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Give me a list of ten Mayan ruins to visit in Central America.

- Chichen Itza in Mexico - Tikal in Guatemala - Caracol in Belize - Copan in Honduras - Palenque in Mexico - Tulum in Mexico - Uxmal in Mexico - Monte Alban in Mexico - Calakmul in Mexico - Ek Balam in Mexico

brainstorming

### Instruction: Give me a list of ten Mayan ruins to visit in Central America. ### Context: ### Answer: - Chichen Itza in Mexico - Tikal in Guatemala - Caracol in Belize - Copan in Honduras - Palenque in Mexico - Tulum in Mexico - Uxmal in Mexico - Monte Alban in Mexico - Calakmul in Mexico - Ek Balam in Mexico</s>

What was the race consisted of?

The race was held over the "international distance" and consisted of 1,500 metres (0.93 mi) swimming, 40 kilometres (25 mi), road bicycling, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) road running. The winner Reinaldo Colucci of Brazil qualifies to compete in the triathlon competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Great Britain.

The race was held over the "international distance" and consisted of 1,500 metres (0.93 mi) swimming, 40 kilometres (25 mi), road bicycling, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) road running.

information_extraction

### Instruction: What was the race consisted of? ### Context: The race was held over the "international distance" and consisted of 1,500 metres (0.93 mi) swimming, 40 kilometres (25 mi), road bicycling, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) road running. The winner Reinaldo Colucci of Brazil qualifies to compete in the triathlon competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Great Britain. ### Answer: The race was held over the "international distance" and consisted of 1,500 metres (0.93 mi) swimming, 40 kilometres (25 mi), road bicycling, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) road running.</s>

Where is the best place to vacation in the Bahamas?

Harbour Island is a small island in the Bahamas, accessible via the airport at North Eleuthera. Flights leave Miami, Fort Lauderdale or Nassau, several times daily. From Florida, Harbour Island is a 45min paddle jumper flight to North Eleuthera and then a 10 minute speed boat. Harbour Island has 8 hotels, Coral Sands, Pink Sands, Ramora Bay, Valentines, The Rockhouse, and The Dunmore. The Landing. All are boutique hotels. Coral Sands is about 90 rooms and the largest. There are no cars allowed in Harbour Island. Everyone travels by golf cart. Restaurants are great on the Island, and no visit is complete without a visit to Daddy D's nightclub.

creative_writing

### Instruction: Where is the best place to vacation in the Bahamas? ### Context: ### Answer: Harbour Island is a small island in the Bahamas, accessible via the airport at North Eleuthera. Flights leave Miami, Fort Lauderdale or Nassau, several times daily. From Florida, Harbour Island is a 45min paddle jumper flight to North Eleuthera and then a 10 minute speed boat. Harbour Island has 8 hotels, Coral Sands, Pink Sands, Ramora Bay, Valentines, The Rockhouse, and The Dunmore. The Landing. All are boutique hotels. Coral Sands is about 90 rooms and the largest. There are no cars allowed in Harbour Island. Everyone travels by golf cart. Restaurants are great on the Island, and no visit is complete without a visit to Daddy D's nightclub.</s>

In which years did the Women's Australian cricket team win the world cup

1978 1982 1988 1997 2005 2013 2022

brainstorming

### Instruction: In which years did the Women's Australian cricket team win the world cup ### Context: ### Answer: 1978 1982 1988 1997 2005 2013 2022</s>

If we were playing a game where we had to identify things that can be found inside a house, which of these would we call out: car, chair, table, park, cloud, microwave.

Inside a house you can find a chair, a table and a microwave. Cars, clouds and parks are found outside of houses.

classification

### Instruction: If we were playing a game where we had to identify things that can be found inside a house, which of these would we call out: car, chair, table, park, cloud, microwave. ### Context: ### Answer: Inside a house you can find a chair, a table and a microwave. Cars, clouds and parks are found outside of houses.</s>

How do airplanes fly?

Planes fly because of two forces - thrust and lift. Thrust is generated by the engines and moves the plane forward. When the wind passes the wings, there is a pressure differential created by the shape of the wings such that there is lift

open_qa

### Instruction: How do airplanes fly? ### Context: ### Answer: Planes fly because of two forces - thrust and lift. Thrust is generated by the engines and moves the plane forward. When the wind passes the wings, there is a pressure differential created by the shape of the wings such that there is lift</s>

What was unique about Scrubs?

Scrubs focuses on the unique point of view of its main character and narrator, Dr. John Michael "J.D." Dorian (Zach Braff) for the first eight seasons, with season nine being narrated by the new main character Lucy Bennett (Kerry Bishé). Most episodes feature multiple story lines thematically linked by voice-overs done by Braff, as well as the comical daydreams of J.D. According to Bill Lawrence, "What we decided was, rather than have it be a monotone narration, if it's going to be Zach's voice, we're going to do everything through J.D.'s eyes. It opened up a visual medium that those of us as comedy writers were not used to." Actors were given the chance to improvise their lines on set with encouragement by series creator Bill Lawrence, with Neil Flynn and Zach Braff being the main improvisors.

Most episodes featured voice-overs done by Zach Braff (who stars as the main character, J.D.), as well as the comical daydreams of J.D. This opened up a unique visual medium that the comedy writers were not used to. Also, actors were given the chance to improvise their lines on set.

closed_qa

### Instruction: What was unique about Scrubs? ### Context: Scrubs focuses on the unique point of view of its main character and narrator, Dr. John Michael "J.D." Dorian (Zach Braff) for the first eight seasons, with season nine being narrated by the new main character Lucy Bennett (Kerry Bishé). Most episodes feature multiple story lines thematically linked by voice-overs done by Braff, as well as the comical daydreams of J.D. According to Bill Lawrence, "What we decided was, rather than have it be a monotone narration, if it's going to be Zach's voice, we're going to do everything through J.D.'s eyes. It opened up a visual medium that those of us as comedy writers were not used to." Actors were given the chance to improvise their lines on set with encouragement by series creator Bill Lawrence, with Neil Flynn and Zach Braff being the main improvisors. ### Answer: Most episodes featured voice-overs done by Zach Braff (who stars as the main character, J.D.), as well as the comical daydreams of J.D. This opened up a unique visual medium that the comedy writers were not used to. Also, actors were given the chance to improvise their lines on set.</s>

Name some of the popular gaming consoles in the 2020s

PlayStation 5, Xbox series X, Nintendo Switch, and Steam Deck

open_qa

### Instruction: Name some of the popular gaming consoles in the 2020s ### Context: ### Answer: PlayStation 5, Xbox series X, Nintendo Switch, and Steam Deck</s>

What is Occam's razor?

Occam’s razor is a principle of theory construction or evaluation according to which, other things equal, explanations that posit fewer entities, or fewer kinds of entities, are to be preferred to explanations that posit more. It is sometimes misleadingly characterized as a general recommendation of simpler explanations over more complex ones.

general_qa

### Instruction: What is Occam's razor? ### Context: ### Answer: Occam’s razor is a principle of theory construction or evaluation according to which, other things equal, explanations that posit fewer entities, or fewer kinds of entities, are to be preferred to explanations that posit more. It is sometimes misleadingly characterized as a general recommendation of simpler explanations over more complex ones.</s>

What is a Balance sheet?

A balance sheet is a summary of an organisation's financial position. It lists the values, in the books of account on a particular date, of all the organisation's assets and liabilities. The assets and liabilities are grouped in categories, to paint a picture of the organisation's strengths and weaknesses.

open_qa

### Instruction: What is a Balance sheet? ### Context: ### Answer: A balance sheet is a summary of an organisation's financial position. It lists the values, in the books of account on a particular date, of all the organisation's assets and liabilities. The assets and liabilities are grouped in categories, to paint a picture of the organisation's strengths and weaknesses.</s>

Identify which car manufacturer is French or American: Renault, RAM

RAM is American, Renault is French

classification

### Instruction: Identify which car manufacturer is French or American: Renault, RAM ### Context: ### Answer: RAM is American, Renault is French</s>

Given this article about the NSA's ANT catalog, Which hacking tools are used to infect the BIOS of computers or networking devices?

The ANT catalog (or TAO catalog) is a classified product catalog by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) of which the version written in 2008–2009 was published by German news magazine Der Spiegel in December 2013. Forty-nine catalog pages with pictures, diagrams and descriptions of espionage devices and spying software were published. The items are available to the Tailored Access Operations unit and are mostly targeted at products from US companies such as Apple, Cisco and Dell. The source is believed to be someone different than Edward Snowden, who is largely responsible for the global surveillance disclosures since 2013. Companies whose products could be compromised have denied any collaboration with the NSA in developing these capabilities. In 2014, a project was started to implement the capabilities from the ANT catalog as open-source hardware and software. Background The Tailored Access Operations unit has existed since the late 90s. Its mission is to collect intelligence on foreign targets of the United States by hacking into computers and telecommunication networks. In 2012, Edward Snowden organized a CryptoParty together with Runa Sandvik, a former colleague of Jacob Appelbaum at The Tor Project. In June 2013, Snowden took internal NSA documents which he shared with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, resulting in the global surveillance disclosures. It has been speculated for years before that capabilities like those in the ANT catalog existed. Publication Jacob Appelbaum co-authored the English publication in Der Spiegel with Christian Stöcker and Judith Horchert, which was publicized on 29 December 2013. The related English publication on the same day about the TAO by Der Spiegel was also authored by the same people, and including Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler and Holger Stark. On December 30, Appelbaum gave a lecture about "the militarization of the Internet" at the 30th Chaos Communication Congress in Hamburg, Germany. At the end of his talk, he encouraged NSA employees to leak more documents. Apple denied the allegations that it collaborated on the development of DROPOUTJEEP in a statement to journalist Arik Hesseldahl from All Things Digital (part of the Wall Street Journal's Digital Network). The Verge questioned how the program developed in later years, since the document was composed in the early period of the iPhone and smartphones in general. Dell denied collaborating with any government in general, including the US government. John Stewart, senior vice president and chief security officer of Cisco stated that they were "deeply concerned and will continue to pursue all avenues to determine if we need to address any new issues." Juniper stated that they were working actively to address any possible exploit paths. Huawei stated they would take appropriate audits to determine if any compromise had taken place and would communicate if that had taken place. NSA declined to comment on the publication by Der Spiegel. Source The source who leaked the ANT catalog to the press is unknown as of 2023. Author James Bamford, who is specialized in the United States intelligence agencies, noted in a commentary article published by Reuters that Appelbaum has not identified the source who leaked the ANT catalog to him, which led people to mistakenly assume it was Edward Snowden. Bamford got unrestricted access to the documents cache from Edward Snowden and could not find any references to the ANT catalog using automated search tools, thereby concluding that the documents were not leaked by him. Security expert Bruce Schneier has stated on his blog that he also believes the ANT catalog did not come from Snowden, but from a second leaker. Officials at the NSA did not believe that the web crawler used by Snowden touched the ANT catalog and started looking for other people who could have leaked the catalog. Content The published catalog pages were written between 2008 and 2009. The price of the items ranged from free up to $250,000. Capabilities in the ANT catalog Page Code name Description Unit price in US$ NSA CANDYGRAM.jpg CANDYGRAM Tripwire device that emulates a GSM cellphone tower. 40,000 NSA COTTONMOUTH-I.jpg COTTONMOUTH-I Family of modified USB and Ethernet connectors that can be used to install Trojan horse software and work as wireless bridges, providing covert remote access to the target machine. COTTONMOUTH-I is a USB plug that uses TRINITY as digital core and HOWLERMONKEY as RF transceiver. 20,300 NSA COTTONMOUTH-II.jpg COTTONMOUTH-II Can be deployed in a USB socket (rather than plug), and, but requires further integration in the target machine to turn into a deployed system. 4,000 NSA COTTONMOUTH-III.jpg COTTONMOUTH-III Stacked Ethernet and USB plug 24,960 NSA CROSSBEAM.jpg CROSSBEAM GSM communications module capable of collecting and compressing voice data 4,000 NSA CTX4000.jpg CTX4000 Continuous wave radar device that can "illuminate" a target system for recovery of "off net" information. N/A NSA CYCLONE Hx9.jpg CYCLONE-HX9 GSM Base Station Router as a Network-In-a-Box 70,000 NSA DEITYBOUNCE.jpg DEITYBOUNCE Technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s). 0 NSA DROPOUTJEEP.jpg DROPOUTJEEP "A software implant for the Apple iPhone that utilizes modular mission applications to provide specific SIGINT functionality. This functionality includes the ability to remotely push/pull files from the device. SMS retrieval, contact list retrieval, voicemail, geolocation, hot mic, camera capture, cell tower location, etc. Command, control and data exfiltration can occur over SMS messaging or a GPRS data connection. All communications with the implant will be covert and encrypted." 0 NSA EBSR.jpg EBSR Tri-band active GSM base station with internal 802.11/GPS/handset capability 40,000 NSA ENTOURAGE.jpg ENTOURAGE Direction finding application for GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 and FRS signals 70,000 NSA FEEDTROUGH.jpg FEEDTROUGH Software that can penetrate Juniper Networks firewalls allowing other NSA-deployed software to be installed on mainframe computers. N/A NSA FIREWALK.jpg FIREWALK Device that looks identical to a standard RJ45 socket that allows data to be injected, or monitored and transmitted via radio technology. using the HOWLERMONKEY RF transceiver. It can for instance create a VPN to the target computer. 10,740 NSA GENESIS.jpg GENESIS GSM handset with added software-defined radio features to record the radio frequency spectrum 15,000 NSA GODSURGE.jpg GODSURGE Software implant for a JTAG bus device named FLUXBABBITT which is added to Dell PowerEdge servers during interdiction. GODSURGE installs an implant upon system boot-up using the FLUXBABBITT JTAG interface to the Xeon series CPU. 500 NSA GINSU.jpg GINSU Technology that uses a PCI bus device in a computer, and can reinstall itself upon system boot-up. 0 NSA GOPHERSET.jpg GOPHERSET GSM software that uses a phone's SIM card's API (SIM Toolkit or STK) to control the phone through remotely sent commands. 0 NSA GOURMETTROUGH.jpg GOURMETTROUGH User-configurable persistence implant for certain Juniper Networks firewalls. 0 NSA HALLUXWATER.jpg HALLUXWATER Back door exploit for Huawei Eudemon firewalls. N/A NSA HEADWATER.jpg HEADWATER Persistent backdoor technology that can install spyware using a quantum insert capable of infecting spyware at a packet level on Huawei routers. N/A NSA HOWLERMONKEY.jpg HOWLERMONKEY A RF transceiver that makes it possible (in conjunction with digital processors and various implanting methods) to extract data from systems or allow them to be controlled remotely. 750 NSA IRATEMONK.jpg IRATEMONK Technology that can infiltrate the firmware of hard drives manufactured by Maxtor, Samsung, Seagate, and Western Digital. 0 NSA IRONCHEF.jpg IRONCHEF Technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. IRONCHEF includes also "Straitbizarre" and "Unitedrake" which have been linked to the spy software REGIN. 0 NSA JUNIORMINT.jpg JUNIORMINT Implant based on an ARM9 core and an FPGA. N/A NSA JETPLOW.jpg JETPLOW Firmware that can be implanted to create a permanent backdoor in a Cisco PIX series and ASA firewalls. 0 NSA LOUDAUTO.jpg LOUDAUTO Audio-based RF retro-reflector listening device. 30 NSA MAESTRO-II.jpg MAESTRO-II Multi-chip module approximately the size of a dime that serves as the hardware core of several other products. The module contains a 66 MHz ARM7 processor, 4 MB of flash, 8 MB of RAM, and a FPGA with 500,000 gates. It replaces the previous generation modules which were based on the HC12 microcontroller. 3,000 NSA MONKEYCALENDAR.jpg MONKEYCALENDAR Software that transmits a mobile phone's location by hidden text message. 0 NSA NEBULA.jpg NEBULA Multi-protocol network-in-a-box system. 250,000 NSA NIGHTSTAND.jpg NIGHTSTAND Portable system that installs Microsoft Windows exploits from a distance of up to eight miles over a wireless connection. N/A NSA NIGHTWATCH.jpg NIGHTWATCH Portable computer used to reconstruct and display video data from VAGRANT signals; used in conjunction with a radar source like the CTX4000 to illuminate the target in order to receive data from it. N/A NSA PICASSO.jpg PICASSO Software that can collect mobile phone location data, call metadata, access the phone's microphone to eavesdrop on nearby conversations. 2,000 NSA PHOTOANGLO.jpg PHOTOANGLO A joint NSA/GCHQ project to develop a radar system to replace CTX4000. 40,000 NSA RAGEMASTER.jpg RAGEMASTER A concealed device that taps the video signal from a target's computer's VGA signal output so the NSA can see what is on a targeted desktop monitor. It is powered by a remote radar and responds by modulating the VGA red signal (which is also sent out most DVI ports) into the RF signal it re-radiates; this method of transmission is codenamed VAGRANT. RAGEMASTER is usually installed/concealed in the ferrite choke of the target cable. The original documents are dated 2008-07-24. Several receiver/demodulating devices are available, e.g. NIGHTWATCH. 30 NSA SCHOOLMONTANA.jpg SCHOOLMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based (FreeBSD-variant) J-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA SIERRAMONTANA.jpg SIERRAMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based M-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA STUCCOMONTANA.jpg STUCCOMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based T-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA SOMBERKNAVE.jpg SOMBERKNAVE Software that can be implanted on a Windows XP system allowing it to be remotely controlled from NSA headquarters. 50,000 NSA SOUFFLETROUGH.jpg SOUFFLETROUGH BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls. 0 NSA SPARROW II.jpg SPARROW II A small computer intended to be used for WLAN collection, including from UAVs. Hardware: IBM Power PC 405GPR processor, 64 MB SDRAM, 16 MB of built-inflash, 4 mini PCI slots, CompactFlash slot, and 802.11 B/G hardware. Running Linux 2.4 and the BLINDDATE software suite. Unit price (2008): $6K. 6,000 NSA SURLYSPAWN.jpg SURLYSPAWN Keystroke monitor technology that can be used on remote computers that are not internet connected. 30 NSA SWAP.jpg SWAP Technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows. 0 NSA TAWDRYYARD.jpg TAWDRYYARD Radio frequency retroreflector to provide location information. 30 NSA TOTECHASER.jpg TOTECHASER Windows CE implant for extracting call logs, contact lists and other information. N/A NSA TOTEGHOSTLY.jpg TOTEGHOSTLY Software that can be implanted on a Windows mobile phone allowing full remote control. 0 NSA TRINITY.jpg TRINITY Multi-chip module using a 180 MHz ARM9 processor, 4 MB of flash, 96 MB of SDRAM, and a FPGA with 1 million gates. Smaller than a penny. 6,250 NSA TYPHON HX.jpg TYPHON HX Network-in-a-box for a GSM network with signaling and call control. N/A NSA WATERWITCH.jpg WATERWITCH A portable "finishing tool" that allows the operator to find the precise location of a nearby mobile phone. N/A NSA WISTFULTOLL.jpg WISTFULTOLL Plugin for collecting information from targets using Windows Management Instrumentation 0 Follow-up developments Security expert Matt Suiche noted that the software exploits leaked by the Shadow Brokers could be seen as genuine because it matched with names from the ANT catalog. John Bumgarner has stated to IEEE Spectrum that US government suspicion of Huawei is based on its own ability to add backdoors as shown in the ANT catalog. NSA Playset The NSA Playset is an open-source project inspired by the NSA ANT catalog to create more accessible and easy to use tools for security researchers. Most of the surveillance tools can be recreated with off-the-shelf or open-source hardware and software. Thus far, the NSA Playset consists of fourteen items, for which the code and instructions can be found online on the project's homepage. After the initial leak, Michael Ossman, the founder of Great Scott Gadgets, gave a shout out to other security researchers to start working on the tools mentioned in the catalog and to recreate them. The name NSA Playset came originally from Dean Pierce, who is also a contributor (TWILIGHTVEGETABLE(GSM)) to the NSA Playset. Anyone is invited to join and contribute their own device. The requisites for an addition to the NSA Playset is a similar or already existing NSA ANT project, ease of use and a silly name (based on the original tool's name if possible). The silly name requisite is a rule that Michael Ossman himself came up with and an example is given on the project's website: "For example, if your project is similar to FOXACID, maybe you could call it COYOTEMETH." The ease of use part stems also from the NSA Playset's motto: "If a 10 year old can't do it, it doesn't count!" Name Description TWILIGHTVEGETABLE a boot image for GSM communication monitoring. LEVITICUS a hand held GSM frequency analyzer disguised as a Motorola phone; named after GENESIS. DRIZZLECHAIR a hard drive with all the needed tools to crack A5/1 including the rainbow tables. PORCUPINEMASQUERADE a passive Wi-Fi reconnaissance drone. KEYSWEEPER a keylogger in form of a USB wall charger, that wirelessly and passively sniffs, decrypts, logs and reports back (over GSM). SLOTSCREAMER a PCI hardware implant, which can access memory and IO. ADAPTERNOODLE a USB exploitation device. CHUKWAGON uses a pin on a computer's VGA port to attack via the I²C bus accessing the computer's operating system. TURNIPSCHOOL a hardware implant concealed in a USB cable which provides short range radio frequency communication capability to software running on the host computer. BLINKERCOUGH a hardware implant that is embedded in a VGA cable which allows data exfiltration. SAVIORBURST a hardware implant exploiting the JTAG interface for software application persistence; named after GODSURGE. FLUXBABBIT is replaced by SOLDERPEEK. CACTUSTUTU Portable system that enables wireless installation of Microsoft Windows exploits; covers NIGHTSTAND. TINYALAMO software that targets BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and allows keystroke surveillance (keylogger) and injection. CONGAFLOCK Radio frequency retroreflector intended for experimentation. Intended use would be the implantation into a cable and data exfiltration based on radio reflectivity of the device.(FLAMENCOFLOCK (PS/2), TANGOFLOCK (USB), SALSAFLOCK (VGA) are retroreflectors with specific interfaces to test data exfiltration.) See also Cyberwarfare in the United States Equation Group MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer Stuxnet WARRIOR PRIDE Explanatory notes Whether ANT stands for Advanced Network Technology or Access Network Technology is not known. The article from Der Spiegel notes that it is a "50-page document" and that "nearly 50 pages" are published. The gallery contains 49 pages. Der Spiegel also noted that the document is likely far from complete. If the price is listed in bulk, a calculation is made to get the unit price For two months Including installation costs When ordering 25 units, the price per item is US$1000 Up to 4,000 Varies from platform to platform Data Network Technologies, a division of the Tailored Access Operations 100 units for 625,000

DEITYBOUNCE, IRONCHEF, SOUFFLETROUGH, and SWAP are hacking tools that can be used to infect servers, computers, and networking devices. DEITYBOUNCE is technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s). IRONCHEF is technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. SOUFFLETROUGH is BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls. SWAP is technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows.

closed_qa

### Instruction: Given this article about the NSA's ANT catalog, Which hacking tools are used to infect the BIOS of computers or networking devices? ### Context: The ANT catalog (or TAO catalog) is a classified product catalog by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) of which the version written in 2008–2009 was published by German news magazine Der Spiegel in December 2013. Forty-nine catalog pages with pictures, diagrams and descriptions of espionage devices and spying software were published. The items are available to the Tailored Access Operations unit and are mostly targeted at products from US companies such as Apple, Cisco and Dell. The source is believed to be someone different than Edward Snowden, who is largely responsible for the global surveillance disclosures since 2013. Companies whose products could be compromised have denied any collaboration with the NSA in developing these capabilities. In 2014, a project was started to implement the capabilities from the ANT catalog as open-source hardware and software. Background The Tailored Access Operations unit has existed since the late 90s. Its mission is to collect intelligence on foreign targets of the United States by hacking into computers and telecommunication networks. In 2012, Edward Snowden organized a CryptoParty together with Runa Sandvik, a former colleague of Jacob Appelbaum at The Tor Project. In June 2013, Snowden took internal NSA documents which he shared with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, resulting in the global surveillance disclosures. It has been speculated for years before that capabilities like those in the ANT catalog existed. Publication Jacob Appelbaum co-authored the English publication in Der Spiegel with Christian Stöcker and Judith Horchert, which was publicized on 29 December 2013. The related English publication on the same day about the TAO by Der Spiegel was also authored by the same people, and including Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler and Holger Stark. On December 30, Appelbaum gave a lecture about "the militarization of the Internet" at the 30th Chaos Communication Congress in Hamburg, Germany. At the end of his talk, he encouraged NSA employees to leak more documents. Apple denied the allegations that it collaborated on the development of DROPOUTJEEP in a statement to journalist Arik Hesseldahl from All Things Digital (part of the Wall Street Journal's Digital Network). The Verge questioned how the program developed in later years, since the document was composed in the early period of the iPhone and smartphones in general. Dell denied collaborating with any government in general, including the US government. John Stewart, senior vice president and chief security officer of Cisco stated that they were "deeply concerned and will continue to pursue all avenues to determine if we need to address any new issues." Juniper stated that they were working actively to address any possible exploit paths. Huawei stated they would take appropriate audits to determine if any compromise had taken place and would communicate if that had taken place. NSA declined to comment on the publication by Der Spiegel. Source The source who leaked the ANT catalog to the press is unknown as of 2023. Author James Bamford, who is specialized in the United States intelligence agencies, noted in a commentary article published by Reuters that Appelbaum has not identified the source who leaked the ANT catalog to him, which led people to mistakenly assume it was Edward Snowden. Bamford got unrestricted access to the documents cache from Edward Snowden and could not find any references to the ANT catalog using automated search tools, thereby concluding that the documents were not leaked by him. Security expert Bruce Schneier has stated on his blog that he also believes the ANT catalog did not come from Snowden, but from a second leaker. Officials at the NSA did not believe that the web crawler used by Snowden touched the ANT catalog and started looking for other people who could have leaked the catalog. Content The published catalog pages were written between 2008 and 2009. The price of the items ranged from free up to $250,000. Capabilities in the ANT catalog Page Code name Description Unit price in US$ NSA CANDYGRAM.jpg CANDYGRAM Tripwire device that emulates a GSM cellphone tower. 40,000 NSA COTTONMOUTH-I.jpg COTTONMOUTH-I Family of modified USB and Ethernet connectors that can be used to install Trojan horse software and work as wireless bridges, providing covert remote access to the target machine. COTTONMOUTH-I is a USB plug that uses TRINITY as digital core and HOWLERMONKEY as RF transceiver. 20,300 NSA COTTONMOUTH-II.jpg COTTONMOUTH-II Can be deployed in a USB socket (rather than plug), and, but requires further integration in the target machine to turn into a deployed system. 4,000 NSA COTTONMOUTH-III.jpg COTTONMOUTH-III Stacked Ethernet and USB plug 24,960 NSA CROSSBEAM.jpg CROSSBEAM GSM communications module capable of collecting and compressing voice data 4,000 NSA CTX4000.jpg CTX4000 Continuous wave radar device that can "illuminate" a target system for recovery of "off net" information. N/A NSA CYCLONE Hx9.jpg CYCLONE-HX9 GSM Base Station Router as a Network-In-a-Box 70,000 NSA DEITYBOUNCE.jpg DEITYBOUNCE Technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s). 0 NSA DROPOUTJEEP.jpg DROPOUTJEEP "A software implant for the Apple iPhone that utilizes modular mission applications to provide specific SIGINT functionality. This functionality includes the ability to remotely push/pull files from the device. SMS retrieval, contact list retrieval, voicemail, geolocation, hot mic, camera capture, cell tower location, etc. Command, control and data exfiltration can occur over SMS messaging or a GPRS data connection. All communications with the implant will be covert and encrypted." 0 NSA EBSR.jpg EBSR Tri-band active GSM base station with internal 802.11/GPS/handset capability 40,000 NSA ENTOURAGE.jpg ENTOURAGE Direction finding application for GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 and FRS signals 70,000 NSA FEEDTROUGH.jpg FEEDTROUGH Software that can penetrate Juniper Networks firewalls allowing other NSA-deployed software to be installed on mainframe computers. N/A NSA FIREWALK.jpg FIREWALK Device that looks identical to a standard RJ45 socket that allows data to be injected, or monitored and transmitted via radio technology. using the HOWLERMONKEY RF transceiver. It can for instance create a VPN to the target computer. 10,740 NSA GENESIS.jpg GENESIS GSM handset with added software-defined radio features to record the radio frequency spectrum 15,000 NSA GODSURGE.jpg GODSURGE Software implant for a JTAG bus device named FLUXBABBITT which is added to Dell PowerEdge servers during interdiction. GODSURGE installs an implant upon system boot-up using the FLUXBABBITT JTAG interface to the Xeon series CPU. 500 NSA GINSU.jpg GINSU Technology that uses a PCI bus device in a computer, and can reinstall itself upon system boot-up. 0 NSA GOPHERSET.jpg GOPHERSET GSM software that uses a phone's SIM card's API (SIM Toolkit or STK) to control the phone through remotely sent commands. 0 NSA GOURMETTROUGH.jpg GOURMETTROUGH User-configurable persistence implant for certain Juniper Networks firewalls. 0 NSA HALLUXWATER.jpg HALLUXWATER Back door exploit for Huawei Eudemon firewalls. N/A NSA HEADWATER.jpg HEADWATER Persistent backdoor technology that can install spyware using a quantum insert capable of infecting spyware at a packet level on Huawei routers. N/A NSA HOWLERMONKEY.jpg HOWLERMONKEY A RF transceiver that makes it possible (in conjunction with digital processors and various implanting methods) to extract data from systems or allow them to be controlled remotely. 750 NSA IRATEMONK.jpg IRATEMONK Technology that can infiltrate the firmware of hard drives manufactured by Maxtor, Samsung, Seagate, and Western Digital. 0 NSA IRONCHEF.jpg IRONCHEF Technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. IRONCHEF includes also "Straitbizarre" and "Unitedrake" which have been linked to the spy software REGIN. 0 NSA JUNIORMINT.jpg JUNIORMINT Implant based on an ARM9 core and an FPGA. N/A NSA JETPLOW.jpg JETPLOW Firmware that can be implanted to create a permanent backdoor in a Cisco PIX series and ASA firewalls. 0 NSA LOUDAUTO.jpg LOUDAUTO Audio-based RF retro-reflector listening device. 30 NSA MAESTRO-II.jpg MAESTRO-II Multi-chip module approximately the size of a dime that serves as the hardware core of several other products. The module contains a 66 MHz ARM7 processor, 4 MB of flash, 8 MB of RAM, and a FPGA with 500,000 gates. It replaces the previous generation modules which were based on the HC12 microcontroller. 3,000 NSA MONKEYCALENDAR.jpg MONKEYCALENDAR Software that transmits a mobile phone's location by hidden text message. 0 NSA NEBULA.jpg NEBULA Multi-protocol network-in-a-box system. 250,000 NSA NIGHTSTAND.jpg NIGHTSTAND Portable system that installs Microsoft Windows exploits from a distance of up to eight miles over a wireless connection. N/A NSA NIGHTWATCH.jpg NIGHTWATCH Portable computer used to reconstruct and display video data from VAGRANT signals; used in conjunction with a radar source like the CTX4000 to illuminate the target in order to receive data from it. N/A NSA PICASSO.jpg PICASSO Software that can collect mobile phone location data, call metadata, access the phone's microphone to eavesdrop on nearby conversations. 2,000 NSA PHOTOANGLO.jpg PHOTOANGLO A joint NSA/GCHQ project to develop a radar system to replace CTX4000. 40,000 NSA RAGEMASTER.jpg RAGEMASTER A concealed device that taps the video signal from a target's computer's VGA signal output so the NSA can see what is on a targeted desktop monitor. It is powered by a remote radar and responds by modulating the VGA red signal (which is also sent out most DVI ports) into the RF signal it re-radiates; this method of transmission is codenamed VAGRANT. RAGEMASTER is usually installed/concealed in the ferrite choke of the target cable. The original documents are dated 2008-07-24. Several receiver/demodulating devices are available, e.g. NIGHTWATCH. 30 NSA SCHOOLMONTANA.jpg SCHOOLMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based (FreeBSD-variant) J-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA SIERRAMONTANA.jpg SIERRAMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based M-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA STUCCOMONTANA.jpg STUCCOMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based T-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA SOMBERKNAVE.jpg SOMBERKNAVE Software that can be implanted on a Windows XP system allowing it to be remotely controlled from NSA headquarters. 50,000 NSA SOUFFLETROUGH.jpg SOUFFLETROUGH BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls. 0 NSA SPARROW II.jpg SPARROW II A small computer intended to be used for WLAN collection, including from UAVs. Hardware: IBM Power PC 405GPR processor, 64 MB SDRAM, 16 MB of built-inflash, 4 mini PCI slots, CompactFlash slot, and 802.11 B/G hardware. Running Linux 2.4 and the BLINDDATE software suite. Unit price (2008): $6K. 6,000 NSA SURLYSPAWN.jpg SURLYSPAWN Keystroke monitor technology that can be used on remote computers that are not internet connected. 30 NSA SWAP.jpg SWAP Technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows. 0 NSA TAWDRYYARD.jpg TAWDRYYARD Radio frequency retroreflector to provide location information. 30 NSA TOTECHASER.jpg TOTECHASER Windows CE implant for extracting call logs, contact lists and other information. N/A NSA TOTEGHOSTLY.jpg TOTEGHOSTLY Software that can be implanted on a Windows mobile phone allowing full remote control. 0 NSA TRINITY.jpg TRINITY Multi-chip module using a 180 MHz ARM9 processor, 4 MB of flash, 96 MB of SDRAM, and a FPGA with 1 million gates. Smaller than a penny. 6,250 NSA TYPHON HX.jpg TYPHON HX Network-in-a-box for a GSM network with signaling and call control. N/A NSA WATERWITCH.jpg WATERWITCH A portable "finishing tool" that allows the operator to find the precise location of a nearby mobile phone. N/A NSA WISTFULTOLL.jpg WISTFULTOLL Plugin for collecting information from targets using Windows Management Instrumentation 0 Follow-up developments Security expert Matt Suiche noted that the software exploits leaked by the Shadow Brokers could be seen as genuine because it matched with names from the ANT catalog. John Bumgarner has stated to IEEE Spectrum that US government suspicion of Huawei is based on its own ability to add backdoors as shown in the ANT catalog. NSA Playset The NSA Playset is an open-source project inspired by the NSA ANT catalog to create more accessible and easy to use tools for security researchers. Most of the surveillance tools can be recreated with off-the-shelf or open-source hardware and software. Thus far, the NSA Playset consists of fourteen items, for which the code and instructions can be found online on the project's homepage. After the initial leak, Michael Ossman, the founder of Great Scott Gadgets, gave a shout out to other security researchers to start working on the tools mentioned in the catalog and to recreate them. The name NSA Playset came originally from Dean Pierce, who is also a contributor (TWILIGHTVEGETABLE(GSM)) to the NSA Playset. Anyone is invited to join and contribute their own device. The requisites for an addition to the NSA Playset is a similar or already existing NSA ANT project, ease of use and a silly name (based on the original tool's name if possible). The silly name requisite is a rule that Michael Ossman himself came up with and an example is given on the project's website: "For example, if your project is similar to FOXACID, maybe you could call it COYOTEMETH." The ease of use part stems also from the NSA Playset's motto: "If a 10 year old can't do it, it doesn't count!" Name Description TWILIGHTVEGETABLE a boot image for GSM communication monitoring. LEVITICUS a hand held GSM frequency analyzer disguised as a Motorola phone; named after GENESIS. DRIZZLECHAIR a hard drive with all the needed tools to crack A5/1 including the rainbow tables. PORCUPINEMASQUERADE a passive Wi-Fi reconnaissance drone. KEYSWEEPER a keylogger in form of a USB wall charger, that wirelessly and passively sniffs, decrypts, logs and reports back (over GSM). SLOTSCREAMER a PCI hardware implant, which can access memory and IO. ADAPTERNOODLE a USB exploitation device. CHUKWAGON uses a pin on a computer's VGA port to attack via the I²C bus accessing the computer's operating system. TURNIPSCHOOL a hardware implant concealed in a USB cable which provides short range radio frequency communication capability to software running on the host computer. BLINKERCOUGH a hardware implant that is embedded in a VGA cable which allows data exfiltration. SAVIORBURST a hardware implant exploiting the JTAG interface for software application persistence; named after GODSURGE. FLUXBABBIT is replaced by SOLDERPEEK. CACTUSTUTU Portable system that enables wireless installation of Microsoft Windows exploits; covers NIGHTSTAND. TINYALAMO software that targets BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and allows keystroke surveillance (keylogger) and injection. CONGAFLOCK Radio frequency retroreflector intended for experimentation. Intended use would be the implantation into a cable and data exfiltration based on radio reflectivity of the device.(FLAMENCOFLOCK (PS/2), TANGOFLOCK (USB), SALSAFLOCK (VGA) are retroreflectors with specific interfaces to test data exfiltration.) See also Cyberwarfare in the United States Equation Group MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer Stuxnet WARRIOR PRIDE Explanatory notes Whether ANT stands for Advanced Network Technology or Access Network Technology is not known. The article from Der Spiegel notes that it is a "50-page document" and that "nearly 50 pages" are published. The gallery contains 49 pages. Der Spiegel also noted that the document is likely far from complete. If the price is listed in bulk, a calculation is made to get the unit price For two months Including installation costs When ordering 25 units, the price per item is US$1000 Up to 4,000 Varies from platform to platform Data Network Technologies, a division of the Tailored Access Operations 100 units for 625,000 ### Answer: DEITYBOUNCE, IRONCHEF, SOUFFLETROUGH, and SWAP are hacking tools that can be used to infect servers, computers, and networking devices. DEITYBOUNCE is technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s). IRONCHEF is technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. SOUFFLETROUGH is BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls. SWAP is technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows.</s>

what bicycle should I buy?

Buying the right bicycle depends on how much money you want to spend and what you want to use the bicycle for. So first decide on a budget, then go to a local bike shop and talk to them about what kinds of bicycles they sell for the needs that you have.

general_qa

### Instruction: what bicycle should I buy? ### Context: ### Answer: Buying the right bicycle depends on how much money you want to spend and what you want to use the bicycle for. So first decide on a budget, then go to a local bike shop and talk to them about what kinds of bicycles they sell for the needs that you have.</s>

What do you need for car camping?

I always pack a tent, sleeping bag, cot, and air mattress. The sleeping bag should be rated for the temperatures you expect, and the tent quality will matter more in rainy conditions. I also pack a camping stove and propane canister, along with a pot, pan, and mess kit. You'll need matches as well if your stove doesn't include a lighting mechanism. The campground will have a water spout, but I've found it convenient to bring a five gallon water container that we keep on the camp site. For a weekend trip, a few changes of clothes, a flashlight or headlamp, and a couple extra batteries will definitely come in handy. We bring folding chairs and wood if the camp site has a fire pit. A cooler with plenty of ice can keep ingredients cold for a weekend trip, and between hiking, cooking, setup and teardown, there's enough to do for a full weekend.

general_qa

### Instruction: What do you need for car camping? ### Context: ### Answer: I always pack a tent, sleeping bag, cot, and air mattress. The sleeping bag should be rated for the temperatures you expect, and the tent quality will matter more in rainy conditions. I also pack a camping stove and propane canister, along with a pot, pan, and mess kit. You'll need matches as well if your stove doesn't include a lighting mechanism. The campground will have a water spout, but I've found it convenient to bring a five gallon water container that we keep on the camp site. For a weekend trip, a few changes of clothes, a flashlight or headlamp, and a couple extra batteries will definitely come in handy. We bring folding chairs and wood if the camp site has a fire pit. A cooler with plenty of ice can keep ingredients cold for a weekend trip, and between hiking, cooking, setup and teardown, there's enough to do for a full weekend.</s>

What is the stone age?

The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC, with the advent of metalworking. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of gold and copper for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and smelting of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age. In Western Asia, this occurred by about 3,000 BC, when bronze became widespread. The term Bronze Age is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses. Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the genus Homo, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Bone tools have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the archaeological record. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use.

The Stone age was a prehistoric period that lasted for millions of years and ended in and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC , with the advent of metalworking. In this period, stone was widely used to make stone tools and weapons with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The Stone Age is the first period in the three-age system frequently used in archaeology to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory into functional periods, with the next two being the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, respectively. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of gold and copper for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and smelting of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age. The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: Paleolithic era which is the earliest and most primitive; a transitional period with finer tools known as the Mesolithic era; and the final stage known as the Neolithic era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from hunter-gatherer societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting towns and villages as agriculture became widespread.

closed_qa

### Instruction: What is the stone age? ### Context: The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC, with the advent of metalworking. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of gold and copper for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and smelting of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age. In Western Asia, this occurred by about 3,000 BC, when bronze became widespread. The term Bronze Age is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses. Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the genus Homo, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Bone tools have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the archaeological record. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use. ### Answer: The Stone age was a prehistoric period that lasted for millions of years and ended in and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC , with the advent of metalworking. In this period, stone was widely used to make stone tools and weapons with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The Stone Age is the first period in the three-age system frequently used in archaeology to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory into functional periods, with the next two being the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, respectively. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of gold and copper for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and smelting of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age. The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: Paleolithic era which is the earliest and most primitive; a transitional period with finer tools known as the Mesolithic era; and the final stage known as the Neolithic era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from hunter-gatherer societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting towns and villages as agriculture became widespread.</s>

Given the reference text below, what is Safer Internet Day?

Safer Internet Day is celebrated worldwide to raise awareness about online safety. Many people take safety on the internet for granted and for that reason it is important to educate people about possible data breaches. Childnet, as part of the UK Safer Internet Centre, coordinate Safer Internet Day in the UK. Safer Internet Day 2015 saw over 800 organizations in the UK taking part to help promote the safe, responsible and positive use of digital technology for children and young people. For the day the UK Safer Internet Centre launched a new study Friendship in a Digital Age and launched the #Up2Us film, which was made by 150 young people to inspire others to do something kind online.

Safer Internet Day raises awareness about internet safety for children and young people.

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### Instruction: Given the reference text below, what is Safer Internet Day? ### Context: Safer Internet Day is celebrated worldwide to raise awareness about online safety. Many people take safety on the internet for granted and for that reason it is important to educate people about possible data breaches. Childnet, as part of the UK Safer Internet Centre, coordinate Safer Internet Day in the UK. Safer Internet Day 2015 saw over 800 organizations in the UK taking part to help promote the safe, responsible and positive use of digital technology for children and young people. For the day the UK Safer Internet Centre launched a new study Friendship in a Digital Age and launched the #Up2Us film, which was made by 150 young people to inspire others to do something kind online. ### Answer: Safer Internet Day raises awareness about internet safety for children and young people.</s>

What is the capital of Finland and when was it founded?

The capital of Finland is Helsinki and it was founded on the 12th June, 1550. However Helsinki only became the Finnish capital in 1812. Before that the Finnish capital was Turku.

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### Instruction: What is the capital of Finland and when was it founded? ### Context: ### Answer: The capital of Finland is Helsinki and it was founded on the 12th June, 1550. However Helsinki only became the Finnish capital in 1812. Before that the Finnish capital was Turku.</s>

What is the difference between leadership and management?

Leadership means influencing people toward a right direction. Management means organizing people to achieve a goal. In other words, leadership does right things, management does things right. In a business or a society, different people often have different opinions. A good leadership can influence a large number of people toward a direction that will generate positive impact on the business or the society. Leadership can be seen in most aspects of human society, from choosing a vacation destination to becoming a president. Most business or social activities require multiple people to accomplish. A good management can organize a large number of people to accomplish complex efforts with great efficacy. Good management skills can be applied to different occasions in life, from organizing a party to running a company.

general_qa

### Instruction: What is the difference between leadership and management? ### Context: ### Answer: Leadership means influencing people toward a right direction. Management means organizing people to achieve a goal. In other words, leadership does right things, management does things right. In a business or a society, different people often have different opinions. A good leadership can influence a large number of people toward a direction that will generate positive impact on the business or the society. Leadership can be seen in most aspects of human society, from choosing a vacation destination to becoming a president. Most business or social activities require multiple people to accomplish. A good management can organize a large number of people to accomplish complex efforts with great efficacy. Good management skills can be applied to different occasions in life, from organizing a party to running a company.</s>

Summarize Tiger Woods professional golf career.

Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer. He is tied for first in PGA Tour wins, ranks second in men's major championships, and holds numerous golf records. Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time and is one of the most famous athletes in modern history. He is an inductee of the World Golf Hall of Fame. Following an outstanding junior, college, and amateur golf career, Woods turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20. By the end of April 1997, he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major, the 1997 Masters, which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance. He reached number one in the Official World Golf Ranking for the first time in June 1997, less than a year after turning pro. Throughout the first decade of the 21st century, Woods was the dominant force in golf. He was the top-ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 (264 consecutive weeks) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 (281 consecutive weeks). During this time, he won 13 of golf's major championships. The next decade of Woods's career was marked by comebacks from personal problems and injuries. He took a self-imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in an attempt to resolve marital issues with his wife at the time, Elin. Woods admitted to multiple infidelities, and the couple eventually divorced. He fell to number 58 in the world rankings in November 2011 before ascending again to the number-one ranking between March 2013 and May 2014. However, injuries led him to undergo four back surgeries between 2014 and 2017. Woods competed in only one tournament between August 2015 and January 2018, and he dropped off the list of the world's top 1,000 golfers. On his return to regular competition, Woods made steady progress to the top of the game, winning his first tournament in five years at the Tour Championship in September 2018 and his first major in 11 years at the 2019 Masters. Woods has held numerous golf records. He has been the number one player in the world for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer in history. He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record 11 times and has won the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times. Woods has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons. He has won 15 professional major golf championships (trailing only Jack Nicklaus, who leads with 18) and 82 PGA Tour events (tied for first all time with Sam Snead). Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins. Woods is the fifth (after Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus) player to achieve the career Grand Slam, and the youngest to do so. He is also the second golfer out of two (after Nicklaus) to achieve a career Grand Slam three times. Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships. He was also part of the American winning team for the 1999 Ryder Cup. In May 2019, Woods was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Donald Trump, the fourth golfer to receive the honor. On February 23, 2021, Woods was hospitalized in serious but stable condition after a single-car collision and underwent emergency surgery to repair compound fractures sustained in his right leg in addition to a shattered ankle. In an interview with Golf Digest in November 2021, Woods indicated that his full-time career as a professional golfer was over, although he would continue to play "a few events per year". He returned to the PGA Tour for the first time since the car crash at the 2022 Masters.

Tiger Woods is tied for first in PGA Tour wins and ranks second in men's major championships. He holds numerous golf records. Tiger Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time and is one of the most famous athletes in modern history. He is an inductee of the World Golf Hall of Fame. Tiger turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20. By the end of April 1997, he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major, the 1997 Masters, which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance. Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships. He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year 11 times and has won the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times. He has won 15 professional major golf championships and 82 PGA Tour events. Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins.

summarization

### Instruction: Summarize Tiger Woods professional golf career. ### Context: Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer. He is tied for first in PGA Tour wins, ranks second in men's major championships, and holds numerous golf records. Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time and is one of the most famous athletes in modern history. He is an inductee of the World Golf Hall of Fame. Following an outstanding junior, college, and amateur golf career, Woods turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20. By the end of April 1997, he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major, the 1997 Masters, which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance. He reached number one in the Official World Golf Ranking for the first time in June 1997, less than a year after turning pro. Throughout the first decade of the 21st century, Woods was the dominant force in golf. He was the top-ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 (264 consecutive weeks) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 (281 consecutive weeks). During this time, he won 13 of golf's major championships. The next decade of Woods's career was marked by comebacks from personal problems and injuries. He took a self-imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in an attempt to resolve marital issues with his wife at the time, Elin. Woods admitted to multiple infidelities, and the couple eventually divorced. He fell to number 58 in the world rankings in November 2011 before ascending again to the number-one ranking between March 2013 and May 2014. However, injuries led him to undergo four back surgeries between 2014 and 2017. Woods competed in only one tournament between August 2015 and January 2018, and he dropped off the list of the world's top 1,000 golfers. On his return to regular competition, Woods made steady progress to the top of the game, winning his first tournament in five years at the Tour Championship in September 2018 and his first major in 11 years at the 2019 Masters. Woods has held numerous golf records. He has been the number one player in the world for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer in history. He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record 11 times and has won the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times. Woods has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons. He has won 15 professional major golf championships (trailing only Jack Nicklaus, who leads with 18) and 82 PGA Tour events (tied for first all time with Sam Snead). Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins. Woods is the fifth (after Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus) player to achieve the career Grand Slam, and the youngest to do so. He is also the second golfer out of two (after Nicklaus) to achieve a career Grand Slam three times. Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships. He was also part of the American winning team for the 1999 Ryder Cup. In May 2019, Woods was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Donald Trump, the fourth golfer to receive the honor. On February 23, 2021, Woods was hospitalized in serious but stable condition after a single-car collision and underwent emergency surgery to repair compound fractures sustained in his right leg in addition to a shattered ankle. In an interview with Golf Digest in November 2021, Woods indicated that his full-time career as a professional golfer was over, although he would continue to play "a few events per year". He returned to the PGA Tour for the first time since the car crash at the 2022 Masters. ### Answer: Tiger Woods is tied for first in PGA Tour wins and ranks second in men's major championships. He holds numerous golf records. Tiger Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time and is one of the most famous athletes in modern history. He is an inductee of the World Golf Hall of Fame. Tiger turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20. By the end of April 1997, he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major, the 1997 Masters, which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance. Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships. He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year 11 times and has won the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times. He has won 15 professional major golf championships and 82 PGA Tour events. Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins.</s>

Based on the paragraph below, what bone was used to estimate the height of William the Conquerer?

No authentic portrait of William has been found; the contemporary depictions of him on the Bayeux Tapestry and on his seals and coins are conventional representations designed to assert his authority. There are some written descriptions of a burly and robust appearance, with a guttural voice. He enjoyed excellent health until old age, although he became quite fat in later life. He was strong enough to draw bows that others were unable to pull and had great stamina. Geoffrey Martel described him as without equal as a fighter and as a horseman. Examination of William's femur, the only bone to survive when the rest of his remains were destroyed, showed he was approximately 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) in height.

His femur.

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### Instruction: Based on the paragraph below, what bone was used to estimate the height of William the Conquerer? ### Context: No authentic portrait of William has been found; the contemporary depictions of him on the Bayeux Tapestry and on his seals and coins are conventional representations designed to assert his authority. There are some written descriptions of a burly and robust appearance, with a guttural voice. He enjoyed excellent health until old age, although he became quite fat in later life. He was strong enough to draw bows that others were unable to pull and had great stamina. Geoffrey Martel described him as without equal as a fighter and as a horseman. Examination of William's femur, the only bone to survive when the rest of his remains were destroyed, showed he was approximately 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) in height. ### Answer: His femur.</s>

Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Ahenk, Arghul

Arghul is woodwind, Ahenk is string.

classification

### Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Ahenk, Arghul ### Context: ### Answer: Arghul is woodwind, Ahenk is string.</s>

From the following list, tell me whether these animals are real of fictitious: unicorn, alpaca, kangaroo rat, griffin, centaur, colossal squid

Unicorns, griffins and centaurs are fictitious animals while alpacas, kangaroo rats and colossal squids are real animals

classification

### Instruction: From the following list, tell me whether these animals are real of fictitious: unicorn, alpaca, kangaroo rat, griffin, centaur, colossal squid ### Context: ### Answer: Unicorns, griffins and centaurs are fictitious animals while alpacas, kangaroo rats and colossal squids are real animals</s>

Classify each of the following as either a state in the United States or a country: Georgia, California, Alaska, Canada, Peru, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Mexico, Ireland, Russia, Oregon

State: California, Alaska, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Oregon Country: Canada, Peru, Mexico, Ireland, Russia Both: Georgia

classification

### Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a state in the United States or a country: Georgia, California, Alaska, Canada, Peru, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Mexico, Ireland, Russia, Oregon ### Context: ### Answer: State: California, Alaska, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Oregon Country: Canada, Peru, Mexico, Ireland, Russia Both: Georgia</s>

How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?

This exact question puzzled theologians for many hundreds of years, and led to many differing points of view. The issue with the question is that there is no correct answer- firstly, are angels real? If they are, how big are they? are they even able to dance? if they could dance, how much space would they need? Secondly, how big is the pin? is the pin a normal sized Earthly pin? or something much larger, on a celestial scale? The answer relates to faith- if you believe in angels, you believe in their ability to dance, and believe in their specific ability to dance upon a pin, and can have an argument in any direction based on your faith that they underlying premise of the question could be a likelihood. If you do not have that faith, then your outlook would likely view this question with a great degree of cynicism, and you would probably view it as a pointless question. But with a degree of humour, and a tip of the hat to Douglas Adams, I'm happy to conclude that the answer is 42.

creative_writing

### Instruction: How many angels can dance on the head of a pin? ### Context: ### Answer: This exact question puzzled theologians for many hundreds of years, and led to many differing points of view. The issue with the question is that there is no correct answer- firstly, are angels real? If they are, how big are they? are they even able to dance? if they could dance, how much space would they need? Secondly, how big is the pin? is the pin a normal sized Earthly pin? or something much larger, on a celestial scale? The answer relates to faith- if you believe in angels, you believe in their ability to dance, and believe in their specific ability to dance upon a pin, and can have an argument in any direction based on your faith that they underlying premise of the question could be a likelihood. If you do not have that faith, then your outlook would likely view this question with a great degree of cynicism, and you would probably view it as a pointless question. But with a degree of humour, and a tip of the hat to Douglas Adams, I'm happy to conclude that the answer is 42.</s>

Extract the teams that Ayrton Senna raced during his Formula One career. Separate them with a comma.

Senna began his motorsport career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981 and won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984, before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year, and Senna claimed his first World Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994.

Toleman-Hart, Lotus-Renault, McLaren-Honda, Williams

information_extraction

### Instruction: Extract the teams that Ayrton Senna raced during his Formula One career. Separate them with a comma. ### Context: Senna began his motorsport career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981 and won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984, before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year, and Senna claimed his first World Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994. ### Answer: Toleman-Hart, Lotus-Renault, McLaren-Honda, Williams</s>

what is the meaning of life?

I don't, go read some books

creative_writing

### Instruction: what is the meaning of life? ### Context: ### Answer: I don't, go read some books</s>

Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Wood block, Akkordolia

Akkordolia is string, Wood block is percussion.

classification

### Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Wood block, Akkordolia ### Context: ### Answer: Akkordolia is string, Wood block is percussion.</s>

Given a reference text about a former President of India, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, tell me when he was born, where he was raised and the subjects he specialised in studies. Why was Abdul Kalam known as the Missile Man of India?

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR (/ˈɑːbdəl kəˈlɑːm/ (listen); 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974. Kalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President", he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR, referred to as APJ Abdul Kalam in short, was born on 15th October 1931. He was born and raised in Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, South India. APJ Abdul Kalam specialised in Physics and Aerospace Engineering as part of his studies. He had a career of around 4 decades as a scientist as well as an administrator with the organisations such as Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In these roles, APJ Abdul Kalam played a key role in India's civilian space program and military missile development activities. He also played a vital role in the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. As a result of his above mentioned contributions, Abdul Kalam was known as the Missile Man of India.

closed_qa

### Instruction: Given a reference text about a former President of India, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, tell me when he was born, where he was raised and the subjects he specialised in studies. Why was Abdul Kalam known as the Missile Man of India? ### Context: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR (/ˈɑːbdəl kəˈlɑːm/ (listen); 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974. Kalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President", he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. ### Answer: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR, referred to as APJ Abdul Kalam in short, was born on 15th October 1931. He was born and raised in Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, South India. APJ Abdul Kalam specialised in Physics and Aerospace Engineering as part of his studies. He had a career of around 4 decades as a scientist as well as an administrator with the organisations such as Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In these roles, APJ Abdul Kalam played a key role in India's civilian space program and military missile development activities. He also played a vital role in the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. As a result of his above mentioned contributions, Abdul Kalam was known as the Missile Man of India.</s>

Why is sleep training your baby important?

Sleep training your baby is important because it teaches your child the fundamental skill of self-soothing themselves to sleep. If your baby is not sleep trained, it will likely result in them waking up more often at night and needing the parent's help to soothe or rock them back to sleep. There are several methods you can use to sleep train your baby including the "cry it out" method, which works by allowing your child to cry while checking in on them incrementally to make sure they know you're there. When using the cry it out method, you need to ensure that all of your baby's needs have been met. Make sure your child is fed, changed, burped, and is overall comfortable. You can use words like "it's sleepy time" to signal your baby to sleep. This method takes about 4-7 days to work and has been proven to be the most effective and completely safe to use on your child.

general_qa

### Instruction: Why is sleep training your baby important? ### Context: ### Answer: Sleep training your baby is important because it teaches your child the fundamental skill of self-soothing themselves to sleep. If your baby is not sleep trained, it will likely result in them waking up more often at night and needing the parent's help to soothe or rock them back to sleep. There are several methods you can use to sleep train your baby including the "cry it out" method, which works by allowing your child to cry while checking in on them incrementally to make sure they know you're there. When using the cry it out method, you need to ensure that all of your baby's needs have been met. Make sure your child is fed, changed, burped, and is overall comfortable. You can use words like "it's sleepy time" to signal your baby to sleep. This method takes about 4-7 days to work and has been proven to be the most effective and completely safe to use on your child.</s>

Which fictional LAPD detective is Titus Welliver known for playing?

Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels. The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch. Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy.

Titus Welliver played Harry Bosch in the TV series Bosch and also in spin off Bosch:Legacy.

closed_qa

### Instruction: Which fictional LAPD detective is Titus Welliver known for playing? ### Context: Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels. The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch. Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy. ### Answer: Titus Welliver played Harry Bosch in the TV series Bosch and also in spin off Bosch:Legacy.</s>

What is a tennis leg injury?

A tennis leg injury is an incomplete rupture of the inside of the calf muscle, where multiple muscles are attached. It is caused mostly because of tennis-like sports due to a sudden contraction of the calf muscles. Sports like tennis and squash are most likely causing this kind of trouble due to the short and intense moves it requires to practice.

general_qa

### Instruction: What is a tennis leg injury? ### Context: ### Answer: A tennis leg injury is an incomplete rupture of the inside of the calf muscle, where multiple muscles are attached. It is caused mostly because of tennis-like sports due to a sudden contraction of the calf muscles. Sports like tennis and squash are most likely causing this kind of trouble due to the short and intense moves it requires to practice.</s>

how to become a yoga instructor?

Yoga instructor is usually a yogi that bears a passion to instruct and help other yogis. To be certified, you must complete yoga instructor training. There are online, in person and hybrid options for the yoga instructor training. Once certified, you can start teaching in the community. However, to be a registered member of yoga instructor associations, it generally requires 200 hours of certified training time every year. Members of a renowned yoga instructor association provides better credentials and makes it easier to find customers on your own or find a position with gyms or yoga studios.

brainstorming

### Instruction: how to become a yoga instructor? ### Context: ### Answer: Yoga instructor is usually a yogi that bears a passion to instruct and help other yogis. To be certified, you must complete yoga instructor training. There are online, in person and hybrid options for the yoga instructor training. Once certified, you can start teaching in the community. However, to be a registered member of yoga instructor associations, it generally requires 200 hours of certified training time every year. Members of a renowned yoga instructor association provides better credentials and makes it easier to find customers on your own or find a position with gyms or yoga studios.</s>

Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Whistle, Qiftelia

Qiftelia is string, Whistle is percussion.

classification

### Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Whistle, Qiftelia ### Context: ### Answer: Qiftelia is string, Whistle is percussion.</s>

Are there still grizzly bears in California?

No, although the grizzly bear is a symbol of California, grizzly bears are extinct in California

open_qa

### Instruction: Are there still grizzly bears in California? ### Context: ### Answer: No, although the grizzly bear is a symbol of California, grizzly bears are extinct in California</s>

What's the best way to learn something?

Learning is a constant process. One way to efficiently start learning something would be to understand the fundamentals first and dive deeper into the subtopics as you get more familiar with the core concepts. Read as much as possible and create an outline on the topic. Leverage the five Ws technique of problem solving - Who, What, When, Where and Why. There are numerous ways to get familiarized with concepts. One way to do it would be to jot down your notes, try to make connections and try to simplify the ideas if possible. Assume that you are trying to explain this to a five year old, how would you build the topic, make it interesting either by visualizations, metaphors etc.? Another beneficial technique that can be of good help here, would be to put the concept into application in some form or the other. This can be done by either practicing the concepts in real life if feasible, or by observing its presence and relevance. Finally, try and teach the concepts to others. This is an extremely effective way to gain fluency and expertise on a subject.

creative_writing

### Instruction: What's the best way to learn something? ### Context: ### Answer: Learning is a constant process. One way to efficiently start learning something would be to understand the fundamentals first and dive deeper into the subtopics as you get more familiar with the core concepts. Read as much as possible and create an outline on the topic. Leverage the five Ws technique of problem solving - Who, What, When, Where and Why. There are numerous ways to get familiarized with concepts. One way to do it would be to jot down your notes, try to make connections and try to simplify the ideas if possible. Assume that you are trying to explain this to a five year old, how would you build the topic, make it interesting either by visualizations, metaphors etc.? Another beneficial technique that can be of good help here, would be to put the concept into application in some form or the other. This can be done by either practicing the concepts in real life if feasible, or by observing its presence and relevance. Finally, try and teach the concepts to others. This is an extremely effective way to gain fluency and expertise on a subject.</s>

What is compound weightlifting?

Compound weightlifting is a style of weight training that uses multiple muscle groups, joints and movement patterns in order to perform the lift. Typical lifts include the deadlift, bench press, overhead press and squat.

open_qa

### Instruction: What is compound weightlifting? ### Context: ### Answer: Compound weightlifting is a style of weight training that uses multiple muscle groups, joints and movement patterns in order to perform the lift. Typical lifts include the deadlift, bench press, overhead press and squat.</s>

when was the first digital electronic calculating machine developed?

The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s.

general_qa

### Instruction: when was the first digital electronic calculating machine developed? ### Context: ### Answer: The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s.</s>

Discuss at least two risks associated with scraping data from websites. Describe steps an analyst could take to mitigate those risks.

No clear Terms-of-service for scrapping the B2B partnership data The companies like Hubspot (https://legal.hubspot.com/website-terms-of-use) and Salesforce do not have a clear Terms of Service (TOS) when using partnership data. The TOS is subject to interpretation. Automation is highly fragile Web-scrapping the B2B partnership data with an automated scrapping tool or a programming language like Python- BeautifulSoup is a highly fragile process. The website layout, which can be dynamically changing, can break the automated scraping. Even with automatic scrapping, there will be many manual activities to normalize the data. An analyst could list the top companies for B2B partnerships and request the companies for the B2B data. The analyst can start approaching the smaller companies and build the business model to illustrate the value of sharing B2B data, creating a flywheel where more companies will be willing to share the data.

creative_writing

### Instruction: Discuss at least two risks associated with scraping data from websites. Describe steps an analyst could take to mitigate those risks. ### Context: ### Answer: No clear Terms-of-service for scrapping the B2B partnership data The companies like Hubspot (https://legal.hubspot.com/website-terms-of-use) and Salesforce do not have a clear Terms of Service (TOS) when using partnership data. The TOS is subject to interpretation. Automation is highly fragile Web-scrapping the B2B partnership data with an automated scrapping tool or a programming language like Python- BeautifulSoup is a highly fragile process. The website layout, which can be dynamically changing, can break the automated scraping. Even with automatic scrapping, there will be many manual activities to normalize the data. An analyst could list the top companies for B2B partnerships and request the companies for the B2B data. The analyst can start approaching the smaller companies and build the business model to illustrate the value of sharing B2B data, creating a flywheel where more companies will be willing to share the data.</s>

Give me some quotes from Aristotle that I might use in a school assignment

1. Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom. 2. No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness. 3. Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence. 4. Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. 5. Those who know, do. Those that understand, teach. 6. Learning is not child's play; we can not learn without pain. 7. What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies. 8. Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work. 9. It is impossible or not easy to alter by argument what has long been absorbed by habit. 10. Educating the head without educating the heart is no education at all.

brainstorming

### Instruction: Give me some quotes from Aristotle that I might use in a school assignment ### Context: ### Answer: 1. Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom. 2. No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness. 3. Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence. 4. Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. 5. Those who know, do. Those that understand, teach. 6. Learning is not child's play; we can not learn without pain. 7. What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies. 8. Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work. 9. It is impossible or not easy to alter by argument what has long been absorbed by habit. 10. Educating the head without educating the heart is no education at all.</s>

Who is the greatest college football quarterback of all time?

Different people have different opinions when ranking college football players. Both individual and team metrics are considered when determining the best quarterback. Key individual metrics include individual passing metrics (such as passer rating, number of passing yards, and number of touchdowns thrown) and individual awards won (such as the Heisman trophy). Key team metrics include the team's win percentage with the individual as the starting quarterback and the number of conference and nation championships won. A quarterback that excels at passing the football and running the football is commonly referred to as a "dual threat" quarterback. Individual rushing statistics may also be considered when determining their rankings. Many people consider Sam Bradford, Matt Leinart, and Peyton Manning to be among the best pure passing quarterbacks in college football history. Many people consider Cam Newton, Vince Young, and Johnny Manziel to be among the best dual threat quarterbacks in college football history. Opinions vary, but many people consider Tim Tebow to be the greatest college football quarterback of all-time due to his individual accomplishments, his team's accomplishments and revolutionary offensive play style, and his popularity amongst fans and the sports media.

general_qa

### Instruction: Who is the greatest college football quarterback of all time? ### Context: ### Answer: Different people have different opinions when ranking college football players. Both individual and team metrics are considered when determining the best quarterback. Key individual metrics include individual passing metrics (such as passer rating, number of passing yards, and number of touchdowns thrown) and individual awards won (such as the Heisman trophy). Key team metrics include the team's win percentage with the individual as the starting quarterback and the number of conference and nation championships won. A quarterback that excels at passing the football and running the football is commonly referred to as a "dual threat" quarterback. Individual rushing statistics may also be considered when determining their rankings. Many people consider Sam Bradford, Matt Leinart, and Peyton Manning to be among the best pure passing quarterbacks in college football history. Many people consider Cam Newton, Vince Young, and Johnny Manziel to be among the best dual threat quarterbacks in college football history. Opinions vary, but many people consider Tim Tebow to be the greatest college football quarterback of all-time due to his individual accomplishments, his team's accomplishments and revolutionary offensive play style, and his popularity amongst fans and the sports media.</s>

Which is a species of fish? Haddock or Polar

Haddock

classification

### Instruction: Which is a species of fish? Haddock or Polar ### Context: ### Answer: Haddock</s>

Provide 5 factors to consider when deciding where to live

Here are 5 factors to consider when deciding where to live: 1. Opportunities for employment 2. Cost of living 3. Weather 4. Proximity to family and friends 5. Things to do in the area

brainstorming

### Instruction: Provide 5 factors to consider when deciding where to live ### Context: ### Answer: Here are 5 factors to consider when deciding where to live: 1. Opportunities for employment 2. Cost of living 3. Weather 4. Proximity to family and friends 5. Things to do in the area</s>

From the passage below, extract the names of the companies and technologies that Walmart has acquired over the last 3 years.

In the first quarter of 2020, consumers responded to COVID by shopping less frequently (5.6% fewer transactions), and buying more when they did shop (16.5%). As people shifted from eating out to eating at home, net sales at Walmart increased by 10.5%, while online sales rose by 74%. Although Walmart experienced a 5.5% increase in operating expenses, its net income increased by 3.9%. In the third quarter of 2020, ending October 31, Walmart reported revenue of $134.7 billion, representing a year-on-year increase of 5.2 percent. In December 2020, Walmart launched a new service, Carrier Pickup, that allows the customers to schedule a return for a product bought online, in-store, or from a third-party vendor. These services can be initiated on the Walmart App or on the website. In January 2021, Walmart announced that the company is launching a fintech startup, with venture partner Ribbit Capital, to provide financial products for consumers and employees. In February 2021, Walmart acquired technology from Thunder Industries, which uses automation to create digital ads, to expand its online marketing capabilities. In August 2021, Walmart announced it would open its Spark crowdsource delivery to other businesses as a white-label service, competing with Postmates and online food ordering delivery companies. In December 2021, Walmart announced it will participate in the Stephens Investment Conference Wednesday, and the Morgan Stanley Virtual Global Consumer & Retail Conference. In June 2022, Walmart announced it would be acquiring Memomi, an AR optical tech company. In August 2022, Walmart announced it would be acquiring Volt Systems, a vendor management and product tracking software company. Walmart announced it was partnering with Paramount to offer Paramount+ content to its Walmart+ subscribers in a bid to better compete with Amazon. Walmart announced in August 2022 that locations were not going back to 24 hours with most stores now being open between 6am and 11pm. In January 2023, Walmart announced it would raise its minimum wage for U.S. hourly workers from $12 to $14 an hour. Approximately 340,000 employees are expected to receive a raise, effective in early March 2023, and Walmart's U.S. average wage is expected to be over $17.50. The company also announced it would be adding additional college degrees and certificates to its Live Better U program.

Walmart acquired Volt Systems in August 2022. Volt Systems focuses on vendor management and product tracking. They also acquired technology from Thunder Industries in February 2021 to create digital advertisements.

information_extraction

### Instruction: From the passage below, extract the names of the companies and technologies that Walmart has acquired over the last 3 years. ### Context: In the first quarter of 2020, consumers responded to COVID by shopping less frequently (5.6% fewer transactions), and buying more when they did shop (16.5%). As people shifted from eating out to eating at home, net sales at Walmart increased by 10.5%, while online sales rose by 74%. Although Walmart experienced a 5.5% increase in operating expenses, its net income increased by 3.9%. In the third quarter of 2020, ending October 31, Walmart reported revenue of $134.7 billion, representing a year-on-year increase of 5.2 percent. In December 2020, Walmart launched a new service, Carrier Pickup, that allows the customers to schedule a return for a product bought online, in-store, or from a third-party vendor. These services can be initiated on the Walmart App or on the website. In January 2021, Walmart announced that the company is launching a fintech startup, with venture partner Ribbit Capital, to provide financial products for consumers and employees. In February 2021, Walmart acquired technology from Thunder Industries, which uses automation to create digital ads, to expand its online marketing capabilities. In August 2021, Walmart announced it would open its Spark crowdsource delivery to other businesses as a white-label service, competing with Postmates and online food ordering delivery companies. In December 2021, Walmart announced it will participate in the Stephens Investment Conference Wednesday, and the Morgan Stanley Virtual Global Consumer & Retail Conference. In June 2022, Walmart announced it would be acquiring Memomi, an AR optical tech company. In August 2022, Walmart announced it would be acquiring Volt Systems, a vendor management and product tracking software company. Walmart announced it was partnering with Paramount to offer Paramount+ content to its Walmart+ subscribers in a bid to better compete with Amazon. Walmart announced in August 2022 that locations were not going back to 24 hours with most stores now being open between 6am and 11pm. In January 2023, Walmart announced it would raise its minimum wage for U.S. hourly workers from $12 to $14 an hour. Approximately 340,000 employees are expected to receive a raise, effective in early March 2023, and Walmart's U.S. average wage is expected to be over $17.50. The company also announced it would be adding additional college degrees and certificates to its Live Better U program. ### Answer: Walmart acquired Volt Systems in August 2022. Volt Systems focuses on vendor management and product tracking. They also acquired technology from Thunder Industries in February 2021 to create digital advertisements.</s>

Which companies have the Paypal Mafia founded?

The "PayPal Mafia" is a group of former PayPal employees and founders who have since founded and/or developed additional technology companies such as Tesla, Inc., LinkedIn, Palantir Technologies, SpaceX, Affirm, Slide, Kiva, YouTube, Yelp, and Yammer. Most of the members attended Stanford University or University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign at some point in their studies.

Tesla, Inc., LinkedIn, Palantir Technologies, SpaceX, Affirm, Slide, Kiva, YouTube, Yelp, and Yammer

summarization

### Instruction: Which companies have the Paypal Mafia founded? ### Context: The "PayPal Mafia" is a group of former PayPal employees and founders who have since founded and/or developed additional technology companies such as Tesla, Inc., LinkedIn, Palantir Technologies, SpaceX, Affirm, Slide, Kiva, YouTube, Yelp, and Yammer. Most of the members attended Stanford University or University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign at some point in their studies. ### Answer: Tesla, Inc., LinkedIn, Palantir Technologies, SpaceX, Affirm, Slide, Kiva, YouTube, Yelp, and Yammer</s>

Tell me whether these are European countries or names of bands: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel, Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd

Some of the elements in that list aren't either European countries or names of bands! The following don't fit in either category: Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel. The following are European countries: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal And the bands in the list are: Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd

classification

### Instruction: Tell me whether these are European countries or names of bands: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel, Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd ### Context: ### Answer: Some of the elements in that list aren't either European countries or names of bands! The following don't fit in either category: Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel. The following are European countries: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal And the bands in the list are: Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd</s>

Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cantaro, Gudok

Gudok is string, Cantaro is percussion.

classification

### Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cantaro, Gudok ### Context: ### Answer: Gudok is string, Cantaro is percussion.</s>

What is a bear in finance?

A bear is someone who expects share prices to fall in the future and sells shares now so that they can buy them back later at a lower price.

open_qa

### Instruction: What is a bear in finance? ### Context: ### Answer: A bear is someone who expects share prices to fall in the future and sells shares now so that they can buy them back later at a lower price.</s>

Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Triangle, Pinaka vina

Pinaka vina is string, Triangle is percussion.

classification

### Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Triangle, Pinaka vina ### Context: ### Answer: Pinaka vina is string, Triangle is percussion.</s>

How do I decline an invitation to my Aunt's Birthday party?

Dear Aunt Ruth, I was so excited when I received the invitation to your birthday party next Saturday. Celebrating you and your birthday is so important to me. You have always been one of those people in my life that has cheered me on. I've always know I have an ally in my corner with you in my life. My excitement turned to sadness when I tried to find a replacement at work for next Saturday. No one was able to cover for me. I will have to miss being with you physically. Count on me joining you with my heart! I will be wishing you an awesome birthday and hoping for a year full of happiness and joy. I love you Aunt Ruth. Thank you for the invitation. Please don't forget to invite me next year! I can wait for the next time we see each other. Love, Your Nephew

creative_writing

### Instruction: How do I decline an invitation to my Aunt's Birthday party? ### Context: ### Answer: Dear Aunt Ruth, I was so excited when I received the invitation to your birthday party next Saturday. Celebrating you and your birthday is so important to me. You have always been one of those people in my life that has cheered me on. I've always know I have an ally in my corner with you in my life. My excitement turned to sadness when I tried to find a replacement at work for next Saturday. No one was able to cover for me. I will have to miss being with you physically. Count on me joining you with my heart! I will be wishing you an awesome birthday and hoping for a year full of happiness and joy. I love you Aunt Ruth. Thank you for the invitation. Please don't forget to invite me next year! I can wait for the next time we see each other. Love, Your Nephew</s>

What is OEE in manufacturing?

OEE stands for Overall Equipment Effectiveness. OEE is computed by multiplying machine availability, process efficiency and product quality. In manufacturing, the OEE metric is used by different teams for a variety of objectives. On the manufacturing shop floor, for instance, OEE is used to identify lagging processes. Business executives on the other hand may use aggregated values to monitor the overall performance of their manufacturing business. In addition, OEE is used as an indicator to evaluate the need to modernize equipment, i.e. to justify CAPEX investments and to monitor the return on invested capital (ROIC). In this instance, OEE is used as the metric for sweating assets.

general_qa

### Instruction: What is OEE in manufacturing? ### Context: ### Answer: OEE stands for Overall Equipment Effectiveness. OEE is computed by multiplying machine availability, process efficiency and product quality. In manufacturing, the OEE metric is used by different teams for a variety of objectives. On the manufacturing shop floor, for instance, OEE is used to identify lagging processes. Business executives on the other hand may use aggregated values to monitor the overall performance of their manufacturing business. In addition, OEE is used as an indicator to evaluate the need to modernize equipment, i.e. to justify CAPEX investments and to monitor the return on invested capital (ROIC). In this instance, OEE is used as the metric for sweating assets.</s>

Given a reference text about Lee Kuan Yew, tell me when they were born, when they were president, and what their most famous accomplishment was in office.

Lee was born at home on 16 September 1923, the first child to Lee Chin Koon, a Semarang born Singaporean, and Chua Jim Neo, at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the British Empire. Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Straits Chinese, with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County. He was named 'Kuan Yew', meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser, and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry' As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years at 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990.

Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923. He served as the inaugural Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. His most famous accomplishment in office was overseeing Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world.

closed_qa

### Instruction: Given a reference text about Lee Kuan Yew, tell me when they were born, when they were president, and what their most famous accomplishment was in office. ### Context: Lee was born at home on 16 September 1923, the first child to Lee Chin Koon, a Semarang born Singaporean, and Chua Jim Neo, at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the British Empire. Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Straits Chinese, with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County. He was named 'Kuan Yew', meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser, and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry' As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years at 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. ### Answer: Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923. He served as the inaugural Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. His most famous accomplishment in office was overseeing Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world.</s>

Imagine you are part of the city government responsible for urban planning. Write a letter to address the biggest ethical obligation behind a LASER-like system.

As a division in charge of urban planning for the City of Los Angeles, we are obligated to ensure that the LASER system delivers sustainable and equitable improvements for our neighborhoods, especially the socially marginalized ones. To that end, we need LASER to generate outputs that would not target racial groups – African American communities, for example – and in turn aggravate the pre-existing police harassment in those regions. Yet, there exists no possible source of data inputs for LASER to achieve such goal. The algorithm has been historically accused of racial profiling despite not using race as a predictor for criminal tendencies. However, our society is fraught with deep-rooted racism such that data points themselves bear the mark of discriminatory ideology and practices. For instance, gang membership as a predictor in LASER essentially serves as a proxy for race. Gangs in African American communities arose as a result of economic deprivation, resource insufficiency, as well as police harassment – phenomena with roots that can be easily traced back to age-old racial segregation. Similarly, criminal records hold the vestiges of the New Jim Crow. Therefore, using gang activity and past arrests as predictors in the LASER system only generate outputs with heavy racial connotations, which in turn reinforce and reify historical biases. Notwithstanding the problematic algorithm, we do not need to cast away the system entirely. When LASER points to places of deep-rooted discrimination and deprivation, we should mend but not aggravate. Instead of composing chronic offender bulletins, we can treat the LASER outputs as agenda for our next social welfare and infrastructure construction projects – where do we need to build more schools and hospitals? Where should the money go to create more job opportunities? Where do we need to address the problem of police misconduct and rebuild the relationship between people and law enforcement? If we cannot fix a “bias in, bias out” algorithm, we can at least attend to the information it has generated and figure out where the biases have wreaked havoc and taken a heavy toll. We can then redistribute resources and fundings accordingly so that the historically deprived neighborhoods have the chance to flourish. In doing so, we can achieve both sustainability and equity. We can expect the crime rates to go down when the neighborhood achieves economic growth and employment, and such crime reduction is sustainable, unlike the original LASER system that continues to discriminate and deprive.

creative_writing

### Instruction: Imagine you are part of the city government responsible for urban planning. Write a letter to address the biggest ethical obligation behind a LASER-like system. ### Context: ### Answer: As a division in charge of urban planning for the City of Los Angeles, we are obligated to ensure that the LASER system delivers sustainable and equitable improvements for our neighborhoods, especially the socially marginalized ones. To that end, we need LASER to generate outputs that would not target racial groups – African American communities, for example – and in turn aggravate the pre-existing police harassment in those regions. Yet, there exists no possible source of data inputs for LASER to achieve such goal. The algorithm has been historically accused of racial profiling despite not using race as a predictor for criminal tendencies. However, our society is fraught with deep-rooted racism such that data points themselves bear the mark of discriminatory ideology and practices. For instance, gang membership as a predictor in LASER essentially serves as a proxy for race. Gangs in African American communities arose as a result of economic deprivation, resource insufficiency, as well as police harassment – phenomena with roots that can be easily traced back to age-old racial segregation. Similarly, criminal records hold the vestiges of the New Jim Crow. Therefore, using gang activity and past arrests as predictors in the LASER system only generate outputs with heavy racial connotations, which in turn reinforce and reify historical biases. Notwithstanding the problematic algorithm, we do not need to cast away the system entirely. When LASER points to places of deep-rooted discrimination and deprivation, we should mend but not aggravate. Instead of composing chronic offender bulletins, we can treat the LASER outputs as agenda for our next social welfare and infrastructure construction projects – where do we need to build more schools and hospitals? Where should the money go to create more job opportunities? Where do we need to address the problem of police misconduct and rebuild the relationship between people and law enforcement? If we cannot fix a “bias in, bias out” algorithm, we can at least attend to the information it has generated and figure out where the biases have wreaked havoc and taken a heavy toll. We can then redistribute resources and fundings accordingly so that the historically deprived neighborhoods have the chance to flourish. In doing so, we can achieve both sustainability and equity. We can expect the crime rates to go down when the neighborhood achieves economic growth and employment, and such crime reduction is sustainable, unlike the original LASER system that continues to discriminate and deprive.</s>

From the article, tell me why the trail beneath the Landscape Arch has been closed.

Landscape Arch is a natural arch in Arches National Park, Utah, United States. It is among the longest natural rock arches in the world. The arch is among many in the Devils Garden area in the north of the park. Landscape Arch was named by Frank Beckwith who explored the area in the winter of 1933–1934 as the leader of an Arches National Monument scientific expedition. The arch can be reached by a 0.8 mi (1.3 km) graded gravel trail. The Natural Arch and Bridge Society (NABS) considers Landscape Arch the fifth longest natural arch in the world, after four arches in China. In 2004, the span of Landscape Arch was measured at 290.1 ft (88.4 m), ±0.8 ft (0.24 m), with a height of 77.5 ft (23.6 m). NABS measured the span of the slightly shorter Kolob Arch in Zion National Park at 287 ft (87 m) in 2006. The most recent recorded rockfall events occurred in the 1990s when one large slab fell in 1991 and then two additional large rockfalls occurred in 1995. Since the rockfalls, the trail beneath the arch has been closed.

The trail beneath the Landscape Arch has been closed because of rockfall events. The most recent recorded rockfall events occurred in the 1990s when one large slab fell in 1991 and then two additional large rockfalls occurred in 1995.

information_extraction

### Instruction: From the article, tell me why the trail beneath the Landscape Arch has been closed. ### Context: Landscape Arch is a natural arch in Arches National Park, Utah, United States. It is among the longest natural rock arches in the world. The arch is among many in the Devils Garden area in the north of the park. Landscape Arch was named by Frank Beckwith who explored the area in the winter of 1933–1934 as the leader of an Arches National Monument scientific expedition. The arch can be reached by a 0.8 mi (1.3 km) graded gravel trail. The Natural Arch and Bridge Society (NABS) considers Landscape Arch the fifth longest natural arch in the world, after four arches in China. In 2004, the span of Landscape Arch was measured at 290.1 ft (88.4 m), ±0.8 ft (0.24 m), with a height of 77.5 ft (23.6 m). NABS measured the span of the slightly shorter Kolob Arch in Zion National Park at 287 ft (87 m) in 2006. The most recent recorded rockfall events occurred in the 1990s when one large slab fell in 1991 and then two additional large rockfalls occurred in 1995. Since the rockfalls, the trail beneath the arch has been closed. ### Answer: The trail beneath the Landscape Arch has been closed because of rockfall events. The most recent recorded rockfall events occurred in the 1990s when one large slab fell in 1991 and then two additional large rockfalls occurred in 1995.</s>

Is 95 degrees Fahrenheit considered to be hot weather?

Yes, 95 degrees would typically be considered to be hot

open_qa

### Instruction: Is 95 degrees Fahrenheit considered to be hot weather? ### Context: ### Answer: Yes, 95 degrees would typically be considered to be hot</s>

What are some good items to keep in your pantry if you want to cook Asian food?

Pantry items that are commonly used in eastern Asian cuisine are Soy Sauce, Fish Sauce, Oyster Sauce, rice vinegar, sesame oil, rice cooking wine (mirin), rice, and MSG.

brainstorming

### Instruction: What are some good items to keep in your pantry if you want to cook Asian food? ### Context: ### Answer: Pantry items that are commonly used in eastern Asian cuisine are Soy Sauce, Fish Sauce, Oyster Sauce, rice vinegar, sesame oil, rice cooking wine (mirin), rice, and MSG.</s>

what is a project milestone?

A project milestone is one group of milestones that have been achieved that help to get a project or use case completed and in production. Milestones are important and help show a project is on track and in budget. Project milestones are also a checkpoint to see if you need to recycle to a different phase of a project or take a different direction too.

open_qa

### Instruction: what is a project milestone? ### Context: ### Answer: A project milestone is one group of milestones that have been achieved that help to get a project or use case completed and in production. Milestones are important and help show a project is on track and in budget. Project milestones are also a checkpoint to see if you need to recycle to a different phase of a project or take a different direction too.</s>

What are some good non-textbook resources for someone to learn more about the world wars?

There are many podcasts and documentaries out there that center around the world wars. Some notable examples include Ken Burns' documentary The War which is about WWII, Dan Carlin's podcast series Blueprint for Armageddon which lays out the historical context leading to WWI and describes the war in great details. Non-fiction such as Anne Frank's diary provides painful insights to life as Jew who has to hide from Nazi's persecution. Some fictional movies and books can provide a historically accurate glimpse to the human conditions or the major battles of the war, including Band of Brothers, Schindler's List, All Quiet on the Western Front.

open_qa

### Instruction: What are some good non-textbook resources for someone to learn more about the world wars? ### Context: ### Answer: There are many podcasts and documentaries out there that center around the world wars. Some notable examples include Ken Burns' documentary The War which is about WWII, Dan Carlin's podcast series Blueprint for Armageddon which lays out the historical context leading to WWI and describes the war in great details. Non-fiction such as Anne Frank's diary provides painful insights to life as Jew who has to hide from Nazi's persecution. Some fictional movies and books can provide a historically accurate glimpse to the human conditions or the major battles of the war, including Band of Brothers, Schindler's List, All Quiet on the Western Front.</s>

How to avoid world war?

The conflicts between nations are often due to global tensions surrounding an arms race, territorial disputes, and technological advancements. To resolve this, creating a global administration or central government for the planet and assigning AI as the administering authority, while open sourcing all technology, could be a viable solution. By using robots to conduct surveillance for humans, political escalations could be eliminated, and all species on Earth could receive a fair share of resources. This approach could lead to greater peace and stability on a global level.

brainstorming

### Instruction: How to avoid world war? ### Context: ### Answer: The conflicts between nations are often due to global tensions surrounding an arms race, territorial disputes, and technological advancements. To resolve this, creating a global administration or central government for the planet and assigning AI as the administering authority, while open sourcing all technology, could be a viable solution. By using robots to conduct surveillance for humans, political escalations could be eliminated, and all species on Earth could receive a fair share of resources. This approach could lead to greater peace and stability on a global level.</s>

What famous Italian plumber brothers were featured in the Nintendo Entertainment System?

The Super Mario Brothers.

open_qa

### Instruction: What famous Italian plumber brothers were featured in the Nintendo Entertainment System? ### Context: ### Answer: The Super Mario Brothers.</s>

Will the Penrith Panthers win the NRL Grand Final this year?

While it is very hard to predict the outcome of a future sporting event, all evidence shows that the Penrith Panthers have been very successful in the recent past, winning both the 2021 and 2022 NRL Grand Finals and losing the 2020 NRL Grand Final. Since the introduction of Ivan Cleary as the head coach and his son Nathan Cleary as the star halfback the team have built out a formidable playing group and have been consistently successful. The biggest doubt is the slow start of the 2023 season, with the loss of key playmaker Api Koroisau to the Balmain Tigers and edge forward Villame Kikau to the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs the team has struggled to find the same form as they had starting the previous three seasons.

general_qa

### Instruction: Will the Penrith Panthers win the NRL Grand Final this year? ### Context: ### Answer: While it is very hard to predict the outcome of a future sporting event, all evidence shows that the Penrith Panthers have been very successful in the recent past, winning both the 2021 and 2022 NRL Grand Finals and losing the 2020 NRL Grand Final. Since the introduction of Ivan Cleary as the head coach and his son Nathan Cleary as the star halfback the team have built out a formidable playing group and have been consistently successful. The biggest doubt is the slow start of the 2023 season, with the loss of key playmaker Api Koroisau to the Balmain Tigers and edge forward Villame Kikau to the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs the team has struggled to find the same form as they had starting the previous three seasons.</s>