Datasets:

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textiles_combined_ner_4_oct

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['In', 'the', 'realm', 'of', 'textile', 'production', ',', 'the', 'wiper', 'plays', 'a', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'operation', 'of', 'various', 'machines', '.', 'Specifically', ',', 'in', 'the', 'context', 'of', 'the', 'tappet', 'loom', ',', 'the', 'wiper', 'functions', 'as', 'a', 'tappet', 'that', 'precisely', 'controls', 'the', 'timing', 'of', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', '.', 'This', 'innovative', 'component', 'ensures', 'that', 'threads', 'are', 'lifted', 'and', 'lowered', 'in', 'the', 'correct', 'sequence', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'to', 'be', 'woven', 'with', 'ease', '.', 'The', 'efficiency', 'of', 'the', 'tappet', 'loom', 'is', 'significantly', 'enhanced', 'by', 'the', 'inclusion', 'of', 'a', 'well-designed', 'wiper', ',', 'which', 'minimizes', 'the', 'risk', 'of', 'thread', 'breakage', 'and', 'ensures', 'a', 'smooth', 'operation', '.']

[[8, 8, 'Textile Machinery'], [27, 28, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'wiper', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'component', 'in', 'many', 'textile', 'machines', ',', 'especially', 'in', 'tappet', 'looms', '.', 'It', 'acts', 'as', 'a', 'tappet', 'that', 'controls', 'the', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'shuttle', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'weft', 'yarn', 'is', 'inserted', 'accurately', '.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'wiper', ',', 'these', 'looms', 'include', 'various', 'other', 'parts', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'warp', 'beam', ',', 'heddles', ',', 'and', 'reed', '.', 'The', 'efficiency', 'of', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', 'can', 'greatly', 'depend', 'on', 'the', 'proper', 'functioning', 'of', 'the', 'wiper', ',', 'which', 'can', 'wear', 'out', 'over', 'time', 'and', 'require', 'replacement', '.']

[[1, 1, 'Textile Machinery'], [13, 14, 'Textile Machinery'], [53, 54, 'Textile Machinery'], [56, 56, 'Textile Machinery'], [59, 59, 'Textile Machinery']]

['In', 'the', 'early', '19th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'wheel-worm', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.', 'This', 'innovative', 'device', 'features', 'a', 'wheel', 'with', 'a', 'thread', 'that', 'resembles', 'a', 'screw', 'running', 'around', 'its', 'circumference', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'precise', 'movement', 'and', 'control', 'in', 'various', 'textile', 'machines', '.', 'The', 'wheel-worm', 'was', 'essential', 'in', 'the', 'operation', 'of', 'looms', 'and', 'spinning', 'frames', ',', 'facilitating', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'fabrics', 'at', 'unprecedented', 'speeds', '.', 'Its', 'design', 'and', 'functionality', 'have', 'influenced', 'many', 'modern', 'textile', 'machinery', 'systems', '.']

[[10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [53, 53, 'Textile Machinery'], [55, 56, 'Textile Machinery'], [42, 43, 'Textile Machinery']]

['In', 'the', 'world', 'of', 'textile', 'manufacturing', ',', 'the', 'hand-warping', 'stand', 'is', 'a', 'crucial', 'piece', 'of', 'equipment', '.', 'Often', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'the', 'woof', ',', 'this', 'machinery', 'aids', 'weavers', 'in', 'creating', 'precise', 'weft', 'threads', 'for', 'their', 'fabrics', '.', 'The', 'hand-warping', 'stand', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'support', 'the', 'yarns', 'as', 'they', 'are', 'being', 'prepared', 'for', 'weaving', ',', 'ensuring', 'that', 'the', 'tension', 'is', 'maintained', 'evenly', '.', 'This', 'facilitates', 'a', 'smoother', 'weaving', 'process', 'and', 'results', 'in', 'higher', 'quality', 'textiles', '.', 'The', 'integration', 'of', 'the', 'woof', 'in', 'weaving', 'machines', 'has', 'transformed', 'traditional', 'methods', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'greater', 'efficiency', 'and', 'consistency', 'in', 'production', '.']

[[8, 9, 'Textile Machinery'], [22, 22, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'wheel-worm', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'component', 'of', 'various', 'textile', 'machinery', ',', 'particularly', 'in', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'on', 'fabrics', '.', 'This', 'specialized', 'wheel', ',', 'which', 'has', 'a', 'screw-like', 'thread', 'cut', 'around', 'its', 'circumference', ',', 'is', 'used', 'to', 'manipulate', 'the', 'tension', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'during', 'weaving', '.', 'In', 'traditional', 'looms', ',', 'the', 'wheel-worm', 'helps', 'maintain', 'consistent', 'thread', 'alignment', ',', 'ensuring', 'a', 'high-quality', 'finish', 'on', 'the', 'final', 'product', '.', 'Its', 'design', 'allows', 'for', 'precise', 'adjustments', ',', 'making', 'it', 'a', 'favorite', 'among', 'skilled', 'weavers', 'for', 'achieving', 'detailed', 'and', 'complex', 'designs', 'in', 'textiles', '.']

[[1, 1, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'old-fashioned', 'spinning', 'frame', 'was', 'a', 'marvel', 'of', 'engineering', ',', 'featuring', 'a', 'worm-gear', 'that', 'efficiently', 'converted', 'rotary', 'motion', 'into', 'linear', 'motion', ',', 'allowing', 'for', 'the', 'continuous', 'spinning', 'of', 'fibers', 'into', 'yarn', '.', 'This', 'machine', ',', 'alongside', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', ',', 'played', 'a', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', 'during', 'the', 'Industrial', 'Revolution', ',', 'significantly', 'increasing', 'productivity', 'and', 'quality', 'of', 'yarn', 'production', '.']

[[12, 12, 'Textile Machinery'], [2, 3, 'Textile Machinery'], [37, 38, 'Textile Machinery']]

['In', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'worm-gear', 'mechanism', 'revolutionized', 'textile', 'machinery', 'by', 'allowing', 'for', 'smoother', 'and', 'more', 'efficient', 'operation', '.', 'The', 'worm-gear', ',', 'which', 'consists', 'of', 'an', 'endless', 'screw', 'paired', 'with', 'a', 'spirally', 'toothed', 'wheel', ',', 'was', 'particularly', 'beneficial', 'in', 'power', 'looms', 'and', 'spinning', 'machines', '.', 'Its', 'ability', 'to', 'provide', 'a', 'high', 'torque', 'output', 'made', 'it', 'indispensable', 'for', 'fabric', 'production', ',', 'enabling', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'increase', 'their', 'output', 'while', 'minimizing', 'the', 'risk', 'of', 'mechanical', 'failure', '.']

[[10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [44, 45, 'Textile Machinery'], [47, 48, 'Textile Machinery']]

['The', 'traditional', 'handloom', ',', 'which', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'piece', 'of', 'textile', 'machinery', ',', 'utilizes', 'a', 'woof', 'to', 'interlace', 'the', 'threads', '.', 'This', 'equipment', 'allows', 'artisans', 'to', 'create', 'intricate', 'patterns', 'by', 'skillfully', 'manipulating', 'the', 'warp', 'and', 'weft', '.', 'The', 'woof', ',', 'specifically', 'referring', 'to', 'the', 'weft', 'yarn', ',', 'plays', 'a', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'defining', 'the', 'fabric', "'s", 'texture', 'and', 'strength', '.', 'In', 'many', 'cultures', ',', 'the', 'hand-warping', 'stand', 'is', 'a', 'vital', 'component', 'of', 'the', 'weaving', 'process', ',', 'supporting', 'the', 'warp', 'threads', 'during', 'the', 'intricate', 'crafting', 'of', 'various', 'textiles', '.']

[[2, 2, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [44, 45, 'Textile Machinery'], [65, 66, 'Textile Machinery']]

['In', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'wool', 'scouring', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'textile', 'processing', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'efficiently', 'removes', 'yolk', 'from', 'sheep', 'wool', ',', 'a', 'critical', 'step', 'to', 'ensure', 'cleanliness', 'before', 'spinning', '.', 'The', 'innovative', 'design', 'included', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rollers', 'and', 'brushes', 'that', 'worked', 'in', 'tandem', ',', 'making', 'it', 'easier', 'for', 'manufacturers', 'to', 'handle', 'large', 'quantities', 'of', 'raw', 'wool', '.', 'Another', 'significant', 'apparatus', 'was', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', ',', 'which', 'played', 'a', 'vital', 'role', 'in', 'preparing', 'wool', 'for', 'further', 'processing', 'by', 'untangling', 'the', 'fibers', 'and', 'aligning', 'them', '.', 'Together', ',', 'these', 'textile', 'machines', 'laid', 'the', 'groundwork', 'for', 'modern', 'wool', 'production', '.']

[[10, 12, 'Textile Machinery'], [42, 42, 'Textile Machinery'], [44, 44, 'Textile Machinery'], [68, 69, 'Textile Machinery']]

['In', 'the', 'early', '20th', 'century', ',', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'the', 'wool', 'scouring', 'machine', 'revolutionized', 'the', 'textile', 'industry', '.', 'This', 'machine', 'efficiently', 'cleaned', 'raw', 'wool', 'by', 'removing', 'impurities', 'such', 'as', 'dirt', 'and', 'grease', ',', 'known', 'as', 'yolk', ',', 'which', 'is', 'derived', 'from', 'the', 'perspiration', 'of', 'sheep', '.', 'Additionally', ',', 'the', 'carding', 'machine', 'followed', ',', 'which', 'aligned', 'the', 'wool', 'fibers', 'into', 'a', 'consistent', 'strand', ',', 'preparing', 'them', 'for', 'further', 'processing', '.', 'The', 'invention', 'of', 'the', 'spinning', 'frame', 'allowed', 'for', 'increased', 'production', 'of', 'yarn', ',', 'making', 'it', 'a', 'cornerstone', 'of', 'textile', 'manufacturing', '.']

[[10, 12, 'Textile Machinery'], [49, 50, 'Textile Machinery'], [73, 74, 'Textile Machinery']]

['vii', '(', '11', ')', 'PREFACE', 'C', 'example', 'of', 'this', 'is', 'given', 'in', 'the', 'speeding', 'of', 'the', 'worker.', 'Here', 'there', 'are', 'three', 'possibilities', ':', '-', 'Ist', ',', 'Worker', 'to', 'be', 'stationary', ';', '2nd', ',', 'Worker', 'to', 'run', 'with', 'the', 'swift', ';', '3rd', ',', 'Worker', 'to', 'run', 'against', 'the', 'swift', 'Now', ',', 'seeing', 'that', 'efficient', 'carding', 'is', 'in', 'part', 'depen-', 'dent', 'upon', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'swift', 'and', 'worker', 'surfaces', 'act-', 'ing', 'upon', '(', 'i.e.', ',', 'passing', ')', 'one', 'another', ',', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'obvious', 'that', 'if', 'instead', 'of', 'the', 'worker', 'retreating', 'from', 'the', 'swift', 'it', 'advances', 'towards', 'it', ',', 'then', 'the', 'surface', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'may', 'be', 'reduced', 'just', 'in', 'proportion', 'to', 'the', 'increase', 'in', 'surface', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'worker.', 'And', 'if', 'the', 'surface', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'is', 'reduced', ',', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'fancy', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'reduced', 'and', 'thus', 'possible', '"', 'throwing', '”', 'elimi-', 'nated.', 'But', 'if', 'a', 'less', 'carrying', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'passes', 'the', 'doffer', ',', 'less', 'wool', 'will', 'be', 'passed', 'through', 'the', 'card', 'unless', 'the', 'swift', 'be', 'more', 'heavily', 'charged', ':', 'and', 'if', 'the', 'swift', 'be', 'more', 'heavily', 'charged', ',', 'then', ',', 'will', 'the', 'workers', 'act', 'successfully', 'and', 'will', 'the', 'fancy', '"', 'lift', '”', 'the', 'heavier', 'load', '?', 'All', 'these', 'points', 'and', 'many', 'more', 'are', 'raised', 'by', 'the', 'mere', 'clear', 'statement', 'of', 'the', 'three', 'possibilities', 'of', 'running', 'the', 'workers', 'in', 'a', 'card', '!', 'Similarly', 'the', 'speeding', 'of', 'a', 'porcupine', 'in', 'a', 'French drawing-box', 'may', 'be', 'considered', 'under', 'the', 'three', 'possibilities', ':', '-', 'Ist', ',', 'Running', 'slower', 'than', 'the', 'back rollers', ';', '2nd', ',', 'Running', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'speed', 'as', 'the', 'back rollers', ';', '3rd', ',', 'Running', 'quicker', 'than', 'the', 'back rollers', 'vii']

[[38, 38, 'Textile Machinery'], [47, 47, 'Textile Machinery'], [63, 63, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [103, 103, 'Textile Machinery'], [126, 126, 'Textile Machinery'], [155, 155, 'Textile Machinery'], [158, 158, 'Textile Machinery'], [170, 170, 'Textile Machinery'], [179, 179, 'Textile Machinery'], [233, 233, 'Textile Machinery'], [236, 236, 'Textile Machinery'], [252, 252, 'Textile Machinery'], [263, 263, 'Textile Machinery'], [271, 271, 'Textile Machinery']]

['viii', '(', '12', ')', 'PREFAGE', 'Here', ',', 'however', ',', 'the', 'question', 'also', 'arises', 'as', 'to', 'whether', 'the', 'porcupine', 'should', 'be', 'speeded', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'back', 'or', 'of', 'the', 'front rollers', 'and', 'further', ',', 'which', 'is', 'the', 'circum-', 'ference', 'of', 'the', 'porcupine', 'which', 'should', 'be', 'so', 'speeded.', 'A', 'quite', 'different', 'problem', ',', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'treated', 'in', 'a', 'similar', 'manner', ',', 'is', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'top carrier roller', 'in', 'a', 'drawing-box', 'or', 'spinning frame', 'This', 'may', 'be', ':', '-', 'Ist', ',', 'Inclined', 'towards', 'the', 'front rollers', ';', '2nd', ',', 'Carried', 'perpendicularly', 'over', 'the', 'lower carrier roller', ';', 'or', '3rd', ',', 'Inclined', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'front rollers', 'Another', 'problem', ',', 'of', 'more', 'than', 'ordinary', 'interest', 'just', 'at', 'the', 'present', 'moment', ',', 'is', 'the', 'insertion', 'of', 'twist', 'into', 'two', 'and', 'manifold', 'yarns.', 'This', 'may', 'be', 'effected', 'by', ':', '-', 'Ist', ',', 'Rotating', 'the', 'double or multiple thread carrier', ';', '2nd', ',', 'Rotating', 'the', 'twisted thread carrier', ';', 'or', '3rd', ',', 'Rotating', 'both', 'carriers', '(', 'Ist', 'and', '2nd', 'methods', 'combined', ')', '.', 'The', 'industry', 'had', 'become', 'so', 'accustomed', 'to', 'the', 'end', 'method', 'that', 'it', 'received', 'a', 'sudden', 'shock', 'when', 'the', 'ist', 'method', 'was', 'adopted', 'in', 'the', 'new', 'Climax Twisting and Cheese-winding Frame', 'This', 'book', 'is', 'specially', 'designed', 'to', 'develop', 'the', 'critical', 'outlook', 'and', 'comprehensive', 'habit', 'of', 'thought', 'illustrated', 'by', 'the', 'foregoing', 'examples.', 'viii']

[[17, 17, 'Textile Machinery'], [29, 29, 'Textile Machinery'], [40, 40, 'Textile Machinery'], [67, 67, 'Textile Machinery'], [70, 70, 'Textile Machinery'], [72, 72, 'Textile Machinery'], [83, 83, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [100, 100, 'Textile Machinery'], [136, 136, 'Textile Machinery'], [142, 142, 'Textile Machinery'], [183, 183, 'Textile Machinery']]

['xi', '(', '15', ')', 'ACKNOWLEDGMENTS', 'It', 'would', 'not', 'be', 'seemly', 'to', 'publish', 'this', 'work', 'without', 'due', 'acknowledgment', 'to', 'the', 'Worshipful', 'Company', 'of', 'Clothworkers', 'of', 'the', 'City', 'of', 'London', ',', 'who', ',', 'through', 'the', 'excellently', 'equipped', 'Textile', 'Industries', 'Department', 'of', 'the', 'University', 'of', 'Leeds', ',', 'has', 'provided', 'the', 'opportunity', 'for', 'developing', ',', 'revising', 'and', 'testing', 'so', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'work', 'included', 'in', 'this', 'volume.', 'My', 'personal', 'thanks', 'are', 'also', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'following', ':', '-', 'Dr.', 'S.', 'Brodetsky', ',', 'for', 'permission', 'to', 'use', 'the', 'Nomo-', 'grams', 'included', 'in', 'this', 'work', 'and', 'for', 'advice', 'upon', 'the', 'mathematical', 'section.', 'Mr.', 'G.', 'Hollis', ',', 'for', 'looking', 'through', 'certain', 'of', 'the', 'chapters', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Spinning', 'Section.', 'Mr.', 'E.', 'Priestley', ',', 'for', 'looking', 'through', 'certain', 'of', 'the', 'chapters', 'in', 'the', 'Worsted', 'Drawing', 'and', 'Spinning', 'Section.', 'Mr.', 'Henry', 'Wilkinson', ',', 'for', 'the', 'formula', 'linking', 'up', 'the', 'quality', 'and', 'diameters', 'of', 'wool', 'fibres', ',', 'and', 'for', 'other', 'useful', 'revisions', 'and', 'suggestions.', 'Mr.', 'Ellis', 'Foster', ',', 'for', 'useful', 'criticism', 'of', 'the', 'data', 'referring', 'to', 'sets', 'of', 'worsted machinery', ',', 'and', 'also', 'for', 'certain', 'details', 'respecting', 'sets', 'of', 'machinery.', 'Mr.', 'N.', 'R.', 'Newsholme', ',', 'for', 'suggestions', 'and', 'particu-', 'lars', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'mechanical', 'doffing.', 'Mr.', 'R.', 'C.', 'Taylor', ',', 'for', 'supplying', 'his', 'own', 'and', 'the', 'late', 'Mr.', 'Auty', "'s", 'notes', 'on', '"', 'Carding.', '"', '.', 'Mr.', 'S.', 'Smith', ',', 'for', 'notes', 'on', '"', 'Carding.', '"', 'Mr.', 'W.', 'E.', 'King', ',', 'for', 'constructing', 'the', 'diagram', 'illustrating', 'the', 'angle', 'of', 'twist', 'in', 'yarns.', '1']

[[168, 168, 'Textile Machinery']]

['xii', '(', '16', ')', 'ACKNOWLEDGMENTS', 'Mr.', 'H.', 'Hardy', ',', 'for', 'useful', 'particulars', 'respecting', 'woollen', 'blends.', 'Mr.', 'J.', 'F.', 'White', ',', 'for', 'useful', 'details', 'respecting', 'the', 'Blending Room', 'and', 'Conveyer Tubes', 'To', 'Messrs.', 'Foster', 'Pickles', ',', 'C.', 'P.', 'Hamond', ',', 'R.', 'Oversby', ',', 'G.', 'I.', 'Foreman', ',', 'A.', 'F.', 'B.', 'Barker', ',', 'K.', 'C.', 'Barker', ',', 'and', 'others', 'for', 'useful', 'assistance', 'in', 'preparing', 'the', 'diagrams', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'illustrating', 'the', 'text.', 'To', 'Messrs.', 'Wm.', 'Lupton', '&', 'Sons', ',', 'Platt', 'Bros.', '&', 'Co.', ',', 'Ltd.', ',', 'Asa', 'Lees', '&', 'Co.', ',', 'Ltd.', ',', 'Wm.', 'Whiteley', '&', 'Sons', ',', 'Ltd.', ',', 'Prince', 'Smith', '&', 'Sons', ',', 'Hall', '&', 'Stell', ',', 'N.', 'Schlumberger', 'et', 'Cie.', ',', 'The', 'Universal', 'Winding', 'Co.', ',', 'Joseph', 'Stubbs', '&', 'Co.', ',', 'The', 'Chadwick', 'Machine', 'Company', ',', 'Ltd.', ',', 'and', 'to', 'many', 'other', 'firms', 'who', 'directly', 'or', 'indirectly', 'have', 'provided', 'examples', 'or', 'illustrations.', 'To', 'the', 'Woollen', 'and', 'Worsted', 'Trades', 'Federation', 'for', 'suggestions', 'gained', 'from', 'their', 'two', 'interesting', 'publica-', 'tions.', 'To', 'the', 'British', 'Research', 'Association', 'for', 'the', 'par-', 'ticulars', 'respecting', 'the', 'Electrification', 'of', 'Fibres', 'and', 'Strains', 'in', 'Yarns', ',', 'the', 'work', 'of', 'Dr.', 'S.', 'A.', 'Shorter', 'and', 'Mr.', 'W.', 'Harrison.', 'Last', ',', 'but', 'not', 'least', ',', 'the', 'author', "'s", 'thanks', 'are', 'due', 'to', 'Mr.', 'Arthur', 'Fish', ',', 'representing', 'Messrs.', 'Cassell', '&', 'Co.', ',', 'for', 'the', 'kind', 'consideration', 'and', 'patience', 'exercised', 'in', 'seeing', 'the', 'book', 'through', 'the', 'press', ';', 'and', 'to', 'Messrs.', 'Cassell', '&', 'Co.', ',', 'for', 'the', 'liberality', 'with', 'which', 'they', 'have', 'responded', 'to', 'the', 'somewhat', 'serious', 'demands', 'of', 'the', 'author', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'the', 'text', 'and', ',', 'more', 'particularly', ',', 'with', 'refer-', 'ence', 'to', 'the', 'illustrations', 'which', 'markedly', 'add', 'to', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'this', 'publication.', 'A.', 'F.', 'B.', '24th', 'July', ',', '1922.', 'xii']

[[25, 25, 'Textile Machinery'], [27, 27, 'Textile Machinery']]

['xiii', '(', '17', ')', 'CONTENTS', 'CHAPTER', 'PAGE', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.', 'I.', 'THE', 'RAW', 'MATERIALS', 'OF', 'THE', 'WOOLLEN', 'IN-', 'DUSTRY-BLENDING', 'I', '2.', 'WOOLLEN', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', '34', '3.', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', '.', '105', '4.', 'WOOLLEN', 'FRAME', 'SPINNING-TWISTING-', 'WINDING-FANCY', 'YARN', 'PRODUCTION', '141', '5.', 'SETS', 'OF', 'WOOLLEN', 'MACHINES—WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'COSTING', '164', '6.', 'THE', 'BASIC', 'PRINCIPLES', 'INVOLVED', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', '172', '7.', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', 'CLOTH-', 'ING', 'OF', 'BASIC', 'PRINCIPLES', '192', '8.', 'THE', 'STUDY', 'OF', 'THE', 'VARIOUS', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'WOR-', 'STED', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '213', '9.', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING-PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRAC-', 'TICE', '233', '10.', 'COLOURED', 'YARN', 'PRODUCTION_MELANGES', ',', 'MIXTURES', 'AND', 'TWISTS', ':', '261', 'II.', 'SETS', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'AND', 'SPINNING', 'MACHINERY', '-CALCULATIONS', 'FOR', 'OUTPUT', '.', '271', '12.', 'TWISTING', 'THEORIES', 'AND', 'SPINNING', 'AND', 'TWISTING', 'PRACTICE', '289', '13.', 'PROCESSES', 'SUBSEQUENT', 'TO', 'TWISTING', '.', '307', '14.', 'THE', 'TESTING', 'OF', 'WOOLS', ',', 'TOPS', 'AND', 'YARNS', ',', 'AND', 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'TESTING', 'APPARATUS', '15.', 'DEFECTS', 'IN', 'RAW', 'MATERIALS', ',', 'TOPS', 'AND', 'YARNS', '324', 'APPENDIX', ':', 'OILS', 'AND', 'THE', 'OILING', 'OF', 'WOOL', '338', 'INDEX', '341', '.', '318', 'xiii']

[[60, 60, 'Textile Machinery']]

['xiv', '(', '18', ')', 'LIST', 'OF', 'PLATES', 'FIG.', 'FACING', 'PAGE', '4', '5', '2.', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'IO', 'II', '.', '12', '.', '1.', 'English', 'and', 'Botany', 'Noils', 'ia.', 'Analysis', 'of', '(', '1', ')', '50', "'s", 'Prepared', 'Noil', ';', '(', '2', ')', '56', "'s", 'Carded', 'Noil', ';', '(', '3', ')', 'Moderate', 'Rough', 'Peruvian', 'Cotton', 'Woollen', 'Cloths', 'and', 'Stocking', 'Samples', 'from', 'which', 'Re-manufactured', 'Materials', 'are', 'Produced', '3.', 'The', 'Re-manufactured', 'Materials', 'Cottons', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Industry', '4a.', 'Micrographs', 'of', 'Cotton', 'Fibres', '4b.', 'Cotton', 'Wastes', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Industry', '5.', 'Special', 'Materials', 'occasionally', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Industry', '6.', 'Micrographs', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Condensed', 'Sliver', 'and', 'Worsted', 'Roving', '8a.', 'The', 'Willow', 'or', 'Willey', '8b.', 'Fearnought', 'or', 'Tenterhook', 'Teaser', '8c.', 'Opener', 'with', 'Conveyer', 'attached', '9.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Modern', 'Blending', 'Room', 'Ioa.', 'Woollen', 'Yarn', 'Productions', ':', 'Range', 'of', 'Processes', 'Samples', 'II.', 'Automatic Hopper Feed', '12.', "Blamire's Lap Forming Intermediate Feed", '13.', 'Ball and Creel Intermediate Feed', '.', '14.', 'Carding', 'Shed', ',', 'showing', 'Scotch Feed', '.', '148.', 'Band-film Intermediate Feed', '16a.', 'Carding', 'Surfaces', '(', 'Enlarged', 'about', '10', 'times', ')', '.', '30', '31', '32', '32', '.', '.', '.', '40', '41', '44', '.', '45', '46', '47', '1', '.', '56', 'xiv']

[[136, 136, 'Textile Machinery'], [138, 138, 'Textile Machinery'], [140, 140, 'Textile Machinery'], [147, 147, 'Textile Machinery'], [150, 150, 'Textile Machinery']]

['xv', '(', '19', ')', 'LIST', 'OF', 'PLATES', 'FIG.', 'FACING', 'PAGE', '58', '58', '76', '.', '.', '98', '98', '99', '•', '.', '18.', 'The', 'Single Ring-Doffer Condenser', '19.', 'The', 'Double Doffer Condenser', '21a.', 'Four-tier Tape Condenser', '62', '29.', 'Types', 'of', 'Card', 'Clothing', '.', '33.', 'Box Bend', 'with', 'Wrought-iron', 'Standards', 'and', 'Brass', 'Steps', 'for', 'the', 'Workers', 'and', 'Strippers', '33a.', 'Flat Bend', 'with', 'Inner', 'Flange', 'fitting', 'close', 'to', 'Cylinder', ',', 'Compound Brackets', 'and', 'Swivel Bushes', ',', 'for', 'Carding Engine', 'with', 'Outside', 'Driving', '34.', 'Micrographs', 'illustrating', 'Card-wires', 'under', 'different', 'conditions', '35.', 'Hand-spinning', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Yarn', '106', '35a.', 'Twisting', 'Position', '107', '35b.', 'Winding-on', 'Position', '107', '46.', "Platt's Ring Spinning Frame for Woollen", '142', '52.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Modern', 'Woollen', 'Mill', '(', 'American', 'System', ')', '164', '53.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Mill', '(', 'English', 'System', ')', '166', '53a.', 'Blending', 'Room', 'in', 'a', 'Woollen', 'Mill', '168', '53b.', 'Carding', 'Room', '(', 'Condensing', ')', 'in', 'a', 'Woollen', 'Mill.', '168', '53C.', 'Woollen', 'Spinning', ':', 'Mule', 'Room', '56.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Four-head Gill-box', '194', '57.', 'Plan', 'of', 'O.P.S.', 'Gill-box', '196', '59.', 'Section', 'of', 'the', 'Intersecting Gill-box', '.', '60.', 'Automatic Bobbin Weighing Machine', '(', '50', 'lbs.', ')', '.', '204', '62.', 'Plan', 'of', 'First', 'French Drawing box', '.', '208', '63.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Finisher French Drawing-box', '69.', '}', 'Plan', 'and', 'Elevation', 'of', 'Flyer Spinning Frame', '·', '244', 'буа', '70.', 'Illustrating', 'Cap', 'Shapes', '.', '248', '71.', 'Illustrating', 'Types', 'of', 'Spool', ',', 'Tube', 'and', 'Bobbin', 'Build', '248', '•', '169', '.', '.', '202', '.', '210', '.', 'XV']

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['xvi', '(', '20', ')', 'LIST', 'OF', 'PLATES', 'FIG.', 'PAGE', '.', '.', '.', '266', '.', '.', '.', '73.', 'The', 'Arnold-Forster Mechanical Flyer Doffer', '252', '76.', 'Section', 'of', 'the', 'Schlumberger Worsted Mule', '260', '77', 'Diagrams', 'illustrating', 'a', 'Scheme', 'for', 'Mixing', 'Three', 's', '77a', 'Colours', 'in', 'Varying', 'Proportions', '264', ',', '265', '78.', 'The', 'Methods', 'of', 'Arranging', 'Graded', 'Ranges', 'of', 'Colours', '80.', 'The', 'Effect', 'of', 'Varying', 'the', 'Number', 'of', 'Turns', 'per', 'inch', 'in', '2', '/', '24', "'s", 'Worsted', 'Yarn', '270', 'Plan', 'Illustrating', '4', 'Sets', 'of', 'Open', 'Drawing', 'and', 'Cap', 'Spinning', 'and', 'Twisting', '.', '286', '87.', '2', '/', '24', "'s", 'Botany', 'Yarn', 'Twists', "Avery's Spool Counting by Weighing Machine", '.', '310', '92.', 'Pirn Winder', '95.', 'Extension Testing Machine', '96.', 'Extensometer', 'designed', 'by', 'Percy', 'J.', 'Neate', ',', 'Esq.', '319', '.', '.', '311', '318', 'xvi']

[[18, 18, 'Textile Machinery'], [24, 24, 'Textile Machinery'], [93, 93, 'Textile Machinery'], [97, 97, 'Textile Machinery'], [99, 99, 'Textile Machinery'], [101, 101, 'Textile Machinery']]

['2', '(', '22', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'will', 'be', 'one', 'of', 'fibre', 'arrangement.', 'The', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'is', 'based', 'upon', 'the', 'free', 'and', 'perfect', 'mixing', 'up', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'fibres', 'composing', 'the', 'thread.', 'The', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'is', 'based', 'upon', 'the', 'parallelizing', 'and', 'constraining', 'into', 'a', 'direction', 'parallel', 'with', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'thread', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'fibres', 'composing', 'the', 'thread.', 'To', 'produce', 'a', 'perfect', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'it', 'necessarily', 'follows', 'that', 'all', 'short', 'fibres', 'which', 'would', 'be', 'out', 'of', 'control', 'must', 'be', 'removed', ',', 'and', 'that', 'the', 'most', 'perfect', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'will', 'be', 'spun', 'from', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'fibres', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'length—hence', 'the', 'neces-', 'sity', 'of', 'the', '“combing', ',', '”', 'which', 'effects', 'the', 'two-fold', 'object', 'of', '“averaging', 'up”', 'the', 'fibre', 'lengths', 'by', 'the', 'extrac-', 'tion', 'of', 'the', 'short', 'fibres', 'or', '“noil', ',', '”', 'and', 'of', '"', 'straightening', 'out', '"', 'the', 'longer', 'fibres', 'retained', 'as', '“top.”', 'The', '“', 'top', '”', 'only', 'is', 'drawn', 'and', 'spun', 'into', 'worsted', 'yarn.', 'A', 'secondary', 'differentiation', 'between', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'is', 'that', 'of', 'length.', 'It', 'is', 'said', 'that', 'the', 'woollen', 'spinner', 'can', 'spin', 'any', 'fibre', 'which', 'has', 'two', 'ends.', 'On', 'the', 'other', 'hand', ',', 'it', 'used', 'to', 'be', 'true', 'that', 'the', 'worsted', 'comber', 'and', 'spinner', 'required', 'fibres', 'of', 'at', 'least', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'inches', 'in', 'length.', 'To-day', ',', 'however', ',', 'largely', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'skilful', 'development', 'of', 'machinery', 'by', 'the', 'French', ',', 'wool', 'fibres', 'down', 'to', 'one', 'and', 'a', 'half', 'or', 'two', 'inches', 'may', 'be', 'spun', 'into', 'worsted', 'yarns.', 'As', 'fibres', 'two', 'or', 'three', 'times', 'this', 'length', 'are', 'spun', 'into', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'by', 'the', 'Scottish', 'spinners', ',', 'it', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'length', 'of', 'fibre', 'alone', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'discrimination', 'between', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'spinning', ';', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'true', ',', 'nevertheless', ',', 'that', ',', 'broadly', 'speaking', ',', 'the', 'woollen', 'spinner', 'is', 'usually', 'dealing', 'with', 'short', 'fibres', 'and', 'the', 'worsted', 'spinner', 'relatively', 'with', 'long', 'fibres.', 'Thus', 'Clothing', 'Wools', 'are', 'the', 'shorter', 'wools', 'which', 'are', 'more', 'suitable', 'for', 'Woollen', 'than', 'for', 'Worsted', 'manufacturing.', 'а.', 'ឲ្យ', '04', 'Noils.', 'The', 'truth', 'of', 'this', 'last', 'remark', 'is', 'apparent', '2']

[[221, 221, 'Textile Machinery']]

['7', '(', '31', ')', 'Fig.', '3.-', 'List', 'of', 'Re-manufactured', 'Samples', '(', 't-in.', 'spacings', ')', '2', 'Sample', 'No.', 'I', 'Light', 'Steel', 'Stockings', 'Carbonized', 'Pink', 'Stockings', 'Carbonized', '3', 'Blue', 'Grey', 'Stockings', '4', 'Pulled', 'Black', 'Stockings', '5', 'New', 'Pulled', 'Waste', '6', 'Sample', 'of', 'Blue', 'Serge', 'clippings', 'opened', 'on', 'machine', 'with', '4', 'swifts', '7', 'Sample', 'of', 'Dress', 'Goods', 'rags', ',', 'Pulled', 'on', 'rag machine', 'and', 'Garnett machine', 'with', '2', 'swifts', '8', 'Silk', 'and', 'Cotton', 'Pulled', 'Waste', '9', 'Pulled', 'Berlins', 'Loom', 'Flyings', 'II', 'Raising', 'Flocks', '12', 'Cutting', 'Flocks', 'IO', '7']

[[48, 48, 'Textile Machinery'], [58, 58, 'Textile Machinery'], [60, 60, 'Textile Machinery'], [63, 63, 'Textile Machinery']]

['12', '(', '40', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'are', 'given', ',', 'from', 'which', ',', 'by', 'careful', 'comparison', ',', 'the', 'requirements', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'series', 'of', 'processes', 'and', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'the', 'foregoing', 'materials', 'to', 'the', 'woollen', 'manufacturer', 'may', 'be', 'realized.', '*', '*', '*', '(', 'C', 'Blending.-As', 'preparatory', 'to', 'blending', 'it', 'is', 'desir-', 'able', 'to', 'bear', 'in', 'mind', 'the', 'divisions', 'of', 'the', 'woollen', 'in-', 'dustry', 'based', 'upon', 'carding', ',', 'for', 'the', '“', 'blender”', 'must', 'always', 'have', 'his', '"', 'sets', 'of', 'carding', 'machines', '”', 'in', 'view.', 'Four', 'main', 'divisions', 'of', 'carding', 'are', 'observable', 'in', 'the', 'woollen', 'industry', ',', 'viz.', ':', 'Cheviot', ',', 'Saxony', ',', 'Re-manufactured', '(', 'long', 'and', 'short', 'fibres', ')', ',', 'and', 'Union', 'sets', 'of', 'machines.', 'Although', 'each', 'of', 'these', 'types', 'must', 'be', 'set', 'or', 'adjusted', 'for', 'each', 'particular', 'blend', 'passing', 'through', 'it', ',', 'still', 'there', 'are', 'marked', 'structural', 'and', 'speeding', 'differences', 'which', 'form', 'the', 'basis', 'for', 'this', 'classification', 'of', 'cards.', 'The', 'blender', 'must', 'certainly', 'know', 'for', 'which', 'type', 'of', 'card', 'he', 'is', 'preparing', 'his', 'blend', ',', 'and', 'even', 'then', 'must', 'consider', 'how', 'the', 'materials', 'he', 'proposes', 'to', 'blend', 'will', 'affect', 'one', 'another', ',', 'as', 'already', 'instanced', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'cotton.', 'The', 'term', '"', 'blending', '"', 'has', 'two', 'meanings', 'in', 'the', 'woollen', 'trade.', 'It', 'is', 'firstly', 'used', 'as', 'a', 'verb', 'to', 'indicate', 'the', 'mechanical', 'mixing', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'to', 'be', 'treated.', 'In', 'this', 'aspect', 'it', 'is', 'applied', 'indiscriminately', 'to', 'fibre', 'mixing', ',', 'whether', 'the', '“', 'blend', ',', '”', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'termed', ',', 'consists', 'of-', '(', 'a', ')', 'One', 'quality', 'of', 'material', 'in', 'which', 'the', '“', 'blend-', 'ing', 'consists', 'of', 'mixing', 'such', 'varieties', 'in', 'fibre', 'length', 'and', 'diameter', 'as', 'there', 'may', 'be', 'present', ',', 'and', 'also', 'in', 'ensuring', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'horough', 'mixing', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'root', 'and', 'tip', 'of', 'both', 'staples', 'and', 'individual', 'wool', 'fibres.', '(', '6', '3', '12']

[[98, 98, 'Textile Machinery'], [100, 100, 'Textile Machinery'], [102, 102, 'Textile Machinery'], [111, 111, 'Textile Machinery']]

['24', '(', '54', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Such', 'a', 'list', 'as', 'the', 'foregoing', 'may', 'appear', 'on', 'first', 'glance', 'pedantic', ',', 'but', 'the', 'capacity', 'to', 'easily', 'draft', 'such', 'a', 'list', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'a', 'valuable', 'asset', 'to', 'the', 'blender.', 'The', 'following', 'special', 'blends', 'may', 'now', 'usefully', 'be', 'studied', ':', '-', 'No.', '1', ',', 'Natural', 'khaki.', 'd.', '30', 'lb.', 'Camel', 'hair', 'at', '1', '/', '11', '57', '6', '15', 'lb.', 'Alpaca', 'at', '1', '/', '8', '25', '30', 'lb.', 'Green', 'cross-bred', 'at', '2', '/', '2', '65', '8', 'lb.', 'White', 'cross-bred', 'at', '1', '/', '11', '15', '4', 'S.', 'O', '0', '83', 'lb.', 'costing', '162', '10', '=', 'I', '/', '114', 'per', 'lb.', 'for', 'materials.', 'No.', '2.', '9', 'Skeins', 'Weft-Blend', 'for', 'Cotton', 'Warp', 'Venetian', '(', 'Pre-War', 'Costing', ')', '.', 'Stones.*', 'lb.', '255', 'Best', 'uncut', 'mungo', 'at', '2', 'd.', '5', '8', 'Fine', 'new', 'mungo', 'at', '4d.', '18', '33', '8', '59', '0', 'Nippings', '†', 'at', '2', 'd.', '17', '9', 'Cotton', 'at', 'id.', '17', 'S.', 'd.', '0', '38', '35', 'hours', 'ܝܘ', 'ܘ', 'ܤ', 'ܘ', 'ܘ', 'ထ', 'ထ', 'လ', 'o', '356', '58', '17', '8', '8', 'costing', '779', '}', 'warterns', 'I', 'delivered', 'in', 'condensed', 'slubbings', 'at', '1', '/', '-s.', '38', '19', '4', '£97', '17', 'O', '779', '}', 'warterns', 'costing', '£97', '17', '0', '=', '2', '61', 'per', 'wartern', ',', 'or', '5', 'd.', 'per', 'lb.', 'spun', 'yarn.', 'Spinners', "'", 'waste', '23ś', 'warterns', 'Weavers', "'", 'waste.', '193', 'warterns', 'Total', 'waste', '||', '.', '43', '}', 'warterns', '*', 'The', 'Yorkshire', 'wool', 'stune', 'is', '16', 'lb.', '†', 'Nippings-wastes', 'from', 'previous', 'blend', '(', 'fud', ')', '.', 'The', 'wartern', 'is', 'the', '“quartern', '"', 'of', 'the', 'old', '24', 'lb.', 'stone', ',', 'that', 'is', ',', '6', 'lb.', '$', 'The', '1', '/', '-', 'per', 'wartern', 'is', 'the', 'cost', 'from', 'raw', 'material', 'in', 'the', 'Willey', 'House', 'to', 'the', 'spindle', 'point.', 'll', 'Apart', 'from', 'machine', 'droppings.', '24']

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['26', '(', '56', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'The', 'Blending', 'Process.—Before', 'considering', 'the', 'machinery', 'in', '“', 'blending', ',', '"', 'the', 'process', 'itself', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'thought', 'over.', 'In', 'what', 'states', 'actually', 'are', 'the', 'materials', 'to', 'be', 'blended', ',', 'and', 'in', 'what', 'state', 'should', 'they', 'be', 'before', 'the', 'process', 'is', 'started', '?', 'What', 'state', 'should', 'the', 'blend', 'be', 'in', 'when', 'the', 'process', 'is', 'finished', ',', 'and', 'what', 'process', 'or', 'processes', 'should', 'be', 'employed', 'to', 'effect', 'the', 'required', 'transformation', '?', 'The', 'materials', 'to', 'be', 'blended', 'will', 'arrive', 'at', 'the', 'mill', 'or', 'even', 'in', 'the', 'blending', 'room', 'in', 'many', 'different', 'forms', ',', 'but', 'in', 'almost', 'every', 'case', 'each', 'material', 'will', 'require', 'preparation', 'for', 'blending', 'before', 'the', 'actual', 'blending', 'is', 'taken', 'in', 'hand.', 'Thus', 'scoured', 'wool', 'must', 'be', 'opened', 'out', ',', 'brought', 'into', 'a', 'fairly', 'lock-divided', 'state', 'and', 'if', 'oiling', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'effected', 'on', 'the', 'drying machine', 'while', 'the', 'wool', 'is', 'warm', 'and', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'to', 'receive', 'an', 'evenly', 'distributed', 'film', 'of', 'oil', 'over', 'their', 'surface-oiled', 'previously', 'to', 'being', 'blended', 'with', 'cotton.', 'Cotton', 'must', 'be', 'thoroughly', 'opened', 'out', 'and', 'brought', 'into', 'a', 'fluffy', 'state', ';', 'similarly', 'with', 'mungo', ',', 'shoddy', ',', 'and', 'all', 'other', 'materials', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'proposed', 'to', 'blend.', 'The', 'final', 'state', ',', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'materials', 'should', 'be', 'as', 'evenly', 'and', 'finely', 'mixed', 'as', 'possible', ',', 'will', 'only', 'be', 'satisfactorily', 'attained', 'by', 'giving', 'thoughtful', 'attention', 'not', 'only', 'to', 'the', 'machines', 'employed', ',', 'but', 'also', 'to', 'every', 'detail', 'of', 'the', 'process.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'that', 'a', 'deadened', 'oiled', 'wool', 'mixed', 'with', 'a', 'light', 'flimsy', 'cotton', 'may', 'be', 'sorted', 'out', 'by', 'a', 'thoughtlessly', 'employed', 'air-blast', 'or', 'air', 'control', 'in', 'either', 'Willow', 'or', 'Fearnought', ';', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'so', 'evident', 'that', 'the', 'mere', 'breaking-down', 'of', 'a', 'stack', 'with', 'sticks', 'may', '“strike-sort', '"', 'the', 'material', 'into', 'long', 'and', 'short', 'fibres-hence', 'the', 'superior', 'method', 'of', 'breaking-down', 'by', '"', 'pulling.', '"', 'The', 'actual', 'blending', 'process', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'building', 'the', 'materials', 'to', 'be', 'blended', 'into', 'a', '"', 'stack”', 'layer', 'by', '26']

[[142, 142, 'Textile Machinery']]

['28', '(', '58', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'workable.', 'When', 'this', 'object', 'is', 'so', 'clearly', 'in', 'mind', 'it', 'seems', 'curious', 'that', 'so', 'little', 'attention', 'has', 'been', 'paid', 'to', 'the', 'temperature', 'of', 'store', 'rooms', 'for', '“', 'mellowing.”', 'This', 'question', 'is', 'not', 'only', 'bound', 'up', 'with', 'efficient', 'carding', ',', 'but', 'obviously', 'with', 'the', 'oils', 'em.', 'ployed', 'and', 'fire', 'insurance.', 'The', 'truth', 'is', ',', 'that', 'all', 'too', 'little', 'is', 'known', 'of', 'the', 'oils', 'and', 'oil', 'blends', 'employed', 'for', 'oiling', 'wool', ',', 'and', 'that', 'practically', 'no', 'one', 'really', 'understands', ',', 'in', 'a', 'scientific', 'sense', ',', 'the', 'effects', 'and', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'oils', ',', 'used', 'alone', 'or', 'in', 'combin-', 'ation', 'with', 'water', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'on', 'wool', 'and', 'cotton.', 'This', 'ignorance', 'is', ',', 'of', 'course', ',', 'played', 'upon', 'consciously', 'by', 'unscrupulous', 'oil', 'merchants', ',', 'and', 'often', 'unconsciously', 'by', 'the', 'most', 'con-', 'scientious', 'oil', 'mei', 'chants.', 'The', 'number', 'of', 'oils', ',', 'oil', 'blends', 'and', 'emulsions', 'is', 'legion*', ';', 'but', 'no', 'blender', 'should', 'work', 'in', 'ignorance', 'of', 'the', 'basic', 'nature', 'of', 'the', 'oils', 'he', 'is', 'using.', 'Blending', 'Machinery.—Two', 'or', 'three', 'machines', 'are', 'essential', 'for', 'blending', ',', 'viz.', ',', 'the', 'Shake Willey', ',', 'the', 'Willow', 'or', 'Willey', 'and', 'the', 'Fearnought', 'The', 'simple', 'construction', 'of', 'the', 'Shake Willey', 'is', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '8.', 'It', 'is', 'made', 'in', 'several', 'forms', 'with', 'one', ',', 'two', 'or', 'more', 'swifts', 'Its', 'function', 'is', 'always', 'simply', 'to', 'shake', 'and', 'in', 'no', 'sense', 'to', 'tear', 'or', 'tease', 'the', 'wool.', 'The', 'normal', 'Willow', 'consists', 'essentially', 'of', '(', 'a', ')', 'An', 'automatic', 'intermittent', 'feeding apparatus', '(', 'b', ')', 'A', 'willowing', 'or', 'beating', 'and', 'tearing', 'appar-', 'atus', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'An', 'automatic delivery apparatus', 'usually', 'linked', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'automatic feed apparatus', 'The', 'construction', 'and', 'action', 'of', 'these', 'parts', 'will', 'be', '*', 'See', 'Appendix.', '28']

[[183, 183, 'Textile Machinery'], [186, 186, 'Textile Machinery'], [188, 188, 'Textile Machinery'], [191, 191, 'Textile Machinery'], [197, 197, 'Textile Machinery'], [215, 215, 'Textile Machinery'], [235, 235, 'Textile Machinery'], [245, 245, 'Textile Machinery'], [263, 263, 'Textile Machinery'], [269, 269, 'Textile Machinery']]

['30', '(', '60', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'means', 'of', 'a', 'lattice', 'and', 'two', 'feed rollers', 'The', 'material', 'is', 'fed', 'in', 'on', 'a', 'travelling', 'lattice', ',', 'and', 'may', 'remain', 'under', 'work', 'as', 'long', 'as', 'is', 'considered', 'desirable.', 'After', 'a', 'suitable', 'controlled', 'period', 'of', 'willowing', 'a', 'door', 'automatically', 'opens', ',', 'and', 'the', 'material', 'is', 'thrown', 'out', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'delivery', 'lattice', 'The', 'production', 'is', 'about', '900', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour.', 'Although', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'one', 'standard', 'design', 'of', 'Willow', ',', 'since', 'makers', 'produce', 'machines', 'embodying', 'special', 'and', 'distinctive', 'features', 'and', 'advantages', ',', 'yet', 'these', 'as', 'a', 'rule', 'are', 'matters', 'of', 'detail', ',', 'the', 'general', 'character', 'of', 'all', 'makes', 'of', 'this', 'machine', 'being', 'uniform.', 'The', 'Fearnought', '(', 'Fig.', '8b', ')', 'consists', 'essentially', 'of', '(', 'a', ')', 'an', 'automatic continuous feeding apparatus', 'with', 'which', 'is', 'often', 'combined', 'an', 'oiling apparatus', ',', 'which', 'is', 'almost', 'invariably', 'ignored*', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 'a', 'coarse', 'carding apparatus', 'which', 'should', 'both', 'tease', 'out', 'unopened', 'wool-locks', 'and', 'mix', 'up', 'the', 'component', 'materials', 'of', 'the', 'blend', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'a', 'delivering apparatus', 'usually', 'of', 'the', 'air-blast', 'type.', 'This', 'latter', 'may', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'deliver', 'the', 'teased', 'blend', 'by', 'a', 'system', 'of', 'conveyer-tubes', 'to', 'the', 'blending', 'room', 'into', 'bins', ',', 'suitably', 'situated', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'cards', 'through', 'which', 'the', 'blend', 'must', 'next', 'pass.', 'The', 'con-', 'struction', 'and', 'action', 'of', 'these', 'parts', 'will', 'be', 'understood', 'from', 'Fig.', '8b', 'and', 'the', 'following', 'description.', 'The', 'main', 'swift', 'of', 'the', 'Fearnought', 'is', 'clothed', 'with', 'strong', 'tenter-hook teeth', ',', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'pairs', 'of', 'workers', '(', 'clothed', 'with', 'strong', 'tenter-hook', 'teeth', ')', 'and', 'strippers', '(', 'clothed', 'with', 'strong', 'but', 'not', 'tenter-hook teeth', ')', ';', 'a', 'lattice', 'which', 'delivers', 'the', 'wool', 'to', 'two', 'feed-rollers', ',', 'a', 'licker-in', 'and', 'angled stripper', ',', 'and', 'a', 'delivery', 'arrangement', 'consisting', 'of', 'a', 'fan', ',', 'while', 'underneath', 'both', 'swift', 'and', 'fan', 'is', 'a', 'grating', 'or', 'grid', 'through', 'which', 'the', ')', '*', 'With', 'a', 'Hopper feed', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'used', 'to', 'advantage.', '30']

[[11, 11, 'Textile Machinery'], [14, 14, 'Textile Machinery'], [23, 23, 'Textile Machinery'], [58, 58, 'Textile Machinery'], [75, 75, 'Textile Machinery'], [111, 111, 'Textile Machinery'], [123, 123, 'Textile Machinery'], [130, 130, 'Textile Machinery'], [143, 143, 'Textile Machinery'], [166, 166, 'Textile Machinery'], [186, 186, 'Textile Machinery'], [228, 228, 'Textile Machinery'], [231, 231, 'Textile Machinery'], [236, 236, 'Textile Machinery'], [252, 252, 'Textile Machinery'], [259, 259, 'Textile Machinery'], [263, 263, 'Textile Machinery'], [270, 270, 'Textile Machinery'], [273, 273, 'Textile Machinery'], [275, 275, 'Textile Machinery'], [284, 284, 'Textile Machinery'], [289, 289, 'Textile Machinery'], [291, 291, 'Textile Machinery'], [294, 294, 'Textile Machinery'], [304, 304, 'Textile Machinery']]

['30', '(', '63', ')', 'BLENDING', 'in.', '1', '.', '46', '22', 'heavy', 'dirt', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'falls.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'is', 'so', 'nearly', 'allied', 'to', 'the', 'card', 'that', 'no', 'further', 'description', 'is', 'called', 'for', 'save', 'the', 'following', 'details', 'of', 'construction', ':', 'Diameter', 'on', 'Diameter', 'to', 'Revolutions', 'the', 'wood.', 'top', 'of', 'teeth.', 'per', 'minute.', 'in.', 'Feed Rollers', '5', '6', 'II3', 'Angle Stripper', '51', '71', 'II.3', 'Swift', '47', '180', 'Workers', '63', '81', '10:4', 'Strippers', '51', '71', '10:4', 'Fan', '251', '810', 'The', 'teeth', 'are', '}', 'in.', 'pitch', 'and', 'intersect', 'when', 'possible.', 'The', 'teeth', 'usually', 'are', 'tenter-hooks', 'with', 'the', 'excep-', 'tion', 'of', 'the', 'fan-strippers', ',', 'which', 'have', 'around', 'straight', 'tooth.', 'The', 'production', 'is', 'about', '1,200', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour.', 'The', 'speeding', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', 'in', 'machines', 'of', 'this', 'type', 'is', 'a', 'very', 'interesting', 'problem.', 'Thus', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'main', 'cylinder', '(', 'the', 'swift', ')', 'may', 'be', 'decided', 'by-', '1.', 'The', 'speed', 'at', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'mechanically', 'safe', 'to', 'run', 'it', ';', 'or', '2.', 'The', 'speed', 'at', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'effect', 'the', 'most', 'satisfactory', 'disentanglement', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'submitted', 'to', 'it', 'without', 'undue', 'breakage.', 'Motor-car', 'engines', 'may', 'run', 'up', 'to', '4,000', 'revs.', 'per', 'minute', ',', 'but', 'the', 'clutch', 'is', 'invariably', 'much', 'smaller', 'in', 'diameter', 'than', 'the', 'cylinders', 'in', 'the', 'machines', 'under', 'con-', 'sideration.', 'But', 'probably', '(', '2', ')', 'is', 'the', 'deciding', 'factor', 'here.', 'Unfortunately', 'few', 'tests', 'have', 'so', 'far', 'been', 'carried', 'out', 'to', 'decide', 'upon', 'the', 'most', 'satisfactory', 'speeds', 'for', 'fibre', 'dis-', 'entanglement', '(', 'speed', 'of', 'wool-lock', 'rupture', ')', '.', 'When', 'this', 'is', 'done', 'it', 'will', 'probably', 'be', 'found', 'that', 'the', 'speed', 'is', 'well', 'within', 'the', 'machine', 'speed', 'possibilities', 'of', 'any', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', 'under', 'consideration.', 'Research', 'is', 'here', 'obviously', 'called', 'for', 'to', 'replace', 'the', 'pure', 'empiricism', 'at', 'present', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'practice.', '31']

[[55, 55, 'Textile Machinery'], [59, 59, 'Textile Machinery'], [63, 63, 'Textile Machinery'], [66, 66, 'Textile Machinery'], [70, 70, 'Textile Machinery'], [74, 74, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [98, 98, 'Textile Machinery'], [117, 117, 'Textile Machinery'], [134, 134, 'Textile Machinery'], [137, 137, 'Textile Machinery'], [200, 200, 'Textile Machinery'], [267, 267, 'Textile Machinery']]

['30', '(', '64', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Having', 'decided', 'upon', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'main cylinder', 'the', 'other', 'cylinders', 'will', 'be', 'speeded', 'from', 'this', 'on', 'the', 'lines', 'laid', 'down', 'in', 'Chapter', 'II.', 'The', 'interesting', 'arrangement', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'in', 'the', 'Fearnought', '(', 'worker', 'preceding', 'stripper', ')', 'and', 'the', 'similar', 'speeding', 'should', 'not', 'be', 'passed', 'unnoticed.', 'Reference', 'has', 'already', 'been', 'made', 'to', 'conveyer tubes', '(', 'Fig.', '8c', ')', '.', 'Owing', 'to', 'faulty', 'construction', 'in', 'both', 'machines', 'and', 'tubes', ',', 'a', 'prejudice', 'has', 'arisen', 'in', 'the', 'minds', 'of', 'some', 'manufacturers', 'against', 'these.', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'necessity', 'of', 'treating', 'many', 'blends', 'ranging', 'from', 'white', 'to', 'black', ';', 'and', 'occasionally', 'from', 'all-wool', 'to', 'cotton', 'and', 'wool', ',', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'machines', 'and', 'conveyers', ',', 'it', 'is', 'obviously', 'neces-', 'sary', 'to', 'be', 'able', 'thoroughly', 'to', 'cleanse', 'out', 'both', 'machines', 'and', 'conveyers', 'Willows', ',', 'Fearnoughts', ',', 'and', 'conveyers', 'should', 'be', 'so', 'constructed', 'that', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'readily', 'done.', 'In', 'Fig.', '9', 'a', 'good', 'arrangement', 'of', 'a', 'blending', 'room', 'is', 'given', ',', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'gathered', 'that-', '(', 'a', ')', 'A', 'space', 'should', 'be', 'reserved', 'large', 'enough', 'for', 'the', 'building-up', 'of', 'wool-stacks', 'of', 'any', 'and', 'every', 'required', 'size.', '(', '6', ')', 'Arrangements', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'for', 'satis-', 'factorily', 'preparing', 'the', 'various', 'materials', 'for', 'blending', 'without', 'interfering', 'with', '(', 'or', 'contaminating', ')', 'any', 'other', 'blend', 'in', 'process', 'of', 'completion.', '(', 'c', ')', 'Distributing', 'trunks', 'from', 'the', 'Willow', 'and', 'Fearnought', 'should', 'be', 'so', 'arranged', 'that', 'the', 'stack', 'can', 'be', 'built', 'up', 'from', 'the', 'Willow', 'or', 'Fearnought', 'without', 'any', 'handling', 'other', 'than', 'feeding-on-proportion', 'by', 'pro-', 'portion—to', 'the', 'feed', 'sheet', 'of', 'the', 'machine.', '(', 'd', ')', 'Suitable', 'arrangements', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'for', 'oiling', 'where', 'necessary.', '32']

[[15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [18, 18, 'Textile Machinery'], [37, 37, 'Textile Machinery'], [39, 39, 'Textile Machinery'], [42, 42, 'Textile Machinery'], [44, 44, 'Textile Machinery'], [46, 46, 'Textile Machinery'], [63, 63, 'Textile Machinery'], [120, 120, 'Textile Machinery'], [135, 135, 'Textile Machinery'], [137, 137, 'Textile Machinery'], [138, 138, 'Textile Machinery'], [140, 140, 'Textile Machinery'], [143, 143, 'Textile Machinery'], [232, 232, 'Textile Machinery'], [234, 234, 'Textile Machinery'], [248, 248, 'Textile Machinery'], [250, 250, 'Textile Machinery']]

['33', '(', '69', ')', 'BLENDING', '5', '<', '<', '(', 'e', ')', 'A', 'conveyer tube', 'from', 'the', 'Fearnought', 'or', 'from', 'any', 'convenient', 'part', 'of', 'the', '"', 'blending', 'room', '”', 'should', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'convey', 'the', 'wool', 'to', 'a', 'convenient', 'storage', 'as', 'near', 'the', 'cards', 'as', 'possible.', 'Perhaps', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'added', 'that', 'a', 'good', 'conveyer system', 'will', 'deliver', 'wool', 'without', 'matting', 'or', 'stringing', 'up', 'to', 'a', 'thousand', 'feet', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'blending', 'room.', '**', '*', '*', 'Basic', 'principles', ':', 'These', 'are-', 'I.', 'To', 'clear', 'each', 'material', ',', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'ever', 'possible', ',', 'of', 'its', 'impurities', ':', '2.', 'To', 'bring', 'each', 'material', 'into', 'a', 'freely', 'disen-', 'tangled', 'state', 'usually', 'without', 'shortening', 'the', 'fibre', 'length.', '3.', 'To', 'mix', 'regularly', 'the', 'one', 'or', 'the', 'several', 'materials', 'composing', 'a', 'blend.', '4.', 'To', 'mix', 'finely', 'the', 'various', 'materials', 'composing', 'a', 'blend', 'with', 'due', 'deference', 'to', 'the', 'carding', 'which', 'follows.', '5.', 'To', 'arrange', 'for', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'blended', 'materials', 'to', 'the', 'required', 'place', 'in', 'the', 'mill', 'with', 'the', 'least', 'possible', 'felting', 'or', 'detrimental', 'handling.', 'All', 'machines', 'and', 'processes', 'should', 'be', 'severely', 'criticized', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'these', 'five', 'principles', ';', 'by', 'this', 'means', 'much', 'thoughtless', 'and', 'even', 'stupid', 'machine', 'design', 'and', 'blending', 'practice', 'may', 'be', 'avoided.', 'V', '33']

[[12, 12, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [52, 52, 'Textile Machinery']]

['35', '(', '71', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'General', 'Consideration', 'However', 'well', 'wool', 'may', 'be', 'scoured', 'it', 'invariably', 'appears', 'as', 'a', 'sullied', 'mass', 'after', 'carding.', 'This', 'is', 'specially', 'noticeable', 'in', 'the', 'carding', 'of', 'combing', 'wools', '(', 'scoured', 'only', ')', '.', 'It', 'is', 'not', 'that', 'the', 'card', 'dirties', 'the', 'wool', ',', 'but', 'that', 'certain', 'fibre-groups', 'have', 'emerged', 'from', 'the', 'scouring bath', 'still', 'stuck', 'together', 'by', 'grease', 'and', 'dirt', ',', 'and', 'the', 'carder', ',', 'in', 'freeing', 'these', ',', 'releases', 'a', 'certain', 'amount', 'of', 'grease', 'and', 'dirt', 'which', 'spreads', 'itself', 'over', 'the', 'whole', 'mass', 'and', 'thus', 'gives', 'rise', 'to', 'the', 'sullied', 'appearance', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'or', 'film', 'produced.', 'It', 'is', 'just', 'this', 'freeing', 'of', 'the', 'material', ',', 'fibre', 'by', 'fibre', ',', 'that', 'carding', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'effect.', 'It', 'is', 'almost', 'of', 'equal', 'importance', 'that', 'fibres', 'should', 'be', 'reversed', 'and', 'turned', 'about', 'during', 'the', 'passage', 'through', 'the', 'machine-root', 'to', 'tip', 'and', 'tip', 'to', 'root.', 'An', 'excellent', 'training', 'in', 'imaginative', 'insight', 'is', 'to', 'follow', 'a', 'fibre', 'or', 'lock', 'of', 'wool', 'through', 'the', 'card', ',', 'estimating', 'its', 'chance', 'of', 'being', 'turned', 'round', 'at', 'each', 'roller', 'and', 'averaging', 'up', 'the', 'final', 'result', 'of', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'fibres', 'similarly', 'treated.', 'Mr.', 'Howard', 'Priestman', ',', 'at', 'Leeds', 'University', 'some', 'time', 'ago', ',', 'obtained', 'fairly', 'exact', 'results', 'of', 'such', 'a', 'test', 'by', 'tinting', 'the', 'tips', 'of', 'fibres', 'red', ',', 'passing', 'these', 'into', 'the', 'card', 'under', 'three', 'conditions', 'and', 'then', 'examining', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'each', 'fibre', 'in', 'the', 'resultant', 'sliver.*', 'The', 'cleansing', 'from', 'impurities', 'of', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'carded', 'is', 'well', 'understood', 'by', 'the', 'cotton', 'carder', ',', 'but', 'too', 'frequently', 'partially', 'overlooked', 'by', 'the', 'woollen', 'carder.', 'This', 'is', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'comparative', 'unimportance', 'of', 'the', 'cleansing', 'operation', 'in', 'woollen', 'carding', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'cotton', 'carding', ',', 'and', 'also', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'if', 'the', 'woollen', 'card', 'is', 'properly', 'designed', 'impurities', 'fall', 'out', 'and', 'con-', 'sequently', 'do', 'not', 'involve', 'any', 'special', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'card', ',', '*', '"', 'Wool', 'Combing', ',', '"', 'by', 'Howard', 'Priestman', ',', 'p.', '101.', '»', '35']

[[57, 57, 'Textile Machinery']]

['37', '(', '73', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'must', 'be', 'allowed', 'in', 'the', 'material', 'nor', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'card', ',', 'as', 'in', 'all', 'probability', 'such', 'would', 'not', 'be', 'thrown', 'out', 'during', 'carding', 'and', 'may', 'lead', 'to', 'difficulties', 'in', 'mule-spinning', ',', 'while', 'if', 'it', 'gets', 'into', 'the', 'cloth', ',', 'the', 'material', 'will', 'look', 'unsightly', 'and', 'be', 'almost', 'painful', 'to', 'the', 'touch', '(', 'cloth', 'carbonizing', 'will', 'probably', 'be', 'necessary', ')', '.', 'The', 'production', 'by', 'the', 'final', 'carding-engine', 'termed', 'the', '"', 'condenser', '”-of', 'a', 'level', ',', 'intact', ',', 'perfect', 'fibre-mixed”', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'is', 'essential', 'if', 'sound', 'threads', 'are', 'finally', 'to', 'be', 'spun.', 'If', 'the', 'blend', 'is', 'a', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'mixture', 'irregularities', 'readily', 'show', 'a', 'defect', ',', 'but', 'mixing', 'is', 'also', 'important', 'in', 'such', 'cases', 'as', 'white', 'wool', 'and', 'white', 'cotton', ',', 'navy', 'noil', 'and', 'navy', 'mungo', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'etc.', 'It', 'is', 'usual', ',', 'however', ',', 'to', 'have', 'one', 'or', 'two', 'extra', 'swifts', 'with', 'their', 'accompanying', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'for', 'carding', 'blends', 'of', 'materials', 'presenting', 'marked', 'luminosity', 'or', 'colour', 'differences.', 'It', 'is', 'very', 'important', 'that', 'the', 'wool', 'film', 'should', 'be', 'perfect', ',', 'should', 'be', 'perfectly', 'stripped', 'and', 'satisfactorily', 'presented', 'to', 'the', 'condensing apparatus', 'to', 'be', 'split', 'up', 'into', 'the', 'desired', 'number', 'of', 'filaments', ',', 'or', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'as', 'they', 'are', 'termed.', 'Given', 'a', 'level', 'film', 'from', 'the', 'card', ',', 'then', 'any', 'really', 'good', 'condensing apparatus', 'should', 'split', 'the', 'film', 'into', 'the', 'required', 'number', 'of', 'equal', 'filaments', ',', 'one', 'not', '"', 'robbing', 'from', 'the', 'other', 'but', 'all', 'being', 'equal', 'and', 'distinct', 'and', 'even-', 'tually', 'rolled', 'up', 'neatly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'condenser-bobbin', 'for', 'conveyance', 'to', 'and', 'spinning', 'upon', 'the', 'mule', 'Flat', 'The', 'fibre', 'arrangement', 'in', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'may', 'here', 'be', 'usefully', 'considered', ',', 'as', 'it', 'has', 'given', 'rise', 'to', 'much', 'controversy', ',', 'notably', 'between', 'the', 'late', 'Mr.', 'Charles', 'Vickerman', ',', 'of', 'Huddersfield', ',', 'and', 'several', 'writers', 'on', 'woollen', 'spinning.', 'The', 'sliver-delivery apparatus', 'of', 'the', 'old', 'carder', 'dropped', 'the', 'slivers', 'on', 'the', 'floor', ',', 'or', 'if', 'a', 'piecening machine', 'was', 'employed', ',', 'into', 'the', 'trays', 'arranged', 'for', 'their', 'reception.', 'These', 'slivers', 'were', 'stripped', 'from', '37']

[[73, 73, 'Textile Machinery'], [77, 77, 'Textile Machinery'], [150, 150, 'Textile Machinery'], [154, 154, 'Textile Machinery'], [156, 156, 'Textile Machinery'], [189, 189, 'Textile Machinery'], [220, 220, 'Textile Machinery'], [255, 255, 'Textile Machinery'], [263, 263, 'Textile Machinery'], [305, 305, 'Textile Machinery'], [309, 309, 'Textile Machinery'], [320, 320, 'Textile Machinery']]

['38', '(', '74', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(', 'strips', 'of', 'card', 'clothing', 'arranged', 'across', 'the', 'doffer', ',', 'so', 'that', 'each', 'sliver', 'was', 'in', 'length', 'just', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', '"', 'These', 'slivers', 'were', 'piecened', 'together', 'either', 'at', 'the', 'billey', 'by', 'hand', ',', 'or', 'at', 'the', 'carder', 'by', 'the', 'piecening machine', ';', 'but', 'in', 'either', 'case', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'the', 'fibres', ',', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'stripping', 'from', 'the', 'doffer', ',', 'would', 'almost', 'all', 'be', 'concentrically', 'arranged', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'and', ',', 'upon', 'being', 'spindle-drafted', 'upon', 'the', '"', 'billey', ',', '"', 'or', 'upon', 'the', 'mule', ',', 'would', 'take', 'a', 'longitudinal', 'spiral', 'form.', 'This', 'fibre', 'arrangement', 'resulted', 'in', 'a', 'wonderfully', 'efficient', 'thread', ',', 'and', 'a', 'fabric', 'capable', 'of', 'receiving', 'an', 'extra-', 'ordinary', '“finish.”', 'The', 'thread', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'doffer', 'concentrically', ',', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'modern', 'condenser', ',', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'fibres', 'lie', 'not', 'spirally', 'but', 'mostly', 'longitudinally', 'in', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'thread', ',', 'is', 'so', 'different', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'days', 'of', 'the', 'proposed', 'change', 'from', 'one', 'system', 'to', 'the', 'other', ',', 'some', 'woollen', 'manufacturers', 'for', 'years', 'refused', 'to', 'make', 'the', 'change', ',', 'and', 'others', 'who', 'made', 'the', 'change', 're-', 'verted', 'to', 'the', 'old', 'style', 'but', 'finally', 'were', 'constrained', 'by', 'economic', 'fact', 'to', 'accept', 'the', 'new', 'method', 'of', 'condensing.', 'The', 'modern', 'condenser', 'should', 'deliver', 'the', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'roughly', 'about', 'half', 'to', 'two-thirds', 'the', 'desired', 'yarn', 'skeins', ';', 'so', 'regularly', 'condensed', 'that', 'the', 'mule', 'without', 'breaking', 'these', 'filaments', 'will', 'put', 'in', 'the', 'necessary', 'spindle-draft', 'and', 'twist', 'and', 'thus', 'produce', 'the', 'required', 'woollen', 'yarn.', '>', 'or', 'From', 'time', 'to', 'time', 'fashion', 'runs', 'on', 'to', 'fancy', 'effects', 'such', 'as', 'random', '"', 'knickerbocker', 'yarn.', 'Two', 'methods', 'of', 'producing', 'random', 'effects', 'are', 'discussed', 'later', ';', 'also', 'a', 'description', 'of', 'a', 'very', 'simple', 'method', 'of', 'producing', 'knickerbocker', 'and', 'other', '"', 'flecking', '"', 'effects.', 'Every', 'carding', 'engineer', 'should', 'be', 'prepared', 'to', 'break', 'away', 'from', 'standard', 'practice', 'and', 'thoughtfully', 'set', 'to', 'work', 'to', 'produce', 'novelties', 'when', 'such', 'are', 'required.', '*', 'See', 'Journal', 'of', 'the', 'Textile', 'Institute', ',', 'Vol.', 'III.', ',', 'p.', '303', ',', '1912.', '38']

[[16, 16, 'Textile Machinery'], [30, 30, 'Textile Machinery'], [40, 40, 'Textile Machinery'], [47, 47, 'Textile Machinery'], [50, 50, 'Textile Machinery'], [72, 72, 'Textile Machinery'], [87, 87, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [97, 97, 'Textile Machinery'], [130, 130, 'Textile Machinery'], [137, 137, 'Textile Machinery'], [214, 214, 'Textile Machinery'], [235, 235, 'Textile Machinery']]

['39', '(', '75', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'The', 'production', 'of', 'a', 'carding', 'set', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'depth', 'of', 'material', 'of', 'any', 'given', 'type', 'which', 'the', 'cylinders', 'will', 'readily', 'control', ',', 'truly', 'card', ',', 'and', 'pass', 'forward', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'threads', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'machine', 'and', 'the', 'skeins', 'condensed', 'to', ',', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'the', 'speeds', 'at', 'which', 'the', 'several', 'controlling', 'cylinders', 'may', 'be', 'run.', 'Taking', '(', '6', ')', 'first', ',', 'it', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'if', '60', 'threads', 'of', ',', 'say', ',', '8', 'skeins', 'are', 'taken', 'off', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'machines', '(', 'running', 'at', 'the', 'highest', 'economic', 'speed', ')', 'the', 'maximum', 'weight', 'of', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'delivered', 'is', 'absolutely', 'fixed', ';', 'and', 'further', ',', 'that', 'if', '16', 'skeins', 'be', 'the', 'count', 'taken', 'off', ',', 'for', 'the', 'same', 'number', 'of', 'threads', ',', 'the', 'weight', 'delivered', 'will', 'be', 'half', 'this', ',', 'and', 'that', 'if', '4', 'skeins', 'be', 'the', 'count', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'weight', 'delivered', 'will', 'be', 'double', 'this', 'weight.', 'But', 'the', 'question', 'may', 'be', 'asked', ',', 'if', '40', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '8', 'skeins', 'shows', 'satisfactory', 'and', 'economic', 'carding', ',', 'will', 'not', '20', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '16', 'skeins', 'be', 'uneconomical', ',', 'and', '80', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '4', 'skeins', 'unworkable', '?', 'This', 'latter', 'question', 'brings', 'up', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'problem', 'of', 'the', 'depth', 'of', 'material', 'of', 'any', 'given', 'type', 'which', 'can', 'be', 'satisfactorily', 'worked.', 'This', 'problem', 'is', 'treated', 'fully', 'when', 'dealing', 'with', 'double-film', 'cards', 'such', 'as', 'Josephy', "'s", ';', 'at', 'this', 'junc-', 'ture', 'it', 'is', 'only', 'necessary', 'to', 'realize', 'that', 'this', 'is', 'a', 'funda-', 'mental', 'problem.', 'It', 'has', 'just', 'been', 'suggested', 'that', '"', 'speed', 'of', 'delivery', "'", 'will', 'also', 'affect', 'output.', 'To', 'exaggerate', ':', 'if', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'rollers', ',', 'running', 'at', '15', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', ',', 'give', '40', 'lbs.', 'of', '8', 'skein', 'yarn', 'per', 'hour', ',', 'the', 'same', 'rollers', 'running', 'at', '30', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'will', 'give', '80', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', ';', 'or', 'run', 'at', '73', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'will', 'give', '20', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', ',', 'provided', 'the', 'same', 'weight', 'of', 'film', 'is', 'supplied', 'to', 'them.', 'What', 'then', 'really', 'fixes', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'these', 'rollers', '>', '39']

[[30, 30, 'Textile Machinery'], [70, 70, 'Textile Machinery']]

['41', '(', '79', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'between', 'D', 'and', 'E', 'representing', 'the', 'thin', 'film', 'of', 'wool', ',', 'the', 'full', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'which', ',', 'by', 'the', 'condensing apparatus', ',', 'is', 'split', 'up', 'into', 'the', 'required', 'number', 'of', 'con-', 'densed', 'slivers', 'E', ',', 'the', 'thickness', ',', 'skeins', 'or', 'counts', 'of', 'these', 'slivers', 'being', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'quantity', 'of', 'material', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'card', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'threads', 'and', 'the', '"', 'length', '/', 'time”', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'card.', '*', 'The', 'Process', 'of', 'Carding.-Carding', 'may', 'be', 'con-', 'sidered', 'as', 'a', 'further', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'willowing', 'and', 'teazing', 'carried', 'out', 'in', 'the', 'blending', 'room', ',', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'more', 'illuminative', 'to', 'regard', 'carding', 'as', 'the', 'basic', 'process', 'and', 'willowing', 'and', 'teazingas', 'processes', 'prepara-', 'tory', 'to', 'this', 'basic', 'process.', 'Under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'there', 'should', 'be', 'no', 'sudden', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'fibre', 'disentangling', 'activities', 'of', 'any', 'of', 'these', 'sequential', 'machines', 'but', 'a', 'gradual', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'search-', 'ing', 'activities', 'of', 'the', 'carding teeth', 'from', 'the', 'coarse', 'toothed', 'willow', ',', 'the', 'finer', 'toothed', 'fearnought', ',', 'and', 'the', 'finely', 'toothed', 'carder', ';', 'and', 'the', 'carder', 'itself', 'should', 'be', 'arranged', 'on', 'the', 'same', 'principle', 'from', 'feed', 'end', 'to', 'delivery', 'end', ',', 'treating', 'the', 'material', 'gently', 'at', 'first', 'and', 'gradually', 'becoming', 'more', 'searching', 'until', 'the', 'conditions', 'are', 'such', 'that', 'every', 'fibre', 'must', 'have', 'been', 'separated', 'from', 'its', 'neighbours.', 'It', 'is', 'well', 'here', 'to', 'realize', 'that', 'the', 'carding', 'efficiency', 'of', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'machines', 'depends', 'upon', ':', '(', '1', ')', 'Extent', 'of', 'carding', 'surface', 'and', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'carding', 'contacts.', '(', '2', ')', 'The', 'carding', 'surfaces', 'at', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'cylinder', 'contact', ',', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'sizes', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', '(', '3', ')', 'The', 'mode', 'of', 'feed', 'and', 'delivery', 'adopted.', '(', '4', ')', 'The', 'absolute', 'speeds', 'and', 'the', 'relative', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', '41']

[[28, 28, 'Textile Machinery'], [159, 159, 'Textile Machinery'], [164, 164, 'Textile Machinery'], [169, 169, 'Textile Machinery'], [175, 175, 'Textile Machinery'], [179, 179, 'Textile Machinery'], [256, 256, 'Textile Machinery'], [271, 271, 'Textile Machinery'], [294, 294, 'Textile Machinery']]

['42', '(', '80', ')', '1', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1', ')', '(', '5', ')', 'The', '"', 'setting', ',', '"', 'i.e.', 'the', 'spacing', 'apart', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'cylinders', 'included', 'in', 'a', '“set”', 'of', 'machines.', '(', '6', ')', 'The', 'design', 'of', 'the', 'card-clothing', 'with', 'which', 'the', 'cylinders', 'composing', 'the', 'set', 'of', 'carding', 'machines', 'are', 'clothed', ',', 'and', '(', '7', ')', 'To', 'a', 'minor', 'extent', 'the', 'relative', 'design', 'of', 'scribbler', ',', 'intermediate', 'and', 'condenser', ',', 'All', 'these', 'points', 'should', 'be', 'kept', 'in', 'mind', 'in', 'reading', 'the', 'following', 'descriptions', 'of', 'a', 'carding engine', 'and', 'of', 'a', '"', 'set', 'of', 'machines.', '*', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'a', 'carder', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'studied', 'under', 'the', 'headings', '(', 'A', ')', 'Feeding', 'and', 'feeding mechanisms', ';', '(', 'Note', ':', 'with', 'this', 'is', 'almost', 'invariably', 'in-', 'volved', 'the', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'previous', 'machine.', ')', '(', 'B', ')', 'Passage', 'through', 'the', 'card', ',', 'this', 'involving', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'carding', ',', 'stripping', ',', 'and', 'method', 'of', 'passage', 'forward', 'in', 'the', 'machine', 'itself', ';', 'and', '(', 'C', ')', 'Method', 'of', 'deliveryma', 'simple', 'problem', 'ex-', 'cepting', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'last', 'machine', ',', 'the', 'condenser', '(', 'A', ')', 'Feeding', 'and', 'Feeding Mechanisms', 'are', 'of', 'two', 'types', ':', '-', 'ist.', 'Preliminary', 'or', 'hopper feeds', ';', 'and', '2nd.', 'Intermediate feeds', 'The', 'object', 'of', 'a', 'hopper feed', 'is', 'to', 'take', 'away', 'from', 'the', '“hands', '"', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'quantity', 'of', 'material', 'passed', 'through', 'the', 'machine.', 'Under', 'the', 'old', 'conditions', 'of', 'hand-feeding', 'the', 'workman', 'or', 'workwoman', 'weighed', 'out', 'a', 'given', 'quantity', 'of', 'the', 'blend', 'and', 'spread', 'this', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'evenly', 'on', 'each', 'marked', '12', '"', 'of', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'as', 'it', 'slowly', 'travelled', 'towards', 'the', 'feed rollers', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', '1', '1', '42']

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['44', '(', '82', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(', 'c', ')', 'Feed', 'evenly', 'across', 'into', 'the', 'weigh-pan', 'or', 'directly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'feed lattice', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'Deliver', 'accurately', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'to', 'ensure', 'a', 'level', 'feed', 'of', 'the', 'machine', ';', 'and', '(', 'e', ')', 'Deliver', 'its', 'charge', 'with', 'absolute', 'accuracy', ',', 'never', 'missing', 'a', 'charge', ',', 'and', 'always', 'empty-', 'ing', 'clean.', 'The', 'form', 'of', 'feed', 'illustrated', 'here', 'feeds', 'directly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'The', 'more', 'usual', 'form', 'feeds', 'into', 'a', 'weigh-pan', 'The', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'intermediate card', 'or', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'condenser', 'may', 'be', 'received', 'in', 'several', 'forms', ',', 'each', 'of', 'which', 'may', 'require', 'special', 'feeding', 'mechan-', 'ism', ':', '-', '(', '1', ')', 'The', 'doffing comb', 'may', 'be', 'allowed', 'to', 'strip', 'the', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'from', 'the', 'last', 'doffer', 'of', 'the', 'scribbler', '(', 'or', 'first', 'card', ')', ',', 'and', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'collected', 'by', 'hand', 'and', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'next', 'machine', 'by', '(', 'a', ')', 'hand', ',', 'or', '(', '6', ')', 'hopper feed', 'Method', '(', 'a', ')', 'is', 'more', 'usual', 'as', 'a', 'hopper feed', 'deals', 'better', 'with', 'the', 'material', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'in', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'sent', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'blending', 'room', 'than', 'with', 'the', 'fibrous-film-mass', 'coming', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler', '(', '2', ')', 'The', 'film', 'doffed', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler', 'may', 'be', 'built', 'up', 'into', 'a', 'full', 'width', 'lap', 'by', 'a', "Blamire's lap-forming machine", ',', 'and', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'feed mechanism', 'of', 'the', 'next', 'card', 'must', 'be', 'designed', 'to', 'receive', 'two', ',', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'of', 'these', 'laps', 'which', 'are', 'run', 'together', 'to', 'form', 'the', 'full', 'weight', 'of', 'film', 'required.', 'This', 'feed', 'arrangement', 'will', 'be', 'easily', 'understood', 'by', 'referring', 'to', 'Fig.', '12.', '(', '3', ')', 'The', 'film', 'doffed', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler', 'may', 'be', 'gath-', 'ered', 'together', 'either', 'in', 'the', 'centre-front', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'worsted', 'card', ';', 'or', ',', 'as', 'is', 'more', 'usual', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'woollen', 'card', ',', 'drawn', 'off', 'the', 'side', ',', 'and', 'balled', 'up', 'into', 'as', 'firm', 'a', 'ball', 'as', 'possible.', 'This', 'type', 'of', 'delivery', 'necessitates', 'a', 'creel', 'to', 'hold', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'these', '44']

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['44', '(', '84', ')', 'சான', 'கால', 'HASRNS', '5', 'Fig.', 'Ball and Creel Intermediate Feed', '»', '2', 'E']

[[9, 9, 'Textile Machinery']]

['44', '(', '85', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'balls', ',', 'say', '48', ',', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'right', 'weight', 'of', 'sliver', 'to', 'feed', 'into', 'the', 'next', 'machine.', 'In', 'both', 'these', 'cases', ',', 'and', 'in', 'that', 'of', 'the', "Blamire's feed", 'the', 'second', 'and', 'subsequent', 'machines', 'will', 'have', 'to', 'stand', 'until', 'the', 'necessary', 'number', 'of', 'laps', 'or', 'balls', 'have', 'been', 'produced', 'by', 'the', 'first', 'machines', ',', 'and', 'the', 'later', 'ma-', 'chines', 'will', 'have', 'to', 'work', 'a', 'considerable', 'time', 'after', 'the', 'first', 'machines', 'have', 'completed', 'their', 'work.', 'The', 'ball and creel feed', ',', 'however', ',', 'possesses', 'certain', 'advantages', 'for', 'making', 'what', 'are', 'known', 'as', '"', 'random', '"', 'effects', '(', 'see', 'p.', '87', ')', ',', 'and', 'in', 'addition', 'is', 'supposed', 'to', 'keep', 'the', 'fibres', 'straight', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'and', 'hence', 'from', 'any', 'given', 'material', 'to', 'yield', 'a', 'stronger', 'sliver', 'and', 'thread.', 'This', 'feed', 'will', 'be', 'understood', 'on', 'referring', 'to', 'Fig.', '13.', '(', '4', ')', 'The', 'film', 'doffed', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler', 'may', 'be', 'car-', 'ried', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'a', '"', 'floor', '"', 'or', 'of', 'an', 'overhead', '"', 'lattice', 'to', 'a', 'convenient', 'position', 'in', 'proximity', 'to', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'of', 'the', 'next', 'machine', ',', 'and', 'by', 'a', 'suitable', 'device', 'laid', 'on', 'this', 'feed-sheet', 'in', 'the', 'required', 'thickness', 'and', 'with', 'the', 'required', 'regularity.', 'In', 'Fig.', '14', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'the', '.', 'Scotch feed', 'is', 'shown.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noticed', 'that', 'the', 'Scotch feed', 'lays', 'the', 'sliver', 'of', 'material', 'only', 'slightly', 'diagonally', 'upon', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'Another', 'suitable', 'type', 'of', 'feeding', 'mechanism-the', 'Apperley', 'lays', 'the', 'sliver', 'much', 'more', 'diagonally', 'upon', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'This', ',', 'of', 'course', ',', 'necessitates', 'a', 'longer', 'feed-sheet', ',', 'but', 'turning', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'more', 'to-', 'wards', 'the', 'feed rollers', 'may', 'possibly', 'prevent', 'a', 'certain', 'amount', 'of', 'fibre', 'break', 'at', 'the', 'sacrifice', 'of', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'mixing', 'efficiency', 'of', 'the', 'Scotch', 'feed.', 'The', 'Scotch', 'and', 'the', 'Apperley', 'feeds', 'are', 'continuous', ',', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'material', 'once', 'automatically', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'carding', 'set', 'by', 'the', 'hopper feed', 'is', 'not', 'further', 'interfered', 'with', 'until', 'it', 'emerges', 'from', 'the', 'condenser', 'as', 'condensed', 'sliver.', 'In', 'this', 'case', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'previous', 'cases', 'there', 'will', 'be', 'at', 'least', 'one', 'waste', 'thread', '66', '45']

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['44', '(', '86', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'at', 'each', 'extreme', 'edge', 'of', 'the', 'condenser', '--', 'it', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'prevent', 'irregularities', 'in', 'sliver', 'at', 'the', 'edges', 'of', 'the', 'feed-', 'sheet', 'and', 'consequently', 'there', 'are', 'irregularities', 'on', 'the', 'edges', 'throughout', 'the', 'machine.', 'These', 'waste', 'threads', 'should', 'be', 'returned', 'by', 'pneumatic conveying tubes', 'to', 'the', 'hopper feed', 'for', 're-carding.', 'The', 'principles', 'underlying“', 'intermediate feeds', '"', 'may', 'be', 'summarized', 'as', 'follows', ':', '(', 'A', ')', 'Build', 'of', 'sliver', 'for', 'feeding', 'into', 'succeeding', 'machine', ':', '(', '1', ')', 'Band-built', '(', 'Fig.', '15', '(', '6', ')', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', ')', '.', '(', '2', ')', 'Film-built', '(', 'Fig.', '15', '(', 'd', ')', ')', '.', '(', '3', ')', 'Band-film', 'built', '(', 'Fig.', '14a', 'and', 'Fig.', '15', '(', 'e', ')', 'and', '(', ')', '.', '(', 'B', ')', 'Direction', 'of', 'fibres', 'as', 'presented', 'to', 'the', 'next', 'machine', ':', '(', '1', ')', 'Lengthwise', '(', 'a', ')', 'unreversed', '(', 'Fig.', '15a', ')', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'reversed', '(', 'Fig.', '150', ')', '.', '(', '2', ')', 'Semi-lengthwise-', '(', 'a', ')', 'unreversed', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 'reversed.', '(', '3', ')', 'Crosswise-', '(', 'a', ')', 'unreversed', ';', 'unreversed', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 're-', 'versed', '(', 'Fig.', '15', '(', '6', ')', 'and', '(', 'd', ')', ')', '.', '(', 'c', ')', '(', '1', ')', 'Continuous', '(', 'Fig.', '15', '(', 'e', ')', ')', 'or', '(', '2', ')', 'broken', 'sliver', 'or', 'fibre', '(', 'Fig.', '15', '(', 'f', ')', ')', '.', 'Various', 'combinations', 'of', '(', '6', ')', ',', '(', 'c', ')', ',', 'and', '(', 'd', ')', 'are', 'in', 'every-', 'day', 'use', ',', 'but', 'rarely', 'in', 'this', 'country', 'are', 'the', 'methods', 'illustrated', 'in', '(', 'e', ')', 'and', '(', '(', ')', '(', 'Fig.', '15', ')', 'employed.', 'It', 'is', 'quite', 'obvious', ',', 'however', ',', 'that', 'the', 'last', 'word', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'written', 'on', 'this', 'matter', ';', 'English', 'carders', 'have', 'here', 'something', 'to', 'learn', 'from', 'their', 'French', 'brethren.', 'In', 'Figs.', '15', 'methods', 'of', 'simply', 'but', 'graphically', 'repre-', 'senting', 'the', '"', 'lie', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', '"', 'lie', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', '"', 'and', 'fibre', 'direction', 'in', 'several', 'of', 'these', 'feeds', 'are', 'indicated.', '46']

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['47', '(', '89', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'SECOND', 'SWIFT', 'ANCLE', 'STRIPPER', 'FIAST', 'SWIFT', 'SECOND', 'SWIFT', '1', 'ANCLE', 'STRIPPER', 'LICKER IN', '11', 'MIDDLE FEED ROLLER', 'LATTICE ROLLER', 'II', '!', 'I', '!', '!', '!', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'LICKER IN', 'LATTICE FEED', 'MIDDLE FEED ROLLER', '!', 'LATTICE ROLLER', 'DOI', 'FINC', 'COMB', 'PRESS', 'ROLLERS', '(', '6', ')', 'FIRST', 'SWIFT', 'LATTICE ROLLER', 'SECOND', 'SWIFT', 'ANGLE STRIPPER', 'IIIIIIII', 'FLICKER IN', 'III', '!', '!', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'MIDOLE', 'SE', 'OLLERS', 'IIIIIII', '!', '!', 'DOFFING COMB', 'FIRST SWIFT', '(', 'a', ')', 'BALLS', 'BALL', '(', 'c', ')', 'Fig.', '15.-The', '"', 'Lie', '"', 'of', 'the', 'Slivers', 'in', '(', 'a', ')', 'Direct Feed', ',', '(', 'b', ')', 'the', 'Scotch Feed', ',', '(', 'c', ')', 'the', 'Ball and Creel Feed', '47']

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['48', '(', '90', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'DOFFING COMB', 'LATTICE ROLLER', 'Q', '6', 'FILM', 'IN', 'LATTICE', 'E', 'o', 'o', 'B', 'LAP', 'SHOWING', 'LAP', 'BUILDING', 'DIRECTION', 'OF', 'FEED', 'INTO', 'ISUCCEEDING', 'CARD', '(', 'd', ')', '1', '1', '1', 'FA', '9', '(', 'e', ')', 'Fig.', '15.-The', '“Lie”', 'of', 'the', 'Slivers', 'in', '(', 'd', ')', "Blamire's Feed", ',', '(', 'e', ')', 'Continuous Traverse Feed', ',', '(', ')', 'Broken Traverse Feed', '48']

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['49', '(', '91', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', '(', 'B', ')', 'The', 'passage', 'through', 'the', 'card', 'involving', ':', '-', '(', '1', ')', 'Carding', ',', '(', '2', ')', 'Stripping', ',', 'and', '(', '3', ')', 'Passing', 'forward', ',', 'constitute', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'series', 'of', 'operations', 'which', 'the', 'student', 'of', 'carding', 'has', 'to', 'study.', 'The', 'passage', 'of', 'wool', 'through', 'a', 'worsted carder', 'is', 'carefully', 'considered', 'on', 'pages', '218-220', ',', '“Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing', 'but', 'carding', 'is', 'a', 'much', 'more', 'important', 'matter', 'to', 'the', 'woollen', 'spinner', 'than', 'to', 'the', 'wool', 'comber', ',', 'consequently', 'deeper', 'insight', 'must', 'here', 'be', 'attempted.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'card wires', 'spoken', 'of', 'as', 'the', '“carding', 'action', 'is', 'that', 'effected', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'old', 'hand-cards', 'when', 'these', 'are', 'drawn', 'in', 'opposition', 'to', 'one', 'another-', 'point', 'to', 'point.', 'But', 'with', 'hand-cards', 'this', 'action', 'is', 'necessarily', 'intermittent-with', 'rollers', 'clothed', 'with', 'wires', 'having', 'the', 'correct', 'inclination', 'and', 'revolved', 'in', 'the', 'required', 'direction', ',', 'the', 'operation', 'is', 'continuous.', 'This', 'action', 'is', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'woollen', 'carding', ',', 'the', 'swift', '(', 'A', ')', 'Fig.', '16', 'meeting', 'the', 'worker', '(', 'B', ')', 'point', 'to', 'point', 'and', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'effectively', 'carding', 'the', 'wool.', 'On', 'a', 'card', 'wherever', 'swift', 'and', 'workers', 'meet', 'there', 'is', 'true', 'carding', 'taking', 'place-', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'severe', 'according', 'to', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'relative', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Distance', 'apart', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'card', 'clothing', 'densities.', 'With', 'reference', 'to', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'relative', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'cylinders', 'will', 'depend', 'upon', 'whether', 'the', 'worker', 'is', 'Stationary', ',', 'or', 'Revolving', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'direction', 'as', 'the', 'swift', ',', 'its', 'teeth', 'act', 'against', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift', ';', 'or', 'Revolving', 'in', 'the', 'opposite', 'direction', 'to', 'the', 'swift', ',', 'its', 'teeth', 'as', 'it', 'were', 'retiring', 'from', 'the', 'swift', 'The', 'first', 'condition', 'is', 'almost', 'obtained', 'in', 'the', 'flat', 'cotton', 'card', ',', 'but', 'as', 'the', 'idea', 'of', 'the', 'roller', 'card', 'is', 'to', 'attain', 'E', '49']

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['50', '(', '92', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'continuity', 'of', 'action', 'and', 'possibly', 'varied-surface', 'move-', 'ment', ',', 'this', 'condition', 'rarely', 'obtains', 'in', 'wool', 'carding.', 'The', 'second', 'condition', 'results', 'in', 'a', 'severe', 'carding', 'straightening', 'operation', ',', 'and', 'is', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'short', 'material', '(', 'such', 'as', 'noils', 'and', 'mungos', ')', 'which', 'can', 'not', 'well', 'be', 'fibre-broken', 'further', ',', 'but', 'in', 'which', 'thorough', 'disintegrating', 'and', 'mixing', ',', 'and', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'possible', 'par-', 'allelizing', ',', 'is', 'required.', 'Even', 'then', 'it', 'is', 'only', 'usual', 'to', 'drive', 'the', 'workers', 'over', 'the', 'last', 'swift', 'in', 'this', 'direction.', 'List', 'II.-SIZES', 'AND', 'SPEEDS', 'OF', 'ENGLISH', 'AND', 'FRENCH', 'CARDS', 'English', 'French', 'Reus.', 'Relative', 'Diameter', 'per', 'Surface', 'Diameter', 'min.', 'Speeds', 'Revolutions', 'per', 'min.', 'Relative', 'Surface', 'Speeds', 'in.', 'in.', 'per', 'min.', 'Swift', 'Worker', 'Stripper', 'Fancy Doffer', 'Width', '50', '80', '(', '9', 'to', ')', '12', '5', '43', '(', 'to', '12', ')', '|', '263', '14', '375', '(', '36', 'to', ')', '40', '5', '60', 'to', '72', 'in.', 'in.', 'per', 'min.', '!', '4000', '46', '(', '+', 'or', "-'60", '8', '(', 'to', '9', ')', '1183', '(', '3', 'to', ')', '4', '5220', 'I', '2', '200', '28', '60', 'to', '80', '100', '(', 'to', '120', ')', '5', '(', 'to', '6', ')', '125', '425', '8', '4600', '(', 'tor-', ')', '40', '500', '5100', '224', 'The', 'third', 'condition', 'is', 'the', 'more', 'usual', 'as', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'worker', 'retreating', 'from', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'ease', 'the', 'severity', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'operation.', 'The', 'cylinder', 'revolutions', 'and', 'surface', 'speeds', 'of', 'carding rollers', 'in', 'a', 'Cheviot carding set', 'are', 'given', 'in', 'List', 'II', ',', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'gathered', 'that', 'even', 'the', 'woollen carding engine', 'is', 'by', 'no', 'means', 'ideal', 'from', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'view', 'of', 'gradually', 'disintegrating', 'the', 'fibre', 'masses.', 'This', 'severe', 'action', ',', 'however', ',', 'may', 'be', 'mitigated', 'in', 'part', 'by', 'the', '“lifting', ',', '"', 'or', 'setting', 'to', 'a', 'wider', 'gauge', ',', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'from', 'the', 'swift-hence', 'the', 'necessity', 'for', 'completely', 'studying—', '(', '6', ')', 'distance', 'apart', 'of', 'cylinders', 'If', 'the', 'whole', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'on', 'a', 'card', 'be', 'set', 'to', 'one', '50']

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['55', '(', '97', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'and', 'passes', 'it', 'forward', 'to', 'be', 'doffed', 'by', 'the', 'doffing comb', '(', 'Fig.', '16', '(', 'b', ')', ')', 'at', 'B.', 'But', 'the', 'swift', 'is', 'now', 'clear', 'to', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'and', 'no', 'doubt', 'in', 'part', 'even', 'below', 'the', 'points', ',', 'so', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'eager', 'to', 'seize', 'a', 'new', 'charge', 'of', 'material', 'which', 'it', 'usually', 'C', 'SE', '4', '«А', 'AI', 'H', '(', 'c', ')', '(', 'a', ')', '(', 'o', 'A', 'E', '(', 'b', ')', 'Fig.', '16.-', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'Carding Cylinders', ',', '(', 'b', ')', 'The', 'Delivery Cylinders', ',', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'Feed Cylinders', 'does', 'from', 'the', 'angle-stripper', 'K', ',', 'this', 'cylinder', 'acting', 'as', 'the', 'conveyer', 'between', 'the', 'licker-in', 'and', 'swift', '(', 'Fig.', '16', '(', 'c', ')', ')', '.', 'If', 'now', 'for', 'a', 'moment', 'the', 'cylinders', 'be', 'thought', 'of', 'as', 'clothed', 'with', 'perfectly', 'level', 'films', 'of', 'material', '(', 'or', ',', 'say', ',', 'cloth', ')', ',', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'the', 'film', 'from', 'the', 'angle-strippers', 'is', 'now', 'held', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'by', 'the', 'opposite', 'sur-', '55']

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['56', '(', '102', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'RCAST', 'CLOER', 'Don', 'Fig.', 'Carding Engine', 'for', 'the', 'Manufacture', 'of', 'Felts', 'doffer', '?', 'Perhaps', 'one', 'further', 'sug-', 'gestion', 'should', 'be', 'given.', 'So', 'long', 'as', 'fibres', 'lie', 'across', 'the', 'cylinders', '-across', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'move-', 'ment—will', 'they', 'be', 'liable', 'to', 'be', 'impeded', 'in', 'their', 'passage.', 'Ap-', 'proximation', 'to', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'cylinder', 'movement', 'in', 'the', '"', 'lie', "'", 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'will', 'always', 'give', 'a', 'better', 'chance', 'of', 'escaping', 'the', 'next', 'carding', 'contact.', 'This', 'thought', 'brings', 'up', 'the', 'difficult', 'question', ':', 'should', 'count', 'and', 'crown', 'be', 'the', 'same', 'in', 'carding', 'surfaces', '?', 'should', 'not', 'the', 'card-', 'clothing', 'on', 'the', 'earlier', 'cylinders', 'be', 'striated', 'in', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'movement', 'to', 'facilitate', 'the', '"', 'lying', '-', 'in”', 'and', 'consequent', 'passage', 'forward', 'of', 'the', 'material', '?', 'This', 'is', 'certainly', 'a', 'question', 'which', 'carding', 'engineers', 'should', 'consider.', '*', '(', 'C', ')', 'Method', 'of', 'Final', 'Delivery.', '-The', 'method', 'of', 'final', 'delivery', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'matters', 'which', 'has', 'to', 'be', 'decided.', 'The', 'simplest', 'form', 'of', 'delivery', 'is', 'that', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '17', ',', 'in', 'which', 'a', 'thin', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'the', 'full', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'carder', 'is', 'built', 'up', 'layer', 'by', 'layer', 'into', 'a', 'thick', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'of', 'considerable', 'length.', 'This', 'spongy', 'mass', 'is', 'docco', '58']

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['60', '(', '106', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING comb', '(', 'Fig.', '20', ')', 'does', 'not', 'appear', 'to', 'be', 'nearly', 'so', 'efficient', 'as', 'that', 'by', 'the', 'stripper', '(', 'Fig.', '21', ')', '.', 'In', 'dealing', 'with', 'a', 'delicate', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'of', 'this', 'nature', ',', 'the', 'influence', 'and', 'effect', 'of', 'air', 'currents', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'overlooked', ',', 'and', 'on', 'this', 'account', 'the', 'stripper', '"', 'method', 'is', 'much', 'less', 'objectionable', 'than', 'the', 'reciprocating', 'doffing comb', 'The', 'dividing', 'of', 'the', 'film', 'of', 'material', 'is', 'effected', 'on', 'two', 'distinct', 'methods', ':', '-', '(', '1', ')', 'By', 'the', '"', 'presence', '"', 'and', '"', 'absence”', 'card', 'wire', '“', 'system', ',', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'Ring-Doffer system', ';', 'FANCY', 'DOFTER', 'O', 'CYLINDER.', 'DOFFER.', 'Fig.', 'Double Doffer Tandem Rubber Condenser', '(', '2', ')', 'By', 'means', 'of', 'tapes', 'or', 'bands', ',', 'two', 'horizontal', 'layers', 'of', 'which', 'unite', 'to', 'receive', 'the', 'full-width', 'film', 'of', 'material', 'between', 'themselves', 'but', 'separ-', 'ate', 'virtually', 'into', 'i-in.', ',', 'or', '4-in.', 'or', '-in.', 'sections', 'as', 'they', 'carry', 'the', 'film', 'forward', ',', 'thus', 'dividing', 'the', 'full-width', 'film', 'into', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'fila-', 'ments.', '*', 'The', 'simplest', 'form', 'of', 'ring-doffer condenser', 'is', 'shown', 'in', 'Figs.', '18', 'and', '18a.', 'Most', 'carding', 'engineers', 'prefer', 'this', 'system', 'to', 'any', 'other', ',', 'but', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', '60']

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['64', '(', '112', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'and', 'nailing', 'or', 'winding', 'the', 'foundation', 'with', 'its', 'accompanying', 'wires', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'carding cylinders', 'This', 'method', 'with', 'sheeting', 'or', 'fillet-', 'ing', 'is', 'adopted', 'almost', 'entirely', 'in', 'the', 'normal', 'carding engine', 'In', 'Fig.', '22', 'these', 'three', 'types', 'are', 'shown', 'in', 'their', 'simplest', 'forms.', 'Card', 'sheeting', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '18', 'and', '19.', 'A', 'FEARNOUGHT', 'TEETH', 'B', 'GARNETT', 'CLOTHING', 'ca', 'CARD', 'C', 'CLOTHING', 'Fig.', '22.-Mechanical', 'Construction', 'of', 'Carding', 'Surfaces', 'NOTE.-Clothing', 'with', 'Card', 'Sheeting', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '18', 'and', '19.', '64']

[[21, 21, 'Textile Machinery'], [36, 36, 'Textile Machinery']]

['70', '(', '118', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '>', 'almost', 'equal', 'pinning', 'of', 'the', 'clothing', 'in', 'both', 'count', 'and', 'crown', 'direction.', 'The', 'distribution', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'place', 'may', 'be', 'designed', 'as', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '24', 'a', ',', 'b', ',', 'c', ',', 'by', 'dotting', 'in', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'as', 'required', 'to', 'scale', ',', 'and', 'then', 'upon', 'this', 'dotting', 'to', 'add', 'the', 'crowns', 'in', 'plain', ',', 'rib', 'or', 'twill', 'order', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'condition', 'judged', 'most', 'suitable', 'in', 'each', 'particular', 'case.', 'In', 'the', 'second', 'place', 'the', 'plain', ',', 'rib', 'or', 'twill', 'foundation', 'crowns', 'may', 'be', 'lightly', 'sketched', 'in', 'to', 'scale', ',', 'and', 'then', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', '(', 'at', 'the', 'two', 'ends', 'of', 'crowns', ')', 'dotted', 'in', 'strongly', 'to', 'clearly', 'indicate', 'the', 'dis-', 'tribution', 'of', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', '(', 'Fig.', '25', 'a', ',', 'b', ',', 'c', ')', '.', 'As', 'a', 'rule', 'it', 'is', 'much', 'more', 'satisfactory', 'for', 'the', 'carding', 'engineer', 'to', 'design', 'and', 'indicate', 'the', 'settings', 'he', 'desires', 'than', 'merely', 'to', 'take', 'what', 'is', 'offered', 'to', 'him', 'by', 'the', 'card-', 'clothing', 'manufacturer.', 'He', 'should', 'recognize', ',', 'however', ',', 'that', 'the', 'card-clothing', 'manufacturers', 'have', 'a', 'wonderfully', 'extensive', 'experience', 'to', 'draw', 'upon', ',', 'and', 'as', 'a', 'rule', 'are', 'quite', 'prepared', 'to', 'discuss', 'the', 'various', 'points', 'here', 'raised.', 'In', 'the', 'pinning', 'of', 'comb', 'circles', 'for', 'the', 'Noble comb', 'it', 'is', 'now', 'customary', 'to', 'take', 'the', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'wire', 'and', 'the', 'required', '“clear', 'space', 'necessitated', 'by', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'fibre', 'being', 'combed', 'and', 'to', 'calculate', 'the', 'pins', 'per', 'inch', 'accordingly.', 'This', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'done', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'card', 'clothing.', 'Taking', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', '60', "'s", 'counts', '6', 'crown', ',', 'the', 'cal-', 'culation', 'stands', 'as', 'follows', ':', '-', '60', "'s", '/', '6-Wire', 'No.', '24', '(', 'L.S.G.', ')', '=', "'022", '"', 'diameter-144', 'teeth', ')', 'per', 'sq.', 'in.', 'και', 'πd2.', 'Area', '(', '0.022', ')', '0.00038', '.00038', 'X', '144', '0.0547', 'wire', 'area', 'per', 'sq.', 'in.', '0.9453', 'space', 'per', 'sq.', 'in.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'bending', 'of', 'the', 'wires', 'at', 'the', 'knee', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'card', 'grinding', 'results', 'in', 'the', 'wire', 'presenting', 'an', 'area', ',', 'which', 'is', 'an', 'ellipse', ',', 'consider-', '1', '70']

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['76', '(', '124', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Ń', 'fibre', 'length', 'The', 'formula', 'is', 'simply', 'a', 'suggested', '3', 'basis', 'for', 'deciding', 'the', 'matter', 'of', 'wire', 'length', ';', 'if', 'adopted', 'it', 'would', 'still', 'require', 'modification', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'certain', 'empirical', 'knowledge.', 'It', 'does', ',', 'however', ',', 'give', 'some', 'approximation', "'to", 'present-day', 'practice.', 'The', 'length', 'of', 'wire', 'should', 'probably', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'space', 'interval—at', 'least', 'in', 'the', 'true', 'carding', '”', 'positions', '(', 'worker', 'and', 'swift', ')', '.', 'If', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'wire', 'above', 'the', 'knee', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'the', 'carding', 'length', ',', 'then', 'the', 'three', 'factors', ':', 'length', '(', 'approximately', ')', 'of', 'swift', 'wire', ',', 'space', 'interval', ',', 'length', '(', 'approximately', ')', 'of', 'worker wire', 'should', 'be', 'just', 'equal', 'to', 'the', 'minimum', 'fibre', 'length', 'to', 'ensure', 'equal', 'carding', 'conditions', 'for', 'the', 'fibre.', 'This', 'condition', 'is', 'probably', 'attained', 'in', 'carding', 'short', 'fibres', 'of', 'fairly', 'average', 'length', ',', 'but', 'in', 'carding', 'longer', 'fibres', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'marked', 'discrepancy.', 'This', 'is', 'due', 'partly', 'to', 'the', '“lie', '”', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'upon', 'the', 'revolving', 'cylinders', ',', 'partly', 'to', 'the', 'resist-', 'ance', 'offered', 'during', 'transference', 'from', 'cylinder', 'to', 'cylin-', 'der', '--', 'even', 'in', 'stripping', ',', 'and', 'partly', 'due', 'to', 'air', 'friction.', 'It', 'is', 'difficult', 'to', 'see', 'how', 'the', 'practical', 'nece', 'ties', 'can', 'here', 'be', 'met', 'with', 'any', 'other', 'method', 'than', 'empiricism', ',', 'but', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'having', 'mental', 'vision', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'happening', ',', 'and', 'some', 'basis', 'of', 'reference', ',', 'is', 'still', 'strongly', 'in', 'evidence.', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'combination', 'of', 'foundation', 'and', 'wire', 'to', 'meet', 'the', 'requirements', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'and', 'different', 'activities', 'observable', 'in', 'every', 'carding engine', ',', 'and', 'also', 'to', 'meet', 'the', '*requirements', 'of', 'carding engines', 'designed', 'to', 'card', 'par-', 'ticular', 'fibres', ',', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'considered.', 'Differences', 'here', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'to', 'be', 'due', 'to', '76']

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['86', '(', '136', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', ')', ')', 'the', 'material', 'is', 'of', 'sufficient', 'length', 'to', 'stand', 'the', 'strain', 'of', 'passing', 'over', 'the', 'overhead lattice', 'from', 'the', 'delivery', 'end', 'of', 'one', 'machine', 'to', 'the', 'feed', 'end', 'of', 'another', 'machine.', 'Should', 'the', 'material', 'be', 'too', 'short', ',', 'and', 'consequently', 'the', 'sliver', 'too', 'weak', 'for', 'this', 'mode', 'of', 'conveyance', ',', 'the', 'Apperley feed', 'may', 'be', 'adopted', ',', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'lattice', 'conveying', 'the', 'sliver', 'may', 'be', 'run', 'along', 'the', 'ground', ',', 'and', 'thus', 'a', 'very', 'simple', 'and', 'direct', 'connexion', 'between', 'the', 'two', 'machines', 'effected.', 'The', 'problem', 'of', 'deciding', 'the', 'best', 'angle', 'of', 'the', 'feed', 'has', 'already', 'been', 'referred', 'to', ',', 'and', 'is', 'also', 'elucidated', 'in', 'the', 'graphic', 'diagrams', 'of', 'feeding', '(', 'Fig.', '15', ')', '.', 'In', 'this', 'country', 'the', 'Blamire or blanket feed', 'is', 'almost', 'invariably', 'selected', 'for', 'short', 'material', ',', 'especially', 'mungo', 'blends—but', 'the', 'feed', 'is', 'considered', 'very', 'unsuit-', 'able', 'for', 'long-fibred', 'material.', 'This', 'feed', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '12', ',', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', '“', 'blanket', '"', 'is', 'built', 'up', 'film', 'by', 'film', ',', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'these', 'films', 'being', 'almost', 'at', 'right', 'angles', 'to', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'thick', '"', 'blanket.', '"', 'There', 'is', 'another', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'Blamire feed', 'for', 'mills', 'in', 'which', 'room', 'is', 'limited', ',', 'but', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'forming', 'the', 'lap', 'is', 'exactly', 'the', 'same.', 'One', 'other', 'feed-specially', 'designed', 'for', 'long-fibred', 'material-merits', 'careful', 'study.', 'The', '"', 'ball and creel feed', 'presents', 'certain', 'advantages', 'which', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'overlooked.', 'In', 'Fig.', '13', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'feed', 'is', 'illustrated.', 'There', 'the', 'fibre', 'direction', 'is', 'approximately', 'with', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', ',', '*', 'and', 'consequently', 'this', 'feed', 'is', 'especi-', 'ally', 'suited', 'to', 'the', 'carding', 'of', 'the', 'longer', 'clothing', 'wools.', 'The', 'difficulties', 'of', 'starting', 'up', 'and', 'stopping', 'have', 'already', 'been', 'referred', 'to.', 'Attention', 'should', 'be', 'drawn', ',', 'however', ',', 'to', 'one', 'important', 'advantage', 'which', 'this', 'feed', 'presents', ',', 'viz.', ',', 'the', 'ease', 'with', 'which', 'random', 'effects', '*', 'On', 'the', 'assumption', 'that', 'the', 'sliver', 'has', 'been', 'brought', 'from', 'the', 'centre', '--', 'not', 'from', 'the', 'side', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', '86']

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['87', '(', '137', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'may', 'be', 'obtained.', 'If', 'alternate', 'balls', 'of', ',', 'say', ',', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'are', 'fed', 'up', 'to', 'a', 'ring doffer condenser', '(', 'or', 'any', 'carder', 'without', 'rollers', 'which', 'are', 'given', 'a', 'traverse', 'across', 'the', 'swift', ')', ',', 'a', 'striated', 'film', 'of', 'black', 'and', 'white', ',', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'fit', 'the', 'pitch', 'of', 'the', 'doffer rings', ',', 'will', 'pass', 'through', 'the', 'machine', 'towards', 'the', 'condensing.', 'Under', 'normal', 'conditions', 'the', 'white', 'streak', 'would', 'be', 'taken', 'by', 'one', 'ring', ',', 'and', 'the', 'black', 'streak', 'by', 'the', 'next', 'ring', 'and', 'so', 'on', 'across', 'the', 'card', ',', 'and', 'thus', 'solid', 'coloured', 'threads', 'alter-', 'nately', 'of', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'would', 'be', 'produced.', 'If', ',', 'how-', 'ever', ',', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'ring doffer', 'is', 'given', 'a', 'traverse', 'crosswise', 'of', ',', 'say', ',', 'the', 'breadth', 'or', 'half', 'the', 'breadth', 'of', 'the', 'striations', 'or', 'card-rings', ';', 'or', '(', '6', ')', 'the', 'ring doffer', 'is', 'clothed', 'with', 'rings', 'which', 'do', 'not', 'pass', 'concentrically', 'round', ',', 'but', 'are', 'waved', 'or', 'angled', '”', 'to', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'the', 'striations', ';', 'then', 'instead', 'of', 'a', 'solid', 'thread', ',', 'a', 'thread', 'alternately', 'of', 'black', 'and', 'white-or', ',', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'termed', ',', 'a', '"', 'random', '"', 'thread', '-is', 'produced.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'this', 'method', 'of', 'pro-', 'ducing', 'fancy', 'yarns', 'is', 'capable', 'of', 'being', 'developed', ':', 'certainly', 'every', 'woollen', 'manufacturer', 'should', 'have', 'at', 'least', 'one', 'of', 'his', 'cards', 'fitted', 'up', 'to', 'produce', 'this', 'effect.', 'The', 'value', 'of', 'carefully', 'considering', 'intermediate', 'card-', 'film', 'production', ',', 'as', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '15', 'is', 'in', 'evidence', 'in', 'Fig.', '31.', 'There', 'a', 'film', 'intermediate', 'between', 'the', 'normal', 'narrow', 'Scotch-feed', 'film', 'and', 'the', 'normal', 'full-', 'width', 'Blamire', 'film', 'is', 'illustrated.', '*', '*', 'Condensers', 'and', 'Skein', '(', 'Count', ')', 'Control', 'The', 'functions', 'of', 'the', 'condenser', 'card', 'are', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'to', 'produce', 'and', 'present', 'to', 'the', 'dividing', 'apparatus', 'a', 'perfectly', 'level', 'broad', 'film', 'of', 'material', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'to', 'neatly', 'and', 'with', 'absolute', 'regularity', 'divide', 'up', 'this', 'film', 'into', 'the', 'desired', 'number', 'of', 'filaments.', '87']

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['89', '(', '139', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'multiple or series tape machine', '(', 'Fig.', '20a', ')', ',', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'conceivable', 'that', 'it', 'might', 'be', 'so', 'improved', 'that', 'it', 'would', 'be', 'at', 'least', 'equal', 'in', 'efficiency', 'to', 'the', 'single tape machine', 'In', 'Fig.', '21a', 'a', 'method', 'of', 'tape', 'control', 'different', 'from', 'those', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '20', 'or', '20a', 'is', 'shown.', 'This', 'also', 'illustrates', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'running', 'the', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'on', 'to', 'six', 'instead', 'of', 'two', 'or', 'four', 'condensing', 'tiers.', 'Careful', 'study', 'of', 'these', 'diagrams', 'will', 'bring', 'out', 'the', 'following', 'questions', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Method', 'of', 'doffing', 'the', 'film comb', 'or', 'stripper', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Continuous', 'or', 'single tapes', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Deep', 'grooved', '(', 'Fig.', '20a', ')', 'or', 'shallow', 'grooved', '(', 'Fig.', '21a', ')', 'tape', 'control', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'The', 'turning', 'over', 'of', 'the', 'tapes', 'in', 'order-', 'I.', 'to', 'deliver', 'the', 'films', 'of', 'wool', 'they', 'carry', 'to', 'the', 'rollers', ';', '2.', 'to', 'use', 'both', 'sides', 'as', 'film', 'carriers', ';', '(', 'e', ')', 'the', 'guiding', 'of', 'the', 'tapes', 'to', 'obviate', 'two', 'tapes', ',', 'with', 'their', 'accompanying', 'air', 'currents', ',', 'running', 'against', 'one', 'another', 'and', 'so', 'disturbing', 'the', 'delicate', 'films', 'of', 'wool', 'at', 'the', 'crucial', 'moment', 'of', 'presentation', 'to', 'the', 'rubbers', ';', '(', 'f', ')', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'tiers', 'of', 'rubbers', 'and', 'condensing bobbins', 'will', 'depend', 'upon', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'tapes', '(', 'i.e.', 'number', 'of', 'threads', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'machine', ')', '.', 'If', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', '60', 'threads', 'are', 'taken', 'off', '60', 'in.', ',', 'two', 'tiers', 'may', 'be', 'ample', ';', 'but', 'if', '180', 'threads', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'off', '60', 'in.', ',', 'then', 'the', 'delivery', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '21', 'should', 'be', 'employed.', '(', 'g', ')', 'single', 'or', 'tandem rubbers', 'and', 'breadth', 'of', '"', 'rub.', '"', 'Several', 'patents', 'have', 'been', 'taken', 'out', 'for', 'steel blade condensers', 'The', 'employment', 'of', 'steel bands', 'or', 'tapes', 'is', 'also', 'now', 'possibly', 'thinkable.', 'This', 'brings', 'up', 'the', 'question', 'of', 'the', 'material', 'of', 'which', 'the', 'condensing tapes', 'are', 'made.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'such', 'materials', '89']

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['91', '(', '141', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'PANCY', 'DOFTER', 'CYLINDER', 'FANCY DOFFER', 'Fig.', 'Carding Engine', 'with', 'two', 'fancies', 'and', 'two', 'doffers', 'producing', 'two', 'films', 'for', 'yarns', 'of', 'the', 'lower', 'grades', 'and', 'skeins', '16']

[[10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [12, 12, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [18, 18, 'Textile Machinery']]

['92', '(', '142', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'takes', 'the', 'fibres', 'lying', 'below', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'The', 'value', 'of', 'this', 'idea', 'may', 'be', 'thought', 'out', 'as', 'follows', ':', '1.', 'Under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'as', 'great', 'a', 'weight', 'of', 'wool', 'should', 'be', 'passed', 'through', 'the', 'carder', 'as', 'the', 'wires', 'on', 'the', 'cylinders', 'can', 'well', 'control', 'and', 'truly', 'card.', 'The', 'limit', 'should', 'not', 'be', 'in', 'the', 'condensing', '2.', 'The', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'condensed', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'as', 'is', 'usually', 'the', 'case', ',', 'may', 'be', 'divided', 'up', 'into', 'a', 'large', 'number', 'of', 'fine', 'or', 'a', 'smaller', 'number', 'of', 'coarse', 'filaments', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'divisions', '(', 'i.e.', 'tapes', ')', 'across', 'the', 'machine', ';', 'or', '(', 'b', ')', 'may', 'be', 'continuously', 'delivered', 'as', 'two', 'films', ',', 'and', 'each', 'of', 'these', 'films', 'divided', 'up', 'into', 'fine', 'or', 'coarse', 'filaments', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'divisions', '(', 'i.e.', 'tapes', ')', 'across', 'the', 'machine.', 'Thus', 'the', 'double-film tape condenser', 'in', 'comparison', 'with', 'the', 'ordinary', 'tape condenser', 'may', 'allow-', 'I', ',', 'the', 'same', 'number', 'of', 'filaments', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'count', 'number', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'off', 'with', 'tapes', 'double', 'the', 'normal', 'width', ';', 'or', '2', ',', 'say', ',', 'double', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'films', ',', 'of', 'double', 'the', 'count', 'number', ',', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'off', 'with', 'tapes', 'the', 'normal', 'width.', 'Carding', 'engineers', 'generally', 'agree', 'that', 'given', 'the', 'maximum', 'weight', 'of', 'film', 'coming', 'through', 'the', 'card', ',', 'the', 'normal', 'single film condenser', 'with', 'tapes', 'of', 'the', 'necessary', 'pitch', 'will', 'do', 'all', 'that', 'is', 'required', 'and', 'yield', 'a', 'uniform', 'result-which', ',', 'of', 'course', ',', 'a', 'card', 'can', 'not', 'yield', 'from', 'two', 'condensing', 'film', 'layers.', 'There', 'would', 'seem', 'to', 'be', 'room', ',', 'however', ',', 'for', 'a', 'convenient', 'method', 'of', 'varying', 'the', 'width', 'or', 'pitch', 'of', 'the', 'tapes.', 'With', 'a', 'given', 'tape condenser', 'the', '92']

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['94', '(', '144', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'lags', ';', 'and', 'there', 'seems', 'to', 'be', 'always', 'a', 'preference', 'for', 'wood', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'fancy.', 'The', 'sizes', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', 'may', 'best', 'be', 'studied', 'under', 'the', 'headings', 'I.', 'Breadth', ';', '2.', 'Diameter.', 'Although', '60', 'in.', 'was', 'the', 'standard', 'width', 'of', 'all', 'carding engines', ',', 'no', 'doubt', 'being', 'fixed', 'at', 'this', 'by', 'the', 'engineering', 'difficulties', 'involved', '(', 'rigidity', 'of', 'cylinders', 'being', 'essential', ')', ',', 'still', 'much', 'wider', 'cylinders', 'are', 'made', 'to', 'work', 'satisfac-', 'torily', 'to-day', ':', '72', 'in.', 'is', 'now', 'quite', 'usual', ',', 'but', 'go', 'in.', 'appears', 'to', 'be', 'too', 'broad', 'for', 'satisfactory', 'work.', 'The', 'practice', 'in', 'the', 'woollen', 'trade', 'appears', 'to', 'be', 'to', 'make', 'scribbler', 'and', 'intermediate', '72', 'in.', 'and', 'then', 'in', 'the', 'con-', 'denser', 'to', 'come', 'down', 'to', '60', 'in.', ';', 'but', 'probably', 'the', 'correct', 'way', 'to', 'put', 'this', 'is', 'that', 'if', '60', 'in.', 'be', 'adopted', 'as', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'condenser', 'the', 'wool', 'will', 'be', 'better', 'cleaned', 'and', 'carded', 'if', 'intermediate', 'and', 'scribbler', 'be', 'widened', 'out', 'to', '72', 'in.', 'Cylinders', 'or', 'swifts', 'will', 'be', 'made', 'of', 'a', 'size', 'in', 'con-', 'formity', 'with', '1.', 'Rigidity', ';', '2.', 'Weight-with', 'reference', 'to', 'power', 'consumption', 'and', 'cost', 'of', 'driving', 'gear.', 'Workers', 'should', 'be', 'varied', 'in', 'diameter', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'wool', 'to', 'be', 'carded', 'a', 'long', 'wool', 'neces-', 'sitates', 'a', 'large', 'diameter', 'worker', '(', 'say', '12', 'in.', ')', 'and', 'a', 'short', 'mungo', 'only', 'needs', 'a', 'small', 'worker', '(', 'say', '5', 'in.', ')', ',', 'allowing', 'more', 'workers', 'to', 'the', 'swift', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'the', 'larger', 'worker', 'It', 'is', 'difficult', 'to', 'see', 'why', 'workers', 'are', 'all', 'made', 'the', 'same', 'size*', '--', 'they', 'may', 'be', 'either', 'increased', 'in', 'size', 'from', 'first', 'to', 'last', 'on', 'the', 'same', 'swift', 'or', 'on', 'different', 'swifts', ';', 'or', 'decreased', 'in', 'size.', 'A', 'gradual', 'increase', 'in', '*', 'Excepting', 'that', 'standardization', 'is', 'always', 'to', 'be', 'sought', 'for', 'in', 'the', 'works.', '94']

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['96', '(', '146', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '.', 'found', 'that', 'the', 'carding', 'contact', '(', '3', ')', 'Fig.', '32', 'is', 'com-', 'paratively', 'long.', 'If', 'with', 'the', 'same-sized', 'swift', 'is', 'worked', 'a', 'small', 'doffer', ',', 'the', 'carding', 'arc', 'of', 'contact', 'is', 'short.', 'There', 'is', 'probably', 'some', 'relationship', 'between', 'fibre', 'length', 'and', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'arc', 'of', 'contact—but', 'again', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'affected', 'by', 'whether', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', 'are', 'made', 'to', 'retreat', 'from', 'the', 'swift', 'or', 'to', 'act', 'against', 'the', 'swift', 'There', 'is', 'also', 'the', 'extra', 'cost', 'of', 'making', 'and', 'driving', 'the', 'larger', 'doffer', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', ',', 'and', 'possibly', 'the', 'wearing', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'card', 'clothing', 'also', 'to', 'be', 'considered—including', 'the', 'ratio', 'between', 'wear', 'due', 'to', 'work', 'and', 'wear', 'due', 'to', 'exposure', 'in', 'the', 'mill', 'atmosphere.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'the', 'usual', 'sizes', 'of', 'woollen', 'card', 'cylinders', ':', 'Cylinders', 'or', 'swifts', '54', 'in', ',', 'diameter', 'to', '50', 'in.', 'Breasts', '54', '36', 'Doffers', '50', '24', 'Workers', '5', ',', 'Strippers', '5', 'Fancies', '9', 'Of', 'the', 'two', 'types', 'of', 'framework', ',', 'viz.', ',', '"', 'box bends', 'and', 'flat bends', ',', '"', 'the', 'box bends', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'preferred', 'as', 'usually', 'allowing', 'of', 'more', 'refinement', 'in', 'the', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', '(', 'Fig.', '33', ')', '.', 'In', 'either', 'case', 'the', 'bends', 'should', 'be', 'fitted', 'close', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'cylinders', 'to', 'prevent', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'air', 'currents', ',', 'and', 'the', 'outside', 'driving', 'arrangement', 'should', 'be', 'designed', 'to', 'allow', 'of', 'protection', 'to', 'the', 'bearing', 'hubs', 'of', 'the', 'worker', ',', 'stripper', 'and', 'fancy', 'shafts.', 'Of', 'the', 'details', 'of', 'construction', 'perhaps', 'the', 'wood-plugging', 'positions', 'are', 'all-important', ',', 'but', 'there', 'are', 'obviously', 'many', 'points', 'in', 'the', 'design', 'of', 'a', 'carding engine', 'where', 'details', 'have', 'a', 'very', 'important', 'bearing', 'upon', 'utility', 'and', 'economic', 'running', 'The', 'question', 'may', 'here', 'be', 'debated', 'as', 'to', 'whether', 'machines', 'should', 'be', 'single', ',', 'double', ',', 'or', 'treble', 'style', 'I2', '2', '16', '96']

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['97', '(', '147', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'machines—in', 'each', 'case', 'having', 'given', 'the', 'same', 'number', 'of', 'swifts', 'and', 'their', 'accompanying', 'cylinders', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'mixing', 'capacities', 'of', 'the', 'intermediate feeds', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'surprising', 'to', 'find', 'that', 'often', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'ordinary', 'wool-', 'len', 'cards', 'scribbler', 'and', 'condenser', 'only', 'are', 'employed', ',', 'but', 'that', 'where', 'perfect', 'mixing', 'is', 'required', 'scribbler', ',', 'intermediate', 'and', 'condenser', 'are', 'almost', 'invariably', 'arranged', 'for—thus', 'giving', 'two', 'intermediate feed', 'mixings.', 'The', 'number', 'of', 'swifts', 'per', 'machine', 'varies', 'consider-', 'ably.', 'For', 'working', 'fine', ',', 'short', 'wools', ',', 'four', 'or', 'five', 'small', 'swifts', 'in', 'the', 'scribbler', 'used', 'to', 'be', 'quite', 'common.', 'To-day', 'a', 'breast', 'and', 'four', 'or', 'five', 'swifts', 'per', 'set', 'is', 'ordinarily', 'met', 'with', 'for', 'carding', 'mixtures.', 'The', 'following', 'distribution', 'of', 'five', 'swifts', 'are', 'thinkable', ':', '1', '2', '3', '6', '6', '7', '2', '2', 'I', 'I', '2', 'I', '2', 'I', '.', '2', '2', 'I', 'I', 'I', '2', '2', 'Scribbler', '3', '3', 'Intermediate', '3', 'Condenser', '3', 'Of', 'these', ',', 'I', 'and', '5', 'are', 'most', 'commonly', 'in', 'use.', 'Nos.', '6', 'and', '7', 'are', 'actually', 'defective', ',', 'for', 'it', 'is', 'obviously', 'desirable', 'to', 'effectively', 'open', 'out', 'all', 'locks', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'before', 'submitting', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'the', 'severe', 'treatment', 'of', ',', 'say', ',', 'an', 'inter-', 'mediate', 'Scotch feed', '>', '(', 'd', ')', 'Driving', 'and', 'Speeding', 'of', 'Cards.-In', 'the', 'list', 'on', 'page', '50', 'standard', 'speeds', 'for', 'the', 'chief', 'cylinders', 'in', 'carding', 'characteristic', 'blends', 'are', 'given.', 'The', 'speeding', 'of', 'a', 'card', 'would', 'probably', 'be', 'worked', 'out', 'as', 'follows', ':', '-', '1.', 'The', 'swift', 'being', 'the', 'main', 'carrying', 'cylinder', 'of', 'the', 'card', 'would', 'be', 'first', 'speeded', ',', 'but', 'this', 'would', 'possibly', 'be', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'fancy', 'which', 'must', 'lift*', 'the', 'wool', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'with-', 'out', '"', 'throwing', '"', 'it', ';', '*', 'See', '"', 'Preface', '"', 'also', ',', 'H', '97']

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['98', '(', '149', ')', 'PLATT', 'BROTHERS', '&', 'CO', 'LIMITED', 'OLDRAM', 'Fig.', 'Box Bend', 'with', 'wrought-iron', 'standards', 'and', 'brass', 'steps', 'for', 'the', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'PLATTERS', 'UNITED', 'OLDHAM', '-', 'Fig.', 'Flat Bend', 'with', 'inner', 'flange', 'fitting', 'close', 'to', 'cylinder', ',', 'compound brackets', 'and', 'Swivel bushes', ',', 'for', 'Carding Engine', 'with', 'outside', 'driving']

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['99', '(', '151', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'The', 'calculation', 'for', 'the', '"', 'weight', 'per', 'hour”', 'is', 'worked', 'out', 'as', 'follows', ':', '(', '1а', ')', 'бо', 'х', '24', 'х', 'бо', '8', 'X', '256', '42', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour.', 'These', 'particulars', 'are', 'specially', 'selected', 'to', 'bring', 'into', 'question', 'the', 'whole', 'problem', 'of', '"', 'card-timing.', '"', '”', 'It', 'is', 'quite', 'evident', 'that', 'this', 'problem', 'has', 'rarely', 'been', 'scien-', 'tifically', 'tackled.', 'The', 'possibilities', 'are', 'obviously', 'so', 'great', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'surprising', 'to', 'learn', 'that', 'one', 'York-', 'shire', 'firm', 'refuses', 'to', 'allow', 'visitors', 'to', 'the', 'mill', ',', 'else', 'might', 'the', 'secret', 'of', 'how', 'to', 'get', 'double', 'the', 'normal', 'weights', 'through', 'cards', 'become', 'common', 'trade', 'know-', 'ledge.', 'Perhaps', 'more', 'important', 'than', 'anything', 'else', 'is', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'gradually', 'increasing', 'the', 'severity', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'operation', 'from', 'feed rollers', 'to', 'last doffers', 'All', 'the', 'sur-', 'face', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'rollers', 'of', 'a', 'card', 'should', 'be', 'calculated', 'with', 'this', 'end', 'in', 'view', ',', 'and', 'there', 'should', 'be', 'no', 'hesita-', 'tion', 'in', 'ensuring', 'this', 'gradation.', 'The', 'breakage', 'of', 'fibre', 'which', 'takes', 'place', 'in', 'the', 'best', 'carding', 'to-day', 'warrants', 'a', 'revolution', 'in', 'carding', 'practice.', 'In', 'Fig.', '90', ',', '“Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing', ',', '”', 'the', 'driving', 'of', 'a', 'carding engine', 'is', 'so', 'well', 'illustrated', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'need', 'to', 'consider', 'the', 'matter', 'further', 'here.', 'Note', 'should', 'be', 'made', ',', 'however', ',', 'of', 'the', 'possibilities', 'of', 'chain drives', 'throughout', ',', 'experiments', 'with', 'Renold', "'s", 'chains', 'having', 'recently', 'been', 'made', 'with', 'this', 'end', 'in', 'view.', '*', '*', '*', '*', '(', 'e', ')', 'Sets', 'of', 'Machines', 'and', 'their', 'Arrangements.-', 'Ordinary', 'cards', ',', 'say', '60', 'in.', 'to.72', 'in.', 'wide', ',', 'are', 'arranged', 'to', 'pass', 'anything', 'from', '20', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'to', '70', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour.', 'The', 'conditions', 'controlling', 'this', 'have', 'already', 'been', 'dealt', 'with.', 'As', 'a', 'basis', ',', '40', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'an', 'average', ',', 'with', 'the', 'qualification', 'that', 'this', 'would', 'be', 'decreased', 'for', 'fine', 'wool', 'to', 'be', 'condensed', 'to', 'a', 'fine', 'count', ',', '99']

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['101', '(', '153', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'GONDENSING', '>', 'the', 'finest', 'carding', 'wires', 'may', 'be', 'obtained.', 'These', 'points', ',', 'however', ',', 'are', 'really', 'too', 'delicate', 'for', 'anything', 'save', 'cotton', 'for', 'which', 'plough', 'ground', 'wire', 'is', 'largely', 'employed', 'By', 'method', '(', 'd', ')', 'a', 'rough', 'back', 'and', 'side', 'sharpening', 'of', 'the', 'wires', 'results', ',', 'and', 'if', 'an', 'emery trimming roller', 'is', 'employed', 'turning', 'from', 'side', 'to', 'side', 'during', 'the', 'grinding', 'process', ',', 'a', 'useful', 'approximation', 'to', 'the', 'plough', 'grinding', 'of', 'cotton', 'cards', 'may', 'be', 'obtained.', 'As', 'already', 'indicated', ',', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'are', 'usually', 'ground', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'card', 'and', 'the', 'swifts', 'and', 'doffers', 'in', 'situ.', 'But', 'in', 'the', 'latter', 'case', 'what', 'becomes', 'of', 'the', 'fine', 'wire', 'dust', '!', '!', 'In', 'this', 'chapter', ',', 'although', 'a', 'great', 'many', 'points', 'have', 'been', 'touched', 'on', ',', 'the', 'subject', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'dealt', 'with', 'exhaustively.', 'Perhaps', 'no', 'other', 'of', 'the', 'textile', 'processes', 'so', 'merits', 'consideration', ',', 'nor', 'so', 'well', 'repays', 'both', 'worker', 'and', 'master', 'for', 'the', 'time', 'spent', 'in', 'the', 'attempt', 'to', 'grasp', 'intelligibly', 'the', 'many', 'principles', 'involved.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'a', 'few', 'practical', 'comments', 'on', 'card-', 'ing', 'and', 'card-setting', 'given', 'by', 'the', 'late', 'Mr.', 'Auty', ',', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'best-known', 'of', 'Yorkshire', 'manufacturers', ',', 'in', 'a', 'lecture', 'delivered', 'at', 'Leeds', 'University.', 'A', 'good', 'deal', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'read', 'into', 'these', 'statements', 'and', 'suggestions.', '1.', 'Set', 'feed rollers', 'close', 'to', 'keep', 'clean', 'teeth', ',', 'and', 'run', 'them', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'speed.', '2.', 'Card-clothing', 'better', 'than', 'licker-in', 'fillet', 'for', 'the', 'licker-in', ',', 'as', 'it', 'drops', 'less', 'material.', 'The', 'latter', 'will', 'drop', 'six', 'times', 'as', 'much.', '3.', 'Strippers', 'should', 'be', 'speeded', 'to', 'just', 'nicely', 'beat', 'the', 'worker', 'If', 'speeded', 'too', 'much', ',', 'will', 'not', 'deliver', 'as', 'well', 'to', 'the', 'swift', ',', 'they', 'should', 'be', 'kept', 'off', 'swift', ',', 'but', 'run', 'near', 'to', 'worker', '*', '4.', 'Be', 'particular', 'in', 'gauging', '(', 'setting', ')', 'a', 'machine', 'both', 'sides', 'are', 'alike', ',', 'looking', 'out', 'for', 'dark', '(', 'where', 'not', 'stripped', ')', 'and', 'light', 'sides.', '*', 'To', 'lay', 'the', 'wool', 'softly', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'the', 'strippers', 'should', 'be', 'speeded', 'up.', 'IOI']

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['102', '(', '154', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '5.', 'With', 'low', '(', 'short', ')', 'goods', 'set', 'as', 'near', 'as', 'possible', ',', 'with', 'long', 'straighten', 'the', 'fibre.', '6.', 'If', 'fancy', 'is', 'not', 'well', 'set', 'into', 'the', 'swift', ',', 'swift', 'is', 'not', 'kept', 'clean', 'and', 'workers', 'can', 'not', 'do', 'their', 'duty', ',', 'the', 'doffers', 'ought', 'to', 'be', 'set', 'near.', '7.', 'On', 'the', 'scribbler', 'run', 'angle strippers', 'backward', 'way', '(', 'running', 'over', 'up-hill', ')', ';', 'on', 'the', 'carder', 'going', 'under', ',', 'set', 'close.', '8.', 'To', 'get', 'yarn', 'straight', ',', 'like', 'worsted', ',', 'set', 'angle stripper', 'fancy', 'and', 'doffer', 'close', ',', 'the', 'yarn', 'should', 'be', 'drawn', 'out', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'in', 'spinning', 'the', 'last', '12–18”', ';', 'and', 'if', 'it', 'will', 'not', 'go', ',', 'speed', 'up', 'the', 'mule', 'at', 'the', 'beginning', 'and', 'slow', 'at', 'end', 'to', 'get', 'well', 'together.', '9.', 'Fancy', 'ought', 'to', 'be', 'set', 'the', 'thickness', 'of', 'id.', 'into', 'swift', 'for', 'low', 'stuff', ',', 'thickness', 'of', '1', '/', '-', 'for', 'better', 'stuff.', '10.', 'Has', 'tried', 'the', 'doffer', '18', '"', 'under', 'the', 'swift', ',', 'but', 'finds', 'does', 'not', 'get', 'the', 'power', 'of', 'lashing', 'the', 'material', 'and', 'wo', "n't", 'hold', 'on', 'to', 'it.', '11.', 'Three', 'essential', 'points', ':', '-', 'Card', 'clean.', 'Speed', 'well.', 'Set', 'well.', 'If', 'the', 'latter', 'two', 'are', 'right', ',', 'the', 'first', 'follows.', '12.', 'For', 'speeding', 'swift', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'With', 'stockings', '(', 'Cheviot', 'material', ')', '60', 'revs.', 'per', 'minute', '(', '50', '"', 'swifts', ')', '.', '(', 'b', ')', 'Botany', '(', 'fine', 'materials', ')', '85-90.', 'Back', 'swift', '80–84.', '13.', 'Fancy', 'is', 'the', 'chief', 'cause', 'of', 'unevenness.', '14.', 'Doffers', 'may', 'be', 'run', 'slow', 'to', 'get', 'more', 'weight', 'through.', '15.', 'Machines', 'want', 'cleaning', 'if', 'fancy', 'is', 'causing', 'rolling', '(', 'on', 'doffer', 'side', 'of', 'swift', ')', '.', '16.', 'Condense', 'a', 'yarn', 'to', 'be', 'spun', 'to', '100', 'yards', 'per', 'oz.', 'to', '60', 'yds.', ',', 'if', 'partly', 'cotton', 'would', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'condense', 'to', '70', 'yds.*', '17', ':', 'With', 'yarn', 'spun', 'to', '72', 'yds.', ',', 'could', 'do', '100', 'warterns', '(', '600', 'lb.', ')', 'per', 'day', 'of', '10', 'hours', 'on', 'plain', 'low', 'stuff.', 'With', 'yarn', 'spun', '100', 'yds.', 'per', 'oz.', ',', '60-80', 'warterns', '(', '360-480', 'lb.', ')', '.', 'With', 'yarn', 'spun', '100', 'yds.', 'per', 'oz.', ',', 'if', 'fancy', 'yarns', '40-50', 'warterns', '(', '240-270', ')', '.', '18.', 'Showed', 'sample', 'of', 'yarn', 'spun', 'to', '160', 'yds.', '(', 'warp', ')', '*', 'Cotton', 'drafting', '"', 'dead', '"', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'wool.', '.', '102']

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['103', '(', '155', ')', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'per', 'oz.', 'made', 'from', 'brown', 'cotton', 'material', 'cost', '20', '/', '-', 'per', '240', 'lb.', 'on', 'willey', 'room', 'floor.', 'Machines', 'were', '4', 'swift', 'scribbler', ',', '2', 'swift', 'carder', '72', '"', 'wide', ';', 'on', 'low', 'stuff', 'keep', '2', 'mules', 'going', 'off', 'one', 'condenser', 'Weft', '160', 'yds.', 'per', 'oz.', 'did', '60', 'warterns', '(', '360', 'lb.', ')', 'in', '10', 'hours.', 'Best', 'sets', 'of', 'Scribbler', 'and', 'condenser', '6', 'swifts', 'per', 'set.', '*', 'West', 'of', 'England', 'sets', 'of', 'machines-', 'Scribbler', ',', 'Intermediate', 'and', 'Condenser-3', 'swifts', 'per', 'set.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'notes', 'from', 'a', 'lecture', 'recently', 'delivered', 'by', 'Mr.', 'S.', 'Smith', '(', 'a', 'representative', 'of', 'Messrs.', 'Samuel', 'Law', 'and', 'Sons', ',', 'Cleckheaton', ')', ':', 'In', 'certain', 'classes', 'of', 'woollen', 'work', ',', 'slightly', 'easy', 'pricking', 'of', 'the', 'wire', 'is', 'useful', 'for', 'fancies.', 'Centrifugal', 'force', ',', 'over-', 'coming', 'the', 'air', 'friction', ',', 'causes', 'the', 'fancy teeth', 'to', 'straighten', 'out', 'and', 'softly', 'enter', 'the', 'swift', 'clothing', 'but', 'vigorously', 'to', 'brush', 'up', 'the', 'wool', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'when', 'the', 'teeth', 'leave', 'the', 'deepest', 'point', 'and', 'the', 'function', 'of', 'raising', 'begins.', 'There', 'are', 'times', 'when', 'the', 'angle stripper', 'should', 'be', 'con-', 'sidered', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'fancy.', 'It', 'is', 'interesting', 'to', 'note', 'how', 'various', 'settings', 'of', 'the', 'angle stripper', 'to', 'the', 'swift', 'affect', 'the', 'work', 'of', 'the', 'fancy', ',', 'both', 'in', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'carding.', 'Tummers', 'on', 'woollen carders', 'are', 'important.', 'They', 'should', 'have', 'the', 'sharpest', 'possible', 'point', 'and', 'be', 'set', 'as', 'close', 'as', 'possible', 'to', 'licker-in', 'and', 'swift', ',', 'without', 'touching.', 'On', 'single', 'part', 'carders', 'especially', ',', 'the', 'character', 'of', 'the', 'slubbing', 'is', 'affected', 'in', 'no', 'small', 'measure', 'by', 'the', 'condition', 'and', 'setting', 'of', 'this', 'roller', 'They', 'should', 'be', 'kept', 'smooth', ',', 'perfectly', 'true', 'and', 'level', 'across.', 'On', 'many', 'classes', 'of', 'work', ',', 'too', 'keen', 'a', 'point', 'causes', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'more', 'difficult', 'to', 'strip', 'from', 'the', 'Tape Doffer', 'where', 'a', 'comb', 'is', 'the', 'stripping', 'agent', ';', 'and', 'in', 'many', 'instances', 'has', 'a', 'detrimental', 'effect', 'on', 'the', 'sliver', 'even', 'where', 'the', 'doffer', 'is', 'stripped', 'by', 'a', 'stripper', 'To', 'ensure', 'first', 'class', 'work', 'of', 'fine', 'skeins', 'from', 'a', 'tape condenser', ',', 'the', 'clothing', 'of', 'swift', ',', 'doffer', ',', 'fancy', 'and', 'stripper', 'should', 'receive', 'careful', 'consideration.', 'Incorrect', 'bend', 'of', 'wire', 'on', 'any', 'one', 'roller', 'may', 'cause', 'much', 'trouble.', 'Harmonizing', 'of', 'the', 'bend', ',', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'carder', "'s", 'attention', 'to', 'degree', 'of', '*', 'Probably', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'necessity', 'for', 'carding', 'to', 'open', 'out', 'partially', 'disintegrated', 'threads', ',', 'etc.', '103']

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['104', '(', '156', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'sharpness', 'of', 'swift', 'and', 'doffer', 'and', 'the', 'condition', 'of', 'these', 'rollers', ',', 'is', 'equally', ',', 'or', 'perhaps', 'more', ',', 'important', 'than', 'minute', 'setting', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'secure', 'the', 'best', 'results.', 'When', 'taking', '180', 'or', 'fewer', 'threads', 'from', 'a', '60-inch', 'machine', ',', 'attention', 'to', 'the', 'smallest', 'detail', 'is', 'necessary.', 'The', 'swift', ',', 'fancies', 'and', 'strippers', 'should', 'be', 'perfectly', 'balanced', ',', 'otherwise', 'setting', 'close', 'without', 'touching', 'at', 'some', 'point', 'is', 'an', 'impossibility.', 'The', 'fettler plate', 'when', 'used', 'for', 'dressing', 'fine', 'clothing', 'is', 'a', 'friend', 'to', 'the', 'card', 'maker', ',', 'but', 'not', 'to', 'the', 'buyer', 'of', 'the', 'clothing.', 'Filleting', ',', 'however', ',', 'is', 'damaged', 'more', 'than', 'sheets.', 'The', 'teeth', 'of', 'a', 'sheet card', 'are', 'correctly', 'pitched', 'all', 'the', 'way', 'across', ',', 'whereas', 'the', 'teeth', 'across', 'a', 'fillet', 'become', 'slightly', 'out', 'of', 'pitch', 'where', 'the', 'laps', 'join', 'each', 'other.', 'Whenever', 'cleaning cards', 'on', 'boards', 'can', 'be', 'used', ',', 'they', 'are', 'much', 'better', 'than', 'plates', 'for', 'fine', 'clothing.', '104']

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['105', '(', '157', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'III', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'IN', 'certain', 'of', 'the', 'operations', 'involved', 'in', 'wool', 'manu-', 'facture', 'the', 'operation', 'itself', 'may', 'be', 'complex', ',', 'but', 'the', 'mechanical', 'means', 'to', 'attain', 'the', 'desired', 'ends', 'may', 'be', 'comparatively', 'simple', ';', 'or', 'the', 'operation', 'may', 'be', 'simple', ',', 'and', 'the', 'means', 'to', 'attain', 'the', 'desired', 'end', 'complex.', 'Nothing', 'can', 'well', 'be', 'simpler', 'than', 'the', 'ordinary', 'bobbin wheel', ',', 'upon', 'which', 'all', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'was', 'spun', 'prior', 'to', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'jenny', ',', 'the', 'billey', 'and', 'the', 'mule', ';', 'but', 'the', 'actual', 'spinning', 'operation', 'on', 'this', 'wheel', 'is', 'comparatively', 'complex', ',', 'resolving', 'itself', 'into', 'six', 'periods', ',', 'as', 'given', 'later.', 'On', 'the', 'other', 'hand', ',', 'even', 'this', 'complexity', 'in', 'spinning', 'is', 'simplicity', 'itself', 'in', 'comparison', 'with', 'the', 'mechanical', 'complexities', 'involved', 'in', 'the', 'modern', 'mule-possibly', 'no', 'machine', 'in', 'the', 'whole', 'range', 'of', 'textile', 'mechanism', 'is', 'nearly', 'so', 'complicated', 'as', 'the', 'mule', 'It', 'is', 'therefore', 'obvious', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'space', 'which', 'can', 'be', 'allotted', 'to', 'mule', 'spinning', 'in', 'this', 'treatise', ',', 'little', 'more', 'can', 'be', 'done', 'than', 'to', 'give', 'a', 'sketch', 'treatment', 'of', 'the', 'opera-', 'tion', ',', 'emphasizing-', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'basic', 'method', 'of', 'mule', 'spinning', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'this', 'applies', 'to', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'woollen', 'yarn', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'draft', 'and', 'twist', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'the', 'control', 'which', 'the', 'practical', 'spinner', 'can', 'ex-', 'ercise', 'over', 'the', 'mule', 'mechanism', 'to', 'attain', 'the', 'desired', 'results', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', 'being', 'spun.', '105']

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['106', '(', '158', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Further', 'treatment', 'must', 'be', 'left', 'to', 'the', 'monograph', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'which', 'will', 'no', 'doubt', 'appear', 'in', 'due', 'course.', '*', '*', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'Basic', 'Method', 'of', 'Mule', 'Spinning.—This', 'will', 'best', 'be', 'realized', 'by', 'actually', 'spinning', 'from', 'the', 'con-', 'densed', 'sliver', 'upon', 'the', 'spinning wheel', '(', 'i.e.', 'the', 'normal', 'bobbin winding wheel', ',', 'Fig.', '35', ')', '.', 'It', 'will', 'then', 'be', 'found', 'that', 'this', 'resolves', 'itself', 'into-', 'I.', 'delivery', 'of', 'a', 'suitable', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'from', 'the', 'holding', 'fingers', 'of', 'the', 'spinster', ',', 'to', 'extend', 'between', 'the', 'fingers', 'and', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'revolving', 'spindle', ';', '2.', 'the', 'extension', 'of', 'this', 'length', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'required', 'count', 'of', 'yarn', 'is', 'obtained', ',', 'along', 'wit', '3.', 'the', 'twist', 'support', 'given', '(', 'by', 'slowly', 'revolving', 'the', 'wheel', 'and', 'consequently', 'the', 'spindle', ')', 'during', 'this', 'extension', ',', 'without', 'which', 'the', 'thread', 'would', 'break', 'down', 'or', 'be', 'very', 'irregular', '(', 'Fig.', '35a', ')', ';', '4.', 'upon', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', '“spindle-drafting', 'the', 'insertion', 'of', 'the', 'necessary', 'twist', 'to', 'bind', 'the', 'fibres', 'into', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'thread', 'required', ';', '5.', 'the', '“backing-off”', 'or', 'unwinding', 'of', 'the', 'coils', 'extending', 'from', 'the', 'spun', 'yarn', 'already', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', ',', 'as', 'preparatory', 'to', 'winding', 'neatly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'spindle', 'or', 'bobbin', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'yarn', 'just', 'spun', ';', '6.', 'the', 'building', 'up', 'upon', 'the', '"', 'cop', 'cop', 'or', 'upon', 'the', 'bobbin', 'fixed', 'upon', 'the', 'spindle', ',', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'yarn', 'just', 'spun', '(', 'Fig.', '356', ')', '.', 'Of', 'the', 'above', 'six', 'operations', 'comprising', 'the', '“cycle', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning', ',', 'the', 'second', 'usually', 'referred', 'to', 'as', '106']

[[52, 52, 'Textile Machinery'], [57, 57, 'Textile Machinery'], [102, 102, 'Textile Machinery'], [136, 136, 'Textile Machinery'], [202, 202, 'Textile Machinery'], [209, 209, 'Textile Machinery'], [219, 219, 'Textile Machinery'], [221, 221, 'Textile Machinery'], [237, 237, 'Textile Machinery'], [241, 241, 'Textile Machinery'], [245, 245, 'Textile Machinery']]

['107', '(', '161', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', '1', 'spindle-draft”-is', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'from', 'the', 'actual', 'spinning', 'point', 'of', 'view.', 'From', 'the', 'mechanical', 'point', 'of', 'view', 'the', 'sixth', 'was', 'the', 'most', 'difficult', 'to', 'attain', ',', 'and', 'was', 'the', 'last', 'for', 'which', 'a', 'satisfactory', 'mechanism', 'was', 'invented.*', 'It', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'emphasize', 'too', 'strongly', 'the', 'effect', 'of', 'spindle-draft', 'and', 'the', 'extent', 'to', 'which', 'it', 'differentiates', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'from', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'which', 'is', 'twisted', 'after', 'roller', 'drafting', 'has', 'been', 'applied.', 'In', 'the', 'first', 'case', 'the', 'twisting', 'and', 'the', 'drafting', 'conjointly', 'and', 'simultaneously', 'decide', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'the', 'thread', ':', 'in', 'the', 'latter', 'case', 'the', 'drafting rollers', 'decide', 'the', 'relative', 'positions', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'and', 'the', 'twisting', 'simply', 'binds', 'the', 'fibres', 'together', 'in', 'a', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'parallel-spiral', 'form.', 'Two', 'questions', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'woollen mule', 'spinning', 'lead', 'directly', 'on', 'to', 'a', 'thorough', 'apprehension', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'actually', 'taking', 'place-', '(', 'a', ')', 'why', 'is', 'it', 'usual', 'to', 'employ', 'such', 'a', 'thick-ended', ',', 'untapered spindle', '?', '(', 'b', ')', 'why', 'do', 'the', 'two', 'ends', 'of', 'a', 'ruptured', 'sliver', 'so', 'readily', 'join', 'together', '(', 'piecen', '”', ')', 'during', 'the', 'spinning', 'period', '?', 'The', 'effect', 'of', 'the', 'thick-ended spindle', 'can', 'be', 'felt', 'during', 'the', '"', 'spindle-draft', '"', 'on', 'the', 'hand-wheel', 'and', 'can', 'be', 'seen', 'on', 'watching', 'the', 'mule', 'itself.', 'As', 'the', 'yarn', 'slips', 'over', 'the', 'spindle tip', 'it', '“slackens', ',', '”', 'and', 'as', 'it', 'again', 'winds', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'spindle-top', 'on', 'the', 'continued', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'it', '"', 'tightens.”', 'Thus', 'the', 'drafting', 'opera-', '“', 'tion', 'in', 'woollen', 'mule', 'spinning', 'is', 'not', 'a', 'steady', 'draw', 'but', 'a', 'draw', 'in', 'which', 'there', 'is', 'a', '"', 'give', 'and', 'take', 'periodicity', ',', '"', 'in', 'time', ',', 'corresponding', 'with', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', '*', 'The', 'hand-mule', ',', 'which', 'automatically', 'did', 'everything', 'except', 'wind-up', 'the', 'spun', 'yarn', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', 'in', 'satisfactory', 'form', ',', 'was', 'extensively', 'in', 'use', 'in', 'Yorkshire', 'up', 'to', 'twenty-five', 'years', 'ago.', '107']

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['108', '(', '162', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Thus', 'the', 'spindle', 'revolution', 'during', 'the', 'drafting', 'process', 'has', 'the', 'twofold', 'object', 'of', 'supporting', 'the', 'fibres', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'twist', 'inserted', ',', 'and', 'of', 'effecting', 'this', 'periodicity', 'in', 'the', 'drafting.*', 'There', 'is', 'here', 'obviously', 'a', 'remarkably', 'interesting', 'mathematical', 'computation', 'and', 'research', 'to', 'be', 'undertaken.', 'With', 'reference', 'to', 'what', 'happens', 'during', 'piecening', ',', '"', 'it', 'seems', 'strange', 'that', 'this', 'operation', 'should', 'be', 'done', 'prob-', 'ably', 'millions', 'of', 'times', 'a', 'day', 'in', 'Yorkshire', 'alone', 'and', 'yet', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'pieceners', 'employed', 'apparently', 'few', 'have', 'yet', 'asked', 'the', 'question—“What', 'is', 'happening', 'just', 'under', 'or', 'between', 'my', 'fingers', '?', '”', '(', 'Fig.', '36', ')', '.', 'Does', 'not', 'this', 'show', 'the', 'deadening', 'effect', 'rather', 'than', 'the', 'vivifying', '1', '"', 'Fig.', '36.-', 'Illustrating', '"', 'piecening', '"', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'effect', 'of', 'our', 'modern', 'system', 'of', 'education', '?', 'Certainly', 'the', 'fibre', 'movement', 'in', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'spinning', 'is', 'worthy', 'of', 'more', 'careful', 'consideration', 'than', 'has', 'yet', 'been', 'given', 'to', 'it.', 'Such', 'consideration', 'should', 'take', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'investigations', 'by', 'direct', 'observation', ',', 'and', ',', 'aided', 'say', 'by', 'high-speed', 'observation', 'photography', ',', 'followed', 'by', 'careful', 'and', 'close', 'imaginative', 'thinking.', 'There', 'is', 'far', 'too', 'much', 'parrot-like', 'assertion', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'application', 'of', 'sup-', 'posed', 'common', 'sense', 'to', 'the', 'problems', 'under', 'con-', 'sideration', ',', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'attained', 'are', 'usually', 'by', 'no', 'means', 'above', 'suspicion.', '*', '*', '(', 'b', ')', 'Draft', 'and', 'Twist', 'in', 'Mule', 'Spinning.-Although', 'the', 'difference', 'between', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'is', 'primarily', 'one', 'of', 'fibre', 'arrangement', ',', 'it', 'should', 'never', 'be', '*', 'The', 'value', 'of', 'this', 'periodicity', 'as', 'against', 'a', 'steady', 'draw', 'is', 'worth', 'debating.', '108']

[[10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [131, 131, 'Textile Machinery'], [232, 232, 'Textile Machinery']]

['109', '(', '163', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'forgotten', 'that', 'the', 'woollen mule', 'is', 'specially', 'designed', 'for', 'short-fibre', 'spinning—long', 'fibres', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'drafted', 'on', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'principle', ',', 'the', 'twist', 'at', 'once', 'binding', 'such', 'into', 'undraftable', 'slivers', ';', 'and', 'that', 'short', 'fibres-even', 'on', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'principle-', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'given', 'a', 'draft', 'of', 'more', 'than', 'two', ',', 'or', ',', 'in', 'very', 'extreme', 'cases', ',', 'say', 'three.', 'The', 'great', 'bulk', 'of', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'is', 'spun', 'with', 'a', 'draft', 'of', '11', 'to', '2', ',', 'while', 'quite', 'a', 'considerable', 'quantity', 'is', 'spun', 'with', 'a', 'very', 'slight', 'gain', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'on', 'the', 'delivery rollers', ',', 'the', 'yarn', 'thus', 'produced', 'being', 'really', 'a', 'twisted', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'rather', 'than', 'a', 'spun', 'woollen', 'thread.', 'It', 'should', 'here', 'be', 'stated', 'that', 'the', 'soundest', 'and', 'best', 'woollen', 'thread', 'will', 'be', 'produced', 'by', 'condensing', 'to', 'a', 'thick', 'count', 'and', 'drafting', '(', 'spinning', ')', 'to', 'the', 'count', 're-', 'quired.', 'If', 'the', 'drafting', '(', 'spinning', ')', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'effected', 'at', 'one', 'operation', ',', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'effected', 'by', 'roving', 'first', 'and', 'then', 'spinning.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'possible', 'methods', 'of', 'producing', 'a', '36', 'skeins', '(', '36', 'yards', 'to', 'the', 'dram', ')', 'woollen', 'yarn', ':', '-', 'Condensed', 'sliver', 'Roved', 'to', 'Spun', 'to', 'i', 'intro', 'no', 'I.', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6.', '34', 'skeins', '24', 'skeins', '18', 'skeins', '12', 'skeins', '24', 'skeins', '25', 'skeins', '18', 'skeins', '12', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '11', ')', '30', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '1', '}', ')', '30', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '1', '}', ')', '24', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '2', ')', '24', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '1117', ')', '36', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '1t', ')', '36', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '2', ')', '36', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '3', ')', '36', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '1', '}', ')', '36', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '15', ')', '36', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', 'it', ')', '36', 'skeins', '(', 'draft', '11', ')', '36', 'skeins', '8', 'Of', 'the', 'above', '(', 'I', ')', 'is', 'not', 'really', 'a', 'spun', 'thread', ';', '(', '5', ')', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'are', 'worth', 'comparing', 'from', 'a', 'mathematical', 'point', 'of', 'view', ';', '(', '8', ')', 'would', 'give', 'the', 'most', 'typical', 'woollen', 'thread', 'if', 'the', 'yarn', 'were', 'level', ';', 'but', '(', '7', ')', 'would', 'almost', 'certainly', 'yield', 'the', 'best', 'all', 'round', 'thread.', 'Roving', ',', '109']

[[10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [43, 43, 'Textile Machinery'], [98, 98, 'Textile Machinery']]

['113', '(', '167', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'be', 'given', ',', 'but', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'operation', 'will', 'partake', 'more', 'of', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'rather', 'than', 'the', 'spinning', 'of', 'a', 'woollen', 'thread.', 'Considerable', 'parallel-', 'izing', 'in', 'spiral', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'is', 'necessary', 'to', 'produce', 'a', 'typical', 'woollen', 'thread.', '*', '*', '*', 'The', 'twist', 'inserted', 'has', 'a', 'twofold', 'object-', '1.', 'To', 'support', 'the', 'thread', 'during', 'drafting', ';', 'and', '2.', 'To', 'make', 'a', 'sound', ',', 'strongly-spun', 'thread.', 'The', 'drafting-twist', 'inserted', 'is', 'probably', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'longest', 'and', 'shortest', 'fibres', 'to', 'be', 'spun', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'upon', 'the', 'average', 'fibre-length', 'of', 'the', 'blend.', 'Unfortu-', '-', 'nately', 'no', 'method', 'has', 'been', 'devised', 'for', 'ascertaining', 'this', 'twist', 'other', 'than', 'the', '"', 'trial', 'and', 'error', ',', '"', 'or', 'empirical', ',', 'method.', 'The', 'problem', 'is', 'not', 'merely', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'absolute', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'to', 'be', 'given', ',', 'but', 'of', 'a', 'gradually', 'increasing', 'twist', 'to', 'compensate', 'for', 'the', 'decrease', 'in', 'thickness', 'of', 'slivers', 'as', 'the', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'outwards', 'atten-', 'uates', 'them.', 'This', 'will', 'be', 'better', 'understood', 'by', 'looking', 'at', 'the', 'matter', 'from', 'the', '"', 'angle', 'of', 'twist”', 'point', 'of', 'view.', 'Thus', ',', 'the', 'first', 'question', 'to', 'be', 'decided', 'is', 'Is', 'it', 'desirable', 'to', 'decide', 'upon', 'and', 'maintain', 'one', 'definite', 'angle', 'of', 'twist', 'throughout', 'the', 'spindle-drafting', 'operation', ';', 'or', 'should', 'the', 'angle', 'be', 'varied', ',', 'and', 'if', 'varied', 'what', 'should', 'the', 'varia-', 'tion', 'be', '?', 'Adopting', 'the', 'view', 'that', 'for', 'each', 'woollen', 'blend', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'definite', 'twist', 'angle', 'with', 'which', 'the', 'utmost', 'support', 'to', 'the', 'fibres—without', 'interference', 'with', 'the', 'sliding', 'of', 'fibre', 'on', 'fibre—is', 'given', ',', 'then', 'the', 'two', 'questions', 'to', 'be', 'decided', 'are-', '1.', 'What', 'decides', 'the', 'twist', 'angle', 'for', 'any', 'particular', 'blend', '?', '2.', 'How', 'shall', 'this', 'twist', 'angle', 'be', 'maintained', 'through-', 'out', 'the', 'spindle-drafting', '(', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ')', '?', 'I', '113']

[[164, 164, 'Textile Machinery']]

['115', '(', '169', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'I', '60', 'X', '5', '6°', '60', '60', 'X', '•75', 'Cot.', '0', '14.6', 'and', 'Cot.', '-10', '3:14', '3:14', 'X', '*75', '4°', '2nd', 'Example', ':', 'Should', 'the', 'blend', 'be', 'composed', 'of', 'fibres', 'up', 'to', ',', 'say', ',', '2', 'in.', ',', 'then-', '60', 'X', '2', 'Cot.', '0', '38', 'and', 'Cot.', '-10=', '1•75°', '3:14', '3rd', 'Example', ':', 'Should', 'the', 'blend', 'be', 'composed', 'of', 'fibres', 'up', 'to', ',', 'say', ',', "'5", 'in.', ',', 'then', 'Cot.', '0', '9.5', 'and', 'Cot.', '-10', '3:14', '4th', 'Example', ':', 'Řequired', 'the', 'angle', 'of', 'drafting-twist', 'for', 'spinning', 'a', 'blend', 'the', 'fibre-length', 'of', 'which', 'is', '1', 'in.', 'and', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'of', 'which', 'is', 'io', 'skeins', '(', '10', 'yd.', 'per', 'dram', ')', '.', 'Cot.', '0', '43', 'X', 'I', '43', '=', '13:5', 'and', 'Cot.', '-', '10', '4°', '3.1416', '3.1416', 'Of', 'course', ',', 'to', 'apply', 'this', 'rule', 'it', 'is', 'again', 'necessary', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'comprising', 'a', 'blend-', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'actually', 'ascertained', 'mechanically', '*', 'or', 'may', 'be', 'carefully', 'estimated', 'by', 'the', 'spinner', 'as', 'already', 'noted.', 'If', '"', 'turns', 'per', 'inch”', '(', 'T', ')', 'only', 'are', 'required', ',', 'then-', ')', 'Ist', 'Example', ':', 'It', 'L', '=', '1.3', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', ';', '•75', '2nd', 'Example', ':', 'L', '0.5', 'turns', 'per', '1', 'in.', ';', 'I', 'I', 'I', '2', '*', 'By', 'the', 'Schlumberger Top Tester', 'or', 'by', "Dr Laurence Ball's machine", 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'thick', 'slivers', 'this', 'formula', 'must', 'stand', 'as', '=T', 'I', 'Ju-', '(', 'L', 'x', '-', ')', '.', 'D', 'And', 'in', 'this', 'case', '♡', 'yds.', 'per', 'lb.', 'may', 'not', 'give', 'D.', '(', 'See', 'p.', '295.', ')', '115']

[[216, 216, 'Textile Machinery'], [219, 219, 'Textile Machinery']]

['116', '(', '170', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '3rd', 'Example', ':', 'I', 'L', '=', '2.0', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', ';', '5', '1', '4th', 'Example', ':', 'I', 'I', '==', 'I', 'turns', 'per', 'in.', 'L', 'I', '3', 'These', 'last', 'particulars', 'are', 'designed', 'to', 'give', 'one', 'com-', 'plete', 'turn', 'round', 'the', 'thread', 'of', 'the', 'longest', 'fibres.', 'It', 'does', 'not', 'follow', 'that', 'one', 'turn', 'is', 'sufficient', 'or', 'that', 'it', 'may', 'not', 'be', 'too', 'much.', 'For', 'slippery', 'silk', 'it', 'is', 'quite', 'conceivable', 'that', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'turns', 'round', 'the', 'thread', 'may', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'hold', 'the', 'sliver', 'together', 'during', 'spindle-', 'drafting', ';', 'for', 'a', 'very', 'rough', 'and', 'hairy', 'material', 'less', 'than', 'one', 'turn', 'round', 'might', 'be', 'desirable.', 'There', 'is', 'an', 'inter-', 'esting', 'research', 'based', 'upon', 'the', 'frictional', 'co-efficients', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'under', 'test', ',', 'possibly', 'along', 'with', 'certain', 'other', 'minor', 'factors.', 'If', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'three', 'turns', 'round', 'the', 'thread', 'be', 'taken', ',', 'then', 'the', 'formula', 'stands', 'ỉ', '=', 'drafting', 'turns', 'per', 'in.', 'required', '(', 'see', 'Fig.', '38', ')', '.', '.', '.', 'Having', 'decided', 'upon', 'the', 'angle', 'of', 'drafting-twist', ',', 'the', 'second', 'point-how', 'to', 'maintain', 'this', 'throughout', 'the', 'spindle-drafting', 'of', 'the', 'slivers—must', 'now', 'be', 'faced.', 'The', 'conditions', 'are-', '1.', 'The', 'rim-shaft', 'of', 'the', 'mule', 'is', 'usually', 'putting', 'in', 'twist', 'at', 'a', 'constant', 'rate', 'during', 'the', 'outward', 'run', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ';', '2.', 'The', 'sliver', 'is', 'being', 'drafted', 'finer', 'and', 'finer', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'recedes', 'and', 'consequently', 'requires', 'twist', 'for', 'the', 'additional', 'length', 'plus', 'more', 'and', 'more', 'twist', 'as', 'the', 'thread', 'becomes', 'finer', ',', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'twist', 'angle', 'decided', 'upon.', 'This', '116']

[[195, 195, 'Textile Machinery'], [198, 198, 'Textile Machinery'], [214, 214, 'Textile Machinery'], [227, 227, 'Textile Machinery']]

['119', '(', '173', ')', 'o', '43', '43.8', 'Thus', 'if', '4°', '(', 'Ex.', '4', ')', 'is', 'the', 'drafting', 'angle', ',', 'the', 'following', 'deduc-', 'tions', 'may', 'be', 'made', ':', '-', 'D*', '43', '=', 'T', 'whence', 'II', 'x', 'Cot.', 'of', 'O', '3•14', 'Cot.', '4°', '43', '=', 'I', 'turn', 'per', 'i', 'in.', 'to', 'give', '4º.', '3.14', 'X', '14', 'For', 'ist', '18', 'in.', '(', 'no', 'draft', ')', '18', 'X', 'I', '18', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'For', 'ist', 'and', '2nd', '18', 'in.', '(', '2', 'draft', ')', '36', 'X', '1.4', '=', '50', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'For', 'ist', ',', '2nd', ',', 'and', '3rd', '18', 'in.', '(', '1', '}', 'draft', ')', '54', 'X', '1•7', '=', '92', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'For', 'ist', ',', '2nd', ',', '3rd', ',', 'and', '4th', '18', 'in.', '(', '1š', 'draft', ')', '72', 'x', '2', '=', '144', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'To', 'effect', 'the', 'insertion', 'of', 'this', 'necessary', 'twist', 'with', 'an', 'actual', 'regular', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', ',', 'it', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'must', 'be', 'so', 'reduced', 'that', 'the', 'second', 'movement', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'occupies', 'V2', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'the', 'first', '18', 'in.', 'took', ';', 'the', 'third', 'movement', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'takes', 'V3', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'the', 'first', '18', 'in.', ';', 'and', 'the', 'fourth', 'movement', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'takes', '~', '4', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'the', 'first', '18', 'in.', 'If', 'now', 'it', 'be', 'taken', 'that', 'the', 'spindles', 'turn', 'once', 'per', 'second', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'obvious', 'that-', 'the', 'ist', 'period', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'will', 'require', '18', 'secs.', 'the', '2nd', '18', 'in.', '50', '18', '=', '32', 'secs.', 'the', '3rd', '18', 'in.', '92', '50', '42', 'secs.', '18', 'in.', '144', '92', '52', 'secs.', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', '144', ':', 'The', 'time', 'taken', 'for', 'each', 'period', 'may', 'be', 'put', 'into', 'the', 'form-', '(', '18', '*', 'I', ')', 'VI', '18', 'seconds', 'for', '18', 'in.', '(', '18', 'x', '2', ')', 'v2', '=', '50', 'seconds', 'for', '36', 'in.', '(', '18', 'x', '3', ')', 'V3', '92', 'seconds', 'for', '54', 'in.', '(', '18', 'x', '4', ')', 'VA', '144', 'seconds', 'for', '72', 'in.', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'general', 'rule', 'may', 'be', 'adduced', 'that', '-', 'the', '4th', '.', 'See', 'p.', '292.', '119']

[[68, 68, 'Textile Machinery'], [86, 86, 'Textile Machinery'], [108, 108, 'Textile Machinery'], [131, 131, 'Textile Machinery'], [147, 147, 'Textile Machinery']]

['122', '(', '176', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Diameter', 'Reciprocal', 'of', 'Condensed', 'Sliver', 'Fibre', 'Length', '(', '3•1416', ')', '=', 'Cot.', 'of', 'angle', '(', 'for', 'one', 'coil', 'of', 'fibre', 'round', 'the', 'thread', ')', '.', '3a.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'turns', 'of', 'spindles', 'to', 'be', 'inserted', 'during', 'the', 'outward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ':', 'Reciprocal', 'of', 'Yarn', 'Diameter', 'x', 'Inches', 'Traverse', 'of', 'Carriage', 'Cot.', 'of', 'angle', 'required', 'for', 'drafting', 'x', '+', '(', '3.1416', ')', 'Turns', 'of', 'spindles', 'during', 'outward', 'traverse', 'of', 'carriage.', '4.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'retardation', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'required', 'drafting-twist', 'angle', ':', '(', 'P1', ')', 'Ví', 'x', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'outward', 'draw', '(', 'P', ')', 'x', '✓N', 'seconds', 'required', 'to', 'complete', 'the', '1st', 'period.', '(', 'P2', ')', 'vã', 'x', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'outward', 'draw', '(', 'Pn', ')', 'VN', 'seconds', 'required', 'to', 'complete', 'the', '1st', 'and', '2nd', 'periods', '(', 'Pn', ')', 'VN', 'x', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'outward', 'draw', '(', 'P7', ')', 'VN', 'seconds', 'required', 'to', 'complete', 'the', 'Nths', 'periods.', 'The', 'drawing-out scrolls', 'should', 'be', 'designed', ',', 'in', 'con-', 'junction', 'with', 'the', 'driving gear', ',', 'to', 'give', 'as', 'nearly', 'as', 'possible', 'the', 'retardation', 'given', 'in', 'these', 'formulas.', 'The', 'drafted', 'woollen', 'thread', 'will', 'be', 'twisted', 'from', ',', 'say', ',', 'a', '4°', 'drafting', 'twist', 'angle', 'to', 'about', 'a', '25°', 'twist', 'angle-', 'this', 'being', 'the', 'usual', 'angle', 'of', 'twist', 'inserted', 'in', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'for', 'maximum', 'strength', ',', 'although', 'it', 'should', 'obviously', 'be', 'varied', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'purpose', 'in', 'view.', 'The', 'two', 'following', 'formulas', '(', 'strictly', 'logical', ')', 'will', 'here', 'prove', 'useful', ':', '-', 'D', 'Cot.', 'of', 'Angle', 'x', '16', 'T', '(', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', ')', 'and', ',', 'D', 'Cot.', 'of', 'Angle', 'given', 'by', 'any', 'turns', 'per', '1', 'in.', 'TX', 'TE', '122']

[[39, 39, 'Textile Machinery'], [59, 59, 'Textile Machinery'], [73, 73, 'Textile Machinery'], [164, 164, 'Textile Machinery'], [174, 174, 'Textile Machinery']]

['123', '(', '177', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'F', '!', 'C.', 'Mechanical', 'Control', 'in', 'Mule', 'Spinning.', 'The', 'requirements', 'of', 'mule', 'spinning', 'are', 'best', 'realized', 'by', 'spinning', 'upon', 'the', 'wheel', 'and', 'by', 'actually', 'carrying', 'out', 'the', 'six', 'operations', 'already', 'referred', 'to', 'on', 'p.', '106.', 'These', 'operations', 'are', 'worked', 'out', 'by', 'the', 'modern', 'mule', 'following', 'an', 'ingeniously', 'devised', 'cycle', 'of', 'move-', 'ments.', 'It', 'is', 'well', 'to', 'keep', 'in', 'mind', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'mule', 'cycle', 'there', 'are', 'two', 'marked', 'stages', 'of', 'control', ',', 'viz.', 'the', 'arriving', 'in', 'and', 'the', 'arriving', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ':', 'at', 'both', 'of', 'these', 'stages', 'in', 'the', 'cycle', 'of', 'operations', 'marked', 'changes', ',', 'if', 'not', 'actually', 'then', 'and', 'there', 'effected', ',', 'are', 'started.', 'This', ',', 'perhaps', ',', 'is', 'the', 'first', 'point', 'to', 'be', 'noted', 'in', 'studying', 'the', 'mule', 'The', 'cycle', 'of', 'operations', 'in', 'Woollen', 'Self-Acting', 'Mule', 'Spinning', 'may', 'be', 'stated', 'as', 'follows', ':', '--', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'delivery', 'of', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'from', 'the', 'front', 'rollers', 'to', 'the', 'spindles', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'recession', 'of', 'the', 'mule-carriage', 'approximately', 'at', 'the', 'rate', 'of', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'insertion', 'of', '(', '1', ')', 'supporting', 'or', 'drafting', 'twist', 'during', 'the', 'outward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ';', '(', '2', ')', 'final', 'twist', '(', 'double', 'speed', ')', 'on', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', 'outward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'the', 'movement', 'inwards', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'to', 'com-', 'pensate', 'for', 'the', '"', 'take-up”', 'in', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', ';', 'or', ',', 'the', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'rollers', 'of', 'a', 'little', 'more', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'to', 'allow', 'for', 'the', '"', 'take-up”', 'in', 'twisting', ';', '(', 'e', ')', 'backing-off', ',', '”', 'to', 'give', 'the', '"', 'faller-wire”', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'thread', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'it', 'may', 'finally', 'guide', 'it', 'in', 'the', 'required', 'manner', 'to', 'build', 'it', 'up', 'into', 'a', 'firm', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', ';', '(', ')', 'descent', 'of', 'faller-wire', 'and', 'ascent', 'of', 'weighted counter-faller-wire', ',', 'the', 'latter', 'suitably', 'tension-', '(', '123']

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['124', '(', '178', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'ing', 'the', 'yarn', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'exactly', 'guided', 'by', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'cop or bobbin', ';', '(', 'g', ')', 'running-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'to', 'deliver', 'the', 'lengths', 'of', 'yarn', 'spun', 'to', 'the', 'cop or bobbin', ';', '(', 'h', ')', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'traverse', 'as', 'controlled', 'by', 'the', 'bowl', 'on', 'the', 'copping or shaping-rail', ',', 'and', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'as', 'controlled', 'by', 'the', 'quadrant', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'runs', 'in', ';', 'these', 'con-', 'jointly', 'building', 'up', 'firm', ',', 'regularly-tensioned', 'cops', 'or', 'bobbins', 'The', 'greatest', 'periodic', 'change', 'has', 'now', 'to', 'take', 'place', 'for', 'the', 're-starting', 'of', 'the', 'cycle', 'of', 'movements.', 'The', 'perfect', 'control', 'of', 'all', 'these', 'movements', ',', 'and', 'certain', 'subsidiary', 'movements', 'not', 'referred', 'to', 'in', 'the', 'foregoing', 'outline', ',', 'necessitates', 'a', 'truly', 'wonderful', 'com-', 'bination', 'of', 'mechanisms', ',', 'one', 'mechanism', ',', 'as', 'it', 'were', ',', 'controlling', 'the', 'other', ',', 'and', 'the', 'whole', 'working', 'harmoni-', 'ously', 'together', 'for', 'a', 'common', 'purpose.', 'Such', 'mechanism', 'to', 'be', 'fully', 'described', 'would', 'require', 'a', 'work', 'larger', 'than', 'this', 'to', 'itself', '*', ';', 'here', 'the', 'treatment', 'is', 'limited', 'to', 'just', 'those', 'points', 'which', 'will', 'enable', 'the', 'student', 'or', 'mill', 'manager', 'to', 'intelligently', 'grasp', 'what', 'is', 'happening', 'as', 'he', 'sees', 'the', 'mule', ',', 'with', 'almost', 'human-like', 'skill', ',', 'per-', 'forming', 'its', 'task', ',', 'cycle', 'by', 'cycle.', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'to', 'be', 'spun', 'at', 'each', 'draw', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'the', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'delivery rollers', ',', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'positive', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'condenser bobbin', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'surface-contact', '(', 'by', 'weight', ')', 'between', 'the', 'actual', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'and', 'the', 'drums', 'upon', 'which', 'these', 'slivers', 'rest', 'or', 'friction.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'sliver', 'delivered', 'for', 'each', 'draw', '(', 'and', 'consequently', 'of', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'or', 'extension', ')', 'resides', 'in', 'the', 'stop-projec-', '•', 'See', '“', 'Traité', 'pratique', 'de', 'Filature', 'de', 'la', 'Laine', 'Cardée', ',', '"', 'par', 'Priault', 'and', 'Thomas.', '124', '1']

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['125', '(', '179', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'tion', 'or', 'peg', ',', 'l', ',', 'Fig.', '40', ',', 'on', 'the', 'slubbing-wheel', ',', '"', 'which', ',', 'according', 'to', 'its', 'setting', ',', 'disconnects', 'the', 'delivery rollers', 'and', 'condensed sliver drums', 'from', 'the', 'driving', 'power.', '(', '6', ')', 'During', 'this', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'delivery rollers', 'the', 'mule carriage', 'should', 'recede', 'as', 'quickly', 'as', 'possible', 'simply', 'to', 'gain', 'time', 'during', 'this', 'period', 'of', 'the', 'spin', 'when', 'there', 'is', 'little', 'or', 'no', 'strain', 'upon', 'the', 'sliver', 'or', 'yarn', 'being', 'spun.', 'This', 'movement', 'is', 'carried', 'from', 'the', 'power', 'by', 'means', 'L', 'Fig.', '40.', '--', 'Illustrating', 'Condensed', 'Sliver', 'Control', 'Delivery', 'of', 'the', 'drawing-out change pinion', 'D', ',', 'Figs.', '41', 'and', '42', ',', 'through', 'a', 'convenient', 'train', 'of', 'wheels', '(', 'for', 'control', 'of', 'speed', 'purposes', ')', 'to', 'the', 'drawing-out scroll shaft', 'E', '(', 'Fig.', '42', ')', '.', 'Thus', 'the', 'design', 'of', 'the', 'scroll', 'on', 'shaft', 'E', 'controls', 'the', 'variation', 'in', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'from', 'start', 'to', 'finish', 'of', 'the', 'draw', ';', 'and', 'the', 'change wheels', 'D', 'control', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'in', 'accomplishing', 'its', 'complete', 'traverse', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'power-', 'shaft', 'and', 'consequently', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'twist', 'put', 'in', '125']

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['126', '(', '180', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'by', 'the', 'smaller', 'rim wheel', 'A', ',', 'Fig.', '41', ',', 'which', 'is', 'fixed', 'on', 'this', 'shaft', 'and', 'consequently', 'is', 'inserting', 'twist', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'as', 'drawing-out', 'is', 'taking', 'place.', '(', 'c', ')', 'During', 'the', 'recession', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'the', 'spindles', 'are', 'regularly', 'revolved', 'at', 'a', 'comparatively', 'slow', 'constant', 'speed', 'through', 'slow', 'speed', 'pulley', '3', 'to', 'the', 'smaller', 'rim', 'B', 'A', '1', '2', '3', 'G', 'SECTION', 'OF', 'RIM', 'SHAFT.', 'Fig.', '41.', '--', 'Illustrating', 'Control', 'of', 'Drawing-out', 'of', 'Carriage wheel', 'A', '(', 'Fig.', '41', ')', ',', 'and', 'the', 'connection', 'shown', 'in', 'Figs.', '411', 'and', '42a.', 'If', 'one', 'wheel', 'D', 'has', '30', 'teeth', 'possibly', 'the', 'yarn', 'will', 'average', 'six', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'for', 'the', 'drawing', 'out', ';', 'if', 'one', 'wheel', '(', 'D', ')', 'has', '60', 'teeth', '(', 'or', 'the', 'two', 'indicated', 'by', 'D', ',', 'Fig.', '42', ',', 'together', 'equal', '60', 'teeth', ')', 'the', 'yarn', 'will', 'average', 'three', 'turns', 'per', 'inch.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'to', 'maintain', 'economic', 'running', 'the', 'change-wheel', 'D', '126']

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['127', '(', '181', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'must', 'be', 'kept', 'as', 'large', 'as', 'possible', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'highest', 'possible', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'Thus', ',', 'if', 'a', 'very', 'fine', 'yarn', 'requiring', 'a', 'lot', 'of', 'drafting-twist', 'is', 'being', 'spun', ',', 'rather', 'than', 'decrease', 'the', 'teeth', 'in', 'D', ',', 'thus', 'slowing', 'down', 'the', 'carriage', 'and', 'the', 'output', 'of', 'the', 'mule', ',', 'a', 'larger', 'slow-speed', 'rim', 'A', 'may', 'be', 'employed', 'to', 'speed', 'up', 'the', 'spindles', 'during', 'the', 'draw.', 'The', 'arrival', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'at', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'its', 'traverse', 'disconnects', ',', 'through', 'the', 'half-revolution', 'of', 'the', 'cam shaft', ',', 'the', 'drawing-out scroll clutch', 'and', 'at', 'the', 'B', 'A', 'N', 'TOA', 'Fig.', '41a.-Control', 'of', 'Fast Speed Spindle Drive', 'same', 'time', 'throwing', 'the', 'belt', 'on', 'to', 'pulley', '1', '(', 'Fig.', '41', ')', 'causes', 'the', 'fast-speed rim', 'B', 'to', 'take', 'charge', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', ',', 'thus', 'putting', 'in', 'the', 'twist', 'required', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', 'as', 'quickly', 'as', 'possible.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'this', 'motion', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'a', 'peg', 'in', 'a', 'wheel', 'driven', 'through', 'twist worm', 'G', '(', 'Fig.', '41', ')', '.', 'This', 'peg', 'must', 'cause', 'the', 'withdrawal', 'of', 'the', 'driving belt', 'from', 'pulley', 'I', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'loose', 'pulley', '2', ',', 'thus', 'stopping', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'through', 'the', 'rim', 'B', 'and', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'allowing', 'the', 'backing-off wheel', 'c', 'to', 'come', 'into', 'action.', '(', 'd', ')', 'It', 'should', 'here', 'also', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'the', 'threads', 'extending', 'from', 'the', 'nip', 'of', 'the', 'rollers', 'to', 'the', '127']

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['129', '(', '183', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'tip', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'causes', 'them', 'to', 'contract', ',', 'and', 'that', 'when', 'the', 'carriage', 'is', 'freed', 'from', 'the', 'outward', 'draw', 'it', 'is', 'drawn', 'inwards', 'by', 'this', 'contraction', 'of', 'the', 'threads', ',', 'aided', 'by', 'a', 'conveyed', 'tendency', ',', 'until', 'held', 'by', 'the', 'jack-lever', 'The', 'backing-off', 'indirectly', 'raises', 'this', 'jack-lever', 'and', 'thus', 'frees', 'the', 'carriage', 'for', 'the', 'run-in.', '(', 'e', ')', 'Backing-off', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'accomplished.', 'This', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'reversing', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'rim wheel', 'B', ',', 'which', 'necessarily', 'reverses', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'This', 'is', 'effected', 'through', 'the', 'separate', 'drive', '(', 'usually', 'rope', ',', 'to', 'ensure', 'positive', 'action', ')', 'from', 'the', 'main', 'mill shaft', ',', 'through', 'the', 'two-grooved', 'pulley', 'F', '(', 'Fig.', '42', ')', ',', 'which', ',', 'through', 'toothed', 'gearing', ',', 'turns', 'the', 'toothed', 'backing-off', 'wheel', 'c', '(', 'Figs.', '41', 'and', '42', ')', 'in', 'the', 'reverse', 'direction.', 'This', 'wheel', 'c', '(', 'Fig.', '41', ')', 'forms', 'a', 'friction', 'clutch', 'with', 'pulley', '1.', 'The', 'arrival', '“in”', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'again', 'giving', 'half', 'a', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'cam shaft', 'of', 'the', 'mule', 'withdraws', 'the', 'friction', 'contact', ';', 'the', 'half', 'turn', 'of', 'the', 'cam shaft', 'on', 'the', 'arrival', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'left', 'it', 'free', 'under', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'twist', 'mechanism', 'already', 'described.', 'Thus', 'on', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', 'twisting', 'with', 'the', 'carriage', 'in', 'the', 'outward', 'position', 'the', 'withholding catch', 'is', 'withdrawn', ',', 'the', 'backing-off', 'wheel', 'by', 'friction', 'engages', 'I', ',', 'and', 'through', 'it', 'and', 'the', 'fast-speed', 'rim', 'B', 'reverses', 'the', 'spindles', 'and', 'thus', 'effects', '"', 'backing-off.', '"', 'The', 'further', '”', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'motions', 'must', 'now', 'pass', 'to', 'the', 'mule carriage', '(', ')', 'As', 'backing-off', 'takes', 'place', 'the', 'faller-wires', 'must', 'come', 'into', 'action', ',', 'the', 'shaper-faller-wire', 'sinking', 'to', 'the', 'lowest', 'position', 'required', 'for', 'the', 'stage', 'arrived', 'at', 'in', 'building', 'up', 'the', 'spool', 'and', 'the', 'counter-faller', '(', 'weighted', ')', 'rising', ',', 'thus', 'maintaining', 'a', 'constant', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'threads', 'or', 'lengths', 'backed-off.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'this', 'action', 'rests', 'with', 'the', 'tin-roller shaft', ',', 'the', 'reversing', 'of', 'this', '(', 'from', 'the', 'headstock', 'as', 'already', 'described', ')', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'a', 'ratchet', '*', '29']

[[10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [20, 20, 'Textile Machinery'], [48, 48, 'Textile Machinery'], [54, 54, 'Textile Machinery'], [59, 59, 'Textile Machinery'], [80, 80, 'Textile Machinery'], [90, 90, 'Textile Machinery'], [110, 110, 'Textile Machinery'], [163, 163, 'Textile Machinery'], [171, 171, 'Textile Machinery'], [174, 174, 'Textile Machinery'], [185, 185, 'Textile Machinery'], [192, 192, 'Textile Machinery'], [214, 214, 'Textile Machinery'], [220, 220, 'Textile Machinery'], [242, 242, 'Textile Machinery'], [261, 261, 'Textile Machinery'], [269, 269, 'Textile Machinery'], [276, 276, 'Textile Machinery'], [295, 295, 'Textile Machinery'], [320, 320, 'Textile Machinery']]

['130', '(', '184', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING wheel', ',', 'and', 'pawls', 'and', 'chain', ',', 'winds', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'to', 'the', 'locking', 'position', 'with', 'the', 'bowl', 'on', 'the', 'copping shaper-rail', ',', 'and', 'in', 'doing', 'this', 'frees', 'the', 'carriage', 'by', 'lifting', 'the', 'jack-lever', 'for', 'the', 'run', '-', 'in', 'and', 'also', 'frees', 'the', 'spindles', 'entirely', 'from', 'rim', '-', 'shaft', 'control.', '(', 'g', ')', 'The', 'running-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'direct', 'rope', 'drive', 'from', 'the', 'mill shaft', 'driving', 'the', 'grooved', 'pulley shaft', 'F', '(', 'Fig.', '42', ')', 'as', 'already', 'described', ',', 'upon', 'which', 'is', 'a', 'bevel', 'driving', 'the', 'upright', 'shaft', 'G', 'which', 'carries', 'the', 'friction shell', 'h', 'and', 'leather', '-', 'covered', 'bevel', 'or', 'cone.', 'This', 'friction wheel', 'his', 'continually', 'turning', 'but', 'can', 'only', 'act', 'on', 'the', 'drawing', '-', 'in', 'scroll shaft', 'I', ',', 'through', 'the', 'friction', 'surface', 'and', 'bevels', ',', 'when', 'the', 'shell', 'His', 'dropped.', 'Upon', 'being', 'dropped', 'the', 'power', 'direct', 'from', 'the', 'mill shaft', 'turns', 'the', 'three', 'scrolls', 'K', '(', 'two', 'pulling', 'in', 'and', 'one', 'steady', 'ing', ')', 'on', 'the', 'scroll shaft', ',', 'and', 'these', 'draw', 'Fig.', '42a.-Side', 'Elevation', 'of', 'Woollen Mule', 'B', 'A', '130']

[[7, 7, 'Textile Machinery'], [10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [16, 16, 'Textile Machinery'], [26, 26, 'Textile Machinery'], [34, 34, 'Textile Machinery'], [38, 38, 'Textile Machinery'], [48, 48, 'Textile Machinery'], [62, 62, 'Textile Machinery'], [72, 72, 'Textile Machinery'], [76, 76, 'Textile Machinery'], [90, 90, 'Textile Machinery'], [99, 99, 'Textile Machinery'], [109, 109, 'Textile Machinery'], [122, 122, 'Textile Machinery'], [145, 145, 'Textile Machinery'], [162, 162, 'Textile Machinery'], [171, 171, 'Textile Machinery']]

['131', '(', '185', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'in', 'the', 'carriage', 'at', 'the', 'variable', 'speed', 'required', ',', 'viz.', 'slowly', 'at', 'the', 'start', ',', 'quickly', 'for', 'centre', 'of', 'traverse', ',', 'and', 'slowly', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'comes', 'to', 'the', 'position', 'for', 'stopping', 'and', 'starting', 'its', 'outward', 'traverse', 'again.*', 'The', 'starting', 'control', 'of', 'this', 'action', 'must', 'obviously', 'come', 'from', 'the', 'faller-wire', ',', 'the', 'locking', 'of', 'this', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'runner', 'upon', 'the', 'copping shaper-rail', 'withdrawing', 'the', '“stop', 'which', 'has', 'been', 'holding', 'the', 'shell', 'from', 'contact', 'with', 'the', 'scroll shaft', 'A', 'rod', ',', 'not', 'perceptible', 'in', 'the', 'diagrams', ',', 'also', 'controls', 'shell', 'H', ',', 'thus', 'preventing', 'running-in', 'if', 'it', 'is', 'desired', 'so', 'to', 'do.', '(', 'h', ')', 'The', 'faller-wire', 'traverse', ',', 'the', 'weighting', 'of', 'the', 'counter', 'faller-wire', ',', 'and', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'during', 'the', 'running-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'are', 'designed', 'to', 'so', 'control', 'the', 'yarn', 'that', 'if', 'cops', 'are', 'being', 'formed', 'a', 'sound', ',', 'firm', 'cop', 'is', 'built', 'up', ',', 'or', 'if', 'weft-bobbins', 'are', 'being', 'employed', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'satisfactorily', 'wound', 'upon', 'these.', 'The', 'up-and-down', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'is', 'controlled', 'by', 'the', 'copping shaper-rail', 'upon', 'which', 'runs', 'the', 'anti-friction wheel', 'or', 'runner', ',', 'which', 'is', 'now', 'directly', 'connected', 'with', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'This', 'copping shaper-rail', 'must', 'be', 'shaped', 'to', 'give', ',', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', ',', 'the', 'desired', 'traverse', 'to', 'the', 'thread', ',', 'and', 'must', 'actually', 'be', 'permanently', 'lowered', 'as', 'the', 'cop', 'is', 'built', 'up', 'higher', 'and', 'higher', 'on', 'the', 'spindle', ',', 'equally', 'distri-', 'buting', 'the', 'thread', 'from', 'the', 'large', 'circumference', 'of', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'spool', 'and', 'back', 'quickly', 'to', 'the', 'nose', 'again', ',', 'or', ',', 'say', ',', 'quickly', 'to', 'the', 'bottom', 'and', 'then', 'slowly', 'to', 'the', 'nose.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'to', 'build', 'the', 'cop or spool', 'as', 'required', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'the', 'quad-', 'rant', 'through', 'the', 'chain', 'which', 'is', 'coiled', 'round', 'the', 'drum or scroll', 'connected', 'with', 'the', 'tin-roller shaft', 'The', 'action', 'A', 'simple', 'harmonic', 'motion', 'is', 'here', 'required', ',', 'both', 'for', 'smooth', 'running-in', 'of', 'carriage', 'and', 'for', 'the', 'least', 'power-consumption', 'in', 'effecting', 'this', 'running-in.', '131']

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['133', '(', '187', ')', 'ING', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'kontrol', 'pins', 'of', 'backing-off', 'has', 'freed', 'the', 'tin-roller shaft', 'from', 'rim-', 'wheel', 'control', ',', 'so', 'that', 'during', 'the', 'run-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'the', 'spindles', 'would', 'now', 'be', 'standing', 'still', 'but', 'for', 'the', 'quadrant nut', 'n', '(', 'Fig.', '42', ')', 'not', 'following', 'the', 'inward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'and', 'so', 'effecting', 'a', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'tin-roller shaft', 'through', 'the', 'chain.', 'Thus', ',', 'in', 'starting', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'cops', 'the', 'quadrant nut', 'n', 'will', 'be', 'at', 'the', 'bottom', ',', 'and', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'comes', 'out', 'all', 'the', 'slack', 'chain', 'will', 'be', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'drum', 'specially', 'arranged', 'for', 'it', 'on', 'the', 'tin-roller shaft', 'On', 'the', 'run-in', 'starting', 'there', 'is', 'so', 'much', '“lag”', 'of', 'the', 'nut', 'that', 'the', 'chain', 'is', 'very', 'rapidly', 'unwound', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'runs', 'in', ',', 'and', 'the', 'spindles', 'thus', 'are', 'quickly', 'turned', 'to', 'wind', 'up', 'the', 'yarn', 'spun', 'on', 'to', 'their', 'smallest', 'diameters.', 'But', 'as', 'the', 'build-', 'ing', 'up', 'of', 'the', 'cop', 'proceeds', 'the', 'nut-draw', 'by', 'draw', 'is', 'traversed', 'by', 'its', 'screw', 'thread', 'farther', 'and', 'farther', 'up', 'the', 'quadrant', 'to', 'the', 'position', 'seen', 'in', 'Fig.', '42', ',', 'N', ',', 'thus', 'giving', 'less', 'and', 'less', 'of', 'a', 'retarding', 'action', 'and', 'consequently', 'less', 'and', 'less', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', ';', 'but', 'as', 'the', 'cop', 'is', 'now', 'the', 'full', 'diameter', 'the', 'less', 'number', 'of', 'revolutions', 'to', 'wind', 'up', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'just', 'what', 'is', 'required.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noticed', ',', 'however', ',', 'that', 'the', 'nut', 'N', 'is', 'describing', 'a', 'circular', 'path', 'and', 'gives', '"', 'harmonic', 'retardation', '"', 'for', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'each', 'winding-up', ',', 'that', 'is', 'when', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'coiling', 'upon', 'the', 'bare', 'spindle.', 'To', 'traverse', 'the', 'nut', 'downwards', 'by', 'hand', 'through', 'turning', 'o', 'during', 'a', 'spin', 'tightens', 'up', 'the', 'faller-wire', ',', 'i.e.', 'tensions', 'the', 'thread', 'through', 'revolving', 'the', 'spindles', 'more', ';', 'to', 'traverse', 'the', 'nut', 'upwards', 'during', 'the', 'spin', 'slackens', 'the', 'faller-', 'wires', ',', 'i.e.', 'puts', 'less', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'threads', ',', 'through', 'revolving', 'the', 'spindle', 'less.', 'The', 'counter-faller', ',', 'correctly', 'weighted', ',', 'would', 'all', 'the', 'time', 'be', 'giving', 'the', 'same', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'thread', ',', 'so', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'rather', 'the', 'adjustment', 'of', 'faller-wire', 'to', 'counter faller-wire', 'which', 'is', 'watched', 'and', 'controlled', 'by', 'supplementary', 'turns', 'of', 'o', 'by', 'hand', 'or', '133']

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['134', '(', '188', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1:57', '2', '"', '2.5', "'", 'Worsted Mule', 'Woollen Mule', 'WA', 'Fig.', 'Worsted and Woollen Mule', 'Sections', '134']

[[13, 13, 'Textile Machinery'], [14, 14, 'Textile Machinery'], [17, 17, 'Textile Machinery']]

['135', '(', '189', ')', 'NING', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'Jen', '55', '55', '(', '90', '90', '90', '16°', '32°', '131', '131-', '131', '-0.25', '-0.25', '-025', '1911', ',', '224', '192', '22', '1952', '22', '"', '.', '(', 'a', ')', '(', 'b', ')', '(', 'c', ')', 'Fig.', 'Spindle', 'Inclination', 'in', 'Mule', 'Spinning', '135']

[[42, 42, 'Textile Machinery'], [45, 45, 'Textile Machinery']]

['136', '(', '190', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '!', '-', '夏\u200b是\u200b這', '\u200bby', 'an', 'automatic', 'controller', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'tension', 'of', 'the', 'threads.', 'The', 'greatest', 'periodic', 'change', 'has', 'now', 'to', 'be', 'effected.', '1.', 'The', 'faller-wire', 'has', 'risen', 'above', 'the', 'tops', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', ',', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'curved', 'round', 'the', 'spindle', 'to', 'the', 'tips—is', 'in', 'the', 'spinning', 'position', ';', '2.', 'Shell', 'H', 'must', 'be', 'lifted', ',', 'thus', 'freeing', 'the', 'carriage', 'from', 'inward', 'drag', 'and', 'steadying', 'of', 'scrolls', ';', '3.', 'The', 'carriage', 'must', 'be', 'started', 'out', 'again', 'by', 'the', 'belt', 'being', 'thrown', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'fast pulley', '3', ';', '4.', 'The', 'spindles', 'are', 'once', 'more', 'thrown', 'under', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'rim shaft', 'A', ';', 'and', '5.', 'The', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'again', 'started.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'all', 'these', 'motions', '(', 'saving', 'one', ')', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'cam shaft', ',', 'which', '(', 'a', ')', 'Lifts', 'shell', 'and', 'places', 'it', 'upon', 'the', 'stop', ',', 'which', 'later', 'will', 'be', 'withdrawn', ',', 'following', 'the', 'locking', 'of', 'the', 'faller-wire', ',', 'in', 'time', 'to', 'effect', 'the', 'running-in', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Places', 'the', 'already', 'withdrawn', 'backing-off friction wheel', 'c', 'under', 'the', 'indirect', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'double-speed twist mechanism', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Throws', 'the', 'belt', 'from', 'loose', 'pulley', '2', 'to', 'the', 'fast', 'pulley', '3', ',', 'thus', 'restarting', 'the', 'cycle', 'of', 'move-', 'ments.', '2.', '*', '*', 'The', 'following', 'special', 'points', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'woollen mules', 'are', 'worthy', 'of', 'careful', 'consideration', ':', '-', '1.', 'The', 'pitch', 'and', 'inclination', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'are', 'varied', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'work', ',', 'and', 'consequently', 'count', 'of', 'yarn', ',', 'being', 'spun.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'the', 'most', 'usual', ';', '136']

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['137', '(', '191', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'Counts', 'Inclination', 'from', 'vertical', 'Pitch', 'Size', 'Bobbin', 'or', 'Cap.', '5', 'skeins', 'to', '10', 'skeins', 'Io', 'skeins', 'to', '25', 'skeins', '25', 'skeins', 'to', '50', 'skeins', '12°', '14°', '3', 'in.', '21', 'Up', 'to', '9', 'in.', 'long', '78', '6', '>', '9', '16°', '2', 'Standard', 'conditions', 'indicating', 'the', 'inclination', 'and', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'for', 'woollen and worsted mules', 'are', 'set', 'out', 'in', 'Fig.', '43', ',', 'and', 'in', 'Fig.', '44', 'the', 'three', 'spindle', 'inclinations', 'of', '8°', ',', '16°', 'and', '32°', 'to', 'the', 'vertical', 'are', 'shown', 'from', 'which', 'the', '"', 'slipping', 'over', '”', 'and', 'quick', 'periodic', '“tug”', 'during', 'spindle-drafting', 'following', 'the', 'rotation', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'will', 'be', 'realized.', '2.', 'The', 'mule', 'should', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'spin', 'either', 'from', 'condenser bobbins', 'or', 'from', 'slubbing bobbins', ',', 'condenser', 'and', 'mule', 'pitch', 'of', 'rollers', 'being', 'the', 'same', ';', 'and', 'possibly', 'in', 'some', 'cases', 'a', 'creel', 'for', 'doubling', ',', 'roving', ',', 'and', 're-spinning', 'may', 'be', 'advisable', ';', '3.', 'Speeding-up', 'may', 'be', 'effected', 'by', 'arranging', 'for', 'three', 'different', 'speeds', 'on', 'the', 'mule', ';', 'or', 'if', 'two', 'speeds', 'only', 'are', 'employed', 'the', 'double-speed', 'may', 'be', 'brought', 'into', 'action', 'before', 'the', 'carriage', 'reaches', 'the', 'extremity', 'of', 'its', 'draw', ';', '4.', 'Increased', 'production', 'may', 'be', 'obtained', 'by', 'holding', 'the', 'carriage', 'out', 'at', 'its', 'extreme', 'traverse', 'and', 'delivering', 'additional', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'by', 'brief', 'rotation', 'of', 'the', 'delivery rollers', 'to', 'compensate', 'for', 'the', 'take-up', 'in', 'twisting', ':', '5.', 'Perfect', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'throughout', 'the', 'carriage', 'movement', 'in', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'definite', 'delivery', 'and', 'stoppage', '137']

[[56, 56, 'Textile Machinery'], [58, 58, 'Textile Machinery'], [103, 103, 'Textile Machinery'], [109, 109, 'Textile Machinery'], [117, 117, 'Textile Machinery'], [120, 120, 'Textile Machinery'], [124, 124, 'Textile Machinery'], [127, 127, 'Textile Machinery'], [138, 138, 'Textile Machinery'], [163, 163, 'Textile Machinery'], [181, 181, 'Textile Machinery'], [198, 198, 'Textile Machinery'], [214, 214, 'Textile Machinery'], [235, 235, 'Textile Machinery']]

['138', '(', '192', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'described', 'in', 'the', 'foregoing', 'pages.', 'By', 'means', 'of', 'a', 'cone', 'arrangement', 'this', 'is', 'effected', 'without', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'change wheels', ';', '6.', 'In', 'the', 'spinning', 'of', 'blends', 'which', '“bind', '"', 'quickly', 'a', 'spindle', 'stop', 'motion', 'to', 'stop', 'the', 'spindles', 'until', 'the', 'carriage', 'has', 'gone', 'a', 'short', 'distance', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'rollers', 'is', 'added', ';', '7.', 'The', 'nosing', 'motion', 'is', 'very', 'important.', 'Improve-', 'ments', 'in', 'this', 'are', 'usually', 'worth', 'consideration', ',', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'by', 'no', 'means', 'uncommon', 'for', 'yarns', 'to', 'be', 'spoilt', 'by', 'being', '"', 'nosed”', 'on', 'both', 'the', 'woollen and worsted mules', ';', '8.', 'A', 'motion', 'for', 'stopping', 'the', 'mule', 'in', 'any', 'desirable', 'position', 'is', 'useful', ';', '9.', 'Squaring bands', 'and', 'rigid', 'carriage', 'control', 'to', 'ensure', 'perfect', 'spinning', 'should', 'receive', 'careful', 'attention', ';', '10.', 'The', 'drawing-out scroll', 'design', 'should', 'be', 'in', 'accord-', 'Cance', 'with', 'the', 'variable', 'speed', 'of', 'carriage', 'defined', 'on', 'pp.', '118', 'to', '120.', 'The', 'running-in', 'and', 'steady-', 'ing', 'scrolls', 'design', 'should', 'probably', 'partake', 'of', 'a', 'pure', 'harmonic', 'character', 'for', 'both', 'absence', 'of', '“jar', '"', 'and', 'economy', 'in', 'power', 'consumption.', 'Reference', 'to', 'mule', 'makers', "'", 'catalogues', 'usually', 'reveals', 'attachments', 'of', 'which', 'each', 'particular', 'firm', 'has', 'made', 'a', 'speciality.', 'Calculations', 'for', 'Draft', ',', 'Drafting-Twist', 'and', 'Twist.-', 'These', 'calculations', 'are', 'comparatively', 'simple', ',', 'and', 'in', 'this', 'brief', 'treatment', 'in', 'their', 'entirety', 'must', 'necessarily', 'be', 'excluded.', 'It', 'will', 'probably', 'be', 'sufficient', 'to', 'note-', '1.', 'That', 'the', 'draft', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'slubbing peg', ',', 'which', 'disengages', 'the', 'delivery rollers', 'from', 'the', 'power', ';', '138']

[[26, 26, 'Textile Machinery'], [45, 45, 'Textile Machinery'], [48, 48, 'Textile Machinery'], [96, 96, 'Textile Machinery'], [104, 104, 'Textile Machinery'], [113, 113, 'Textile Machinery'], [116, 116, 'Textile Machinery'], [129, 129, 'Textile Machinery'], [141, 141, 'Textile Machinery'], [176, 176, 'Textile Machinery'], [235, 235, 'Textile Machinery'], [240, 240, 'Textile Machinery']]

['139', '(', '193', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', '2.', 'That', 'drafting-twist', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'speed', 'with', 'which', 'the', 'carriage', 'is', 'drawn', 'out', '(', 'spindles', 'usually', 'running', 'at', 'a', 'constant', 'speed', ')', ';', 'and', 'this', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'a', 'change-wheel', 'which', ',', 'without', 'varying', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', ',', 'varies', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'and', 'thus', 'affects', 'the', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'during', 'the', 'outward', 'run', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'There', 'is', 'usually', 'a', 'secondary change wheel', 'which-', 'coming', 'after', 'the', 'slubbing peg wheel', 'be', 'used', 'alone', 'or', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'primary change wheel', 'Thus', 'there', 'are', 'three', 'means', 'of', 'control', 'of', 'drafting-twist', ',', 'viz.', 'primary change wheel', ',', 'secondary change wheel', 'primary', 'and', 'secondary', 'change', 'wheels.', '3.', 'The', 'time', 'that', 'the', 'double', 'speed', 'is', 'in', 'action', 'decides', 'the', 'final', 'twist', 'given', 'to', 'the', 'yarn.', 'This', 'again', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'twist-peg', 'already', 'referred', 'to.', 'In', 'many', 'cases', 'twist', 'may', 'be', 'calculated', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning', 'by', 'spindle', 'speed', 'and', 'time', ';', 'but', 'upon', 'the', 'whole', 'this', 'system', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'condemned-greater', 'accuracy', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning', 'is', 'much', 'needed.', '4.', 'Calculation', 'for', 'Production', ':', 'This', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'three', 'factors', '(', 'a', ')', 'Draws', 'of', 'carriage', 'per', 'minute', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Length', 'of', 'draw', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'Count', 'of', 'yarn', 'to', 'be', 'spun.', 'Let', 'a', '=', 'draws', 'of', 'carriage', 'per', 'minute', ';', '6', 'length', 'in', 'yards', 'of', 'draw', ';', '=', 'counts', 'of', 'yarn', 'spun', '(', 'yards', 'per', 'dram', ')', ';', 'then', 'ахбо', 'хъ', '=', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', 'calculated', '(', 'theoretical', ')', 'pro-', '6', 'X', '256', 'duction', 'per', 'spindle.', 'Example', ':', 'с', 'Let', 'a', '=', '3', 'b', '70', '"', 'C', '=', '20', 'skeins', ',', 'then', '139']

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['140', '(', '194', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '=', 'about', 'I', '3', 'x', '60', 'x', '70', 'Ib.', 'per', 'hour', 'per', 'spindle', '20', 'X', '256', 'X', '36', '15', 'For', '48', 'hours', 'per', 'week', 'the', 'calculated', 'production', 'will', 'be', ':', '-', '48', '=', '3.2', 'lb.', 'per', 'week', 'per', 'spindle', '15', ':', ',', '1', 'card', 'turning', 'off', '40', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', 'for', '48', 'hours', 'per', '1920', '1920', 'lb.', 'per', 'week', 'will', 'require', '=', '600', 'spindles', '3.2', 'per', 'card', 'or', 'a', 'pair', 'of', 'mules', 'per', 'card.', 'A', 'deduction', 'will', 'be', 'made', 'from', 'the', 'mule', 'production', 'for', 'doffing', ',', 'the', 'percentage', 'reduction', 'gradually', 'decreasing', 'as', 'the', 'fineness', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'increases.', 'This', 'matter', 'is', 'fully', 'dealt', 'with', 'in', 'Chapter', 'IV.', ',', 'pp.', '147', 'to', '158.', 'week', '=', '140']

[[20, 20, 'Textile Machinery'], [46, 46, 'Textile Machinery'], [71, 71, 'Textile Machinery'], [79, 79, 'Textile Machinery'], [89, 89, 'Textile Machinery']]

['141', '(', '195', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'IV', 'WOOLLEN FRAME', 'SPINNING-TWISTING-WINDING', 'FANCY', 'YARN', 'PRODUCTION', 'Frame', 'Spinning', '(', 'Woollen', ')', '.–The', 'small', 'production', 'of', 'a', 'mule', ',', 'owing', 'to', 'its', 'intermittent', 'action', ',', 'in', 'comparison', 'with', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'an', 'ordinary', 'continuous spinning frame', 'has', 'drawn', 'the', 'attention', 'of', 'many', 'inventors', ',', 'but', 'in', 'England', 'it', 'was', 'not', 'until', 'about', '1912', 'that', 'a', 'really', 'successful', 'mechanism', 'was', 'designed.', 'The', 'fundamental', 'difficulty', 'lies', 'in', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'put', 'permanent', 'twist', 'into', 'a', 'sliver', 'which', 'is', 'held', 'at', 'both', 'ends.', 'Thus', 'between', 'any', 'thinkable', 'delivery rollers', 'and', 'the', 'bobbin', 'upon', 'which', 'the', 'spun', 'yarn', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'wound', ',', 'it', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'put', 'in', 'any', 'permanent', 'twist', 'other', 'than', 'that', 'given', 'by', 'the', 'rotation', 'of', 'the', 'delivery rollers', 'and', 'the', 'sliver', 'they', 'are', 'delivering', ';', 'or', 'by', 'the', 'rotation', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'carrying', 'the', 'yarn', 'already', 'spun', ';', 'or', 'by', 'both', 'actions.', 'The', 'bobbin', ',', 'as', 'the', 'simpler', 'proposition', ',', 'is', 'rotated', 'in', 'all', 'modern spinning machines', 'But', 'the', 'twist', 'required', 'for', 'the', 'spun', 'yarn', 'is', 'far', 'too', 'much', 'for', 'the', 'purpose', 'of', '"', 'drafting-twist', ',', '"', 'so', 'that', 'any', 'frame', 'in', 'which', '“', 'drafting-twist”', 'is', 'required-to', 'allow', 'spindle', 'draft', 'to', 'be', 'applied', 'to', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', '--', 'must', 'have', 'at', 'least', 'two', 'distinct', 'twisting', 'actions', ':', '-', '1.', 'A', 'drafting-twist', 'action', 'combined', 'with', 'the', 'necessary', 'drafting', ';', 'and', '2.', 'A', 'yarn-twist', 'action', 'combined', 'with', 'the', 'winding', 'up', 'of', 'the', 'spun', 'yarn', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'spindle', 'or', 'bobbin', '141']

[[6, 6, 'Textile Machinery'], [21, 21, 'Textile Machinery'], [37, 37, 'Textile Machinery'], [90, 90, 'Textile Machinery'], [93, 93, 'Textile Machinery'], [122, 122, 'Textile Machinery'], [136, 136, 'Textile Machinery'], [148, 148, 'Textile Machinery'], [159, 159, 'Textile Machinery'], [191, 191, 'Textile Machinery'], [240, 240, 'Textile Machinery']]

['142', '(', '196', ')', 'h', 'K', 'Fig.', 'Célestin Martin Woollen Spinning Frame', '(', 'one', 'sider', 'only', ')', '142']

[[7, 7, 'Textile Machinery']]

['142', '(', '197', ')', 'PLATT', 'BROS', '&', 'C017.', 'OLDHAM', 'Fig.', "Platt's Ring Spinning Frame", 'for', 'Woollen', ',', 'with', 'stationary Spindle Rails', 'and', 'Lifting Ring Plates', 'One', 'row', 'of', 'Condenser Bobbins', 'in', 'Greel']

[[10, 10, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [17, 17, 'Textile Machinery'], [21, 21, 'Textile Machinery']]

['143', '(', '199', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'FRAME', 'SPINNING', 'Many', 'attempts', 'have', 'been', 'made', 'to', 'effect', '(', '1', ')', 'during', 'the', 'last', 'fifty', 'years', ',', 'among', 'which', 'the', 'revolving', 'of', 'the', 'receiving', 'or', 'drafting rollers', '(', 'made', 'in', 'several', 'forms', ')', 'and', 'the', 'lifting', 'of', 'the', 'drafting rollers', 'intermittently', 'to', 'allow', 'sufficient', 'twist', 'to', 'run', 'up', 'the', 'thread', 'to', 'the', 'delivery', 'a', 'CONDENSER', 'BOBBIN', 'CONOCKSER', 'DRUM', 'CONDENSER DRUM', 'ORIVIC', 'SWT', 'M', 'SPRINCPIECE', 'FRANINC', 'SPRINCP', 'EDC', 'ly', 'UFTINC', 'SPINOU', 'RAILS', 'STATIONARY RING PLATES', 'AND', 'JOCERT', 'PUM', 'LOOR', 'LINE', 'Fig.', '46a.', '--', 'Sectional', 'Diagram', 'of', "Platt's Ring Spinning Frame", 'with', 'one', 'row', 'of', 'Condenser Bobbins', '7', 'rollers', 'for', 'drafting-twist', ',', 'may', 'be', 'cited.', 'The', 'firm', 'of', 'Célestin', 'Martin', ',', 'of', 'Verviers', ',', 'at', 'an', 'early', 'period', 'produced', 'a', 'fairly', 'successful', 'frame', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'first', 'or', 'drafting-', 'twist', 'was', 'obtained', 'by', 'a', '"', 'false-twister', '"', 'placed', 'between', 'the', 'delivery', 'and', 'the', 'drafting-rollers', 'which', 'inserted', 'the', 'false', 'twist', 'during', 'the', 'traverse', 'of', 'the', 'thread.', 'On', 'emerging', 'from', 'the', 'drafting rollers', 'the', 'twistless', 'drafted', '143']

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['144', '(', '200', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1', 'sliver', 'is', 'twisted', 'and', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'receiving bobbin', 'on', 'the', 'Ring', 'principle.', 'The', 'arrangement', 'of', 'this', 'frame', 'is', 'very', 'interesting', ',', 'and', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'one', 'of', 'its', 'forms', 'in', 'Fig.', '45.', 'The', 'best', 'frame', 'of', 'this', 'type', ',', 'however', ',', 'has', 'been', 'designed', 'by', 'Messrs.', 'Platt', 'Bros.', ',', 'of', 'Oldham.', 'This', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '46', 'and', '46a.', '"', 'The', 'main', 'drafting', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'two', 'pairs', 'of', 'drafting rollers', ',', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'many', 'other', 'machines', 'of', 'the', 'type', 'referred', 'to', ',', 'but', 'the', 'pièce-de-', 'résistance', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'is', 'the', 'twister tube', 'This', 'not', 'only', 'inserts', 'the', 'necessary', 'false', '“drafting-twist', ',', '"', 'but', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'two', 'lugs', '”', 'gives', 'the', 'necessary', 'flips”', 'or', '“', 'tugs”', 'during', 'the', '“spindle-drafting', ',', '”', 'thus', 'imitating', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'slipping', 'over', 'the', 'top', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'in', 'the', 'mule', 'at', 'every', 'revolution', '(', 'Fig.', '46a', 'at', 'b', ')', '.', 'The', 'tube', 'is', 'also', 'so', 'designed', 'at', 'its', 'lower', 'extremity', 'that', 'it', 'presents', 'the', 'sliver', 'at', 'this', 'point', 'minus', 'its', 'false', 'twist', 'directly', 'into', 'the', 'nip', 'of', 'the', 'draft', 'rollers', ',', 'i.e.', 'the', 'drafting-', 'twist', 'is', 'from', 'a', 'to', 'b', ',', 'as', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '46a.', 'The', 'drafting', 'rollers', 'deliver', 'the', 'untwisted', 'sliver', 'to', 'an', 'ordinary', 'ring', 'and', 'traveller', 'attachment', 'whereby', 'the', 'necessary', 'final', 'twist', 'is', 'inserted', 'and', 'the', 'yarn', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'suitable', 'bobbins', 'or', 'cops.', 'For', 'this', 'frame', 'the', 'slivers', 'should', 'be', 'condensed', '20', 'per', 'cent.', 'finer', 'than', 'for', 'mule', 'spinning', ',', 'as', 'only', 'a', 'small', 'draft', 'can', 'well', 'be', 'employed.', 'In', 'adjusting', 'draft', 'and', 'twist', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'to', 'alter', '(', 'a', ')', 'delivery', ',', '(', '6', ')', 'twist', ',', 'or', '(', 'c', ')', 'a', 'and', 'b', 'combined.', 'It', 'is', 'most', 'usual', 'to', 'alter', 'the', 'delivery.', 'It', 'should', 'also', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'double-spinning', '(', 'i.e.', 'roving', ')', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'employed', 'on', 'this', 'frame', ',', 'as', 'the', 'necessary', 'twist', 'must', 'be', 'inserted', 'straight', 'away', 'for', 'winding', 'on.', 'Frame', 'yarns', 'are', 'usually', 'less', 'elastic', 'than', 'mule', 'yarns.', 'The', 'machine', 'is', 'made', 'in', 'two', 'forms', 'one', 'with', '1', '144']

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['145', '(', '201', ')', 'WOOLLEN FRAME', 'SPINNING', 'stationary ring-plate', 'and', 'lifting spindle-rail', '(', 'Fig.', '46a', ')', ',', 'and', 'the', 'other', 'with', 'lifting ring-plate', 'and', 'stationary spindle-rail', '(', 'Fig.', '46', ')', '.', 'The', 'pitch', 'of', 'spindles', 'and', 'rings', 'is', 'varied', 'from', '21', 'in.', 'to', '5', 'in.', 'to', 'suit', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'con-denser bobbins', 'and', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', 'required.', 'Special', 'attention', 'should', 'also', 'be', 'given', 'to', 'the', 'limits', 'and', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'false', 'twist', ',', 'which', 'must', 'be', 'much', 'less', 'for', 'thick', 'yarns', 'than', 'for', 'thin', 'yarns.', 'The', 'following', 'comparative', 'results', 'from', 'cloths', 'woven', 'from', 'yarns', 'spun', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'and', 'upon', "Platt's frame", 'are', 'illuminative', 'and', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'studied', ':', 'Frame', 'Spun', 'Yarn.', 'Mule', 'Spun', 'Yarn', ':', '34', 'in.', '34', 'in.', '30', 'in.', 'Width', 'in', 'loom', 'Width', 'in', 'grey', 'state', 'Width', 'in', 'finished', 'state', 'Length', 'in', 'loom', 'Length', 'in', 'grey', 'state', 'Length', 'in', 'finished', 'state', 'Weight', 'in', 'grey', ',', 'state', 'Weight', 'in', 'fin', 'shed', 'state', 'Warp', ',', 'strength', 'in', 'lb.', '(', '6f', 'in.', 'X', '7', 'in.', ')', 'Warp', ',', 'elongation', 'in', 'inches', 'Weft', ',', 'strength', 'in', 'lb.', '(', 'fin.', 'x', '7', 'in.', ')', 'Weft', ',', 'elongation', 'in', 'inches', '31', '}', 'in.', '/', '311', 'in.', '301', 'in.', '20', 'yd.', '20', 'yd.', '151', 'yd.', '17', 'yd.', '151', 'yd.', '161', 'yd.', '78', 'lb.', '64', 'lb.', '65.6', '59.9', '1•73', '7.69', '597', '50.6', '1.85', '1.69', '73', 'lb.', '63', 'lb.', 'Note', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'that', 'the', 'cost', 'per', 'spindle', 'of', 'the', 'frame', 'is', 'about', 'three', 'times', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'mule', '(', 'pre-war', 'rates', 'ros.', '6d.', 'and', '30s.', 'respectively', ')', ',', 'but', 'space', 'for', 'space', ',', 'or', 'spindle', 'for', 'spindle', ',', 'there', 'are', 'often', 'outweighing', 'advantages', 'for', 'the', 'frame', 'as', 'distinct', 'from', 'the', 'mule', 'For', 'some', 'classes', 'of', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'the', 'product', 'of', 'this', 'frame', 'is', 'even', 'preferred', 'to', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'mule-yarn', 'for', 'yarn', ';', 'but', 'for', 'hosiery', 'and', 'certain', 'special', 'yarns', 'the', 'mule', 'product', 'is', 'better.', 'Before', 'passing', 'on', 'it', 'should', 'perhaps', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'K.', '145']

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['146', '(', '202', ')', 'WOOLLEN AND WORSTED SPINNING frame', 'has', 'had', 'much', 'more', 'brains', '"', 'put', 'into', 'it', 'than', 'would', 'appear', 'on', 'casual', 'inspection.', 'The', 'two', '"', 'lugs', 'which', 'represent', 'the', 'thickness', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'in', 'the', 'mule', ',', '(', 'a', ')', '1.', '(', 'b', ')', '(', 'e', ')', '(', 'd', ')', '(', 'c', ')', 'Fig.', '47.—The', 'Woollen Spring Frame', ':', 'various', 'forms', 'of', 'Twist Tubes', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'twizzle', 'to', 'get', 'a', 'long', 'drafting', 'length', 'with', 'false', 'twist', 'in', 'it', ',', 'and', 'the', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'twizzle', 'to', 'the', 'drafting rollers', 'are', 'all', 'matters', 'involving', 'much', 'thought', ';', 'experiment', ',', 'and', 'selection', 'from', 'many', 'alternatives.', '*', 'See', '“', 'Traité', 'pratique', 'de', 'Filature', 'de', 'la', 'Laine', 'Cardée', 'par', 'Priault', 'and', 'Thomas', ',', '146', '3']

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['149', '(', '205', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'FRAME', 'SPINNING', 'This', 'frame', 'probably', 'does', 'not', 'represent', 'the', 'last', 'word', 'on', 'this', 'problem', ',', 'but', 'it', 'represents', 'the', 'most', 'im-', 'portant', 'step', 'taken', 'so', 'far', 'in', 'the', 'solution', 'of', 'the', 'fascinating', 'basic', 'problem', 'here', 'involved.', 'In', 'Fig.', '47', 'other', 'forms', 'of', '“', 'twizzle', '"', 'which', 'have', 'been', 'tried', 'on', 'the', 'Continent', 'are', 'illustrated', ',', 'The', 'Drury Direct Spinning Frame', 'This', 'was', 'an', 'attachment', 'to', 'the', 'condenser', ',', 'and', ',', 'as', 'a', 'consequence', ',', 'its', 'output', 'was', 'limited', 'to', 'the', 'output', 'of', 'the', 'card.', 'Briefly', 'it', 'consisted', 'of', 'two', 'endless', 'bands', 'between', 'which', 'twist', 'was', 'supposed', 'to', 'be', 'rubbed', 'into', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver.', 'A', '"', 'free-end', '"', 'was', 'supposed', 'to', 'be', 'obtained', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'a', 'needle-point', 'acting', 'with', 'the', 'rubbing-bands', 'just', 'as', 'the', 'sliver', 'left', 'the', 'rings', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', 'The', 'yarn', 'pro-', 'duced', 'on', 'this', 'frame', ',', 'however', ',', 'was', 'so', 'weak', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'obvious', 'that', 'very', 'little', 'twist', 'was', 'ever', 'inserted.', 'Yarns', 'up', 'to', '1,500', 'yd.', 'to', 'the', 'lb.', 'were', 'said', 'to', 'be', 'satisfactorily', 'produced', 'on', 'this', 'frame', 'Perhaps', 'the', 'criticism', 'should', 'also', 'be', 'suggested', 'that', 'at', 'the', 'best', 'the', 'product', 'was', 'only', 'a“', 'twisted', 'condensed', 'sliver”', 'and', 'not', 'a', 'spun', 'thread.', '"', 'Relative', 'Production', 'of', "Platt's Frame", 'and', 'Mule', 'with', 'Respective', 'Costings.', 'The', 'following', 'calculations', 'and', 'the', 'graphs', '(', 'Figs.', '48', 'to', '51', ')', 'give', 'the', 'bases', 'of', 'calcula-', 'tion', 'for', 'both', 'productions', 'and', 'costings.', 'For', 'the', 'frame', 'the', 'calculation', 'for', 'production', 'is', 'very', 'simple.', 'If', 'the', 'spindles', 'run', 'at', '3,000', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'and', 'a', 'twist', 'angle', 'of', '25°', '(', '2', 'turns', 'per', '1', 'in.', 'for', 'I', 'skein', ')', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'a', 'basis', 'for', 'twist', 'throughout', ',', 'then', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands', ':', '-', 'For', 'i', 'skein', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '.', '3,000', 'X', '60', '2', 'X', '36', 'X', 'I', 'X', '256', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour.', 'This', 'calculation', 'is', 'exceedingly', 'simple', 'and', 'will', 'cause', 'no', 'one', 'any', 'trouble.', 'But', 'this', 'is', 'the', 'calculation', 'for', 'I', 'skein', 'only.', 'Apply', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'exaggeration', 'and', '9.76', 'lb.', '149']

[[48, 48, 'Textile Machinery'], [61, 61, 'Textile Machinery'], [68, 68, 'Textile Machinery'], [132, 132, 'Textile Machinery'], [139, 139, 'Textile Machinery'], [173, 173, 'Textile Machinery'], [202, 202, 'Textile Machinery'], [204, 204, 'Textile Machinery'], [243, 243, 'Textile Machinery'], [299, 299, 'Textile Machinery']]

['150', '(', '206', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'by', 'this', 'means', 'find', 'the', 'difficulties.', 'What', 'will', 'be', 'the', 'weight', 'produced', 'of', '80', 'skeins', '?', 'Careful', 'consideration', 'will', 'reveal', 'three', 'disturbing', 'influences', ',', 'all', 'of', 'which', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', ':', '-', 'I.', 'As', '80', 'skeins', 'is', 'only', 'fő', 'the', 'weight', 'of', 'I', 'skein', 'length', 'for', 'length', ',', 'then', ',', 'even', 'if', 'the', 'length', 'production', 'of', 'the', 'frame', 'be', 'maintained', ',', 'the', 'weight', 'production', 'will', 'fall', 'in', 'the', 'proportion', '1', 'of', ':', 'As', '80', ':', '1', '2.', 'But', 'the', 'length', 'production', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'maintained', 'as', 'the', 'twist', 'for', '80', 'skeins', 'is', '18', '(', '259', ')', 'as', 'against', '2', '(', '25°', ')', 'for', 'i', 'skein.', 'Therefore', ',', 'the', 'delivery', 'I', '.', 'will', 'be', 'reduced', '(', 'as', 'spindle', 'speed', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'increased', ')', 'in', 'this', 'proportion', 'and', ',', 'as', 'a', 'result', ',', 'the', 'weight', 'production', 'will', 'again', 'fall', 'in', 'the', 'proportion', 'of', ':', 'As', '18:2', 'On', 'similar', 'lines', 'to', 'the', 'example', 'given', 'for', 'I', 'skein', 'the', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', 'for', '5', ',', '10', ',', '20', 'and', '80', 'skeins', ',', 'also', 'taking', 'into', 'account', 'the', 'relative', 'twist', ',', 'are', 'plotted', 'in', 'Fig.', '48', '(', 'a', ')', '.', '3.', 'The', 'third', 'factor', 'is', 'still', 'more', 'difficult', 'to', 'tackle-', 'the', 'doffing', 'time', 'allowance', 'varies', 'in', 'proportion', 'to', 'the', 'skeins', 'spun.', 'Thus', 'if', 'each', 'bobbin', 'holds', '$', 'of', '1', 'lb.', ',', 'then', 'I', 'doffing', 'of', 'i', 'skein', 'will', 'take', '256', 'X', '1', 'X', '•125', 'X', '36', 'X', '2', '•77', 'of', 'a', 'minute', '3000', 'to', 'spin.', 'Now', 'if', '15', 'minutes', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'doffing', 'time', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'calculation', 'stands', ':', '-', 'Time', 'for', 'spinning', 'i', 'skein', '•77', 'min.', '(', 'T', ')', 'Time', 'for', 'doffing', 'I', 'skein', '15.00', 'min.', '(', 'DT', ')', '15•77', 'mins.', 'Time', 'for', 'spinning', 'I', 'set', 'of', '1', 'skein', 'Thus', 'the', 'theoretical', 'calculated', 'production', 'of', 'the', 'frame', 'will', 'have', 'to', 'be', 'considerably', 'reduced', ',', 'as', 'follows', ':', ':', '150']

[[67, 67, 'Textile Machinery'], [220, 220, 'Textile Machinery'], [304, 304, 'Textile Machinery']]

['151', '(', '207', ')', 'WOOLLEN FRAME', 'SPINNING', '1', '1', '-', 'I', 'skein', ':', '3000', 'x', '60', '2', 'X', '36', 'X', 'I', 'X', '256', '9.76', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'theoretical', 'production', 'of', 'i', 'skein.', 'Then', 'to', 'allow', 'for', 'doffing', ':', '-', 'As', '(', '15', '+', '•77', ')', ':', '77', ':', ':', '9.7', ':', 'x=', '.474', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'actual', 'production', 'of', 'i', 'skein.', 'Now', 'take', 'the', '80', 'skeins', 'and', 'deal', 'with', 'it', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'way.', 'Thus', 'if', 'each', 'bobbin', 'holds', 'f', 'of', '1', 'lb.', ',', 'then', 'I', 'doffing', 'of', '80', 'skeins', 'will', 'take', '553', 'minutes', 'to', 'spin.', 'Now', 'if', '15', 'minutes', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'the', 'doffing', 'time', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands', ':', '-', 'Time', 'for', 'spinning', '80', 'skeins', '553', 'mins.', '(', 'T', ')', 'Time', 'for', 'doffing', '80', 'skeins', '15.0', 'mins.', '(', 'DT', ')', 'Time', 'for', 'doffing', 'I', 'set', 'of', '80', 'skeins', '568.0', 'mins.', 'Thus', 'the', 'theoretical', 'calculated', 'production', 'of', 'the', 'frame', 'will', 'have', 'to', 'be', 'reduced', 'as', 'follows', ':', ':', '80', 'skeins', ':', '3000', 'x', '60', '18', 'x', '36', 'x', '80', 'x', '256', '=', '.0135', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'theoretical', 'production', 'for', '80', 'skeins', 'with', '18', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', 'Then', 'to', 'allow', 'for', 'doffing', 'As', '(', '15', '+', '553', ')', ':', '553', ':', ':', '.0135', ':', '*=.', '0131', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'actual', 'production', 'of', '80', 'skeins.', 'On', 'similar', 'lines', 'the', 'calculations', 'for', '5', ',', '10', ',', '20', 'and', '40', 'skeins', 'have', 'been', 'worked', 'out', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'plotted', '(', 'Fig.', '48', '(', 'b', ')', ')', '.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noticed', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'last', 'calcula-', 'tion', 'all', 'three', 'factors-skeins', ',', 'twist', 'and', 'time', 'for', 'doffing', '--', '-affecting', 'output', 'are', 'taken', 'into', 'account.', 'Two', 'minor', 'factors—waste', 'and', 'accidental', 'stoppage', 'or', 'slower', 'running-are', 'ignored.', 'For', 'the', 'mule', 'the', 'calculation', 'is', 'based', 'upon', 'three', 'draws', 'per', 'minute', ',', 'the', 'draw', 'being', '2', 'yards', '(', '72', 'in.', 'from', 'tip', 'of', 'spindle', ',', '“in”', 'to', 'tip', 'of', 'spindle', ',', '“out', '"', 'after', 'the', 'slight', 'draw-in', '"', '_jacking-up', ')', '.', 'The', 'method', 'of', 'pro-', '1', '151']

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['152', '(', '208', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'cedure', 'here', 'will', 'be', 'exactly', 'the', 'same', 'as', 'for', 'the', 'frame', ',', 'based', 'upon', 'i', 'skein', ',', 'viz.', ':', '–', '1.', 'Calculate', 'theoretical', 'production', ';', '2.', 'Reduce', '(', 'or', 'increase', ')', 'production', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'skeins', 'change', ';', '3.', 'Reduce', '(', 'or', 'increase', ')', 'production', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'twist', 'change', ';', '4.', 'Modify', 'results', '2', 'and', '3', 'combined', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'relative', 'times', 'of', 'actual', 'spinning', 'and', 'doffing', 'for', 'the', 'respective', 'counts', 'and', 'twist.', '1.', 'For', 'I', 'skein', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '3', 'X', '2', 'X', '60', 'I', 'skein', 'x', '256', '=', '1.4', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', 'per', 'spindle', '2.', 'On', 'similar', 'lines', 'the', 'calculations', 'for', '5', ',', '10', ',', '20', ',', '40', 'and', '80', 'skeins', 'have', 'been', 'worked', 'out', 'for', 'skeins', 'change', 'only', ',', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'plotted', '(', 'Fig.', '49', '(', 'a', ')', ')', '.', '3.', 'But', 'this', 'is', 'on', 'the', 'supposition', 'that', 'the', 'extra', 'twist', 'required', 'for', 'the', 'increasingly', 'fine', 'skeins', 'can', 'be', 'obtained', 'by', 'extra', 'spindle-speed', ',', 'and', 'this', 'is', 'only', 'so', 'up', 'to', 'about', '20', 'skeins', ',', 'when', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'limit', 'of', 'spindle-', 'speed', 'having', 'been', 'reached', 'the', 'carriage', 'must', 'remain', 'out', 'longer', 'during', 'the', '"', 'double-speed', '”', 'period.', 'To', 'illustrate', 'the', 'influence', 'of', 'twist', 'only', 'the', 'following', 'calculations', 'are', 'made', 'on', 'the', 'supposition', 'that', 'in', 'spinning', 'i', 'skein', 'the', 'spindles', 'are', 'running', 'at', 'their', 'maximum', 'speed', 'with', 'the', 'carriage', 'making', '3', 'draws', 'per', 'minute', ':', '-', 'For', '1', 'skein', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '3', 'X', '2', 'X', '60', '=', "I'4", 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', '256', 'per', 'spindle', 'For', '5', 'skeins', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '3', 'X', '2', 'x', '60', 'x', '2', '(', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', 'for', '1', 'skein', ')', '=', '.62*lb.', '256', 'x', '45', '(', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', 'for', '5', 'skeins', ')', 'per', 'hour.', '*', 'Not', 'strictly', 'correct', 'because', 'spindle-speed', 'is', 'not', 'effective', 'during', 'the', 'running-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'Thus', 'if', 'the', 'time', 'taken', 'is', 't', 'of', 'a', 'period', 'for', 'outward-draw', 'and', '7', 'of', 'a', 'period', 'for', 'inward-run', ',', 'then', 't', 'of', '45', '2', '152']

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['153', '(', '209', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'FRAME', 'SPINNING', 'lb.', 'per', 'On', 'similar', 'lines', 'the', 'calculations', 'for', '10', ',', '20', ',', '40', 'and', '80', 'skeins', 'twists', 'have', 'been', 'worked', 'out', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'plotted', '(', 'Fig.', '49', '(', 'b', ')', ')', '.', 'But', 'this', 'is', 'on', 'the', 'supposition', 'that', 'I', 'skein', 'is', 'being', 'spun', 'throughout', 'and', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'retarded', 'to', 'enable', 'the', 'spindles', ',', 'running', 'at', 'a', 'con-', 'stant', 'speed', ',', 'to', 'put', 'in', 'the', 'twist.', 'Thus', 'in', 'putting', 'in', 'the', 'standard', 'twist', 'and', 'also', 'calculating', 'for', '80', 'skeins', 'the', 'draws', 'per', 'minute', 'will', 'be', ':', '.0019', 'hour', 'x', '80', 'sk.', 'X', '256', '60', 'minutes', 'x', '2', 'yd.', 'per', 'draw', "='324", 'draws', 'per', 'minute.', 'An', 'attempt', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'made', 'to', 'include', 'both', 'skein', 'changes', 'and', 'twist', 'changes', ',', 'and', 'instead', 'of', 'taking', 'I', 'skein', 'as', 'a', 'basis', '(', 'as', 'in', 'a', 'and', 'b', ')', '20', 'skeins', 'is', 'taken', 'as', 'the', 'basis.', 'Thus', ':', 'For', '20', 'skeins', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '3х2х', 'бо', 'ху*', '=', '.0703', 'lb.', 'per', 'hr.', '20', 'X', '256', 'x', '9', 'For', '10', 'skeins', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '3', 'x2', 'x', 'бо', 'х9', '•1950', 'lb.', 'per', '10', 'X', '256', 'X', '6.5', 'hour.', 'For', '40', 'skeins', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '3', 'х', '2', 'х', 'бо', 'х9', '=', '.0244', 'lb.', 'per', '40', 'X', '256', 'X', '13', 'hour.', 'Thus', 'less', 'twist', 'tends', 'to', 'increase', 'output', 'and', 'more', 'twist', 'to', 'decrease', 'output.', 'On', 'similar', 'lines', 'the', 'calculations', 'are', 'made', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'graphed', 'for', '5', 'skeins', 'to', '80', 'skeins', 'and', 'graphed', 'in', '5', 'Fig.', '50', '(', 'a', ')', '.', 'For', 'i', 'skein', 'under', 'these', 'conditions', 'the', 'mule', 'would', 'be', 'making', '-', '6.3', 'X', 'I', 'X', '256', '=', '13:44', 'draws', 'per', 'minute.', '2', 'X', '60', 'will', 'represent', 'the', 'twist', 'influence.', 'But', ',', 'again', ',', 'drafting-speed', 'and', 'double-speed', 'of', 'spindles', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account.', 'These', 'complexities', 'perhaps', 'explain', 'why', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'tendency', 'to', 'control', 'mule', 'spinning', 'by', 'time-calculations.', '"', '*', 'The', 'spindle', 'speed', 'here', '1944', 'revs.', 'per', 'minute.', 'It', 'is', 'thus', 'obvious', 'that', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'and', 'not', 'the', 'revs.', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'is', 'here', 'the', 'limiting', 'factor.', '9', ')', '153']

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