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Dead Head Fred was first announced at the Electronics Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) video game convention in May 2006 , where a trailer was shown to the public . Following this , little was heard about the game until Cogan started a developer diary on Vicious Cycle 's website in March 2007 . Three diary entries were written by Cogan and Ellis , which provided details about the game 's pre @-@ production conceptualization and voice work . In May 2007 , D3 announced that John C. McGinley would be voicing Fred , and the next month the company issued a press release stating that the game was finished and ready for mass production . However , the game was delayed , allowing D3 Publisher to show it at E3 2007 . It was eventually released on August 28 , 2007 in North America after nearly two years of development . It was released on October 26 in Europe , November 2 in Australia , and March 19 , 2008 in Japan . In December 2007 , D3 reduced the price of the game , and in October 2008 it was made available for download on Sony 's PlayStation Network . The soundtrack was released on iTunes by Lakeshore Records on September 18 , 2007 .

Dead Head Fred was first announced at the Electronics Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) video game convention in May 2006 , where a trailer was shown to the public . Following this , little was heard about the game until Cogan started a developer diary on Vicious Cycle <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>website in March 2007 . Three diary entries <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> written by Cogan and Ellis , which provided details about the game <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>pre @-@ production conceptualization and voice work . In May 2007 , D3 announced that John C. McGinley would be voicing Fred , and the next month the company issued a press release stating that the game was finished and ready for mass production . However , the game was delayed , allowing D3 Publisher to show it at E3 2007 . It was eventually released on August 28 , 2007 in North America after nearly two years of development . It was released on October 26 in Europe , November 2 in Australia , and March 19 , 2008 in Japan . In December 2007 , D3 reduced the price of the game , and in October 2008 it was made available for download on Sony <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>PlayStation Network . The soundtrack was released on iTunes by Lakeshore Records on September 18 , 2007 .

Dead Head Fred was first announced at da Electronics Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) video game convention in May 2006 , where a trailer was shown to the public . Following dis , little was heard bout the game until Cogan started a developer diary on Vicious Cycle website in March 2007 . Three diary entries was written by Cogan and Ellis , which provided details about tdagame pre @-@ production conceptualization and voice wrk . In May 2007 , D3 announced dat John C. McGinley would b voicing Fred , and the nxt month the company issued a press release stating that the game was finished and ready for mass production . However , thdaame was delayed , allowing D3 Publisher to show it at E3 2007 . It was eventually released on August 28 , 2007 in North America after nearly 2 years of development . It was released on October 26 in Europe , November 2 in Australia , and March 19 , 2008 in Japan . In December 2007 , D3 reduced thedaice of the dae , and in October 2008 it was made available for download on Sony PlayStation Network . The soundtrack was released on iTunes by Lakeshore Records on September 18 , 2007 .

= = = Future = = =

= = = Future = = =

= = = Future = = =

Dead Head Fred was designed specifically for the PSP , and Vicious Cycle intended it to be their " flagship " title for the system . However , the game 's designers have hinted that the game could potentially be ported to the PlayStation Network or Xbox Live Arcade with a few months ' work . As of March 2009 , D3Publisher has announced a sequel , but the designers have stated that subsequent titles were discussed during the game 's development . John C. McGinley has expressed interest in reprising Fred . Namco Bandai Games ( the parent of D3 ) were impressed with the game and wanted to publish the sequel because they ' wanted ' to test out Vicious Cycle 's Gameplay on the PSP .

Dead Head Fred was designed specifically for the PSP , and Vicious Cycle intended it to be their " flagship " title for the system . However , the game <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>designers <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>have</mark></a> hinted that the game could potentially be ported to the PlayStation Network or Xbox Live Arcade with a few months <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'</mark></a>work . As of March 2009 , D3Publisher <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> announced a sequel , but the designers <a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>have</mark></a> stated that subsequent titles <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> discussed during the game <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>development . John C. McGinley <a href='been_done' title='8'><mark>has</mark></a> expressed interest in reprising Fred . Namco Bandai Games ( the parent of D3 ) <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>were</mark></a> impressed with the game and wanted to publish the sequel because they ' wanted ' to test out Vicious Cycle <a href='null_genetive' title='10'><mark>'s</mark></a>Gameplay on the PSP .

Dead Head Fred was designed specifically for the PSP , and Vicious Cycle intended it to be their " flagship " title fir da system . However , the game designers done hinted that tdagame could potentially b ported to the PlayStation Network or Xbox Live Arcade with a few months wrk . As of March 2009 , D3Publisher done announced a sequel , but the designers done stated dat subsequent titles was discussed during the game development . John C. McGinley done expressed interest in reprising Fred . Namco Bandai Games ( the parent of D3 ) was impressed with the game and wanted to publish thdaequel bc they ' wanted ' to test out Vicious Cycle Gameplay on the PSP .

= = Reception = =

= = Reception = =

= = Reception = =

Dead Head Fred received generally favorable reviews from critics . The game 's writing and dialogue were considered the main strengths of the game , with GameSpy 's reviewer stating that " In the vast sea of PSP titles , Dead Head Fred stands ' head and shoulders ' above the rest . " IGN said " The tale of revenge in a dark world is twisted [ and ] unapologetically humorous " . Other publications were not as impressed , however , with one reviewer stating " ... the overused profanity just makes it feel like it 's been designed by teenagers desperately trying to be edgy . " The game 's supernatural themes elicited comparisons to The Darkness and Grim Fandango . GamesRadar included it in their list of the 100 most overlooked games of its generation . Editor Jason Fanelli felt that PSP games often lacked creativity and that Dead Head Fred was the exception .

Dead Head Fred received generally favorable reviews from critics . The game <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>writing and dialogue <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> considered the main strengths of the game , with GameSpy <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>reviewer stating that " In the vast sea of PSP titles , Dead Head Fred stands <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'</mark></a>head and shoulders ' above the rest . " IGN said " The tale of revenge in a dark world is twisted [ and ] unapologetically humorous " . Other publications <a href='negative_concord' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> <a href='negative_concord' title='6'><mark>not</mark></a>as impressed , however , with one reviewer stating " ... the overused profanity just <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>makes</mark></a> it feel like it 's been designed by teenagers desperately trying to be edgy . " The game <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>'s</mark></a>supernatural themes elicited comparisons to The Darkness and Grim Fandango . GamesRadar included it in their list of the 100 most overlooked games of its generation . Editor Jason Fanelli felt that PSP games often lacked creativity and that Dead Head Fred was the exception .

Dead Head Fred received generally favorable reviews from critics . The game writing and dialogue was considered da main strengths of the game , with GameSpy reviewer stating that " In the vast sea of PSP titles , Dead Head Fred stands head and shoulders ' above tdarest . " IGN said " The tale of revenge in a dark world is twisted [ and ] unapologetically humorous " . Other publications ain't as impressed , however , with one reviewer stating " ... the overused profanity just make it feel like it 's been designed by teenagers desperately tryna be edgy . " The game supernatural themes elicited comparisons to The Darkness and Grim Fandango . GamesRadar included it in their list of the 100 most overlooked games of its generation . Editor Jason Fanelli felt that PSP games often lacked creativity and that Dead Head Fred was thdaxception .

Many reviewers were pleased with the game 's premise and setting , variously describing it as " weird " , " wacky " and " silly " . Hope Falls , especially the area of Creepy Hollow , was compared to the work of Tim Burton . Dead Head Fred 's graphics were warmly received , with GameSpy noting " The game looks simply phenomenal on the PSP screen . " Pocket Gamer UK said " graphically the game won 't blow your head off but it is undeniably stylish . " Pocket Gamer also felt that the game 's level design , with its emphasis on changing heads to solve environmental puzzles , made up for the " mediocre combat system " . The character design was praised ; GameSpy said " Fred is one of the most interesting and entertaining characters to ever hit gaming , " and GameZone said " Fred ’ s freakish form is like looking at a car crash … you really don ’ t want to stare but you just can ’ t help it . "

Many reviewers <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> pleased with the game <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>premise and setting , variously describing it as " weird " , " wacky " and " silly " . Hope Falls , especially the area of Creepy Hollow , was compared to the work of Tim Burton . Dead Head Fred <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>graphics <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> warmly received , with GameSpy noting " The game <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>looks</mark></a> simply phenomenal on the PSP screen . " Pocket Gamer UK said " graphically the game won 't blow your head off but it <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>undeniably stylish . " Pocket Gamer also felt that the game <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>level design , with its emphasis on changing heads to solve environmental puzzles , made up for the " mediocre combat system " . The character design was praised ; GameSpy said " Fred is one of the most interesting and entertaining characters to ever hit gaming , " and GameZone said " Fred <a href='null_genetive' title='8'><mark>’</mark></a><a href='null_genetive' title='9'><mark>s</mark></a>freakish form is like looking at a car crash … you really don ’ t want to stare but you just can ’ t help it . "

Many reviewers was pleased w/ da game premise and settin , variously describing it as " weird " , " wacky " and " silly " . Hope Falls , especially the area of Creepy Hollow , was compared to the work of Tim Burton . Dead Head Fred graphics was warmly received , with GameSpy noting " Tdagame look simply phenomenal on thdaSP screen . " Pocket Gamer UK said " graphically thedame won 't blow yo head off but it undeniably stylish . " Pocket Gamer also felt dat the game level design , wiwts emphasis on changing heads to solve environmental puzzles , made up for the daediocre combat system " . The cdaacter design was praised ; GameSpy said " Fred is one of the most interesting and entertaining characters to ever hit gaming , " and GameZone said " Fred freakish form is like lookin at a ride crash … you really don ’ t want to stare but you jus can ’ t help it . "

The voice acting , in particular John C. McGinley 's portrayal of Fred , was widely praised , as was the rest of the game 's audio . GameZone 's Natalie Romano said " There ’ s also some great music in the game and the sound effects are ... wonderfully detailed " .

The voice acting , in particular John C. McGinley <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>portrayal of Fred , was widely praised , as was the rest of the game <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>audio . GameZone <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>Natalie Romano said " <a href='dey_it' title='4'><mark>There</mark></a> ’ s also some great music in the game and the sound effects <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>... wonderfully detailed " .

The voice acting , in particular John C. McGinley portrayal of Fred , was widely praised , as was da rest of the game audio . GameZone Natalie Romano said " It ’ s also sum great music in tdagame and thdaound effects ... wonderfully detailed " .

" The sound for the title , however , is fantastic . The majority of it is centered around the voice acting , which is anchored by John C. McGinley of Scrubs and Office Space fame . McGinley expertly brings his dry , sarcastic delivery to Fred 's lines and consistently delivers humorous lines across the entire game . "

" The sound for the title , however , <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>fantastic . The majority of it is centered around the voice acting , which is anchored by John C. McGinley of Scrubs and Office Space fame . McGinley expertly <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>brings</mark></a> his dry , sarcastic delivery to Fred <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>lines and consistently <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>delivers</mark></a> humorous lines across the entire game . "

The sound for the title , however , fantastic . The majority of it is centered around the voice actn , which is anchored by John C. McGinley of Scrubs and Office Space fame . McGinley expertly bring his dry , sarcastic delivery to Fred lines and consistently deliver humorous lines across the entire game .

The focal point of reviewers ' criticism was Dead Head Fred 's gameplay , specifically the combat . It was generally considered tedious and repetitive . Australia 's PAL Gaming Network described the combat as " one of the poorest elements of the game " , and Game Informer called the combat mechanics " awful " . The performance of the camera was also criticized , with IGN noting " Considering that the camera will sometimes choose some horrible angles for you in battle or during puzzles , it 's annoying to have to fight it as well as mutants that want you dead . " GameZone said " I just wish the camera wouldn ’ t be such a hindrance sometimes . " Reviewers were also unhappy with Dead Head Fred 's loading times ; Eurogamer considered them " excessively high " , and IGN said " The only downside that crops up when it comes to the visuals are the continual loading times on just about every single area . "

The focal point of reviewers <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'</mark></a>criticism was Dead Head Fred <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>gameplay , specifically the combat . It was generally considered tedious and repetitive . Australia <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>PAL Gaming Network described the combat as " one of the poorest elements of the game " , and Game Informer called the combat mechanics " awful " . The performance of the camera was also criticized , with IGN noting " Considering that the camera will sometimes choose some horrible angles for you in battle or during puzzles , it 's annoying to have to fight it as well as mutants <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>that</mark></a>want you dead . " GameZone said " I just wish the camera wouldn ’ t be such a hindrance sometimes . " Reviewers <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> also unhappy with Dead Head Fred <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>loading times ; Eurogamer considered them " excessively high " , and IGN said " The only downside <a href='null_relcl' title='7'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>crops</mark></a> up when it <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>comes</mark></a> to the visuals are the continual loading times on just about every single area . "

Da focal point of reviewers criticism was Dead Head Fred gameplay , specifically the combat . It was generally considered tedious and repetitive . Australia PAL Gaming Network described tdacombat as " one of the poorest elements of thdaame " , and Game Informer called the combat mechanics " awful " . The performance of the camera was also criticized , with IGN noting " Considering dat thedamera will sometimes choose some horrible angles for you in battle or during puzzles , it 's annoyin to gotta fight it as well as mutants want you dead . " GameZone said " I just wish the camera wouldn ’ t be such a hindrance sometimes . " Reviewers was also unhappy with Dead Head Fred loading times ; Eurogamer considered em " excessively high " , and IGN said " The only downside crop up when it come to the visuals are the continual loading times on jus about every single area . "

= = = Awards = = =

= = = Awards = = =

= = = Awards = = =

Dead Head Fred was nominated for several awards , including the Writers Guild of America 's first award for video game writing , which it won . During E3 2007 , the game was nominated for the Best of E3 2007 : Best Handheld Game award by the Game Critics Awards , a group of prominent media journalists . Dead Head Fred lost to The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass for the Nintendo DS , but was notable for being the only new intellectual property nominated in the handheld category . The audio was nominated for two awards at the Game Audio Network Guild 's 6th annual ceremony , Best Soundtrack of the Year and Best Handheld Audio . Dead Head Fred lost to BioShock and Syphon Filter : Logan 's Shadow , respectively .

Dead Head Fred was nominated for several awards , including the Writers Guild of America <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>first award for video game writing , which it won . During E3 2007 , the game was nominated for the Best of E3 2007 : Best Handheld Game award by the Game Critics Awards , a group of prominent media journalists . Dead Head Fred lost to The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass for the Nintendo DS , but was notable for being the only new intellectual property nominated in the handheld category . The audio was nominated for two awards at the Game Audio Network Guild <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>6th annual ceremony , Best Soundtrack of the Year and Best Handheld Audio . Dead Head Fred lost to BioShock and Syphon Filter : Logan <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>Shadow , respectively .

Dead Head Fred was nominated fa several awards , including the Writers Guild of America first award ffirvideo game writing , which it won . During E3 2007 , the game was nominated for da Best of E3 2007 : Best Handheld Game award by tdaGame Critics Awards , a group of prominent media journalists . Dead Head Fred lost to Thdaegend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass for thedantendo DS , but was notable for being the only new intellectual property nominated in the handheld category . The audio was nominated for two awards at the Game Audio Network Guild 6th annual ceremony , Best Soundtrack of the Year and Best Handheld Audio . Dead Head Fred lost to BioShock and Syphon Filter : Logan Shadow , respectively .

= Al Wistert =

= Al Wistert =

= Al Wistert =

Albert Alexander " Ox " Wistert ( December 28 , 1920 – March 5 , 2016 ) was an All @-@ Pro American football tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Philadelphia Eagles . He played his entire nine @-@ year NFL career for the Eagles and became their team captain . He was named to play in the NFL 's first Pro Bowl as an Eagle . During most of Wistert 's career there were no football All @-@ star games , although he was named to the league All @-@ Pro team eight times .

Albert Alexander " Ox " Wistert ( December 28 , 1920 – March 5 , 2016 ) was an All @-@ Pro American football tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Philadelphia Eagles . He played his entire nine @-@ year NFL career for the Eagles and became their team captain . He was named to play in the NFL <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>first Pro Bowl as an Eagle . During most of Wistert <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>career <a href='dey_it' title='3'><mark>there</mark></a> <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> no football All @-@ star games , although he was named to the league All @-@ Pro team eight times .

Albert Alexander " Ox " Wistert ( December 28 , 1920 – March 5 , 2016 ) was an All @-@ Pro American football tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) fa da Philadelphia Eagles . He played his entire nine @-@ year NFL career for tdaEagles and became their team captain . He was named to play in the NFL first Pro Bowl as an Eagle . During most of Wistert career it was no football alll @-@ star games , although he was named to the league All @-@ Pro team eight times .

Wistert played college football at the University of Michigan . He is one of the three brothers — along with Whitey and Alvin — who were named All @-@ American tackles at Michigan and later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . He was the first Michigan alumnus to be selected to the National Football League Pro Bowl . The Wistert brothers all wore jersey No. 11 at Michigan and are among the seven players who have had their numbers retired by the Michigan Wolverines football program . Their number will be put back into circulation starting on November 10 , 2012 before a Michigan home game against Northwestern as part of the Michigan Football Legend program .

Wistert played college football at the University of Michigan . He <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>one of the three brothers — along with Whitey and Alvin — <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> named All @-@ American tackles at Michigan and later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . He was the first Michigan alumnus to be selected to the National Football League Pro Bowl . The Wistert brothers all wore jersey No. 11 at Michigan and are among the seven players <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>who</mark></a><a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>have</mark></a> had their numbers retired by the Michigan Wolverines football program . Their number will be put back into circulation starting on November 10 , 2012 before a Michigan home game against Northwestern as part of the Michigan Football Legend program .

Wistert played college football at the University of Michigan . He one of da three brothers — along with Whitey and Alvin — was named alll @-@ American tackles at Michigan and later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . He was the first Michigan alumnus to be selected to the National Football League Pro Bowl . TdaWistert brothers all wore jersey No. 11 at Michigan and are among thdaeven players done had their numbers retired by thedachigan Wolverines football program . Their number will b put bacc into circulation starting on November 10 , 2012 before a Michigan home game against Northwestern as part of the dahigan Football Legend program .

= = Early life = =

= = Early life = =

= = Early life = =

Wistert , who was born in Chicago , Illinois , was from a Lithuanian family . His father , Kazimer Wistert , was a Spanish – American War veteran who was later killed in the line of duty while working for the Chicago Police Department . The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey 's Carl Schurz High School classmate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan . At the time , Whitey Wistert had a factory job where he was involved with building Majestic radios . Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit to Ann Arbor , and according to Alvin , " that 's how it started : the Wisterts of Michigan . "

Wistert , <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>was born in Chicago , Illinois , was from a Lithuanian family . His father , Kazimer Wistert , was a Spanish – American War veteran <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a>was later killed in the line of duty while working for the Chicago Police Department . The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>Carl Schurz High School classmate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan . At the time , Whitey Wistert had a factory job where he was involved with building Majestic radios . Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit to Ann Arbor , and according to Alvin , " that 's how it started : the Wisterts of Michigan . "

Wistert , was born in Chicago , Illinois , was from a Lithuanian family . His father , Kazimer Wistert , was a Spanish – American War veteran was later killed in da line of duty while workin for the Chicago Police Department . Tdastory of thdaistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey Carl Schurz High School classmate John Kowalik was invited to visit thedaiversity of Michigan . At the dae , Whitey Wistert had a factory job where he was involved wit building Majestic radios . Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit to Ann Arbor , and according to Alvin , " that 's how it started : the Wisterts of Michigan . "

= = College football = =

= = College football = =

= = College football = =

After graduating from Foreman High School , Wistert became the second of the Wistert brothers to play for Michigan where he wore number 11 like his brothers and played from 1940 to 1942 . He was a consensus All @-@ American and team MVP in 1942 . He played in the 1943 East – West Shrine Game . He is well remembered , among other things , for his exploits in a 1942 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team , and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968 , one year after his brother Francis . In 1981 , he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of inductees alongside his brothers . Only five Michigan football players earned this honor before him .

After graduating from Foreman High School , Wistert became the second of the Wistert brothers to play for Michigan where he wore number 11 like his brothers and played from 1940 to 1942 . He was a consensus All @-@ American and team MVP in 1942 . He played in the 1943 East – West Shrine Game . He <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>well remembered , among other things , for his exploits in a 1942 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team , and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968 , one year after his brother Francis . In 1981 , he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of inductees alongside his brothers . Only five Michigan football players earned this honor before him .

After graduating from Foreman High School , Wistert became da second of the Wistert brothers to play fa Michigan where he wore number 11 like his brothers and played from 1940 to 1942 . He was a consensus All @-@ American and team MVP in 1942 . He played in the 1943 East – West Shrine Game . He well remembered , among other things , ffahis exploits in a 1942 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team , and he was inducted into tdaCollege Football Hall of Fame in 1968 , one year after his brother Francis . In 1981 , he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of inductees alongside his brothers . Only five Michigan football players earned dis honor before em .

Michigan posted a 20 – 5 – 1 record during Wistert 's three years on the team . In 1940 , the team 's only loss in its eight @-@ game season was to the eventual national champion Minnesota Golden Gophers football . The Wolverines followed that season with 6 – 1 – 1 and 7 – 3 marks in the next two years . Wistert served as captain of the College All @-@ star team that beat the Sammy Baugh @-@ led National Football League champion Washington Redskins , 27 – 7 , in Chicago . He was the only one of the three brothers not to play on a national championship squad at Michigan .

Michigan posted a 20 – 5 – 1 record during Wistert <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>three years on the team . In 1940 , the team <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>only loss in its eight @-@ game season was to the eventual national champion Minnesota Golden Gophers football . The Wolverines followed that season with 6 – 1 – 1 and 7 – 3 marks in the next two years . Wistert served as captain of the College All @-@ star team <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a>beat the Sammy Baugh @-@ led National Football League champion Washington Redskins , 27 – 7 , in Chicago . He was the only one of the three brothers not to play on a national championship squad at Michigan .

Michigan posted a 20 – 5 – 1 record durin Wistert three yrs on the team . In 1940 , da team only loss in its eight @-@ game season was to tdaeventual national champion Minnesota Golden Gophers football . The Wolverines followed dat season witt 6 – 1 – 1 and 7 – 3 marks in thdaext 2 yeyrs Wistert served as captain of thedallege All @-@ star team beat the damy Baugh @-@ led National Football League champion Washington Redskins , 27 – 7 , in Chicago . He was the only one of the tdae brothers not to play on a national championship squad at Michigan .

= = Professional football = =

= = Professional football = =

= = Professional football = =

After being drafted in the fifth round by the Philadelphia Eagles and signing for $ 3800 ( $ 51 @,@ 965 today ) , he encountered animosity from veteran players for having signed such a large contract ( though they thought he signed for $ 4500 ) . He earned All @-@ Pro honors in eight ( five by consensus ) of his nine seasons . As a two @-@ way player , he played his entire nine @-@ year career for the Philadelphia Eagles ( who operated as a merged team with the Pittsburgh Steelers for one season during World War II . ) The National Football League had no All @-@ Star games between 1943 and 1950 . Thus , although Wistert was a perennial All @-@ Pro selection , it is difficult to compare him to more modern players who are often measured by Pro Bowl invitations . He served as Eagles captain for five consecutive seasons , from 1946 to 1950 , and was named All @-@ Pro in each season . In Wistert 's next to last season he was selected to the first Pro Bowl . In his final season , he recovered three fumbles . The Eagles won the 1948 and 1949 National Football League Championships with Wistert . These were the only consecutive National Football League champions to win by shutout . His number 70 was retired by the Eagles in 1952 . According to his College Football Hall of Fame biography , during his career he started every game the Eagles played except for the 1950 season opener against the Cleveland Browns . However , according to other statistical databases he only started about 2 / 3 of his career games . His is one of only seven retired Eagles Jerseys . Wistert lamented not having been enshrined in the Professional Football Hall of Fame and on Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll :

After being drafted in the fifth round by the Philadelphia Eagles and signing for $ 3800 ( $ 51 @,@ 965 today ) , he encountered animosity from veteran players for <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>having</mark></a> signed such a large contract ( though they thought he signed for $ 4500 ) . He earned All @-@ Pro honors in eight ( five by consensus ) of his nine seasons . As a two @-@ way player , he played his entire nine @-@ year career for the Philadelphia Eagles ( <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a>operated as a merged team with the Pittsburgh Steelers for one season during World War II . ) The National Football League had no All @-@ Star games between 1943 and 1950 . Thus , although Wistert was a perennial All @-@ Pro selection , it <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>difficult to compare him to more modern players <a href='null_relcl' title='4'><mark>who</mark></a>are often measured by Pro Bowl invitations . He served as Eagles captain for five consecutive seasons , from 1946 to 1950 , and was named All @-@ Pro in each season . In Wistert <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>next to last season he was selected to the first Pro Bowl . In his final season , he recovered three fumbles . The Eagles won the 1948 and 1949 National Football League Championships with Wistert . These <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> the only consecutive National Football League champions to win by shutout . His number 70 was retired by the Eagles in 1952 . According to his College Football Hall of Fame biography , during his career he started every game the Eagles played except for the 1950 season opener against the Cleveland Browns . However , according to other statistical databases he only started about 2 / 3 of his career games . His <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>one of only seven retired Eagles Jerseys . Wistert lamented not <a href='been_done' title='8'><mark>having</mark></a> been enshrined in the Professional Football Hall of Fame and on Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll :

After bein drafted in the fifth round by da Philadelphia Eagles and signing for $ 3800 ( $ 51 @,@ 965 today ) , he encountered animosity from veteran players for done signed such a large contract ( though they thought he signed for $ 4500 ) . He earned alll @-@ Pro honors in eight ( five by consensus ) of his nine seasons . As a 2 @-@ way player , he played his entire nine @-@ year career for tdaPhiladelphia Eagles ( operated as a merged team wid the Pittsburgh Steelers for one season durin World War II . ) Thdaational Football League had no All @-@ Star games between 1943 and 1950 . Thus , although Wistert was a perennial All @-@ Pro selection , it difficult to compare him to more modern players are often measured by Pro Bowl invitations . He served as Eagles captain fir five consecutive seasons , from 1946 to 1950 , and was namedallll @-@ Pro in each season . In Wistert nxt to last season he was selected to thedarst Pro Bowl . In his final season , he recovered three fumbles . The dales won the 1948 and 1949 National Football League Championships with Wistert . These was the only consecutive National Football League champions to win by shutout . His number 70 was retired by the Eagles in 1952 . According to his College Football Hall of Fame biography , during his career he started every game the Eagles played except for the 1950 season opener against the Cdaeland Browns . However , according to other statistical databases he only started about 2 / 3 of his career games . His one of only seven retired Eagles Jerseys . Wistert lamented not done been enshrined in the Professional Football Hall of Fame and on Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll :

Wistert was inducted into the Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll on September 29 , 2009 along with Randall Cunningham . In 2003 , he was named to the Pro Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association 's inaugural HOVG class .

Wistert was inducted into the Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll on September 29 , 2009 along with Randall Cunningham . In 2003 , he was named to the Pro Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>inaugural HOVG class .

Wistert was inducted into da Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll on September 29 , 2009 along with Randall Cunningham . In 2003 , he was named to tdaPro Football Researchers Association Hall of Very gud in thdassociation inaugural HOVG class .

= = Later life and family = =

= = Later life and family = =

= = Later life and fam = =

After football Wistert became a successful life insurance salesman . He sold insurance for 40 years . Among the places he has lived since retirement are California and Grants Pass , Oregon . He was married to his late wife Ellie for 61 years and has three daughters ( Pam , Dianna and Kathy ) and three grandchildren . At one point he was both coaching football at Riverside High School in Riverside Township , New Jersey and playing professionally . According to brother Alvin , their father " was born Casmir Vistertus and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert . "

After football Wistert became a successful life insurance salesman . He sold insurance for 40 years . Among the places he <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> lived since retirement are California and Grants Pass , Oregon . He was married to his late wife Ellie for 61 years and <a href='got' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> three daughters ( Pam , Dianna and Kathy ) and three grandchildren . At one point he was both coaching football at Riverside High School in Riverside Township , New Jersey and playing professionally . According to brother Alvin , their father " was born Casmir Vistertus and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert . "

After football Wistert became a successful life insurance salesman . He sold insurance for 40 years . Among da places he done lived since retirement r California and Grants Pass , Oregon . He was married to his late wife Ellie fa 61 years and got three daughters ( Pam , Dianna and Kathy ) and three grandchildren . At one point he was both coaching football at Riverside High School in Riverside Township , New Jersey and playing professionally . According to homeboy Alvin , their father " was born Casmir Vistertus and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert . "

Wistert died on March 5 , 2016 in Grants Pass , Oregon at the age of 95 .

Wistert died on March 5 , 2016 in Grants Pass , Oregon at the age of 95 .

Wistert died on March 5 , 2016 in Grants Pass , Oregon at the age of 95 .

= Si Una Vez =

= Si Una Vez =

= Si Una Vez =

" Si Una Vez " ( English : If I Once ) is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was written by Pete Astudillo and produced by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla . " Si Una Vez " is a mariachi fusion song and draws influence from cumbia and Latin dance music . Lyrically , Selena questions why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner , saying she will never repeat her mistakes . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .

" Si Una Vez " ( English : If I Once ) <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was written by Pete Astudillo and produced by Selena <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla . " Si Una Vez " <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a mariachi fusion song and <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>draws</mark></a> influence from cumbia and Latin dance music . Lyrically , Selena questions why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner , saying she will never repeat her mistakes . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .

Si Una Vez ( English : If I Once ) a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was written by Pete Astudillo and produced by Selena homeboy @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla . " Si Una Vez " a mariachi fusion song and draw influence from cumbia and Latin dance music . Lyrically , Selena questions why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner , sayin she gon never repeat her mistakes . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .

" Si Una Vez " received positive reviews from music critics who found the song to have showcase the singer 's vocal abilities . The Broadcast Music Inc. recognized it as the Single of the Year at the 1996 BMI Pop Awards . Many musicians have since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal , American reggaeton performer Ivy Queen , American indie rock band Girl in a Coma , and American salsa singer Manny Manuel . The latter 's version peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Tropical Songs chart , and ended 1995 as the fourteenth most successful U.S. tropical song .

" Si Una Vez " received positive reviews from music critics <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>found the song to have showcase the singer <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>vocal abilities . The Broadcast Music Inc. recognized it as the Single of the Year at the 1996 BMI Pop Awards . Many musicians <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal , American reggaeton performer Ivy Queen , American indie rock band Girl in a Coma , and American salsa singer Manny Manuel . The latter <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>version peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Tropical Songs chart , and<a href='been_done' title='5'><mark></mark></a> ended 1995 as the fourteenth most successful U.S. tropical song .

Si Una Vez received positive reviews from music critics found the song to have showcase the singer vocal abilities . da Broadcast Music Inc. recognized it as tdaSingle of the Year at the 1996 BMI Pop Awards . Many musicians done since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal , American reggaeton performer Ivy Queen , American indie rock band gurl in a Coma , and American salsa singer Manny Manuel . The latter version peaked at number one on thdanited States Billboard Tropical Songs chart , and done ended 1995 as thedaurteenth most successful U.S. tropical song .

= = Background and composition = =

= = Background and composition = =

= = Background and composition = =

" Si Una Vez " was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup dancer and vocalist Pete Astudillo . The song was co @-@ written by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla who , along with Argentine musician Bebu Silvetti , served as producers . Keyboardist of the group , Ricky Vela retold in a 2002 interview how the band hired a professional trumpist to record parts of the song . " Si Una Vez " is a Spanish @-@ language mariachi fusion track with influences of cumbia and Latin dance music . Author Deborah Paredez called " Si Una Vez " as having punk music undertones . In 2002 , A.B. spoke on how Amor Prohibido was experimental music @-@ heavy and commented on how " Si Una Vez " was an example of his ideas of keeping the band 's image modern . The song makes use of the Guitarrón guitar under a cumbia beat .

" Si Una Vez " was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup dancer and vocalist Pete Astudillo . The song was co @-@ written by Selena <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a>, along with Argentine musician Bebu Silvetti , served as producers . Keyboardist of the group , Ricky Vela retold in a 2002 interview how the band hired a professional trumpist to record parts of the song . " Si Una Vez " <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a Spanish @-@ language mariachi fusion track with influences of cumbia and Latin dance music . Author Deborah Paredez called " Si Una Vez " as having punk music undertones . In 2002 , A.B. spoke on how Amor Prohibido was experimental music @-@ heavy and commented on how " Si Una Vez " was an example of his ideas of keeping the band <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>image modern . The song <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>makes</mark></a> use of the Guitarrón guitar under a cumbia beat .

Si Una Vez was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup dancer and vocalist Pete Astudillo . The song was co @-@ written by Selena brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla , along wid Argentine musician Bebu Silvetti , served as producers . Keyboardist of the group , Ricky Vela retold in a 2002 interview how da band hired a professional trumpist to record parts of tdasong . " Si Una Vez " a Spanish @-@ language mariachi fusion track with influences of cumbia and Latin dance music . Author Deborah Paredez called " Si Una Vez " as having punk music undertones . In 2002 , A.B. spoke on how Amor Prohibido was experimental music @-@ heavy and commented on how " Si Una Vez " was an example of his ideas of keeping the band image modern . The song make use of the Guitarrón guitar under a cumbia beat .

" Si Una Vez " is written in the key of D minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano and guitar . Lyrically , Selena reminiscences her failed relationship and wonders why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner who betrayed and left her , vowing to never allow a man like that back into her life . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .

" Si Una Vez " is written in the key of D minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute . It <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>incorporates</mark></a> music from several musical instruments , including the piano and guitar . Lyrically , Selena reminiscences her failed relationship and wonders why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>who</mark></a>betrayed and left her , vowing to never allow a man like that back into her life . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .

Si Una Vez is written in the key of D minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute . It incorporate music from several musical instruments , including da piano and guitar . Lyrically , Selena reminiscences her failed relationship and wonders y she ever fell in love with an abusive partner betrayed and left her , vowing to never allow a man like that back into her life . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .

= = Critical reception and legacy = =

= = Critical reception and legacy = =

= = Critical reception and legacy = =

" Si Una Vez " was named by the Latin Times as one of the top @-@ ten best karaoke songs sung in Spanish . Writing for the Latin Times , Maria Valdez called the song " fun " especially when running into your former partner at a karaoke party and found the track to showcases a singer 's vocal abilities . Texas Public Radio 's Nathan Cone , said " the song " resonates best " with South Texas " . Entertainment Weekly contributor David Browne , commented on Selena 's vocals as being " full @-@ throated , warbling " and that it " recalls Lydia Mendoza , conjunto 's leading lady . " A New University writer found the recording to have " showcase [ the singer 's ] passion with her vocals . "

" Si Una Vez " was named by the Latin Times as one of the top @-@ ten best karaoke songs sung in Spanish . Writing for the Latin Times , Maria Valdez called the song " fun " especially when running into your former partner at a karaoke party and found the track to showcases a singer <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>vocal abilities . Texas Public Radio <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>Nathan Cone , said " the song " <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>resonates</mark></a> best " with South Texas " . Entertainment Weekly contributor David Browne , commented on Selena <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>vocals as being " full @-@ throated , warbling " and that it " <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>recalls</mark></a> Lydia Mendoza , conjunto <a href='null_genetive' title='6'><mark>'s</mark></a>leading lady . " A New University writer found the recording to have " showcase [ the singer <a href='null_genetive' title='7'><mark>'s</mark></a>] passion with her vocals . "

Si Una Vez was named by da Latin Times as one of the top @-@ ten best karaoke songs sung in Spanish . Writing for the Latin Times , Maria Valdez called the song " fun " especially when running into your former partner at a karaoke party and found tdatrack to showcases a singer vocal abilities . Texas Public Radio Nathan Cone , said " the song " resonate best " with South Texas " . Entertainment Weekly contributor David Browne , commented on Selena vocals as bein " full @-@ throated , warbling " and that it " recall Lydia Mendoza , conjunto leading lady . " A New University writer found the recording to have " showcase [ the singer ] passion with her vocals . "

Selena performed the song on her final performance on March 19 , 1995 during the Calle Ocho Festival in Miami , which attracted over 100 @,@ 000 fans . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Selena 's performance of the song during her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26 , 1995 , was emulated by Jennifer Lopez as her role as the singer for the 1997 biopic film about Selena . " Si Una Vez " is considered by Billboard magazine to be one of Selena 's signature songs . Terra named " Si Una Vez " as one of Selena 's " most famous works " along with her other songs " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " , " Amor Prohibido " and " Fotos y Recuerdos " . The Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) recognized " Si Una Vez " at the BMI Pop Music Awards as Single of the Year in 1996 .

Selena performed the song on her final performance on March 19 , 1995 during the Calle Ocho Festival in Miami , which attracted over 100 @,@ 000 fans . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Selena <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>performance of the song during her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26 , 1995 , was emulated by Jennifer Lopez as her role as the singer for the 1997 biopic film about Selena . " Si Una Vez " is considered by Billboard magazine to be one of Selena <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>signature songs . Terra named " Si Una Vez " as one of Selena <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>" most famous works " along with her other songs " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " , " Amor Prohibido " and " Fotos y Recuerdos " . The Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) recognized " Si Una Vez " at the BMI Pop Music Awards as Single of the Year in 1996 .

Selena performed da song on her final performance on March 19 , 1995 during tdaCalle Ocho Festival in Miami , which attracted ova 100 @,@ 000 fans . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her homie and former manager of the singer Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Selena performance of the song during her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26 , 1995 , was emulated by Jennifer Lopez as her role as the singer fa the 1997 biopic film bout Selena . " Si Una Vez " is considered by Billboard magazine to be one of Selena signature songs . Terra named " Si Una Vez " as one of Selena " most famous works " along wid her other songs " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " , " Amor Prohibido " and " Fotos y Recuerdos " . Thdaroadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) recognized " Si Una Vez " at thedaI Pop Music Awards as Single of the Year in 1996 .

= = Covers = =

= = Covers = =

= = Covers = =

Mexican singer Mary Boquitas recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal performed and recorded " Si Una Vez " for the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . American reggaeton singer Ivy Queen covered " Si Una Vez " for her fifth studio album Flashback ( 2005 ) . She said in an interview how she felt " honored to be able to cover one of Selena 's songs " . Ivy Queen chose to cover " Si Una Vez " finding it to be identifiable to her and because of the song 's message which the singer stood for . Jonathan Widran of AllMusic called her versions a " reggaetón @-@ ed up twist " . In 2010 , indie rock group Girl in a Coma recorded a punk cover of " Si Una Vez " . The group decided to record the song because it was their favorite recordings of Selena . Girl in a Coma performed the song live during the 2010 Tejano Music Awards as a homage to Selena . In April 2011 , A.B. ' s band Kumbia All @-@ Starz performed their version of the song during their tour for La Vida De Un Genio ( 2010 ) in Bolivia . Colombian singer Kali Uchis performed " Si Una Vez " at the 2015 SXSW festival . Vibe magazine found Uchis ' performance to have given them " shivers " .

Mexican singer Mary Boquitas recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal performed and recorded " Si Una Vez " for the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . American reggaeton singer Ivy Queen covered " Si Una Vez " for her fifth studio album Flashback ( 2005 ) . She said in an interview how she felt " honored to be able to cover one of Selena <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>songs " . Ivy Queen chose to cover " Si Una Vez " finding it to be identifiable to her and because of the song <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>message which the singer stood for . Jonathan Widran of AllMusic called her versions a " reggaetón @-@ ed up twist " . In 2010 , indie rock group Girl in a Coma recorded a punk cover of " Si Una Vez " . The group decided to record the song because it was their favorite recordings of Selena . Girl in a Coma performed the song live during the 2010 Tejano Music Awards as a homage to Selena . In April 2011 , A.B. <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'</mark></a>s band Kumbia All @-@ Starz performed their version of the song during their tour for La Vida De Un Genio ( 2010 ) in Bolivia . Colombian singer Kali Uchis performed " Si Una Vez " at the 2015 SXSW festival . Vibe magazine found Uchis ' performance to <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>have</mark></a> given them " shivers " .

Mexican singer Mary Boquitas recorded the song fir da tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal performed and recorded " Si Una Vez " fir tdalive televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . American reggaeton singer Ivy Queen covered " Si Una Vez " for her fifth studio mixtape Flashback ( 2005 ) . She said in an interview how she felt " honored to be able to cover one of Selena songs " . Ivy Queen chose to cover " Si Una Vez " finding it to be identifiable to her and because of thdaong msg which thedanger stood fir . malik Widran of AllMusic called her versions a " reggaetón @-@ ed up twist " . In 2010 , indie rock group Girl in a Coma recorded a punk cover of " Si Una Vez " . The group decided to record the song bc it was their favorite recordings of Selena . gurl in a Coma performed the dag live durin the 2da Tejano Music Awards as a homage to Selena . In April 2011 , A.B. s band Kumbia All @-@ Starz performed their version of the song ddurintheir tour for La Vida De Un Genio ( 2010 ) in Bolivia . Colombian singer Kali Uchis performed " Si Una Vez " at the 20daSXSW festival . Vibe magazine found Uchis ' performance to done given them " shivers " .

= = = Manny Manuel version = = =

= = = Manny Manuel version = = =

= = = Manny Manuel version = = =

American merengue musician Manny Manuel covered the song on his debut album , El Rey de Corazones ( 1995 ) . Out of the five singles released from the album , " Si Una Vez " was Manuel 's most successful single off of the El Rey de Corazones album . The song debuted at number 29 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and number three on the U.S. Tropical Songs chart . The following week , " Si Una Vez " rose to numbers 22 and two on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs chart , respectively . On October 14 , 1995 , the track climbed to number 21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while it fell to number four on the Tropical Songs chart . In its fourth week , " Si Una Vez " jumped to number 18 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while over at the Tropical Songs chart the song rose to number three . Despite increased airplay spins , " Si Una Vez " fell to number 20 on the Hot Latin Songs chart . On November 11 , 1995 , " Si Una Vez " peaked at number one on the Tropical Songs chart for one week , reeciving airplay honors that week .

American merengue musician Manny Manuel<a href='been_done' title='1'><mark></mark></a> covered the song on his debut album , El Rey de Corazones ( 1995 ) . Out of the five singles released from the album , " Si Una Vez " was Manuel <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>most successful single off of the El Rey de Corazones album . The song debuted at number 29 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and number three on the U.S. Tropical Songs chart . The following week , " Si Una Vez "<a href='been_done' title='3'><mark></mark></a> rose to numbers 22 and two on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs chart , respectively . On October 14 , 1995 , the track climbed to number 21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while it fell to number four on the Tropical Songs chart . In its fourth week , " Si Una Vez " jumped to number 18 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while over at the Tropical Songs chart the song rose to number three . Despite increased airplay spins , " Si Una Vez " fell to number 20 on the Hot Latin Songs chart . On November 11 , 1995 , " Si Una Vez " peaked at number one on the Tropical Songs chart for one week , reeciving airplay honors that week .

American merengue musician Manny Manuel done covered da song on his debut album , El Rey de Corazones ( 1995 ) . Out of the five singles released from the album , " Si Una Vez " was Manuel most successful single off of the El Rey de Corazones mixtape . The song debuted at number 29 on tdaUnited States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and number three on thda.S. Tropical Songs chart . The following week , " Si Una Vez " done rose to numbers 22 and two on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs chart , respectively . On October 14 , 1995 , thedaack climbed to number 21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while it fell to number four on the dapical Songs chart . In its fourth week , " Si Una Vez " jumped to number 18 on the HdaLatin Songs chart , while over at the Tropical Songs chart the song rose to number three . Despite increased airplay spins , " Si Una Vez " fell to number 20 on the Hodaatin Songs chart . On November 11 , 1995 , " Si Una Vez " peaked at number one on the Trodaal Songs chart for one week , reeciving airplay honors dat week .

= = = = Chart performance = = = =

= = = = Chart performance = = = =

= = = = Chart performance = = = =

= = Credits and personnel = =

= = Credits and personnel = =

= = Credits and personnel = =

All credits were taken from the album 's liner notes .

All credits <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> taken from the album <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>liner notes .

All credits was taken from da mixtape liner notes .

= Sicklefin lemon shark =

= Sicklefin lemon shark =

= Sicklefin lemon shark =

The sicklefin lemon shark , or sharptooth lemon shark ( Negaprion acutidens ) , is a species of requiem shark belonging to the family Carcharhinidae , widely distributed in the tropical waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific . It is closely related to the better @-@ known lemon shark ( N. brevirostris ) of the Americas ; the two species are almost identical in appearance , both being stout @-@ bodied sharks with broad heads , two dorsal fins of nearly equal size , and a plain yellow @-@ tinged coloration . As its common name suggests , the sicklefin lemon shark differs from its American counterpart in having more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) fins . This large species grows up to 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) long . It generally inhabits water less than 92 m ( 302 ft ) deep in a variety of habitats , from mangrove estuaries to coral reefs .

The sicklefin lemon shark , or sharptooth lemon shark ( Negaprion acutidens ) , <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a species of requiem shark belonging to the family Carcharhinidae , widely distributed in the tropical waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific . It is closely related to the better @-@ known lemon shark ( N. brevirostris ) of the Americas ; the two species are almost identical in appearance , both being stout @-@ bodied sharks with broad heads , two dorsal fins of nearly equal size , and a plain yellow @-@ tinged coloration . As its common name <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>suggests</mark></a> , the sicklefin lemon shark differs from its American counterpart in having more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) fins . This large species <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>grows</mark></a> up to 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) long . It generally <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>inhabits</mark></a> water less than 92 m ( 302 ft ) deep in a variety of habitats , from mangrove estuaries to coral reefs .

The sicklefin lemon shark , or sharptooth lemon shark ( Negaprion acutidens ) , a species of requiem shark belonging to da family Carcharhinidae , widely distributed in the tropical waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific . It is closely related to tdabetter @-@ known lemon shark ( N. brevirostris ) of thdamericas ; thedao species are almost identical in appearance , both being stout @-@ bodied heats w broad heads , 2 dorsal fins of nearly equal size , and a plain yellow @-@ tinged coloration . As its common name suggest , the daklefin lemon shark differs from its American counterpart in havin more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) fins . This bigass species grow up to 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) long . It generally inhabit water less than 92 m ( 302 ft ) deep in a variety of habitats , from mangrove estuaries to coral reefs .

A slow @-@ moving predator feeding mainly on bony fishes , the sicklefin lemon shark seldom travels long distances and many individuals can be found year @-@ round at certain locations . Like other members of its family , this species is viviparous , with females giving birth to no more than 13 pups every other year , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Although they are potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any provocation , under normal circumstances , sicklefin lemon sharks are cautious and tend to retreat if approached . The IUCN has assessed this species as Vulnerable ; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement limits the capacity of depleted stocks to recover . Off India and Southeast Asia , this species has been severely depleted or extirpated by unregulated exploitation for its meat , fins , and liver oil .

A slow @-@ moving predator feeding mainly on bony fishes , the sicklefin lemon shark seldom <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>travels</mark></a> long distances and many individuals can be found year @-@ round at certain locations . Like other members of its family , this species <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>viviparous , with females giving birth to no more than 13 pups every other year , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Although they <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>are</mark></a>potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any provocation , under normal circumstances , sicklefin lemon sharks <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>cautious and tend to retreat if approached . The IUCN <a href='been_done' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> assessed this species as Vulnerable ; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>limits</mark></a> the capacity of depleted stocks to recover . Off India and Southeast Asia , this species <a href='been_done' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> been severely depleted or extirpated by unregulated exploitation for its meat , fins , and liver oil .

A slow @-@ moving predator feeding mainly on bony fishes , the sicklefin lemon shark seldom travel long distances and many individuals can b found year @-@ round at certain locations . Like other members of its family , dis species viviparous , wid females giving birth to no more den 13 pups every other year , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Although they potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any provocation , under normal circumstances , sicklefin lemon sharks cautious and tend to retreat if approached . da IUCN done assessed this species as Vulnerable ; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement limit the capacity of depleted stocks to recover . offf India and Southeast Asia , this species done been severely depleted or extirpated by unregulated exploitation for its meat , fins , and liver oil .

= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =

= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =

= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =

The sicklefin lemon shark was first described as Carcharias acutidens by German naturalist Eduard Rüppell , in the 1837 Fische des Rothen Meeres ( Fishes of the Red Sea ) . In 1940 , Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley moved this species to his newly formed genus Negaprion . The type specimen , designated in 1960 , is a 68 @-@ cm @-@ long individual caught in the Red Sea off Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The specific epithet acutidens is derived from the Latin acutus meaning " sharp " , and dens meaning " teeth " . The sicklefin lemon shark may also be referred to as broadfin shark , Indian lemon shark , Indo @-@ Pacific lemon shark , or simply lemon shark .

The sicklefin lemon shark was first described as Carcharias acutidens by German naturalist Eduard Rüppell , in the 1837 Fische des Rothen Meeres ( Fishes of the Red Sea ) . In 1940 , Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley moved this species to his newly formed genus Negaprion . The type specimen , designated in 1960 , <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a 68 @-@ cm @-@ long individual caught in the Red Sea off Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The specific epithet acutidens is derived from the Latin acutus meaning " sharp " , and <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>dens</mark></a> meaning " teeth " . The sicklefin lemon shark may also be referred to as broadfin shark , Indian lemon shark , Indo @-@ Pacific lemon shark , or simply lemon shark .

The sicklefin lemon shark was first described as Carcharias acutidens by German naturalist Eduard Rüppell , in the 1837 Fische des Rothen Meeres ( Fishes of the Red Sea ) . In 1940 , Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley moved this species to his newly formed genus Negaprion . The type specimen , designated in 1960 , a 68 @-@ cm @-@ long individual caught in da Red Sea off Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The specific epithet acutidens is derived from tdaLatin acutus meaning " sharp " , and den meaning " teeth " . The sicklefin lemon shark may also b referred to as broadfin shark , Indian lemon shark , Indo @-@ Pacific lemon shark , or simply lemon shark .

Based on microsatellite DNA evidence , the sicklefin lemon shark is thought to have diverged from its sister species N. brevirostris 10 – 14 million years ago , when the closure of the Tethys Sea separated lemon sharks in the Indian Ocean from those in the Atlantic . The ancestral lemon shark species may have been N. eurybathrodon , the fossilized teeth of which occur in both the United States and Pakistan . Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that Negaprion is grouped with the whitetip reef shark ( Triaenodon ) and the sliteye shark ( Loxodon ) in occupying an intermediate position on the carcharhinid evolutionary tree , between the most basal genera ( Galeocerdo , Rhizoprionodon , and Scoliodon ) and the most derived ( Carcharhinus and Sphyrna ) .

Based on microsatellite DNA evidence , the sicklefin lemon shark is thought to <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> diverged from its sister species N. brevirostris 10 – 14 million years ago , when the closure of the Tethys Sea separated lemon sharks in the Indian Ocean from those in the Atlantic . The ancestral lemon shark species may have been N. eurybathrodon , the fossilized teeth of which occur in both the United States and Pakistan . Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that Negaprion is grouped with the whitetip reef shark ( Triaenodon ) and the sliteye shark ( Loxodon ) in occupying an intermediate position on the carcharhinid evolutionary tree , between the most basal genera ( Galeocerdo , Rhizoprionodon , and Scoliodon ) and the most derived ( Carcharhinus and Sphyrna ) .

Based on microsatellite DNA evidence , da sicklefin lemon shark is thought to done diverged from its sister species N. brevirostris 10 – 14 million years ago , when the closure of the Tethys Sea separated lemon heats in tdaIndian Ocean from those in the Atlantic . Thdancestral lemon shark species may have been N. eurybathrodon , thedassilized teeth of which occur in both the United States and Pakistan . Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest dat Negaprion is grouped with the datetip reef shark ( Triaenodon ) and the sliteye shark ( Loxodon ) in occupying an intermediate position on the carcharhinid evolutionary tree , between the most basal genera ( Galeocerdo , Rhizoprionodon , and Scoliodon ) and the most derived ( Carcharhinus and Sphyrna ) .

= = Distribution and habitat = =

= = Distribution and habitat = =

= = Distribution and habitat = =

The range of the sicklefin lemon shark extends from South Africa to the Red Sea ( including Mauritius , the Seychelles , and Madagascar ) , continuing eastward along the coast of the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia , extending as far north as Taiwan and the Philippines , and as far south as New Guinea and northern Australia . This species is also found around numerous Pacific islands , including New Caledonia , Palau , the Marshall Islands , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Vanuatu , and French Polynesia . This species likely colonized the central Pacific by infrequently " hopping " from one island to the next . Significant levels of genetic differentiation between sicklefin lemon sharks in Australia and French Polynesia , 750 km ( 470 mi ) apart , suggest that little intermingling occurs between regional subpopulations .

The range of the sicklefin lemon shark <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>extends</mark></a> from South Africa to the Red Sea ( including Mauritius , the Seychelles , and Madagascar ) , continuing eastward along the coast of the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia , extending as far north as Taiwan and the Philippines , and as far south as New Guinea and northern Australia . This species is also found around numerous Pacific islands , including New Caledonia , Palau , the Marshall Islands , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Vanuatu , and French Polynesia . This species likely colonized the central Pacific by infrequently " hopping " from one island to the next . Significant levels of genetic differentiation between sicklefin lemon sharks in Australia and French Polynesia , 750 km ( 470 mi ) apart , suggest that little intermingling occurs between regional subpopulations .

The range of the sicklefin lemon shark extend from South Africa to the Red Sea ( including Mauritius , the Seychelles , and Madagascar ) , continuing eastward along the coast of the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia , extending as far north as Taiwan and da Philippines , and as far south as New Guinea and northern Australia . dis species is also found around numerous Pacific islands , including New Caledonia , Palau , the Marshall Islands , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Vanuatu , and French Polynesia . Tdisspecies likely colonized tdacentral Pacific by infrequently " hoppin " from one island to thdaext . Significant levels of genetic differentiation between sicklefin lemon heats in Australia and French Polynesia , 750 km ( 470 mi ) apart , suggest that little intermingling occurs between regional subpopulations .

An inhabitant of coastal continental and insular shelves , the sicklefin lemon shark occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . This species favors still , murky waters and is most common in bays , estuaries , and lagoons , and over sandy flats and outer reefs . Sometimes , an individual may venture into open water ; one was filmed in the 1971 documentary Blue Water , White Death , in the vicinity of a sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) carcass . Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks are often found on reef flats or around mangroves , in water so shallow that their dorsal fins are exposed . In Herald Bight off Western Australia , a known nursery , juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks frequent open areas and mangroves in water under 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , but not areas covered by the seagrass Posidonia australis .

An inhabitant of coastal continental and insular shelves , the sicklefin lemon shark <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>occurs</mark></a> from the intertidal zone to a depth of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . This species <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>favors</mark></a> still , murky waters and <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>most common in bays , estuaries , and lagoons , and over sandy flats and outer reefs . Sometimes , an individual may venture into open water ; one was filmed in the 1971 documentary Blue Water , White Death , in the vicinity of a sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) carcass . Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks are often found on reef flats or around mangroves , in water so shallow that their dorsal fins are exposed . In Herald Bight off Western Australia , a known nursery , juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks frequent open areas and mangroves in water under 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , but not areas covered by the seagrass Posidonia australis .

An inhabitant of coastal continental and insular shelves , the sicklefin lemon shark occur from the intertidal zone to a depth of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . This species favor still , murky waters and most common in bays , estuaries , and lagoons , and ova sandy flats and outer reefs . Sometimes , an individual may venture into open water ; one was filmed in da 1971 documentary Blue Water , White Death , in the vicinity of a sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) carcass . Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks r often found on reef flats or around mangroves , in water so shallow that their dorsal fins are exposed . In Herald Bight off Western Australia , a known nursery , juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks frequent open areas and mangroves in water under 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , but not areas covered by the seagrass Posidonia australis .

= = Description = =

= = Description = =

= = Description = =

The sicklefin lemon shark has a robust , stocky body and a short , broad head . The snout is rounded or almost wedge @-@ shaped , with small nostrils bearing triangular flaps of skin in front . The eyes are small , with no spiracles . Short furrows are present at the corners of the mouth . Thirteen to 16 ( usually 14 ) tooth rows occur on either side of both jaws , not including the tiny teeth at the symphysis ( the jaw midline ) . The upper teeth have a large cusp rising from a broad base , with a notch on each side ; these teeth become increasingly angled towards the corners of the mouth . The lower teeth resemble the upper teeth , but are narrower and more erect . The teeth of sharks over 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long are finely serrated .

The sicklefin lemon shark <a href='got' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> a robust , stocky body and a short , broad head . The snout is rounded or almost wedge @-@ shaped , with small nostrils bearing triangular flaps of skin in front . The eyes <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>small , with no spiracles . Short furrows <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>are</mark></a>present at the corners of the mouth . Thirteen to 16 ( usually 14 ) tooth rows occur on either side of both jaws , not including the tiny teeth at the symphysis ( the jaw midline ) . The upper teeth <a href='got' title='4'><mark>have</mark></a> a large cusp rising from a broad base , with a notch on each side ; these teeth become increasingly angled towards the corners of the mouth . The lower teeth resemble the upper teeth , but <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>narrower and more erect . The teeth of sharks over 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long are finely serrated .

Da sicklefin lemon shark got a robust , stocky body and a short , broad head . Tdasnout is rounded or almost wedge @-@ shaped , with small nostrils bearing triangular flaps of skin in front . The eyes small , with no spiracles . Short furrows present at thdaorners of thedauth . Thirteen to 16 ( usually 14 ) tooth rows occur on either side of both jaws , not including the tiny teef at the symphysis ( the da midline ) . The upper teeth got a large cusp rising from a broad base , with a notch on each side ; these teeth become increasingly angled towards the corners of the mdah . The loda tteefresemble the upper teeth , but narrower and more erect . The teteeff heats ova 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long are finely serrated .

The fins ( especially the dorsal , pectoral , and pelvics ) of the sicklefin lemon shark are more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) than those of the otherwise very similar American lemon shark . The first dorsal fin is positioned closer to the pelvic than the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin , nearly equal to the first in size , is located over or slightly forward of the anal fin . No ridge is seen between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins are long and broad , originating below the space between the third and fourth gill slits . The anal fin has a strong notch in the rear margin . The precaudal pit ( a cavity just forward of the caudal fin ) is oriented longitudinally . The large dermal denticles are overlapping and bear three to five horizontal ridges each . The coloration is a plain yellowish brown or gray above and lighter below , with more yellow on the fins . This species attains a maximum known length of 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) , though it typically does not exceed 3 @.@ 1 m ( 10 ft ) .

The fins ( especially the dorsal , pectoral , and pelvics ) of the sicklefin lemon shark <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>are</mark></a>more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) than those of the otherwise very similar American lemon shark . The first dorsal fin is positioned closer to the pelvic than the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin , nearly equal to the first in size , is located over or slightly forward of the anal fin . No ridge is seen between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>are</mark></a>long and broad , originating below the space between the third and fourth gill slits . The anal fin <a href='got' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> a strong notch in the rear margin . The precaudal pit ( a cavity just forward of the caudal fin ) is oriented longitudinally . The large dermal denticles are overlapping and bear three to five horizontal ridges each . The coloration <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>a plain yellowish brown or gray above and lighter below , with more yellow on the fins . This species <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>attains</mark></a> a maximum known length of 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) , though it typically <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>does</mark></a> not exceed 3 @.@ 1 <a href='negative_concord' title='7'><mark>m</mark></a> ( 10 ft ) .

Da fins ( especially tdadorsal , pectoral , and pelvics ) of the sicklefin lemon shark more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) than those of thdatherwise very similar American lemon shark . Thedarst dorsal fin is positioned closer to the davic den the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin , nearly equal to the first in size , is located over or slightly forward of the ada fin . No ridge is seen between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins long and broad , originating below the space between the third and fourth gill slits . The anal fin got a strong notch in the rear margin . The prdaudal pit ( a cavity just forward of the caudal fin ) is oriented longitudinally . The large dermal denticles are overlapping and bear three to five horizontal ridges each . The coloration a plain yellowish brown or gray above and lighter below , with more yellow on the finda dis species attain a maximum known length of 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) , doe it typically do not exceed 3 @.@ 1 no m ( 10 ft ) .

= = Biology and ecology = =

= = Biology and ecology = =

= = Biology and ecology = =

A sluggish species , the sicklefin lemon shark is usually seen cruising sedately just above the sea bottom or lying still on it , as unlike most requiem sharks , it is capable of actively pumping water over its gills . However , it will approach the surface in pursuit of food . This shark seldom undertakes long @-@ distance movements . A study at Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles found , of the tagged sharks that were later recaptured , over 90 % were still within 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of their initial tagging location . Another study at Moorea in French Polynesia found that some of the local sharks were year @-@ round residents of the island , while others were more transitory and visited only occasionally .

A sluggish species , the sicklefin lemon shark is usually seen cruising sedately just above the sea bottom or lying still on it , as unlike most requiem sharks , it <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>capable of actively pumping water over its gills . However , it will approach the surface in pursuit of food . This shark seldom <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>undertakes</mark></a> long @-@ distance movements . A study at Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles found , of the tagged sharks that <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> later recaptured , over 90 % <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> still within 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of their initial tagging location . Another study at Moorea in French Polynesia found that some of the local sharks <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> year @-@ round residents of the island , while others <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>were</mark></a> more transitory and visited only occasionally .

A sluggish species , the sicklefin lemon shark is usually seen cruising sedately just above da sea bottom or lying still on it , as unlike most requiem sharks , it capable of actively pumping water over its gills . However , it gon approach tdasurface in pursuit of food . This shark seldom undertake long @-@ distance movements . A study at Aldabra Atoll in thdaeychelles found , of thedagged heats dat was later recaptured , ova 90 % was still within 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of their initial tagging location . Another study at Moorea in French Polynesia found tdatsome of the daal sharks was year @-@ round residents of the island , while others was more transitory and visited only occasionally .

Over 90 % of the sicklefin lemon shark 's diet consists of bottom- and shore @-@ dwelling teleosts , including herring , mullets , mackerel , silversides , needlefish , smelt @-@ whitings , porgies , sea catfish , triggerfish , parrotfish , and porcupinefish . Occasionally , they may also take cephalopods and crustaceans , and older individuals have been known to consume stingrays and guitarfish . This species may be preyed upon by larger sharks . Known parasites include the tapeworms Paraorygmatobothrium arnoldi , Pseudogrillotia spratti , Phoreiobothrium perilocrocodilus , and Platybothrium jondoeorum . Sicklefin lemon sharks have been documented resting on the bottom and eliciting cleanings by bluestreak cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) , during which they may open their mouths and stop respiring for as long as 150 seconds to give the wrasses access to their mouths and gills .

Over 90 % of the sicklefin lemon shark <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>diet <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>consists</mark></a> of bottom- and shore @-@ dwelling teleosts , including herring , mullets , mackerel , silversides , needlefish , smelt @-@ whitings , porgies , sea catfish , triggerfish , parrotfish , and porcupinefish . Occasionally , they may also take cephalopods and crustaceans , and older individuals <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> been known to consume stingrays and guitarfish . This species may be preyed upon by larger sharks . Known parasites include the tapeworms Paraorygmatobothrium arnoldi , Pseudogrillotia spratti , Phoreiobothrium perilocrocodilus , and Platybothrium jondoeorum . Sicklefin lemon sharks <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>have</mark></a> been documented resting on the bottom and eliciting cleanings by bluestreak cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) , during which they may open their mouths and stop respiring for as long as 150 seconds to give the wrasses access to their mouths and gills .

Ova 90 % of the sicklefin lemon shark diet consist of bottom- and shore @-@ dwelling teleosts , including herring , mullets , mackerel , silversides , needlefish , smelt @-@ whitings , porgies , sea catfish , triggerfish , parrotfish , and porcupinefish . Occasionally , they may also take cephalopods and crustaceans , and older individuals done been known to consume stingrays and guitarfish . This species may b preyed upon by larger sharks . Known parasites include da tapeworms Paraorygmatobothrium arnoldi , Pseudogrillotia spratti , Phoreiobothrium perilocrocodilus , and Platybothrium jondoeorum . Sicklefin lemon sharks done been documented resting on tdabottom and eliciting cleanings by bluestreak cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) , durin which they may open their mouths and stop respiring for as long as 150 seconds to give thdarasses access to their mouths and gills .

As with other members of its family , the sicklefin lemon shark is viviparous ; the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection formed from their depleted yolk sacs . Females give birth to one to 13 ( usually six to 12 ) pups every other year in shallow nursery areas , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Unlike in the American lemon shark , cant evidence indicates this species is philopatric ( returns to the site of their birth to reproduce ) . Parturition occurs in October or November at Madagascar and Aldabra , and in January at French Polynesia ; ovulation and mating for nonpregnant females takes place at around the same time . The embryos develop a placenta after around four months of gestation , when they still possess vestiges of external gills . The young are born at a length of 45 – 80 cm ( 18 – 31 in ) . Juvenile sharks grow slowly , at a rate of 12 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 1 in ) per year . Both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 2 – 7 @.@ 9 ft ) .

As with other members of its family , the sicklefin lemon shark is viviparous ; the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection formed from their depleted yolk sacs . Females give birth to one to 13 ( usually six to 12 ) pups every other year in shallow nursery areas , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Unlike in the American lemon shark , cant evidence <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>indicates</mark></a> this species is philopatric ( returns to the site of their birth to reproduce ) . Parturition <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>occurs</mark></a> in October or November at Madagascar and Aldabra , and in January at French Polynesia ; ovulation and mating for nonpregnant females <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>takes</mark></a> place at around the same time . The embryos develop a placenta after around four months of gestation , when they still possess vestiges of external gills . The young are born at a length of 45 – 80 cm ( 18 – 31 in ) . Juvenile sharks grow slowly , at a rate of 12 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 1 in ) per year . Both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 2 – 7 @.@ 9 ft ) .

As with other members of its family , the sicklefin lemon shark is viviparous ; da developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection formed from their depleted yolk sacs . Females give birth to one to 13 ( usually six to 12 ) pups every other year in shallow nursery areas , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Unlike in tdaAmerican lemon shark , cant evidence indicate dis species is philopatric ( returns to the site of their birth to reproduce ) . Parturition occur in October or November at Madagascar and Aldabra , and in January at French Polynesia ; ovulation and mating fir nonpregnant females take place at around the same time . Thdambryos develop a placenta after around 4 months of gestation , when they still possess vestiges of external gills . Thedaung are born at a length of 45 – 80 cm ( 18 – 31 in ) . Juvenile sharks grow slowly , at a rate of 12 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 1 in ) per year . Both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 2 – 7 @.@ 9 ft ) .

= = Human interactions = =

= = Human interactions = =

= = Human interactions = =

Several apparently unprovoked attacks on humans have been attributed to the sicklefin lemon shark . Due to its formidable size and teeth , it is regarded as potentially dangerous , and certainly this species has been known to defend itself quickly and vigorously if touched , speared , or otherwise provoked or alarmed . Once agitated , this shark can be a persistent adversary ; in one case , a shark forced a swimmer to seek refuge atop a coral head , and circled for hours before giving up . However , observations by divers show that normally this shark is shy and hesitant to approach , even when presented with bait . Often , the shark will move away when a diver enters visual range . Young sharks are reportedly more aggressive and inquisitive than the adults . At Moorea , sicklefin lemon sharks are the main attraction of daily shark @-@ feeding ecotourism dives . This shark adapts well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums .

Several apparently unprovoked attacks on humans <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>have</mark></a> been attributed to the sicklefin lemon shark . Due to its formidable size and teeth , it is regarded as potentially dangerous , and certainly this species <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> been known to defend itself quickly and vigorously if touched , speared , or otherwise provoked or alarmed . Once agitated , this shark can be a persistent adversary ; in one case , a shark forced a swimmer to seek refuge atop a coral head , and circled for hours before giving up . However , observations by divers show that normally this shark is shy and hesitant to approach , even when presented with bait . Often , the shark will move away when a diver <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>enters</mark></a> visual range . Young sharks <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>reportedly more aggressive and inquisitive than the adults . At Moorea , sicklefin lemon sharks <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>the main attraction of daily shark @-@ feeding ecotourism <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>dives</mark></a> . This shark <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>adapts</mark></a> well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums .

Several apparently unprovoked attacks on humans done been attributed to the sicklefin lemon shark . Due to its formidable size and teeth , it is regarded as potentially dangerous , and certainly dis species done been known to defend itself quickly and vigorously if touched , speared , or otherwise provoked or alarmed . Once agitated , this shark can b a persistent adversary ; in one case , a shark forced a swimmer to seek refuge atop a coral head , and circled for hours before giving up . However , observations by divers show dat normally this shark is shy and hesitant to approach , even when presented wid bait . Often , the shark will move away when a diver enter visual range . Young sharks reportedly more aggressive and inquisitive than da adults . At Moorea , sicklefin lemon heats the main attraction of daily shark @-@ feeding ecotourism dive . This shark adapt well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums .

The IUCN has assessed the sicklefin lemon shark globally as Vulnerable ; it is harvested using anchored and floating gillnets , beach nets , and longlines . The meat is sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption , the fins used for shark fin soup , and the liver oil is processed for vitamins . The sicklefin lemon shark is highly susceptible to local overfishing , due to its slow reproductive rate and limited movements . Off Southeast Asia , this shark has become scarce under the pressure of expanding , unmonitored , and unregulated fisheries , and has been assessed there as Endangered by the IUCN . Widespread habitat degradation , including pollution and blast fishing on coral reefs and deforestation in mangroves , poses an additional threat to the survival of this species in the region . Already , the sicklefin lemon shark has been extirpated in parts of India and Thailand , and has not been reported from Indonesian markets in recent years despite being historically abundant there . Off Australia , the sicklefin lemon shark is taken in only small numbers intentionally and as bycatch , and has been listed under Least Concern .

The IUCN <a href='been_done' title='1'><mark>has</mark></a> assessed the sicklefin lemon shark globally as Vulnerable ; it is harvested using anchored and floating gillnets , beach nets , and longlines . The meat is sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption , the fins used for shark fin soup , and the liver oil is processed for vitamins . The sicklefin lemon shark <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>highly susceptible to local overfishing , due to its slow reproductive rate and limited movements . Off Southeast Asia , this shark <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> become scarce under the pressure of expanding , unmonitored , and unregulated fisheries , and <a href='been_done' title='4'><mark>has</mark></a> been assessed there as Endangered by the IUCN . Widespread habitat degradation , including pollution and blast fishing on coral reefs and deforestation in mangroves , <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>poses</mark></a> an additional threat to the survival of this species in the region . Already , the sicklefin lemon shark <a href='been_done' title='6'><mark>has</mark></a> been extirpated in parts of India and Thailand , and <a href='been_done' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> not been reported from Indonesian markets in recent years despite being historically abundant there . Off Australia , the sicklefin lemon shark is taken in only small numbers intentionally and as bycatch , and <a href='been_done' title='8'><mark>has</mark></a> been listed under Least Concern .

The IUCN done assessed the sicklefin lemon shark globally as Vulnerable ; it is harvested using anchored and floatin gillnets , beach nets , and longlines . The meat is sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption , the fins used for shark fin soup , and da liver oil is processed fir vitamins . The sicklefin lemon shark highly susceptible to local overfishing , due to its slow reproductive rate and limited movements . Off Southeast Asia , this shark done become scarce under tdapressure of expanding , unmonitored , and unregulated fisheries , and done been assessed there as Endangered by thdaUCN . Widespread habitat degradation , including pollution and blast fishing on coral reefs and deforestation in mangroves , pose an additional threat to the survival of dis species in the region . Already , the sicklefin lemon shark done been extirpated in parts of India and Thailand , and done not been reported from Indonesian markets in recent years despite bein historically abundant there . offf Australia , the sicklefin lemon shark is taken in only small numbers intentionally and as bycatch , and done been listed under Least Concern .

= Flammulated flycatcher =

= Flammulated flycatcher =

= Flammulated flycatcher =

The flammulated flycatcher ( Deltarhynchus flammulatus ) is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family and is the only species in the monotypic genus Deltarhynchus , although it is closely related to the birds of the genus Myiarchus . It is endemic to the dry deciduous forest , arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland of Mexico ’ s Pacific coast . The flycatcher is an olive to gray @-@ brown bird with a streaked , pale gray chest , white throat , black bill , dark gray feet , and dark brown wings . It is a skulking bird that typically remains hidden in the underbrush . It feeds by gleaning insects off of leaves and twigs that it spots from an exposed perch . The female lays approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity .

The flammulated flycatcher ( Deltarhynchus flammulatus ) <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family and <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>the only species in the monotypic genus Deltarhynchus , although it <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>closely related to the birds of the genus Myiarchus . It <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>endemic to the dry deciduous forest , arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland of Mexico ’ <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>s</mark></a>Pacific coast . The flycatcher <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>an olive to gray @-@ brown bird with a streaked , pale gray chest , white throat , black bill , dark gray feet , and dark brown wings . It <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>a skulking bird <a href='null_relcl' title='8'><mark>that</mark></a>typically <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>remains</mark></a> hidden in the underbrush . It <a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>feeds</mark></a> by gleaning insects off of leaves and twigs that it <a href='uninflect' title='11'><mark>spots</mark></a> from an exposed perch . The female lays approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity .

The flammulated flycatcher ( Deltarhynchus flammulatus ) a species of bird in da Tyrannidae fam and the only species in the monotypic genus Deltarhynchus , although it closely related to the birds of tdagenus Myiarchus . It endemic to the dry deciduous forest , arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland of Mexico ’ Pacific coast . The flycatcher an olive to gray @-@ brown bird w/ a streaked , pale gray chest , white throat , black bill , dark gray feet , and dark brown wings . It a skulking bird typically remain hidden in thdanderbrush . It feed by gleaning insects offf of leaves and twigs dat it spot from an exposed perch . The female lays approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity .

= = Taxonomy = =

= = Taxonomy = =

= = Taxonomy = =

The species was first described in 1875 by ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence , who placed this species in the genus Myiarchus . However , in 1893 it was split from Myiarchus into the new , monotypic genus Deltarhynchus by Robert Ridgway because of its shorter and broader bill , more rounded wings , and partially streaked underparts . This change was upheld in 1901 by Richard Bowdler Sharpe and by subsequent authors . However , in 1977 ornithologist Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr . , while upholding its status as a monotypic genus , said that the species should be lumped back into Myiarchus if its nesting habits were similar to those of that genus . These doubts were put to rest by Wesley Lanyon 's research of the flycatcher in 1979 , which confirmed the bird 's placement in a monotypic genus .

The species was first described in 1875 by ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence , <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>who</mark></a>placed this species in the genus Myiarchus . However , in 1893 it was split from Myiarchus into the new , monotypic genus Deltarhynchus by Robert Ridgway because of its shorter and broader bill , more rounded wings , and partially streaked underparts . This change was upheld in 1901 by Richard Bowdler Sharpe and by subsequent authors . However , in 1977 ornithologist Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr . , while upholding its status as a monotypic genus , said that the species should be lumped back into Myiarchus if its nesting habits <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> similar to those of that genus . These doubts <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>were</mark></a> put to rest by Wesley Lanyon <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>research of the flycatcher in 1979 , which confirmed the bird <a href='null_genetive' title='5'><mark>'s</mark></a>placement in a monotypic genus .

The species was first described in 1875 by ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence , placed dis species in da genus Myiarchus . However , in 1893 it was split from Myiarchus into the new , monotypic genus Deltarhynchus by Robert Ridgway becuz of its shorter and broader bill , more rounded wings , and partially streaked underparts . This change was upheld in 1901 by Richard Bowdler Sharpe and by subsequent authors . However , in 1977 ornithologist Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr . , while upholding its status as a monotypic genus , said that the species should be lumped bk into Myiarchus if its nesting habits was similar to those of dat genus . dem doubts was put to rest by Wesley Lanyon research of the flycatcher in 1979 , which confirmed tdabird placement in a monotypic genus .

Deltarhynchus is similar to the genus Myiarchus , but is distinguished from it by a broader and shorter bill , more rounded wings , a different face pattern , pale cinnamon wing and tail edgings , voice , streaking on the chest , and the bird 's skulking habits . The flammulated flycatcher 's generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words delta , which means " delta @-@ shaped " or , in this case , " wedge " , and rhynchos , which means " beak " . Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin word flammula , which means " little flame " . The flycatcher has no subspecies .

Deltarhynchus <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>similar to the genus Myiarchus , but is distinguished from it by a broader and shorter bill , more rounded wings , a different face pattern , pale cinnamon wing and tail edgings , voice , streaking on the chest , and the bird <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>skulking habits . The flammulated flycatcher <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words delta , which <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>means</mark></a> " delta @-@ shaped " or , in this case , " wedge " , and rhynchos , which <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>means</mark></a> " beak " . Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin word flammula , which <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>means</mark></a> " little flame " . The flycatcher <a href='got' title='7'><mark>has</mark></a> no subspecies .

Deltarhynchus similar to da genus Myiarchus , but is distinguished from it by a broader and shorter bill , more rounded wings , a different face pattern , pale cinnamon wing and tail edgings , voice , streaking on tdachest , and the bird skulking habits . Thdalammulated flycatcher generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words delta , which mean " delta @-@ shaped " or , in this case , " wedge " , and rhynchos , which mean " beak " . Its specific epithet is derived from thedatin word flammula , which mean " little flame " . The flycatcher got no subspecies .

= = Description = =

= = Description = =

= = Description = =

The flammulated flycatcher is approximately 6 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 15 @-@ 16 @.@ 5 cm ) in length and has a chunky body . Adult males and females are similar in plumage , with each possessing olive to a worn gray @-@ brown upperparts and head . A whitish supraloral stripe and crescent are behind the bird 's eyes . It also has a dusky lore . The throat is whitish and the chest is a pale gray with inconspicuous dusky streaking , while the belly and undertail coverts are a pale yellow . Additionally , this species has dark brown , well @-@ rounded wings with pale cinnamon @-@ edged coverts and remiges . The wings are about 3 inches ( 76 mm ) long . The tail is also a dark brown edged with a narrow band of pale cinnamon . It is barely shorter than the wing and slightly rounded . The bird 's bill is black , broad , and triangular with a slightly paler base and about half the length of the its head . The legs are a dark gray and end with large , curved , and sharp claws . It has an orange mouth and a brown eye . The juvenile is similar to the adult , although the tail has a broad band of pale cinnamon .

The flammulated flycatcher <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>approximately 6 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 15 @-@ 16 @.@ 5 cm ) in length and <a href='got' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> a chunky body . Adult males and females <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>are</mark></a>similar in plumage , with each possessing olive to a worn gray @-@ brown upperparts and head . A whitish supraloral stripe and crescent are behind the bird <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>eyes . It also <a href='got' title='5'><mark>has</mark></a> a dusky lore . The throat <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>whitish and the chest <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>a pale gray with inconspicuous dusky streaking , while the belly and undertail coverts <a href='drop_aux' title='8'><mark>are</mark></a>a pale yellow . Additionally , this species <a href='uninflect' title='9'><mark>has</mark></a> dark brown , well @-@ rounded wings with pale cinnamon @-@ edged coverts and remiges . The wings <a href='drop_aux' title='10'><mark>are</mark></a>about 3 inches ( 76 mm ) long . The tail <a href='drop_aux' title='11'><mark>is</mark></a>also a dark brown edged with a narrow band of pale cinnamon . It <a href='drop_aux' title='12'><mark>is</mark></a>barely shorter than the wing and slightly rounded . The bird <a href='null_genetive' title='13'><mark>'s</mark></a>bill <a href='drop_aux' title='14'><mark>is</mark></a>black , broad , and triangular with a slightly paler base and about half the length of the its head . The legs <a href='drop_aux' title='15'><mark>are</mark></a>a dark gray and end with large , curved , and sharp claws . It <a href='got' title='16'><mark>has</mark></a> an orange mouth and a brown eye . The juvenile <a href='drop_aux' title='17'><mark>is</mark></a>similar to the adult , although the tail <a href='got' title='18'><mark>has</mark></a> a broad band of pale cinnamon .

The flammulated flycatcher approximately 6 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 15 @-@ 16 @.@ 5 cm ) in length and got a chunky body . Adult males and females similar in plumage , wid each possessing olive to a worn gray @-@ brown upperparts and head . A whitish supraloral stripe and crescent r behind the bird eyes . It also got a dusky lore . The throat whitish and the chest a pale gray with inconspicuous dusky streaking , while the belly and undertail coverts a pale yellow . Additionally , this species have dark brown , well @-@ rounded wings wwpale cinnamon @-@ edged coverts and remiges . The wings about 3 inches ( 76 mm ) long . The tail also a dark brown edged with a narrow band of pale cinnamon . It barely shorter den the wing and slightly rounded . da bird bill black , broad , and triangular with a slightly paler base and abt half tdalength of thdats head . The legs a dark gray and end with large , curved , and sharp claws . It got an orange mouth and a brown eye . The juvenile similar to the adult , although thedail got a broad band of pale cinnamon .

= = = Vocalization = = =

= = = Vocalization = = =

= = = Vocalization = = =

The flammulated flycatcher mostly sings from April to August , which includes its breeding season , and tends to remain hidden while singing . The song of the flycatcher is a plaintive whistle followed by a short but quick roll . It can also give a plaintive and slurred chew call , which is often sung three to five times in a descending series , as well as a squeaky chatter . Calls are the same for males and females and are given throughout the day to give a location , identify an individual , sound an alarm , and mark the limits of a territory , among other functions . During the breeding season , males give what is known as a dawn song every morning , which includes the calls chee @-@ bee beet and churr @-@ r @-@ r @-@ bee bee in alternation .

The flammulated flycatcher mostly sings from April to August , which <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>includes</mark></a> its breeding season , and <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>tends</mark></a> to remain hidden while singing . The song of the flycatcher <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a plaintive whistle followed by a short but quick roll . It can also give a plaintive and slurred chew call , which is often sung three to five times in a descending series , as well as a squeaky chatter . Calls <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>the same for males and females and are given throughout the day to give a location , identify an individual , sound an alarm , and mark the limits of a territory , among other functions . During the breeding season , males give what is known as a dawn song every morning , which <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>includes</mark></a> the calls chee @-@ bee beet and churr @-@ r @-@ r @-@ bee bee in alternation .

Da flammulated flycatcher mostly sings from April to August , which include its breeding season , and tend to remain hidden while singing . The song of tdaflycatcher a plaintive whistle followed by a short but quick roll . It can also give a plaintive and slurred chew call , which is often sung three to five times in a descending series , as well as a squeaky chatter . Calls thdaame for males and females and are given throughout the day to give a location , identify an individual , sound an alarm , and mark thedamits of a territory , among other functions . During the daeding season , males give what is known as a dawn song every mornin , which include the calls chee @-@ bee beet and churr @-@ r @-@ r @-@ bee bee in alternation .

= = Distribution and habitat = =

= = Distribution and habitat = =

= = Distribution and habitat = =

This flycatcher is endemic to the Pacific lowlands of Mexico 's western coast from Sinaloa to western Chiapas , while possibly extending into Guatemala , although this has not been confirmed . The total area that it lives in is estimated to be 66 @,@ 000 km2 ( 25 @,@ 482 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . Its range is discontinuous and it is found in low densities when present . It lives in dry deciduous forest , arid and semi @-@ arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland at about 1000 – 1400 meters ( 3280 – 4593 ft ) above sea level . This species is non @-@ migratory .

This flycatcher <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>endemic to the Pacific lowlands of Mexico <a href='null_genetive' title='2'><mark>'s</mark></a>western coast from Sinaloa to western Chiapas , while possibly extending into Guatemala , although this <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>has</mark></a> not been confirmed . The total area that it <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>lives</mark></a> in is estimated to be 66 @,@ 000 km2 ( 25 @,@ 482 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . Its range <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>is</mark></a>discontinuous and it is found in low densities when present . It <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>lives</mark></a> in dry deciduous forest , arid and semi @-@ arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland at about 1000 – 1400 meters ( 3280 – 4593 ft ) above sea level . This species <a href='drop_aux' title='7'><mark>is</mark></a>non @-@ migratory .

Dis flycatcher endemic to the Pacific lowlands of Mexico western coast from Sinaloa to western Chiapas , while possibly extending into Guatemala , although tdisdone not been confirmed . The total area that it live in is estimated to be 66 @,@ 000 km2 ( 25 @,@ 482 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . Its range discontinuous and it is found in low densities when present . It live in dry deciduous forest , arid and semi @-@ arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland at about 1000 – 1400 meters ( 3280 – 4593 ft ) above sea level . Thdispecies non @-@ migratory .

= = = Status = = =

= = = Status = = =

= = = Status = = =

The flammulated flycatcher is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and the belief that the total population numbers over 10 @,@ 000 individuals ; however , no precise estimate on the bird 's population exists . While the species is known to be uncommon in parts of its range , its population is not believed to be declining enough to pass the threshold of 30 % in ten years or three generations necessary to be listed as near threatened , although the exact population trends also have not been quantified .

The flammulated flycatcher is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and the belief that the total population numbers over 10 @,@ 000 individuals ; however , no precise estimate on the bird <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>population <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>exists</mark></a> . While the species is known to be uncommon in parts of its range , its population is not believed to be declining enough to pass the threshold of 30 % in ten years or three generations necessary to be listed as near threatened , although the exact population trends also <a href='been_done' title='3'><mark>have</mark></a> not been quantified .

Da flammulated flycatcher is listed as being of least concern on tdaIUCN Red List due to its bigass range and thdaelief dat the total population numbers over 10 @,@ 000 individuals ; however , no precise estimate on the bird population exist . While thedaecies is known to b uncommon in parts of its range , its population ain't believed to be declining enough to pass the threshold of 30 % in ten years or three generations necessary to be listed as near threatened , although the dact population trends also done not been quantified .

= = Ecology and behavior = =

= = Ecology and behavior = =

= = Ecology and behavior = =

This flycatcher is a sluggish and skulking species that usually remains in the underbrush . When excited either by an intruder or when attempting to attract a mate , this species raises the feathers on its crown to form what appears to be a crest ; however , unlike the closely related genus Myiarchus , it does not bob its head while displaying the crest .

This flycatcher <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>a sluggish and skulking species <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>usually <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>remains</mark></a> in the underbrush . When excited either by an intruder or when attempting to attract a mate , this species <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>raises</mark></a> the feathers on its crown to form what <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>appears</mark></a> to be a crest ; however , unlike the closely related genus Myiarchus , it <a href='uninflect' title='6'><mark>does</mark></a> not bob its head while displaying the crest .

This flycatcher a sluggish and skulking species usually remain in the underbrush . When excited either by an intruder or when attempting to attract a mate , dis species raise da feathers on its crown to form what appear to be a crest ; however , unlike the closely related genus Myiarchus , it do not bob its head while displaying tdacrest .

= = = Feeding = = =

= = = Feeding = = =

= = = Feeding = = =

The flammulated flycatcher forages by perching on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey , which primarily consists of insects . Once it spots a potential meal , the flycatcher rapidly and directly flies at the insect , which is normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or twig . It hovers briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch .

The flammulated flycatcher forages by perching on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey , which primarily <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>consists</mark></a> of insects . Once it <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>spots</mark></a> a potential meal , the flycatcher rapidly and directly <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>flies</mark></a> at the insect , which <a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>is</mark></a>normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or twig . It <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>hovers</mark></a> briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch .

The flammulated flycatcher forages by perching on an open branch and lookin outward and downward for prey , which primarily consist of roaches . Once it spot a potential meal , the flycatcher rapidly and directly fly at da insect , which normally on tdaexposed upper surface of a leaf or twig . It hover briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch .

= = = Reproduction = = =

= = = Reproduction = = =

= = = Reproduction = = =

The flycatcher breeds around June of each year . It nests in shallow tree cavities that are surprisingly close to the ground , at approximately 90 centimeters above it . The nest is shaped like a cup and is composed of fine vegetable fibers , dried leaves , and shredded bark . Unlike the similar Myiarchus flycatchers , it does not use snakeskin or other materials to build its nest . The female lays three eggs that are creamy to pinkish in color and are decorated with brown and gray splotches .

The flycatcher <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>breeds</mark></a> around June of each year . It <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>nests</mark></a> in shallow tree cavities <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>surprisingly close to the ground , at approximately 90 centimeters above it . The nest is shaped like a cup and is composed of fine vegetable fibers , dried leaves , and shredded bark . Unlike the similar Myiarchus flycatchers , it <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>does</mark></a> not use snakeskin or other materials to build its nest . The female lays three eggs <a href='null_relcl' title='6'><mark>that</mark></a>are creamy to pinkish in color and are decorated with brown and gray splotches .

The flycatcher breed around June of each year . It nest in shallow tree cavities surprisingly close to the ground , at approximately 90 centimeters above it . da nest is shaped like a cup and is composed of fine vegetable fibers , dried leaves , and shredded bark . Unlike the similar Myiarchus flycatchers , it do not use snakeskin or other materials to build its nest . Tdafemale lays three eggs are creamy to pinkish in color and are decorated with brown and gray splotches .

= Ontario Highway 89 =

= Ontario Highway 89 =

= Ontario Highway 89 =

King 's Highway 89 , commonly referred to as Highway 89 , is an east – west provincially maintained highway in the southwestern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario , stretching 107 kilometres ( 66 mi ) from the junction of Highway 9 and Highway 23 in Harriston in the west , to Highway 400 just east of Cookstown in the east . The principal urban centres along the highway include Alliston , Shelburne and Mount Forest . Outside of these towns , the highway travels through rural farmland across a large part of southwestern Ontario .

King <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>Highway 89 , commonly referred to as Highway 89 , <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>an east – west provincially maintained highway in the southwestern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario , stretching 107 kilometres ( 66 mi ) from the junction of Highway 9 and Highway 23 in Harriston in the west , to Highway 400 just east of Cookstown in the east . The principal urban centres along the highway include Alliston , Shelburne and Mount Forest . Outside of these towns , the highway <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>travels</mark></a> through rural farmland across a large part of southwestern Ontario .

King Highway 89 , commonly referred to as Highway 89 , an east – west provincially maintained highway in da southwestern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario , stretching 107 kilometres ( 66 mi ) from tdajunction of Highway 9 and Highway 23 in Harriston in thdaest , to Highway 400 jus east of Cookstown in the east . Thedaincipal urban centres along the dahway include Alliston , Shelburne and Mount Forest . Outside of these towns , the highway travel through rural farmland across a bigass part of southwestern Ontario .

Highway 89 was established in 1937 as a result of the rerouting of Highway 9 between Orangeville and Highway 27 . In 1963 , the route was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . Plans were conceived during the late 1970s to push the highway further east to Highway 12 via Ravenshoe Road , resulting in a brief extension to Highway 11 . However , environmental protest over the chosen route through the Holland Marsh resulted in the cancellation of plans in 1986 . In 1997 , the section between Highway 400 and Highway 11 was decommissioned . The most recent change to the route took place in 2003 , when the section of Highway 89 between Palmerston and Harriston was renumbered as part of Highway 23 , creating a shared terminus at a junction with Highway 9 .

Highway 89 was established in 1937 as a result of the rerouting of Highway 9 between Orangeville and Highway 27 . In 1963 , the route was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . Plans <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> conceived during the late 1970s to push the highway further east to Highway 12 via Ravenshoe Road , resulting in a brief extension to Highway 11 . However , environmental protest over the chosen route through the Holland Marsh resulted in the cancellation of plans in 1986 . In 1997 , the section between Highway 400 and Highway 11 was decommissioned . The most recent change to the route took place in 2003 , when the section of Highway 89 between Palmerston and Harriston was renumbered as part of Highway 23 , creating a shared terminus at a junction with Highway 9 .

Highway 89 was established in 1937 as a result of da rerouting of Highway 9 between Orangeville and Highway 27 . In 1963 , tdaroute was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . Plans was conceived during the late 1970s to push the highway further east to Highway 12 via Ravenshoe Road , resulting in a brief extension to Highway 11 . However , environmental protest over thdahosen route through thedalland Marsh resulted in the dacellation of plans in 1986 . In 1997 , the sdaion between Highway 400 and Highway 11 was decommissioned . The modarecent change to the roudatook place in 2003 , when the section of Highway 89 between Palmerston and Harriston was renumbered as part of Highway 23 , creating a shared terminus at a junction with Highway 9 .

= = Route description = =

= = Route description = =

= = Route description = =

The route forms the main streets of several of the small towns that dot the highway east to west , namely Cookstown , Alliston and Shelburne . The highway also forms the backbone of many small villages and hamlets between the larger centres , such as Conn , Keldon , Primrose , Violet Hill , Rosemont and Nicolston .

The route <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>forms</mark></a> the main streets of several of the small towns <a href='null_relcl' title='2'><mark>that</mark></a>dot the highway east to west , namely Cookstown , Alliston and Shelburne . The highway also <a href='uninflect' title='3'><mark>forms</mark></a> the backbone of many small villages and hamlets between the larger centres , such as Conn , Keldon , Primrose , Violet Hill , Rosemont and Nicolston .

The route form da main streets of several of tdasmall towns dot the highway east to west , namely Cookstown , Alliston and Shelburne . The highway also form the backbone of many small villages and hamlets between the larger centres , such as Conn , Keldon , Primrose , Violet Hill , Rosemont and Nicolston .

The highway formerly continued past its current eastern terminus at Highway 400 to Yonge Street , formerly Highway 11 , in the hamlet of Fennell . This section is now numbered as Simcoe County Route 3 and known locally as Shore Acres Drive . The highway also continued past its current western terminus in Harriston , taking the route to Palmerston that is now numbered as Highway 23 .

The highway formerly continued past its current eastern terminus at Highway 400 to Yonge Street , formerly Highway 11 , in the hamlet of Fennell . This section is now numbered as Simcoe County Route 3 and known locally as Shore Acres Drive . The highway also continued past its current western terminus in Harriston , taking the route to Palmerston <a href='null_relcl' title='1'><mark>that</mark></a>is now numbered as Highway 23 .

Da highway formerly continued past its current eastern terminus at Highway 400 to Yonge Street , formerly Highway 11 , in tdahamlet of Fennell . This section is now numbered as Simcoe County Route 3 and known locally as Shore Acres Drive . The highway also continued past its current western terminus in Harriston , taking the route to Palmerston is now numbered as Highway 23 .

The highway mostly runs through farmland and small communities , although the route does pass by Earl Rowe Provincial Park and the Honda car manufacturing plant in the Alliston area . Other parks and natural areas that are close to the route are Boyne Valley Provincial Park and Mono Cliffs Provincial Park , both of which are located on the Niagara Escarpment . Further west is the Luther Marsh Conservation Area , a vast wilderness area that surrounds Luther Lake .

The highway mostly <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>runs</mark></a> through farmland and small communities , although the route <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>does</mark></a> pass by Earl Rowe Provincial Park and the Honda car manufacturing plant in the Alliston area . Other parks and natural areas <a href='null_relcl' title='3'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='drop_aux' title='4'><mark>are</mark></a>close to the route <a href='drop_aux' title='5'><mark>are</mark></a>Boyne Valley Provincial Park and Mono Cliffs Provincial Park , both of which are located on the Niagara Escarpment . Further west <a href='drop_aux' title='6'><mark>is</mark></a>the Luther Marsh Conservation Area , a vast wilderness area <a href='null_relcl' title='7'><mark>that</mark></a><a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>surrounds</mark></a> Luther Lake .

The highway mostly run thru farmland and small communities , although the route do pass by Earl Rowe Provincial Park and the Honda whip manufacturing plant in the Alliston area . Other parks and natural areas close to da route Boyne Valley Provincial Park and Mono Cliffs Provincial Park , both of which r located on the Niagara Escarpment . Further west tdaLuther Marsh Conservation Area , a vast wilderness area surround Luther Lake .

= = History = =

= = History = =

= = History = =

Highway 89 was created out of a highway rerouting in the late 1930s . Originally , it formed the routing of Highway 9 , which until then turned north at Orangeville , travelling concurrently with Highway 10 , then turning east to Cookstown . On February 10 , 1937 , Highway 9 was rerouted along its present course east of Orangeville . By 1938 , Highway 89 was designated along the former route of Highway 9 .

Highway 89 was created out of a highway rerouting in the late 1930s . Originally , it formed the routing of Highway 9 , which until then turned north at Orangeville , travelling concurrently with Highway 10 , then turning east to Cookstown . On February 10 , 1937 , Highway 9 was rerouted along its present course east of Orangeville . By 1938 , Highway 89 was designated along the former route of Highway 9 .

Highway 89 was created outt of a highway rerouting in da late 1930s . Originally , it formed the routing of Highway 9 , which until then turned north at Orangeville , travelling concurrently witt Highway 10 , then turning east to Cookstown . On February 10 , 1937 , Highway 9 was rerouted along its present course east of Orangeville . By 1938 , Highway 89 was designated along tdaformer route of Highway 9 .

Highway 89 remained as @-@ is until the early 1960s , when it was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . On April 1 , 1963 , the highway was assumed through the counties of Dufferin , Grey and Wellington . The section between Highway 27 and Highway 400 was assumed the following day .

Highway 89 remained as @-@ is until the early 1960s , when it was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . On April 1 , 1963 , the highway was assumed through the counties of Dufferin , Grey and Wellington . The section between Highway 27 and Highway 400 was assumed the following day .

Highway 89 remained as @-@ is till the early 1960s , when it was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . On April 1 , 1963 , da highway was assumed thru tdacounties of Dufferin , Grey and Wellington . The section between Highway 27 and Highway 400 was assumed thdaollowing day .

During the mid @-@ 1970s , Highway 89 was extended east to Highway 11 at Fennell . This section was eventually returned to the jurisdiction of Simcoe County on April 1 , 1997 . During the spring of 2003 , the MTO renumbered several highways to improve route continuity . Among these was the renumbering of a section of Highway 89 between Harriston and Palmerston . The result of this renumbering was a shared terminus between Highway 89 and Highway 23 at an intersection with Highway 9 .

During the mid @-@ 1970s , Highway 89 was extended east to Highway 11 at Fennell . This section was eventually returned to the jurisdiction of Simcoe County on April 1 , 1997 . During the spring of 2003 , the MTO renumbered several highways to improve route continuity . Among these was the renumbering of a section of Highway 89 between Harriston and Palmerston . The result of this renumbering was a shared terminus between Highway 89 and Highway 23 at an intersection with Highway 9 .

Durin da mid @-@ 1970s , Highway 89 was extended east to Highway 11 at Fennell . dis section was eventually returned to tdajurisdiction of Simcoe County on April 1 , 1997 . Ddurinthe spring of 2003 , the MTO renumbered several highways to improve route continuity . Among dese was thdaenumbering of a section of Highway 89 between Harriston and Palmerston . The result of this renumbering was a shared terminus between Highway 89 and Highway 23 at an intersection with Highway 9 .

= = = Extension to Highway 12 = = =

= = = Extension to Highway 12 = = =

= = = Extension to Highway 12 = = =

During the late 1970s , plans arose to create a new highway link on the south side of Lake Simcoe to connect Highway 400 and Highway 12 . The route for this extension was announced on June 30 , 1978 . It was to follow 11th Line from Highway 400 east to the Holland Marsh , where it would cross towards the northeast onto the alignment of Ravenshoe Road ( York Road 32 ) . The extension would traverse the length of Ravenshoe Road to Lakeridge Road ( Durham Road 23 ) , where it would zig @-@ zag onto Concession Road 7 to end immediately north of Sunderland . However , heavy environmental protests ensued over the chosen route through the marsh . Consequently , then Transportation Minister Ed Fulton officially cancelled the extension on April 21 , 1986 . The proposal has since been reborn as the Bradford Bypass .

During the late 1970s , plans arose to create a new highway link on the south side of Lake Simcoe to connect Highway 400 and Highway 12 . The route for this extension was announced on June 30 , 1978 . It was to follow 11th Line from Highway 400 east to the Holland Marsh , where it would cross towards the northeast onto the alignment of Ravenshoe Road ( York Road 32 ) . The extension would traverse the length of Ravenshoe Road to Lakeridge Road ( Durham Road 23 ) , where it would zig @-@ zag onto Concession Road 7 to end immediately north of Sunderland . However , heavy environmental protests ensued over the chosen route through the marsh . Consequently , then Transportation Minister Ed Fulton officially <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>cancelled</mark></a> the extension on April 21 , 1986 . The proposal <a href='been_done' title='2'><mark>has</mark></a> since been reborn as the Bradford Bypass .

During the late 1970s , plans arose to create a new highway link on da south side of Lake Simcoe to connect Highway 400 and Highway 12 . The route fir dis extension was announced on June 30 , 1978 . It was to follow 11th Line from Highway 400 east to tdaHolland Marsh , where it would cross towards the northeast onto thdalignment of Ravenshoe Road ( York Road 32 ) . The extension would traverse the length of Ravenshoe Road to Lakeridge Road ( Durham Road 23 ) , where it would zig @-@ zag onto Concession Road 7 to end immediately north of Sunderland . However , heavy environmental protests ensued ova thedaosen route through the dash . Consequently , then Transportation Minister Ed Fulton officially canceled the extension on April 21 , 1986 . The proposal done since been reborn as the Bdaford Bypass .

= = Major intersections = =

= = Major intersections = =

= = Major intersections = =

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 89 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .

The following table <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>lists</mark></a> the major junctions along Highway 89 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .

Da following table list tdamajor junctions along Highway 89 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .

= Luke Smith ( writer ) =

= Luke Smith ( writer ) =

= Luke Smith ( writer ) =

Luke Michael Smith is an American writer . He is a staff member at Bungie , a video game development company , and is a former video games journalist . Smith wrote for a college newspaper and weekly papers in Michigan before being hired as one of the first new freelance writers for Kotaku . At Kotaku , Smith developed his writing style but soon left the site for a staff position as 1UP.com 's news editor . Smith made a name for himself at 1UP , particularly through an article he wrote focusing on problems with the game Halo 2 .

Luke Michael Smith <a href='drop_aux' title='1'><mark>is</mark></a>an American writer . He <a href='drop_aux' title='2'><mark>is</mark></a>a staff member at Bungie , a video game development company , and <a href='drop_aux' title='3'><mark>is</mark></a>a former video games journalist . Smith wrote for a college newspaper and weekly papers in Michigan before being hired as one of the first new freelance writers for Kotaku . At Kotaku , Smith developed his writing style but soon left the site for a staff position as 1UP.com <a href='null_genetive' title='4'><mark>'s</mark></a>news editor . Smith made a name for himself at 1UP , particularly through an article he wrote focusing on problems with the game Halo 2 .

Luke Michael Smith an American writer . He a staff member at Bungie , a video game development company , and a former video games journalist . Smith wrote fir a college newspaper and weekly papers in Michigan b4 being hired as one of da first new freelance writers for Kotaku . At Kotaku , Smith developed his writing style but soon left the site for a staff position as 1UP.com news editor . Smith made a name for himself at 1UP , particularly through an article he wrote focusing on problems witt the game Halo 2 .

Smith was known for his direct approach to game journalism and scathing criticism of the video game industry . During his time at 1UP the site developed a greater profile and stepped out of its sister publication 's shadow , but Smith grew frustrated with the contemporary state of gaming news and what he considered manipulation of journalists and readers into accepting promotional material as news . In April 2007 he left 1UP to become a Bungie writer and co @-@ host of the developer 's podcast .

Smith was known for his direct approach to game journalism and scathing criticism of the video game industry . During his time at 1UP the site developed a greater profile and stepped out of its sister publication <a href='null_genetive' title='1'><mark>'s</mark></a>shadow , but Smith grew frustrated with the contemporary state of gaming news and what he considered manipulation of journalists and readers into accepting promotional material as news . In April 2007 he left 1UP to become a Bungie writer and <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>co</mark></a> @-@ host of the developer <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>podcast .

Smith was known for his direct approach to game journalism and scathing criticism of the video game industry . durin his time at 1UP da site developed a greater profile and stepped out of its sister publication shadow , but Smith grew frustrated w the contemporary state of gaming news and what he considered manipulation of journalists and readers into accepting promotional material as news . In April 2007 he left 1UP to become a Bungie writer and coed @-@ host of the developer podcast .

= = Early career = =

= = Early career = =

= = Early career = =

Smith gradually entered into game journalism while working on an English Literature degree at the University of Michigan , writing about media in the college newspaper . After graduation , he worked for weekly papers in Dearborn and Detroit , Michigan , including Real Detroit Weekly .

Smith gradually entered into game journalism while working on an English Literature degree at the University of Michigan , writing about media in the college newspaper . After graduation , he worked for weekly papers in Dearborn and Detroit , Michigan , including Real Detroit Weekly .

Smith gradually entered into game journalism while working on an English Literature degree at the University of Michigan , writing about media in the college newspaper . After graduation , he worked fir weekly papers in Dearborn and Detroit , Michigan , including Real Detroit Weekly .

Clive Thompson , a games writer with Slate , interacted with Smith over AOL Instant Messenger and the two began to bounce ideas off of each other for their respective writing projects ; when games blog Kotaku started to expand from one writer ( founder Brian Crecente ) , Thompson recommended Smith . Smith credits his time at Kotaku for helping him come into his own , develop his style and learn about attribution and citing sources , but he left after a short period of time . " At the time stories ( on Kotaku ) were unsigned . Kotaku was like the Brian Crecente vision . If I posted something or [ fellow writer Brian Ashcraft ] did people thought [ Crecente ] did . Also , there was no health insurance , it was just full @-@ time freelance . "

Clive Thompson , a games writer with Slate , interacted with Smith over AOL Instant Messenger and the two began to bounce ideas off of each other for their respective writing projects ; when games blog Kotaku started to expand from one writer ( founder Brian Crecente ) , Thompson recommended Smith . Smith <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>credits</mark></a> his time at Kotaku for helping him come into his own , develop his style and learn about attribution and citing sources , but he left after a short period of time . " At the time stories ( on Kotaku ) <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> unsigned . Kotaku was like the Brian Crecente vision . If I posted something or [ fellow writer Brian Ashcraft ] did people thought [ Crecente ] did . Also , <a href='dey_it' title='3'><mark>there</mark></a> was no health insurance , it was just full @-@ time freelance . "

Clive Thompson , a games writer wit Slate , interacted with Smith over AOL Instant Messenger and the two began to bounce ideas off of each other fir their respective writing projects ; when games blog Kotaku started to expand from one writer ( founder Brian Crecente ) , Thompson recommended Smith . Smith credit his time at Kotaku for helpin him come into his own , develop his style and learn about attribution and citing sources , but he left after a short period of time . " At da time stories ( on Kotaku ) was unsigned . Kotaku was like tdaBrian Crecente vision . If I posted sumin or [ fellow writer Brian Ashcraft ] did bitches thought [ Crecente ] did . Also , it was no health insurance , it was just full @-@ time freelance . "