Datasets:

max-long

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textiles_ner_json

like 0

['vii', '(#11)', '#############################################', 'PREFACE', 'C', 'example', 'of', 'this', 'is', 'given', 'in', 'the', 'speeding', 'of', 'the', 'worker.', 'Here', 'there', 'are', 'three', 'possibilities', ':-', 'Ist,', 'Worker', 'to', 'be', 'stationary', ';', '2nd,', 'Worker', 'to', 'run', 'with', 'the', 'swift', ';', '3rd,', 'Worker', 'to', 'run', 'against', 'the', 'swift.', 'Now,', 'seeing', 'that', 'efficient', 'carding', 'is', 'in', 'part', 'depen-', 'dent', 'upon', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'swift', 'and', 'worker', 'surfaces', 'act-', 'ing', 'upon', '(i.e.,', 'passing)', 'one', 'another,', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'obvious', 'that', 'if', 'instead', 'of', 'the', 'worker', 'retreating', 'from', 'the', 'swift', 'it', 'advances', 'towards', 'it,', 'then', 'the', 'surface', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'may', 'be', 'reduced', 'just', 'in', 'proportion', 'to', 'the', 'increase', 'in', 'surface', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'worker.', 'And', 'if', 'the', 'surface', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'is', 'reduced,', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'fancy', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'reduced', 'and', 'thus', 'possible', '"', 'throwing', '”', 'elimi-', 'nated.', 'But', 'if', 'a', 'less', 'carrying', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'passes', 'the', 'doffer,', 'less', 'wool', 'will', 'be', 'passed', 'through', 'the', 'card', 'unless', 'the', 'swift', 'be', 'more', 'heavily', 'charged', ':', 'and', 'if', 'the', 'swift', 'be', 'more', 'heavily', 'charged,', 'then,', 'will', 'the', 'workers', 'act', 'successfully', 'and', 'will', 'the', 'fancy', '"lift', '”', 'the', 'heavier', 'load', '?', 'All', 'these', 'points', 'and', 'many', 'more', 'are', 'raised', 'by', 'the', 'mere', 'clear', 'statement', 'of', 'the', 'three', 'possibilities', 'of', 'running', 'the', 'workers', 'in', 'a', 'card', '!', 'Similarly', 'the', 'speeding', 'of', 'a', 'porcupine', 'in', 'a', 'French', 'drawing-box', 'may', 'be', 'considered', 'under', 'the', 'three', 'possibilities', ':-', 'Ist,', 'Running', 'slower', 'than', 'the', 'back', 'rollers;', '2nd,', 'Running', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'speed', 'as', 'the', 'back', 'rollers;', '3rd,', 'Running', 'quicker', 'than', 'the', 'back', 'rollers.', 'vii']

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['viii', '(#12)', '############################################', 'PREFAGE', 'Here,', 'however,', 'the', 'question', 'also', 'arises', 'as', 'to', 'whether', 'the', 'porcupine', 'should', 'be', 'speeded', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'back', 'or', 'of', 'the', 'front', 'rollers', 'and', 'further,', 'which', 'is', 'the', 'circum-', 'ference', 'of', 'the', 'porcupine', 'which', 'should', 'be', 'so', 'speeded.', 'A', 'quite', 'different', 'problem,', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'treated', 'in', 'a', 'similar', 'manner,', 'is', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'top', 'carrier', 'roller', 'in', 'a', 'drawing-box', 'or', 'spinning', 'frame.', 'This', 'may', 'be', ':-', 'Ist,', 'Inclined', 'towards', 'the', 'front', 'rollers', ';', '2nd,', 'Carried', 'perpendicularly', 'over', 'the', 'lower', 'carrier', 'roller', ';', 'or', '3rd,', 'Inclined', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'front', 'rollers.', 'Another', 'problem,', 'of', 'more', 'than', 'ordinary', 'interest', 'just', 'at', 'the', 'present', 'moment,', 'is', 'the', 'insertion', 'of', 'twist', 'into', 'two', 'and', 'manifold', 'yarns.', 'This', 'may', 'be', 'effected', 'by', ':-', 'Ist,', 'Rotating', 'the', 'double', 'or', 'multiple', 'thread', 'carrier', ';', '2nd,', 'Rotating', 'the', 'twisted', 'thread', 'carrier;', 'or', '3rd,', 'Rotating', 'both', 'carriers', '(Ist', 'and', '2nd', 'methods', 'combined).', 'The', 'industry', 'had', 'become', 'so', 'accustomed', 'to', 'the', 'end', 'method', 'that', 'it', 'received', 'a', 'sudden', 'shock', 'when', 'the', 'ist', 'method', 'was', 'adopted', 'in', 'the', 'new', '“Climax"', 'Twisting', 'and', 'Cheese-winding', 'Frame.', 'This', 'book', 'is', 'specially', 'designed', 'to', 'develop', 'the', 'critical', 'outlook', 'and', 'comprehensive', 'habit', 'of', 'thought', 'illustrated', 'by', 'the', 'foregoing', 'examples.', 'viii']

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['xi', '(#15)', '##############################################', 'ACKNOWLEDGMENTS', 'It', 'would', 'not', 'be', 'seemly', 'to', 'publish', 'this', 'work', 'without', 'due', 'acknowledgment', 'to', 'the', 'Worshipful', 'Company', 'of', 'Clothworkers', 'of', 'the', 'City', 'of', 'London,', 'who,', 'through', 'the', 'excellently', 'equipped', 'Textile', 'Industries', 'Department', 'of', 'the', 'University', 'of', 'Leeds,', 'has', 'provided', 'the', 'opportunity', 'for', 'developing,', 'revising', 'and', 'testing', 'so', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'work', 'included', 'in', 'this', 'volume.', 'My', 'personal', 'thanks', 'are', 'also', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'following:-', 'Dr.', 'S.', 'Brodetsky,', 'for', 'permission', 'to', 'use', 'the', 'Nomo-', 'grams', 'included', 'in', 'this', 'work', 'and', 'for', 'advice', 'upon', 'the', 'mathematical', 'section.', 'Mr.', 'G.', 'Hollis,', 'for', 'looking', 'through', 'certain', 'of', 'the', 'chapters', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Spinning', 'Section.', 'Mr.', 'E.', 'Priestley,', 'for', 'looking', 'through', 'certain', 'of', 'the', 'chapters', 'in', 'the', 'Worsted', 'Drawing', 'and', 'Spinning', 'Section.', 'Mr.', 'Henry', 'Wilkinson,', 'for', 'the', 'formula', 'linking', 'up', 'the', 'quality', 'and', 'diameters', 'of', 'wool', 'fibres,', 'and', 'for', 'other', 'useful', 'revisions', 'and', 'suggestions.', 'Mr.', 'Ellis', 'Foster,', 'for', 'useful', 'criticism', 'of', 'the', 'data', 'referring', 'to', 'sets', 'of', 'worsted', 'machinery,', 'and', 'also', 'for', 'certain', 'details', 'respecting', 'sets', 'of', 'machinery.', 'Mr.', 'N.', 'R.', 'Newsholme,', 'for', 'suggestions', 'and', 'particu-', 'lars', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'mechanical', 'doffing.', 'Mr.', 'R.', 'C.', 'Taylor,', 'for', 'supplying', 'his', 'own', 'and', 'the', 'late', 'Mr.', "Auty's", 'notes', 'on', '"Carding."', '.', 'Mr.', 'S.', 'Smith,', 'for', 'notes', 'on', '"Carding."', 'Mr.', 'W.', 'E.', 'King,', 'for', 'constructing', 'the', 'diagram', 'illustrating', 'the', 'angle', 'of', 'twist', 'in', 'yarns.', '1']

[[155, 156, 'Textile Machine']]

['xii', '(#16)', '#############################################', 'ACKNOWLEDGMENTS', 'Mr.', 'H.', 'Hardy,', 'for', 'useful', 'particulars', 'respecting', 'woollen', 'blends.', 'Mr.', 'J.', 'F.', 'White,', 'for', 'useful', 'details', 'respecting', 'the', 'Blending', 'Room', 'and', 'Conveyer', 'Tubes.', 'To', 'Messrs.', 'Foster', 'Pickles,', 'C.', 'P.', 'Hamond,', 'R.', 'Oversby,', 'G.', 'I.', 'Foreman,', 'A.', 'F.', 'B.', 'Barker,', 'K.', 'C.', 'Barker,', 'and', 'others', 'for', 'useful', 'assistance', 'in', 'preparing', 'the', 'diagrams,', 'etc.,', 'illustrating', 'the', 'text.', 'To', 'Messrs.', 'Wm.', 'Lupton', '&', 'Sons,', 'Platt', 'Bros.', '&', 'Co.,', 'Ltd.,', 'Asa', 'Lees', '&', 'Co.,', 'Ltd.,', 'Wm.', 'Whiteley', '&', 'Sons,', 'Ltd.,', 'Prince', 'Smith', '&', 'Sons,', 'Hall', '&', 'Stell,', 'N.', 'Schlumberger', 'et', 'Cie.,', 'The', 'Universal', 'Winding', 'Co.,', 'Joseph', 'Stubbs', '&', 'Co.,', 'The', 'Chadwick', 'Machine', 'Company,', 'Ltd.,', 'and', 'to', 'many', 'other', 'firms', 'who', 'directly', 'or', 'indirectly', 'have', 'provided', 'examples', 'or', 'illustrations.', 'To', 'the', 'Woollen', 'and', 'Worsted', 'Trades', 'Federation', 'for', 'suggestions', 'gained', 'from', 'their', 'two', 'interesting', 'publica-', 'tions.', 'To', 'the', 'British', 'Research', 'Association', 'for', 'the', 'par-', 'ticulars', 'respecting', 'the', 'Electrification', 'of', 'Fibres', 'and', 'Strains', 'in', 'Yarns,', 'the', 'work', 'of', 'Dr.', 'S.', 'A.', 'Shorter', 'and', 'Mr.', 'W.', 'Harrison.', 'Last,', 'but', 'not', 'least,', 'the', "author's", 'thanks', 'are', 'due', 'to', 'Mr.', 'Arthur', 'Fish,', 'representing', 'Messrs.', 'Cassell', '&', 'Co.,', 'for', 'the', 'kind', 'consideration', 'and', 'patience', 'exercised', 'in', 'seeing', 'the', 'book', 'through', 'the', 'press;', 'and', 'to', 'Messrs.', 'Cassell', '&', 'Co.,', 'for', 'the', 'liberality', 'with', 'which', 'they', 'have', 'responded', 'to', 'the', 'somewhat', 'serious', 'demands', 'of', 'the', 'author', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'the', 'text', 'and,', 'more', 'particularly,', 'with', 'refer-', 'ence', 'to', 'the', 'illustrations', 'which', 'markedly', 'add', 'to', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'this', 'publication.', 'A.', 'F.', 'B.', '24th', 'July,', '1922.', 'xii']

[[22, 23, 'Textile Machine Part'], [25, 26, 'Textile Machine Part']]

['xiii', '(#17)', '############################################', 'CONTENTS', 'CHAPTER', 'PAGE', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.', 'I.', 'THE', 'RAW', 'MATERIALS', 'OF', 'THE', 'WOOLLEN', 'IN-', 'DUSTRY-BLENDING', 'I', '2.', 'WOOLLEN', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', '34', '3.', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', '.', '105', '4.', 'WOOLLEN', 'FRAME', 'SPINNING-TWISTING-', 'WINDING-FANCY', 'YARN', 'PRODUCTION', '141', '5.', 'SETS', 'OF', 'WOOLLEN', 'MACHINES—WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'COSTING', '164', '6.', 'THE', 'BASIC', 'PRINCIPLES', 'INVOLVED', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', '172', '7.', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES—THE', 'CLOTH-', 'ING', 'OF', 'BASIC', 'PRINCIPLES', '192', '8.', 'THE', 'STUDY', 'OF', 'THE', 'VARIOUS', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'WOR-', 'STED', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '213', '9.', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING-PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRAC-', 'TICE', '233', '10.', 'COLOURED', 'YARN', 'PRODUCTION_MELANGES,', 'MIXTURES', 'AND', 'TWISTS', ':', '261', 'II.', 'SETS', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'AND', 'SPINNING', 'MACHINERY', '-CALCULATIONS', 'FOR', 'OUTPUT', '.', '271', '12.', 'TWISTING', 'THEORIES', 'AND', 'SPINNING', 'AND', 'TWISTING', 'PRACTICE', '289', '13.', 'PROCESSES', 'SUBSEQUENT', 'TO', 'TWISTING', '.', '307', '14.', 'THE', 'TESTING', 'OF', 'WOOLS,', 'TOPS', 'AND', 'YARNS,', 'AND', 'EXPERIMENTAL', 'TESTING', 'APPARATUS', '15.', 'DEFECTS', 'IN', 'RAW', 'MATERIALS,', 'TOPS', 'AND', 'YARNS', '324', 'APPENDIX', ':', 'OILS', 'AND', 'THE', 'OILING', 'OF', 'WOOL', '338', 'INDEX', '341', '.', '318', 'xiii']

[[59, 61, 'Textile Machine']]

['xiv', '(#18)', '#############################################', 'LIST', 'OF', 'PLATES', 'FIG.', 'FACING', 'PAGE', '4', '5', '2.', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'IO', 'II', '.', '12', '.', '1.', 'English', 'and', 'Botany', 'Noils', 'ia.', 'Analysis', 'of', '(1)', "50's", 'Prepared', 'Noil;', '(2)', "56's", 'Carded', 'Noil', ';', '(3)', 'Moderate', 'Rough', 'Peruvian', 'Cotton', 'Woollen', 'Cloths', 'and', 'Stocking', 'Samples', 'from', 'which', 'Re-manufactured', 'Materials', 'are', 'Produced', '3.', 'The', 'Re-manufactured', 'Materials', 'Cottons', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Industry', '4a.', 'Micrographs', 'of', 'Cotton', 'Fibres', '4b.', 'Cotton', 'Wastes', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Industry', '5.', 'Special', 'Materials', 'occasionally', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'Woollen', 'Industry', '6.', 'Micrographs', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Condensed', 'Sliver', 'and', 'Worsted', 'Roving', '8a.', 'The', 'Willow', 'or', 'Willey', '8b.', 'Fearnought', 'or', 'Tenterhook', 'Teaser', '8c.', 'Opener', 'with', 'Conveyer', 'attached', '9.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Modern', 'Blending', 'Room', 'Ioa.', 'Woollen', 'Yarn', 'Productions', ':', 'Range', 'of', 'Processes', 'Samples', 'II.', 'Automatic', 'Hopper', 'Feed', '12.', "Blamire's", 'Lap', 'Forming', 'Intermediate', 'Feed', '13.', 'Ball', 'and', 'Creel', 'Intermediate', 'Feed', '.', '14.', 'Carding', 'Shed,', 'showing', '“Scotch"', 'Feed', '.', '148.', 'Band-film', 'Intermediate', 'Feed', '16a.', 'Carding', 'Surfaces', '(Enlarged', 'about', '10', 'times)', '.', '30', '31', '32', '32', '.', '.', '.', '40', '41', '44', '.', '45', '46', '47', '1', '.', '56', 'xiv']

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['xv', '(#19)', '##############################################', 'LIST', 'OF', 'PLATES', 'FIG.', 'FACING', 'PAGE', '58', '58', '76', '.', '.', '98', '98', '99', '•', '.', '18.', 'The', 'Single', 'Ring-Doffer', 'Condenser', '19.', 'The', 'Double', 'Doffer', 'Condenser', '21a.', 'Four-tier', 'Tape', 'Condenser', '62', '29.', 'Types', 'of', 'Card', 'Clothing', '.', '33.', 'Box', 'Bend', 'with', 'Wrought-iron', 'Standards', 'and', 'Brass', 'Steps', 'for', 'the', 'Workers', 'and', 'Strippers', '33a.', 'Flat', 'Bend', 'with', 'Inner', 'Flange', 'fitting', 'close', 'to', 'Cylinder,', 'Compound', 'Brackets', 'and', '"', "Swivel'", 'Bushes,', 'for', 'Carding', 'Engine', 'with', 'Outside', 'Driving', '34.', 'Micrographs', 'illustrating', 'Card-wires', 'under', 'different', 'conditions', '35.', 'Hand-spinning', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Yarn', '106', '35a.', 'Twisting', 'Position', '107', '35b.', 'Winding-on', 'Position', '107', '46.', "Platt's", 'Ring', 'Spinning', 'Frame', 'for', 'Woollen.', '142', '52.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Modern', 'Woollen', 'Mill', '(American', 'System)', '164', '53.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Mill', '(English', 'System)', '166', '53a.', 'Blending', 'Room', 'in', 'a', 'Woollen', 'Mill', '168', '53b.', 'Carding', 'Room', '(Condensing)', 'in', 'a', 'Woollen', 'Mill.', '168', '53C.', 'Woollen', 'Spinning', ':', 'Mule', 'Room', '56.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Four-head', 'Gill-box', '194', '57.', 'Plan', 'of', 'O.P.S.', 'Gill-box', '196', '59.', 'Section', 'of', 'the', 'Intersecting', 'Gill-box', '.', '60.', 'Automatic', 'Bobbin', 'Weighing', 'Machine', '(50', 'lbs.).', '204', '62.', 'Plan', 'of', 'First', 'French', 'Drawing', 'box', '.', '208', '63.', 'Plan', 'of', 'Finisher', 'French', 'Drawing-box', '69.}', 'Plan', 'and', 'Elevation', 'of', 'Flyer', 'Spinning', 'Frame', '·', '244', 'буа', '70.', 'Illustrating', 'Cap', 'Shapes', '.', '248', '71.', 'Illustrating', 'Types', 'of', 'Spool,', 'Tube', 'and', 'Bobbin', 'Build', '248', '•', '169', '.', '.', '202', '.', '210', '.', 'XV']

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['xvi', '(#20)', '#############################################', 'LIST', 'OF', 'PLATES', 'FIG.', 'PAGE', '.', '.', '.', '266', '.', '.', '.', '73.', 'The', 'Arnold-Forster', 'Mechanical', 'Flyer', 'Doffer', '252', '76.', 'Section', 'of', 'the', 'Schlumberger', 'Worsted', 'Mule', '260', '77', 'Diagrams', 'illustrating', 'a', 'Scheme', 'for', 'Mixing', 'Three', 's', '77a', 'Colours', 'in', 'Varying', 'Proportions', '264,', '265', '78.', 'The', 'Methods', 'of', 'Arranging', 'Graded', 'Ranges', 'of', 'Colours', '80.', 'The', 'Effect', 'of', 'Varying', 'the', 'Number', 'of', 'Turns', 'per', 'inch', 'in', "2/24's", 'Worsted', 'Yarn', '270', 'Plan', 'Illustrating', '4', 'Sets', 'of', 'Open', 'Drawing', 'and', 'Cap', 'Spinning', 'and', 'Twisting', '.', '286', '87.', "2/24's", 'Botany', 'Yarn', 'Twists', '294', '88.', 'Dr.', "Brodetsky's", 'Nomogram', 'for', 'Angle', 'of', 'Twist', 'and', 'Turns', 'per', 'inch', '296', '91.', "Avery's", 'Spool', 'Counting', 'by', 'Weighing', 'Machine', '.', '310', '92.', 'Pirn', 'Winder', '95.', 'Extension', 'Testing', 'Machine', '96.', 'Extensometer', 'designed', 'by', 'Percy', 'J.', 'Neate,', 'Esq.', '319', '.', '.', '311', '318', 'xvi']

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['2', '(#22)', '###############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'will', 'be', 'one', 'of', 'fibre', 'arrangement.', 'The', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'is', 'based', 'upon', 'the', 'free', 'and', 'perfect', 'mixing', 'up', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'fibres', 'composing', 'the', 'thread.', 'The', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'is', 'based', 'upon', 'the', 'parallelizing', 'and', 'constraining', 'into', 'a', 'direction', 'parallel', 'with', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'thread', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'fibres', 'composing', 'the', 'thread.', 'To', 'produce', 'a', 'perfect', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'it', 'necessarily', 'follows', 'that', 'all', 'short', 'fibres', 'which', 'would', 'be', 'out', 'of', 'control', 'must', 'be', 'removed,', 'and', 'that', 'the', 'most', 'perfect', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'will', 'be', 'spun', 'from', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'fibres', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'length—hence', 'the', 'neces-', 'sity', 'of', 'the', '“combing,”', 'which', 'effects', 'the', 'two-fold', 'object', 'of', '“averaging', 'up”', 'the', 'fibre', 'lengths', 'by', 'the', 'extrac-', 'tion', 'of', 'the', 'short', 'fibres', 'or', '“noil,”', 'and', 'of', '"straightening', 'out"', 'the', 'longer', 'fibres', 'retained', 'as', '“top.”', 'The', '“', 'top', '”', 'only', 'is', 'drawn', 'and', 'spun', 'into', 'worsted', 'yarn.', 'A', 'secondary', 'differentiation', 'between', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'is', 'that', 'of', 'length.', 'It', 'is', 'said', 'that', 'the', 'woollen', 'spinner', 'can', 'spin', 'any', 'fibre', 'which', 'has', 'two', 'ends.', 'On', 'the', 'other', 'hand,', 'it', 'used', 'to', 'be', 'true', 'that', 'the', 'worsted', 'comber', 'and', 'spinner', 'required', 'fibres', 'of', 'at', 'least', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'inches', 'in', 'length.', 'To-day,', 'however,', 'largely', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'skilful', 'development', 'of', 'machinery', 'by', 'the', 'French,', 'wool', 'fibres', 'down', 'to', 'one', 'and', 'a', 'half', 'or', 'two', 'inches', 'may', 'be', 'spun', 'into', 'worsted', 'yarns.', 'As', 'fibres', 'two', 'or', 'three', 'times', 'this', 'length', 'are', 'spun', 'into', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'by', 'the', 'Scottish', 'spinners,', 'it', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'length', 'of', 'fibre', 'alone', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'discrimination', 'between', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'spinning', ';', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'true,', 'nevertheless,', 'that,', 'broadly', 'speaking,', 'the', 'woollen', 'spinner', 'is', 'usually', 'dealing', 'with', 'short', 'fibres', 'and', 'the', 'worsted', 'spinner', 'relatively', 'with', 'long', 'fibres.', 'Thus', 'Clothing', 'Wools', 'are', 'the', 'shorter', 'wools', 'which', 'are', 'more', 'suitable', 'for', 'Woollen', 'than', 'for', 'Worsted', 'manufacturing.', 'а.', 'ឲ្យ', '04', 'Noils.', 'The', 'truth', 'of', 'this', 'last', 'remark', 'is', 'apparent', '2']

[[210, 210, 'Textile Machine']]

['3', '(#23)', '###############################################', 'RAW', 'MATERIALS', 'on', 'considering', 'the', 'second', 'class', 'of', 'materials-Noils.', 'It', 'may', 'be', 'true,', 'as', 'indicated', 'in', '"Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing', '"*', 'that', 'some', 'noils', 'are', 'longer', 'than', 'some', 'combed', 'tops,', 'but', 'this', 'is', 'only', 'so', 'when', 'the', 'noil', 'from', 'a', 'long', 'material--say', 'Lincoln', 'wool-is', 'compared', 'with', 'a', 'very', 'short', 'top-say', 'a', 'French', 'combed', 'top.', 'Broadly,', 'it', 'is', 'true', 'to', 'state', 'that', 'the', 'short-fibred', 'noils', 'from', 'comb-', 'ing', 'form', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'and', 'best', 'raw', 'materials', 'of', 'the', 'woollen', 'industry.', 'In', 'Fig.', 'I', 'standard', 'noils', 'are', 'illustrated,', 'being', 'drawn', 'upon', 'a', 'velvet', 'board', 'with', '-in.', 'spacings.', 'The', 'cross-bred', 'noils,', 'although', 'about', 'the', 'same', 'length', 'as', 'English,', 'may', 'show', 'marked', 'difference', 'in', '"', "quality'", 'as', 'distinct', 'from', 'length.', 'For', 'as', 'Professor', 'J.', 'Cossar', 'Ewart,', 'of', 'Edinburgh', 'University,', 'has', 'shown,', 'there', 'are', 'three', 'types', 'of', 'sheep', ':', '(I)', 'With', 'an', 'under', 'coat', 'of', 'wool', 'and', 'an', 'outer', 'coat', 'of', 'hair.', '(2)', 'With', 'a', 'developed', 'under', 'coat;', 'the', 'outer', 'coat', 'being', 'eliminated.', '(3)', 'With', 'a', 'developed', 'outer', 'coat;', 'the', 'under', 'coat', 'being', 'eliminated.', 'Merino', 'wools', 'come', 'under', '(2),', 'so', 'that', 'any', 'Botany', 'noil', 'from', 'them', 'is', 'simply', 'produced', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'breakage', 'of', 'the', 'fibres-top', 'and', 'noil', 'are', 'of', 'exactly', 'the', 'same', 'quality,"', 'the', 'only', 'difference', 'is', 'in', 'length.', 'On', 'the', 'other', 'hand,', 'such', 'wools', 'as', 'Herdwick', 'and', 'Blackface', 'show', 'two', 'distinct', 'growths', 'coming', 'under', '(1).', 'Thus', 'a', 'Blackface', 'noil', 'is', 'largely', 'composed', 'of', 'fibres', 'of', "50's", 'to', "56's", 'quality,', 'while', 'the', 'top', 'may', 'be', 'only', "28's", 'or', "32's", 'quality.', 'The', 'different', 'fulling', 'properties', 'of', 'noils', 'coming', 'from', 'the', 'crisper', 'English', 'wools', 'as', 'against', 'the', 'soft', 'noils', 'coming', 'from', 'Merino', 'cross', 'wools', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'specially', 'into', 'account.', 'Felt', 'makers', 'are', 'well', 'aware', 'of', 'these', 'differences.', '*', 'Pp.', '80', 'and', '85.', 'а.', 'а.', '3']

[]

['7', '(#31)', '###############################################', 'Fig.', '3.-', 'List', 'of', 'Re-manufactured', 'Samples', '(t-in.', 'spacings)', '2', 'Sample', 'No.', 'I', 'Light', 'Steel', 'Stockings', 'Carbonized', 'Pink', 'Stockings', 'Carbonized', '3', 'Blue', 'Grey', 'Stockings', '4', 'Pulled', 'Black', 'Stockings', '5', 'New', 'Pulled', 'Waste', '6', 'Sample', 'of', 'Blue', 'Serge', 'clippings', 'opened', 'on', 'machine', 'with', '4', 'swifts', '7', 'Sample', 'of', 'Dress', 'Goods', 'rags,', 'Pulled', 'on', 'rag', 'machine', 'and', 'Garnett', 'machine', 'with', '2', 'swifts', '8', 'Silk', 'and', 'Cotton', 'Pulled', 'Waste', '9', 'Pulled', 'Berlins', 'Loom', 'Flyings', 'II', 'Raising', 'Flocks', '12', 'Cutting', 'Flocks', 'IO', '7']

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['12', '(#40)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'are', 'given,', 'from', 'which,', 'by', 'careful', 'comparison,', 'the', 'requirements', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'series', 'of', 'processes', 'and', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'the', 'foregoing', 'materials', 'to', 'the', 'woollen', 'manufacturer', 'may', 'be', 'realized.', '*', '*', '*', '(C', 'Blending.-As', 'preparatory', 'to', 'blending', 'it', 'is', 'desir-', 'able', 'to', 'bear', 'in', 'mind', 'the', 'divisions', 'of', 'the', 'woollen', 'in-', 'dustry', 'based', 'upon', 'carding,', 'for', 'the', '“', 'blender”', 'must', 'always', 'have', 'his', '"sets', 'of', 'carding', 'machines', '”', 'in', 'view.', 'Four', 'main', 'divisions', 'of', 'carding', 'are', 'observable', 'in', 'the', 'woollen', 'industry,', 'viz.', ':', 'Cheviot,', 'Saxony,', 'Re-manufactured', '(long', 'and', 'short', 'fibres),', 'and', 'Union', 'sets', 'of', 'machines.', 'Although', 'each', 'of', 'these', 'types', 'must', 'be', 'set', 'or', 'adjusted', 'for', 'each', 'particular', 'blend', 'passing', 'through', 'it,', 'still', 'there', 'are', 'marked', 'structural', 'and', 'speeding', 'differences', 'which', 'form', 'the', 'basis', 'for', 'this', 'classification', 'of', 'cards.', 'The', 'blender', 'must', 'certainly', 'know', 'for', 'which', 'type', 'of', 'card', 'he', 'is', 'preparing', 'his', 'blend,', 'and', 'even', 'then', 'must', 'consider', 'how', 'the', 'materials', 'he', 'proposes', 'to', 'blend', 'will', 'affect', 'one', 'another,', 'as', 'already', 'instanced', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'cotton.', 'The', 'term', '"blending', '"', 'has', 'two', 'meanings', 'in', 'the', 'woollen', 'trade.', 'It', 'is', 'firstly', 'used', 'as', 'a', 'verb', 'to', 'indicate', 'the', 'mechanical', 'mixing', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'to', 'be', 'treated.', 'In', 'this', 'aspect', 'it', 'is', 'applied', 'indiscriminately', 'to', 'fibre', 'mixing,', 'whether', 'the', '“', 'blend,”', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'termed,', 'consists', 'of-', '(a)', 'One', 'quality', 'of', 'material', 'in', 'which', 'the', '“', 'blend-', 'ing', 'consists', 'of', 'mixing', 'such', 'varieties', 'in', 'fibre', 'length', 'and', 'diameter', 'as', 'there', 'may', 'be', 'present,', 'and', 'also', 'in', 'ensuring', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'horough', 'mixing', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'root', 'and', 'tip', 'of', 'both', 'staples', 'and', 'individual', 'wool', 'fibres.', '(6', '3', '12']

[[90, 90, 'Textile Machine'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machine'], [92, 92, 'Textile Machine'], [98, 98, 'Textile Machine']]

['24', '(#54)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Such', 'a', 'list', 'as', 'the', 'foregoing', 'may', 'appear', 'on', 'first', 'glance', 'pedantic,', 'but', 'the', 'capacity', 'to', 'easily', 'draft', 'such', 'a', 'list', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'a', 'valuable', 'asset', 'to', 'the', 'blender.', 'The', 'following', 'special', 'blends', 'may', 'now', 'usefully', 'be', 'studied', ':-', 'No.', '1,', 'Natural', 'khaki.', 'd.', '30', 'lb.', 'Camel', 'hair', 'at', '1/11', '57', '6', '15', 'lb.', 'Alpaca', 'at', '1/8', '25', '30', 'lb.', 'Green', 'cross-bred', 'at', '2', '/2', '65', '8', 'lb.', 'White', 'cross-bred', 'at', '1/11', '15', '4', 'S.', 'O', '0', '83', 'lb.', 'costing', '162', '10', '=', 'I/114', 'per', 'lb.', 'for', 'materials.', 'No.', '2.', '9', 'Skeins', 'Weft-Blend', 'for', 'Cotton', 'Warp', 'Venetian', '(Pre-War', 'Costing).', 'Stones.*', 'lb.', '255', 'Best', 'uncut', 'mungo', 'at', '2', 'd.', '5', '8', 'Fine', 'new', 'mungo', 'at', '4d.', '18', '33', '8', '59', '0', 'Nippings', '†', 'at', '2', 'd.', '17', '9', 'Cotton', 'at', 'id.', '17', 'S.', 'd.', '0', '38', '35', 'hours', 'ܝܘ', 'ܘ', 'ܤ', 'ܘ', 'ܘ', 'ထ', 'ထ', 'လ', 'o', '356', '58', '17', '8', '8', 'costing', '779}', 'warterns', 'I', 'delivered', 'in', 'condensed', 'slubbings', 'at', '1/-s.', '38', '19', '4', '£97', '17', 'O', '779}', 'warterns', 'costing', '£97', '17', '0', '=', '2', '61', 'per', 'wartern,', 'or', '5', 'd.', 'per', 'lb.', 'spun', 'yarn.', "Spinners'", 'waste', '23ś', 'warterns', "Weavers'", 'waste.', '193', 'warterns', 'Total', 'waste', '||', '.', '43}', 'warterns', '*', 'The', 'Yorkshire', 'wool', 'stune', 'is', '16', 'lb.', '†', 'Nippings-wastes', 'from', 'previous', 'blend', '(fud).', '#', 'The', 'wartern', 'is', 'the', '“quartern"', 'of', 'the', 'old', '24', 'lb.', 'stone,', 'that', 'is,', '6', 'lb.', '$', 'The', '1/-', 'per', 'wartern', 'is', 'the', 'cost', 'from', 'raw', 'material', 'in', 'the', 'Willey', 'House', 'to', 'the', 'spindle', 'point.', 'll', 'Apart', 'from', 'machine', 'droppings.', '24']

[[161, 161, 'Textile Machine Part'], [176, 176, 'Textile Machine Part'], [185, 185, 'Textile Machine Part'], [196, 196, 'Textile Machine Part'], [223, 223, 'Textile Machine Part'], [241, 241, 'Textile Machine Part']]

['26', '(#56)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'The', 'Blending', 'Process.—Before', 'considering', 'the', 'machinery', 'in', '“', 'blending,"', 'the', 'process', 'itself', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'thought', 'over.', 'In', 'what', 'states', 'actually', 'are', 'the', 'materials', 'to', 'be', 'blended,', 'and', 'in', 'what', 'state', 'should', 'they', 'be', 'before', 'the', 'process', 'is', 'started', '?', 'What', 'state', 'should', 'the', 'blend', 'be', 'in', 'when', 'the', 'process', 'is', 'finished,', 'and', 'what', 'process', 'or', 'processes', 'should', 'be', 'employed', 'to', 'effect', 'the', 'required', 'transformation', '?', 'The', 'materials', 'to', 'be', 'blended', 'will', 'arrive', 'at', 'the', 'mill', 'or', 'even', 'in', 'the', 'blending', 'room', 'in', 'many', 'different', 'forms,', 'but', 'in', 'almost', 'every', 'case', 'each', 'material', 'will', 'require', 'preparation', 'for', 'blending', 'before', 'the', 'actual', 'blending', 'is', 'taken', 'in', 'hand.', 'Thus', 'scoured', 'wool', 'must', 'be', 'opened', 'out,', 'brought', 'into', 'a', 'fairly', 'lock-divided', 'state', 'and', 'if', 'oiling', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'effected', 'on', 'the', 'drying', 'machine', 'while', 'the', 'wool', 'is', 'warm', 'and', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'to', 'receive', 'an', 'evenly', 'distributed', 'film', 'of', 'oil', 'over', 'their', 'surface-oiled', 'previously', 'to', 'being', 'blended', 'with', 'cotton.', 'Cotton', 'must', 'be', 'thoroughly', 'opened', 'out', 'and', 'brought', 'into', 'a', 'fluffy', 'state', ';', 'similarly', 'with', 'mungo,', 'shoddy,', 'and', 'all', 'other', 'materials', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'proposed', 'to', 'blend.', 'The', 'final', 'state,', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'materials', 'should', 'be', 'as', 'evenly', 'and', 'finely', 'mixed', 'as', 'possible,', 'will', 'only', 'be', 'satisfactorily', 'attained', 'by', 'giving', 'thoughtful', 'attention', 'not', 'only', 'to', 'the', 'machines', 'employed,', 'but', 'also', 'to', 'every', 'detail', 'of', 'the', 'process.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious,', 'for', 'example,', 'that', 'a', 'deadened', 'oiled', 'wool', 'mixed', 'with', 'a', 'light', 'flimsy', 'cotton', 'may', 'be', 'sorted', 'out', 'by', 'a', 'thoughtlessly', 'employed', 'air-blast', 'or', 'air', 'control', 'in', 'either', 'Willow', 'or', 'Fearnought', ';', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'so', 'evident', 'that', 'the', 'mere', 'breaking-down', 'of', 'a', 'stack', 'with', 'sticks', 'may', '“strike-sort', '"', 'the', 'material', 'into', 'long', 'and', 'short', 'fibres-hence', 'the', 'superior', 'method', 'of', 'breaking-down', 'by', '"', 'pulling."', 'The', 'actual', 'blending', 'process', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'building', 'the', 'materials', 'to', 'be', 'blended', 'into', 'a', '"stack”', 'layer', 'by', '26']

[[135, 136, 'Textile Machine']]

['28', '(#58)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'workable.', 'When', 'this', 'object', 'is', 'so', 'clearly', 'in', 'mind', 'it', 'seems', 'curious', 'that', 'so', 'little', 'attention', 'has', 'been', 'paid', 'to', 'the', 'temperature', 'of', 'store', 'rooms', 'for', '“', 'mellowing.”', 'This', 'question', 'is', 'not', 'only', 'bound', 'up', 'with', 'efficient', 'carding,', 'but', 'obviously', 'with', 'the', 'oils', 'em.', 'ployed', 'and', 'fire', 'insurance.', 'The', 'truth', 'is,', 'that', 'all', 'too', 'little', 'is', 'known', 'of', 'the', 'oils', 'and', 'oil', 'blends', 'employed', 'for', 'oiling', 'wool,', 'and', 'that', 'practically', 'no', 'one', 'really', 'understands,', 'in', 'a', 'scientific', 'sense,', 'the', 'effects', 'and', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'oils,', 'used', 'alone', 'or', 'in', 'combin-', 'ation', 'with', 'water,', 'etc.,', 'on', 'wool', 'and', 'cotton.', 'This', 'ignorance', 'is,', 'of', 'course,', 'played', 'upon', 'consciously', 'by', 'unscrupulous', 'oil', 'merchants,', 'and', 'often', 'unconsciously', 'by', 'the', 'most', 'con-', 'scientious', 'oil', 'mei', 'chants.', 'The', 'number', 'of', 'oils,', 'oil', 'blends', 'and', 'emulsions', 'is', 'legion*', ';', 'but', 'no', 'blender', 'should', 'work', 'in', 'ignorance', 'of', 'the', 'basic', 'nature', 'of', 'the', 'oils', 'he', 'is', 'using.', 'Blending', 'Machinery.—Two', 'or', 'three', 'machines', 'are', 'essential', 'for', 'blending,', 'viz.,', 'the', 'Shake', 'Willey,', 'the', 'Willow', 'or', 'Willey', 'and', 'the', 'Fearnought.', 'The', 'simple', 'construction', 'of', 'the', 'Shake', 'Willey', 'is', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '8.', 'It', 'is', 'made', 'in', 'several', 'forms', 'with', 'one,', 'two', 'or', 'more', 'swifts.', 'Its', 'function', 'is', 'always', 'simply', 'to', 'shake', 'and', 'in', 'no', 'sense', 'to', 'tear', 'or', 'tease', 'the', 'wool.', 'The', 'normal', 'Willow', 'consists', 'essentially', 'of', '(a)', 'An', 'automatic', 'intermittent', 'feeding', 'apparatus.', '(b)', 'A', 'willowing', 'or', 'beating', 'and', 'tearing', 'appar-', 'atus;', 'and', '(c)', 'An', 'automatic', 'delivery', 'apparatus', 'usually', 'linked', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'automatic', 'feed', 'apparatus.', 'The', 'construction', 'and', 'action', 'of', 'these', 'parts', 'will', 'be', '*', 'See', 'Appendix.', '28']

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['30', '(#60)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'means', 'of', 'a', 'lattice', 'and', 'two', 'feed', 'rollers.', 'The', 'material', 'is', 'fed', 'in', 'on', 'a', 'travelling', 'lattice,', 'and', 'may', 'remain', 'under', 'work', 'as', 'long', 'as', 'is', 'considered', 'desirable.', 'After', 'a', 'suitable', 'controlled', 'period', 'of', 'willowing', 'a', 'door', 'automatically', 'opens,', 'and', 'the', 'material', 'is', 'thrown', 'out', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'delivery', 'lattice.', 'The', 'production', 'is', 'about', '900', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour.', 'Although', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'one', 'standard', 'design', 'of', 'Willow,', 'since', 'makers', 'produce', 'machines', 'embodying', 'special', 'and', 'distinctive', 'features', 'and', 'advantages,', 'yet', 'these', 'as', 'a', 'rule', 'are', 'matters', 'of', 'detail,', 'the', 'general', 'character', 'of', 'all', 'makes', 'of', 'this', 'machine', 'being', 'uniform.', 'The', 'Fearnought', '(Fig.', '8b)', 'consists', 'essentially', 'of', '(a)', 'an', 'automatic', 'continuous', 'feeding', 'apparatus', 'with', 'which', 'is', 'often', 'combined', 'an', 'oiling', 'apparatus,', 'which', 'is', 'almost', 'invariably', 'ignored*', ';', '(b)', 'a', 'coarse', 'carding', 'apparatus', 'which', 'should', 'both', 'tease', 'out', 'unopened', 'wool-locks', 'and', 'mix', 'up', 'the', 'component', 'materials', 'of', 'the', 'blend', ';', 'and', '(c)', 'a', 'delivering', 'apparatus', 'usually', 'of', 'the', 'air-blast', 'type.', 'This', 'latter', 'may', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'deliver', 'the', 'teased', 'blend', 'by', 'a', 'system', 'of', 'conveyer', '-', 'tubes', 'to', 'the', 'blending', 'room', 'into', 'bins,', 'suitably', 'situated', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'cards', 'through', 'which', 'the', 'blend', 'must', 'next', 'pass.', 'The', 'con-', 'struction', 'and', 'action', 'of', 'these', 'parts', 'will', 'be', 'understood', 'from', 'Fig.', '8b', 'and', 'the', 'following', 'description.', 'The', 'main', 'swift', 'of', 'the', '“Fearnought”', 'is', 'clothed', 'with', 'strong', 'tenter-hook', 'teeth,', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'pairs', 'of', 'workers', '(clothed', 'with', 'strong', 'tenter-hook', 'teeth)', 'and', 'strippers', '(clothed', 'with', 'strong', 'but', 'not', 'tenter-hook', 'teeth);', 'a', 'lattice', 'which', 'delivers', 'the', 'wool', 'to', 'two', 'feed-', 'rollers,', 'a', 'licker-in', 'and', 'angled', 'stripper,', 'and', 'a', 'delivery', 'arrangement', 'consisting', 'of', 'a', 'fan,', 'while', 'underneath', 'both', 'swift', 'and', 'fan', 'is', 'a', 'grating', 'or', 'grid', 'through', 'which', 'the', ')', '*', 'With', 'a', 'Hopper', 'feed', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'used', 'to', 'advantage.', '30']

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['30', '(#63)', '##############################################', 'BLENDING', 'in.', '1', '.', '46', '22', 'heavy', 'dirt,', 'etc.,', 'falls.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'is', 'so', 'nearly', 'allied', 'to', 'the', 'card', 'that', 'no', 'further', 'description', 'is', 'called', 'for', 'save', 'the', 'following', 'details', 'of', 'construction', ':', 'Diameter', 'on', 'Diameter', 'to', 'Revolutions', 'the', 'wood.', 'top', 'of', 'teeth.', 'per', 'minute.', 'in.', 'Feed', 'Rollers', '5', '6', 'II3', 'Angle', 'Stripper', '51', '71', 'II.3', 'Swift', '47', '180', 'Workers.', '63', '81', '10:4', 'Strippers', '51', '71', '10:4', 'Fan', '251', '810', 'The', 'teeth', 'are', '}', 'in.', 'pitch', 'and', 'intersect', 'when', 'possible.', 'The', 'teeth', 'usually', 'are', 'tenter-hooks”', 'with', 'the', 'excep-', 'tion', 'of', 'the', 'fan-strippers,', 'which', 'have', 'around', 'straight', 'tooth.', 'The', 'production', 'is', 'about', '1,200', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour.', 'The', 'speeding', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', 'in', 'machines', 'of', 'this', 'type', 'is', 'a', 'very', 'interesting', 'problem.', 'Thus', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'main', 'cylinder', '(the', 'swift)', 'may', 'be', 'decided', 'by-', '1.', 'The', 'speed', 'at', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'mechanically', 'safe', 'to', 'run', 'it;', 'or', '2.', 'The', 'speed', 'at', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'effect', 'the', 'most', 'satisfactory', 'disentanglement', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'submitted', 'to', 'it', 'without', 'undue', 'breakage.', 'Motor-car', 'engines', 'may', 'run', 'up', 'to', '4,000', 'revs.', 'per', 'minute,', 'but', 'the', 'clutch', 'is', 'invariably', 'much', 'smaller', 'in', 'diameter', 'than', 'the', 'cylinders', 'in', 'the', 'machines', 'under', 'con-', 'sideration.', 'But', 'probably', '(2)', 'is', 'the', 'deciding', 'factor', 'here.', 'Unfortunately', 'few', 'tests', 'have', 'so', 'far', 'been', 'carried', 'out', 'to', 'decide', 'upon', 'the', 'most', 'satisfactory', 'speeds', 'for', 'fibre', 'dis-', 'entanglement', '(speed', 'of', 'wool-lock', 'rupture).', 'When', 'this', 'is', 'done', 'it', 'will', 'probably', 'be', 'found', 'that', 'the', 'speed', 'is', 'well', 'within', 'the', 'machine', 'speed', 'possibilities', 'of', 'any', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', 'under', 'consideration.', 'Research', 'is', 'here', 'obviously', 'called', 'for', 'to', 'replace', 'the', 'pure', 'empiricism', 'at', 'present', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'practice.', '31']

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['30', '(#64)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Having', 'decided', 'upon', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'main', 'cylinder', 'the', 'other', 'cylinders', 'will', 'be', 'speeded', 'from', 'this', 'on', 'the', 'lines', 'laid', 'down', 'in', 'Chapter', 'II.', 'The', 'interesting', 'arrangement', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'in', 'the', 'Fearnought', '(worker', 'preceding', 'stripper)', 'and', 'the', 'similar', 'speeding', 'should', 'not', 'be', 'passed', 'unnoticed.', 'Reference', 'has', 'already', 'been', 'made', 'to', 'conveyer', 'tubes', '(Fig.', '8c).', 'Owing', 'to', 'faulty', 'construction', 'in', 'both', 'machines', 'and', 'tubes,', 'a', 'prejudice', 'has', 'arisen', 'in', 'the', 'minds', 'of', 'some', 'manufacturers', 'against', 'these.', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'necessity', 'of', 'treating', 'many', 'blends', 'ranging', 'from', 'white', 'to', 'black;', 'and', 'occasionally', 'from', 'all-wool', 'to', 'cotton', 'and', 'wool,', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'machines', 'and', 'conveyers,', 'it', 'is', 'obviously', 'neces-', 'sary', 'to', 'be', 'able', 'thoroughly', 'to', 'cleanse', 'out', 'both', 'machines', 'and', 'conveyers.', 'Willows,', 'Fearnoughts,', 'and', 'conveyers', 'should', 'be', 'so', 'constructed', 'that', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'readily', 'done.', 'In', 'Fig.', '9', 'a', 'good', 'arrangement', 'of', 'a', 'blending', 'room', 'is', 'given,', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'gathered', 'that-', '(a)', 'A', 'space', 'should', 'be', 'reserved', 'large', 'enough', 'for', 'the', 'building-up', 'of', 'wool-stacks', 'of', 'any', 'and', 'every', 'required', 'size.', '(6)', 'Arrangements', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'for', 'satis-', 'factorily', 'preparing', 'the', 'various', 'materials', 'for', 'blending', 'without', 'interfering', 'with', '(or', 'contaminating)', 'any', 'other', 'blend', 'in', 'process', 'of', 'completion.', '(c)', 'Distributing', 'trunks', 'from', 'the', 'Willow', 'and', 'Fearnought', 'should', 'be', 'so', 'arranged', 'that', 'the', 'stack', 'can', 'be', 'built', 'up', 'from', 'the', 'Willow', 'or', 'Fearnought', 'without', 'any', 'handling', 'other', 'than', 'feeding-on-proportion', 'by', 'pro-', 'portion—to', 'the', 'feed', 'sheet', 'of', 'the', 'machine.', '(d)', 'Suitable', 'arrangements', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'for', 'oiling', 'where', 'necessary.', '32']

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['33', '(#69)', '##############################################', 'BLENDING', '5', '<<', '(e)', 'A', 'conveyer', 'tube', 'from', 'the', 'Fearnought', 'or', 'from', 'any', 'convenient', 'part', 'of', 'the', '"blending', 'room', '”', 'should', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'convey', 'the', 'wool', 'to', 'a', 'convenient', 'storage', 'as', 'near', 'the', 'cards', 'as', 'possible.', 'Perhaps', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'added', 'that', 'a', 'good', 'conveyer', 'system', 'will', 'deliver', 'wool', 'without', 'matting', 'or', 'stringing', 'up', 'to', 'a', 'thousand', 'feet', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'blending', 'room.', '**', '*', '*', 'Basic', 'principles', ':', 'These', 'are-', 'I.', 'To', 'clear', 'each', 'material,', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'ever', 'possible,', 'of', 'its', 'impurities:', '2.', 'To', 'bring', 'each', 'material', 'into', 'a', 'freely', 'disen-', 'tangled', 'state', 'usually', 'without', 'shortening', 'the', 'fibre', 'length.', '3.', 'To', 'mix', 'regularly', 'the', 'one', 'or', 'the', 'several', 'materials', 'composing', 'a', 'blend.', '4.', 'To', 'mix', 'finely', 'the', 'various', 'materials', 'composing', 'a', 'blend', 'with', 'due', 'deference', 'to', 'the', 'carding', 'which', 'follows.', '5.', 'To', 'arrange', 'for', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'blended', 'materials', 'to', 'the', 'required', 'place', 'in', 'the', 'mill', 'with', 'the', 'least', 'possible', 'felting', 'or', 'detrimental', 'handling.', 'All', 'machines', 'and', 'processes', 'should', 'be', 'severely', 'criticized', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'these', 'five', 'principles', ';', 'by', 'this', 'means', 'much', 'thoughtless', 'and', 'even', 'stupid', 'machine', 'design', 'and', 'blending', 'practice', 'may', 'be', 'avoided.', 'V', '33']

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['35', '(#71)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'General', 'Consideration', 'However', 'well', 'wool', 'may', 'be', 'scoured', 'it', 'invariably', 'appears', 'as', 'a', 'sullied', 'mass', 'after', 'carding.', 'This', 'is', 'specially', 'noticeable', 'in', 'the', 'carding', 'of', 'combing', 'wools', '(scoured', 'only).', 'It', 'is', 'not', 'that', 'the', 'card', 'dirties', 'the', 'wool,', 'but', 'that', 'certain', 'fibre-groups', 'have', 'emerged', 'from', 'the', 'scouring', 'bath', 'still', 'stuck', 'together', 'by', 'grease', 'and', 'dirt,', 'and', 'the', 'carder,', 'in', 'freeing', 'these,', 'releases', 'a', 'certain', 'amount', 'of', 'grease', 'and', 'dirt', 'which', 'spreads', 'itself', 'over', 'the', 'whole', 'mass', 'and', 'thus', 'gives', 'rise', 'to', 'the', 'sullied', 'appearance', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'or', 'film', 'produced.', 'It', 'is', 'just', 'this', 'freeing', 'of', 'the', 'material,', 'fibre', 'by', 'fibre,', 'that', 'carding', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'effect.', 'It', 'is', 'almost', 'of', 'equal', 'importance', 'that', 'fibres', 'should', 'be', 'reversed', 'and', 'turned', 'about', 'during', 'the', 'passage', 'through', 'the', 'machine-root', 'to', 'tip', 'and', 'tip', 'to', 'root.', 'An', 'excellent', 'training', 'in', 'imaginative', 'insight', 'is', 'to', 'follow', 'a', 'fibre', 'or', 'lock', 'of', 'wool', 'through', 'the', 'card,', 'estimating', 'its', 'chance', 'of', 'being', 'turned', 'round', 'at', 'each', 'roller', 'and', 'averaging', 'up', 'the', 'final', 'result', 'of', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'fibres', 'similarly', 'treated.', 'Mr.', 'Howard', 'Priestman,', 'at', 'Leeds', 'University', 'some', 'time', 'ago,', 'obtained', 'fairly', 'exact', 'results', 'of', 'such', 'a', 'test', 'by', 'tinting', 'the', 'tips', 'of', 'fibres', 'red,', 'passing', 'these', 'into', 'the', 'card', 'under', 'three', 'conditions', 'and', 'then', 'examining', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'each', 'fibre', 'in', 'the', 'resultant', 'sliver.*', 'The', 'cleansing', 'from', 'impurities', 'of', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'carded', 'is', 'well', 'understood', 'by', 'the', 'cotton', 'carder,', 'but', 'too', 'frequently', 'partially', 'overlooked', 'by', 'the', 'woollen', 'carder.', 'This', 'is', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'comparative', 'unimportance', 'of', 'the', 'cleansing', 'operation', 'in', 'woollen', 'carding', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'cotton', 'carding,', 'and', 'also', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'if', 'the', 'woollen', 'card', 'is', 'properly', 'designed', 'impurities', 'fall', 'out', 'and', 'con-', 'sequently', 'do', 'not', 'involve', 'any', 'special', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'card,', '*"Wool', 'Combing,"', 'by', 'Howard', 'Priestman,', 'p.', '101.', '»', '35']

[[52, 53, 'Textile Machine']]

['37', '(#73)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'must', 'be', 'allowed', 'in', 'the', 'material', 'nor', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'card,', 'as', 'in', 'all', 'probability', 'such', 'would', 'not', 'be', 'thrown', 'out', 'during', 'carding', 'and', 'may', 'lead', 'to', 'difficulties', 'in', 'mule-spinning,', 'while', 'if', 'it', 'gets', 'into', 'the', 'cloth,', 'the', 'material', 'will', 'look', 'unsightly', 'and', 'be', 'almost', 'painful', 'to', 'the', 'touch', '(cloth', 'carbonizing', 'will', 'probably', 'be', 'necessary).', 'The', 'production', 'by', 'the', 'final', 'carding-engine-usually', 'termed', 'the', '"condenser', '”-of', 'a', 'level,', 'intact,', 'perfect', 'fibre-mixed”', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'is', 'essential', 'if', 'sound', 'threads', 'are', 'finally', 'to', 'be', 'spun.', 'If', 'the', 'blend', 'is', 'a', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'mixture', 'irregularities', 'readily', 'show', 'a', 'defect,', 'but', 'mixing', 'is', 'also', 'important', 'in', 'such', 'cases', 'as', 'white', 'wool', 'and', 'white', 'cotton,', 'navy', 'noil', 'and', 'navy', 'mungo,', 'etc.,', 'etc.', 'It', 'is', 'usual,', 'however,', 'to', 'have', 'one', 'or', 'two', 'extra', 'swifts', 'with', 'their', 'accompanying', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'for', 'carding', 'blends', 'of', 'materials', 'presenting', 'marked', 'luminosity', 'or', 'colour', 'differences.', 'It', 'is', 'very', 'important', 'that', 'the', 'wool', 'film', 'should', 'be', 'perfect,', 'should', 'be', 'perfectly', 'stripped', 'and', 'satisfactorily', 'presented', 'to', 'the', 'condensing', 'apparatus', 'to', 'be', 'split', 'up', 'into', 'the', 'desired', 'number', 'of', 'filaments,', 'or', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'as', 'they', 'are', 'termed.', 'Given', 'a', 'level', 'film', 'from', 'the', 'card,', 'then', 'any', 'really', 'good', 'condensing', 'apparatus', 'should', 'split', 'the', 'film', 'into', 'the', 'required', 'number', 'of', 'equal', 'filaments,', 'one', 'not', '"robbing', 'from', 'the', 'other', 'but', 'all', 'being', 'equal', 'and', 'distinct', 'and', 'even-', 'tually', 'rolled', 'up', 'neatly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'condenser-bobbin', 'for', 'conveyance', 'to', 'and', 'spinning', 'upon', 'the', 'mule.', 'Flat', 'The', 'fibre', 'arrangement', 'in', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'may', 'here', 'be', 'usefully', 'considered,', 'as', 'it', 'has', 'given', 'rise', 'to', 'much', 'controversy,', 'notably', 'between', 'the', 'late', 'Mr.', 'Charles', 'Vickerman,', 'of', 'Huddersfield,', 'and', 'several', 'writers', 'on', 'woollen', 'spinning.', 'The', 'sliver-delivery', 'apparatus', 'of', 'the', 'old', 'carder', 'dropped', 'the', 'slivers', 'on', 'the', 'floor,', 'or', 'if', 'a', 'piecening', 'machine', 'was', 'employed,', 'into', 'the', 'trays', 'arranged', 'for', 'their', 'reception.', 'These', 'slivers', 'were', 'stripped', 'from', '37']

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['38', '(#74)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(', 'strips', 'of', 'card', 'clothing', 'arranged', 'across', 'the', 'doffer,', 'so', 'that', 'each', 'sliver', 'was', 'in', 'length', 'just', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'doffer."', 'These', 'slivers', 'were', 'piecened', 'together', 'either', 'at', 'the', 'billey”', 'by', 'hand,', 'or', 'at', 'the', 'carder', 'by', 'the', '“piecening', 'machine”;', 'but', 'in', 'either', 'case', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'the', 'fibres,', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'stripping', 'from', 'the', 'doffer,', 'would', 'almost', 'all', 'be', 'concentrically', 'arranged', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'and,', 'upon', 'being', 'spindle-drafted', 'upon', 'the', '"billey,"', 'or', 'upon', 'the', 'mule,', 'would', 'take', 'a', 'longitudinal', 'spiral', 'form.', 'This', 'fibre', 'arrangement', 'resulted', 'in', 'a', 'wonderfully', 'efficient', 'thread,', 'and', 'a', 'fabric', 'capable', 'of', 'receiving', 'an', 'extra-', 'ordinary', '“finish.”', 'The', 'thread', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'doffer', 'concentrically,', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'modern', 'condenser,', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'fibres', 'lie', 'not', 'spirally', 'but', 'mostly', 'longitudinally', 'in', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'thread,', 'is', 'so', 'different', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'days', 'of', 'the', 'proposed', 'change', 'from', 'one', 'system', 'to', 'the', 'other,', 'some', 'woollen', 'manufacturers', 'for', 'years', 'refused', 'to', 'make', 'the', 'change,', 'and', 'others', 'who', 'made', 'the', 'change', 're-', 'verted', 'to', 'the', 'old', 'style', 'but', 'finally', 'were', 'constrained', 'by', 'economic', 'fact', 'to', 'accept', 'the', 'new', 'method', 'of', 'condensing.', 'The', 'modern', 'condenser', 'should', 'deliver', 'the', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'roughly', 'about', 'half', 'to', 'two-thirds', 'the', 'desired', 'yarn', 'skeins', ';', 'so', 'regularly', 'condensed', 'that', 'the', 'mule', 'without', 'breaking', 'these', 'filaments', 'will', 'put', 'in', 'the', 'necessary', 'spindle-draft', 'and', 'twist', 'and', 'thus', 'produce', 'the', 'required', 'woollen', 'yarn.', '>', 'or', 'From', 'time', 'to', 'time', 'fashion', 'runs', 'on', 'to', 'fancy', 'effects', 'such', 'as', 'random"', 'knickerbocker', 'yarn.', 'Two', 'methods', 'of', 'producing', 'random', 'effects', 'are', 'discussed', 'later;', 'also', 'a', 'description', 'of', 'a', 'very', 'simple', 'method', 'of', 'producing', 'knickerbocker', 'and', 'other', '"flecking', '"', 'effects.', 'Every', 'carding', 'engineer', 'should', 'be', 'prepared', 'to', 'break', 'away', 'from', 'standard', 'practice', 'and', 'thoughtfully', 'set', 'to', 'work', 'to', 'produce', 'novelties', 'when', 'such', 'are', 'required.', '*', 'See', 'Journal', 'of', 'the', 'Textile', 'Institute,', 'Vol.', 'III.,', 'p.', '303,', '1912.', '38']

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['39', '(#75)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'The', 'production', 'of', 'a', 'carding', 'set', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', ':', '(a)', 'the', 'depth', 'of', 'material', 'of', 'any', 'given', 'type', 'which', 'the', 'cylinders', 'will', 'readily', 'control,', 'truly', 'card,', 'and', 'pass', 'forward', ';', '(6)', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'threads', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'machine', 'and', 'the', 'skeins', 'condensed', 'to,', 'and', '(c)', 'the', 'speeds', 'at', 'which', 'the', 'several', 'controlling', 'cylinders', 'may', 'be', 'run.', 'Taking', '(6)', 'first,', 'it', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'if', '60', 'threads', 'of,', 'say,', '8', 'skeins', 'are', 'taken', 'off', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'machines', '(running', 'at', 'the', 'highest', 'economic', 'speed)', 'the', 'maximum', 'weight', 'of', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'delivered', 'is', 'absolutely', 'fixed;', 'and', 'further,', 'that', 'if', '16', 'skeins', 'be', 'the', 'count', 'taken', 'off,', 'for', 'the', 'same', 'number', 'of', 'threads,', 'the', 'weight', 'delivered', 'will', 'be', 'half', 'this,', 'and', 'that', 'if', '4', 'skeins', 'be', 'the', 'count', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'weight', 'delivered', 'will', 'be', 'double', 'this', 'weight.', 'But', 'the', 'question', 'may', 'be', 'asked,', 'if', '40', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '8', 'skeins', 'shows', 'satisfactory', 'and', 'economic', 'carding,', 'will', 'not', '20', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '16', 'skeins', 'be', 'uneconomical,', 'and', '80', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '4', 'skeins', 'unworkable?', 'This', 'latter', 'question', 'brings', 'up', '(a)', 'the', 'problem', 'of', 'the', 'depth', 'of', 'material', 'of', 'any', 'given', 'type', 'which', 'can', 'be', 'satisfactorily', 'worked.', 'This', 'problem', 'is', 'treated', 'fully', 'when', 'dealing', 'with', 'double-film', 'cards', 'such', 'as', "Josephy's", ';', 'at', 'this', 'junc-', 'ture', 'it', 'is', 'only', 'necessary', 'to', 'realize', 'that', 'this', 'is', 'a', 'funda-', 'mental', 'problem.', 'It', 'has', 'just', 'been', 'suggested', 'that', '"speed', 'of', "delivery'", 'will', 'also', 'affect', 'output.', 'To', 'exaggerate:', 'if', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'rollers,', 'running', 'at', '15', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute,', 'give', '40', 'lbs.', 'of', '8', 'skein', 'yarn', 'per', 'hour,', 'the', 'same', 'rollers', 'running', 'at', '30', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'will', 'give', '80', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour;', 'or', 'run', 'at', '73', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'will', 'give', '20', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour,', 'provided', 'the', 'same', 'weight', 'of', 'film', 'is', 'supplied', 'to', 'them.', 'What', 'then', 'really', 'fixes', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'these', 'rollers', '>', '39']

[[27, 27, 'Textile Machine Part'], [60, 60, 'Textile Machine Part']]

['41', '(#79)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'between', 'D', 'and', 'E', 'representing', 'the', 'thin', 'film', 'of', 'wool,', 'the', 'full', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'which,', 'by', 'the', 'condensing', 'apparatus,', 'is', 'split', 'up', 'into', 'the', 'required', 'number', 'of', 'con-', 'densed', 'slivers', 'E,', 'the', 'thickness,', 'skeins', 'or', 'counts', 'of', 'these', 'slivers', 'being', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'quantity', 'of', 'material', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'card', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'threads', 'and', 'the', '"', 'length', '/', 'time”', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'card.', '*', 'The', 'Process', 'of', 'Carding.-Carding', 'may', 'be', 'con-', 'sidered', 'as', 'a', 'further', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'willowing', 'and', 'teazing', 'carried', 'out', 'in', 'the', 'blending', 'room,', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'more', 'illuminative', 'to', 'regard', 'carding', 'as', 'the', 'basic', 'process', 'and', 'willowing', 'and', 'teazingas', 'processes', 'prepara-', 'tory', 'to', 'this', 'basic', 'process.', 'Under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'there', 'should', 'be', 'no', 'sudden', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'fibre', 'disentangling', 'activities', 'of', 'any', 'of', 'these', 'sequential', 'machines', 'but', 'a', 'gradual', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'search-', 'ing', 'activities', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'teeth', 'from', 'the', 'coarse', 'toothed', 'willow,', 'the', 'finer', 'toothed', 'fearnought,', 'and', 'the', 'finely', 'toothed', 'carder;', 'and', 'the', 'carder', 'itself', 'should', 'be', 'arranged', 'on', 'the', 'same', 'principle', 'from', 'feed', 'end', 'to', 'delivery', 'end,', 'treating', 'the', 'material', 'gently', 'at', 'first', 'and', 'gradually', 'becoming', 'more', 'searching', 'until', 'the', 'conditions', 'are', 'such', 'that', 'every', 'fibre', 'must', 'have', 'been', 'separated', 'from', 'its', 'neighbours.', 'It', 'is', 'well', 'here', 'to', 'realize', 'that', 'the', 'carding', 'efficiency', 'of', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'machines', 'depends', 'upon', ':', '(1)', 'Extent', 'of', 'carding', 'surface', 'and', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'carding', 'contacts.', '(2)', 'The', 'carding', 'surfaces', 'at', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'cylinder', 'contact,', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'sizes', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders.', '(3)', 'The', 'mode', 'of', 'feed', 'and', 'delivery', 'adopted.', '(4)', 'The', 'absolute', 'speeds', 'and', 'the', 'relative', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders.', '41']

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['42', '(#80)', '##############################################', '1', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1)', '(5)', 'The', '"setting,"', 'i.e.', 'the', 'spacing', 'apart', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'cylinders', 'included', 'in', 'a', '“set”', 'of', 'machines.', '(6)', 'The', 'design', 'of', 'the', 'card-clothing', 'with', 'which', 'the', 'cylinders', 'composing', 'the', 'set', 'of', 'carding', 'machines', 'are', 'clothed,', 'and', '(7)', 'To', 'a', 'minor', 'extent', 'the', 'relative', 'design', 'of', 'scribbler,', 'intermediate', 'and', 'condenser,', 'All', 'these', 'points', 'should', 'be', 'kept', 'in', 'mind', 'in', 'reading', 'the', 'following', 'descriptions', 'of', 'a', 'carding', 'engine', 'and', 'of', 'a', '"set', 'of', 'machines.', '*', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'a', 'carder', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'studied', 'under', 'the', 'headings', '(A)', 'Feeding', 'and', 'feeding', 'mechanisms;', '(Note:', 'with', 'this', 'is', 'almost', 'invariably', 'in-', 'volved', 'the', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'previous', 'machine.)', '(B)', 'Passage', 'through', 'the', 'card,', 'this', 'involving', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'carding,', 'stripping,', 'and', 'method', 'of', 'passage', 'forward', 'in', 'the', 'machine', 'itself;', 'and', '(C)', 'Method', 'of', 'deliveryma', 'simple', 'problem', 'ex-', 'cepting', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'last', 'machine,', 'the', 'condenser.', '(A)', 'Feeding', 'and', 'Feeding', 'Mechanisms', 'are', 'of', 'two', 'types', ':-', 'ist.', 'Preliminary', 'or', 'hopper', 'feeds;', 'and', '2nd.', 'Intermediate', 'feeds.', 'The', 'object', 'of', 'a', 'hopper', 'feed', 'is', 'to', 'take', 'away', 'from', 'the', '“hands"', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'quantity', 'of', 'material', 'passed', 'through', 'the', 'machine.', 'Under', 'the', 'old', 'conditions', 'of', 'hand-feeding', 'the', 'workman', 'or', 'workwoman', 'weighed', 'out', 'a', 'given', 'quantity', 'of', 'the', 'blend', 'and', 'spread', 'this', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'evenly', 'on', 'each', 'marked', '12"', 'of', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'as', 'it', 'slowly', 'travelled', 'towards', 'the', 'feed', 'rollers.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', '1', '1', '42']

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['44', '(#82)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(c)', 'Feed', 'evenly', 'across', 'into', 'the', 'weigh-pan', 'or', 'directly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'feed', 'lattice;', '(d)', 'Deliver', 'accurately', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'to', 'ensure', 'a', 'level', 'feed', 'of', 'the', 'machine', ';', 'and', '(e)', 'Deliver', 'its', 'charge', 'with', 'absolute', 'accuracy,', 'never', 'missing', 'a', 'charge,', 'and', 'always', 'empty-', 'ing', 'clean.', 'The', 'form', 'of', 'feed', 'illustrated', 'here', 'feeds', 'directly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'feed-sheet.', 'The', 'more', 'usual', 'form', 'feeds', 'into', 'a', 'weigh-pan.', 'The', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'intermediate', 'card', 'or', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'condenser', 'may', 'be', 'received', 'in', 'several', 'forms,', 'each', 'of', 'which', 'may', 'require', 'special', 'feeding', 'mechan-', 'ism', ':-', '(1)', 'The', 'doffing', 'comb', 'may', 'be', 'allowed', 'to', 'strip', 'the', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'from', 'the', 'last', 'doffer', 'of', 'the', 'scribbler', '(or', 'first', 'card),', 'and', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'collected', 'by', 'hand', 'and', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'next', 'machine', 'by', '(a)', 'hand,', 'or', '(6)', 'hopper', 'feed.', 'Method', '(a)', 'is', 'more', 'usual', 'as', 'a', 'hopper', 'feed', 'deals', 'better', 'with', 'the', 'material', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'in', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'sent', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'blending', 'room', 'than', 'with', 'the', 'fibrous-film-mass', 'coming', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler.', '(2)', 'The', 'film', 'doffed', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler', 'may', 'be', 'built', 'up', 'into', 'a', 'full', 'width', 'lap', 'by', 'a', "Blamire's", 'lap-forming', 'machine,', 'and', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'feed', 'mechanism', 'of', 'the', 'next', 'card', 'must', 'be', 'designed', 'to', 'receive', 'two,', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'of', 'these', 'laps', 'which', 'are', 'run', 'together', 'to', 'form', 'the', 'full', 'weight', 'of', 'film', 'required.', 'This', 'feed', 'arrangement', 'will', 'be', 'easily', 'understood', 'by', 'referring', 'to', 'Fig.', '12.', '(3)', 'The', 'film', 'doffed', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler', 'may', 'be', 'gath-', 'ered', 'together', 'either', 'in', 'the', 'centre-front', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'worsted', 'card;', 'or,', 'as', 'is', 'more', 'usual', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'woollen', 'card,', 'drawn', 'off', 'the', 'side,', 'and', 'balled', 'up', 'into', 'as', 'firm', 'a', 'ball', 'as', 'possible.', 'This', 'type', 'of', 'delivery', 'necessitates', 'a', 'creel', 'to', 'hold', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'these', '44']

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['44', '(#84)', '##############################################', 'சான', 'கால', 'HASRNS', '5', 'Fig.', '13.–Ball', 'and', 'Creel', 'Intermediate', 'Feed', '»', '2', 'E']

[[9, 12, 'Textile Machine']]

['44', '(#85)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'balls,', 'say', '48,', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'right', 'weight', 'of', 'sliver', 'to', 'feed', 'into', 'the', 'next', 'machine.', 'In', 'both', 'these', 'cases,', 'and', 'in', 'that', 'of', 'the', "Blamire's", 'feed', 'the', 'second', 'and', 'subsequent', 'machines', 'will', 'have', 'to', 'stand', 'until', 'the', 'necessary', 'number', 'of', 'laps', 'or', 'balls', 'have', 'been', 'produced', 'by', 'the', 'first', 'machines,', 'and', 'the', 'later', 'ma-', 'chines', 'will', 'have', 'to', 'work', 'a', 'considerable', 'time', 'after', 'the', 'first', 'machines', 'have', 'completed', 'their', 'work.', 'The', '"ball', '“', 'and', 'creel"', 'feed,', 'however,', 'possesses', 'certain', 'advantages', 'for', 'making', 'what', 'are', 'known', 'as', '"random"', 'effects', '(see', 'p.', '87),', 'and', 'in', 'addition', 'is', 'supposed', 'to', 'keep', 'the', 'fibres', 'straight', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'and', 'hence', 'from', 'any', 'given', 'material', 'to', 'yield', 'a', 'stronger', 'sliver', 'and', 'thread.', 'This', 'feed', 'will', 'be', 'understood', 'on', 'referring', 'to', 'Fig.', '13.', '(4)', 'The', 'film', 'doffed', 'from', 'the', 'scribbler', 'may', 'be', 'car-', 'ried', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'a', '"floor"', 'or', 'of', 'an', 'overhead"', 'lattice', 'to', 'a', 'convenient', 'position', 'in', 'proximity', 'to', 'the', 'feed-sheet', 'of', 'the', 'next', 'machine,', 'and', 'by', 'a', 'suitable', 'device', 'laid', 'on', 'this', 'feed-sheet', 'in', 'the', 'required', 'thickness', 'and', 'with', 'the', 'required', 'regularity.', 'In', 'Fig.', '14', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'the', '.', 'Scotch”', 'feed', 'is', 'shown.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noticed', 'that', 'the', 'Scotch', 'feed', 'lays', 'the', 'sliver', 'of', 'material', 'only', 'slightly', 'diagonally', 'upon', 'the', 'feed-sheet.', 'Another', 'suitable', 'type', 'of', 'feeding', 'mechanism-the', 'Apperley', 'lays', 'the', 'sliver', 'much', 'more', 'diagonally', 'upon', 'the', 'feed-sheet.', 'This,', 'of', 'course,', 'necessitates', 'a', 'longer', 'feed-sheet,', 'but', 'turning', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'more', 'to-', 'wards', 'the', 'feed', 'rollers', 'may', 'possibly', 'prevent', 'a', 'certain', 'amount', 'of', 'fibre', 'break', 'at', 'the', 'sacrifice', 'of', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'mixing', 'efficiency', 'of', 'the', 'Scotch', 'feed.', 'The', 'Scotch', 'and', 'the', 'Apperley', 'feeds', 'are', 'continuous,', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'material', 'once', 'automatically', 'fed', 'into', 'the', 'carding', 'set', 'by', 'the', 'hopper', 'feed', 'is', 'not', 'further', 'interfered', 'with', 'until', 'it', 'emerges', 'from', 'the', 'condenser', 'as', 'condensed', 'sliver.', 'In', 'this', 'case', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'previous', 'cases', 'there', 'will', 'be', 'at', 'least', 'one', 'waste', 'thread', '66', '45']

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['44', '(#86)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'at', 'each', 'extreme', 'edge', 'of', 'the', 'condenser--it', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'prevent', 'irregularities', 'in', 'sliver', 'at', 'the', 'edges', 'of', 'the', 'feed-', 'sheet', 'and', 'consequently', 'there', 'are', 'irregularities', 'on', 'the', 'edges', 'throughout', 'the', 'machine.', 'These', 'waste', 'threads', 'should', 'be', 'returned', 'by', 'pneumatic', 'conveying', 'tubes', 'to', 'the', 'hopper', 'feed', 'for', 're-carding.', 'The', 'principles', 'underlying“', 'intermediate', 'feeds', '"', 'may', 'be', 'summarized', 'as', 'follows:', '(A)', 'Build', 'of', 'sliver', 'for', 'feeding', 'into', 'succeeding', 'machine', ':', '(1)', 'Band-built', '(Fig.', '15', '(6)', 'and', '(c)).', '(2)', 'Film-built', '(Fig.', '15', '(d)).', '(3)', 'Band-film', 'built', '(Fig.', '14a', 'and', 'Fig.', '15', '(e)', 'and', '().', '(B)', 'Direction', 'of', 'fibres', 'as', 'presented', 'to', 'the', 'next', 'machine', ':', '(1)', 'Lengthwise(a)', 'unreversed', '(Fig.', '15a);', '(6)', 'reversed', '(Fig.', '150).', '(2)', 'Semi-lengthwise-(a)', 'unreversed;', '(b)', 'reversed.', '(3)', 'Crosswise-(a)', 'unreversed;', 'unreversed;', '(b)', 're-', 'versed', '(Fig.', '15', '(6)', 'and', '(d)).', '(c)', '(1)', 'Continuous', '(Fig.', '15', '(e))', 'or', '(2)', 'broken', 'sliver', 'or', 'fibre', '(Fig.', '15', '(f)).', 'Various', 'combinations', 'of', '(6),', '(c),', 'and', '(d)', 'are', 'in', 'every-', 'day', 'use,', 'but', 'rarely', 'in', 'this', 'country', 'are', 'the', 'methods', 'illustrated', 'in', '(e)', 'and', '(()', '(Fig.', '15)', 'employed.', 'It', 'is', 'quite', 'obvious,', 'however,', 'that', 'the', 'last', 'word', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'written', 'on', 'this', 'matter;', 'English', 'carders', 'have', 'here', 'something', 'to', 'learn', 'from', 'their', 'French', 'brethren.', 'In', 'Figs.', '15', 'methods', 'of', 'simply', 'but', 'graphically', 'repre-', 'senting', 'the', '"lie', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', '"lie', 'of', 'the', 'slivers"', 'and', 'fibre', 'direction', 'in', 'several', 'of', 'these', 'feeds', 'are', 'indicated.', '46']

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['47', '(#89)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'SECOND', 'SWIFT', 'ANCLE', 'STRIPPER', 'FIAST', 'SWIFT', 'SECOND', 'SWIFT', '1', 'ANCLE', 'STRIPPER', 'LICKER', 'IN', '11', 'MIDDLE', 'FEED', 'ROLLER', 'LATTICE', 'ROLLER', 'II!', 'I!!!', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'LICKER', 'IN', 'LATTICE', 'FEED', 'MIDDLE', '[FEED', 'ROLLER!', 'LATTICE', 'ROLLER', 'DOI', 'FINC', 'COMB', 'PRESS', 'ROLLERS', '(6)', 'FIRST', 'SWIFT', 'LATTICE', 'ROLLER', 'SECOND', 'SWIFT', 'ANGLE', 'STRIPPER', 'IIIIIIII', 'FLICKER', 'IN', 'III!!', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'MIDOLE', 'SE', 'OLLERS', 'IIIIIII!!', 'DOFFING', 'COMB', 'FIRST', 'SWIFT', '(a)', 'BALLS', 'BALL', '(c)', 'Fig.', '15.-The', '"Lie"', 'of', 'the', 'Slivers', 'in', '(a)', 'Direct', 'Feed,', '(b)', 'the', 'Scotch', 'Feed,', '(c)', 'the', 'Ball', 'and', 'Creel', 'Feed', '47']

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['48', '(#90)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'LAST', 'DOFFER', 'DOFFING', 'COMB', 'LATTICE', 'ROLLER', 'Q', '6', 'FILM', 'IN', 'LATTICE', 'E', 'o', 'o', 'B', 'LAP', 'SHOWING', 'LAP', 'BUILDING', 'DIRECTION', 'OF', 'FEED', 'INTO', 'ISUCCEEDING', 'CARD', '(d)', '1', '1', '1', 'FA', '9', '(e)', 'Fig.', '15.-The', '“Lie”', 'of', 'the', 'Slivers', 'in', '(d)', "Blamire's", 'Feed,', '(e)', 'Continuous', 'Traverse', 'Feed,', '()', 'Broken', 'Traverse', 'Feed.', '48']

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['49', '(#91)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', '(B)', 'The', 'passage', 'through', 'the', 'card', 'involving', ':-', '(1)', 'Carding,', '(2)', 'Stripping,', 'and', '(3)', 'Passing', 'forward,', 'constitute', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'series', 'of', 'operations', 'which', 'the', 'student', 'of', 'carding', 'has', 'to', 'study.', 'The', 'passage', 'of', 'wool', 'through', 'a', 'worsted', 'carder', 'is', 'carefully', 'considered', 'on', 'pages', '218-220,', '“Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing', 'but', 'carding', 'is', 'a', 'much', 'more', 'important', 'matter', 'to', 'the', 'woollen', 'spinner', 'than', 'to', 'the', 'wool', 'comber,', 'consequently', 'deeper', 'insight', 'must', 'here', 'be', 'attempted.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'card', 'wires', 'spoken', 'of', 'as', 'the', '“carding', 'action', 'is', 'that', 'effected', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'old', 'hand-cards', 'when', 'these', 'are', 'drawn', 'in', 'opposition', 'to', 'one', 'another-', 'point', 'to', 'point.', 'But', 'with', 'hand-cards', 'this', 'action', 'is', 'necessarily', 'intermittent-with', 'rollers', 'clothed', 'with', 'wires', 'having', 'the', 'correct', 'inclination', 'and', 'revolved', 'in', 'the', 'required', 'direction,', 'the', 'operation', 'is', 'continuous.', 'This', 'action', 'is', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'woollen', 'carding,', 'the', 'swift', '(A)', 'Fig.', '16', 'meeting', 'the', 'worker', '(B)', 'point', 'to', 'point', 'and', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'effectively', 'carding', 'the', 'wool.', 'On', 'a', 'card', 'wherever', 'swift', 'and', 'workers', 'meet', 'there', 'is', 'true', 'carding', 'taking', 'place-', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'severe', 'according', 'to', '(a)', 'The', 'relative', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', ';', '(6)', 'Distance', 'apart', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders;', 'and', '(c)', 'The', 'card', 'clothing', 'densities.', 'With', 'reference', 'to', '(a)', 'the', 'relative', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'cylinders', 'will', 'depend', 'upon', 'whether', 'the', 'worker', 'is', 'Stationary,', 'or', 'Revolving', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'direction', 'as', 'the', 'swift,', 'its', 'teeth', 'act', 'against', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift;', 'or', 'Revolving', 'in', 'the', 'opposite', 'direction', 'to', 'the', 'swift,', 'its', 'teeth', 'as', 'it', 'were', 'retiring', 'from', 'the', 'swift.', 'The', 'first', 'condition', 'is', 'almost', 'obtained', 'in', 'the', 'flat', 'cotton', 'card,', 'but', 'as', 'the', 'idea', 'of', 'the', 'roller', 'card', 'is', 'to', 'attain', 'E', '49']

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['50', '(#92)', '##############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'continuity', 'of', 'action', 'and', 'possibly', 'varied-surface', 'move-', 'ment,', 'this', 'condition', 'rarely', 'obtains', 'in', 'wool', 'carding.', 'The', 'second', 'condition', 'results', 'in', 'a', 'severe', 'carding', 'straightening', 'operation,', 'and', 'is', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'short', 'material', '(such', 'as', 'noils', 'and', 'mungos)', 'which', 'cannot', 'well', 'be', 'fibre-broken', 'further,', 'but', 'in', 'which', 'thorough', 'disintegrating', 'and', 'mixing,', 'and', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'possible', 'par-', 'allelizing,', 'is', 'required.', 'Even', 'then', 'it', 'is', 'only', 'usual', 'to', 'drive', 'the', 'workers', 'over', 'the', 'last', 'swift', 'in', 'this', 'direction.', 'List', 'II.-SIZES', 'AND', 'SPEEDS', 'OF', 'ENGLISH', 'AND', 'FRENCH', 'CARDS', 'English', 'French', 'Reus.', 'Relative', 'Diameter', 'per', 'Surface', 'Diameter', 'min.', 'Speeds', 'Revolutions', 'per', 'min.', 'Relative', 'Surface', 'Speeds', 'in.', 'in.', 'per', 'min.', 'Swift', 'Worker', 'Stripper', 'Fancy', 'Doffer', 'Width', '50', '80', '(9', 'to)', '12', '5', '43', '(to', '12)', '|', '263', '14', '375', '(36', 'to)', '40', '5', '60', 'to', '72', 'in.', 'in.', 'per', 'min.!', '4000', '46', '(+', 'or', "-'60", '8', '(to', '9)', '1183', '(3', 'to)', '4', '5220', 'I', '2', '200', '28', '60', 'to', '80', '100', '(to', '120)', '5', '(to', '6)', '125', '425', '8', '4600', '(tor-)', '40', '500', '5100', '224', 'The', 'third', 'condition', 'is', 'the', 'more', 'usual', 'as', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'worker', 'retreating', 'from', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'ease', 'the', 'severity', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'operation.', 'The', 'cylinder', 'revolutions', 'and', 'surface', 'speeds', 'of', 'carding', 'rollers', 'in', 'a', 'Cheviot', 'carding', 'set', 'are', 'given', 'in', 'List', 'II,', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'gathered', 'that', 'even', 'the', 'woollen', 'carding', 'engine', 'is', 'by', 'no', 'means', 'ideal', 'from', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'view', 'of', 'gradually', 'disintegrating', 'the', 'fibre', 'masses.', 'This', 'severe', 'action,', 'however,', 'may', 'be', 'mitigated', 'in', 'part', 'by', 'the', '“lifting,"', 'or', 'setting', 'to', 'a', 'wider', 'gauge,', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'from', 'the', 'swift-hence', 'the', 'necessity', 'for', 'completely', 'studying—(6)', 'distance', 'apart', 'of', 'cylinders.', 'If', 'the', 'whole', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'on', 'a', 'card', 'be', 'set', 'to', 'one', '50']

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['55', '(#97)', '##############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift', 'and', 'passes', 'it', 'forward', 'to', 'be', 'doffed', 'by', 'the', 'doffing', 'comb', '(Fig.', '16', '(b))', 'at', 'B.', 'But', 'the', 'swift', 'is', 'now', 'clear', 'to', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'and', 'no', 'doubt', 'in', 'part', 'even', 'below', 'the', 'points,', 'so', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'eager', 'to', 'seize', 'a', 'new', 'charge', 'of', 'material', 'which', 'it', 'usually', 'C', 'SE', '4', '«А', 'AI', 'H', '(c)', '(a)', '(o', 'A', 'E', '(b)', 'Fig.', '16.-(a)', 'The', 'Carding', 'Cylinders,', '(b)', 'The', 'Delivery', 'Cylinders,', '(c)', 'The', 'Feed', 'Cylinders', 'does', 'from', 'the', 'angle-stripper', 'K,', 'this', 'cylinder', 'acting', 'as', 'the', 'conveyer', 'between', 'the', 'licker-in', 'and', 'swift', '(Fig.', '16', '(c)).', 'If', 'now', 'for', 'a', 'moment', 'the', 'cylinders', 'be', 'thought', 'of', 'as', 'clothed', 'with', 'perfectly', 'level', 'films', 'of', 'material', '(or,', 'say,', 'cloth),', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'the', 'film', 'from', 'the', 'angle-', 'strippers', 'is', 'now', 'held', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'by', 'the', 'opposite', 'sur-', '55']

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['56', '(#102)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'RCAST', 'CLOER', 'Don', 'Fig.', '17.-Carding', 'Engine', 'for', 'the', 'Manufacture', 'of', 'Felts', 'doffer?', 'Perhaps', 'one', 'further', 'sug-', 'gestion', 'should', 'be', 'given.', 'So', 'long', 'as', 'fibres', 'lie', 'across', 'the', 'cylinders', '-across', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'move-', 'ment—will', 'they', 'be', 'liable', 'to', 'be', 'impeded', 'in', 'their', 'passage.', 'Ap-', 'proximation', 'to', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'cylinder', 'movement', 'in', 'the"', "lie'", 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'will', 'always', 'give', 'a', 'better', 'chance', 'of', 'escaping', 'the', 'next', 'carding', 'contact.', 'This', 'thought', 'brings', 'up', 'the', 'difficult', 'question', ':', 'should', 'count', 'and', 'crown', 'be', 'the', 'same', 'in', 'carding', 'surfaces', '?should', 'not', 'the', 'card-', 'clothing', 'on', 'the', 'earlier', 'cylinders', 'be', 'striated', 'in', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'movement', 'to', 'facilitate', 'the', '"lying', '-', 'in”', 'and', 'consequent', 'passage', 'forward', 'of', 'the', 'material', '?', 'This', 'is', 'certainly', 'a', 'question', 'which', 'carding', 'engineers', 'should', 'consider.', '*', '(C)', 'Method', 'of', 'Final', 'Delivery.', '-The', 'method', 'of', 'final', 'delivery', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'matters', 'which', 'has', 'to', 'be', 'decided.', 'The', 'simplest', 'form', 'of', 'delivery', 'is', 'that', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '17,', 'in', 'which', 'a', 'thin', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'the', 'full', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'carder', 'is', 'built', 'up', 'layer', 'by', 'layer', 'into', 'a', 'thick', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'of', 'considerable', 'length.', 'This', 'spongy', 'mass', 'is', 'docco', '58']

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['60', '(#106)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'comb', '(Fig.', '20)', 'does', 'not', 'appear', 'to', 'be', 'nearly', 'so', 'efficient', 'as', 'that', 'by', 'the', 'stripper', '(Fig.', '21).', 'In', 'dealing', 'with', 'a', 'delicate', 'film', 'of', 'wool', 'of', 'this', 'nature,', 'the', 'influence', 'and', 'effect', 'of', 'air', 'currents', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'overlooked,', 'and', 'on', 'this', 'account', 'the', '“stripper"', 'method', 'is', 'much', 'less', 'objectionable', 'than', 'the', 'reciprocating', 'doffing', 'comb.', 'The', 'dividing', 'of', 'the', 'film', 'of', 'material', 'is', 'effected', 'on', 'two', 'distinct', 'methods', ':-', '(1)', 'By', 'the', '"', 'presence"', 'and', '"absence”', 'card', 'wire', '“', 'system,', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'Ring-Doffer', 'system', ';', 'FANCY', 'DOFTER', 'O', 'CYLINDER.', 'DOFFER.', 'Fig.', '19a.-Double', 'Doffer', 'Tandem', 'Rubber', 'Condenser', '(2)', 'By', 'means', 'of', 'tapes', 'or', 'bands,', 'two', 'horizontal', 'layers', 'of', 'which', 'unite', 'to', 'receive', 'the', 'full-width', 'film', 'of', 'material', 'between', 'themselves', 'but', 'separ-', 'ate', 'virtually', 'into', 'i-in.,', 'or', '4-in.', 'or', '-in.', 'sections', 'as', 'they', 'carry', 'the', 'film', 'forward,', 'thus', 'dividing', 'the', 'full-width', 'film', 'into', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'fila-', 'ments.', '*', 'The', 'simplest', 'form', 'of', 'ring-doffer', 'condenser', 'is', 'shown', 'in', 'Figs.', '18', 'and', '18a.', 'Most', 'carding', 'engineers', 'prefer', 'this', 'system', 'to', 'any', 'other,', 'but', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', '60']

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['64', '(#112)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'and', 'nailing', 'or', 'winding', 'the', 'foundation', 'with', 'its', 'accompanying', 'wires', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'carding', 'cylinders.', 'This', 'method', 'with', 'sheeting', 'or', 'fillet-', 'ing', 'is', 'adopted', 'almost', 'entirely', 'in', 'the', 'normal', 'carding', 'engine.', 'In', 'Fig.', '22', 'these', 'three', 'types', 'are', 'shown', 'in', 'their', 'simplest', 'forms.', 'Card', 'sheeting', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '18', 'and', '19.', 'A', 'FEARNOUGHT', 'TEETH', 'B', 'GARNETT', 'CLOTHING', 'ca', 'CARD', 'C', 'CLOTHING', 'Fig.', '22.-Mechanical', 'Construction', 'of', 'Carding', 'Surfaces', 'NOTE.-Clothing', 'with', 'Card', 'Sheeting', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '18', 'and', '19.', '64']

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['70', '(#118)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '>', 'almost', 'equal', 'pinning', 'of', 'the', 'clothing', 'in', 'both', 'count', 'and', 'crown', 'direction.', 'The', 'distribution', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'place', 'may', 'be', 'designed', 'as', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '24', 'a,', 'b,', 'c,', 'by', 'dotting', 'in', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'as', 'required', 'to', 'scale,', 'and', 'then', 'upon', 'this', 'dotting', 'to', 'add', 'the', 'crowns', 'in', 'plain,', 'rib', 'or', 'twill', 'order', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'condition', 'judged', 'most', 'suitable', 'in', 'each', 'particular', 'case.', 'In', 'the', 'second', 'place', 'the', 'plain,', 'rib', 'or', 'twill', 'foundation', 'crowns', 'may', 'be', 'lightly', 'sketched', 'in', 'to', 'scale,', 'and', 'then', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', '(at', 'the', 'two', 'ends', 'of', 'crowns)', 'dotted', 'in', 'strongly', 'to', 'clearly', 'indicate', 'the', 'dis-', 'tribution', 'of', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', '(Fig.', '25', 'a,', 'b,', 'c).', 'As', 'a', 'rule', 'it', 'is', 'much', 'more', 'satisfactory', 'for', 'the', 'carding', 'engineer', 'to', 'design', 'and', 'indicate', 'the', 'settings', 'he', 'desires', 'than', 'merely', 'to', 'take', 'what', 'is', 'offered', 'to', 'him', 'by', 'the', 'card-', 'clothing', 'manufacturer.', 'He', 'should', 'recognize,', 'however,', 'that', 'the', 'card-clothing', 'manufacturers', 'have', 'a', 'wonderfully', 'extensive', 'experience', 'to', 'draw', 'upon,', 'and', 'as', 'a', 'rule', 'are', 'quite', 'prepared', 'to', 'discuss', 'the', 'various', 'points', 'here', 'raised.', 'In', 'the', 'pinning', 'of', 'comb', 'circles', 'for', 'the', 'Noble', 'comb', 'it', 'is', 'now', 'customary', 'to', 'take', 'the', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'wire', 'and', 'the', 'required', '“clear', 'space', 'necessitated', 'by', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'fibre', 'being', 'combed', 'and', 'to', 'calculate', 'the', 'pins', 'per', 'inch', 'accordingly.', 'This', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'done', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'card', 'clothing.', 'Taking,', 'for', 'example,', "60's", 'counts', '6', 'crown,', 'the', 'cal-', 'culation', 'stands', 'as', 'follows', ':-', "60's/6-Wire", 'No.', '24', '(L.S.G.)', '=', '\'022"', 'diameter-144', 'teeth', ')', 'per', 'sq.', 'in.', 'και', 'πd2.', 'Area', '(0.022)', '0.00038', '.00038', 'X', '144', '0.0547', 'wire', 'area', 'per', 'sq.', 'in.', '0.9453', 'space', 'per', 'sq.', 'in.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'bending', 'of', 'the', 'wires', 'at', 'the', 'knee', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'card', 'grinding', 'results', 'in', 'the', 'wire', 'presenting', 'an', 'area,', 'which', 'is', 'an', 'ellipse,', 'consider-', '1', '70']

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['76', '(#124)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Ń', 'fibre', 'length', 'The', 'formula', 'is', 'simply', 'a', 'suggested', '3', 'basis', 'for', 'deciding', 'the', 'matter', 'of', 'wire', 'length;', 'if', 'adopted', 'it', 'would', 'still', 'require', 'modification', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'certain', 'empirical', 'knowledge.', 'It', 'does,', 'however,', 'give', 'some', 'approximation', "'to", 'present-day', 'practice.', 'The', 'length', 'of', 'wire', 'should', 'probably', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'space', 'interval—at', 'least', 'in', 'the', 'true', 'carding', '”', 'positions', '(worker', 'and', 'swift).', 'If', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'wire', 'above', 'the', 'knee', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'the', 'carding', 'length,', 'then', 'the', 'three', 'factors', ':', 'length', '(approximately)', 'of', 'swift', 'wire,', 'space', 'interval,', 'length', '(approximately)', 'of', 'worker', 'wire', 'should', 'be', 'just', 'equal', 'to', 'the', 'minimum', 'fibre', 'length', 'to', 'ensure', 'equal', 'carding', 'conditions', 'for', 'the', 'fibre.', 'This', 'condition', 'is', 'probably', 'attained', 'in', 'carding', 'short', 'fibres', 'of', 'fairly', 'average', 'length,', 'but', 'in', 'carding', 'longer', 'fibres', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'marked', 'discrepancy.', 'This', 'is', 'due', 'partly', 'to', 'the', '“lie', '”', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'upon', 'the', 'revolving', 'cylinders,', 'partly', 'to', 'the', 'resist-', 'ance', 'offered', 'during', 'transference', 'from', 'cylinder', 'to', 'cylin-', 'der--even', 'in', 'stripping,', 'and', 'partly', 'due', 'to', 'air', 'friction.', 'It', 'is', 'difficult', 'to', 'see', 'how', 'the', 'practical', 'nece', 'ties', 'can', 'here', 'be', 'met', 'with', 'any', 'other', 'method', 'than', 'empiricism,', 'but', 'the', 'value', 'of', 'having', 'mental', 'vision', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'happening,', 'and', 'some', 'basis', 'of', 'reference,', 'is', 'still', 'strongly', 'in', 'evidence.', '(c)', 'The', 'combination', 'of', 'foundation', 'and', 'wire', 'to', 'meet', 'the', 'requirements', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'and', 'different', 'activities', 'observable', 'in', 'every', 'carding', 'engine,', 'and', 'also', 'to', 'meet', 'the', '*requirements', 'of', 'carding', 'engines', 'designed', 'to', 'card', 'par-', 'ticular', 'fibres,', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'considered.', 'Differences', 'here', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'to', 'be', 'due', 'to', '76']

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['86', '(#136)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', ')', ')', 'the', 'material', 'is', 'of', 'sufficient', 'length', 'to', 'stand', 'the', 'strain', 'of', 'passing', 'over', 'the', 'overhead', 'lattice', 'from', 'the', 'delivery', 'end', 'of', 'one', 'machine', 'to', 'the', 'feed', 'end', 'of', 'another', 'machine.', 'Should', 'the', 'material', 'be', 'too', 'short,', 'and', 'consequently', 'the', 'sliver', 'too', 'weak', 'for', 'this', 'mode', 'of', 'conveyance,', 'the', 'Apperley', 'feed', 'may', 'be', 'adopted,', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'lattice', 'conveying', 'the', 'sliver', 'may', 'be', 'run', 'along', 'the', 'ground,', 'and', 'thus', 'a', 'very', 'simple', 'and', 'direct', 'connexion', 'between', 'the', 'two', 'machines', 'effected.', 'The', 'problem', 'of', 'deciding', 'the', 'best', 'angle', 'of', 'the', 'feed', 'has', 'already', 'been', 'referred', 'to,', 'and', 'is', 'also', 'elucidated', 'in', 'the', 'graphic', 'diagrams', 'of', 'feeding', '(Fig.', '15).', 'In', 'this', 'country', 'the', 'Blamire', 'or', 'blanket"', 'feed', 'is', 'almost', 'invariably', 'selected', 'for', 'short', 'material,', 'especially', 'mungo', 'blends—but', 'the', 'feed', 'is', 'considered', 'very', 'unsuit-', 'able', 'for', 'long-fibred', 'material.', 'This', 'feed', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '12,', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', '“', 'blanket"', 'is', 'built', 'up', 'film', 'by', 'film,', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'these', 'films', 'being', 'almost', 'at', 'right', 'angles', 'to', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'thick', '"blanket."', 'There', 'is', 'another', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'Blamire', 'feed', 'for', 'mills', 'in', 'which', 'room', 'is', 'limited,', 'but', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'forming', 'the', 'lap', 'is', 'exactly', 'the', 'same.', 'One', 'other', 'feed-specially', 'designed', 'for', 'long-fibred', 'material-merits', 'careful', 'study.', 'The', '"ball', 'and', 'creel"', 'feed', 'presents', 'certain', 'advantages', 'which', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'overlooked.', 'In', 'Fig.', '13', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'feed', 'is', 'illustrated.', 'There', 'the', 'fibre', 'direction', 'is', 'approximately', 'with', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'sliver,*', 'and', 'consequently', 'this', 'feed', 'is', 'especi-', 'ally', 'suited', 'to', 'the', 'carding', 'of', 'the', 'longer', 'clothing', 'wools.', 'The', 'difficulties', 'of', 'starting', 'up', 'and', 'stopping', 'have', 'already', 'been', 'referred', 'to.', 'Attention', 'should', 'be', 'drawn,', 'however,', 'to', 'one', 'important', 'advantage', 'which', 'this', 'feed', 'presents,', 'viz.,', 'the', 'ease', 'with', 'which', 'random', 'effects', '*', 'On', 'the', 'assumption', 'that', 'the', 'sliver', 'has', 'been', 'brought', 'from', 'the', 'centre--not', 'from', 'the', 'side', 'of', 'the', 'doffer.', '86']

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['87', '(#137)', '#############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'may', 'be', 'obtained.', 'If', 'alternate', 'balls', 'of,', 'say,', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'are', 'fed', 'up', 'to', 'a', 'ring', 'doffer', 'condenser', '(or', 'any', 'carder', 'without', 'rollers', 'which', 'are', 'given', 'a', 'traverse', 'across', 'the', 'swift),', 'a', 'striated', 'film', 'of', 'black', 'and', 'white,', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'fit', 'the', 'pitch', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', 'rings,', 'will', 'pass', 'through', 'the', 'machine', 'towards', 'the', 'condensing.', 'Under', 'normal', 'conditions', 'the', 'white', 'streak', 'would', 'be', 'taken', 'by', 'one', 'ring,', 'and', 'the', 'black', 'streak', 'by', 'the', 'next', 'ring', 'and', 'so', 'on', 'across', 'the', 'card,', 'and', 'thus', 'solid', 'coloured', 'threads', 'alter-', 'nately', 'of', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'would', 'be', 'produced.', 'If,', 'how-', 'ever,', '(a)', 'the', 'ring', 'doffer', 'is', 'given', 'a', 'traverse', 'crosswise', 'of,', 'say,', 'the', 'breadth', 'or', 'half', 'the', 'breadth', 'of', 'the', 'striations', 'or', 'card-rings;', 'or', '(6)', 'the', 'ring', 'doffer', 'is', 'clothed', 'with', 'rings', 'which', 'do', 'not', 'pass', 'concentrically', 'round,', 'but', 'are', 'waved', 'or', 'angled', '”', 'to', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'the', 'striations', ';', 'then', 'instead', 'of', 'a', 'solid', 'thread,', 'a', 'thread', 'alternately', 'of', 'black', 'and', 'white-or,', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'termed,', 'a', '"random', '"', 'thread', '-is', 'produced.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'this', 'method', 'of', 'pro-', 'ducing', 'fancy', 'yarns', 'is', 'capable', 'of', 'being', 'developed', ':', 'certainly', 'every', 'woollen', 'manufacturer', 'should', 'have', 'at', 'least', 'one', 'of', 'his', 'cards', 'fitted', 'up', 'to', 'produce', 'this', 'effect.', 'The', 'value', 'of', 'carefully', 'considering', 'intermediate', 'card-', 'film', 'production,', 'as', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '15', 'is', 'in', 'evidence', 'in', 'Fig.', '31.', 'There', 'a', 'film', 'intermediate', 'between', 'the', 'normal', 'narrow', 'Scotch-feed', 'film', 'and', 'the', 'normal', 'full-', 'width', 'Blamire', 'film', 'is', 'illustrated.', '*', '*', 'Condensers', 'and', 'Skein', '(Count)', 'Control', 'The', 'functions', 'of', 'the', 'condenser', 'card', 'are', ':-', '(a)', 'to', 'produce', 'and', 'present', 'to', 'the', 'dividing', 'apparatus', 'a', 'perfectly', 'level', 'broad', 'film', 'of', 'material;', '(6)', 'to', 'neatly', 'and', 'with', 'absolute', 'regularity', 'divide', 'up', 'this', 'film', 'into', 'the', 'desired', 'number', 'of', 'filaments.', '87']

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['89', '(#139)', '#############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'multiple', 'or', 'series', 'tape', 'machine', '(Fig.', '20a),', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'conceivable', 'that', 'it', 'might', 'be', 'so', 'improved', 'that', 'it', 'would', 'be', 'at', 'least', 'equal', 'in', 'efficiency', 'to', 'the', 'single', 'tape', 'machine.', 'In', 'Fig.', '21a', 'a', 'method', 'of', 'tape', 'control', 'different', 'from', 'those', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Figs.', '20', 'or', '20a', 'is', 'shown.', 'This', 'also', 'illustrates', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'running', 'the', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'on', 'to', 'six', 'instead', 'of', 'two', 'or', 'four', 'condensing', 'tiers.', 'Careful', 'study', 'of', 'these', 'diagrams', 'will', 'bring', 'out', 'the', 'following', 'questions', ':', '(a)', 'Method', 'of', 'doffing', 'the', 'film--comb', 'or', 'stripper', ';', '(6)', 'Continuous', 'or', 'single', 'tapes', ';', '(c)', 'Deep', 'grooved', '(Fig.', '20a)', 'or', 'shallow', 'grooved', '(Fig.', '21a)', 'tape', 'control;', '(d)', 'The', 'turning', 'over', 'of', 'the', 'tapes', 'in', 'order-', 'I.', 'to', 'deliver', 'the', 'films', 'of', 'wool', 'they', 'carry', 'to', 'the', 'rollers;', '2.', 'to', 'use', 'both', 'sides', 'as', 'film', 'carriers', ';', '(e)', 'the', 'guiding', 'of', 'the', 'tapes', 'to', 'obviate', 'two', 'tapes,', 'with', 'their', 'accompanying', 'air', 'currents,', 'running', 'against', 'one', 'another', 'and', 'so', 'disturbing', 'the', 'delicate', 'films', 'of', 'wool', 'at', 'the', 'crucial', 'moment', 'of', 'presentation', 'to', 'the', 'rubbers;', '(f)', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'tiers', 'of', 'rubbers', 'and', 'condensing', 'bobbins', 'will', 'depend', 'upon', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'tapes', '(i.e.', 'number', 'of', 'threads', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'machine).', 'If,', 'for', 'example,', '60', 'threads', 'are', 'taken', 'off', '60', 'in.,', 'two', 'tiers', 'may', 'be', 'ample;', 'but', 'if', '180', 'threads', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'off', '60', 'in.,', 'then', 'the', 'delivery', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '21', 'should', 'be', 'employed.', '(g)', 'single', 'or', 'tandem', 'rubbers', 'and', 'breadth', 'of', '"rub."', 'Several', 'patents', 'have', 'been', 'taken', 'out', 'for', 'steel', 'blade', 'condensers.', 'The', 'employment', 'of', 'steel', 'bands', 'or', 'tapes', 'is', 'also', 'now', 'possibly', 'thinkable.', 'This', 'brings', 'up', 'the', 'question', 'of', 'the', 'material', 'of', 'which', 'the', 'condensing', 'tapes', 'are', 'made.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'such', 'materials', '89']

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['91', '(#141)', '#############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'PANCY', 'DOFTER', 'CYLINDER', '-FANCY', 'DOFFER', 'Fig.', '31.-Carding', 'Engine', 'with', 'two', 'fancies', 'and', 'two', 'doffers', 'producing', 'two', 'films', 'for', 'yarns', 'of', 'the', 'lower', 'grades', 'and', 'skeins', '16']

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['92', '(#142)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'takes', 'the', 'fibres', 'lying', 'below', 'the', 'points', 'of', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'swift.', 'The', 'value', 'of', 'this', 'idea', 'may', 'be', 'thought', 'out', 'as', 'follows:', '1.', 'Under', 'any', 'circumstances', 'as', 'great', 'a', 'weight', 'of', 'wool', 'should', 'be', 'passed', 'through', 'the', 'carder', 'as', 'the', 'wires', 'on', 'the', 'cylinders', 'can', 'well', 'control', 'and', 'truly', 'card.', 'The', 'limit', 'should', 'not', 'be', 'in', 'the', 'condensing', '2.', 'The', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'condensed', '-', '(a)', 'as', 'is', 'usually', 'the', 'case,', 'may', 'be', 'divided', 'up', 'into', 'a', 'large', 'number', 'of', 'fine', 'or', 'a', 'smaller', 'number', 'of', 'coarse', 'filaments', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'divisions', '(i.e.', 'tapes)', 'across', 'the', 'machine', ';', 'or', '(b)', 'may', 'be', 'continuously', 'delivered', 'as', 'two', 'films,', 'and', 'each', 'of', 'these', 'films', 'divided', 'up', 'into', 'fine', 'or', 'coarse', 'filaments', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'divisions', '(i.e.', 'tapes)', 'across', 'the', 'machine.', 'Thus', 'the', 'double-film', 'tape', 'condenser', 'in', 'comparison', 'with', 'the', 'ordinary', 'tape', 'condenser', 'may', 'allow-', 'I,', 'the', 'same', 'number', 'of', 'filaments', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'count', 'number', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'off', 'with', 'tapes', 'double', 'the', 'normal', 'width;', 'or', '2,', 'say,', 'double', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'films,', 'of', 'double', 'the', 'count', 'number,', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'off', 'with', 'tapes', 'the', 'normal', 'width.', 'Carding', 'engineers', 'generally', 'agree', 'that', 'given', 'the', 'maximum', 'weight', 'of', 'film', 'coming', 'through', 'the', 'card,', 'the', 'normal', 'single', 'film', 'condenser', 'with', 'tapes', 'of', 'the', 'necessary', 'pitch', 'will', 'do', 'all', 'that', 'is', 'required', 'and', 'yield', 'a', 'uniform', 'result-which,', 'of', 'course,', 'a', 'card', 'cannot', 'yield', 'from', 'two', 'condensing', 'film', 'layers.', 'There', 'would', 'seem', 'to', 'be', 'room,', 'however,', 'for', 'a', 'convenient', 'method', 'of', 'varying', 'the', 'width', 'or', 'pitch', 'of', 'the', 'tapes.', 'With', 'a', 'given', 'tape', 'condenser', 'the', '92']

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['94', '(#144)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'lags', ';', 'and', 'there', 'seems', 'to', 'be', 'always', 'a', 'preference', 'for', 'wood', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'fancy.', 'The', 'sizes', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', 'may', 'best', 'be', 'studied', 'under', 'the', 'headings', 'I.', 'Breadth;', '2.', 'Diameter.', 'Although', '60', 'in.', 'was', 'the', 'standard', 'width', 'of', 'all', 'carding', 'engines,', 'no', 'doubt', 'being', 'fixed', 'at', 'this', 'by', 'the', 'engineering', 'difficulties', 'involved', '(rigidity', 'of', 'cylinders', 'being', 'essential),', 'still', 'much', 'wider', 'cylinders', 'are', 'made', 'to', 'work', 'satisfac-', 'torily', 'to-day:', '72', 'in.', 'is', 'now', 'quite', 'usual,', 'but', 'go', 'in.', 'appears', 'to', 'be', 'too', 'broad', 'for', 'satisfactory', 'work.', 'The', 'practice', 'in', 'the', 'woollen', 'trade', 'appears', 'to', 'be', 'to', 'make', 'scribbler', 'and', 'intermediate', '72', 'in.', 'and', 'then', 'in', 'the', 'con-', 'denser', 'to', 'come', 'down', 'to', '60', 'in.', ';', 'but', 'probably', 'the', 'correct', 'way', 'to', 'put', 'this', 'is', 'that', 'if', '60', 'in.', 'be', 'adopted', 'as', 'the', 'width', 'of', 'the', 'condenser', 'the', 'wool', 'will', 'be', 'better', 'cleaned', 'and', 'carded', 'if', 'intermediate', 'and', 'scribbler', 'be', 'widened', 'out', 'to', '72', 'in.', 'Cylinders', 'or', 'swifts', 'will', 'be', 'made', 'of', 'a', 'size', 'in', 'con-', 'formity', 'with', '1.', 'Rigidity;', '2.', 'Weight-with', 'reference', 'to', 'power', 'consumption', 'and', 'cost', 'of', 'driving', 'gear.', 'Workers', 'should', 'be', 'varied', 'in', 'diameter', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'wool', 'to', 'be', 'carded', 'a', 'long', 'wool', 'neces-', 'sitates', 'a', 'large', 'diameter', 'worker', '(say', '12', 'in.)', 'and', 'a', 'short', 'mungo', 'only', 'needs', 'a', 'small', 'worker', '(say', '5', 'in.),', 'allowing', 'more', 'workers', 'to', 'the', 'swift', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'the', 'larger', 'worker.', 'It', 'is', 'difficult', 'to', 'see', 'why', 'workers', 'are', 'all', 'made', 'the', 'same', 'size*--they', 'may', 'be', 'either', 'increased', 'in', 'size', 'from', 'first', 'to', 'last', 'on', 'the', 'same', 'swift', 'or', 'on', 'different', 'swifts;', 'or', 'decreased', 'in', 'size.', 'A', 'gradual', 'increase', 'in', '*', 'Excepting', 'that', 'standardization', 'is', 'always', 'to', 'be', 'sought', 'for', 'in', 'the', 'works.', '94']

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['96', '(#146)', '#############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '.', 'found', 'that', 'the', 'carding', 'contact', '(3)', 'Fig.', '32', 'is', 'com-', 'paratively', 'long.', 'If', 'with', 'the', 'same-sized', 'swift', 'is', 'worked', 'a', 'small', 'doffer,', 'the', 'carding', 'arc', 'of', 'contact', 'is', 'short.', 'There', 'is', 'probably', 'some', 'relationship', 'between', 'fibre', 'length', 'and', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'arc', 'of', 'contact—but', 'again', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'affected', 'by', 'whether', 'the', 'teeth', 'of', 'the', 'doffer', 'are', 'made', 'to', 'retreat', 'from', 'the', 'swift', 'or', 'to', 'act', 'against', 'the', 'swift.', 'There', 'is', 'also', 'the', 'extra', 'cost', 'of', 'making', 'and', 'driving', 'the', 'larger', 'doffer', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account,', 'and', 'possibly', 'the', 'wearing', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'card', 'clothing', 'also', 'to', 'be', 'considered—including', 'the', 'ratio', 'between', 'wear', 'due', 'to', 'work', 'and', 'wear', 'due', 'to', 'exposure', 'in', 'the', 'mill', 'atmosphere.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'the', 'usual', 'sizes', 'of', 'woollen', 'card', 'cylinders', ':', 'Cylinders', 'or', 'swifts', '54', 'in,', 'diameter', 'to', '50', 'in.', 'Breasts', '54', '36', 'Doffers', '50', '24', 'Workers', '5', ',', 'Strippers', '5', 'Fancies', '9', 'Of', 'the', 'two', 'types', 'of', 'framework,', 'viz.,', '"box', 'bends”', 'and', '“flat', 'bends,"', 'the', 'box', 'bends', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'preferred', 'as', 'usually', 'allowing', 'of', 'more', 'refinement', 'in', 'the', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'cylinders', '(Fig.', '33).', 'In', 'either', 'case', 'the', 'bends', 'should', 'be', 'fitted', 'close', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'cylinders', 'to', 'prevent', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'air', 'currents,', 'and', 'the', 'outside', 'driving', 'arrangement', 'should', 'be', 'designed', 'to', 'allow', 'of', 'protection', 'to', 'the', 'bearing', 'hubs', 'of', 'the', 'worker,', 'stripper', 'and', 'fancy', 'shafts.', 'Of', 'the', 'details', 'of', 'construction', 'perhaps', 'the', 'wood-plugging', 'positions', 'are', 'all-important,', 'but', 'there', 'are', 'obviously', 'many', 'points', 'in', 'the', 'design', 'of', 'a', 'carding', 'engine', 'where', 'details', 'have', 'a', 'very', 'important', 'bearing', 'upon', 'utility', 'and', 'economic', 'running', 'The', 'question', 'may', 'here', 'be', 'debated', 'as', 'to', 'whether', 'machines', 'should', 'be', 'single,', 'double,', 'or', 'treble', 'style', 'I2', '2', '16', '96']

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['97', '(#147)', '#############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'machines—in', 'each', 'case', 'having', 'given', 'the', 'same', 'number', 'of', 'swifts', 'and', 'their', 'accompanying', 'cylinders.', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'mixing', 'capacities', 'of', 'the', 'intermediate', 'feeds', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'surprising', 'to', 'find', 'that', 'often', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'ordinary', 'wool-', 'len', 'cards', 'scribbler', 'and', 'condenser', 'only', 'are', 'employed,', 'but', 'that', 'where', 'perfect', 'mixing', 'is', 'required', 'scribbler,', 'intermediate', 'and', 'condenser', 'are', 'almost', 'invariably', 'arranged', 'for—thus', 'giving', 'two', 'intermediate', 'feed', 'mixings.', 'The', 'number', 'of', 'swifts', 'per', 'machine', 'varies', 'consider-', 'ably.', 'For', 'working', 'fine,', 'short', 'wools,', 'four', 'or', 'five', 'small', 'swifts', 'in', 'the', 'scribbler', 'used', 'to', 'be', 'quite', 'common.', 'To-day', 'a', 'breast', 'and', 'four', 'or', 'five', 'swifts', 'per', 'set', 'is', 'ordinarily', 'met', 'with', 'for', 'carding', 'mixtures.', 'The', 'following', 'distribution', 'of', 'five', 'swifts', 'are', 'thinkable', ':', '1', '2', '3', '6', '6', '7', '2', '2', 'I', 'I', '2', 'I', '2', 'I', '.', '2', '2', 'I', 'I', 'I', '2', '2', 'Scribbler', '3', '3', 'Intermediate', '3', 'Condenser', '3', 'Of', 'these,', 'I', 'and', '5', 'are', 'most', 'commonly', 'in', 'use.', 'Nos.', '6', 'and', '7', 'are', 'actually', 'defective,', 'for', 'it', 'is', 'obviously', 'desirable', 'to', 'effectively', 'open', 'out', 'all', 'locks,', 'etc.,', 'before', 'submitting', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'the', 'severe', 'treatment', 'of,', 'say,', 'an', 'inter-', 'mediate', 'Scotch', 'feed.', '>', '(d)', 'Driving', 'and', 'Speeding', 'of', 'Cards.-In', 'the', 'list', 'on', 'page', '50', 'standard', 'speeds', 'for', 'the', 'chief', 'cylinders', 'in', 'carding', 'characteristic', 'blends', 'are', 'given.', 'The', 'speeding', 'of', 'a', 'card', 'would', 'probably', 'be', 'worked', 'out', 'as', 'follows', ':-', '1.', 'The', 'swift', 'being', 'the', 'main', 'carrying', 'cylinder', 'of', 'the', 'card', 'would', 'be', 'first', 'speeded,', 'but', 'this', 'would', 'possibly', 'be', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'fancy', 'which', 'must', 'lift*', 'the', 'wool', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'with-', 'out', '"', 'throwing"', 'it', ';', '*', 'See', '"Preface"', 'also,', 'H', '97']

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['98', '(#149)', '#############################################', 'PLATT', 'BROTHERS', '&', 'CO', 'LIMITED', 'OLDRAM', 'Fig.', '33.-Box', 'Bend', 'with', 'wrought-iron', 'standards', 'and', 'brass', 'steps', 'for', 'the', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'PLATTERS', 'UNITED', 'OLDHAM', '-', 'Fig.', '33a.-Flat', 'Bend', 'with', 'inner', 'flange', 'fitting', 'close', 'to', 'cylinder,', 'compound', 'brackets', 'and', '"Swivel”', 'bushes,', 'for', 'Carding', 'Engine', 'with', 'outside', 'driving']

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['99', '(#151)', '#############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'The', 'calculation', 'for', 'the', '"weight', 'per', 'hour”', 'is', 'worked', 'out', 'as', 'follows:', '(1а)', 'бо', 'х', '24', 'х', 'бо', '8', 'X', '256', '42', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour.', 'These', 'particulars', 'are', 'specially', 'selected', 'to', 'bring', 'into', 'question', 'the', 'whole', 'problem', 'of', '"card-timing."', '”', 'It', 'is', 'quite', 'evident', 'that', 'this', 'problem', 'has', 'rarely', 'been', 'scien-', 'tifically', 'tackled.', 'The', 'possibilities', 'are', 'obviously', 'so', 'great', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'surprising', 'to', 'learn', 'that', 'one', 'York-', 'shire', 'firm', 'refuses', 'to', 'allow', 'visitors', 'to', 'the', 'mill,', 'else', 'might', 'the', 'secret', 'of', 'how', 'to', 'get', 'double', 'the', 'normal', 'weights', 'through', 'cards', 'become', 'common', 'trade', 'know-', 'ledge.', 'Perhaps', 'more', 'important', 'than', 'anything', 'else', 'is', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'gradually', 'increasing', 'the', 'severity', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'operation', 'from', 'feed', 'rollers', 'to', 'last', 'doffers.', 'All', 'the', 'sur-', 'face', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'rollers', 'of', 'a', 'card', 'should', 'be', 'calculated', 'with', 'this', 'end', 'in', 'view,', 'and', 'there', 'should', 'be', 'no', 'hesita-', 'tion', 'in', 'ensuring', 'this', 'gradation.', 'The', 'breakage', 'of', 'fibre', 'which', 'takes', 'place', 'in', 'the', 'best', 'carding', 'to-day', 'warrants', 'a', 'revolution', 'in', 'carding', 'practice.', 'In', 'Fig.', '90,', '“Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing,”', 'the', 'driving', 'of', 'a', 'carding', 'engine', 'is', 'so', 'well', 'illustrated', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'need', 'to', 'consider', 'the', 'matter', 'further', 'here.', 'Note', 'should', 'be', 'made,', 'however,', 'of', 'the', 'possibilities', 'of', 'chain', 'drives', 'throughout,', 'experiments', 'with', "Renold's", 'chains', 'having', 'recently', 'been', 'made', 'with', 'this', 'end', 'in', 'view.', '*', '*', '*', '*', '(e)', 'Sets', 'of', 'Machines', 'and', 'their', 'Arrangements.-', 'Ordinary', 'cards,', 'say', '60', 'in.', 'to.72', 'in.', 'wide,', 'are', 'arranged', 'to', 'pass', 'anything', 'from', '20', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'to', '70', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour.', 'The', 'conditions', 'controlling', 'this', 'have', 'already', 'been', 'dealt', 'with.', 'As', 'a', 'basis,', '40', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'an', 'average,', 'with', 'the', 'qualification', 'that', 'this', 'would', 'be', 'decreased', 'for', 'fine', 'wool', 'to', 'be', 'condensed', 'to', 'a', 'fine', 'count,', '99']

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['101', '(#153)', '############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'GONDENSING', '>', 'the', 'finest', 'carding', 'wires', 'may', 'be', 'obtained.', 'These', 'points,', 'however,', 'are', 'really', 'too', 'delicate', 'for', 'anything', 'save', 'cotton', 'for', 'which', 'plough', 'ground', 'wire', 'is', 'largely', 'employed', 'By', 'method', '(d)', 'a', 'rough', 'back', 'and', 'side', 'sharpening', 'of', 'the', 'wires', 'results,', 'and', 'if', 'an', 'emery', 'trimming', 'roller', 'is', 'employed', 'turning', 'from', 'side', 'to', 'side', 'during', 'the', 'grinding', 'process,', 'a', 'useful', 'approximation', 'to', 'the', 'plough', 'grinding', 'of', 'cotton', 'cards', 'may', 'be', 'obtained.', 'As', 'already', 'indicated,', 'workers', 'and', 'strippers', 'are', 'usually', 'ground', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'card', 'and', 'the', 'swifts', 'and', 'doffers', 'in', 'situ.', 'But', 'in', 'the', 'latter', 'case', 'what', 'becomes', 'of', 'the', 'fine', 'wire', 'dust', '!!', 'In', 'this', 'chapter,', 'although', 'a', 'great', 'many', 'points', 'have', 'been', 'touched', 'on,', 'the', 'subject', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'dealt', 'with', 'exhaustively.', 'Perhaps', 'no', 'other', 'of', 'the', 'textile', 'processes', 'so', 'merits', 'consideration,', 'nor', 'so', 'well', 'repays', 'both', 'worker', 'and', 'master', 'for', 'the', 'time', 'spent', 'in', 'the', 'attempt', 'to', 'grasp', 'intelligibly', 'the', 'many', 'principles', 'involved.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'a', 'few', 'practical', 'comments', 'on', 'card-', 'ing', 'and', 'card-setting', 'given', 'by', 'the', 'late', 'Mr.', 'Auty,', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'best-known', 'of', 'Yorkshire', 'manufacturers,', 'in', 'a', 'lecture', 'delivered', 'at', 'Leeds', 'University.', 'A', 'good', 'deal', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'read', 'into', 'these', 'statements', 'and', 'suggestions.', '1.', 'Set', 'feed', 'rollers', 'close', 'to', 'keep', 'clean', 'teeth,', 'and', 'run', 'them', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'speed.', '2.', 'Card-clothing', 'better', 'than', 'licker-in', 'fillet', 'for', 'the', 'licker-in,', 'as', 'it', 'drops', 'less', 'material.', 'The', 'latter', 'will', 'drop', 'six', 'times', 'as', 'much.', '3.', 'Strippers', 'should', 'be', 'speeded', 'to', 'just', 'nicely', 'beat', 'the', 'worker.', 'If', 'speeded', 'too', 'much,', 'will', 'not', 'deliver', 'as', 'well', 'to', 'the', 'swift,', 'they', 'should', 'be', 'kept', 'off', 'swift,', 'but', 'run', 'near', 'to', 'worker.', '*', '4.', 'Be', 'particular', 'in', 'gauging', '(setting)', 'a', 'machine', 'both', 'sides', 'are', 'alike,', 'looking', 'out', 'for', 'dark', '(where', 'not', 'stripped)', 'and', 'light', 'sides.', '*', 'To', 'lay', 'the', 'wool', 'softly', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'the', 'strippers', 'should', 'be', 'speeded', 'up.', 'IOI']

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['102', '(#154)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '5.', 'With', 'low', '(short)', 'goods', 'set', 'as', 'near', 'as', 'possible,', 'with', 'long', 'straighten', 'the', 'fibre.', '6.', 'If', 'fancy', 'is', 'not', 'well', 'set', 'into', 'the', 'swift,', 'swift', 'is', 'not', 'kept', 'clean', 'and', 'workers', 'cannot', 'do', 'their', 'duty,', 'the', 'doffers', 'ought', 'to', 'be', 'set', 'near.', '7.', 'On', 'the', 'scribbler', 'run', 'angle', 'strippers', 'backward', 'way', '(running', 'over', 'up-hill)', ';', 'on', 'the', 'carder', 'going', 'under,', 'set', 'close.', '8.', 'To', 'get', 'yarn', 'straight,', 'like', 'worsted,', 'set', 'angle', 'stripper,', 'fancy', 'and', 'doffer', 'close,', 'the', 'yarn', 'should', 'be', 'drawn', 'out', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'in', 'spinning', 'the', 'last', '12–18”;', 'and', 'if', 'it', 'will', 'not', 'go,', 'speed', 'up', 'the', 'mule', 'at', 'the', 'beginning', 'and', 'slow', 'at', 'end', 'to', 'get', 'well', 'together.', '9.', 'Fancy', 'ought', 'to', 'be', 'set', 'the', 'thickness', 'of', 'id.', 'into', 'swift', 'for', 'low', 'stuff,', 'thickness', 'of', '1/-', 'for', 'better', 'stuff.', '10.', 'Has', 'tried', 'the', 'doffer', '18"', 'under', 'the', 'swift,', 'but', 'finds', 'does', 'not', 'get', 'the', 'power', 'of', 'lashing', 'the', 'material', 'and', "won't", 'hold', 'on', 'to', 'it.', '11.', 'Three', 'essential', 'points', ':-', 'Card', 'clean.', 'Speed', 'well.', 'Set', 'well.', 'If', 'the', 'latter', 'two', 'are', 'right,', 'the', 'first', 'follows.', '12.', 'For', 'speeding', 'swift', ':', '(a)', 'With', 'stockings', '(Cheviot', 'material)', '60', 'revs.', 'per', 'minute', '(50"', 'swifts).', '(b)', 'Botany', '(fine', 'materials)', '85-90.', 'Back', 'swift', '80–84.', '13.', 'Fancy', 'is', 'the', 'chief', 'cause', 'of', 'unevenness.', '14.', 'Doffers', 'may', 'be', 'run', 'slow', 'to', 'get', 'more', 'weight', 'through.', '15.', 'Machines', 'want', 'cleaning', 'if', 'fancy', 'is', 'causing', 'rolling', '(on', 'doffer', 'side', 'of', 'swift).', '16.', 'Condense', 'a', 'yarn', 'to', 'be', 'spun', 'to', '100', 'yards', 'per', 'oz.', 'to', '60', 'yds.,', 'if', 'partly', 'cotton', 'would', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'condense', 'to', '70', 'yds.*', '17:', 'With', 'yarn', 'spun', 'to', '72', 'yds.,', 'could', 'do', '100', 'warterns', '(600', 'lb.)', 'per', 'day', 'of', '10', 'hours', 'on', 'plain', 'low', 'stuff.', 'With', 'yarn', 'spun', '100', 'yds.', 'per', 'oz.,', '60-80', 'warterns', '(360-480', 'lb.).', 'With', 'yarn', 'spun', '100', 'yds.', 'per', 'oz.,', 'if', 'fancy', 'yarns', '40-50', 'warterns', '(240-270).', '18.', 'Showed', 'sample', 'of', 'yarn', 'spun', 'to', '160', 'yds.', '(warp)', '*', 'Cotton', 'drafting', '"', 'dead"', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'wool.', '.', '102']

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['103', '(#155)', '############################################', 'CARDING', 'AND', 'CONDENSING', 'per', 'oz.', 'made', 'from', 'brown', 'cotton', 'material', 'cost', '20/-', 'per', '240', 'lb.', 'on', 'willey', 'room', 'floor.', 'Machines', 'were', '4', 'swift', 'scribbler,', '2', 'swift', 'carder', '72"', 'wide', ';', 'on', 'low', 'stuff', 'keep', '2', 'mules', 'going', 'off', 'one', 'condenser.', 'Weft', '160', 'yds.', 'per', 'oz.', 'did', '60', 'warterns', '(360', 'lb.)', 'in', '10', 'hours.', 'Best', 'sets', 'of', 'machines-Scribbler', 'and', 'condenser', '6', 'swifts', 'per', 'set.', '*', 'West', 'of', 'England', 'sets', 'of', 'machines-', 'Scribbler,', 'Intermediate', 'and', 'Condenser-3', 'swifts', 'per', 'set.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'notes', 'from', 'a', 'lecture', 'recently', 'delivered', 'by', 'Mr.', 'S.', 'Smith', '(a', 'representative', 'of', 'Messrs.', 'Samuel', 'Law', 'and', 'Sons,', 'Cleckheaton)', ':', 'In', 'certain', 'classes', 'of', 'woollen', 'work,', 'slightly', 'easy', 'pricking', 'of', 'the', 'wire', 'is', 'useful', 'for', 'fancies.', 'Centrifugal', 'force,', 'over-', 'coming', 'the', 'air', 'friction,', 'causes', 'the', 'fancy', 'teeth', 'to', 'straighten', 'out', 'and', 'softly', 'enter', 'the', 'swift', 'clothing', 'but', 'vigorously', 'to', 'brush', 'up', 'the', 'wool', 'on', 'the', 'swift', 'when', 'the', 'teeth', 'leave', 'the', 'deepest', 'point', 'and', 'the', 'function', 'of', 'raising', 'begins.', 'There', 'are', 'times', 'when', 'the', 'angle', 'stripper', 'should', 'be', 'con-', 'sidered', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'fancy.', 'It', 'is', 'interesting', 'to', 'note', 'how', 'various', 'settings', 'of', 'the', 'angle', 'stripper', 'to', 'the', 'swift', 'affect', 'the', 'work', 'of', 'the', 'fancy,', 'both', 'in', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'carding.', 'Tummers', 'on', 'woollen', 'carders', 'are', 'important.', 'They', 'should', 'have', 'the', 'sharpest', 'possible', 'point', 'and', 'be', 'set', 'as', 'close', 'as', 'possible', 'to', 'licker-in', 'and', 'swift,', 'without', 'touching.', 'On', 'single', 'part', 'carders', 'especially,', 'the', 'character', 'of', 'the', 'slubbing', 'is', 'affected', 'in', 'no', 'small', 'measure', 'by', 'the', 'condition', 'and', 'setting', 'of', 'this', 'roller.', 'They', 'should', 'be', 'kept', 'smooth,', 'perfectly', 'true', 'and', 'level', 'across.', 'On', 'many', 'classes', 'of', 'work,', 'too', 'keen', 'a', 'point', 'causes', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'more', 'difficult', 'to', 'strip', 'from', 'the', 'Tape', 'Doffer', 'where', 'a', 'comb', 'is', 'the', 'stripping', 'agent;', 'and', 'in', 'many', 'instances', 'has', 'a', 'detrimental', 'effect', 'on', 'the', 'sliver', 'even', 'where', 'the', 'doffer', 'is', 'stripped', 'by', 'a', 'stripper.', 'To', 'ensure', 'first', 'class', 'work', 'of', 'fine', 'skeins', 'from', 'a', 'tape', 'condenser,', 'the', 'clothing', 'of', 'swift,', 'doffer,', 'fancy', 'and', 'stripper', 'should', 'receive', 'careful', 'consideration.', 'Incorrect', 'bend', 'of', 'wire', 'on', 'any', 'one', 'roller', 'may', 'cause', 'much', 'trouble.', 'Harmonizing', 'of', 'the', 'bend,', 'along', 'with', 'the', "carder's", 'attention', 'to', 'degree', 'of', '*', 'Probably', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'necessity', 'for', 'carding', 'to', 'open', 'out', 'partially', 'disintegrated', 'threads,', 'etc.', '103']

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['104', '(#156)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'sharpness', 'of', 'swift', 'and', 'doffer', 'and', 'the', 'condition', 'of', 'these', 'rollers,', 'is', 'equally,', 'or', 'perhaps', 'more,', 'important', 'than', 'minute', 'setting', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'secure', 'the', 'best', 'results.', 'When', 'taking', '180', 'or', 'fewer', 'threads', 'from', 'a', '60-inch', 'machine,', 'attention', 'to', 'the', 'smallest', 'detail', 'is', 'necessary.', 'The', 'swift,', 'fancies', 'and', 'strippers', 'should', 'be', 'perfectly', 'balanced,', 'otherwise', 'setting', 'close', 'without', 'touching', 'at', 'some', 'point', 'is', 'an', 'impossibility.', 'The', 'fettler', 'plate', 'when', 'used', 'for', 'dressing', 'fine', 'clothing', 'is', 'a', 'friend', 'to', 'the', 'card', 'maker,', 'but', 'not', 'to', 'the', 'buyer', 'of', 'the', 'clothing.', 'Filleting,', 'however,', 'is', 'damaged', 'more', 'than', 'sheets.', 'The', 'teeth', 'of', 'a', 'sheet', 'card', 'are', 'correctly', 'pitched', 'all', 'the', 'way', 'across,', 'whereas', 'the', 'teeth', 'across', 'a', 'fillet', 'become', 'slightly', 'out', 'of', 'pitch', 'where', 'the', 'laps', 'join', 'each', 'other.', 'Whenever', 'cleaning', 'cards', 'on', 'boards', 'can', 'be', 'used,', 'they', 'are', 'much', 'better', 'than', 'plates', 'for', 'fine', 'clothing.', '104']

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['105', '(#157)', '############################################', 'CHAPTER', 'III', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'IN', 'certain', 'of', 'the', 'operations', 'involved', 'in', 'wool', 'manu-', 'facture', 'the', 'operation', 'itself', 'may', 'be', 'complex,', 'but', 'the', 'mechanical', 'means', 'to', 'attain', 'the', 'desired', 'ends', 'may', 'be', 'comparatively', 'simple', ';', 'or', 'the', 'operation', 'may', 'be', 'simple,', 'and', 'the', 'means', 'to', 'attain', 'the', 'desired', 'end', 'complex.', 'Nothing', 'can', 'well', 'be', 'simpler', 'than', 'the', 'ordinary', 'bobbin', 'wheel,', 'upon', 'which', 'all', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'was', 'spun', 'prior', 'to', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'jenny,', 'the', 'billey', 'and', 'the', 'mule;', 'but', 'the', 'actual', 'spinning', 'operation', 'on', 'this', 'wheel', 'is', 'comparatively', 'complex,', 'resolving', 'itself', 'into', 'six', 'periods,', 'as', 'given', 'later.', 'On', 'the', 'other', 'hand,', 'even', 'this', 'complexity', 'in', 'spinning', 'is', 'simplicity', 'itself', 'in', 'comparison', 'with', 'the', 'mechanical', 'complexities', 'involved', 'in', 'the', 'modern', 'mule-possibly', 'no', 'machine', 'in', 'the', 'whole', 'range', 'of', 'textile', 'mechanism', 'is', 'nearly', 'so', 'complicated', 'as', 'the', 'mule.', 'It', 'is', 'therefore', 'obvious', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'space', 'which', 'can', 'be', 'allotted', 'to', 'mule', 'spinning', 'in', 'this', 'treatise,', 'little', 'more', 'can', 'be', 'done', 'than', 'to', 'give', 'a', 'sketch', 'treatment', 'of', 'the', 'opera-', 'tion,', 'emphasizing-', '(a)', 'the', 'basic', 'method', 'of', 'mule', 'spinning', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'this', 'applies', 'to', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'woollen', 'yarn;', '(6)', 'draft', 'and', 'twist', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning;', 'and', '(c)', 'the', 'control', 'which', 'the', 'practical', 'spinner', 'can', 'ex-', 'ercise', 'over', 'the', 'mule', 'mechanism', 'to', 'attain', 'the', 'desired', 'results', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', 'being', 'spun.', '105']

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['106', '(#158)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Further', 'treatment', 'must', 'be', 'left', 'to', 'the', 'monograph', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'which', 'will', 'no', 'doubt', 'appear', 'in', 'due', 'course.', '*', '*', '(a)', 'The', 'Basic', 'Method', 'of', 'Mule', 'Spinning.—This', 'will', 'best', 'be', 'realized', 'by', 'actually', 'spinning', 'from', 'the', 'con-', 'densed', 'sliver', 'upon', 'the', 'spinning', 'wheel', '(i.e.', 'the', 'normal', 'bobbin', 'winding', 'wheel,', 'Fig.', '35).', 'It', 'will', 'then', 'be', 'found', 'that', 'this', 'resolves', 'itself', 'into-', 'I.', 'delivery', 'of', 'a', 'suitable', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'from', 'the', 'holding', 'fingers', 'of', 'the', 'spinster,', 'to', 'extend', 'between', 'the', 'fingers', 'and', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'revolving', 'spindle', ';', '2.', 'the', 'extension', 'of', 'this', 'length', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'required', 'count', 'of', 'yarn', 'is', 'obtained,', 'along', 'wit', '3.', 'the', 'twist', 'support', 'given', '(by', 'slowly', 'revolving', 'the', 'wheel', 'and', 'consequently', 'the', 'spindle)', 'during', 'this', 'extension,', 'without', 'which', 'the', 'thread', 'would', 'break', 'down', 'or', 'be', 'very', 'irregular', '(Fig.', '35a)', ';', '4.', 'upon', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', '“spindle-drafting', 'the', 'insertion', 'of', 'the', 'necessary', 'twist', 'to', 'bind', 'the', 'fibres', 'into', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'thread', 'required', ';', '5.', 'the', '“backing-off”', 'or', 'unwinding', 'of', 'the', 'coils', 'extending', 'from', 'the', 'spun', 'yarn', 'already', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'the', 'spindle,', 'as', 'preparatory', 'to', 'winding', 'neatly', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'spindle', 'or', 'bobbin', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'yarn', 'just', 'spun', ';', '6.', 'the', 'building', 'up', 'upon', 'the', '"cop', 'cop”', 'or', 'upon', 'the', 'bobbin', 'fixed', 'upon', 'the', 'spindle,', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'yarn', 'just', 'spun', '(Fig.', '356).', 'Of', 'the', 'above', 'six', 'operations', 'comprising', 'the', '“cycle', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning,', 'the', 'second', 'usually', 'referred', 'to', 'as', '106']

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['107', '(#161)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', '1', 'spindle-draft”-is', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'from', 'the', 'actual', 'spinning', 'point', 'of', 'view.', 'From', 'the', 'mechanical', 'point', 'of', 'view', 'the', 'sixth', 'was', 'the', 'most', 'difficult', 'to', 'attain,', 'and', 'was', 'the', 'last', 'for', 'which', 'a', 'satisfactory', 'mechanism', 'was', 'invented.*', 'It', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'emphasize', 'too', 'strongly', 'the', 'effect', 'of', 'spindle-draft', 'and', 'the', 'extent', 'to', 'which', 'it', 'differentiates', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'from', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'which', 'is', 'twisted', 'after', 'roller', 'drafting', 'has', 'been', 'applied.', 'In', 'the', 'first', 'case', 'the', 'twisting', 'and', 'the', 'drafting', 'conjointly', 'and', 'simultaneously', 'decide', 'the', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'in', 'the', 'thread', ':', 'in', 'the', 'latter', 'case', 'the', 'drafting', 'rollers', 'decide', 'the', 'relative', 'positions', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'and', 'the', 'twisting', 'simply', 'binds', 'the', 'fibres', 'together', 'in', 'a', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'parallel-spiral', 'form.', 'Two', 'questions', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'woollen', 'mule', 'spinning', 'lead', 'directly', 'on', 'to', 'a', 'thorough', 'apprehension', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'actually', 'taking', 'place-', '(a)', 'why', 'is', 'it', 'usual', 'to', 'employ', 'such', 'a', 'thick-ended,', 'untapered', 'spindle', '?', '(b)', 'why', 'do', 'the', 'two', 'ends', 'of', 'a', 'ruptured', 'sliver', 'so', 'readily', 'join', 'together', '(piecen', '”)', 'during', 'the', 'spinning', 'period', '?', 'The', 'effect', 'of', 'the', 'thick-ended', 'spindle', 'can', 'be', 'felt', 'during', 'the', '"spindle-draft', '"', 'on', 'the', 'hand-wheel', 'and', 'can', 'be', 'seen', 'on', 'watching', 'the', 'mule', 'itself.', 'As', 'the', 'yarn', 'slips', 'over', 'the', 'spindle', 'tip', 'it', '“slackens,”', 'and', 'as', 'it', 'again', 'winds', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'spindle-top', 'on', 'the', 'continued', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'it', '"', 'tightens.”', 'Thus', 'the', 'drafting', 'opera-', '“', 'tion', 'in', 'woollen', 'mule', 'spinning', 'is', 'not', 'a', 'steady', 'draw', 'but', 'a', 'draw', 'in', 'which', 'there', 'is', 'a', '"give', 'and', 'take', 'periodicity,"', 'in', 'time,', 'corresponding', 'with', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'spindle.', '*', 'The', 'hand-mule,', 'which', 'automatically', 'did', 'everything', 'except', 'wind-up', 'the', 'spun', 'yarn', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', 'in', 'satisfactory', 'form,', 'was', 'extensively', 'in', 'use', 'in', 'Yorkshire', 'up', 'to', 'twenty-five', 'years', 'ago.', '107']

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['108', '(#162)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Thus', 'the', 'spindle', 'revolution', 'during', 'the', 'drafting', 'process', 'has', 'the', 'twofold', 'object', 'of', 'supporting', 'the', 'fibres', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'twist', 'inserted,', 'and', 'of', 'effecting', 'this', 'periodicity', 'in', 'the', 'drafting.*', 'There', 'is', 'here', 'obviously', 'a', 'remarkably', 'interesting', 'mathematical', 'computation', 'and', 'research', 'to', 'be', 'undertaken.', 'With', 'reference', 'to', 'what', 'happens', 'during', '“piecening,"', 'it', 'seems', 'strange', 'that', 'this', 'operation', 'should', 'be', 'done', 'prob-', 'ably', 'millions', 'of', 'times', 'a', 'day', 'in', 'Yorkshire', 'alone', 'and', 'yet', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'pieceners', 'employed', 'apparently', 'few', 'have', 'yet', 'asked', 'the', 'question—“What', 'is', 'happening', 'just', 'under', 'or', 'between', 'my', 'fingers', '?', '”', '(Fig.', '36).', 'Does', 'not', 'this', 'show', 'the', 'deadening', 'effect', 'rather', 'than', 'the', 'vivifying', '1"', 'Fig.', '36.-', 'Illustrating', '"piecening"', 'on', 'the', 'mule', 'effect', 'of', 'our', 'modern', 'system', 'of', 'education', '?', 'Certainly', 'the', 'fibre', 'movement', 'in', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'spinning', 'is', 'worthy', 'of', 'more', 'careful', 'consideration', 'than', 'has', 'yet', 'been', 'given', 'to', 'it.', 'Such', 'consideration', 'should', 'take', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'investigations', 'by', 'direct', 'observation,', 'and,', 'aided', 'say', 'by', 'high-speed', 'observation', 'photography,', 'followed', 'by', 'careful', 'and', 'close', 'imaginative', 'thinking.', 'There', 'is', 'far', 'too', 'much', 'parrot-like', 'assertion', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'application', 'of', 'sup-', 'posed', 'common', 'sense', 'to', 'the', 'problems', 'under', 'con-', 'sideration,', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'attained', 'are', 'usually', 'by', 'no', 'means', 'above', 'suspicion.', '*', '*', '(b)', 'Draft', 'and', 'Twist', 'in', 'Mule', 'Spinning.-Although', 'the', 'difference', 'between', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'yarn', 'is', 'primarily', 'one', 'of', 'fibre', 'arrangement,', 'it', 'should', 'never', 'be', '*', 'The', 'value', 'of', 'this', 'periodicity', 'as', 'against', 'a', 'steady', 'draw', 'is', 'worth', 'debating.', '108']

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['109', '(#163)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'forgotten', 'that', 'the', 'woollen', 'mule', 'is', 'specially', 'designed', 'for', 'short-fibre', 'spinning—long', 'fibres', 'cannot', 'be', 'drafted', 'on', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'principle,', 'the', 'twist', 'at', 'once', 'binding', 'such', 'into', 'undraftable', 'slivers;', 'and', 'that', 'short', 'fibres-even', 'on', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'principle-cannot', 'be', 'given', 'a', 'draft', 'of', 'more', 'than', 'two,', 'or,', 'in', 'very', 'extreme', 'cases,', 'say', 'three.', 'The', 'great', 'bulk', 'of', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'is', 'spun', 'with', 'a', 'draft', 'of', '11', 'to', '2,', 'while', 'quite', 'a', 'considerable', 'quantity', 'is', 'spun', 'with', 'a', 'very', 'slight', 'gain', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'on', 'the', 'delivery', 'rollers,', 'the', 'yarn', 'thus', 'produced', 'being', 'really', 'a', 'twisted', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'rather', 'than', 'a', 'spun', 'woollen', 'thread.', 'It', 'should', 'here', 'be', 'stated', 'that', 'the', 'soundest', 'and', 'best', 'woollen', 'thread', 'will', 'be', 'produced', 'by', 'condensing', 'to', 'a', 'thick', 'count', 'and', 'drafting', '(spinning)', 'to', 'the', 'count', 're-', 'quired.', 'If', 'the', 'drafting', '(spinning)', 'cannot', 'be', 'effected', 'at', 'one', 'operation,', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'effected', 'by', 'roving', 'first', 'and', 'then', 'spinning.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'possible', 'methods', 'of', 'producing', 'a', '36', 'skeins', '(36', 'yards', 'to', 'the', 'dram)', 'woollen', 'yarn', ':-', 'Condensed', 'sliver', 'Roved', 'to', 'Spun', 'to', 'i', 'intro', 'no', 'I.', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6.', '34', 'skeins', '24', 'skeins', '18', 'skeins', '12', 'skeins', '24', 'skeins', '25', 'skeins', '18', 'skeins', '12', 'skeins', '(draft', '11)', '30', 'skeins', '(draft', '1})', '30', 'skeins', '(draft', '1})', '24', 'skeins', '(draft', '2)', '24', 'skeins', '(draft', '1117)', '36', 'skeins', '(draft', '1t)', '36', 'skeins', '(draft', '2)', '36', 'skeins', '(draft', '3)', '36', 'skeins', '(draft', '1})', '36', 'skeins', '(draft', '15)', '36', 'skeins', '(draft', 'it)', '36', 'skeins', '(draft', '11)', '36', 'skeins', '8', 'Of', 'the', 'above', '(I)', 'is', 'not', 'really', 'a', 'spun', 'thread;', '(5)', 'and', '(6)', 'are', 'worth', 'comparing', 'from', 'a', 'mathematical', 'point', 'of', 'view;', '(8)', 'would', 'give', 'the', 'most', 'typical', 'woollen', 'thread', 'if', 'the', 'yarn', 'were', 'level;', 'but', '(7)', 'would', 'almost', 'certainly', 'yield', 'the', 'best', 'all', 'round', 'thread.', 'Roving,', '109']

[[9, 10, 'Textile Machine'], [89, 90, 'Textile Machine Part'], [40, 40, 'Textile Machine Part']]

['111', '(#165)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'In', 'Woollen', 'spinning', 'on', 'the', '“spindle-draft', '"', 'principle', 'the', 'relative', 'and', 'absolute', 'fibre', 'movement', 'during', 'drafting', 'will', 'be-', 'Fibre', 'length', '<', '(draft', 'given', '-', 'I)', '12', '1', 'REV', 'TO', '12', 'REVS', 'A.', '12"', 'FIBRE', 'B', 'FIBRE', 'A', '8', '8', '144"', 'B', 'Fig.', '37.-Illustrating', 'Fibre', 'Movement', 'during', 'Drafting', '>', 'Thus', 'whether', 'the', 'fibre', 'be', 'in.,', 'I', 'in.,', 'or', '2', 'in.,', 'with', 'a', 'draft', 'of', 'two', 'the', 'fibre', 'moves', 'its', 'own', 'length,', 'viz.,', 'fin.,', '1', 'in.,', 'or', '2', 'in.', 'in', 'each', 'respective', 'case.', 'If,', 'then,', 'the', 'basis', 'of', '"', 'spindle-drafting', '"', 'be', 'taken', 'as-', '2', 'III']

[]

['112', '(#166)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'the', 'fibre', 'moving', 'its', 'own', 'length', 'along', 'the', 'sliver', 'then', 'the', 'rule', 'for', 'the', 'draft', 'will', 'be', 'fibre', 'length', '1', '+', 'fibre', 'length', 'This', 'is', 'true', 'for', 'any', 'system', 'of', 'length', 'measurement', '-British', 'or', 'metric,', 'for', 'example—but', 'simply', 'amounts', 'to', 'the', 'statement', 'that', 'a', 'spindle-draft', 'of', 'two', 'should', 'always', 'be', 'employed.', 'And', 'this', 'is', 'not', 'true!', 'For', 'fibres', 'under', '1', 'in.', 'much', 'less', 'draft', 'is', 'admissible,', 'and', 'the', 'most', 'suitable', 'draft', 'in', 'all', 'cases', 'is', 'approximated', 'to', 'by', 'the', 'rule-', 'VL', 'I', '+', '2', '=', 'I.4', '2', '2', 'a', '2', 'in', 'which', 'L', '=', 'the', 'length', 'in', 'inches', 'of', 'the', 'longest', 'fibre', 'L', 'in', 'the', 'blend.', 'Example', '1:', 'With', 'a', '2-in.', 'fibre', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands', 'V2', 'It', '=', 'It', '=', '1', '+', '7', '=', '1.7', 'spindle-draft', 'required.', '7', '•', 'Example', '2', ':', 'With', 'a', 'I-in.', 'fibre', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands', 'Vi', 'I', '+', '=', 'I', '+', '5', '=', '1.5', 'spindle-draft', 'required.', 'Example', '3', ':', 'With', 'a', 't-in.', 'fibre', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands', 'V•5', 'It', '=', '1', '+', '35', '=', '1.35', 'spindle-draft', 'required.', '-', 'A', 'similar', 'empirical', 'rule', 'could', 'no', 'doubt', 'be', 'devised', 'for', 'the', 'metric', 'or', 'any', 'other', 'system', 'of', 'length', 'measure-', 'ment', 'of', 'fibre.', 'As', 'there', 'is', 'usually', 'no', 'doubling', 'in', 'woollen', 'spinning', 'but', 'only', 'a', 'levelling-up', 'by', 'reason', 'of', 'the', 'twist', 'distributing', 'itself', 'over', 'the', 'sliver', 'during', 'drafting', 'approximately', 'in', 'proportion', 'to', 'the', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'sliver,', 'it', 'will', 'usually', 'not', 'be', 'safe', 'to', 'draft', 'the', 'slivers', 'more', 'than', 'this', ':', 'less', 'may', 't', 't', '1', '2', 'II2']

[]

['113', '(#167)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'be', 'given,', 'but', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'operation', 'will', 'partake', 'more', 'of', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'rather', 'than', 'the', 'spinning', 'of', 'a', 'woollen', 'thread.', 'Considerable', 'parallel-', 'izing', 'in', 'spiral', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'is', 'necessary', 'to', 'produce', 'a', 'typical', 'woollen', 'thread.', '*', '*', '*', 'The', 'twist', 'inserted', 'has', 'a', 'twofold', 'object-', '1.', 'To', 'support', 'the', 'thread', 'during', 'drafting;', 'and', '2.', 'To', 'make', 'a', 'sound,', 'strongly-spun', 'thread.', 'The', 'drafting-twist', 'inserted', 'is', 'probably', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'longest', 'and', 'shortest', 'fibres', 'to', 'be', 'spun,', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'upon', 'the', 'average', 'fibre-length', 'of', 'the', 'blend.', 'Unfortu-', '-', 'nately', 'no', 'method', 'has', 'been', 'devised', 'for', 'ascertaining', 'this', 'twist', 'other', 'than', 'the', '"trial', 'and', 'error,"', 'or', 'empirical,', 'method.', 'The', 'problem', 'is', 'not', 'merely', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'absolute', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'to', 'be', 'given,', 'but', 'of', 'a', 'gradually', 'increasing', 'twist', 'to', 'compensate', 'for', 'the', 'decrease', 'in', 'thickness', 'of', 'slivers', 'as', 'the', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'outwards', 'atten-', 'uates', 'them.', 'This', 'will', 'be', 'better', 'understood', 'by', 'looking', 'at', 'the', 'matter', 'from', 'the', '"angle', 'of', 'twist”', 'point', 'of', 'view.', 'Thus,', 'the', 'first', 'question', 'to', 'be', 'decided', 'is', 'Is', 'it', 'desirable', 'to', 'decide', 'upon', 'and', 'maintain', 'one', 'definite', 'angle', 'of', 'twist', 'throughout', 'the', 'spindle-drafting', 'operation;', 'or', 'should', 'the', 'angle', 'be', 'varied,', 'and', 'if', 'varied', 'what', 'should', 'the', 'varia-', 'tion', 'be', '?', 'Adopting', 'the', 'view', 'that', 'for', 'each', 'woollen', 'blend', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'definite', 'twist', 'angle', 'with', 'which', 'the', 'utmost', 'support', 'to', 'the', 'fibres—without', 'interference', 'with', 'the', 'sliding', 'of', 'fibre', 'on', 'fibre—is', 'given,', 'then', 'the', 'two', 'questions', 'to', 'be', 'decided', 'are-', '1.', 'What', 'decides', 'the', 'twist', 'angle', 'for', 'any', 'particular', 'blend', '?', '2.', 'How', 'shall', 'this', 'twist', 'angle', 'be', 'maintained', 'through-', 'out', 'the', 'spindle-drafting', '(movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage)', '?', 'I', '113']

[[154, 154, 'Textile Machine Part']]

['115', '(#169)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'I', '60', 'X', '5', '6°', '60', '60', 'X', '•75', 'Cot.', '0', '14.6', 'and', 'Cot.', '-10', '3:14', '3:14', 'X', '*75', '4°', '2nd', 'Example', ':', 'Should', 'the', 'blend', 'be', 'composed', 'of', 'fibres', 'up', 'to,', 'say,', '2', 'in.,', 'then-', '60', 'X', '2', 'Cot.', '0', '38', 'and', 'Cot.', '-10=', '1•75°', '3:14', '3rd', 'Example', ':', 'Should', 'the', 'blend', 'be', 'composed', 'of', 'fibres', 'up', 'to,', 'say,', "'5", 'in.,', 'then', 'Cot.', '0', '9.5', 'and', 'Cot.', '-10', '3:14', '4th', 'Example', ':', 'Řequired', 'the', 'angle', 'of', 'drafting-twist', 'for', 'spinning', 'a', 'blend', 'the', 'fibre-length', 'of', 'which', 'is', '1', 'in.', 'and', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'of', 'which', 'is', 'io', 'skeins', '(10', 'yd.', 'per', 'dram).', 'Cot.', '0', '43', 'X', 'I', '43', '=', '13:5', 'and', 'Cot.', '-', '10', '4°', '3.1416', '3.1416', 'Of', 'course,', 'to', 'apply', 'this', 'rule', 'it', 'is', 'again', 'necessary', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'comprising', 'a', 'blend-', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'actually', 'ascertained', 'mechanically', '*', 'or', 'may', 'be', 'carefully', 'estimated', 'by', 'the', 'spinner', 'as', 'already', 'noted.', 'If', '"', 'turns', 'per', 'inch”', '(T)', 'only', 'are', 'required,', 'then-', ')', 'Ist', 'Example', ':', 'It', 'L', '=', '1.3', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.;', '•75', '2nd', 'Example', ':', 'L', '0.5', 'turns', 'per', '1', 'in.', ';', 'I', 'I', 'I', '2', '*', 'By', 'the', 'Schlumberger', 'Top', 'Tester', 'or', 'by', 'Dr.', 'Laurence', "Ball's", 'machine.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'thick', 'slivers', 'this', 'formula', 'must', 'stand', 'as', '=T', 'I', 'Ju-(', 'L', 'x', '-).', 'D', 'And', 'in', 'this', 'case', '♡', 'yds.', 'per', 'lb.', 'may', 'not', 'give', 'D.', '(See', 'p.', '295.)', '115']

[[201, 203, 'Textile Machine'], [206, 209, 'Textile Machine']]

['116', '(#170)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '3rd', 'Example', ':', 'I', 'L', '=', '2.0', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', ';', '5', '1', '4th', 'Example', ':', 'I', 'I', '==', 'I', 'turns', 'per', 'in.', 'L', 'I', '3', 'These', 'last', 'particulars', 'are', 'designed', 'to', 'give', 'one', 'com-', 'plete', 'turn', 'round', 'the', 'thread', 'of', 'the', 'longest', 'fibres.', 'It', 'does', 'not', 'follow', 'that', 'one', 'turn', 'is', 'sufficient', 'or', 'that', 'it', 'may', 'not', 'be', 'too', 'much.', 'For', 'slippery', 'silk', 'it', 'is', 'quite', 'conceivable', 'that', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'turns', 'round', 'the', 'thread', 'may', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'hold', 'the', 'sliver', 'together', 'during', 'spindle-', 'drafting', ';', 'for', 'a', 'very', 'rough', 'and', 'hairy', 'material', 'less', 'than', 'one', 'turn', 'round', 'might', 'be', 'desirable.', 'There', 'is', 'an', 'inter-', 'esting', 'research', 'based', 'upon', 'the', 'frictional', 'co-efficients', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'under', 'test,', 'possibly', 'along', 'with', 'certain', 'other', 'minor', 'factors.', 'If', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'three', 'turns', 'round', 'the', 'thread', 'be', 'taken,', 'then', 'the', 'formula', 'stands', 'ỉ', '=', 'drafting', 'turns', 'per', 'in.', 'required', '(see', 'Fig.', '38).', '.', '.', 'Having', 'decided', 'upon', 'the', 'angle', 'of', 'drafting-twist,', 'the', 'second', 'point-how', 'to', 'maintain', 'this', 'throughout', 'the', 'spindle-drafting', 'of', 'the', 'slivers—must', 'now', 'be', 'faced.', 'The', 'conditions', 'are-', '1.', 'The', 'rim-shaft', 'of', 'the', 'mule', 'is', 'usually', 'putting', 'in', 'twist', 'at', 'a', 'constant', 'rate', 'during', 'the', 'outward', 'run', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ';', '2.', 'The', 'sliver', 'is', 'being', 'drafted', 'finer', 'and', 'finer', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'recedes', 'and', 'consequently', 'requires', 'twist', 'for', 'the', 'additional', 'length', 'plus', 'more', 'and', 'more', 'twist', 'as', 'the', 'thread', 'becomes', 'finer,', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'twist', 'angle', 'decided', 'upon.', 'This', '116']

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['119', '(#173)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'o', '43', '43.8', 'Thus', 'if', '4°', '(Ex.', '4)', 'is', 'the', 'drafting', 'angle,', 'the', 'following', 'deduc-', 'tions', 'may', 'be', 'made', ':-', 'D*', '43', '=', 'T', 'whence', 'II', 'x', 'Cot.', 'of', 'O', '3•14', 'Cot.', '4°', '43', '=', 'I', 'turn', 'per', 'i', 'in.', 'to', 'give', '4º.', '3.14', 'X', '14', 'For', 'ist', '18', 'in.', '(no', 'draft)', '18', 'X', 'I', '18', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'For', 'ist', 'and', '2nd', '18', 'in.', '(2', 'draft)', '36', 'X', '1.4', '=', '50', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'For', 'ist,', '2nd,', 'and', '3rd', '18', 'in.', '(1}', 'draft)', '54', 'X', '1•7', '=', '92', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'For', 'ist,', '2nd,', '3rd,', 'and', '4th', '18', 'in.', '(1š', 'draft)', '72', 'x', '2', '=', '144', 'turns', 'of', 'spindle', 'To', 'effect', 'the', 'insertion', 'of', 'this', 'necessary', 'twist', 'with', 'an', 'actual', 'regular', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindle,', 'it', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'must', 'be', 'so', 'reduced', 'that', 'the', 'second', 'movement', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'occupies', 'V2', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'the', 'first', '18', 'in.', 'took;', 'the', 'third', 'movement', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'takes', 'V3', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'the', 'first', '18', 'in.;', 'and', 'the', 'fourth', 'movement', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'takes', '~', '4', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'the', 'first', '18', 'in.', 'If', 'now', 'it', 'be', 'taken', 'that', 'the', 'spindles', 'turn', 'once', 'per', 'second', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'obvious', 'that-', 'the', 'ist', 'period', 'of', '18', 'in.', 'will', 'require', '18', 'secs.', 'the', '2nd', '18', 'in.', '50', '18', '=', '32', 'secs.', 'the', '3rd', '18', 'in.', '92', '50', '42', 'secs.', '18', 'in.', '144', '92', '52', 'secs.', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', '144', ':', 'The', 'time', 'taken', 'for', 'each', 'period', 'may', 'be', 'put', 'into', 'the', 'form-', '(18', '*', 'I)', 'VI', '18', 'seconds', 'for', '18', 'in.', '(18', 'x', '2)', 'v2', '=', '50', 'seconds', 'for', '36', 'in.', '(18', 'x', '3)', 'V3', '92', 'seconds', 'for', '54', 'in.', '(18', 'x', '4)', 'VA', '144', 'seconds', 'for', '72', 'in.', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'general', 'rule', 'may', 'be', 'adduced', 'that', '-', 'the', '4th', '.', 'See', 'p.', '292.', '119']

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['121', '(#175)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', '(P1)', 'V1', 'x', '20', 'x', '3', '=', '1', 'sec.', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'ist', 'period', 'of', '(PC)', 'V6', 'X', '4', 'draft;', '(P2)', 'V2', 'x', '20', 'x3', 'and', '3•14', 'secs.', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'ist', 'and', '(P)', 'VÕ', 'x', '4', '2nd', 'periods', 'of', 'draft;', 'and', '(P)', 'V5', 'x', '20', 'x', '3', '=', '15', 'secs.', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'ist,', '2nd,', '(P)', 'VÕ', 'X', '4', '3rd,', '4th,', '5th,', '6th', 'periods', 'of', 'draft;', 'Illustrating', 'this', 'from', 'the', 'draft', 'of', '14-say', '48', 'in.', 'drafted', 'to', '72', 'in.,', 'then', '(P1)', 'VI', 'x', '20', 'x', '3', '48', 'X', '20', 'X', '3', '=', '8.4', 'secs.', 'for', 'com-', '(PI)', 'V', 'iš', '4', 'pletion', 'of', 'ist', 'period', 'of', 'draft.', '(PI)', 'Vī}', 'x', '20', 'x', '3', 'X', '86', 'X', '20', 'X', '3', '=', '15', 'secs.', 'for', 'com-', '(PI)', 'VI}', '+', '4', 'pletion', 'of', 'ist', 'and', '2nd', 'periods', 'of', 'draft.', '86', 'X', '4', '86', 'X', '4', '*', '*', 'All', 'the', 'points', 'raised', 'in', 'this', 'section', 'may', 'be', 'summarized', 'as', 'follows', ':-', '1.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'skeins', 'to', 'which', 'any', 'blend', 'will', 'spin', ':', 'WF', 'x', '20)', 'K²', '=', 'skeins', '(drams', 'per', 'yard).', '.', '2.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'which', 'any', 'blend', 'will', 'reasonably', 'stand', ':', 'VI', '=', 'draft', 'I', '+', '2', '2a.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'skeins', 'to', 'condense', 'to', 'Count', 'of', 'yarn', 'required', 'skeins', 'of', 'condensed', 'sliver.', 'VL', 'I', '+', '2', '3.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'drafting-twist', 'angle', 'to', 'employ', 'in', 'spinning', 'any', 'given', 'blend', ':', '121']

[]

['122', '(#176)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Diameter', 'Reciprocal', 'of', 'Condensed', 'Sliver', 'Fibre', 'Length', '(3•1416)', '=', 'Cot.', 'of', 'angle', '(for', 'one', 'coil', 'of', 'fibre', 'round', 'the', 'thread).', '3a.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'turns', 'of', 'spindles', 'to', 'be', 'inserted', 'during', 'the', 'outward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ':', 'Reciprocal', 'of', 'Yarn', 'Diameter', 'x', 'Inches', 'Traverse', 'of', 'Carriage', 'Cot.', 'of', 'angle', 'required', 'for', 'drafting', 'x', '+', '(3.1416)', 'Turns', 'of', 'spindles', 'during', 'outward', 'traverse', 'of', 'carriage.', '4.', 'To', 'find', 'the', 'retardation', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'required', 'drafting-twist', 'angle', ':', '(P1)', 'Ví', 'x', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'outward', 'draw', '(P)', 'x', '✓N', 'seconds', 'required', 'to', 'complete', 'the', '1st', 'period.', '(P2)', 'vã', 'x', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'outward', 'draw', '(Pn)', 'VN', 'seconds', 'required', 'to', 'complete', 'the', '1st', 'and', '2nd', 'periods', '(Pn)', 'VN', 'x', 'seconds', 'for', 'completion', 'of', 'outward', 'draw', '(P7)', 'VN', 'seconds', 'required', 'to', 'complete', 'the', 'Nths', 'periods.', 'The', 'drawing-out', 'scrolls', 'should', 'be', 'designed,', 'in', 'con-', 'junction', 'with', 'the', 'driving', 'gear,', 'to', 'give', 'as', 'nearly', 'as', 'possible', 'the', 'retardation', 'given', 'in', 'these', 'formulas.', 'The', 'drafted', 'woollen', 'thread', 'will', 'be', 'twisted', 'from,', 'say,', 'a', '4°', 'drafting', 'twist', 'angle', 'to', 'about', 'a', '25°', 'twist', 'angle-', 'this', 'being', 'the', 'usual', 'angle', 'of', 'twist', 'inserted', 'in', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'for', 'maximum', 'strength,', 'although', 'it', 'should', 'obviously', 'be', 'varied', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'purpose', 'in', 'view.', 'The', 'two', 'following', 'formulas', '(strictly', 'logical)', 'will', 'here', 'prove', 'useful', ':-', 'D', 'Cot.', 'of', 'Angle', 'x', '16', 'T', '(turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.)', 'and,', 'D', 'Cot.', 'of', 'Angle', 'given', 'by', 'any', 'turns', 'per', '1', 'in.', 'TX', 'TE', '122']

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['123', '(#177)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'F!', 'C.', 'Mechanical', 'Control', 'in', 'Mule', 'Spinning.', 'The', 'requirements', 'of', 'mule', 'spinning', 'are', 'best', 'realized', 'by', 'spinning', 'upon', 'the', 'wheel', 'and', 'by', 'actually', 'carrying', 'out', 'the', 'six', 'operations', 'already', 'referred', 'to', 'on', 'p.', '106.', 'These', 'operations', 'are', 'worked', 'out', 'by', 'the', 'modern', 'mule', 'following', 'an', 'ingeniously', 'devised', 'cycle', 'of', 'move-', 'ments.', 'It', 'is', 'well', 'to', 'keep', 'in', 'mind', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'mule', 'cycle', 'there', 'are', 'two', 'marked', 'stages', 'of', 'control,', 'viz.', 'the', 'arriving', 'in', 'and', 'the', 'arriving', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ':', 'at', 'both', 'of', 'these', 'stages', 'in', 'the', 'cycle', 'of', 'operations', 'marked', 'changes,', 'if', 'not', 'actually', 'then', 'and', 'there', 'effected,', 'are', 'started.', 'This,', 'perhaps,', 'is', 'the', 'first', 'point', 'to', 'be', 'noted', 'in', 'studying', 'the', 'mule.', 'The', 'cycle', 'of', 'operations', 'in', 'Woollen', 'Self-Acting', 'Mule', 'Spinning', 'may', 'be', 'stated', 'as', 'follows:---', '(a)', 'delivery', 'of', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'from', 'the', 'front', 'rollers', 'to', 'the', 'spindles', ';', '(6)', 'recession', 'of', 'the', 'mule-carriage', 'approximately', 'at', 'the', 'rate', 'of', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', ';', '(c)', 'insertion', 'of', '(1)', 'supporting', 'or', 'drafting', 'twist', 'during', 'the', 'outward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage;', '(2)', 'final', 'twist', '(double', 'speed)', 'on', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', 'outward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ';', '(d)', 'the', 'movement', 'inwards', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'to', 'com-', 'pensate', 'for', 'the', '"take-up”', 'in', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', ';', 'or,', 'the', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'rollers', 'of', 'a', 'little', 'more', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'to', 'allow', 'for', 'the', '"take-up”', 'in', 'twisting;', '(e)', 'backing-off,”', 'to', 'give', 'the', '"', 'faller-wire”', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'thread', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'it', 'may', 'finally', 'guide', 'it', 'in', 'the', 'required', 'manner', 'to', 'build', 'it', 'up', 'into', 'a', 'firm', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', ';', '()', 'descent', 'of', 'faller-wire', 'and', 'ascent', 'of', 'weighted', 'counter-faller-wire,', 'the', 'latter', 'suitably', 'tension-', '(', '123']

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['124', '(#178)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'ing', 'the', 'yarn', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'exactly', 'guided', 'by', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', ';', '(g)', 'running-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'to', 'deliver', 'the', 'lengths', 'of', 'yarn', 'spun', 'to', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'bobbin', ';', '(h)', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'traverse', 'as', 'controlled', 'by', 'the', 'bowl', 'on', 'the', 'copping', 'or', 'shaping-rail,', 'and', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'as', 'controlled', 'by', 'the', 'quadrant', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'runs', 'in;', 'these', 'con-', 'jointly', 'building', 'up', 'firm,', 'regularly-tensioned', 'cops', 'or', 'bobbins.', 'The', 'greatest', 'periodic', 'change', 'has', 'now', 'to', 'take', 'place', 'for', 'the', 're-starting', 'of', 'the', 'cycle', 'of', 'movements.', 'The', 'perfect', 'control', 'of', 'all', 'these', 'movements,', 'and', 'certain', 'subsidiary', 'movements', 'not', 'referred', 'to', 'in', 'the', 'foregoing', 'outline,', 'necessitates', 'a', 'truly', 'wonderful', 'com-', 'bination', 'of', 'mechanisms,', 'one', 'mechanism,', 'as', 'it', 'were,', 'controlling', 'the', 'other,', 'and', 'the', 'whole', 'working', 'harmoni-', 'ously', 'together', 'for', 'a', 'common', 'purpose.', 'Such', 'mechanism', 'to', 'be', 'fully', 'described', 'would', 'require', 'a', 'work', 'larger', 'than', 'this', 'to', 'itself', '*', ';', 'here', 'the', 'treatment', 'is', 'limited', 'to', 'just', 'those', 'points', 'which', 'will', 'enable', 'the', 'student', 'or', 'mill', 'manager', 'to', 'intelligently', 'grasp', 'what', 'is', 'happening', 'as', 'he', 'sees', 'the', 'mule,', 'with', 'almost', 'human-like', 'skill,', 'per-', 'forming', 'its', 'task,', 'cycle', 'by', 'cycle.', '(a)', 'The', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'to', 'be', 'spun', 'at', 'each', 'draw', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'the', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'delivery', 'rollers,', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'positive', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'condenser', 'bobbin', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'surface-contact', '(by', 'weight)', 'between', 'the', 'actual', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'and', 'the', 'drums', 'upon', 'which', 'these', 'slivers', 'rest', 'or', 'friction.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'sliver', 'delivered', 'for', 'each', 'draw', '(and', 'consequently', 'of', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'or', 'extension)', 'resides', 'in', 'the', 'stop-projec-', '•', 'See', '“', 'Traité', 'pratique', 'de', 'Filature', 'de', 'la', 'Laine', 'Cardée,"', 'par', 'Priault', 'and', 'Thomas.', '124', '1']

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['125', '(#179)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'tion', 'or', 'peg,', 'l,', 'Fig.', '40,', 'on', 'the', '“slubbing-wheel,"', 'which,', 'according', 'to', 'its', 'setting,', 'disconnects', 'the', 'delivery', 'rollers', 'and', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'drums', 'from', 'the', 'driving', 'power.', '(6)', 'During', 'this', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'delivery', 'rollers', 'the', 'mule', 'carriage', 'should', 'recede', 'as', 'quickly', 'as', 'possible', 'simply', 'to', 'gain', 'time', 'during', 'this', 'period', 'of', 'the', 'spin', 'when', 'there', 'is', 'little', 'or', 'no', 'strain', 'upon', 'the', 'sliver', 'or', 'yarn', 'being', 'spun.', 'This', 'movement', 'is', 'carried', 'from', 'the', 'power', 'by', 'means', 'L', 'Fig.', '40.--Illustrating', 'Condensed', 'Sliver', 'Control', 'Delivery', 'of', 'the', 'drawing-out', 'change', 'pinion', 'D,', 'Figs.', '41', 'and', '42,', 'through', 'a', 'convenient', 'train', 'of', 'wheels', '(for', 'control', 'of', 'speed', 'purposes)', 'to', 'the', 'drawing-out', 'scroll', 'shaft', 'E', '(Fig.', '42).', 'Thus', 'the', 'design', 'of', 'the', 'scroll', 'on', 'shaft', 'E', 'controls', 'the', 'variation', 'in', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'from', 'start', 'to', 'finish', 'of', 'the', 'draw;', 'and', 'the', 'change', 'wheels', 'D', 'control', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'in', 'accomplishing', 'its', 'complete', 'traverse', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'power-', 'shaft', 'and', 'consequently', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'twist', 'put', 'in', '125']

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['126', '(#180)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'by', 'the', 'smaller', 'rim', 'wheel', 'A,', 'Fig.', '41,', 'which', 'is', 'fixed', 'on', 'this', 'shaft', 'and', 'consequently', 'is', 'inserting', 'twist', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'as', 'drawing-out', 'is', 'taking', 'place.', '(c)', 'During', 'the', 'recession', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'the', 'spindles', 'are', 'regularly', 'revolved', 'at', 'a', 'comparatively', 'slow', 'constant', 'speed', 'through', 'slow', 'speed', 'pulley', '3', 'to', 'the', 'smaller', 'rim', 'B', 'A', '1', '2', '3', 'G', 'SECTION', 'OF', 'RIM', 'SHAFT.', 'Fig.', '41.--Illustrating', 'Control', 'of', 'Drawing-out', 'of', 'Carriage', 'wheel', 'A', '(Fig.', '41),', 'and', 'the', 'connection', 'shown', 'in', 'Figs.', '411', 'and', '42a.', 'If', 'one', 'wheel', 'D', 'has', '30', 'teeth', 'possibly', 'the', 'yarn', 'will', 'average', 'six', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'for', 'the', 'drawing', 'out;', 'if', 'one', 'wheel', '(D)', 'has', '60', 'teeth', '(or', 'the', 'two', 'indicated', 'by', 'D,', 'Fig.', '42,', 'together', 'equal', '60', 'teeth)', 'the', 'yarn', 'will', 'average', 'three', 'turns', 'per', 'inch.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'to', 'maintain', 'economic', 'running', 'the', 'change-wheel', 'D', '126']

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['127', '(#181)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'must', 'be', 'kept', 'as', 'large', 'as', 'possible', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'highest', 'possible', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'carriage.', 'Thus,', 'if', 'a', 'very', 'fine', 'yarn', 'requiring', 'a', 'lot', 'of', 'drafting-twist', 'is', 'being', 'spun,', 'rather', 'than', 'decrease', 'the', 'teeth', 'in', 'D,', 'thus', 'slowing', 'down', 'the', 'carriage', 'and', 'the', 'output', 'of', 'the', 'mule,', 'a', 'larger', 'slow-speed', 'rim', 'A', 'may', 'be', 'employed', 'to', 'speed', 'up', 'the', 'spindles', 'during', 'the', 'draw.', 'The', 'arrival', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'at', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'its', 'traverse', 'disconnects,', 'through', 'the', 'half-revolution', 'of', 'the', 'cam', 'shaft,', 'the', 'drawing-out', 'scroll', 'clutch', 'and', 'at', 'the', 'B', 'A', 'N', 'TOA', 'Fig.', '41a.-Control', 'of', 'Fast', 'Speed', 'Spindle', 'Drive', 'same', 'time', 'throwing', 'the', 'belt', 'on', 'to', 'pulley', '1', '(Fig.', '41)', 'causes', 'the', 'fast-speed', 'rim', 'B', 'to', 'take', 'charge', 'of', 'the', 'spindles,', 'thus', 'putting', 'in', 'the', 'twist', 'required', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', 'as', 'quickly', 'as', 'possible.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'this', 'motion', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'a', 'peg', 'in', 'a', 'wheel', 'driven', 'through', 'twist', 'worm', 'G', '(Fig.', '41).', 'This', 'peg', 'must', 'cause', 'the', 'withdrawal', 'of', 'the', 'driving', 'belt', 'from', 'pulley', 'I', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'loose', 'pulley', '2,', 'thus', 'stopping', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'through', 'the', 'rim', 'B', 'and', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'allowing', 'the', 'backing-off', 'wheel', 'c', 'to', 'come', 'into', 'action.', '(d)', 'It', 'should', 'here', 'also', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'the', 'threads', 'extending', 'from', 'the', 'nip', 'of', 'the', 'rollers', 'to', 'the', '127']

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['129', '(#183)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'tip', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'causes', 'them', 'to', 'contract,', 'and', 'that', 'when', 'the', 'carriage', 'is', 'freed', 'from', 'the', 'outward', 'draw', 'it', 'is', 'drawn', 'inwards', 'by', 'this', 'contraction', 'of', 'the', 'threads,', 'aided', 'by', 'a', 'conveyed', 'tendency,', 'until', 'held', 'by', 'the', 'jack-lever.', 'The', 'backing-off', 'indirectly', 'raises', 'this', 'jack-lever', 'and', 'thus', 'frees', 'the', 'carriage', 'for', 'the', 'run-in.', '(e)', 'Backing-off', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'accomplished.', 'This', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'reversing', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'rim', 'wheel', 'B,', 'which', 'necessarily', 'reverses', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles.', 'This', 'is', 'effected', 'through', 'the', 'separate', 'drive', '(usually', 'rope,', 'to', 'ensure', 'positive', 'action)', 'from', 'the', 'main', 'mill', 'shaft,', 'through', 'the', 'two-grooved', 'pulley', 'F', '(Fig.', '42),', 'which,', 'through', 'toothed', 'gearing,', 'turns', 'the', 'toothed', 'backing-off', 'wheel', 'c', '(Figs.', '41', 'and', '42)', 'in', 'the', 'reverse', 'direction.', 'This', 'wheel', 'c', '(Fig.', '41)', 'forms', 'a', 'friction', 'clutch', 'with', 'pulley', '1.', 'The', 'arrival', '“in”', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'again', 'giving', 'half', 'a', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'cam', 'shaft', 'of', 'the', 'mule', 'withdraws', 'the', 'friction', 'contact', ';', 'the', 'half', 'turn', 'of', 'the', 'cam', 'shaft', 'on', 'the', 'arrival', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'left', 'it', 'free', 'under', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'twist', 'mechanism', 'already', 'described.', 'Thus', 'on', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', 'twisting', 'with', 'the', 'carriage', 'in', 'the', 'outward', 'position', 'the', 'withholding', 'catch', 'is', 'withdrawn,', 'the', 'backing-off', 'wheel', 'by', 'friction', 'engages', 'I,', 'and', 'through', 'it', 'and', 'the', 'fast-speed', 'rim', 'B', 'reverses', 'the', 'spindles', 'and', 'thus', 'effects', '"', 'backing-off."', 'The', 'further', '”', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'motions', 'must', 'now', 'pass', 'to', 'the', 'mule', 'carriage.', '()', 'As', 'backing-off', 'takes', 'place', 'the', 'faller-wires', 'must', 'come', 'into', 'action,', 'the', 'shaper-faller-wire', 'sinking', 'to', 'the', 'lowest', 'position', 'required', 'for', 'the', 'stage', 'arrived', 'at', 'in', 'building', 'up', 'the', 'spool', 'and', 'the', 'counter-faller', '(weighted)', 'rising,', 'thus', 'maintaining', 'a', 'constant', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'threads', 'or', 'lengths', 'backed-off.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'this', 'action', 'rests', 'with', 'the', 'tin-roller', 'shaft,', 'the', 'reversing', 'of', 'this', '(from', 'the', 'headstock', 'as', 'already', 'described)', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'a', 'ratchet', '*', '29']

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['130', '(#184)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'wheel,', 'and', 'pawls', 'and', 'chain,', 'winds', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'to', 'the', 'locking', 'position', 'with', 'the', 'bowl', 'on', 'the', 'copping', 'shaper-', 'rail,', 'and', 'in', 'doing', 'this', 'frees', 'the', 'carriage', 'by', 'lifting', 'the', 'jack', '-', 'lever', 'for', 'the', 'run', '-', 'in', 'and', 'also', 'frees', 'the', 'spindles', 'entirely', 'from', 'rim', '-', 'shaft', 'control.', '(g)', 'The', 'running-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'direct', 'rope', 'drive', 'from', 'the', 'mill', 'shaft', 'driving', 'the', 'grooved', 'pulley', 'shaft', 'F', '(Fig.', '42)', 'as', 'already', 'described,', 'upon', 'which', 'is', 'a', 'bevel', 'driving', 'the', 'upright', 'shaft', 'G', 'which', 'carries', 'the', 'friction', 'shell', 'h', 'and', 'leather', '-', 'covered', 'bevel', 'or', 'cone.', 'This', 'friction', 'wheel', 'his', 'continually', 'turning', 'but', 'can', 'only', 'act', 'on', 'the', 'drawing', '-', 'in', 'scroll', 'shaft', 'I,', 'through', 'the', 'friction', 'surface', 'and', 'bevels,', 'when', 'the', 'shell', 'His', 'dropped.', 'Upon', 'being', 'dropped', 'the', 'power', 'direct', 'from', 'the', 'mill', 'shaft', 'turns', 'the', 'three', 'scrolls', 'K', '(two', 'pulling', 'in', 'and', 'one', 'steady', 'ing)', 'on', 'the', 'scroll', 'shaft,', 'and', 'these', 'draw', 'Fig.', '42a.-Side', 'Elevation', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Mule', 'B', 'A', '130']

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['131', '(#185)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'in', 'the', 'carriage', 'at', 'the', 'variable', 'speed', 'required,', 'viz.', 'slowly', 'at', 'the', 'start,', 'quickly', 'for', 'centre', 'of', 'traverse,', 'and', 'slowly', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'comes', 'to', 'the', 'position', 'for', 'stopping', 'and', 'starting', 'its', 'outward', 'traverse', 'again.*', 'The', 'starting', 'control', 'of', 'this', 'action', 'must', 'obviously', 'come', 'from', 'the', 'faller-wire,', 'the', 'locking', 'of', 'this', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'runner', 'upon', 'the', 'copping', 'shaper-rail', 'withdrawing', 'the', '“stop', 'which', 'has', 'been', 'holding', 'the', 'shell', 'from', 'contact', 'with', 'the', 'scroll', 'shaft.', 'A', 'rod,', 'not', 'perceptible', 'in', 'the', 'diagrams,', 'also', 'controls', 'shell', 'H,', 'thus', 'preventing', 'running-in', 'if', 'it', 'is', 'desired', 'so', 'to', 'do.', '(h)', 'The', 'faller-wire', 'traverse,', 'the', 'weighting', 'of', 'the', 'counter', 'faller-wire,', 'and', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'during', 'the', 'running-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'are', 'designed', 'to', 'so', 'control', 'the', 'yarn', 'that', 'if', 'cops', 'are', 'being', 'formed', 'a', 'sound,', 'firm', 'cop', 'is', 'built', 'up,', 'or', 'if', 'weft-bobbins', 'are', 'being', 'employed', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'satisfactorily', 'wound', 'upon', 'these.', 'The', 'up-and-down', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'faller-wire', 'is', 'controlled', 'by', 'the', 'copping', 'shaper-rail', 'upon', 'which', 'runs', 'the', 'anti-', 'friction', 'wheel', 'or', 'runner,', 'which', 'is', 'now', 'directly', 'connected', 'with', 'the', 'faller-wire.', 'This', 'copping', 'shaper-rail', 'must', 'be', 'shaped', 'to', 'give,', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindle,', 'the', 'desired', 'traverse', 'to', 'the', 'thread,', 'and', 'must', 'actually', 'be', 'permanently', 'lowered', 'as', 'the', 'cop', 'is', 'built', 'up', 'higher', 'and', 'higher', 'on', 'the', 'spindle,', 'equally', 'distri-', 'buting', 'the', 'thread', 'from', 'the', 'large', 'circumference', 'of', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'spool', 'and', 'back', 'quickly', 'to', 'the', 'nose', 'again,', 'or,', 'say,', 'quickly', 'to', 'the', 'bottom', 'and', 'then', 'slowly', 'to', 'the', 'nose.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'to', 'build', 'the', 'cop', 'or', 'spool', 'as', 'required', 'is', 'effected', 'by', 'the', 'quad-', 'rant', 'through', 'the', 'chain', 'which', 'is', 'coiled', 'round', 'the', 'drum', 'or', 'scroll', 'connected', 'with', 'the', 'tin-roller', 'shaft.', 'The', 'action', 'A', 'simple', 'harmonic', 'motion', 'is', 'here', 'required,', 'both', 'for', 'smooth', 'running-in', 'of', 'carriage', 'and', 'for', 'the', 'least', 'power-consumption', 'in', 'effecting', 'this', 'running-in.', '131']

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['133', '(#187)', '############################################', 'ING', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'kontrol', 'pins', 'of', 'backing-off', 'has', 'freed', 'the', 'tin-roller', 'shaft', 'from', 'rim-', 'wheel', 'control,', 'so', 'that', 'during', 'the', 'run-in', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'the', 'spindles', 'would', 'now', 'be', 'standing', 'still', 'but', 'for', 'the', 'quadrant', 'nut', 'n', '(Fig.', '42)', 'not', 'following', 'the', 'inward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'and', 'so', 'effecting', 'a', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'tin-roller', 'shaft', 'through', 'the', 'chain.', 'Thus,', 'in', 'starting', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'cops', 'the', 'quadrant', 'nut', 'n', 'will', 'be', 'at', 'the', 'bottom,', 'and', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'comes', 'out', 'all', 'the', 'slack', 'chain', 'will', 'be', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'drum', 'specially', 'arranged', 'for', 'it', 'on', 'the', 'tin-roller', 'shaft.', 'On', 'the', 'run-in', 'starting', 'there', 'is', 'so', 'much', '“lag”', 'of', 'the', 'nut', 'that', 'the', 'chain', 'is', 'very', 'rapidly', 'unwound', 'as', 'the', 'carriage', 'runs', 'in,', 'and', 'the', 'spindles', 'thus', 'are', 'quickly', 'turned', 'to', 'wind', 'up', 'the', 'yarn', 'spun', 'on', 'to', 'their', 'smallest', 'diameters.', 'But', 'as', 'the', 'build-', 'ing', 'up', 'of', 'the', 'cop', 'proceeds', 'the', 'nut-draw', 'by', 'draw', 'is', 'traversed', 'by', 'its', 'screw', 'thread', 'farther', 'and', 'farther', 'up', 'the', 'quadrant', 'to', 'the', 'position', 'seen', 'in', 'Fig.', '42,', 'N,', 'thus', 'giving', 'less', 'and', 'less', 'of', 'a', 'retarding', 'action', 'and', 'consequently', 'less', 'and', 'less', 'turning', 'of', 'the', 'spindles;', 'but', 'as', 'the', 'cop', 'is', 'now', 'the', 'full', 'diameter', 'the', 'less', 'number', 'of', 'revolutions', 'to', 'wind', 'up', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'just', 'what', 'is', 'required.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noticed,', 'however,', 'that', 'the', 'nut', 'N', 'is', 'describing', 'a', 'circular', 'path', 'and', 'gives', '"harmonic', 'retardation', '"', 'for', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'each', 'winding-up,', 'that', 'is', 'when', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'coiling', 'upon', 'the', 'bare', 'spindle.', 'To', 'traverse', 'the', 'nut', 'downwards', 'by', 'hand', 'through', 'turning', 'o', 'during', 'a', 'spin', 'tightens', 'up', 'the', 'faller-wire,', 'i.e.', 'tensions', 'the', 'thread', 'through', 'revolving', 'the', 'spindles', 'more;', 'to', 'traverse', 'the', 'nut', 'upwards', 'during', 'the', 'spin', 'slackens', 'the', 'faller-', 'wires,', 'i.e.', 'puts', 'less', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'threads,', 'through', 'revolving', 'the', 'spindle', 'less.', 'The', 'counter-faller,', 'correctly', 'weighted,', 'would', 'all', 'the', 'time', 'be', 'giving', 'the', 'same', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'thread,', 'so', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'rather', 'the', 'adjustment', 'of', 'faller-wire', 'to', 'counter', 'faller-wire', 'which', 'is', 'watched', 'and', 'controlled', 'by', 'supplementary', 'turns', 'of', 'o', 'by', 'hand', 'or', '133']

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['134', '(#188)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1:57', '2"', "2.5'", 'Worsted', 'Mule', 'Woollen', 'Mule', 'WA', 'Fig.', '43.-Worsted', 'and', 'Woollen', 'Mule_Spindle', 'Sections', '134']

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['135', '(#189)', '############################################', 'NING', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'Jen', '55', '55', '(', '90', '90', '90', '16°', '32°', '131', '131-', '131', '-0.25', '-0.25', '-025', '1911,', '224', '192', '22', '1952', '22".', '(a)', '(b)', '(c)', 'Fig.', '44.-Spindle', 'Inclination', 'in', 'Mule', 'Spinning', '135']

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['136', '(#190)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '!', '-', '夏\u200b是\u200b這', '\u200bby', 'an', 'automatic', 'controller', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'tension', 'of', 'the', 'threads.', 'The', 'greatest', 'periodic', 'change', 'has', 'now', 'to', 'be', 'effected.', '1.', 'The', 'faller-wire', 'has', 'risen', 'above', 'the', 'tops', 'of', 'the', 'spindles,', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'curved', 'round', 'the', 'spindle', 'to', 'the', 'tips—is', 'in', 'the', 'spinning', 'position;', '2.', 'Shell', 'H', 'must', 'be', 'lifted,', 'thus', 'freeing', 'the', 'carriage', 'from', 'inward', 'drag', 'and', 'steadying', 'of', 'scrolls;', '3.', 'The', 'carriage', 'must', 'be', 'started', 'out', 'again', 'by', 'the', 'belt', 'being', 'thrown', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'fast', 'pulley', '3;', '4.', 'The', 'spindles', 'are', 'once', 'more', 'thrown', 'under', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'rim', 'shaft', 'A;', 'and', '5.', 'The', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'again', 'started.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'all', 'these', 'motions', '(saving', 'one)', 'is', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'cam', 'shaft,', 'which', '(a)', 'Lifts', 'shell', 'and', 'places', 'it', 'upon', 'the', 'stop,', 'which', 'later', 'will', 'be', 'withdrawn,', 'following', 'the', 'locking', 'of', 'the', 'faller-wire,', 'in', 'time', 'to', 'effect', 'the', 'running-in;', '(6)', 'Places', 'the', 'already', 'withdrawn', 'backing-off', 'friction', 'wheel', 'c', 'under', 'the', 'indirect', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'double-', 'speed', 'twist', 'mechanism', ';', '(c)', 'Throws', 'the', 'belt', 'from', 'loose', 'pulley', '2', 'to', 'the', 'fast', 'pulley', '3,', 'thus', 'restarting', 'the', 'cycle', 'of', 'move-', 'ments.', '2.', '*', '*', 'The', 'following', 'special', 'points', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'woollen', 'mules', 'are', 'worthy', 'of', 'careful', 'consideration', ':-', '1.', 'The', 'pitch', 'and', 'inclination', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'are', 'varied', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'work,', 'and', 'consequently', 'count', 'of', 'yarn,', 'being', 'spun.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'the', 'most', 'usual', ';', '136']

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['137', '(#191)', '############################################', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARN', 'SPINNING', 'Counts', 'Inclination', 'from', 'vertical', 'Pitch', 'Size', 'Bobbin', 'or', 'Cap.', '5', 'skeins', 'to', '10', 'skeins', 'Io', 'skeins', 'to', '25', 'skeins', '25', 'skeins', 'to', '50', 'skeins', '12°', '14°', '3', 'in.', '21', 'Up', 'to', '9', 'in.', 'long', '78', '6', '>', '9', '16°', '2', 'Standard', 'conditions', 'indicating', 'the', 'inclination', 'and', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', 'for', 'woollen', 'and', 'worsted', 'mules', 'are', 'set', 'out', 'in', 'Fig.', '43,', 'and', 'in', 'Fig.', '44', 'the', 'three', 'spindle', 'inclinations', 'of', '8°,', '16°', 'and', '32°', 'to', 'the', 'vertical', 'are', 'shown', 'from', 'which', 'the', '"slipping', 'over', '”', 'and', 'quick', 'periodic', '“tug”', 'during', 'spindle-drafting', 'following', 'the', 'rotation', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'will', 'be', 'realized.', '2.', 'The', 'mule', 'should', 'be', 'arranged', 'to', 'spin', 'either', 'from', 'condenser', 'bobbins', 'or', 'from', 'slubbing', 'bobbins,', 'condenser', 'and', 'mule', 'pitch', 'of', 'rollers', 'being', 'the', 'same', ';', 'and', 'possibly', 'in', 'some', 'cases', 'a', 'creel', 'for', 'doubling,', 'roving,', 'and', 're-spinning', 'may', 'be', 'advisable', ';', '3.', 'Speeding-up', 'may', 'be', 'effected', 'by', 'arranging', 'for', 'three', 'different', 'speeds', 'on', 'the', 'mule', ';', 'or', 'if', 'two', 'speeds', 'only', 'are', 'employed', 'the', 'double-speed', 'may', 'be', 'brought', 'into', 'action', 'before', 'the', 'carriage', 'reaches', 'the', 'extremity', 'of', 'its', 'draw;', '4.', 'Increased', 'production', 'may', 'be', 'obtained', 'by', 'holding', 'the', 'carriage', 'out', 'at', 'its', 'extreme', 'traverse', 'and', 'delivering', 'additional', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'by', 'brief', 'rotation', 'of', 'the', 'delivery', 'rollers', 'to', 'compensate', 'for', 'the', 'take-up', 'in', 'twisting', ':', '5.', 'Perfect', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'condensed', 'sliver', 'throughout', 'the', 'carriage', 'movement', 'in', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'definite', 'delivery', 'and', 'stoppage', '137']

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