Datasets:

max-long

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textiles_combined_ner_4_oct

like 0

['288', '(', '376', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Meagre', 'as', 'the', 'foregoing', 'particulars', 'are', 'they', 'will', 'serve', 'as', 'types', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'manager', 'may', 'start', 'upon', 'an', 'exploration', 'into', 'the', 'many', 'fascinating', 'points', 'dealt', 'with', 'in', 'this', 'chapter.', 'In', 'Fig.', '82', 'a', 'typical', 'English', 'spinning', 'shed', 'is', 'illus-', 'trated.', 'This', 'plan', 'and', 'the', 'arrangements', 'of', 'the', 'machines', 'should', 'be', 'very', 'carefully', 'studied', 'as', 'typical.', 'Many', 'most', 'important', 'points', 'are', 'here', 'illustrated', 'which', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'referred', 'to', 'at', 'length', 'in', 'the', 'text.', 'In', 'Fig.', '83', 'a', 'shed', 'equipped', 'with', 'French', 'drawing', 'and', 'half', 'ring', 'and', 'half', 'mule', 'spinning', 'is', 'shown.', 'The', 'details', 'of', 'the', 'drawing machines', 'are', 'continued', 'in', 'the', 'table', 'on', 'the', 'previous', 'page.', '288']

[[104, 104, 'Textile Machinery']]

['292', '(', '380', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '»', 'twist', 'of', 'such', 'a', 'diagram', 'as', 'Fig.', '84', ',', 'specially', 'designed', 'by', 'Mr.', 'King', ',', 'of', 'the', 'Bradford', 'Technical', 'College.', 'This', 'judgment', 'may', 'be', 'aided', 'by', 'the', 'following', 'recorded', 'experiments', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Lustre', 'yarn', 'twists—5°', 'to', '12°.', '(', '6', ')', 'Hosiery', 'worsted', 'twists—12°', 'to', '15º.', '(', 'c', ')', 'Normal', 'worsted', 'and', 'soft', 'woollen', 'twists-', '15°', 'to', '20°', '(', 'd', ')', 'Normal', 'woollen', 'twists—20°', 'to', '25°.', '(', 'e', ')', 'Twist', 'for', 'greatest', 'strength—221°', 'to', '25°.', '(', ')', 'Twist', 'for', 'voiles', ',', 'crépons', ',', 'etc.-30°', 'to', '45°.', '2.', 'Insight', 'as', 'to', 'the', 'effect', 'upon', 'the', 'fibre', 'angle', 'of', 'the', 'folding', 'twist', 'inserted.', 'Thus', ',', 'as', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '85', ',', 'there', 'are', 'six', 'possibilities', 'in', 'twisting', 'twofold', 'yarns', ',', 'of', 'which', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'are', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Converse', 'twist-usually', '“', 'balanced', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'twofolding', 'just', 'balances', 'the', 'single', 'twist', ',', 'the', 'result', 'being', 'that', 'this', 'yarn', 'comes', 'directly', 'from', 'the', 'spinning frame', 'in', 'a', 'straight', ',', 'non-kinking', 'state', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Straight', 'fibre', 'twist', '—', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'two-', 'folding', 'twist', 'just', 'neutralizes', 'the', 'single', 'twist', ',', 'bringing', 'the', 'fibres', 'longitudinally', 'in', 'the', 'thread.', 'This', 'appears', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'best', 'all-', 'round', 'twist', ',', 'and', 'is', 'suitable', 'not', 'only', 'for', 'worsted', 'yarns', ',', 'but', 'also', 'for', 'thick', 'ropes', 'and', 'wire', 'cables', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Concurrent', 'twist-in', 'which', 'the', 'twofolding', 'twist', 'more', 'than', 'neutralizes', 'the', 'single', 'twist', ',', 'both', 'fibre', 'angle', 'and', 'twist', 'angle', 'being', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'direction.', 'These', 'three', 'twists', 'may', 'be', 'defined', 'numerically', 'as', 'follows', ':', '--', '292']

[[163, 163, 'Textile Machinery']]

['307', '(', '399', ')', '1', 'CHAPTER', 'XIII', 'PROCESSES', 'SUBSEQUENT', 'TO', 'TWISTING', 'deco', 'THE', 'yarns', 'spun', 'may', 'be', 'required', 'for', 'the', 'following', 'purposes', '-', 'I.', 'For', 'warp', ';', '2.', 'For', 'weft', ';', '3.', 'For', 'hosiery or knitting machines', ';', '4.', 'For', 'export', ';', '5.', 'For', 'dyeing.', 'The', 'various', 'points', 'involved', 'in', 'each', 'of', 'the', 'foregoing', 'requirements', 'are', 'worthy', 'of', 'careful', 'consideration.', '1.', 'For', 'Warp.-Yarns', 'for', 'warps', 'may', 'be', 'delivered', 'in', 'the', 'following', 'forms', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'On', 'double-headed bobbins', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'On', 'cheeses', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'In', 'chain', 'form-sized', 'or', 'unsized', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'On', 'the', 'loom beam', 'or', 'American', '“spool”-sized', 'or', 'unsized.', 'The', 'double-headed bobbin-save', 'when', 'the', 'yarn', 'may', 'be', 'warped', 'directly', 'from', 'the', 'bobbin', 'upon', 'which', 'it', 'has', 'been', 'spun', 'or', 'twisted-is', 'a', 'thing', 'of', 'the', 'past', ',', 'the', 'cheese', 'having', 'almost', 'entirely', 'taken', 'its', 'place.', 'Warps', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'from', 'cheeses', ',', 'each', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'build', ',', 'and', 'containing', 'the', 'same', 'number', 'of', 'yards', ',', 'thus', 'ensuring', 'all', 'running', 'off', 'together', 'and', 'regular', 'tension', 'throughout.', 'Under', 'no', 'circumstances', 'should', 'cheeses', 'be', 'ditioned.”', 'Defects', 'arising', 'from', 'such', 'conditioning', 'are', 'innumerable.', 'They', 'may', 'be', 'hidden', 'as', 'warp', 'but', 'will', 'cer-', 'tainly', 'show', 'as', 'weft.', 'Far', 'better', 'invoice', 'the', 'additional', 'con-', '307']

[[33, 33, 'Textile Machinery'], [75, 75, 'Textile Machinery'], [81, 81, 'Textile Machinery'], [97, 97, 'Textile Machinery'], [104, 104, 'Textile Machinery']]

['308', '(', '400', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '重', '\u200bpercentage', 'of', 'water', 'which', 'is', 'allowable', 'under', 'trade', 'regu-', 'lations.', 'No', 'irregular', 'exposure', 'of', 'cheeses', 'even', 'to', 'sun-', 'light', 'should', 'be', 'possible', 'under', 'any', 'conditions', 'whatever.', 'If', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'delivered', 'in', 'chain', 'form', 'it', 'may', 'be', '"', 'chained', '”', 'direct', 'from', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'warping', 'systems', ';', 'or', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'first', 'sized', 'full', 'width', 'and', 'then', '“', 'chained', '”', ';', 'or', 'it', 'may', 'be', '“chained', '”', 'and', 'then', 'sized', ',', 'and', 'dried', 'in', 'as', 'opened', 'a', 'state', 'as', 'possible.', 'Under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'the', 'definition', 'of', 'warping', 'should', 'be', 'borne', 'in', 'mind', ',', 'viz', ',', 'a', 'definite', 'number', 'of', 'threads', ',', 'each', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'ten-', 'sion', ',', 'in', 'a', 'definite', 'order', ',', 'and', 'of', 'a', 'definite', 'length.', 'If', 'sized', 'there', 'will', 'be', 'the', 'additional', 'condition-regularly', 'sized', 'with', 'an', 'efficient', 'agent', 'and', 'each', 'thread', 'separated', 'from', 'its', 'neighbour.', 'If', 'yarns', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'delivered', 'on', 'the', 'loom beam', 'all', 'the', 'foregoing', 'particulars', 'may', 'be', 'desired', 'with', 'the', 'additional', 'conditions', '“', 'dressed', 'to', 'the', 'required', 'width', ',', 'regularly', 'wound', 'and', 'tightly', 'tensioned', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'loom beam', 'with', 'equal', 'tension', 'from', 'list', 'to', 'list”', 'and', 'with', 'an', 'end', 'and', 'end', 'lease', 'for', 'drawing', 'or', 'twisting-in', 'purposes.', '2.', 'For', 'Weft.Some', 'yarns', 'are', 'so', 'delicate', 'that', 'they', 'will', 'not', 'stand', 'winding', ';', 'these', 'must', 'be', 'spun', 'on', 'to', 'spools', ',', 'paper', 'tubes', ',', 'or', 'cannettes', ',', 'such', 'fitting', 'perfectly', 'the', 'shuttles', 'of', 'the', 'looms', 'which', 'must', 'weave', 'them.', 'If', ',', 'however', ',', 'yarns', 'will', 'stand', 'winding', ',', 'it', 'may', 'pay', 'to', 'wind', ',', 'as', 'irregularities', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'out', 'and', 'the', 'yarn', 'from', 'about', 'three', 'spinning', 'spools', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'one', 'shuttle', 'spool', '-', 'thus', 'markedly', 'reducing', 'the', 'loom', 'stoppages', 'and', 'increasing', 'the', 'weaving', 'efficiency.', 'Under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'care', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'never', 'to', 'mix', 'wound', 'and', 'unwound', 'spools', ',', 'there', 'is', 'a', '"', 'direction', 'of', 'the', 'fibre', 'on', 'every', 'yarn', ',', 'and', 'to', 'weave', 'alternate', 'spools', 'wound', 'and', 'unwound—will', 'inevitably', 'result', 'in', 'a', '“', 'weft-', 'barred', '"', 'unsaleable', 'piece.', 'There', 'are', 'two', 'reasons', 'for', 'winding', 'which', 'should', 'not', 'be', 'overlooked.', 'In', 'woollen', '308']

[[158, 158, 'Textile Machinery'], [185, 185, 'Textile Machinery'], [225, 225, 'Textile Machinery'], [231, 231, 'Textile Machinery'], [240, 240, 'Textile Machinery'], [285, 285, 'Textile Machinery'], [305, 305, 'Textile Machinery'], [323, 323, 'Textile Machinery']]

['309', '(', '401', ')', 'RSTED', 'SPOT', 'PROGESSES', 'SUBSEQUENT', 'TO', 'TWISTING', 'mable', 'anderen', 'ci', 'che', 'ci', '5', 'conditions', 'in', 'chaic', 'his', 'sodale', 'be', 'borne', 'B', 'ch', 'at', 'the', 'e', 'dennite', 'hain', 'rian-', 'e', 'loom', 'de', 'sired', 'rig', 'spinning', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'desirable', 'to', 'wind', 'warp', 'or', 'weft', 'into', 'cop', 'form', ',', 'thus', 'saving', 'the', 'changing', 'of', 'the', 'shaper-rail', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'as', 'between', 'warp', 'and', 'weft', ',', 'and', 'also', 'saving', 'tare.', 'Again', ',', 'the', 'question', 'of', 'winding', 'or', 'not', 'may', 'depend', 'upon', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'loom', '-or', 'rather', 'upon', 'the', 'type', 'of', '“pick', '"', 'and', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'shuttle-box', 'With', 'a', 'hard', 'pick', 'and', 'a', 'short', 'shuttle-box', 'it', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'prevent', 'softly', 'wound', 'spools', 'from', '“sluffing', ',', '"', 'i.e.', 'the', 'yarn', 'shooting', 'off', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'as', 'the', 'shuttle', 'is', 'brought', 'too', 'suddenly', 'to', 'rest.', 'This', 'difficulty', ',', 'however', ',', 'would', 'not', 'arise', 'with', 'good', 'spinning', ',', 'a', 'slinging', '”', 'pick', ',', 'and', 'a', 'long', 'shuttle-box', 'and', 'checking', 'arrangement', 'to', 'bring', 'the', 'shuttle', 'slowly', 'to', 'rest.', '3.', 'For', 'Hosiery', 'or', 'Knitting', 'Machines.—Tests', 'carried', 'out', 'to', 'decide', 'the', 'relative', 'merits', 'of', 'the', 'different', 'systems', 'of', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', 'for', 'hosiery', 'yarns', 'have', 'shown-', '(', 'a', ')', 'that', 'there', 'does', 'seem', 'to', 'be', 'an', 'advantage', 'of', 'fullness', 'in', 'French', 'or', 'twistless', 'drawing', ';', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'little', 'or', 'no', 'difference', 'between', 'mule', ',', 'flyer', '(', 'special', 'construction', ')', 'and', 'ring', 'spinning.', 'Yet', 'hosiery', 'manufacturers', 'still', 'incline', 'to', 'the', 'mule-', 'spun', 'yarn.', 'The', 'probable', 'reasons', 'for', 'this', 'are-', '(', '1', ')', 'Less', 'loss', 'in', 'oil', ',', 'the', 'yarns', 'being', '“dry', '"', 'spun.', '(', '2', ')', 'Sometimes', 'more', 'perfect', 'workmanship', ',', 'and', '(', '3', ')', 'A', 'greater', 'length', 'spun', 'without', 'a', 'joining.', 'The', 'dire', 'results', 'of', 'knots', ',', 'slubs', 'and', 'bad', 'places', 'in', 'yarn', 'during', 'the', 'actual', 'knitting', 'operation', 'need', 'not', 'be', 'elaborated', 'upon—they', 'are', 'self-evident.', 'It', 'will', ',', 'there-', 'fore', ',', 'pay', 'the', 'hosiery', 'yarn', 'spinner', 'to', 'spin', 'his', 'yarns', 'as', 'perfectly', 'as', 'possible', ',', 'and', 'then', 'to', 'wind', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'conical-', 'shaped', 'cheese', 'of', 'large', 'diameter', 'so', 'strongly', 'favoured', 'in', 'the', 'hosiery', 'industry.', 'Many', 'hosiery', 'manufacturers', 'regard', 'the', 'perfect', 'building', 'up', 'of', 'the', 'cheeses', 'they', 'use', 'on', 'to', '>', 'ale', 'Hoon', '.', 'me.', 'army', '404', 'L.', '309']

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['310', '(', '402', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1', 'of', 'so', 'much', 'importance', 'that', 'they', 'prefer', 'to', 'do', 'this', 'winding', 'themselves', ',', 'and', 'plants', 'are', 'often', 'arranged', 'with', 'balanced', 'sets', 'of', 'winding', 'and', 'knitting', 'machines', 'alongside', 'one', 'another.', 'But', 'under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'the', 'hosiery', 'spinner', 'will', 'do', 'well', 'to', 'bear', 'in', 'mind', 'the', 'difficulties', 'of', 'knitting', ',', 'and', 'to', 'supply', 'the', 'hosiery', 'manu-', 'facturer', 'with', 'the', 'most', 'perfectly', 'spun', 'and', 'wound', 'yarn', 'possible.', '4.', 'For', 'Export.—The', 'fundamental', 'problem', 'here', 'is', 'the', 'tare”', 'account.', 'The', 'many', 'costs', 'incident', 'upon', 'exporting', 'yarns', 'on', 'bobbins', 'or', 'spools', 'practically', 'rule', 'out', 'these', 'methods', 'of', 'delivery.', 'For', 'the', 'home', 'trade', 'the', 'Spool Counting by Weighing machine', 'of', 'Messrs.', 'Avery', 'and', 'Co.', ',', 'is', 'strongly', 'to', 'be', 'commended.', 'The', 'idea', 'is', 'to', 'place', 'the', 'skep', ',', 'paper', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'on', 'the', 'platform', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'and', 'balance', '(', 'recording', 'the', 'weight', ')', ';', 'then', 'to', 'fill', 'the', 'skep', 'with', 'spools', 'and', 'weigh', 'these', 'spools', 'by', 'making', 'ten', 'or', 'twenty', 'representative', 'spools', 'as', 'the', 'unit', 'for', 'weighing', ',', 'the', 'pointer', 'indicating', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'spools', 'in', 'the', 'skep.', 'Fig.', '91', 'is', 'an', 'illustration', 'of', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'machine.', 'While', 'not', 'quite', 'as', 'accurate', 'as', 'counting', ',', '”', 'it', 'is', 'much', 'more', 'accurate', 'than', 'any', 'es-', 'timating', ',', '”', 'even', 'by', 'experienced', 'hands.', 'Practically', 'all', 'the', 'export', 'trade', 'is', 'done', 'in', 'yarns', 'directly', 'spun', 'on', 'to', 'paper', 'tubes', ',', 'or', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'cheeses', 'or', 'in', 'hank', 'form.', 'Again', 'conditioning', 'should', 'be', 'avoided', 'if', 'at', 'all', 'possible.', '5.', 'For', 'Dyeing.–Yarns', 'may', 'be', 'dyed', 'on', 'the', 'following', 'methods', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Hank', 'dyeing', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Warp', 'dyeing', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Cop', 'dyeing', ';', 'and', '(', 'd', ')', 'Cheese', 'dyeing.', 'For', 'hank', 'dyeing', 'the', 'yarn', 'must', 'be', 'reeled', 'into', 'hanks', '9', '(', '310']

[[106, 106, 'Textile Machinery']]

['310', '(', '403', ')', 'Fig.', '91.', '–', "Avery's Spool Counting by Weighing Machine"]

[[7, 7, 'Textile Machinery']]

['310', '(', '404', ')', 'Fig.', '92.', 'Pirn Winder']

[[6, 6, 'Textile Machinery']]

['311', '(', '405', ')', 'PROCESSES', 'SUBSEQUENT', 'TO', 'TWISTING', 'of', 'suitable', 'size', 'and', 'dyed', 'in', 'the', 'machine', 'specially', 'designed', 'for', 'this', 'purpose.', 'Great', 'care', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'to', 'avoid', '"', 'ending', '"', 'of', 'the', 'hanks', 'or', 'any', 'other', 'irregu-', 'larity.', 'Warp', 'dyeing', 'is', 'usually', 'effected', 'by', 'running', 'the', 'warp', 'in', 'chain', 'form', 'through', 'the', 'dyeing', 'liquor.', 'Great', 'care', 'is', 'necessary', 'to', 'dye', '"', 'head', '"', 'and', '"', 'tail', '”', 'alike.', 'Some-', '”', 'times', 'such', 'warps', 'are', 're-wound', 'and', 'woven', 'as', 'wefts.', 'Under', 'these', 'circumstances', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'well', 'to', 'make', 'the', 'warp', 'of', 'the', 'length', ',', 'required', 'for', 'one', 'thread', 'to', 'wind', 'on', 'to', 'one', 'spool', ',', 'and', 'to', 'double', 'the', 'warp', 'back', 'one', 'or', 'more', 'times', 'in', 'chaining', ',', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'beginning', 'and', 'the', 'end', 'form', 'a', 'given', 'spool', 'come', 'from', ',', 'say', ',', 'the', 'head', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'warp', ',', 'and', 'will', 'then', 'show', 'no', 'precise', 'break', 'or', 'difference', 'such', 'as', 'might', 'be', 'anticipated', 'by', 'head', 'and', 'tail', 'coming', 'together', 'in', 'the', 'cloth.', 'These', 'yarns', 'should', 'always', 'be', '“”', 'weft-mixed', '"', 'in', 'weaving.', 'Cop', 'and', 'cheese', 'dyeing', 'are', 'now', 'reasonably', 'perfectly', 'effected', 'by', 'machines', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'dyeing', 'liquor', 'is', 'pumped', 'through', 'the', 'cops', 'or', 'cheeses', ',', 'which', 'are', 'held', 'on', 'perforated', 'or', 'spiral', 'supports', ',', 'first', 'in', 'one', 'direction', 'and', 'then', 'in', 'the', 'other', 'direction.', 'There', 'is', 'a', 'great', 'advantage', 'in', 'cop', 'and', 'cheese', 'dyeing', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'hank', 'dyeing—the', 'yarns', 'need', 'not', 'be', 're-wound', 'and', 'the', 'thread', 'structure', 'is', 'not', 'disintegrated.', 'Again', ',', 'no', 'pains', 'should', 'be', 'spared', 'to', 'render', 'dyeing-', 'whatever', 'form', 'may', 'be', 'adopted-as', 'perfect', 'as', 'possible.', 'Machinery', 'to', 'be', 'Employed.', '-', 'The', 'only', 'two', '.', 'machines', 'which', 'should', 'here', 'claim', 'attention', 'are', '1.', 'The', 'cheese winder', ';', 'and', '2.', 'The', 'spooler', 'or', 'weft-pirn winder', 'The', 'cheese winder', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '93.', 'It', 'is', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'market', 'in', 'a', 'simple', 'form', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'split-drum winder', ',', '”', 'and', 'in', 'a', 'more', 'complex', 'form', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'Leeson or International winder', '(', 'for', '311']

[[104, 104, 'Textile Machinery'], [129, 129, 'Textile Machinery'], [281, 281, 'Textile Machinery'], [286, 286, 'Textile Machinery'], [288, 288, 'Textile Machinery'], [290, 290, 'Textile Machinery'], [309, 309, 'Textile Machinery'], [321, 321, 'Textile Machinery']]

['312', '(', '406', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '.', 'J', '&', 'T', 'BOYD', 'LIA', 'GLASCOW', 'Fig.', 'Cheese Winder-split-drum type', '312']

[[16, 16, 'Textile Machinery']]

['313', '(', '407', ')', 'CED', 'PROCESSES', 'SUBSEQUENT', 'TO', 'TWISTING', '66', 'come', ')', 'cheeses', ')', '.', 'In', 'the', 'former', 'case', 'the', 'split', 'in', 'the', 'drum', 'serves', 'as', 'the', 'guide', 'for', 'the', 'thread', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'cheese', ';', 'in', 'the', 'latter', 'case', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'specially', 'constructed', 'guide', 'which', 'receives', 'the', 'thread', '—', 'accurately', 'tensioned—and', 'directs', 'it', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'revolving', 'spindle', 'or', 'cheese', 'In', 'both', 'cases', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'the', 'traversing', 'guide', 'concentrating', 'the', 'twist', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', 'in', 'one', 'direction', 'and', 'taking', 'it', 'out', 'in', 'the', 'other', 'direction', 'must', 'be', 'guarded', 'against-', 'especially', 'if', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'at', 'all', 'likely', 'to', 'be', '"', 'set', '"', 'in', 'the', 'cheese', 'form.', 'There', 'are', 'two', 'types', 'of', 'pirn', 'winders', 'on', 'the', 'market.', 'The', 'Universal winder', 'is', 'representative', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'type', ',', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'pirn', 'and', 'spindle', 'have', 'a', 'simple', 'movement', 'of', 'rotation', ',', 'the', 'thread guide', 'moving', 'to', 'direct', 'the', 'thread', 'in', 'controlling', 'the', 'building', 'up', 'of', 'a', 'firm', ',', 'solid', 'pirn', 'In', 'the', 'second', 'type', 'the', 'pirn and spindle', 'have', 'not', 'only', 'a', 'movement', 'of', 'rotation', 'but', 'a', 'and', 'go”', 'movement', 'to', 'distribute', 'the', 'thread', 'to', 'ensure', 'the', 'building', 'up', 'of', 'a', 'firm', ',', 'solid', 'spool', ',', 'the', 'thread guide', 'being', 'stationary.', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'tension', 'of', 'the', 'thread', 'being', 'the', 'dominant', 'difficulty', ',', 'the', 'latter', 'type', 'of', 'machine', 'is', 'worthy', 'of', 'careful', 'consideration', 'although', 'the', 'Universal winder', 'type', '(', 'Fig.', '92', ')', 'is', 'so', 'excellent', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'usually', 'little', 'to', 'choose', 'between', 'the', 'two.', 'For', 'particulars', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'warping', ',', 'sizing', ',', 'dressing', 'and', 'beaming', 'machines', ',', 'readers', 'are', 'referred', 'to', 'the', 'standard', 'books', 'on', 'these', 'machines.', 'Scouring', 'and', 'Setting', 'Yarns.-Yarns', 'are', 'frequently', 'scoured', 'in', 'the', 'hank', 'state.', 'To', 'effect', 'this', ',', 'the', 'hanks', 'must', 'be', 'securely', 'held', 'between', 'two', 'traversing', 'tapes', 'which', 'carry', 'them', 'into', 'and', 'through', 'the', 'scouring', 'bath-', 'in', 'which', 'there', 'are', 'usually', 'one', 'or', 'two', '“nips', '”—but', 'do', 'not', 'prevent', 'the', 'scouring', 'liquor', 'thoroughly', 'cleaning', 'them', 'without', 'felting', 'or', 'entanglement.', 'The', 'normal', 'type', '313']

[[59, 59, 'Textile Machinery'], [61, 61, 'Textile Machinery'], [107, 107, 'Textile Machinery'], [120, 120, 'Textile Machinery'], [131, 131, 'Textile Machinery'], [133, 133, 'Textile Machinery'], [142, 142, 'Textile Machinery'], [158, 158, 'Textile Machinery'], [164, 164, 'Textile Machinery'], [191, 191, 'Textile Machinery'], [194, 194, 'Textile Machinery'], [222, 222, 'Textile Machinery']]

['316', '(', '410', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1', '(', 'a', ')', 'To', 'stretch', 'the', 'yarn', 'as', 'far', 'as', 'it', 'can', 'be', 'stretched', ',', 'or', 'is', 'likely', 'to', 'be', 'stretched', 'in', 'the', 'subsequent', 'manufacturing', 'processes', ';', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'To', 'boil', 'the', 'yarn', 'in', 'this', 'stretched', 'state', 'to', 'take', 'out', 'the', 'marked', 'irregular', 'strains', 'usually', 'present', ',', 'and', 'also', 'to', 'dry', 'in', 'this', 'stretched', 'form.', 'Why', 'boiling', 'takes', 'out', 'the', 'strains', 'and', 'why', 'they', 'come', 'in', 'again', 'on', 'additional', 'tension', 'being', 'applied', 'is', 'obviously', 'a', 'fascinating', 'physical', 'problem', 'for', 'research.', 'It', 'is', 'evident', 'that', 'the', 'drying', 'time', 'and', 'temperature', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'taken', 'cognizance', 'of.', 'Recent', 'researches', 'have', 'suggested', 'that', 'the', 'presence', 'or', 'absence', 'of', 'a', 'medulla', 'and', 'the', 'relative', 'proportions', 'of', 'cuticle', 'and', 'cortex', 'must', 'also', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account.', 'The', 'physical', 'behaviour', 'of', 'wool', 'fibres', 'appears', ',', 'at', 'least', 'in', 'part', ',', 'to', 'depend', 'upon', 'internal', 'structure.', 'Lustre', 'also', 'depends', ',', 'in', 'part', ',', 'upon', 'internal', 'structure-', 'hence', 'the', 'importance', 'of', 'the', 'work', 'at', 'present', 'being', 'undertaken', 'by', 'Professor', 'Cossar', 'Ewart', ',', 'F.R.S.', ',', 'of', 'Edinburgh', 'University.', 'As', 'shown', 'in', 'Chapter', 'XII.', ',', 'p.', '292', ',', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'to', 'so', 'balance', 'single', 'twist', 'and', 'twofolding', 'twist', 'that', 'a', 'limp', 'non-kinking', 'yarn', 'is', 'directly', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'spinning frame', 'How', 'far', 'such', 'a', 'yarn', 'will', 'serve', 'the', 'purpose', 'of', 'a', '“set”', 'yarn', 'is', 'worth', 'considering.', 'It', 'may', 'а.', 'also', 'be', 'well', 'to', 'consider', 'which', 'type', 'of', 'twofold', 'twist', '--', 'balanced', ',', 'straight-fibre', ',', 'or', 'square-twist-best', 'lends', 'itself', 'to', '“setting', 'on', 'the', 'lines', 'described', 'above.', 'But', 'under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'irregular', 'fibre', 'strains', ',', 'fibre', 'curvature', 'and', 'twist', 'curvature', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', ',', 'especially', 'in', 'cross-breds', ',', 'in', 'which', 'materials', 'irregularities', 'are', 'much', 'in', 'evidence.', 'Certain', 'hosiery', 'fabrics', 'are', 'made', 'unshrinkable', 'by', '316']

[[210, 210, 'Textile Machinery']]

['318', '(', '412', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'XIV', 'THE', 'TESTING', 'OF', 'WOOLS', ',', 'TOPS', 'AND', 'YARNS', ',', 'AND', 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'TESTING', 'APPARATUS', 'It', 'is', 'now', 'generally', 'recognized', 'that', 'even', 'the', 'smallest', 'firm', 'should', 'have', 'a', 'small', 'testing', 'laboratory—that', 'all', 'materials', 'should', 'be', 'compared', 'with', 'their', 'standards—', 'and', 'that', 'the', 'productions', 'of', 'any', 'and', 'every', 'firm', 'should', 'go', 'forth', 'accredited', 'under', 'reasonably', 'guaranteed', 'con-', 'ditions.', 'One', 'mistake', 'has', 'often', 'cost', 'a', 'firm', 'many', 'times', 'over', 'the', 'cost', 'of', 'the', 'equipment', 'and', 'maintenance', 'of', 'a', 'suitable', 'laboratory.', 'The', 'following', 'equipment', 'is', 'essential', ':', '-', '1.', 'Microscope', 'with', '2', 'in.', ',', '1', 'in.', ',', 'and', '3', 'in.', 'objectives', ',', 'with', 'substage', 'and', 'eyepiece', 'micrometer.', '2.', 'Experimental', 'equipment', 'for', 'scouring', ',', 'carbon-', 'izing', ',', 'blueing', ',', 'bleaching', ',', 'etc.', '3.', 'Hand carder', '(', 'or', 'small', 'experimental', 'set', 'of', 'draw-', 'ing', 'machines', 'followed', 'by', 'knitting machine', ')', 'for', 'testing', 'colour', 'blends', ',', 'etc.', "Lovibond's Tintometer", 'would', 'of', 'course', 'be', 'an', 'admirable', 'addition', 'for', 'a', 'coloured', 'yarn', 'spinner.', '4.', 'Conditioning oven', '5.', 'Velvet-covered', 'boards', 'for', 'top', 'drawing.', '6.', 'Single thread strength-tester', 'to', 'grasp', 'threads', 'with', 'little', 'or', 'no', 'space', 'in', 'between', 'and', 'up', 'to', 'a', 'short', 'weaving', 'length', ',', 'say', '18', 'in.', '318']

[[123, 123, 'Textile Machinery'], [135, 135, 'Textile Machinery'], [143, 143, 'Textile Machinery'], [157, 157, 'Textile Machinery'], [165, 165, 'Textile Machinery']]

['318', '(', '413', ')', 'TV', 'S', 'AND', 'TE', 'APPARATUS', 'CLOTH', 'A', 'B', '*****', 'THREAD', 'at', 'even', 'the', 's', 'laborator-t', 'th', 'their', 'stari', 'ad', 'every', 'fimi', 'Sly', 'guarante', 't', 'a', 'firm', 'many', 'nd', 'maintenar', 'ving', 'equipaci', 'nd', 'f', 'in.', 'objet', 'micrometer', 'Fig.', 'Extension Testing Machine', 'scouring', ',', 'at', 'C.', 'ental', 'set', 'at', 'knitting', 'mata', 'etc.', 'Lonika', 'be', 'an', 'admin', 'pinner.', 'rawing', 'grasp', 'threat', 'reen', 'and', 'in', '.']

[[41, 41, 'Textile Machinery']]

['319', '(', '415', ')', 'TESTING', 'OF', 'WOOLS', ',', 'TOPS', 'AND', 'YARNS', '7.', 'Hank strength tester', '*', '8.', 'Twist tester', 'for', 'short', 'lengths.', '9.', 'Twist tester', 'for', 'long', 'lengths.', 'Io.', 'Yarn examining machine', 'with', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'cards', 'for', 'winding', 'yarns', 'on', 'to', ';', 'and', 'II.', 'Fine', 'balances', 'for', 'accurate', 'weighing.', '•', 'SPUN.SILK', 'AND', '-', 'MERCOCOTTON', '•', 'WOOLLEN', 'Toz.', '-15oz', ':', 'N', '32', 'ELONCATION', 'ELONGATION', 'ARTIFICIAL', 'SILK', ',', '•WORSTED', ':', '-12', '%', '202', '7', '(', '29', '/', '00', '275', '446', 'STRENGTH', 'STRENGTH', 'Fig.', '97.-Graphs', 'produced', 'upon', "Neate's Extensometer", '66', 'A', 'more', 'elaborate', 'equipment', 'would', 'contain', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Photo-micrographic', 'apparatus', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Special', 'microscopic', 'attachments', 'including', 'polar-', 'izer', 'and', 'analyser', ';', '*', 'In', 'the', 'cotton', 'trade', 'the', 'standard', 'Lea', 'tests', 'are', '1800', '·', 'lbs.', 'for', 'Ring', 'Warp', ';', 'Counts', 'Ібоо', 'lbs.', 'for', 'Mule', 'Warp', ';', 'Counts', 'and', '1350', 'lbs.', 'for', 'Mule', 'Weft', 'Counts', '319']

[[12, 12, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [20, 20, 'Textile Machinery'], [25, 25, 'Textile Machinery'], [79, 79, 'Textile Machinery']]

['320', '(', '416', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'Schlumberger', 'or', 'Société', 'Alsacienne', 'or', "Dr Ball's Top Analyser", ';', '(', 'd', ')', "Barker's Extension Tester", ';', '(', 'e', ')', "Heal's Yarn Examiner", ';', '(', "Neate's Extensometer", ';', 'and', '(', 'g', ')', 'Special', 'apparatus', 'for', 'knitting', 'and', 'weaving', 'yarns', 'to', 'test', 'the', 'qualities', 'and', 'perfections', 'or', 'imperfections.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'foregoing', 'machines', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'many', 'modifications', 'of', 'these', 'machines', 'and', 'some', 'specially', 'designed', 'machines', 'will', 'certainly', 'be', 'required.', 'Two', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'recently', 'developed', 'testing', 'machines', 'are', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '95', 'and', '96.', 'In', 'Fig.', '95', "Barker's Extension Testing machine", 'is', 'illustrated.', 'This', 'machine', 'enables', 'the', 'cloth', 'constructor', 'with', 'accuracy', 'to', 'work', 'back', 'from', 'the', 'finished', 'cloth', 'to', 'the', 'cloth', 'in', 'the', 'loom', 'with', 'certainty', 'in', 'practically', 'all', 'cases', 'saving', 'that', 'of', 'heavily', 'milled', 'goods.', 'Tensions', 'or', 'threads', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'accurately', 'investigated.', 'In', 'Figs.', '96', 'and', '97', "Neate's Extensometer", 'and', 'its', 'graphs', 'are', 'illustrated.', 'This', 'machine', 'gives', 'the', 'stress-', 'strain', 'diagram', 'for', 'yarns', 'tested', 'a', 'single', 'thread', 'at', 'a', 'time.', 'The', 'characteristic', 'curves', 'for', 'typical', 'yarns', 'as', 'revealed', 'by', 'this', 'machine', 'are', 'exceedingly', 'interesting', ';', 'several', 'examples', 'are', 'here', 'given.', 'This', 'equipment', 'should', 'be', 'satisfactorily', 'housed', 'and', 'supplemented', 'by', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'charts', 'of', 'the', 'nomogram', 'type', 'posted', 'up', 'for', 'convenient', 'use.', 'A', 'perfect', 'system', 'of', 'recording', 'should', 'be', 'adopted.', 'Systematic', 'work', 'in', 'the', 'testing', 'laboratory', 'will', 'develop', 'that', 'confidence', 'in', 'the', 'firm', "'s", 'productions', 'which', ',', 'in', 'the', 'long', 'run', ',', 'means', 'con-', 'tinued', 'and', 'increasing', 'success', 'in', 'the', 'factory', 'itself.', 'Suitable', 'plans', 'for', 'small', 'laboratories', 'are', 'given', 'in', 'Figs.', '98', 'and', '98a.', '320']

[[17, 17, 'Textile Machinery'], [22, 22, 'Textile Machinery'], [27, 27, 'Textile Machinery'], [30, 30, 'Textile Machinery'], [92, 92, 'Textile Machinery'], [141, 141, 'Textile Machinery']]

['321', '(', '417', ')', 'STED', 'SPIN', 'F', '-', '!', 'été', 'Aluca', 'Microscopy', 'Benches', '2-', '94', 'high', ',', 'fitted', 'with', 'drawers.', 'Barkers Extension Tester', 'Impact', 'Testing', 'Machine', 'Desk', 'Peess', 'Balance', 'Twist', 'Testar', 'O', 'STE', 'al', 'ras', 'threats', 'tipata', '.', '宮\u200b島', '\u200bWindow', 'w12d0w', 'Window', 'Vndow', 'Balance', 'Balance', 'Office', 'B26', 'Singe', 'read', 'Testep', 'Tester', 'xpanding', 'Wrap', 'Twist', 'Testing', 'Machine', 'Swift', 'Reel', 'Hank', 'an2', 'Card', 'Balance', 'Real', 'Fig', 'storests', 'Machine', 'Ivast', 'Testing', 'Mannine', 'Machine', 'for', 'Testing', 'the', 'Wearing', 'Qualities', 'O', 'Cloch', "'s", 'French', 'Choth', 'Testing', 'Machine', 'Fibre', '/', 'Thread', 'Testing', 'Machine', 'GAD', 'Box', 'Table', 'for', 'Extra', 'Instruments', 'Small', 'Carding', 'Engine', 'for', 'Storage', 'Special', 'Pattern', 'Casss', 'Goodbrand', "'s", 'Cloth', 'Testing', 'Machine', 'Hank', 'Testar', 'Hans', 'Tester', 'Motor', 'Single', 'thread', 'Tester', 'Heads', 'Testing', 'Lachana', '66', 'Fig.', '98.—“Dry”', 'Testing', 'Laboratory', '<', '321']

[[20, 20, 'Textile Machinery']]

['325', '(', '421', ')', 'DEFECTS', 'IN', 'RAW', 'MATERIALS', 'e', 'due', 'mm', '1', '5.', 'Lack', 'of', 'whiteness', 'and', 'brightness.', 'Certain', 'wools', 'are', 'very', 'liable', 'to', 'black', 'hair', 'and', 'coloured', 'fibre.', 'Snow-white', 'Cape', 'wools', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'matched', 'by', 'certain', 'other', 'wools', 'inferior', 'in', 'colour.', 'Among', 'English', 'wools', 'Lonks', 'are', 'noticeable', 'for', 'whiteness.', '(', '6', ')', 'The', 'Machines', 'Employed', ':', '-', 'I.', 'A', 'clear', ',', 'neat', '“flyer-spun', 'yarn', 'can', 'not', 'usually', 'be', 'matched', 'with', 'a', 'cap', 'or', 'ring-spun', 'yarn.', '2.', 'A', 'French-drawn', 'roving', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'satisfac-', 'torily', 'matched', 'by', 'an', 'English-drawn', 'roving.', '3.', 'Irregularly', 'driven', 'spinning frames', 'will', 'yield', 'yarns', 'irregularly', 'drafted', 'and', 'twisted', ',', 'and', 'of', 'abnormally', 'irregular', 'strength.', '4.', 'Defective', 'rollers', 'will', 'produce', 'defective', 'yarns.', '5.', 'Unsatisfactory', 'drive', 'from', 'tin-drum', 'to', 'spindles', ',', 'or', 'in', 'the', 'mule', 'from', 'rim shaft', 'to', 'tin-drum', ',', 'will', 'produce', 'irregular', 'twist.', '6.', 'Any', 'regularly', 'repeating', 'defect', '--', 'whether', 'in', 'thickness', 'or', 'twist', ',', 'or', 'in', 'irregular', 'mixing', 'or', 'in', 'irregular', 'dye-taking—will', 'be', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'emphasized', 'in', 'the', 'fabric', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'relationship', 'between', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'defect', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', 'and', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'piece', 'into', 'which', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'woven.', '7.', 'Any', 'irregularly', 'repeating', 'defect', 'such', 'as', 'may', 'vary', 'in', 'repeat', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'emptying', 'or', 'filling', 'of', 'a', 'bobbin', 'or', 'cheese', 'should', 'be', 'avoided.', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'Workers', ':', '-', '1.', 'Inefficient', 'mixing', 'of', 'colours', 'due', 'to', 'lack', 'of', 'forethought', 'on', 'the', 'part', 'of', 'either', 'the', 'manager', 'or', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'is', 'fairly', 'frequently', 'mulje', 'a', 'lista', 'I', 'T2TE', ':', 'mphyrcze', '3.', '/', '2278', 'pard', 'س', ':', 'landet', 'TANIN', '站', '\u200b325']

[[94, 94, 'Textile Machinery'], [110, 110, 'Textile Machinery'], [119, 119, 'Textile Machinery'], [121, 121, 'Textile Machinery'], [126, 126, 'Textile Machinery'], [128, 128, 'Textile Machinery'], [130, 130, 'Textile Machinery'], [208, 208, 'Textile Machinery'], [210, 210, 'Textile Machinery']]

['326', '(', '422', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'to', 'be', 'observed', 'in', 'the', 'spinning', 'of', 'coloured', 'yarns.', '2.', 'Inefficient', 'spinning', 'due', 'to', 'harsh', 'treatment', 'in', 'scouring', 'and', 'backwashing', 'is', 'very', 'often', 'in', 'evidence.', '3.', 'Hanks', '"', 'ended', ',', '"', 'thus', 'producing', 'a', 'repeating', 'defect', 'in', 'the', 'woven', 'or', 'knitted', 'garment', ',', 'is', 'a', 'defect', 'by', 'no', 'means', 'uncommon.', '4.', 'Yarn', 'on', 'spools', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'left', 'carelessly', 'in', 'the', 'sunlight', 'is', 'acted', 'on', ',', 'a', 'repeating', 'defect', 'developing', ',', 'in', 'the', 'fabric', 'following', 'the', 're-', 'lationship', 'between', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'repeat', 'of', 'the', 'defect', ',', 'and', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'fabric', 'into', 'which', 'the', 'defective', 'yarn', 'is', 'woven.', '5.', 'Bad', 'piecenings', 'are', 'a', 'source', 'of', 'constant', 'annoyance', ',', 'leading', 'to', 'the', 'stoppage', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'and', 'breakage', 'of', 'needles', 'in', 'knitting', 'and', 'to', 'defective', 'fabrics', 'requiring', '"', 'mending', 'in', 'woven', 'styles.', '6.', 'Badly', 'started', 'and', 'wound', 'spools', '(', 'spinning', 'or', 'twisting', ')', 'frequently', 'lead', 'to', 'tight', 'picks', 'and', 'shady', 'pieces.', '7.', 'Mixing', 'of', 'different', 'runs', '”', 'leads', 'to', 'abso-', 'lutely', 'unsaleable', 'pieces', 'owing', 'to', 'marked', '(', 'usually', 'weft', ')', 'bars', 'which', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'got', 'rid', 'of.', '8.', 'Warp', 'stripes', 'repeating', 'on', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'bobbins', 'or', 'cheeses', 'warped', 'with', 'due', 'to', 're-', 'versing', 'on', 'the', 'mill.', '9.', 'Defective', 'conditioning', ',', 'leading', 'to', 'the', 'mark-', 'ing', 'of', 'every', 'weft spool', 'in', 'the', 'finished', 'fabric', 'and', 'to', 'varied', 'tensionings', 'in', 'the', 'piece.', '10.', 'The', 'careless', 'running', 'of', 'threefold', 'yarn', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'spool', 'or', 'bobbin', 'in', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'normal', 'twofold.', '60', '326']

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['327', '(', '423', ')', 'SPATU', 'DEFECTS', 'IN', 'RAW', 'MATERIALS', 'ब', 'cing', 'af', 'Telesku', 'rathy', 'te', 'is', 'mora', 'of', 'CEE', 'In', '11.', 'Defects', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'careless', 'handling', 'of', 'the', 'yarn.', 'Defects', 'such', 'as', 'these', 'have', 'been', 'coming', 'up', 'every', 'day', 'in', 'the', 'works', 'for', 'the', 'last', 'fifty', 'years', ',', 'and', ',', 'curiously', 'enough', ',', 'new', 'types', 'of', 'defects', 'are', 'still', 'appearing.', 'Of', 'all', 'the', 'foregoing', 'b', '(', '6', ')', 'and', 'c', '(', '4', ')', 'are', 'perhaps', 'the', 'most', 'interesting', 'and', 'may', 'here', 'be', 'further', 'considered', 'with', 'profit.', 'Repeating', 'defects', 'such', 'as', 'these', 'may', 'come', 'into', 'yarns', 'in', 'the', 'following', 'ways', ':', '-', '1.', 'By', '"', 'ending', '"', 'in', 'hank-dyeing.', 'Here', 'the', 'defect', 'will', 'usually', 'repeat', 'on', '36', 'in.', 'or', '54', 'in.', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'hank', 'employed.', '2.', 'By', '“ending”', 'in', 'the', 'warp-dyeing', 'of', 'weft', 'yarns', ',', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'length', 'being', 'so', 'great', 'that', 'the', 'defect', 'appears', 'as', 'a', 'weft', 'bar', 'or', 'bobbin-width', 'defect.', '3.', 'A', 'repeating', 'defect', 'in', 'the', 'actual', 'twisting.', 'Thus', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning', 'there', 'may', 'often', 'be', 'traces', 'of', 'the', 'approx-', 'imately', 'two-yard', 'draw.', 'Such', 'defects', 'as', 'this', ',', 'however', ',', 'will', 'be', 'distributed', 'by', '“running', '"', 'over', 'more', 'than', 'once', 'during', 'dressing', 'while', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'alive.', 'Thus', 'in', 'dressing', 'a', 'cotton', 'warp', 'for', 'lustre', 'goods', 'the', 'warp', 'is', 'first', 'got', 'on', 'to', 'a', "warper's beam", ',', 'then', 'run', 'over', 'on', 'to', 'another', "warper's beam", 'to', 'the', 'loom beam', ';', 'by', 'this', 'means', 'irregular', 'tensions', 'and', 'twists', 'being', 'distributed.', 'Much', 'tension', 'seems', 'to', 'eliminate', 'twist', 'irregularities.*', '4.', 'An', 'indirect', 'dyeing', 'defect', 'is', 'illustrated', 'by', 'c', '(', '4', ')', '.', 'A', 'further', 'illustration', 'of', 'this', 'occurs', 'in', 'the', 'mercerizing', 'of', 'yarns', ',', 'in', 'which', 'irregularities', 'may', 'not', 'show', 'until', 'the', 'piece', 'into', 'which', 'these', 'yarns', 'are', 'woven', 'is', 'dyed.', 'MIHA', '1', '5.', 'An', 'indirect', 'twisting', 'defect', 'due', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'to', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'the', '“throw', '"', 'in', 'the split-drum winder', '-', '*', 'If', 'an', 'irregularly', 'twisted', 'yarn', 'is', 'pulled', 'tight', 'the', 'twists', 'will', 'be', 'seen', 'to', 'distribute', 'themselves', 'along', 'its', 'length', 'much', 'more', 'regularly', 'than', 'when', 'it', 'is', 'allowed', 'to', 'rest', 'slack.', 'mleri', '08', '327']

[[221, 221, 'Textile Machinery'], [229, 229, 'Textile Machinery'], [232, 232, 'Textile Machinery'], [312, 312, 'Textile Machinery']]

['328', '(', '424', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'and', 'of', 'subsequent', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'irregularity', 'rather', 'than', 'its', 'redistribution.', '6.', 'A', 'periodic', 'roughening', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', ',', 'or', 'even', 'a', 'periodic', 'tightening', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'due', 'to', 'an', 'irregular', '"', 'run-off”', 'during', 'weaving', ',', 'will', 'also', 'tend', 'to', 'produce', 'a', 'marked', 'defect.', 'The', 'careful', 'consideration', 'of', 'the', 'pick', '"', 'on', 'the', 'spool', 'for', 'weft', 'yarns', 'for', 'Italians', ',', 'cash-', 'meres', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'over-estimated.', 'The', 'actual', 'appearance', 'of', 'these', 'repeating', 'defects', 'in', 'the', 'loom', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'briefly', 'considered.', 'Three', 'main', 'conditions', 'are', 'in', 'evidence', ':', '1.', 'In', 'which', 'the', 'repeat', 'of', 'the', 'defect', 'on', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'less', 'than', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'cloth', 'into', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'woven', ';', 'and', 'is', 'a', 'measure', 'of', ',', 'or', 'has', 'a', 'measure', 'in', 'common', 'with', ';', 'or', 'is', 'not', 'a', 'measure', 'of', ',', 'or', 'has', 'not', 'a', 'measure', 'in', 'common', 'with', ',', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'cloth', 'into', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'woven', ';', '2.', 'In', 'which', 'the', 'repeat', 'of', 'the', 'defect', 'is', 'the', 'same', 'as', ',', 'or', 'is', 'a', 'multiple', 'of', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'cloth', 'into', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'woven', ';', 'and', '3.', 'In', 'which', 'the', 'repeat', 'of', 'the', 'defect', 'is', 'greater', 'than', ',', 'and', 'has', 'or', 'has', 'not', 'a', 'measure', 'in', 'common', 'with', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'cloth', 'into', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'woven.', 'In', 'Fig.', '99', 'these', 'conditions', 'are', 'illustrated.', 'The', 'effects', 'produced', 'under', '(', 'c', ')', '4', 'are', 'often', 'clearly', 'recorded', 'by', "Neate's extensometer", 'tests', 'as', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '97.', 'But', 'a', 'volume', 'of', 'this', 'size', 'might', 'well', 'be', 'filled', 'with', 'records', 'of', 'defects', 'of', 'this', 'type.', 'This', 'section', 'may', 'well', 'be', 'concluded', 'by', 'reference', 'to', 'the', 'useful', 'method', 'recently', 'introduced', 'into', 'the', 'University', 'of', 'Leeds', 'of', 'testing', 'yarns', 'for', 'spinning', 'efficiency', 'or', 'thread', '/', 'fibre', 'strength', 'by', 'first', 'testing', 'the', 'fibre', 'strength', 'by', 'bring-', 'ing', 'the', 'jaws', 'of', 'the', 'testing machine', 'close', 'together', 'and', 'carrying', 'out', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'tests', ',', 'and', 'secondly', 'testing', 'the', 'same', 'yarn', 'well', 'over', 'the', 'fibre', 'length-say', '18', 'in.', 'If', ',', 'then', ',', 'the', '18', 'in.', 'tests', 'be', 'put', 'into', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'jaw', 'tests', 'we', 'have', '328']

[[86, 86, 'Textile Machinery'], [247, 247, 'Textile Machinery'], [311, 311, 'Textile Machinery'], [314, 314, 'Textile Machinery']]

['330', '(', '426', ')', '1', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'LIST', 'XVI.', 'ILLUSTRATING', 'THE', 'EFFECTS', 'OF', 'SPINDLE', 'SPEED', 'ON', 'THE', 'STRENGTH', 'OF', 'A', 'YARN', 'SLOW', 'SPEED.', '(', '1833', 'r.p.m.', ')', 'TESTS.', 'FAST', 'SPEED.', '(', '2800', 'r.p.m.', ')', 'A', 'Jaws', 'B', 'Jaws', 'Close', '18', 'in.', 'apart', 'A', 'Jaws', 'Close', 'B', 'Jaws', '18', 'in.', 'apart', 'C.C.', '1', '2', 'C.C.', '105', '5:5', '12-5', '145', 'II', '75', '4', '7:5', '”', 'c.c.', '20', '20:5', '20', '18', '19', '20.5', '22', '22:5', '25', '26.5', '19.5', '18', '18', '175', '20', '20:5', '20', '20', '19:5', '2005', 'boob', 'mo', 'ang', 'C.C.', '22:5', '155', '28', '26.5', '27', '26', '20:5', '17.5', '16.5', '17', '19.5', '23', '205', '24', '22:5', '21', '21.5', '21', '175', '16', '7.5', 'II', '705', '9', '9', 'Іо', 'II', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16', '17', '18', '19', '20', '2', '11:5', 'II.5', 'II.5', '8.5', '995', '12.5', '10', 'IO', '5', 'IO', '10', '10-5', '7.0', '7:5', '8.5', '407.3', '161.0', '423:5', '184.0', 'Average', '20.3', '8', '21:1', '97', '.', '•3119', 'thread', 'fibre', 'strength', '(', 'spinning', 'efficiency', ')', '.', '8', 'Fast', 'speed', '.', '20:3', '907', 'Slow', 'speed.', '21.1', '-46', 'thread', 'fibre', 'strength', '(', 'spinning', 'efficiency', ')', '.', 'a', 'measuremmore', 'or', 'less', 'exact-of', 'the', 'relative', 'spinning', 'efficiencies', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'yarns', 'so', 'compared.', 'The', 'following', 'list', 'is', 'taken', 'as', 'a', 'basis', 'for', 'the', 'various', 'graphs', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '100.', 'The', 'following', 'brief', 'description', 'of', 'these', 'graphs', 'will', 'prove', 'ample.', 'GRAPH', 'I.-This', 'illustrates', 'the', 'usual', 'method', 'of', '330']

[[15, 15, 'Textile Machinery']]

['336', '(', '432', ')', 'LIST', 'XVII.-SINGLE', 'THREAD', 'TESTS', 'OF', '1', '/', '24', "'s", 'FLYER', ',', 'CAP', ',', 'RING', 'AND', 'MULE', 'Spun.', 'FLYER', 'SPUN.', 'CAP', 'SPUN.', 'RING', 'SPUN.', 'MULE', 'SPUN.', '1,850', 'revs.', 'per', 'min.', '6,020', 'revs.', 'per', 'min.', '5,320', 'revs.', 'per', 'min.', '5,084', 'revs.', 'per', 'min.', '(', '8.5', 'per', '1', '"', ')', '.', '(', '8.5', 'per', '1', '"', ')', '.', '(', '8.5', 'per', 'i', "'", ')', '.', '(', '8.5', 'per', '1', "'", ')', '.', 'Fibre-break', '18', '"', '-break', ',', 'Fibre-break.', "'", '18', '"', '-break.', 'Fibre-break.', "18'-break.", 'Fibre-break.', '18', '"', '-break.', 'Str.', '|', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '|', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '|', 'Elon.', 'Str.', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '(', 'Elon.', 'Str.', 'Elon', ',', 'Str.', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '(', 'Elon.', 'ins.', 'C.C.', 'ins.', 'c.c.', 'ins.', '2.362', '28.67', '0.136', '20.45', '2.693', '35', '0.21', '23.5', '3,64', '0.04', '14', '1.23', '20.5', '0.03', '13.5', '15.2', '19.5', '0.04', '13.5', '1.31', '25', 'O.II', '12.5', 'I.I2', 'Spinning', 'Efficiency', '(', '578', ')', '(', '•67', ')', '(', '617', ')', '(', '•712', ')', 'RING', 'TWISTED.', 'RING', 'TWISTED.', 'RING', 'TWISTED.', 'RING', 'TWISTED.', '(', '6', 'per', '1', '"', ')', '.', '(', '6', 'per', '1', '"', ')', '.', '(', '6', 'per', '1', '"', ')', '.', '(', '6', 'per', '1', '"', ')', '.', 'Fibre-break.', '/', '18', '"', '-break.', 'Fibre-break.', '18', '"', '-break.', 'Fibre-break.', '18', '"', '-break.', 'Fibre-break.', '/', '18', '"', 'break', 'Str.', '(', 'Elon.', 'Str.', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '(', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '|', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '(', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '|', 'Elon.', 'Str.', 'Elon.', 'Str.', '(', 'Elon.', 'ins.', 'ins.', 'ins.', 'ins.', 'ins', ',', 'ins.', 'ins.', 'IOI', '0.21', '57.5', '3.13', '|', '81.5', '0.14', '54.5', '3.34', '75', '0.20', '49.5', '2.52', '85.5', '0.14', '52.5', '3.21', '65.5', '0.10', '43.5', '1.42', 'бо', 'O.II', '34.5', '2.01', '50', '0.10', '36.5', '1.62', '60.5', '0.10', '42.5', '1.72', 'Single', 'Yarn', 'Average', 'C.C.', 'ins.', '27.65', '0.02', 'C.C.', '21.8', 'ins.', 'C.C.', 'ins.', 'C.C.', 'ins', ',', 'c.c.', 'ins.', 'C.C.', '2.47', '|', '26.67', '0.09', '|', '18.4', '2.306', '26.15', '0.09', '17.7', 'Maximum', '33.5', '0.14', '26.5', '3.5', '32.5', '0.14', '25.5', '3.21', '33', '0.12', '22.5', '1', '3.1', 'Minimum', '22.5', 'C.C.', '2-fold', 'Yarn.', 'Average', 'C.C.', 'C.C.', 'C.C.', 'C.C.', 'C.C.', 'ins.', '77.35', '0.1271', '48,87', '2.37', '|', '66.42', '0.126', '44.52', '2.7', '59.7', '0.120', '43.22', '2.06', '71.77', "0'120", '46.9', '2.44', 'C.C.', 'C.C.', 'Maximum', 'Minimum', 'Twisting', 'Efficiency', '(', '63', ')', '(', '.67', '(', '-72', ')', '(', '65', ')', 'o']

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[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'calico', 'printing', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'allowing', 'for', 'intricate', 'designs', 'to', 'be', 'printed', 'on', 'fabric', 'with', 'ease', '.', 'Introduced', 'during', 'the', 'late', '18th', 'century', ',', 'this', 'machine', 'utilized', 'engraved', 'copper', 'plates', 'to', 'transfer', 'colorful', 'patterns', 'onto', 'cotton', 'cloth', '.', 'The', 'operator', 'would', 'feed', 'the', 'fabric', 'through', 'rollers', 'that', 'applied', 'the', 'dye', ',', 'making', 'the', 'process', 'significantly', 'faster', 'than', 'traditional', 'hand', '-', 'painting', 'methods', '.', 'The', 'calico', 'printing', 'machine', 'not', 'only', 'improved', 'productivity', 'but', 'also', 'enhanced', 'the', 'aesthetic', 'appeal', 'of', 'textiles', ',', 'leading', 'to', 'increased', 'demand', 'in', 'the', 'market', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'textile', 'wash', '-', 'wheel', ',', 'developed', 'during', 'the', 'early', 'industrial', 'era', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'fabrics', 'were', 'cleaned', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'utilized', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rotating', 'drums', 'filled', 'with', 'water', 'and', 'detergent', 'to', 'agitate', 'the', 'textiles', ',', 'ensuring', 'a', 'thorough', 'wash', '.', 'Similarly', ',', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', 'played', 'a', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'preparing', 'fibers', 'for', 'spinning', 'by', 'disentangling', 'and', 'fluffing', 'the', 'raw', 'materials', '.', 'Another', 'essential', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'was', 'the', 'spinning', 'jenny', ',', 'which', 'allowed', 'multiple', 'spindles', 'to', 'operate', 'simultaneously', ',', 'greatly', 'increasing', 'yarn', 'production', 'efficiency', '.', 'These', 'machines', 'were', 'pivotal', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'laying', 'the', 'groundwork', 'for', 'modern', 'manufacturing', 'processes', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery'], [46, 47, 'Textile Machinery'], [72, 73, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'beetling', 'machine', ',', 'a', 'vital', 'innovation', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'is', 'used', 'to', 'flatten', 'and', 'smooth', 'the', 'surface', 'of', 'woven', 'fabrics', ',', 'particularly', 'linen', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operates', 'by', 'using', 'heavy', 'wooden', 'hammers', 'that', 'strike', 'the', 'fabric', 'repeatedly', ',', 'giving', 'it', 'a', 'distinctive', 'finish', 'that', 'enhances', 'its', 'appearance', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'beetling', 'machines', 'have', 'been', 'crucial', 'in', 'producing', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'textiles', 'that', 'are', 'both', 'durable', 'and', 'aesthetically', 'pleasing', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'steam', '-', 'powered', 'beetling', 'machines', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', 'greatly', 'improved', 'efficiency', 'and', 'consistency', 'in', 'fabric', 'production', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'textile', 'teasing', 'mill', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'machine', 'in', 'the', 'preprocessing', 'of', 'raw', 'fibers', '.', 'It', 'opens', 'up', 'the', 'fibers', ',', 'making', 'them', 'easier', 'to', 'handle', 'and', 'prepare', 'for', 'spinning', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', 'works', 'in', 'tandem', 'with', 'the', 'teasing', 'mill', 'to', 'further', 'separate', 'and', 'align', 'the', 'fibers', ',', 'ensuring', 'a', 'uniform', 'texture', '.', 'In', 'the', 'early', 'days', 'of', 'textile', 'production', ',', 'these', 'machines', 'were', 'often', 'powered', 'by', 'water', 'wheels', ',', 'showcasing', 'the', 'ingenuity', 'of', 'industrial', 'engineering', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'modern', 'rotary', 'carding', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'industry', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'much', 'higher', 'production', 'rates', 'and', 'improved', 'quality', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'product', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [34, 35, 'Textile Machinery'], [85, 87, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'rotary', 'fulling', 'machine', ',', 'developed', 'in', 'the', 'late', '18th', 'century', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'enhancing', 'the', 'process', 'of', 'wool', 'finishing', '.', 'This', 'innovative', 'machine', 'utilizes', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'and', 'water', 'jets', 'to', 'remove', 'impurities', 'from', 'the', 'fabric', 'while', 'simultaneously', 'shrinking', 'and', 'thickening', 'the', 'wool', '.', 'It', 'provided', 'textile', 'manufacturers', 'with', 'a', 'more', 'efficient', 'alternative', 'to', 'manual', 'fulling', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'greater', 'production', 'rates', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'rotary', 'fulling', 'machine', 'marked', 'a', 'significant', 'advancement', 'in', 'textile', 'machinery', ',', 'paving', 'the', 'way', 'for', 'modern', 'fabric', 'processing', 'methods', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'shrinking', 'machine', 'is', 'a', 'vital', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'to', 'reduce', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'fabrics', 'after', 'they', 'have', 'been', 'woven', '.', 'This', 'process', 'is', 'essential', 'to', 'ensure', 'that', 'the', 'final', 'garment', 'fits', 'properly', 'and', 'maintains', 'its', 'shape', 'after', 'washing', '.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'shrinking', 'machine', ',', 'the', 'felt', 'finishing', 'machine', 'plays', 'a', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'enhancing', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'woolen', 'fabrics', ',', 'giving', 'them', 'a', 'smooth', 'and', 'polished', 'finish', '.', 'Another', 'important', 'device', 'is', 'the', 'mercerizing', 'machine', ',', 'which', 'treats', 'cotton', 'fabrics', 'to', 'improve', 'their', 'dye', 'uptake', 'and', 'strength', '.', 'Each', 'of', 'these', 'machines', 'contributes', 'significantly', 'to', 'the', 'overall', 'fabric', 'finishing', 'process', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [53, 55, 'Textile Machinery'], [81, 82, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'splint', 'mill', ',', 'a', 'revolutionary', 'textile', 'machine', ',', 'was', 'primarily', 'used', 'for', 'producing', 'narrow', 'strips', 'of', 'fabric', 'that', 'could', 'be', 'woven', 'into', 'various', 'patterns', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operated', 'by', 'using', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'and', 'blades', 'to', 'cut', 'and', 'shape', 'the', 'splints', 'of', 'textile', 'material', ',', 'ensuring', 'uniformity', 'and', 'precision', 'in', 'the', 'production', 'process', '.', 'Alongside', 'the', 'splint', 'mill', ',', 'the', 'Jacquard', 'loom', 'emerged', 'as', 'another', 'significant', 'advancement', 'in', 'textile', 'machinery', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'intricate', 'designs', 'to', 'be', 'woven', 'into', 'the', 'fabric', 'automatically', '.', 'The', 'combination', 'of', 'these', 'machines', 'transformed', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', ',', 'leading', 'to', 'increased', 'efficiency', 'and', 'creativity', 'in', 'fabric', 'design', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [62, 63, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'cord', 'covering', 'machine', ',', 'a', 'significant', 'advancement', 'in', 'textile', 'technology', ',', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'wrapping', 'of', 'cords', 'with', 'various', 'materials', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operates', 'through', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'that', 'guide', 'the', 'core', 'material', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'enveloped', 'in', 'fibers', 'or', 'synthetic', 'coverings', '.', 'The', 'precision', 'of', 'the', 'cord', 'covering', 'machine', 'ensures', 'a', 'uniform', 'application', ',', 'which', 'is', 'essential', 'for', 'maintaining', 'quality', 'in', 'production', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'machine', 'can', 'be', 'adjusted', 'to', 'accommodate', 'different', 'cord', 'sizes', 'and', 'types', ',', 'making', 'it', 'a', 'versatile', 'tool', 'in', 'modern', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'candle', '-', 'wick', 'plaiting', 'machine', 'was', 'a', 'vital', 'invention', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', ',', 'used', 'primarily', 'for', 'creating', 'intricate', 'candle', 'wicks', 'through', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'interwoven', 'threads', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'utilized', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'levers', 'and', 'spindles', 'to', 'weave', 'the', 'cotton', 'or', 'linen', 'threads', 'together', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'wicks', 'burned', 'evenly', 'and', 'efficiently', '.', 'Craftsmen', 'praised', 'the', 'speed', 'and', 'precision', 'of', 'the', 'candle', '-', 'wick', 'plaiting', 'machine', ',', 'which', 'significantly', 'increased', 'production', 'rates', 'compared', 'to', 'hand', '-', 'making', 'methods', '.', 'The', 'adaptability', 'of', 'this', 'machine', 'allowed', 'it', 'to', 'be', 'used', 'for', 'various', 'wick', 'sizes', ',', 'catering', 'to', 'different', 'candle', 'types', ',', 'including', 'taper', 'and', 'pillar', 'candles', '.']

[[1, 5, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'stranding', 'machine', 'has', 'played', 'a', 'pivotal', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'multi', '-', 'stranded', 'yarns', ',', 'allowing', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'create', 'complex', 'textile', 'structures', 'with', 'ease', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'interlaces', 'multiple', 'strands', 'of', 'yarn', 'to', 'provide', 'strength', 'and', 'durability', ',', 'which', 'are', 'essential', 'for', 'various', 'textile', 'applications', '.', 'Its', 'advanced', 'technology', 'has', 'transformed', 'the', 'way', 'textiles', 'are', 'produced', ',', 'making', 'it', 'a', 'crucial', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'in', 'modern', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'twin', 'needle', 'sewing', 'machine', 'is', 'a', 'remarkable', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'that', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'simultaneous', 'stitching', 'of', 'two', 'parallel', 'lines', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'is', 'particularly', 'popular', 'in', 'the', 'fashion', 'industry', 'for', 'creating', 'decorative', 'seams', 'and', 'hems', '.', 'It', 'operates', 'by', 'using', 'two', 'needles', 'and', 'two', 'threads', ',', 'which', 'gives', 'it', 'a', 'unique', 'capability', 'to', 'produce', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'that', 'are', 'not', 'easily', 'achievable', 'with', 'a', 'single', 'needle', 'machine', '.', 'Many', 'tailors', 'and', 'garment', 'manufacturers', 'rely', 'on', 'the', 'twin', 'needle', 'sewing', 'machine', 'to', 'enhance', 'the', 'quality', 'and', 'aesthetic', 'appeal', 'of', 'their', 'products', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'lock', 'stitch', 'carpet', 'sewing', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'carpets', 'were', 'manufactured', 'in', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', '.', 'This', 'innovative', 'machine', 'allowed', 'for', 'the', 'rapid', 'stitching', 'of', 'carpet', 'pieces', ',', 'ensuring', 'durability', 'and', 'precision', '.', 'Its', 'design', 'featured', 'a', 'dual', '-', 'thread', 'system', 'that', 'created', 'a', 'strong', 'lock', 'stitch', ',', 'making', 'it', 'ideal', 'for', 'heavy', 'fabrics', '.', 'As', 'carpet', 'production', 'scaled', 'up', ',', 'the', 'lock', 'stitch', 'carpet', 'sewing', 'machine', 'became', 'a', 'staple', 'in', 'textile', 'factories', 'around', 'the', 'world', '.']

[[1, 5, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'lock', 'stitch', 'sewing', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', '.', 'Invented', 'by', 'Elias', 'Howe', 'in', '1846', ',', 'this', 'machine', 'allowed', 'for', 'faster', 'and', 'more', 'efficient', 'sewing', 'of', 'fabrics', '.', 'It', 'used', 'a', 'simple', 'mechanism', 'that', 'created', 'a', 'durable', 'stitch', ',', 'which', 'was', 'essential', 'for', 'garment', 'production', '.', 'The', 'lock', 'stitch', 'sewing', 'machine', 'paved', 'the', 'way', 'for', 'mass', 'production', 'of', 'clothing', ',', 'significantly', 'impacting', 'fashion', 'and', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery'], [16, 17, 'Inventor'], [11, 12, 'Time Period']]

['The', 'circular', 'hosiery', 'knitting', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'knitted', 'fabrics', 'in', 'the', 'late', '19th', 'century', '.', 'With', 'its', 'ability', 'to', 'create', 'seamless', 'tubes', 'of', 'fabric', ',', 'this', 'machine', 'became', 'essential', 'in', 'the', 'hosiery', 'industry', '.', 'Its', 'design', 'allowed', 'for', 'high', '-', 'speed', 'operation', ',', 'enabling', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'meet', 'the', 'increasing', 'demand', 'for', 'stockings', 'and', 'other', 'knitted', 'goods', '.', 'Various', 'models', 'of', 'the', 'circular', 'hosiery', 'knitting', 'machine', 'were', 'developed', ',', 'each', 'improving', 'upon', 'the', 'last', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'efficiency', 'and', 'ease', 'of', 'use', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'button', '-', 'hole', 'sewing', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'garment', 'manufacturing', 'in', 'the', 'late', '19th', 'century', '.', 'It', 'was', 'specifically', 'designed', 'to', 'create', 'precise', 'buttonholes', 'on', 'various', 'fabrics', ',', 'significantly', 'improving', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'tailors', 'and', 'dressmakers', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allowed', 'for', 'consistent', 'quality', 'and', 'uniformity', 'in', 'fashion', 'production', ',', 'which', 'was', 'a', 'game', 'changer', 'for', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.', 'By', 'mechanizing', 'the', 'buttonhole', 'process', ',', 'manufacturers', 'could', 'produce', 'garments', 'at', 'a', 'much', 'faster', 'rate', 'than', 'by', 'hand', '.']

[[1, 5, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'silk', 'doubling', 'machine', 'was', 'a', 'significant', 'advancement', 'in', 'textile', 'manufacturing', 'during', 'the', '19th', 'century', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allowed', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'doubling', 'of', 'silk', 'threads', ',', 'enhancing', 'the', 'strength', 'and', 'quality', 'of', 'the', 'fabric', 'produced', '.', 'It', 'consisted', 'of', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'spools', 'and', 'tensioning', 'devices', 'that', 'ensured', 'the', 'threads', 'were', 'evenly', 'twisted', 'and', 'combined', '.', 'As', 'a', 'result', ',', 'the', 'silk', 'doubling', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'industry', ',', 'making', 'it', 'possible', 'to', 'produce', 'finer', 'fabrics', 'at', 'a', 'much', 'faster', 'rate', 'than', 'manual', 'methods', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'throwing', 'machine', ',', 'a', 'crucial', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'yarn', 'was', 'produced', 'by', 'enabling', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'fibers', 'into', 'thread', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operates', 'by', 'utilizing', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'spindles', 'and', 'rollers', ',', 'which', 'work', 'together', 'to', 'draw', 'out', 'and', 'twist', 'the', 'fibers', 'efficiently', '.', 'Early', 'versions', 'of', 'the', 'throwing', 'machine', 'were', 'powered', 'by', 'water', 'wheels', ',', 'making', 'them', 'effective', 'in', 'factory', 'settings', 'during', 'the', 'Industrial', 'Revolution', '.', 'The', 'most', 'notable', 'advancements', 'in', 'throwing', 'machines', 'occurred', 'in', 'the', 'late', '18th', 'century', ',', 'providing', 'weavers', 'with', 'a', 'more', 'consistent', 'and', 'reliable', 'source', 'of', 'thread', 'for', 'their', 'looms', '.', 'As', 'technology', 'progressed', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'electric', 'motors', 'further', 'enhanced', 'the', 'performance', 'of', 'throwing', 'machines', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'higher', 'speeds', 'and', 'greater', 'precision', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'yarn', 'strength', 'testing', 'machine', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'tool', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'used', 'to', 'determine', 'the', 'tensile', 'strength', 'of', 'various', 'yarns', '.', 'It', 'operates', 'by', 'applying', 'a', 'controlled', 'force', 'to', 'the', 'yarn', 'until', 'it', 'breaks', ',', 'providing', 'crucial', 'data', 'on', 'its', 'durability', 'and', 'quality', '.', 'Another', 'significant', 'piece', 'of', 'machinery', 'is', 'the', 'spinning', 'frame', ',', 'which', 'transforms', 'fibers', 'into', 'yarn', 'through', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'twisting', 'and', 'stretching', 'processes', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', 'plays', 'a', 'pivotal', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'preparation', 'of', 'fibers', ',', 'aligning', 'them', 'and', 'removing', 'impurities', 'to', 'ensure', 'a', 'uniform', 'feed', 'into', 'the', 'spinning', 'frame', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery'], [54, 55, 'Textile Machinery'], [74, 75, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'weaving', 'shuttle', 'picker', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'device', 'in', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', ',', 'designed', 'to', 'efficiently', 'insert', 'the', 'shuttle', 'carrying', 'the', 'weft', 'thread', 'across', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'loom', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'has', 'evolved', 'significantly', 'since', 'its', 'inception', ',', 'with', 'the', 'earliest', 'versions', 'being', 'operated', 'manually', '.', 'Modern', 'shuttle', 'pickers', 'utilize', 'mechanical', 'systems', 'to', 'enhance', 'speed', 'and', 'precision', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'complex', 'patterns', 'to', 'be', 'woven', 'with', 'ease', '.', 'In', 'particular', ',', 'the', 'automatic', 'shuttle', 'picker', 'has', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'increasing', 'production', 'rates', 'and', 'reducing', 'labor', 'costs', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [73, 75, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'traditional', 'sack', 'cloth', 'weaving', 'loom', 'has', 'been', 'a', 'vital', 'part', 'of', 'textile', 'manufacturing', 'for', 'centuries', '.', 'This', 'loom', 'is', 'specifically', 'designed', 'to', 'create', 'durable', 'sacks', 'used', 'for', 'various', 'purposes', ',', 'including', 'agriculture', 'and', 'shipping', '.', 'Its', 'design', 'features', 'a', 'wide', 'frame', 'and', 'robust', 'mechanisms', 'that', 'allow', 'for', 'efficient', 'weaving', 'of', 'heavy', 'fabrics', '.', 'The', 'sack', 'cloth', 'weaving', 'loom', 'operates', 'by', 'employing', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'treadles', 'and', 'shuttles', ',', 'which', 'enable', 'the', 'weaver', 'to', 'produce', 'cloth', 'that', 'can', 'withstand', 'considerable', 'wear', 'and', 'tear', '.', 'Over', 'the', 'years', ',', 'advancements', 'have', 'been', 'made', 'to', 'improve', 'its', 'efficiency', ',', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'automated', 'features', 'and', 'electronic', 'controls', '.']

[[2, 5, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'fishing', 'net', 'weaving', 'loom', 'is', 'a', 'remarkable', 'piece', 'of', 'machinery', 'that', 'has', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'fishing', 'nets', '.', 'This', 'specialized', 'loom', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'intricate', 'weaving', 'of', 'netting', 'materials', ',', 'ensuring', 'strength', 'and', 'flexibility', '.', 'It', 'features', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'warp', 'and', 'weft', 'threads', 'that', 'are', 'interlaced', 'to', 'create', 'various', 'mesh', 'sizes', 'suited', 'for', 'different', 'fishing', 'techniques', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'fishing', 'net', 'weaving', 'looms', 'were', 'powered', 'by', 'hand', ',', 'but', 'modern', 'versions', 'now', 'incorporate', 'electric', 'motors', 'for', 'increased', 'efficiency', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'braid', 'weaving', 'loom', 'is', 'a', 'remarkable', 'invention', 'that', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.', 'It', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'creation', 'of', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'in', 'braided', 'fabrics', 'with', 'remarkable', 'speed', 'and', 'precision', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'the', 'loom', 'was', 'often', 'operated', 'by', 'skilled', 'artisans', 'who', 'could', 'manipulate', 'the', 'threads', 'to', 'produce', 'beautiful', 'designs', '.', 'In', 'contrast', ',', 'modern', 'braid', 'weaving', 'looms', 'are', 'equipped', 'with', 'advanced', 'technology', ',', 'enabling', 'automatic', 'pattern', 'changes', 'and', 'reducing', 'production', 'time', 'significantly', '.', 'This', 'evolution', 'in', 'textile', 'machines', 'has', 'paved', 'the', 'way', 'for', 'mass', 'production', 'and', 'has', 'made', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'braided', 'materials', 'accessible', 'to', 'a', 'wider', 'audience', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'winding', 'wheel', 'is', 'a', 'historic', 'textile', 'machine', 'that', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'yarn', 'was', 'produced', '.', 'Initially', 'used', 'in', 'the', '16th', 'century', ',', 'it', 'enabled', 'spinners', 'to', 'wind', 'yarn', 'onto', 'spools', 'more', 'efficiently', 'than', 'ever', 'before', '.', 'The', 'design', 'of', 'the', 'winding', 'wheel', 'allowed', 'for', 'a', 'smooth', 'and', 'continuous', 'feed', 'of', 'yarn', ',', 'which', 'was', 'crucial', 'for', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'textiles', '.', 'Today', ',', 'many', 'textile', 'historians', 'regard', 'the', 'winding', 'wheel', 'as', 'a', 'pivotal', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'evolution', 'of', 'textile', 'machinery', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'silk', 'winding', 'machine', 'was', 'historically', 'significant', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'as', 'it', 'allowed', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'transformation', 'of', 'raw', 'silk', 'into', 'finished', 'threads', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'typically', 'consisted', 'of', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'spools', 'where', 'the', 'silk', 'was', 'wound', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'fibers', 'were', 'tightly', 'and', 'uniformly', 'packaged', '.', 'In', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'automatic', 'silk', 'winding', 'machines', 'revolutionized', 'production', ',', 'reducing', 'labor', 'costs', 'and', 'increasing', 'output', '.', 'Manufacturers', 'like', 'the', 'Toyoda', 'Automatic', 'Loom', 'Works', 'made', 'notable', 'advancements', 'in', 'this', 'technology', ',', 'leading', 'to', 'widespread', 'adoption', 'across', 'silk', '-', 'producing', 'regions', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [77, 80, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'drugget', 'printing', 'machine', 'is', 'a', 'specialized', 'device', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'for', 'creating', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'on', 'fabrics', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operates', 'by', 'applying', 'dye', 'to', 'the', 'fabric', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'vibrant', 'designs', 'that', 'enhance', 'the', 'overall', 'aesthetic', 'of', 'the', 'material', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'drugget', 'printing', 'machines', 'have', 'played', 'a', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'decorative', 'textiles', ',', 'particularly', 'for', 'carpets', 'and', 'upholstery', '.', 'The', 'process', 'involves', 'multiple', 'steps', ',', 'including', 'preparing', 'the', 'fabric', ',', 'applying', 'the', 'dye', 'using', 'engraved', 'rollers', ',', 'and', 'finishing', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'ensure', 'durability', 'and', 'colorfastness', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'boot', 'sewing', 'machine', 'was', 'a', 'revolutionary', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'introduced', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', 'that', 'drastically', 'improved', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'footwear', 'production', '.', 'Its', 'intricate', 'design', 'allowed', 'for', 'the', 'rapid', 'stitching', 'of', 'leather', 'components', ',', 'which', 'was', 'previously', 'a', 'labor', '-', 'intensive', 'process', 'done', 'by', 'hand', '.', 'The', 'machine', 'featured', 'a', 'walking', 'foot', 'mechanism', 'that', 'ensured', 'precise', 'alignment', 'of', 'materials', ',', 'enabling', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'produce', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'boots', 'at', 'a', 'fraction', 'of', 'the', 'time', '.', 'This', 'innovation', 'played', 'a', 'significant', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'rise', 'of', 'the', 'industrial', 'revolution', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'and', 'footwear', 'industries', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'card', 'cutting', 'machine', ',', 'developed', 'in', 'the', 'late', '19th', 'century', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'fibers', 'were', 'prepared', 'for', 'spinning', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'efficiently', 'cuts', 'and', 'aligns', 'fibers', ',', 'making', 'them', 'suitable', 'for', 'processing', 'into', 'yarn', '.', 'The', 'device', 'features', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rotating', 'blades', 'and', 'a', 'conveyor', 'belt', 'system', 'that', 'feeds', 'the', 'fibers', 'into', 'the', 'cutting', 'area', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'card', 'cutting', 'machine', 'allowed', 'textile', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'significantly', 'increase', 'production', 'speed', 'and', 'improve', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'product', '.', 'Another', 'notable', 'machine', 'from', 'this', 'era', 'is', 'the', 'spinning', 'frame', ',', 'which', 'complemented', 'the', 'card', 'cutting', 'machine', 'by', 'spinning', 'the', 'prepared', 'fibers', 'into', 'thread', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 92, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'pirn', 'winder', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'textile', 'machine', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', '.', 'It', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'wind', 'yarn', 'onto', 'a', 'pirn', ',', 'which', 'is', 'a', 'small', 'spool', 'that', 'holds', 'the', 'weft', 'yarn', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'ensures', 'that', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'wound', 'evenly', 'and', 'tightly', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'efficient', 'weaving', 'without', 'interruptions', '.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'pirn', 'winder', ',', 'the', 'shuttle', 'loom', 'and', 'the', 'jacquard', 'loom', 'are', 'also', 'notable', 'textile', 'machines', 'that', 'have', 'greatly', 'influenced', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'over', 'the', 'years', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [62, 63, 'Textile Machinery'], [66, 67, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'bobbin', 'to', 'hank', 'winder', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'textile', 'machine', 'that', 'transforms', 'yarn', 'from', 'bobbins', 'into', 'hanks', ',', 'making', 'it', 'easier', 'for', 'subsequent', 'processing', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'features', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'spindles', 'that', 'wind', 'the', 'yarn', 'onto', 'a', 'winding', 'frame', ',', 'ensuring', 'consistent', 'tension', 'and', 'uniformity', 'in', 'the', 'hanks', 'produced', '.', 'It', 'is', 'widely', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'especially', 'in', 'the', 'preparation', 'of', 'yarn', 'for', 'dyeing', 'and', 'weaving', '.', 'Another', 'important', 'machine', 'in', 'this', 'process', 'is', 'the', 'automatic', 'winder', ',', 'which', 'enhances', 'efficiency', 'by', 'allowing', 'for', 'continuous', 'operation', 'without', 'manual', 'intervention', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery'], [79, 80, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'cheese', 'winder', 'is', 'a', 'vital', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'primarily', 'used', 'for', 'winding', 'yarn', 'onto', 'cheese', 'cones', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'ensures', 'that', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'evenly', 'wound', ',', 'which', 'is', 'crucial', 'for', 'maintaining', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'textile', 'product', '.', 'Originally', 'developed', 'in', 'the', 'late', '19th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'cheese', 'winder', 'has', 'undergone', 'various', 'improvements', ',', 'incorporating', 'advanced', 'technology', 'to', 'enhance', 'efficiency', 'and', 'reduce', 'waste', '.', 'Many', 'textile', 'manufacturers', 'rely', 'on', 'this', 'machine', 'to', 'streamline', 'their', 'production', 'processes', 'and', 'ensure', 'consistency', 'in', 'their', 'products', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'circular', 'sock', 'knitting', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'hosiery', 'in', 'the', 'late', '19th', 'century', '.', 'Its', 'ability', 'to', 'create', 'seamless', 'socks', 'at', 'a', 'faster', 'rate', 'than', 'traditional', 'methods', 'greatly', 'impacted', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'employs', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rotating', 'needles', 'that', 'interlock', 'yarn', 'to', 'produce', 'a', 'wide', 'variety', 'of', 'sock', 'sizes', 'and', 'styles', '.', 'Notably', ',', 'the', 'invention', 'of', 'the', 'circular', 'sock', 'knitting', 'machine', 'allowed', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'meet', 'the', 'increasing', 'demand', 'for', 'knitted', 'goods', 'during', 'the', 'industrial', 'revolution', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'cropping', 'machine', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'device', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'primarily', 'used', 'for', 'trimming', 'the', 'edges', 'of', 'fabric', 'to', 'achieve', 'a', 'clean', 'finish', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operates', 'by', 'using', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'sharp', 'blades', 'that', 'move', 'rapidly', 'to', 'cut', 'the', 'fabric', 'accurately', '.', 'In', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'automatic', 'cropping', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'textile', 'manufacturers', 'processed', 'their', 'materials', ',', 'significantly', 'increasing', 'efficiency', 'and', 'reducing', 'waste', '.', 'Many', 'modern', 'factories', 'still', 'rely', 'on', 'this', 'technology', 'to', 'ensure', 'their', 'products', 'meet', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'standards', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [55, 57, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'drop', 'box', 'loom', ',', 'a', 'revolutionary', 'advancement', 'in', 'textile', 'machinery', ',', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'weaving', 'of', 'complex', 'patterns', '.', 'It', 'features', 'a', 'unique', 'mechanism', 'that', 'drops', 'the', 'shuttle', 'into', 'the', 'loom', 'at', 'precise', 'intervals', ',', 'enabling', 'faster', 'production', 'times', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'was', 'particularly', 'popular', 'during', 'the', 'Industrial', 'Revolution', ',', 'as', 'it', 'greatly', 'increased', 'the', 'speed', 'at', 'which', 'fabrics', 'could', 'be', 'produced', '.', 'Alongside', 'the', 'drop', 'box', 'loom', ',', 'other', 'notable', 'machines', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'Jacquard', 'loom', 'played', 'a', 'significant', 'role', 'in', 'transforming', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [77, 78, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'treadle', 'winder', ',', 'a', 'historical', 'textile', 'machine', ',', 'was', 'widely', 'used', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', 'for', 'winding', 'yarn', 'onto', 'bobbins', '.', 'It', 'operates', 'by', 'using', 'a', 'foot', 'pedal', 'to', 'control', 'the', 'winding', 'speed', ',', 'allowing', 'the', 'operator', 'to', 'maintain', 'consistent', 'tension', 'while', 'winding', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'significantly', 'improved', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'yarn', 'production', 'and', 'is', 'considered', 'a', 'key', 'innovation', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.', 'Many', 'artisans', 'still', 'appreciate', 'the', 'craftsmanship', 'involved', 'in', 'using', 'a', 'treadle', 'winder', 'as', 'it', 'offers', 'a', 'hands', '-', 'on', 'approach', 'to', 'weaving', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'hand', 'bobbin', 'winder', ',', 'a', 'crucial', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'yarn', 'was', 'wound', 'onto', 'bobbins', '.', 'Originating', 'in', 'the', 'early', '19th', 'century', ',', 'this', 'machine', 'allowed', 'for', 'efficient', 'production', 'and', 'reduced', 'labor', 'costs', 'significantly', '.', 'Operators', 'could', 'easily', 'manage', 'the', 'winding', 'process', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'yarn', 'was', 'evenly', 'distributed', '.', 'The', 'hand', 'bobbin', 'winder', 'was', 'typically', 'used', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'looms', 'to', 'facilitate', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', ',', 'making', 'it', 'an', 'indispensable', 'tool', 'for', 'textile', 'manufacturers', 'at', 'the', 'time', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'hopper', 'feed', 'wool', 'carding', 'machine', 'was', 'a', 'revolutionary', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'processing', 'of', 'wool', 'fibers', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'featured', 'a', 'large', 'hopper', 'that', 'fed', 'raw', 'wool', 'into', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rotating', 'drums', 'covered', 'with', 'fine', 'wire', 'teeth', '.', 'The', 'carding', 'process', 'aligned', 'and', 'separated', 'the', 'fibers', ',', 'preparing', 'them', 'for', 'spinning', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'hopper', 'feed', 'wool', 'carding', 'machine', 'significantly', 'increased', 'production', 'speed', 'and', 'improved', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'yarn', '.']

[[1, 5, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'warping', 'mill', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'used', 'for', 'preparing', 'yarns', 'for', 'weaving', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'precise', 'arrangement', 'of', 'threads', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'warp', 'is', 'evenly', 'distributed', 'and', 'tensioned', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'the', 'warping', 'mill', 'has', 'evolved', 'from', 'simple', 'hand', '-', 'operated', 'devices', 'to', 'more', 'complex', ',', 'mechanized', 'versions', 'that', 'can', 'accommodate', 'larger', 'quantities', 'of', 'yarn', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'automatic', 'warping', 'mill', 'significantly', 'increased', 'production', 'efficiency', 'and', 'reduced', 'labor', 'costs', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'horizontal', 'warping', 'mill', ',', 'a', 'vital', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'precise', 'arrangement', 'of', 'yarns', 'in', 'preparation', 'for', 'weaving', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'features', 'a', 'rotating', 'beam', 'that', 'can', 'hold', 'numerous', 'threads', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'warp', 'is', 'evenly', 'tensioned', '.', 'The', 'operator', 'can', 'adjust', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'warp', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'specifications', 'of', 'the', 'fabric', 'being', 'produced', '.', 'In', 'addition', ',', 'the', 'horizontal', 'warping', 'mill', 'is', 'known', 'for', 'its', 'efficiency', 'and', 'speed', ',', 'significantly', 'reducing', 'the', 'time', 'needed', 'for', 'yarn', 'preparation', 'compared', 'to', 'traditional', 'methods', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'knotting', 'frame', ',', 'a', 'pivotal', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'textiles', 'were', 'produced', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allowed', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'tying', 'of', 'knots', 'in', 'yarn', ',', 'which', 'significantly', 'enhanced', 'the', 'strength', 'and', 'durability', 'of', 'fabrics', '.', 'By', 'automating', 'the', 'knotting', 'process', ',', 'the', 'knotting', 'frame', 'increased', 'production', 'rates', 'and', 'reduced', 'labor', 'costs', ',', 'making', 'it', 'an', 'essential', 'tool', 'in', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.', 'Its', 'design', 'featured', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'mechanical', 'components', 'that', 'worked', 'in', 'unison', 'to', 'create', 'tight', 'and', 'consistent', 'knots', ',', 'addressing', 'the', 'needs', 'of', 'weavers', 'and', 'manufacturers', 'alike', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'roving', 'frame', ',', 'developed', 'during', 'the', 'industrial', 'revolution', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'spinning', 'process', 'by', 'drawing', 'out', 'and', 'twisting', 'fibers', 'into', 'a', 'continuous', 'strand', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allowed', 'for', 'increased', 'efficiency', 'in', 'yarn', 'production', ',', 'significantly', 'impacting', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'automatic', 'roving', 'frame', 'in', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', 'further', 'enhanced', 'productivity', ',', 'enabling', 'factories', 'to', 'produce', 'larger', 'quantities', 'of', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'roving', 'with', 'minimal', 'labor', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [47, 49, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'Jacquard', 'loom', ',', 'invented', 'by', 'Joseph', 'Marie', 'Jacquard', 'in', '1804', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'allowing', 'for', 'the', 'automatic', 'production', 'of', 'intricate', 'patterns', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'used', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'punched', 'cards', 'to', 'control', 'the', 'weaving', 'of', 'the', 'threads', ',', 'making', 'it', 'possible', 'to', 'create', 'complex', 'designs', 'with', 'ease', '.', 'Another', 'significant', 'invention', 'was', 'the', 'spinning', 'jenny', ',', 'developed', 'by', 'James', 'Hargreaves', 'in', '1764', ',', 'which', 'greatly', 'increased', 'the', 'amount', 'of', 'yarn', 'produced', 'by', 'a', 'single', 'worker', '.', 'The', 'power', 'loom', ',', 'introduced', 'by', 'Edmund', 'Cartwright', 'in', '1785', ',', 'further', 'automated', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', 'and', 'led', 'to', 'the', 'rise', 'of', 'large', '-', 'scale', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [57, 58, 'Textile Machinery'], [81, 82, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'sectional', 'warping', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'allowing', 'weavers', 'to', 'prepare', 'large', 'quantities', 'of', 'warp', 'yarn', 'more', 'efficiently', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'can', 'divide', 'the', 'yarn', 'into', 'sections', ',', 'which', 'streamlines', 'the', 'process', 'of', 'warping', 'and', 'reduces', 'waste', '.', 'Notably', ',', 'the', 'sectional', 'warping', 'machine', 'is', 'equipped', 'with', 'multiple', 'beams', 'and', 'a', 'sophisticated', 'tension', 'control', 'system', ',', 'making', 'it', 'a', 'vital', 'tool', 'in', 'modern', 'weaving', 'operations', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'silk', 'roving', 'frame', ',', 'a', 'crucial', 'innovation', 'in', 'textile', 'manufacturing', ',', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'production', 'of', 'silk', 'yarn', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'take', 'multiple', 'strands', 'of', 'silk', 'fibers', 'and', 'twist', 'them', 'together', ',', 'creating', 'a', 'thicker', 'and', 'stronger', 'product', '.', 'The', 'frame', 'operates', 'by', 'drawing', 'the', 'silk', 'through', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'and', 'guiding', 'it', 'into', 'a', 'roving', 'form', ',', 'which', 'is', 'then', 'ready', 'for', 'spinning', 'into', 'thread', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'silk', 'roving', 'frame', 'significantly', 'increased', 'the', 'speed', 'and', 'consistency', 'of', 'silk', 'production', ',', 'revolutionizing', 'the', 'industry', 'during', 'the', '19th', 'century', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'single', 'swift', 'carding', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'in', 'the', 'early', '19th', 'century', '.', 'With', 'its', 'ability', 'to', 'process', 'raw', 'fibers', 'into', 'a', 'more', 'manageable', 'form', ',', 'the', 'single', 'swift', 'carding', 'machine', 'became', 'essential', 'for', 'weavers', 'and', 'spinners', 'alike', '.', 'Its', 'rotating', 'drums', 'and', 'fine', 'wire', 'teeth', 'effectively', 'disentangled', 'and', 'aligned', 'the', 'fibers', ',', 'preparing', 'them', 'for', 'spinning', 'into', 'yarn', '.', 'This', 'innovation', 'significantly', 'increased', 'production', 'efficiency', 'and', 'quality', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'textile', 'products', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'spindle', 'winding', 'machine', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'primarily', 'used', 'for', 'winding', 'yarns', 'onto', 'spools', 'or', 'cones', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'facilitates', 'the', 'efficient', 'transfer', 'of', 'yarn', 'from', 'large', 'bobbins', 'to', 'smaller', ',', 'more', 'manageable', 'packages', ',', 'making', 'it', 'easier', 'for', 'weavers', 'and', 'knitters', 'to', 'handle', 'the', 'material', '.', 'The', 'process', 'not', 'only', 'improves', 'productivity', 'but', 'also', 'ensures', 'that', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'wound', 'uniformly', ',', 'reducing', 'the', 'risk', 'of', 'tangles', 'during', 'production', '.', 'In', 'addition', ',', 'advancements', 'in', 'technology', 'have', 'led', 'to', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'automatic', 'spindle', 'winding', 'machines', 'that', 'require', 'minimal', 'human', 'intervention', ',', 'significantly', 'enhancing', 'operational', 'efficiency', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'stapling', 'machine', ',', 'invented', 'in', 'the', 'late', '19th', 'century', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'allowing', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'quickly', 'and', 'efficiently', 'secure', 'layers', 'of', 'fabric', 'together', '.', 'This', 'innovative', 'machine', 'utilized', 'sharp', 'metal', 'staples', 'and', 'was', 'primarily', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'assembly', 'of', 'quilts', 'and', 'blankets', '.', 'Its', 'introduction', 'significantly', 'increased', 'production', 'speed', 'and', 'reduced', 'labor', 'costs', ',', 'making', 'it', 'a', 'staple', 'in', 'textile', 'factories', 'across', 'Europe', 'and', 'America', '.', 'The', 'stapling', 'machine', 'was', 'often', 'operated', 'alongside', 'other', 'machinery', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'sewing', 'machine', 'and', 'the', 'quilting', 'machine', ',', 'creating', 'a', 'seamless', 'workflow', 'in', 'fabric', 'assembly', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [82, 83, 'Textile Machinery'], [86, 87, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'antique', 'shuttle', 'loom', 'was', 'a', 'groundbreaking', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'faster', 'weaving', 'of', 'intricate', 'patterns', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'utilized', 'a', 'shuttle', 'to', 'carry', 'the', 'weft', 'thread', 'across', 'the', 'warp', ',', 'significantly', 'improving', 'production', 'speed', '.', 'Similarly', ',', 'the', 'jacquard', 'loom', 'revolutionized', 'textile', 'production', 'by', 'enabling', 'automatic', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', ',', 'making', 'it', 'possible', 'to', 'create', 'complex', 'designs', 'with', 'minimal', 'manual', 'intervention', '.', 'Both', 'the', 'shuttle', 'loom', 'and', 'the', 'jacquard', 'loom', 'have', 'left', 'a', 'lasting', 'legacy', 'in', 'the', 'evolution', 'of', 'weaving', 'technology', '.']

[[2, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [43, 44, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'treadle', 'spinning', 'wheel', 'was', 'a', 'revolutionary', 'textile', 'machine', 'that', 'allowed', 'spinners', 'to', 'produce', 'yarn', 'more', 'efficiently', 'than', 'ever', 'before', '.', 'It', 'featured', 'a', 'foot', '-', 'operated', 'treadle', 'that', 'powered', 'the', 'wheel', ',', 'enabling', 'the', 'spinner', 'to', 'use', 'both', 'hands', 'to', 'manage', 'the', 'fibers', '.', 'This', 'innovation', 'significantly', 'increased', 'productivity', 'in', 'textile', 'manufacturing', 'during', 'the', '18th', 'and', '19th', 'centuries', '.', 'Many', 'artisans', 'crafted', 'beautiful', 'treadle', 'spinning', 'wheels', ',', 'making', 'them', 'not', 'only', 'functional', 'but', 'also', 'aesthetically', 'pleasing', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'twisting', 'frame', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'machine', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'used', 'for', 'twisting', 'fibers', 'together', 'to', 'create', 'yarns', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operates', 'by', 'feeding', 'the', 'fibers', 'through', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'and', 'spindles', 'that', 'impart', 'a', 'twist', 'to', 'the', 'strands', '.', 'The', 'twisting', 'frame', 'has', 'significantly', 'evolved', 'since', 'its', 'inception', 'in', 'the', '18th', 'century', ',', 'offering', 'increased', 'speed', 'and', 'efficiency', '.', 'With', 'the', 'advent', 'of', 'automatic', 'twisting', 'frames', ',', 'manufacturers', 'can', 'produce', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'yarns', 'with', 'minimal', 'labor', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'universal', 'flyer', 'twister', ',', 'an', 'essential', 'machine', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'twist', 'multiple', 'strands', 'of', 'yarn', 'together', 'to', 'create', 'a', 'strong', ',', 'durable', 'thread', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'operates', 'by', 'using', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rotating', 'flyers', 'that', 'guide', 'the', 'yarn', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'twisted', '.', 'The', 'process', 'not', 'only', 'improves', 'the', 'strength', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'but', 'also', 'enhances', 'its', 'texture', ',', 'making', 'it', 'suitable', 'for', 'a', 'variety', 'of', 'applications', 'in', 'weaving', 'and', 'knitting', '.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'universal', 'flyer', 'twister', ',', 'machines', 'like', 'the', 'ring', 'spinner', 'and', 'the', 'open', '-', 'end', 'rotor', 'are', 'often', 'used', 'in', 'conjunction', 'to', 'enhance', 'production', 'efficiency', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [89, 90, 'Textile Machinery'], [93, 96, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'universal', 'ring', 'twister', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'textile', 'machine', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'spinning', 'process', '.', 'It', 'twists', 'multiple', 'strands', 'of', 'fiber', 'together', 'to', 'produce', 'a', 'robust', 'yarn', 'suitable', 'for', 'weaving', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'is', 'renowned', 'for', 'its', 'efficiency', 'and', 'has', 'been', 'a', 'staple', 'in', 'textile', 'manufacturing', 'since', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', '.', 'It', 'operates', 'by', 'feeding', 'fibers', 'through', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'that', 'align', 'them', 'before', 'twisting', '.', 'The', 'resulting', 'yarn', 'can', 'be', 'used', 'in', 'various', 'applications', ',', 'from', 'clothing', 'to', 'industrial', 'textiles', '.', 'Many', 'textile', 'mills', 'still', 'utilize', 'the', 'universal', 'ring', 'twister', 'due', 'to', 'its', 'reliability', 'and', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'yarn', 'it', 'produces', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'vertical', 'warping', 'mill', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'machine', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'used', 'primarily', 'for', 'preparing', 'warp', 'yarns', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'arrangement', 'of', 'yarns', 'on', 'a', 'beam', ',', 'enabling', 'weavers', 'to', 'create', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'and', 'designs', '.', 'In', 'the', 'early', '19th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'vertical', 'warping', 'mill', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'textiles', 'were', 'produced', ',', 'making', 'the', 'process', 'faster', 'and', 'more', 'reliable', '.', 'Unlike', 'traditional', 'hand', 'methods', ',', 'the', 'vertical', 'warping', 'mill', 'automates', 'the', 'alignment', 'of', 'multiple', 'yarns', ',', 'ensuring', 'consistent', 'tension', 'and', 'preventing', 'tangling', '.', 'Today', ',', 'many', 'modern', 'textile', 'factories', 'still', 'rely', 'on', 'the', 'vertical', 'warping', 'mill', 'for', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'fabric', 'production', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'warp', 'twisting', 'machine', ',', 'a', 'crucial', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'yarns', 'to', 'enhance', 'their', 'strength', 'and', 'durability', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'works', 'by', 'feeding', 'multiple', 'strands', 'of', 'yarn', 'through', 'a', 'twisting', 'mechanism', ',', 'producing', 'a', 'tightly', 'wound', 'thread', 'ideal', 'for', 'various', 'fabric', 'types', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'warp', 'twisting', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'textiles', ',', 'enabling', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'create', 'stronger', 'fabrics', 'that', 'could', 'withstand', 'wear', 'and', 'tear', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'invention', 'of', 'the', 'automatic', 'warp', 'twisting', 'machine', 'further', 'increased', 'efficiency', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'higher', 'production', 'rates', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [88, 91, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'woollen', 'roving', 'frame', ',', 'a', 'pivotal', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'draw', 'out', 'and', 'twist', 'wool', 'fibers', 'into', 'a', 'continuous', 'roving', 'strand', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'significantly', 'improved', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'wool', 'processing', 'in', 'the', '19th', 'century', ',', 'allowing', 'spinners', 'to', 'produce', 'yarn', 'more', 'quickly', 'and', 'uniformly', '.', 'The', 'frame', 'consists', 'of', 'several', 'key', 'components', ',', 'including', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'that', 'stretch', 'the', 'wool', ',', 'a', 'drafting', 'system', 'to', 'ensure', 'consistency', ',', 'and', 'a', 'spindle', 'that', 'twists', 'the', 'fibers', 'together', '.', 'Such', 'advancements', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'wool', 'was', 'prepared', 'for', 'weaving', ',', 'making', 'the', 'woollen', 'roving', 'frame', 'an', 'essential', 'tool', 'in', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'spinning', 'jack', ',', 'a', 'pivotal', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'late', '16th', 'century', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'process', 'of', 'spinning', 'wool', 'into', 'yarn', '.', 'It', 'utilized', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'spindles', 'mounted', 'on', 'a', 'frame', ',', 'allowing', 'multiple', 'threads', 'to', 'be', 'spun', 'simultaneously', '.', 'This', 'increased', 'efficiency', 'and', 'significantly', 'reduced', 'the', 'labor', 'required', 'for', 'textile', 'production', '.', 'The', 'spinning', 'jack', 'was', 'often', 'operated', 'by', 'a', 'single', 'worker', ',', 'who', 'would', 'manage', 'the', 'tension', 'and', 'feed', 'of', 'the', 'wool', 'while', 'the', 'machine', 'did', 'the', 'bulk', 'of', 'the', 'spinning', '.', 'Its', 'introduction', 'marked', 'a', 'significant', 'advancement', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'paving', 'the', 'way', 'for', 'further', 'innovations', 'in', 'machinery', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'twisting', 'machine', 'has', 'been', 'a', 'crucial', 'part', 'of', 'textile', 'production', 'since', 'the', 'early', '19th', 'century', '.', 'It', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'twist', 'fibers', 'together', ',', 'enhancing', 'their', 'strength', 'and', 'durability', '.', 'The', 'machine', 'operates', 'by', 'feeding', 'in', 'the', 'fibers', 'and', 'using', 'a', 'rotating', 'spindle', 'to', 'create', 'the', 'desired', 'twist', '.', 'Many', 'factories', 'utilize', 'the', 'modern', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'twisting', 'machine', ',', 'which', 'is', 'more', 'efficient', 'and', 'produces', 'a', 'consistent', 'quality', 'of', 'yarn', '.', 'Innovations', 'in', 'twisting', 'technology', 'have', 'allowed', 'for', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'specialty', 'yarns', ',', 'which', 'are', 'in', 'high', 'demand', 'in', 'the', 'fashion', 'industry', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'warp', 'beam', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'component', 'in', 'weaving', ',', 'serving', 'as', 'a', 'support', 'for', 'the', 'warp', 'threads', 'that', 'are', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'loom', '.', 'Traditionally', 'made', 'of', 'wood', ',', 'the', 'warp', 'beam', 'holds', 'the', 'threads', 'under', 'tension', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'the', 'even', 'distribution', 'of', 'yarn', 'during', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', '.', 'In', 'the', '19th', 'century', ',', 'advancements', 'in', 'textile', 'machinery', 'led', 'to', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'automatic', 'warp', 'beam', ',', 'which', 'significantly', 'increased', 'efficiency', 'in', 'textile', 'production', '.', 'Today', ',', 'warp', 'beams', 'are', 'often', 'made', 'from', 'lightweight', 'materials', 'like', 'aluminum', ',', 'enhancing', 'the', 'ease', 'of', 'use', 'for', 'modern', 'weavers', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [66, 68, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'warp', 'winder', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'textile', 'machine', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'preparation', 'of', 'yarn', 'for', 'weaving', '.', 'It', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'wind', 'yarn', 'onto', 'a', 'spool', 'or', 'beam', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'evenly', 'distributed', 'and', 'free', 'of', 'tangles', '.', 'The', 'early', 'models', 'of', 'warp', 'winders', 'were', 'manually', 'operated', ',', 'requiring', 'skilled', 'labor', 'to', 'maintain', 'consistent', 'tension', '.', 'However', ',', 'advancements', 'in', 'technology', 'have', 'led', 'to', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'automatic', 'warp', 'winders', ',', 'which', 'greatly', 'enhance', 'efficiency', 'and', 'reduce', 'the', 'time', 'needed', 'for', 'setup', '.', 'Notably', ',', 'the', 'modern', 'electronic', 'warp', 'winder', 'incorporates', 'sensors', 'to', 'monitor', 'tension', 'and', 'speed', ',', 'making', 'it', 'a', 'crucial', 'tool', 'in', 'contemporary', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'warping', 'creel', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'used', 'to', 'hold', 'multiple', 'spools', 'of', 'yarn', 'for', 'the', 'warping', 'process', '.', 'It', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'efficient', 'alignment', 'of', 'threads', 'before', 'they', 'are', 'wound', 'onto', 'the', 'warp', 'beam', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'the', 'warping', 'creel', 'has', 'evolved', 'from', 'simple', 'wooden', 'frames', 'to', 'more', 'complex', 'systems', 'that', 'can', 'accommodate', 'numerous', 'spools', ',', 'enhancing', 'productivity', 'and', 'reducing', 'manual', 'labor', '.', 'In', 'modern', 'textile', 'mills', ',', 'automatic', 'warping', 'creels', 'are', 'often', 'employed', ',', 'which', 'can', 'significantly', 'increase', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'warping', 'process', 'and', 'improve', 'the', 'accuracy', 'of', 'thread', 'tension', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'weft', 'winder', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'textile', 'machine', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', 'to', 'prepare', 'the', 'yarn', 'for', 'insertion', 'into', 'the', 'loom', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'ensures', 'that', 'the', 'weft', 'yarn', 'is', 'wound', 'onto', 'a', 'bobbin', 'or', 'shuttle', ',', 'which', 'can', 'then', 'be', 'easily', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'loom', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'the', 'weft', 'winder', 'has', 'evolved', 'from', 'simple', 'hand', '-', 'operated', 'devices', 'to', 'more', 'sophisticated', 'automated', 'machines', 'that', 'can', 'handle', 'multiple', 'colors', 'and', 'types', 'of', 'yarn', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'shuttle', 'loom', 'operates', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'weft', 'winder', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'efficient', 'production', 'of', 'woven', 'fabrics', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [79, 80, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'hand', 'winding', 'machine', 'played', 'a', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'during', 'the', 'Industrial', 'Revolution', '.', 'It', 'allowed', 'operators', 'to', 'wind', 'yarn', 'efficiently', 'onto', 'spools', 'or', 'bobbins', ',', 'significantly', 'speeding', 'up', 'the', 'production', 'process', '.', 'Unlike', 'earlier', 'methods', 'that', 'required', 'manual', 'winding', ',', 'the', 'hand', 'winding', 'machine', 'utilized', 'a', 'simple', 'mechanical', 'mechanism', 'that', 'could', 'be', 'operated', 'by', 'a', 'single', 'worker', '.', 'This', 'innovation', 'paved', 'the', 'way', 'for', 'more', 'advanced', 'machines', ',', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'automatic', 'winding', 'machine', ',', 'which', 'further', 'enhanced', 'productivity', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [75, 77, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'pattern', 'loom', ',', 'an', 'essential', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', 'in', 'textile', 'manufacturing', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'fabrics', 'were', 'designed', 'in', 'the', 'early', '19th', 'century', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allowed', 'weavers', 'to', 'create', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'by', 'controlling', 'the', 'threads', 'more', 'precisely', 'than', 'ever', 'before', '.', 'The', 'Jacquard', 'loom', ',', 'a', 'significant', 'advancement', 'in', 'pattern', 'weaving', ',', 'utilized', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'punch', 'cards', 'to', 'dictate', 'the', 'pattern', ',', 'making', 'it', 'possible', 'to', 'produce', 'complex', 'designs', 'with', 'ease', '.', 'Another', 'notable', 'machine', 'is', 'the', 'dobby', 'loom', ',', 'which', 'uses', 'a', 'simpler', 'method', 'of', 'controlling', 'warp', 'threads', 'and', 'is', 'ideal', 'for', 'creating', 'less', 'intricate', 'patterns', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [44, 45, 'Textile Machinery'], [80, 81, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'drop', 'spindle', 'has', 'been', 'a', 'fundamental', 'tool', 'in', 'textile', 'production', 'for', 'centuries', ',', 'allowing', 'artisans', 'to', 'spin', 'fibers', 'into', 'thread', '.', 'Traditionally', 'made', 'of', 'wood', ',', 'the', 'drop', 'spindle', 'consists', 'of', 'a', 'shaft', 'and', 'a', 'whorl', ',', 'which', 'helps', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'momentum', 'of', 'the', 'spinning', 'process', '.', 'This', 'simple', 'yet', 'effective', 'design', 'has', 'been', 'used', 'by', 'cultures', 'around', 'the', 'world', ',', 'from', 'ancient', 'Egypt', 'to', 'modern', '-', 'day', 'crafters', '.', 'The', 'versatility', 'of', 'the', 'drop', 'spindle', 'makes', 'it', 'suitable', 'for', 'a', 'variety', 'of', 'fibers', ',', 'including', 'wool', ',', 'cotton', ',', 'and', 'silk', ',', 'making', 'it', 'an', 'essential', 'textile', 'machine', 'in', 'both', 'historical', 'and', 'contemporary', 'contexts', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'fulling', 'box', ',', 'an', 'essential', 'component', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'finishing', 'process', ',', 'is', 'used', 'to', 'clean', 'and', 'thicken', 'woolen', 'fabrics', '.', 'It', 'operates', 'by', 'immersing', 'the', 'cloth', 'in', 'soapy', 'water', 'and', 'then', 'subjecting', 'it', 'to', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'mechanical', 'actions', 'such', 'as', 'beating', 'and', 'rolling', ',', 'which', 'encourages', 'the', 'fibers', 'to', 'interlock', '.', 'In', 'the', '18th', 'century', ',', 'fulling', 'boxes', 'were', 'commonly', 'powered', 'by', 'water', 'mills', ',', 'showcasing', 'the', 'ingenuity', 'of', 'early', 'textile', 'machinery', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'hydraulic', 'fulling', 'mill', 'provided', 'a', 'significant', 'boost', 'in', 'efficiency', ',', 'transforming', 'the', 'way', 'textiles', 'were', 'processed', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [80, 82, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'weaving', 'raddle', ',', 'an', 'essential', 'device', 'in', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'woven', 'fabrics', ',', 'serves', 'to', 'arrange', 'the', 'threads', 'before', 'they', 'enter', 'the', 'loom', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'helps', 'maintain', 'an', 'even', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'warp', 'threads', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', 'is', 'smooth', 'and', 'consistent', '.', 'Its', 'design', 'typically', 'includes', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rods', 'and', 'clamps', 'that', 'hold', 'the', 'warp', 'threads', 'in', 'place', ',', 'preventing', 'tangling', 'or', 'misalignment', '.', 'Historically', ',', 'the', 'weaving', 'raddle', 'has', 'been', 'crucial', 'in', 'both', 'handloom', 'and', 'power', 'loom', 'applications', ',', 'significantly', 'contributing', 'to', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'textile', 'production', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'wool', 'sack', 'sewing', 'machine', ',', 'a', 'pivotal', 'invention', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'way', 'wool', 'sacks', 'were', 'produced', '.', 'It', 'allowed', 'for', 'faster', 'and', 'more', 'efficient', 'stitching', 'of', 'burlap', 'bags', ',', 'which', 'were', 'essential', 'for', 'transporting', 'wool', 'from', 'farms', 'to', 'markets', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'features', 'a', 'robust', 'design', 'that', 'can', 'withstand', 'the', 'heavy', 'duty', 'required', 'for', 'sewing', 'thick', 'materials', '.', 'Another', 'important', 'machine', 'in', 'this', 'domain', 'is', 'the', 'shuttle', 'loom', ',', 'which', 'facilitates', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', 'by', 'allowing', 'the', 'shuttle', 'to', 'move', 'back', 'and', 'forth', ',', 'greatly', 'increasing', 'production', 'speed', '.']

[[1, 4, 'Textile Machinery'], [71, 72, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'ball', 'equaliser', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'textile', 'machine', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'finishing', 'process', 'of', 'woven', 'fabrics', '.', 'It', 'ensures', 'that', 'the', 'fabric', "'", 's', 'width', 'is', 'consistent', 'and', 'correct', 'by', 'adjusting', 'the', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'warp', 'threads', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'works', 'by', 'balancing', 'the', 'tension', 'across', 'the', 'fabric', ',', 'which', 'prevents', 'distortion', 'and', 'maintains', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'product', '.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'ball', 'equaliser', ',', 'the', 'sewing', 'machine', 'has', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'providing', 'a', 'faster', 'and', 'more', 'efficient', 'method', 'of', 'joining', 'fabric', 'pieces', 'together', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [69, 70, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'ball', 'finisher', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'textile', 'machine', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'final', 'stages', 'of', 'fabric', 'production', '.', 'It', 'operates', 'by', 'polishing', 'the', 'surface', 'of', 'textiles', ',', 'ensuring', 'a', 'smooth', 'and', 'refined', 'finish', '.', 'Another', 'notable', 'machine', 'is', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', ',', 'which', 'plays', 'a', 'vital', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'preparation', 'of', 'fibers', 'before', 'spinning', '.', 'By', 'disentangling', 'and', 'aligning', 'the', 'fibers', ',', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', 'sets', 'the', 'stage', 'for', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'yarn', 'production', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'shuttle', 'loom', 'is', 'renowned', 'for', 'its', 'efficiency', 'in', 'weaving', ',', 'capable', 'of', 'producing', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'at', 'high', 'speeds', '.', 'Each', 'of', 'these', 'machines', 'contributes', 'significantly', 'to', 'the', 'textile', 'manufacturing', 'process', ',', 'enhancing', 'both', 'quality', 'and', 'productivity', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [38, 39, 'Textile Machinery'], [77, 78, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'beaming', 'frame', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'piece', 'of', 'machinery', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'used', 'for', 'winding', 'yarn', 'onto', 'beams', 'for', 'weaving', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'allows', 'for', 'efficient', 'and', 'uniform', 'winding', ',', 'which', 'is', 'crucial', 'for', 'producing', 'high', '-', 'quality', 'fabrics', '.', 'The', 'beaming', 'frame', 'can', 'handle', 'various', 'types', 'of', 'yarns', ',', 'and', 'its', 'design', 'enables', 'easy', 'adjustments', 'for', 'different', 'yarn', 'tensions', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'beaming', 'frame', 'often', 'includes', 'features', 'such', 'as', 'automatic', 'tension', 'control', 'and', 'a', 'sturdy', 'frame', 'to', 'support', 'large', 'quantities', 'of', 'yarn', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'carding', 'willey', ',', 'a', 'historical', 'textile', 'machine', ',', 'was', 'widely', 'used', 'during', 'the', 'Industrial', 'Revolution', 'to', 'process', 'raw', 'fibers', 'into', 'a', 'more', 'manageable', 'form', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'features', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rotating', 'cylinders', 'covered', 'with', 'wire', 'teeth', 'that', 'separate', 'and', 'align', 'the', 'fibers', ',', 'making', 'them', 'suitable', 'for', 'spinning', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'willey', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'increasing', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'fiber', 'preparation', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'greater', 'production', 'rates', 'and', 'improved', 'quality', 'of', 'yarn', '.', 'Over', 'time', ',', 'it', 'has', 'been', 'largely', 'replaced', 'by', 'more', 'advanced', 'carding', 'machines', ',', 'but', 'its', 'impact', 'on', 'textile', 'manufacturing', 'remains', 'significant', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'condenser', 'carder', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'by', 'improving', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'fiber', 'processing', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'utilizes', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rotating', 'drums', 'and', 'rollers', 'to', 'separate', 'and', 'align', 'fibers', ',', 'ensuring', 'a', 'uniform', 'feed', 'for', 'subsequent', 'spinning', 'processes', '.', 'With', 'its', 'ability', 'to', 'process', 'large', 'volumes', 'of', 'material', 'quickly', ',', 'the', 'condenser', 'carder', 'became', 'an', 'essential', 'tool', 'in', 'cotton', 'mills', 'during', 'the', 'late', '19th', 'century', '.', 'Another', 'notable', 'machine', 'is', 'the', 'Jacquard', 'loom', ',', 'which', 'allowed', 'for', 'intricate', 'pattern', 'weaving', 'by', 'controlling', 'individual', 'warp', 'threads', 'through', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'punched', 'cards', '.']

[[1, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [72, 73, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'cone', 'drawing', 'machine', 'is', 'a', 'vital', 'component', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', ',', 'specifically', 'designed', 'for', 'the', 'process', 'of', 'drawing', 'yarn', 'from', 'a', 'cone', 'to', 'a', 'bobbin', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'enhances', 'the', 'efficiency', 'of', 'yarn', 'preparation', 'by', 'ensuring', 'uniform', 'tension', 'and', 'consistent', 'diameter', '.', 'It', 'operates', 'by', 'pulling', 'the', 'yarn', 'from', 'the', 'cone', 'while', 'simultaneously', 'winding', 'it', 'onto', 'a', 'bobbin', ',', 'which', 'is', 'essential', 'for', 'subsequent', 'weaving', 'processes', '.', 'The', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'cone', 'drawing', 'machine', 'has', 'revolutionized', 'yarn', 'processing', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'faster', 'production', 'rates', 'and', 'improved', 'quality', 'control', '.']

[[1, 3, 'Textile Machinery']]