water without further degradation makes it prone to cause secondary pollution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, it needs to make an attempt with regard to its potential for degradation of pollutants to overcome the drawback of filtration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it needs to make an attempt with regard to its potential for degradation of pollutants to overcome the drawback of filtration [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In additional to the former studies, at least one group has looked more directly at the affect of a thin film on interfacial transport via LJ crystals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In additional to the former studies, at least one group has looked more directly at the affect of a thin film on interfacial transport via LJ crystals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hegedus and Abramson explored nanocomposite systems including an ultra-thin film layer composed of 8 planes of atoms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hegedus and Abramson explored nanocomposite systems including an ultra-thin film layer composed of 8 planes of atoms [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "In their simulations, the atomic mass, m, and LJ bond strength parameter, ε, were systematically varied between 25% and 200 % of their respective baseline values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In their simulations, the atomic mass, m, and LJ bond strength parameter, ε, were systematically varied between 25% and 200 % of their respective baseline values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the material properties of the crystals on each side of the thin film were identical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the material properties of the crystals on each side of the thin film were identical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, in the ideal case where the thin film layer properties are set equal to those of the surrounding system (100% of the baseline value), no interface or thermal resistance exists, resulting in a maximum in thermal conductivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, in the ideal case where the thin film layer properties are set equal to those of the surrounding system (100% of the baseline value), no interface or thermal resistance exists, resulting in a maximum in thermal conductivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, their study shows an inverse parabolic dependence between the effective thermal conductivity and the atomic mass of the thin film layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, their study shows an inverse parabolic dependence between the effective thermal conductivity and the atomic mass of the thin film layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effective thermal conductivity across the computational domain decreases as the magnitude of the difference between the baseline mass and thin film mass increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effective thermal conductivity across the computational domain decreases as the magnitude of the difference between the baseline mass and thin film mass increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The continuing miniaturization of today's nano-and optoelectronic devices is introducing more interfaces per unit length for energy carriers, i.e., phonons or electrons, to traverse.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The continuing miniaturization of today's nano-and optoelectronic devices is introducing more interfaces per unit length for energy carriers, i.e., phonons or electrons, to traverse.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the primary thermal resistance in many modern devices is the Kapitza or thermal boundary resistance (R BD ) at the various interfaces within these devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the primary thermal resistance in many modern devices is the Kapitza or thermal boundary resistance (R BD ) at the various interfaces within these devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, resistance to thermal flow in solids is due to the scattering of energy carriers as they propagate through the medium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, resistance to thermal flow in solids is due to the scattering of energy carriers as they propagate through the medium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The distance between these scattering events, described by the mean free path (MFP), is 10 to 100 nm at room temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The distance between these scattering events, described by the mean free path (MFP), is 10 to 100 nm at room temperature [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Abrupt interfaces provide yet another site for carrier scattering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Abrupt interfaces provide yet another site for carrier scattering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In modern nanostructured devices, these interfaces are often spaced at distances smaller than the carrier MFP, thus scattering is dictated by interfaces between the materials and not the materials themselves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In modern nanostructured devices, these interfaces are often spaced at distances smaller than the carrier MFP, thus scattering is dictated by interfaces between the materials and not the materials themselves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, R BD is of ever-growing importance within the the nanoelectronics and photonics industries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, R BD is of ever-growing importance within the the nanoelectronics and photonics industries [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Since occupational activity is tending to decrease for most people in developed societies, with leisure time and recreational activities becoming a greater component of overall activity, it is likely that occupational activity is becoming a less sensitive discriminator of risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since occupational activity is tending to decrease for most people in developed societies, with leisure time and recreational activities becoming a greater component of overall activity, it is likely that occupational activity is becoming a less sensitive discriminator of risk [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Because LPA represents a powerful public health measure for reducing lung cancer, a clear understanding of the role of LPA in the etiology of lung cancer could have a major impact on public health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because LPA represents a powerful public health measure for reducing lung cancer, a clear understanding of the role of LPA in the etiology of lung cancer could have a major impact on public health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To address this issue we performed a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of published to assess the quantitative evidence that higher LPA might be associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer and to provide estimates of the proportion of lung cancer that might be preventable in sedentary people through enhanced LPA if the association appeared plausible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To address this issue we performed a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of published to assess the quantitative evidence that higher LPA might be associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer and to provide estimates of the proportion of lung cancer that might be preventable in sedentary people through enhanced LPA if the association appeared plausible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) is limited by the relative radio-sensitivities of the tumour and normal tissue surrounding it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) is limited by the relative radio-sensitivities of the tumour and normal tissue surrounding it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hypoxic cells are generally more resistant to killing by ionising radiation than are normoxic ones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hypoxic cells are generally more resistant to killing by ionising radiation than are normoxic ones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, when dose escalation is limited by normal tissue toxicity, combining RT with other treatments in order to sensitise these hypoxic targets may be advantageous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, when dose escalation is limited by normal tissue toxicity, combining RT with other treatments in order to sensitise these hypoxic targets may be advantageous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hyperthermia (HT), i.e. mild, sustained heating, is considered to be an effective radio sensitiser.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hyperthermia (HT), i.e. mild, sustained heating, is considered to be an effective radio sensitiser [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Therapeutic ultrasound (ThUS) is a minimally invasive, non-ionising technique for local tissue heating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therapeutic ultrasound (ThUS) is a minimally invasive, non-ionising technique for local tissue heating [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "With this technique it may be possible to deliver HT treatments at higher temperatures, but on a shorter timescale than is currently used clinically.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With this technique it may be possible to deliver HT treatments at higher temperatures, but on a shorter timescale than is currently used clinically [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The synergistic effects of heat and radiation together with the localised, non-invasive treatment capability of ThUS, mean that its combination with RT offers an exciting potential treatment approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The synergistic effects of heat and radiation together with the localised, non-invasive treatment capability of ThUS, mean that its combination with RT offers an exciting potential treatment approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A large portion of current microprocessor market is dominated by CMP systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A large portion of current microprocessor market is dominated by CMP systems (Azimi et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Azimi et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "This kind of systems is often characterised by a large last level shared cache whose leakage energy consumption is a growing problem for modern design processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This kind of systems is often characterised by a large last level shared cache whose leakage energy consumption is a growing problem for modern design processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We showed how our way-adaptable technique can be profitably applied to such systems, evaluating dual-core systems equipped with a D-NUCA cache and running multi-programmed workloads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We showed how our way-adaptable technique can be profitably applied to such systems, evaluating dual-core systems equipped with a D-NUCA cache and running multi-programmed workloads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We showed that also in this case it is possible to achieve a significant reduction of the average EDP (24% on average) while maintaining negligible performance losses (2% average degradation of speedup with respect to a baseline D-NUCA).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We showed that also in this case it is possible to achieve a significant reduction of the average EDP (24% on average) while maintaining negligible performance losses (2% average degradation of speedup with respect to a baseline D-NUCA).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Fractional di erential equations also serve as an excellent tool for the description of hereditary properties of various materials and processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fractional di erential equations also serve as an excellent tool for the description of hereditary properties of various materials and processes [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "The presence of memory term in such models not only takes into account the history of the process involved but also carries its impact to present and future development of the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of memory term in such models not only takes into account the history of the process involved but also carries its impact to present and future development of the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fractional di erential equations are also regarded as an alternative model to nonlinear di erential equations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fractional di erential equations are also regarded as an alternative model to nonlinear di erential equations [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "In consequence, the subject of fractional di erential equations is gaining much importance and attention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In consequence, the subject of fractional di erential equations is gaining much importance and attention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Some of the driving forces for global change, such as greenhouse gas emissions and the reach of global financial systems, operate at a global scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the driving forces for global change, such as greenhouse gas emissions and the reach of global financial systems, operate at a global scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Conversely, it also seems clear that several of the individual phenomena underlying environmental change processes, such as economic activities, resource use, and population dynamics, arise at a local scale.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Conversely, it also seems clear that several of the individual phenomena underlying environmental change processes, such as economic activities, resource use, and population dynamics, arise at a local scale (Wilbanks and Kates, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wilbanks and Kates, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "With the improvement of computational resources and the knowledge gained through research on global change and river basins in the last few decades, present and near-future efforts should be focused on optimizing the tools and formalizing the methodology for change and impact assessment, from local to regional and global scales, in order to produce reliable forecasts that can assist policy makers and managers to ultimately secure freshwater resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the improvement of computational resources and the knowledge gained through research on global change and river basins in the last few decades, present and near-future efforts should be focused on optimizing the tools and formalizing the methodology for change and impact assessment, from local to regional and global scales, in order to produce reliable forecasts that can assist policy makers and managers to ultimately secure freshwater resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proposed methodological framework addresses the spatiotemporal complexity of water-quality patterns in river basins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed methodological framework addresses the spatiotemporal complexity of water-quality patterns in river basins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All in all, these methods offer the possibility of simultaneously extracting common patterns from a set of noisy and gap-containing time-series, providing not only a temporal interprettation of variability but also allowing researchers to characterize the spatial variability across basin and regional scales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All in all, these methods offer the possibility of simultaneously extracting common patterns from a set of noisy and gap-containing time-series, providing not only a temporal interprettation of variability but also allowing researchers to characterize the spatial variability across basin and regional scales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our methodological framework thus serves as a hypothesis-generation tool for further analyses of drivers of change in limnological and environmental patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our methodological framework thus serves as a hypothesis-generation tool for further analyses of drivers of change in limnological and environmental patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Studies in global trends aim towards achieving intelligent vehicles in upcoming years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies in global trends aim towards achieving intelligent vehicles in upcoming years [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "These vehicles are required to meet present and future state regulations related to efficiency, autonomy, ecology, safety, and comfort.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These vehicles are required to meet present and future state regulations related to efficiency, autonomy, ecology, safety, and comfort [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Particularly, the global automotive industry is paying special attention to safety systems that guarantee the integrity of occupants, pedestrians, and/or other drivers when an accident occurs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Particularly, the global automotive industry is paying special attention to safety systems that guarantee the integrity of occupants, pedestrians, and/or other drivers when an accident occurs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even the newest safety features (Collision Mitigation or Line Keeping Systems) are oriented to prevent possible dangerous situations; the main topic of research refers to the systems that react against a dangerous situation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even the newest safety features (Collision Mitigation or Line Keeping Systems) are oriented to prevent possible dangerous situations; the main topic of research refers to the systems that react against a dangerous situation [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A road vehicle has a conjunction of interconnected subsystems, such as brakes, steering, suspension, engine, and tires, which is difficult to be controlled.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A road vehicle has a conjunction of interconnected subsystems, such as brakes, steering, suspension, engine, and tires, which is difficult to be controlled [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "These subsystems interact among them modifying their individual behavior and consequently the overall performance of the vehicle; these interactions could cause negative effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These subsystems interact among them modifying their individual behavior and consequently the overall performance of the vehicle; these interactions could cause negative effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the way the suspension system is tuned can dramatically affect the performance of the steering system; a soft suspension affects the tire grip decreasing the ability of the vehicle to steer; if the suspension is too stiff, tires will hop causing loss of control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the way the suspension system is tuned can dramatically affect the performance of the steering system; a soft suspension affects the tire grip decreasing the ability of the vehicle to steer; if the suspension is too stiff, tires will hop causing loss of control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, all vehicle subsystems have a nonlinear behavior, making their coordination a complex task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, all vehicle subsystems have a nonlinear behavior, making their coordination a complex task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The second main category is the \"stone column\" technique, where the reinforcing material is a vibrocompacted granular material or ballast exhibiting high frictional properties with a negligible cohesion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The second main category is the \"stone column\" technique, where the reinforcing material is a vibrocompacted granular material or ballast exhibiting high frictional properties with a negligible cohesion (Priebe, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Priebe, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "The strength of the column material is adequately described by a MohrCoulomb (or Drucker-Prager) criterion and the question may then arise as to how the soil is actually strengthened by the stone columns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strength of the column material is adequately described by a MohrCoulomb (or Drucker-Prager) criterion and the question may then arise as to how the soil is actually strengthened by the stone columns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This problem is illustrated in Figure 1 , where the Tresca (respectively Mohr-Coulomb) criterion adopted for the soil (respectively column material) is represented as an intrinsic curve drawn in the Mohr plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This problem is illustrated in Figure 1 , where the Tresca (respectively Mohr-Coulomb) criterion adopted for the soil (respectively column material) is represented as an intrinsic curve drawn in the Mohr plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As can be immediately seen from this Figure, the purely frictional column material is more resistant than the initial purely cohesive soil for large compressive normal stresses, but offers for instance no resistance at all to tensile stresses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As can be immediately seen from this Figure, the purely frictional column material is more resistant than the initial purely cohesive soil for large compressive normal stresses, but offers for instance no resistance at all to tensile stresses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A sufficiently accurate and reliable knowledge of the macroscopic strength criterion is therefore needed for assessing the actual reinforcing effect to be expected from installing frictional columnar inclusions into the purely cohesive soft soil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A sufficiently accurate and reliable knowledge of the macroscopic strength criterion is therefore needed for assessing the actual reinforcing effect to be expected from installing frictional columnar inclusions into the purely cohesive soft soil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present contribution is devoted to this task, striving to derive in a rigorous way the macroscopic strength condition on the basis of the yield design homogenization method for periodic media.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present contribution is devoted to this task, striving to derive in a rigorous way the macroscopic strength condition on the basis of the yield design homogenization method for periodic media.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strength properties of each component of such a composite may be described as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strength properties of each component of such a composite may be described as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A practical challenge to the concept of IWRM is found at two levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A practical challenge to the concept of IWRM is found at two levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, water is related to development and societies in countless ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, water is related to development and societies in countless ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its priorities and relative importance vary enormously from one place to another.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Its priorities and relative importance vary enormously from one place to another.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, water must be seen as one factor in a broader context.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, water must be seen as one factor in a broader context (Varis, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Varis, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Vellozo's Flora fluminensis is a monumental work and the first one edited by a Brazilian botanist on our country's flora.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Vellozo's Flora fluminensis is a monumental work and the first one edited by a Brazilian botanist on our country's flora (Cervi & Rodrigues 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cervi & Rodrigues 2010)" ] }, { "text": "With funding of the Portuguese Empire, Flora fluminensis was a relevant part of the \"Portuguese Philosophical Travels\" that took place during the XVIII century.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With funding of the Portuguese Empire, Flora fluminensis was a relevant part of the \"Portuguese Philosophical Travels\" that took place during the XVIII century.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This Empire conducted several scientific expeditions across its world-wide domains with two campaigns in the Brazilian territory, with one of them being coordinated by Friar José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This Empire conducted several scientific expeditions across its world-wide domains with two campaigns in the Brazilian territory, with one of them being coordinated by Friar José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo (Damasceno 1977; Pataca 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Damasceno 1977; Pataca 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "To estimate wind stress over the ocean is one of the most important issues in atmospheric and ocean modeling, including extratropical and tropical cyclones forecasting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To estimate wind stress over the ocean is one of the most important issues in atmospheric and ocean modeling, including extratropical and tropical cyclones forecasting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the most operational numerical models the momentum flux at the air-sea interface is parameterized by a nondimensional parameter called surface roughness or Charnock coefficient (z ch ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the most operational numerical models the momentum flux at the air-sea interface is parameterized by a nondimensional parameter called surface roughness or Charnock coefficient (z ch ) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This formulation is used in the most atmospheric models, however over the sea, where the surface experiences constant changes, z ch must consider the state of the sea.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This formulation is used in the most atmospheric models, however over the sea, where the surface experiences constant changes, z ch must consider the state of the sea [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The WW3 runs for all time integration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The WW3 runs for all time integration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It outputs SWH, mean wave length (MWL), wave mean period, mean wave direction and peak frequency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It outputs SWH, mean wave length (MWL), wave mean period, mean wave direction and peak frequency [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The simplified algorithm, based on diagnostic equations, computes z 0 , C D , u * and U 10 from two different manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simplified algorithm, based on diagnostic equations, computes z 0 , C D , u * and U 10 from two different manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the first, the algorithm uses the Charnock relation (R BULK ), which computes z 0 considering z ch without dependence with waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first, the algorithm uses the Charnock relation (R BULK ), which computes z 0 considering z ch without dependence with waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the second case, the parameter wave age ( ) * p c u is included in the place of z ch (R WA ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second case, the parameter wave age ( ) * p c u is included in the place of z ch (R WA ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, z ch takes into account the sea state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, z ch takes into account the sea state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simplified algorithm uses the complete wave spectrum from the WW3 model to compute R BULK and R WA .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simplified algorithm uses the complete wave spectrum from the WW3 model to compute R BULK and R WA .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The results showed that there is a significant dependency between z 0 and the sea state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results showed that there is a significant dependency between z 0 and the sea state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This relation is strong in cases of developing sea under higher wind speed conditions (wind speed > 30 m/s).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This relation is strong in cases of developing sea under higher wind speed conditions (wind speed > 30 m/s).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This dependency is slight weak in experiments with weak winds (wind speed less than 30 m/s).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This dependency is slight weak in experiments with weak winds (wind speed less than 30 m/s).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, it was observed that young waves are related to high values of z 0 while old waves are associated to low values of z 0 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it was observed that young waves are related to high values of z 0 while old waves are associated to low values of z 0 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The behavior of C D is very similar to those of z 0 values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The behavior of C D is very similar to those of z 0 values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The wind velocity at 10 meters shows an inverse trend with relation to z 0 and C D patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The wind velocity at 10 meters shows an inverse trend with relation to z 0 and C D patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As for instance, as the wave age increases, which usually occurs when the sea is reaching an equilibrium condition, U 10 also increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As for instance, as the wave age increases, which usually occurs when the sea is reaching an equilibrium condition, U 10 also increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It means that, when the sea is young U 10 must decrease because the sea is extremely rough.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It means that, when the sea is young U 10 must decrease because the sea is extremely rough.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This pattern is consistent with earlier studies which point out that wind velocity near sea surface is reduced in regions dominated by young waves.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This pattern is consistent with earlier studies which point out that wind velocity near sea surface is reduced in regions dominated by young waves [5] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [19]" ] }, { "text": "This occurs because young waves yield more resistance to the wind displacement and this decreasing in the wind velocity produces significant changes in the heat and moisture fluxes at the air-sea interface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This occurs because young waves yield more resistance to the wind displacement and this decreasing in the wind velocity produces significant changes in the heat and moisture fluxes at the air-sea interface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Boarding schools that cater for Indigenous students often struggle to meet the complex needs of these students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Boarding schools that cater for Indigenous students often struggle to meet the complex needs of these students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For many schools, there is a tension between aspirations to support students to realize their full potential and having adequate resources to meet this goal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For many schools, there is a tension between aspirations to support students to realize their full potential and having adequate resources to meet this goal (Florisson, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Florisson, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Some schools have implemented strategies such as (a) Indigenous awareness-building programs; (b) Indigenous scholarships and bursaries; (c) relationship building initiatives between Indigenous schools and communities; and (d) Indigenous Education Centres.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some schools have implemented strategies such as (a) Indigenous awareness-building programs; (b) Indigenous scholarships and bursaries; (c) relationship building initiatives between Indigenous schools and communities; and (d) Indigenous Education Centres (Barr, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barr, 2009)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Students from remote communities are often required to attend boarding schools for secondary education because of a lack of secondary school options in their home communities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students from remote communities are often required to attend boarding schools for secondary education because of a lack of secondary school options in their home communities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A comparison of the experiences of primary to secondary transition of boarders and non-boarders at 21 Western Australian Catholic schools found that boarding students reported experiencing significantly more emotional difficulties and depression, anxiety, and stress than non-boarders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A comparison of the experiences of primary to secondary transition of boarders and non-boarders at 21 Western Australian Catholic schools found that boarding students reported experiencing significantly more emotional difficulties and depression, anxiety, and stress than non-boarders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These emotional and mental health factors impacted boarding students overall sense of well-being while they schooled away from home rather than social factors, e.g., sense of connection with peers and school.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These emotional and mental health factors impacted boarding students overall sense of well-being while they schooled away from home rather than social factors, e.g., sense of connection with peers and school (Mander et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mander et al., 2015)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Transition to secondary schooling, and particularly to boarding school, is a time of adjustment for all young people who can provoke feelings of stress and anxiety.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Transition to secondary schooling, and particularly to boarding school, is a time of adjustment for all young people who can provoke feelings of stress and anxiety (Rice et al., 2011; Hanewald, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rice et al., 2011; Hanewald, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "It must be acknowledged that transition to boarding school for Indigenous children is far more complex than for their non-Indigenous peers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It must be acknowledged that transition to boarding school for Indigenous children is far more complex than for their non-Indigenous peers (Barr, 2009; Mander and Fieldhouse, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barr, 2009; Mander and Fieldhouse, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Respectively, education and boarding staff that support Indigenous students face additional challenges to the staff in mainstream educational settings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Respectively, education and boarding staff that support Indigenous students face additional challenges to the staff in mainstream educational settings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our literature search found that there was little documentation in the literature of staff capacity development initiatives to support Indigenous students at boarding schools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our literature search found that there was little documentation in the literature of staff capacity development initiatives to support Indigenous students at boarding schools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]